title: Comb

text: This type of comb has loose, thick teeth and is usually used on kinky or Afro-textured hair. It is longer and thinner than the typical comb, and it is sometimes worn in the hair.


title: Comb

text: An unbreakable plastic comb is a comb that, despite being made of plastic rather than (more expensive) metal, does not shatter into multiple pieces if dropped on a hard surface such as bathroom tiles, a hardwood floor, or pavement. Such combs were introduced in the mid-twentieth century. Today most plastic combs are unbreakable as technology has reached a point of understanding the causation of brittleness in these products.


title: Comb

text: Modern artisan combs crafted from a wide variety of new and recycled materials have become popular over recent years. Used skateboard decks, vinyl records, brass, titanium alloy, acrylic, sterling silver, and exotic wood are a few of the materials being used.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: Bendy is an American-Canadian media franchise based on the horror indie video game series developed and published by Kindly Beast as "Joey Drew Studios Inc."


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: The Bendy games are set at the fictional studio of Joey Drew Studios, where the player navigates through a first-person perspective and have limited physical actions such as running and jumping. Players require to complete certain objectives to proceed, which consist of solving certain puzzles by collecting certain objects and of combating enemies that appear through the games by using certain weapons, such as axe, pipe, gun, etc.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: The "Bendy" franchise was inspired by the "BioShock" series, as both of them are set in the 20th-century and both of them have an antique style. The idea for the concept of the series came from theMeatly when he thought about a world that could resemble a cartoon sketch.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: Set in retro times, the series is focuses on Joey Drew Studios, a fictional animation studio run by Joey Drew, which was responsible for numerous popular characters such as Bendy and his friends. The plot revolves around the titular Ink Machine, a mysterious machine created by Drew and the Gent Corporation in order to create living cartoons, created from the souls of Drew's employees, and which is responsible for a realm called the cycle.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: Bendy is the titular character of the franchise and a cartoon imp demon who serves as the mascot for Joey Drew Studios. He manifests in game as the Ink Demon, the Ink Machines first creation, and a soulless monster which roams the halls of Joey Drew Studios with his alter-ego being the more benevolent toon Bendy and a more monsterous form called Beast Bendy. Alice Angel is the female star who likely serves as Bendy's love interest. The two actresses who voice the character, Susie Campbell and Allison Pendle, manifest as versions of the character, which Susie manifesting as a deformed, sadistic Alice who craves perfection called Twisted Alice, while Allison manifests as a kindhearted survivor named Allison Angel. There is also Boris the Wolf, one of Bendys rivals, who had many real life clones with Daniel "Buddy" Lewek becoming a kindhearted Boris, while Thomas Conner, Allison's husband, becomes Tom, a clone of Boris with a mechanical arm.There is also Brute Boris the monster form of Buddy Boris and Borkis a boss clone from Dark Survival.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: There is also the Butcher Gang, Bendy's archenemies, who appear as recurring enemies in each game.The Members include Charley aka Piper the leader who is a primate,Barley/Fisher a human sailor,and Edgar/Striker a spider. The Second game adds in a female member called Carley/Slicer a ghost girl. Other enemies includes Searchers and Lost Ones former humans that died and reborn into ink bodies.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: Each game has a different protagonist, the first having Henry Stein, Joey's former partner, and the second having Audrey Drew, the Ink Machine created daughter of Joey Drew. Joey Drew is also a major figure in the setting being the one who indirectly caused the events of the series.Wilson Arch is the main villain of the second game and the son of Nathan Arch founder of Archgate pictures and disguised himself as a janior to take over the cycle with his creations the keepers he would become Shipahoy Wilson a fusion of himself and his cartoon character Shipahoy Dudley and his pet crab. Other humans turned ink monsters include Sammy Lawarence a former musican at Joey Drew Studios who went insane and started to worship the ink demon. Also hinted to have been dating Susie Campbell. Norman Park another former human who was transformed into the Prjectionist,and Bertrum Piedmont who is a giant head attached onto an amusement park ride.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: "Bendy and the Ink Machine" is an episodic first-person puzzle action survival horror video game and the first installment of the series. The game consists of five chapters, and developed from February 10, 2017, to October 28, 2018.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: A prequel to "Bendy and the Ink machine" was released on February 10, 2020, as part of the original game's third anniversary, on PC and mobile platforms. Players play as Boris the Wolf from an up-top vision as he navigates his way through Joey Drew Studios, running away from Bendy.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: "Bendy and the Dark Revival" is the next game in the series. Bendy and the Dark Revival was released on November 15 on Steam. The game takes place roughly 10 years after the events of the original game and follows a character named Audrey, an animator who works for Archgate Pictures; the company that took over Joey Drew Studios after its bankruptcy. One night, Audrey is pulled into the Ink Machine by Archgate's janitor Wilson. Audrey wakes up in the ink world, which Wilson now controls, claiming he killed the Ink Demon and that he knows the purpose of the people trapped there. Upon entering the ink world, Audrey is given special abilities that she can use to protect herself in this strange new world.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: During the game, Audrey meets an ink replica of Joey Drew, who reveals that the ink world is trapped in a cycle, forever stuck on repeat. Ink Joey reveals that the ink world was created by a vengeful Joey after his business partner Henry Stein (the playable character of Bendy and the Ink Machine) left the company, and created an ink replica of Henry so he could torment him endlessly. However, Joey's ambition changed when he met Allison Pendle, the second voice actress for Alice Angel. Having a change of heart, Joey made Allison Angel for Henry, so she could guide him when things looked dark. With a change of heart, Joey used the Ink Machine to create a living daughter, made out of flesh and ink, who is revealed to be Audrey.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: Throughout the game, Audrey meets a cartoon version of Bendy. In Chapter 4, the cartoon Bendy is revealed to be the Ink Demon. Wilson eventually reveals to Audrey that he couldn't kill the Ink Demon so he created a device that weakened his power and turned him into a more harmless form. One that couldn't pose a threat to the ink world. Despite this, the Ink Demon constantly stalks Audrey and speaks to her.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: In the finale of Chapter 5, Audrey faces off against Wilson, who requires Audrey's soul to bring his creation, Shipahoy Dudley, to life, so he can finally defeat the Ink Demon and put a more controllable monster in his place. However, Audrey fights back and Wilson becomes trapped in Audrey's place and fuses with Shipahoy Dudley, causing him to become violent and full of vengeance. Audrey uses her powers to kill Wilson, but without Wilson, Shipahoy Dudley becomes a mindless creature and rips Audrey's legs off. Audrey is saved by the Ink Demon, who kills Shipahoy Dudley and drags him into the ink. With nowhere left to go, Audrey merges with the Ink Demon and turns into the monstrous Beast Bendy. Ink Joey gives Audrey the reel of "The End" (which Henry uses to kill the Ink Demon, which in turn resets the Cycle) at the cost of his life. Audrey, with help from Allison, Tom and Henry, finds a projector and shows the Ink Demon "The End", resetting the Cycle.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: At the end, Audrey returns to the real world, now in control of the Cycle, and promises to make it better for her friends inside. Audrey claims that the ink world is starting to leak into the real world, as she looks to her side and sees an in-color cartoon Bendy.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: A mobile spin-off, titled "Bendy in Nightmare Run", was announced on January 26, 2018, and was released on Android and iOS on August 15, 2018. Developed by Karman Interactive and published by Kindly Beast as Joey Drew Studios Inc., the game introduces the cartoon versions of Bendy, Boris and Alice Angel in an endless running-style game, featuring four levels with a different "boss" cartoon monster, as well as collectible items and power-ups, including bacon soup cans that act as currency to buy abilities and upgrades, and possible future updates.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: Videos for a series of animated shorts based on the fictional works of the Joey Drew Studios company have been released from creator theMeatly's Joey Drew Studios Inc. YouTube channel, with animation done by animator Timethehobo. The first animated short, "Tombstone Picnic", was released as part of the Chapter Three reveal trailer on August 11, 2017. The second short, "Haunted Hijinx", was uploaded on October 31, 2017, to celebrate Halloween. The third short, "Snow Sillies", was uploaded on December 24, 2017, in celebration of the holiday season. A second Christmas short, "Cookie Cookin", was uploaded on December 24, 2018, a year later after the release of "Snow Sillies". A fifth short, "Tasty Trio Troubles", was uploaded on February 10, 2019, in celebration of the game's second anniversary. "Hellfire Fighters", a short from the game, was uploaded on March 5, 2019. A seventh short, "Cheap Seats", was uploaded on December 17, 2019. These shorts largely feature Bendy and Boris, with the Butcher Gang and Alice also appearing in the fifth and seventh shorts respectively.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: One of Rooster Teeth's channels, ScrewAttack, pitted Bendy against Cuphead, the titular protagonist of the run and gun platformer "Cuphead", in an animated fight on their web series, "DBX", with Bendy emerging victorious.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: "Bendy and the Ink Machine: Dreams Come to Life" is a novel written by Adrienne Kress published by Scholastic on September 3, 2019. The novel centers on Daniel "Buddy" Lewek, a Jewish teenager who is hired by Joey Drew to intern at his studio. He begins to suspect that something is wrong when he encounters the ink. The book serves as a prequel to "Bendy and the Ink Machine" and "Boris and the Dark Survival".


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: The second novel, titled "Sent From Above", was originally scheduled to be released on August 1, 2020, but it was removed from the schedule as Kress focused on another Bendy book, "The Illusion of Living". It is yet to be confirmed a release date, but will be published by Scholastic.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: "Bendy: The Illusion Of Living" is the second novel in the Bendy franchise written by Adrienne Kress. The novel is based on the in-game memoir of the character, Joey Drew, the founder of Joey Drew Studios. The book is told in the first-person by Joey Drew as he explains in detail about his life, his philosophy for creating animations, his techniques and the creation of his animation studio & mascot, Bendy. The book was published by Scholastic on February 2, 2021.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: "Bendy and the Ink Machine: The Lost Ones" is the 4th novel in the Bendy franchise. This is the fourth Bendy novel to be written by Adrienne Kress and is listed as a sequel to the first novel, ""Dreams Come to Life"". The novel is set in Atlantic City in 1946. The plot revolves around three new characters named Bill, Constance and Brant. The novel was published by Scholastic and was released on December 7, 2021.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: "Joey Drew Studios Employee Handbook" is a guide book written by Cala Spinner published by Scholastic on July 30, 2019.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: A compilation book of vintage-style "Bendy" comic strips, "Crack-Up Comic Collection", is written by Vannotes and Mady Giuliani and were published by Scholastic on September 1, 2020.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: A Halloween crossover mod, "Hello Bendy", was released for the game on October 27, 2017, for a limited time, featuring the "Hello Neighbor" antagonist, who takes the role as Bendy in all previous three chapters and Sammy Lawrence for "Chapter 2". The mod's menu features the advertisement of pre-ordering the game "Hello Neighbor". The mod expired by the end of October that year.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: Co-creator Mike Mood has talked about wanting to do a crossover with "Cuphead", which also was popular at around the same time and also uses rubber hose animation.


title: Bendy (franchise)

text: On 2020, Derek Kolstad, creator of the "John Wick" franchise, stated that he has interest in making a television adaptation based on the "Bendy and the Ink Machine" game.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: Shalimar railway station is one of five intercity railway stations serving Howrah and Kolkata, India. The other stations are in Kolkata, Kolkata station in Kolkata, Howrah Station in Howrah and Santragachi in Howrah. Shalimar station is situated at Shalimar, in Shibpur area of Howrah. It is one of the cleanest, most well-maintained and non-congested railway terminals in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: The place where now the station is situated was formerly a very small rail station, and served by some diesel loco hauled trains. The present platforms were occupied by some goods lines. Those lines were a part of large Shalimar rail yard.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: In 2000, the first plan was conceived to use this area as a bigger rail station. The rapidly growing long-distance passengers were gradually overcrowding the Howrah station. Due to the limitation of space, new platform construction is restricted at Howrah. Although 3 new platforms (17, 22 & 23) were constructed at Howrah during 2006 – 2008, those were not sufficient. Side by side, due to its almost central position in Howrah, Howrah station is too busy for both suburban and long-distance rail traffic. Unlike Sealdah station, Howrah station has fewer suburban trains than long-distance trains. Due to increasing of Eastern Railway trains, many platforms, which were previously built for South Eastern Railway trains, now often occupied by Eastern Railway trains. But many people of Howrah feel that it is much easy to catch a long-distance train from Howrah than Santragachi, particularly in early morning and late night. But due to platform limitation, increasing the number of long-distance trains was not possible from Howrah for South Eastern Railway.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: To overcome this problem, South Eastern Railway suggested to Indian Railway officers to construct another bigger rail station at Howrah, mostly for long-distance trains. The many underused tracks of Shalimar yard was the first choice of the authority.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: Construction started from 2000. The construction of platforms, station buildings, and car parking area were started. After the completion, other tracks were re-aligned. The tracks around platform were completely electrified for passenger coaches shunting. At first, only one express train started. This train stopped later and then other long-distance trains started. From this time, diesel loco-hauled trains were replaced by EMU trains, which started suburban services.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: There is a taxi stand and a toto (e-rickshaw) stand outside the station. The nearest tram terminus was formerly Shibpur, but it was closed in 1971. There are small eateries serving snacks on the platform and eateries serving lunch outside the station.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: As a new rail station, this station is not well connected by public transport. The most direct service to the station is taxi, which is not preferable by poor. All buses run along College Road, which is almost 1 km away from the station. It is often impossible to walk this 1 km with heavy luggage for a commuter. Due to the lack of transport link, many people avoid this station. An irregular steamer service from Garden Reach is also present.


title: Shalimar railway station

text: There is a plan to transfer part of the Howrah Station bus terminus to the front of the station, mainly for Kolkata bound routes, but nothing materialised.


title: Roommate (TV series)

text: Roommate () is a South Korean reality show; formerly part of SBS's "Good Sunday" lineup. It was first scheduled to be aired on April 20, 2014, but due to the Sewol ferry tragedy and the temporary broadcast halt, the airing date was pushed to May 4, 2014. The show features eleven celebrities living together in a "share house" located in the Seongbuk-dong area of Seoul, sharing common spaces such as the kitchen, living room, and washrooms, as well as household tasks. The house features sixty cameras and five bedrooms.


title: Roommate (TV series)

text: Six of the original eleven roommates left the show ending the first season of "Roommate" on September 14, 2014. Seven new roommates were added for a brand new second season beginning September 21, 2014. With the return of "K-pop Star" to "Good Sunday", "Roommate" moved to airing every Tuesday at 11:15 pm as a stand-alone program starting November 25, 2014. The second season was cancelled due to low ratings with the final episode airing on April 14, 2015. It was confirmed that there will be no season 3.


title: Roommate (TV series)

text: The original roommates were Lee So-ra, Park Bom and mixed martial artist Song Ga-yeon, Jo Se-ho and Lee Dong-wook, Nana and Hong Soo-hyun, Park Chan-yeol and Shin Sung-woo, and Park Min-woo and Seo Kang-joon. This mix of singers, actors/actresses, comedians, models, DJs and martial artists who have little reality and variety program experience is expected to create new undiscovered characters and laughter. On July 24, 2014, Baek Jung Ryeol of SBS announced that Park Bom had not participated in recordings since July 11, 2014, due to her amphetamine scandal and she officially left the program, with her final episode airing on July 27, 2014. On August 20, 2014, it was announced that Lee So-ra would leave the program due to schedule conflicts. On August 27, 2014, Song Ga-yeon was also confirmed to leave the show to focus on her career. On September 1, 2014, Shin Sung-woo announced on Twitter he would be leaving the show. On September 11, 2014, it was announced that Hong Soo-hyun would also be leaving to focus on her acting career. On September 12, 2014, it was announced that Park Chan-yeol would also be leaving the show due to his busy schedule. With more than half of the original members leaving the show, the producers announced a brand new season with new members alongside the remaining members of season 1.


title: Roommate (TV series)

text: A new season of "Roommate" was announced following the departure of several members. This season's concept is "Home share, Whole share", where the members not only live together, but learn and share from each other. The new cast consisted of the remaining five roommates and seven new roommates. The new members featured a broad spectrum of the celebrities ranging from veteran stars to foreigners to rookie stars. The new roommates are Sunny, Park Joon-hyung, Jackson, Ryohei Otani, Lee Guk-joo, Bae Jong-ok, and Heo Young-ji. With the return of "K-pop Star" to "Good Sunday", it was announced that "Roommate" would move to Tuesday nights airing at 11:15 pm replacing "Magic Eye" beginning November 25, 2014.


title: Roommate (TV series)

text: "Roommate" season 2 ended on April 14, 2015, after 26 episodes. Although preparations were being made for a new season, "Roommate" was confirmed to be cancelled due to low ratings; the last episode aired on April 14, 2015.


title: Roommate (TV series)

text: In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will in be red, and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue.


title: Roommate (TV series)

text: Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of "Roommate". (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)


title: Bai Jingting

text: Bai Jingting (, born October 15, 1993) is a Chinese actor. He made his acting debut in the web series "Back in Time" (2014). He has since earned recognition for his roles in the television series "The Whirlwind Girl" (2016) and "Rush to the Dead Summer" (2017), the web series "Reset" (2022), and the film "Yesterday Once More" (2016).


title: Bai Jingting

text: Bai Jingting was born in Huairou district, Beijing, China of Manchu descent. While dedicated to music, he was also a field athlete in the shot put, long jump and high jump, as well as an avid basketballer in middle school, but barely got into high school due to poor grades. He studied at Capital Normal University's Music College, majoring in recording. Bai plays the piano, and achieved a grade of ten in the non-professional players' level assessment. He plays the guitar as well, as a hobby. During the academic year, he began his acting career in 2014.


title: Bai Jingting

text: 12 November, 2022, Chinese paparazzi exposed Bai Jingting's romance with Song Yi. It is reported that Bai Jingting and Song Yi have already met Bai Jingting's parents.


title: Bai Jingting

text: Bai made his debut in the youth web drama "Back in Time" (2014), adapted from the novel "Cong Cong Na Nian" by Chinese writer Jiu Yehui. He first gained attention for his performance as Yu Chuyuan in "The Whirlwind Girl" (2015), a youth sports drama based on the novel of the same name by Ming Xiaoxi.


title: Bai Jingting

text: In 2016, he made his film debut in the youth romance film "Yesterday Once More". The same year, he gained increased popularity following his variety stint on "Who's the Murderer".


title: Bai Jingting

text: In 2017, he starred in the youth melodrama "Rush to the Dead Summer". The same year, he was cast in his first historical drama "The Rise of Phoenixes".


title: Bai Jingting

text: In 2018, Bai was cast alongside Sun Yi in the romance drama "Irreplaceable Love". This marks his first television leading role. Later in the year, he was cast in the Chinese remake of South Korean television series "Misaeng", titled "Ordinary Glory", as the titular character.


title: Bai Jingting

text: In 2019, Bai ranked 72nd on "Forbes" China Celebrity 100 list. "Forbes China" also listed Bai under their 30 Under 30 Asia 2019 list, which consisted of 30 influential people under 30 years old who have had a substantial effect in their fields.


title: Bai Jingting

text: In 2020, Bai starred in the military romance drama "You Are My Hero" as a police officer. He ranked 100th on "Forbes" China Celebrity 100 list.


title: Bai Jingting

text: In 2022, Bai starred in Reset as a video game designer Xiao Heyun , trapped in a time loop on a soon-to-explode bus.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter is a series of urban fantasy novels, short stories, and comic books by Laurell K. Hamilton. The books have sold more than six million copies; many have made "The New York Times" Best Seller list.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: The series is narrated in the first person by Anita Blake, who works in St. Louis, Missouri, as a professional zombie raiser, vampire executioner and supernatural consultant for the police. The early novels focus predominantly on crime-solving and action; the later ones on Anita's personal and sexual-defender relationships and power.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: The series takes place in a parallel universe where supernatural creatures and powers are real and their presence is public knowledge. Supernatural beings are considered citizens with most of the rights of regular humans. The novels follow legal vampire executioner Anita Blake's ongoing conflicts with the supernatural as she attempts to solve a variety of mysteries, come to terms with her own abilities, and navigate an increasingly complex series of romantic and political relationships. As the series progresses, Anita's perspective on the supernatural changes; initially she sees preternatural beings simply as "monsters" to be fought, and later grows to see them as communities to be protected, as well as possible love interests.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: Marvel's license started under Dabel Brothers Publishing, and when they acquired that company's rights, they continued until their rights expired (which were contractually obligated through the first three novels).


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: In 2006 Marvel Comics and Dabel Brothers Productions began production on a graphic novel adaptation of the first three books in the series, beginning with "Guilty Pleasures". Hamilton worked with Stacie M. Ritchie on the comic scripts, with Brett Booth illustrating the series until 2008.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: The first adaptation was well received, with the first volume of "The Laughing Corpse" being a New York Times bestseller in the graphic novel category. Interest in the series declined, but Marvel completed its contract for the first three novel adaptations in 2012. Within the Marvel Comics multiverse, the Anita Blake reality is designated as Earth-97534.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: In March 2009 news sources began reporting that Hamilton had signed a deal with IFC to adapt the series for a full-length movie and potential television series. Shortly after, Hamilton announced that the reports were not rumors and that the series had officially been optioned. Despite initial planning, Hamilton later announced that the plans for the series had been dropped.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: Critical reception to the series has been mixed to positive, with Monsters and Critics praising many of the books in the series. The "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" praised "Kiss the Dead" while RT Book Reviews overall panned the novel.


title: Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

text: Fan reaction has been mixed, with some readers disliking the series' departure from crime noir thriller to focus more on the sexual dynamics in the series.


title: Ondu Motteya Kathe

text: Ondu Motteya Kathe () is a 2017 Kannada language romantic comedy film written and directed by debutant Raj B. Shetty who also appears in the lead role, along with Usha Bhandary, Shailashree, Prakash Tuminadu, Amrutha Naik, Shreya Anchan, Vj Vineeth, Rahul Amin, Deepak Rai Panaje and Ramdas playing supporting roles. The movie was released on 7 July 2017 to positive reviews. "The Hindu" called it the "Kannada film of the year". The film won the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada. The budget of the film was estimated to be at 30 lakhs INR.


title: Ondu Motteya Kathe

text: A bald Kannada teacher, Janardhana, finds his love blossoming with the stout Sarala whom he met through a flopped pre-arranged marriage function.


title: Ondu Motteya Kathe

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. "Deccan Chronicle" wrote "Do not miss to watch this tale of an egg. It makes you fall in love, laugh, cry and most of all, it makes you realise the most beautiful aspect of life." Shyam S Prasad of "Bangalore Mirror" wrote "Ondu Motteya Kathe does not follow in the footsteps of such earlier Kannada films though. There is freshness in the approach. From the dialogues to the performances, there is a touch of new thinking. Motte does fall into familiar approaches in the second half. The plot is wrapped in a predictable manner. But with everything handled subtly, it comes across as a pioneering effort." Rakesh Mehar of "News Minute" wrote "There’s little that goes wrong with Ondu Motteya Kathe. Light and frothy, but also warm and empathetic, this film is one comedy you surely should not miss." Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote "But slowly, Ondu Motteya Kathe moves towards a genre that could be called an anti-rom-com: despite the finding-a-mate hilarity, there’s an undertow of genuine sadness"


title: Ondu Motteya Kathe

text: The film is probably the best tribute to Rajkumar made on Kannada screen till date and the subtle references to the late matinee idol and his films are a delight to any film buff. This movie brings forth the legend of "Annavaru" in an inspiring role through portraits, movie posters, scenes and songs featuring him smack bang in the middle throughout this humorous yet sensible Kannada release. Apart from Dr Rajkumar’s inspiring presence, this ‘egg’ has apt and simple ingredients which makes for an impressive tale. Debutant Raj shetty plays a major role in this film, both as writer, director and lead actor in his bald avatar.


title: Elizabeth George

text: Susan Elizabeth George (born February 26, 1949) is an American writer of mystery novels set in Great Britain.


title: Elizabeth George

text: She is best known for featuring Inspector Thomas Lynley. The 21st book in the series appeared in January 2022. The first 11 were adapted for television by the BBC as earlier episodes of "The Inspector Lynley Mysteries".


title: Elizabeth George

text: Elizabeth George was born in Warren, Ohio, the second child of Robert Edwin and Anne (née Rivelle) George. She has an older brother, author Robert Rivelle George. Her mother was a nurse, and her father a manager for a conveyor company. The family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area when she was 18 months old as her father wanted to get away from Midwestern weather.


title: Elizabeth George

text: She was a student of English, having received a teaching certificate from the University of California, Riverside. While teaching English in the public school system, she completed a master's degree in counseling and psychology. She received an honorary doctorate in humane letters from Cal State University Fullerton in 2004 and was awarded an honorary Masters in Fine Arts from the Northwest Institute of Literary Arts in 2010. She also established the Elizabeth George Foundation in 1997.


title: Elizabeth George

text: George married Ira Jay Toibin in 1971 and they divorced in 1995. George is currently married to Tom McCabe.


title: Elizabeth George

text: Her first published novel was "A Great Deliverance" (1988). It introduces Detective Inspector Thomas Lynley, in private life the Earl of Asherton, privately educated (Eton College and Oxford University); his partner Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers, grammar-school-educated and from a working-class background—both from Scotland Yard; Helen Clyde, Lynley's girlfriend and later wife; and Lynley's former school friend, the forensic scientist Simon St. James and his wife, Deborah.


title: Elizabeth George

text: George's first novel, "A Great Deliverance", was favorably received by the mystery fiction community.


title: Elizabeth George

text: It won the Agatha Award for Best First Novel in 1988 and the 1989 Anthony Award in the same category. It was nominated for an Edgar Award in 1988.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: , abbreviated as BRII, is a 2003 Japanese dystopian action film and a sequel to the 2000 film "Battle Royale", which in turn was based upon a controversial 1999 novel of the same title by Koushun Takami. A novelization of the film was written by McKoy Sugie.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: Director Kinji Fukasaku, who helmed the original, started production but died of prostate cancer on 12 January 2003, after shooting only one scene with Takeshi Kitano. His son Kenta Fukasaku, who wrote the screenplay for both films, completed it in his directorial debut and dedicated it to his father. Unlike the first film, "Requiem" is an original story. It is set three years after the events of the original film and follows Shuya Nanahara, who has now become an international terrorist intending to bring down the Japanese government. As a result, another class of ninth graders is kidnapped and sent to eliminate Nanahara within a limited time period of 72 hours.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: The film was released in Japanese cinemas on 5 July 2003. In stark contrast to its predecessor, it drew largely negative responses from critics. In 2009, an extended version entitled "Revenge", which runs 20 minutes longer than the theatrical cut, was released on DVD. It included additional action, improved effects, slow motion shots, new score in several scenes and extended storyline.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: Three years after the events of the first film, the survivors of previous Battles Royale have formed a rebel group called the Wild Seven, led by Shuya Nanahara. A class of ninth graders, composed of "a ragtag collection of delinquents and losers", are tricked into going onto a "field trip" and then kidnapped by the authoritarian Japanese government. Many of these students are orphans whose parents or family died in bombings by the Wild Seven. After their school bus is diverted to an army base, the students are herded into a cage, surrounded by armed guards, and confronted by their schoolteacher, Riki Takeuchi, who lays down the ground rules of the new Battle Royale game.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: Instead of being forced to kill each other, as in the old Battle Royale, the students are sent off to war and ordered to attack the Wild Seven's island hideout "en masse" and kill Shuya within 72 hours. Most of the students are not interested in being forced to avenge their families, but they are coerced to fight through exploding metal collars, which their captors can detonate by remote control. The students are put into "pairs"; if one student dies, then his or her partner will be killed via collar detonation. Takeuchi shows them a line in the caged classroom: those who wish to participate are instructed to cross the line, while those who refuse to participate will face consequences. All students but one agree to participate. The one student who did not agree was shot in the leg and killed by the schoolteacher. His partner is then killed by her collar detonating.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: The students are sent via boats onto the island base of the Wild Seven. A number of them are killed when they are bombed, shot, or have their collars detonated during the journey, leaving only a cluster alive. Two of the survivors are a delinquent, Takuma Aoi; and Shiori Kitano, the daughter of the "teacher" of a Battle Royale program who was killed by Shuya three years previously. Taken into the Wild Seven's base, the surviving students' explosive collars are removed and they are encouraged to help the Wild Seven end the Battle Royale for good. While most of the survivors agree, Takuma and Shiori remain unconvinced.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: On Christmas Day, Shuya sends a video message to the world stating their goal to live free. In response to the video, the United States fires a missile upon the island, interrupting the students and the Wild Seven. Under pressure from the U.S. government, the Japanese prime minister takes command of the military present at the Battle Royale headquarters and orders an attack on the Wild Seven's base, with no survivors allowed – if they fail, the U.S. will bomb the island. Takeuchi is enraged by the change of actions and is discovered to have the same type of collar on his neck as the students.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: The survivors of the base (including the surviving students, except Shiori) retreat to the mainland via a mine shaft while the war between the Wild Seven and the military occurs. Hearing the gunfire outside the tunnel, Takuma and two of his friends return to help in the fight. The combat takes numerous casualties on both sides, leaving Shuya, Takuma, and Shiori as the only remaining fighters. While they try to evacuate, Takeuchi appears and, after a brief personal exchange, allows the group to flee as he sacrifices himself.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: Outside Wild Seven's base, the combat starts again and Shiori is mortally wounded by gunfire. Before she dies in Shuya's arms, she reveals herself as Kitano's daughter and seemingly forgives him for his past crimes. Shuya and Takuma run out to kill the rest of the soldiers while the U.S. bombardment begins. The program then ends on a voided status, listing the fates of Shuya and the surviving students as unknown. Three months later, Shuya and Takuma rejoin the other survivors, including Noriko Nakagawa, in Afghanistan. They have regrouped as friends, and what lies next for them remains unknown.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: Kenta Fukasaku said, "We never set out to make "Harry Potter"." He explains that he wanted audience members to ponder "big issues" and to view the world from a point of view held by a terrorist. Fukasaku added that the film, against "the new "Matrix"" and "", needed to "provide something that Hollywood can't." Fukasaku intended to provide an alternative to what "Time" magazine's Ilya Garger describes as "the moral certainty of American culture" as seen in U.S. films and foreign policy.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: Kenta Fukasaku said that he viewed his task as finishing his deceased father's movie instead of as directing his first creation; the son credits the film as his father's. Kenta Fukasaku desired a lot of controversy and outrage for the sequel, adding that "the more strongly people react, the better." The film was mainly shot on Hashima Island ("Battleship Island").


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: "Requiem" received generally negative reviews from film critics. The film received a rating of 30% at Rotten Tomatoes with a classification of "rotten", based on ten reviews. Many of the reviewers criticized the film for being inferior to the original, having a contrived, confusing plot line, its controversial, provocative sentiments, and generally bad acting.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: Ilya Garger of "Time" said that while the film has more "bullets, bombs and dramatic battlefield deaths" than its predecessor had, the sequel does not have the "who'll-die-next-and-how suspense." Garger described the characters in "Battle Royale II" as "a simpler breed" who join forces to defeat the adults. One of the few positive reviews was from Jamie Russell of BBC who stated that the film "scrapes by on the strength of its startlingly subversive political commentary," wearing "its anti-American sentiments on its sleeve." Despite criticizing it for being "torturously overlong, resoundingly clunky and full of a bloated sense of its own importance," it concluded that "its decision to cast its heroes as teenage Al Qaeda-style terrorists fighting against a fascistic adult America is staggeringly bold."


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: The sequel's soundtrack has more original work by Masamichi Amano and fewer classical pieces. One of them, "Farewell to the Piano", is played by Shiori Kitano herself during the film.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: The end title song is by the Japanese punk band Stance Punks. The song "Mayonaka Shounen Totsugeki Dan" features on their first full-length, self-titled album.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: The book "The Road to BRII" () is a behind-the-scenes photo collection about the production of the movie. About ten tie-in books related to the movie have been released in Japan.


title: Battle Royale II: Requiem

text: A manga series called "" is partially related to "Battle Royale II: Requiem". The school in "Blitz Royale" is Shikanotoride Junior High School, and the "teacher" pops pills like Riki Takeuchi. There are numerous plot differences between the film and manga.


title: La Compagnie

text: La Compagnie, legally incorporated as DreamJet SAS, is a French boutique airline founded by Frantz Yvelin and based at Orly Airport in Paris, with headquarters in Le Bourget in the Paris metropolitan area. It offers all-business class flights between Europe and Newark Liberty International Airport.


title: La Compagnie

text: La Compagnie was founded as DreamJet in 2013. It was created and run by French Airline Entrepreneur Frantz Yvelin, with the support of Peter Luethi, Yann Poudoulec, Francois Ledreux, Nicolas Jurczyk, and Pierre-Hugues Schmit among a few others, in the hopes of making an all-business class airline with a true low-cost structure, offering business class fares significantly cheaper than those of legacy carriers. Frantz Yvelin served as the airline's CEO for its first four years, until the end of 2016. Prior to La Compagnie, Frantz Yvelin was also the founder of L'Avion, which was sold to British Airways and later became OpenSkies. Yvelin's deputy was Peter Luethi, the former COO of Indian airline Jet Airways.


title: La Compagnie

text: The first scheduled revenue flight, already under the new name La Compagnie (English: "The Company"), operated from Charles de Gaulle Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport on 21 July 2014 using a Boeing 757-200. On 24 April 2015, the airline started a second scheduled route from London Luton Airport to Newark.


title: La Compagnie

text: In April 2016, Frantz Yvelin announced La Compagnie was considering a fleet renewal and expansion with Airbus A321neo aircraft, which it had later confirmed with an order for two Airbus A321neos in September 2017. In September 2016, the airline announced the suspension of its route from London Luton to Newark and its intention to instead launch a second daily frequency between Paris Charles de Gaulle and Newark, citing economic reasons linked to Brexit. In December 2016, La Compagnie's sole holding, DreamJet Participations, which was also founded and run by Frantz Yvelin, acquired 100% of XL Group Ltd., the holding company of XL Airways France, and the two airlines joined forces with the transaction completed by 12 September 2018. In September 2017, the airline announced that it was offering all-you-can-fly passes for its Newark to Paris route, costing $40,000 per year.


title: La Compagnie

text: In April 2018, La Compagnie relocated its Paris operations from Charles de Gaulle Airport to Orly Airport. On 5 December 2018, the airline announced a new seasonal service to Nice Côte d'Azur Airport from Newark to begin on 6 May 2019. Also in May 2019, the airline took delivery of its first Airbus A321neo. In September 2019, the airline took delivery of its second Airbus A321neo, and subsequently retired both of its Boeing 757 aircraft by the end of October 2019.


title: La Compagnie

text: In March 2020, La Compagnie announced it would suspend its commercial operations as of the 18th of that month due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Commercial operations were initially expected to resume on 1 June 2020, but were subsequently postponed several times. During the suspensions, the airline received a total of €20 million in governmental loans, provided some ad-hoc charter services, and operated a limited number of flights for the December 2020 holiday season. After fifteen months of suspensions, the airline's regular commercial flights eventually resumed on 12 June 2021. Following the resumption of service, the airline on 18 June 2021 announced two new destinations to its network, consisting of summer seasonal flights between Paris Orly and Tel Aviv to begin on 21 July 2021, and flights between Newark and Milan Malpensa to begin on 29 November 2021, however both routes were subsequently postponed, with the Tel Aviv flights delayed from a summer to a winter launch, and the Milan flights delayed to summer 2022. In July 2021, the airline was reported to be considering the operation of Airbus A321XLR aircraft. On 9 December 2021, AfriJet announced it had partnered with La Compagnie to launch seasonal flights between Paris Orly and Libreville's Léon-Mba International Airport from 16 December 2021, in place of La Compagnie's services to Tel Aviv which were further postponed, before eventually being cancelled.


title: La Compagnie

text: While La Compagnie does not have interlining or codeshare agreements, the airline partners with easyJet through its "Worldwide by easyJet" program.


title: La Compagnie

text: La Compagnie's aircraft are equipped with an all-business class cabin arranged in a 2–2 configuration, consisting of 76 seats that convert to flat beds. Inflight entertainment is provided on 15.7 inch (40 cm) seatback touchscreens, and inflight Wi-Fi access provided by Viasat is also available. Food is served in a two-course meal. La Compagnie uses contracted lounges for its passengers.


title: La Compagnie

text: "My Compagnie" is La Compagnie's frequent-flyer program, through which passengers can earn points on flights, as well as by referring others to register for the program. Points accrued can be redeemed towards award flights on La Compagnie and towards itinerary changes for flights that have already been booked, avoiding the monetary fees for changes in the process.


title: Wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips

text: The wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips took place on Wednesday, 14 November 1973 at Westminster Abbey in London. Princess Anne is the only daughter and second child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, while Mark Phillips is a retired British Army cavalry officer and a skilled horseman and equestrian.


text: Anne first met her future husband Mark Phillips at a party for horse lovers in 1968. Both were competitive equestrians, with Anne winning the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award in 1971 after her victory at that year's European Eventing Championships, and Phillips winning a gold medal at the Olympic Games in 1972. Their engagement was announced on 29 May 1973. Phillips presented Anne with a Garrard engagement ring made from sapphire and diamond.


text: The wedding day, which was on the twenty-fifth birthday of her older brother, Charles, Prince of Wales was declared a special bank holiday and a global estimated audience of 500 million watched the Westminster Abbey ceremony, with large crowds lining the streets on the wedding day. In the UK, 27.6 million people tuned in to watch the event. Although Phillips was technically a lieutenant in the Army at the time of the marriage, he was also an acting Captain and was styled as such. Princess Anne was accompanied to the ceremony in the Glass State Coach by her father, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Queen, The Queen Mother, The Prince of Wales, and Prince Andrew arrived in the Scottish State Coach. The ceremony featured many ceremonial aspects, including use of the state carriages and roles for the Household Cavalry, Irish Guards, and Coldstream Guards. A tall, iced wedding cake with silver tiers was prepared for the ceremony. Tiers of the cake were formed in the shape of a hexagon, and "a statue of a female jockey leaping a fence" was placed on top of it as a tribute to Anne's career as an equestrian.


text: The service was a traditional royal wedding conducted by Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In keeping with tradition, Anne's wedding ring was crafted from Welsh gold. The tradition of using Welsh gold within the wedding rings of the Royal Family dates back to 1923. Following the service, the couple then returned to Buckingham Palace for the traditional balcony appearance and a wedding lunch. At night, they stayed at White House Lodge in Richmond Park before going on their honeymoon on board the Royal Yacht "Britannia", travelling the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The wedding ceremony was positively received by the public who gathered in the streets to celebrate the occasion. The BBC gained the rights to broadcast the event.


text: Anne wore an "embroidered Tudor-style wedding dress, with a high collar and medieval -influenced sleeves". The dress was high-necked and high-waisted. It was designed by Maureen Baker, the chief designer for Susan Small. Anne wore a pair of diamond cluster earrings and her hair was "slightly parted up-do, with beehive volume." The Queen Mary Fringe Tiara secured her veil. Phillips wore the full dress uniform of his regiment, the Queen's Dragoon Guards.


text: Capt. Eric Grounds served as the groom's best man. Princess Anne's bridesmaid was her nine-year-old cousin, Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, the daughter of Princess Margaret, while her page boy was her nine-year-old brother, Prince Edward.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: Miguel Malvar y Carpio (September 27, 1865 – October 13, 1911) was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and, subsequently, during the Philippine–American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter, following the capture of resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901. According to some historians, he could have been listed as one of the presidents of the Philippines but, , is not recognized as such by the Philippine government.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: Malvar was born on September 27, 1865, in San Miguel, a barrio in Santo Tomas, Batangas, to Máximo Malvar (locally known as "Capitán Imoy") and Tiburcia Carpio (locally known as "Capitana Tibo"). Malvar's family was well known in town not only for their wealth but for their generosity and diligence as well.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: For his education, Malvar attended the town school in Santo Tomas. He later attended a private school run by Father Valerio Malabanan in Tanauan, Batangas, a well-regarded educational institution in Batangas at the time. Here, Malvar had fellow revolutionary Apolinario Mabini as his classmate. He then transferred to another school in Bauan, Batangas. He decided not to pursue higher education in Manila and preferred to settle down as a farmer instead. Instead, he helped his more studious younger brother, Potenciano, study medicine in Spain. Malvar was later elected as "Capitán municipal" of his hometown.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: In 1891, Malvar married Paula Maloles, the beautiful daughter of the "Capitán municipal" of Santo Tomas, Don Ambrocio Maloles. "Don" Ambrocio was Malvar's successor as "Capitán municipal". "Ulay", as she was locally known, bore Malvar thirteen children, but only eleven of them survived: Bernabe, Aurelia, Marciano, Maximo, Crispina, Mariquita, Luz Constancia, Miguel (Junior), Pablo, Paula, and Isabel. Malvar had the habit of bringing his family with him as he went to battle during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: Malvar and his family had a friendship with José Rizal and his family. Rizal mended the harelip of Malvar's wife and Saturnina Rizal lent Malvar 1,000 pesos as an initial capital to start a business. Saturnina's husband, Manuel, was a relative of Malvar's, and Soledad Rizal Quintero's daughter, Amelia married Malvar's eldest son, Bernabe. Also, Paciano was Malvar's fellow revolutionary.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: Like Macario Sakay, considered his successor as president by some, Malvar was an original Katipunero as they both joined the Katipunan before the Philippine Revolution. When the Revolution began in August 1896, Malvar emerged from leading a 70-man army to becoming the military commander of Batangas. As a military commander, he coordinated offensives with General Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the revolutionaries in Cavite, and General Paciano Rizal, leader of the revolutionaries in Laguna. On February 17, 1897, Malvar fought alongside General Edilberto Evangelista, Malvar's senior officer at the time, at the Battle of Zapote Bridge, where the senior died in battle. Succeeding Evangelista's generalship, Malvar had set up his own headquarters at Indang, Cavite, where he stayed until the Tejeros Convention.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: After the Tejeros Convention, in which Aguinaldo won as president, Malvar opted to side with the Katipunan's "Supremo", Andrés Bonifacio. In response to Malvar's support, Bonifacio gave them assistance in fighting their battles. Seeing the mutual relations between Malvar and Bonifacio, Aguinaldo decided to use his newly acquired position to put Batangas, as well as Malvar, under his jurisdiction. Malvar was also threatened with punishment if he did not break ties with Bonifacio, but this threat was never implemented. Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and they were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo 'issued a commutation of the sentence' to deportation or exile on May 8, 1897, but Pío del Pilar and Mariano Noriel, both former supporters of Bonifacio, persuaded Aguinaldo to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other "bona fide" supporters of Aguinaldo. The Bonifacio brothers were murdered on 10 May 1897 in the mountains of Maragondon.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: After Bonifacio was murdered, the Spanish offensive resumed, now under Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera, and forced Aguinaldo out of Cavite. Aguinaldo slipped through the Spanish cordon and, with 500 picked men, proceeded to Biak-na-Bató, a wilderness area at the tri-boundaries of the towns of San Miguel, San Ildefonso and Doña Remedios in Bulacan. When news of Aguinaldo's arrival there reached the towns of central Luzon, men from the Ilocos provinces, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlac, and Zambales, renewed their armed resistance against the Spanish.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: On November 1, 1897, the was signed. By the end of 1897, Governor-General Primo de Rivera accepted the impossibility of quelling the revolution by force of arms. In a statement to the "Cortes Generales", he said, ""I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion."" Desiring to make peace with Aguinaldo, he sent emissaries to Aguinaldo seeking a peaceful settlement. Nothing was accomplished until Pedro A. Paterno, a distinguished lawyer from Manila perhaps wanting a Spanish nobility title, volunteered to act as negotiator. On August 9, 1897, Paterno proposed a peace based on reforms and amnesty to Aguinaldo. In succeeding months, practicing shuttle diplomacy, Paterno traveled back and forth between Manila and Biak-na-Bato carrying proposals and counterproposals. Paterno's efforts led to a peace agreement called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. This consisted of three documents, the first two being signed on December 14, 1897, and the third being signed on December 15; effectively ending the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: Malvar, along with other generals like Mariano Trías, Paciano Rizal, Manuel Tinio and Artemio Ricarte, as opposed to the pact, believing it was a ruse of the Spanish to get rid of the Revolution easily, and therefore resumed military offensives. Aguinaldo, seeing the stiff resistance of Malvar and his sympathizers, issued a circular ordering the revolutionary generals to stop fighting. On January 6, 1898, Malvar ceased his offensives.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: On May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo, aboard the American revenue cutter "McCulloch", returned to the Philippines with 13 of his military staff. After four days, the first delivery of arms from Hong Kong arrived. It amounted to 2,000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition. With Aguinaldo's return, the Filipinos, numbering around 12,000, who enlisted under the Spanish flag in the war against America defected to Aguinaldo's banner. By June, Philippine independence was declared in Kawit, Cavite and Manila found herself surrounded by Aguinaldo's troops. But on August 13, 1898, it was the Americans who captured Manila.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: On February 4, 1899, hostilities began between Americans and Filipinos. On February 7, Malvar was appointed second-in-command of General Trías, who was the overall commander of the Filipino forces in southern Luzon. On February 23, General Antonio Luna needed Malvar and his unit to take part in a Filipino counterattack that was planned to regain ground lost earlier by Filipinos and capture Manila. However, the Filipino offensive collapsed mainly due to the insubordination of the Kawit Battalion. During the following months, Malvar harassed American troops south of Manila as he and his 3,000-man brigade conducted offensives in Muntinlupa. By July 1899, the Americans under General Robert Hall captured Calamba, Laguna. With ten companies (around 2,000 men) of American troops in the town, Malvar unsuccessfully besieged Calamba from August to December 1899.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo disbanded the Filipino regular army, forming them into guerrilla units at Bayambang, Pangasinan and afterwards conducted his escape journey to Palanan, Isabela, which he reached by September 6, 1900. This change in tactics was not as successful as it had been against the Spaniards, and Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901, by General Frederick Funston with help from some Macabebe scouts. General Trías, Aguinaldo's chosen successor as president and Commander-In-Chief of the Filipino forces, had already surrendered on March 15, 1901. Therefore, as designated in Aguinaldo's decreed line of succession, Malvar became President of the Philippine Republic. The Hong Kong Junta affirmed Malvar's authority in succeeding Aguinaldo. As he took over the affairs of the Republic, Malvar reorganized Filipino forces in southern Luzon and renamed the combined armed forces as ""Army of Liberation"", which possessed around 10,000 rifles at the time. He also reorganized the regional departments of the Republic, which included the Marianas as a separate province.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: Beginning January 1902, American General J. Franklin Bell took command of operations in Batangas and practiced scorched earth tactics that took a heavy toll on both guerrilla fighters and civilians alike. Malvar escaped American patrols by putting on disguises. So, as early as August 1901, the Americans released an exact description of Malvar's physical features. According to the description given, Malvar was of dark complexion and stood around . He weighed about and wore a 5 or 6 size of shoes. He surrendered to Bell on April 16, 1902 in Rosario, Batangas, mainly due to desertion of his top officers and to put an end to the sufferings of his countrymen.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: After the war, he refused any position offered to him in the American colonial government. His death in Manila on October 13, 1911 is suspected to have been due to kidney disease.


title: Miguel Malvar

text: On September 18, 2007, Oriental Mindoro 1st district representative Rodolfo Valencia filed House Bill 2594, that declared Malvar as the second philippine president, alleging that it is incorrect to consider Manuel L. Quezon as the second president of the Philippine Republic serving after Emilio Aguinaldo: ""General Malvar took over the revolutionary government after General Emilio Aguinaldo, first president of the Republic, was captured on March 23, 1901, and [was] exiled in Hong Kong by the American colonial government—since he was next in command."" In October 2011, Vice President Jejomar Binay sought the help of historians in proclaiming revolutionary General Miguel Malvar as the rightful second president of the Philippines.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Trafficking of children is a form of human trafficking and is defined by the United Nations as the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt" kidnapping of a child for the purpose of slavery, forced labour and exploitation. This definition is substantially wider than the same document's definition of "trafficking in persons". Children may also be trafficked for the purpose of adoption.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Though statistics regarding the magnitude of child trafficking are difficult to obtain, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 10,000 children are trafficked each year. In 2012, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reported the percentage of child victims had risen in a 3-year span from 20 percent to 27 percent. Every year 300,000 children are taken from all around the world and sold by human traffickers as slaves. 28% of the 17,000 people brought to the United States are children—about 13 children per day. In 2014, research conducted by the anti-human trafficking organization Thorn reported that internet sites like Craigslist are often used as tools for conducting business within the industry and that 70 percent of child sex trafficking survivors surveyed were at some point sold online. The trafficking of children has been internationally recognized as a serious crime that exists in every region of the world and which often has human rights implications. Yet, it is only within the past decade that the prevalence and ramifications of this practice have risen to international prominence, due to a dramatic increase in research and public action. Limited research has not yet identified all causes of child trafficking, however, it appears that poverty, humanitarian crisis, and lack of education contribute to high rates. A variety of potential solutions have accordingly been suggested and implemented, which can be categorized as four types of action: broad protection, prevention, law enforcement, and victim assistance.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The main international documents dealing with the trafficking of children are the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the 1999 ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, and the 2000 UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The first major international instrument dealing with the trafficking of children is part of the 2000 UN Palermo protocols, titled the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. Article 3(a) of this document defines child trafficking as the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring and/or receipt" of a child for the purpose of exploitation. The definition for child trafficking given here applies only to cases of trafficking that are transnational and/or involve organized criminal groups; in spite of this, child trafficking is now typically recognized well outside these parameters. The ILO expands upon this definition by asserting that movement and exploitation are key aspects of child trafficking. The definition of "child" used here is that listed in the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child which states, "a child means every human being below the age of 18 years, unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier." The distinction outlined in this definition is important, because some countries have chosen to set the "age of majority" lower than 18, thus influencing what exactly legally constitutes child trafficking.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Many international, regional, and national instruments deal with the trafficking of children. These instruments are used to define what legally constitutes trafficking of children, such that appropriate legal action can be taken against those who engage in and promote this practice. These legal instruments are called by a variety of terms, including conventions, protocols, memorandums, joint actions, recommendations, and declarations. The most significant instruments are listed below:


title: Trafficking of children

text: These legal instruments were developed by the UN in an effort to protect international human rights and, more specifically, children's rights.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The trafficking of children often involves both labour and migration. As such, these international frameworks clarify instances in which these practices are illegal.


title: Trafficking of children

text: A variety of regional instruments have also been developed to guide countries in decisions regarding child trafficking. Below are some of the major instruments, though many others exist:


title: Trafficking of children

text: National laws pertaining to child trafficking continue to develop worldwide, based on the international principles that have been established. Anti-trafficking legislation has been lauded as critical by the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking, because it ensures that traffickers and trafficking victims are treated accordingly: for example, "if migration laws are used to pursue traffickers, it is often the case that the victims too are prosecuted as illegal migrants, whereas if there is a specific category of 'trafficker' and 'trafficked person,' then it is more likely that the victim will be treated as such." The existence of national laws regarding child trafficking also enables trafficking victims and/or their families to take appropriate civil action.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The objective of child trafficking is often forced child labour. UNICEF estimates that, in 2011, 150 million children aged 5–14 in developing countries were involved in child labour. Additionally, UNICEF states that current rates indicate that at least 100 million children will still be forced to work by 2020. Within this number, the ILO reports that 60% of child workers work in agriculture. A comparative study between domestic child labour rates in urban and rural regions in sub-Saharan Africa reveals that 84.3% of child labourers are working in the rural sector. 99.8% of children age five to fourteen are engaged in child labour for some form of economic activity in these regions. The ILO also estimates that 115 million children are engaged in hazardous work, such as the sex or drug trade. Overall, child labour can take many forms, including domestic servitude, work in agriculture, service, and manufacturing industries. Also, according to several researchers, most children are forced into cheap and controllable labour, and work in homes, farms, factories, restaurants, and much more. Children are cheap labour and additionally are able to complete jobs that adults cannot due to their size. One example for this is within the fishing industry in Ghana. Children can release fish easier from nets due to their small hands. Thereby their services are highly demanded and child labour remains a present consequence of child trafficking.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Trafficked children may be sexually exploited, used in the armed forces and drug trades, and in child begging. In terms of global trends, the ILO estimates that in 2004–2008, there was a 3% reduction in the incidence of child labour; this stands in contrast to a previous ILO report which found that in 2000–2004, there was a 10% reduction in child labour. The ILO contends that, globally, child labour is slowly declining, except in sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of child workers has remained relatively constant: 1 in 4 children aged 5–17 work in this region. In 2018 UNICEF reported that 31% of total child labour is located in West Africa. In this region, one in six children between the ages of six and fourteen is working. The report additionally finds that 43% of child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa is due to child migration and trafficking. Another major global trend concerns the number of child labourers in the 15–17 age group: in the past five years, a 20% increase in the number of these child workers has been reported. A surprising example occurred in the United States as McCabe indicates that in the 1990s, huge companies such as Gap and Nike were using industry "sweatshops" that used trafficked children to make their desired products. After further investigation of the child labour scandal the hazardous work conditions of the GAP company factories were exposed. Children were working in run-down and dangerous factories, were victims of abuse and got paid far below minimum wage. In the years that followed similar scandals were revealed in other parts of Asia and Africa.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Responding to these cases members of the Secretary-General of the United Nations attempted to reduce the number of violations within corporate systems in 2011 by implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework, a report stating the guiding principles on transnational corporations and other business enterprises and human rights. Endorsed in Resolution 17/4 by the Human Rights Council on June 16, 2011, the report outlines three main principles. 1) The state's existing obligation to respect, protect and fulfill human rights and fundamental freedoms, 2) the role of business enterprises as specialized organs of society performing specialized functions, required to comply with all applicable laws and to respect human rights, and 3) the need for rights and obligations to be matched to appropriate and effective remedies when breached. The resolution attempted to establish a universal understanding of appropriate employment conditions and stated punishments for those firms who violate the guiding principles. In addition, research regarding the lasting consequences for labour whose rights were violated were revealed. Yet in 2018 it was found that still, 218million children are working full-time, many of which are employed by factory owners to lower production costs.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography is a protocol of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, formally adopted by the UN in 2000. Essentially, this protocol formally requires states to prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography. According to the ILO, sexual exploitation of children includes all of the following practices and activities:


title: Trafficking of children

text: Though measuring the extent of this practice is difficult due to its criminal and covert nature, the ILO estimates that there are as many as 1.8 million children sexually trafficked worldwide, while UNICEF's 2006 State of the World's Children Report reports this number to be 2 million. The ILO has found that girls involved in other forms of child labour—such as domestic service or street vending—are at the highest risk of being pulled into commercial child sex trafficking. Likewise, Kendall and Funk justifies how "young girls age 12 and under are malleable and more easily trained into their prospective roles as prostitutes, and because virginity is highly prized by certain consumers willing to pay a premium". A variety of sources, including the ILO and scholars Erin Kunze and D.M. Hughes, also contend that the increased use and availability of the Internet has served as a major resource for traffickers, ultimately increasing the incidence of child sex trafficking. In fact, in 2009, Illinois Sheriff Thomas J. Dart sued the owners of Craigslist, a popular online classifieds website, for its "allowance" and "facilitation" of prostitution, particularly in children. In response to public and legal pressure, Craigslist has since blocked all access to its "Adult Services" section.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict is a protocol of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, formally adopted by the UN in 2000. Essentially, the protocol states that while volunteers below the age of 18 can voluntarily join the armed forces, they cannot be conscripted. As the protocol reads, "State parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that member of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities." Despite this, the ILO estimates that "tens of thousands" of girls and boys are currently forcibly enlisted in the armed forces in at least 17 countries around the world. Children conscripted into the armed forces can then be used in three distinct ways:


title: Trafficking of children

text: Recent research conducted by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers has also noted that girl soldiers must be uniquely recognized, in that they are especially vulnerable to acts of sexual violence. The incidence of child soldiers was the focus of the Kony 2012 movement, that aimed to arrest Joseph Kony, a Ugandan war criminal who is responsible for the trafficking of thousands of child soldiers and sex slaves.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Children are also used in drug trades in all regions of the world. Specifically, children are often trafficked into exploitation as either drug couriers or dealers, and then 'paid' in drugs, such that they become addicted and further entrapped. Due to the illicit nature of drug trafficking, children who are apprehended are often treated as criminals, when in reality they are often the ones in need of legal assistance. While comprehensive worldwide statistics regarding the prevalence of this practice are unknown, several useful regional studies have been conducted. For example, the ILO has investigated the use of Afghan children in the heroin trade and child involvement in the drug trades of Brazil. Scholar Luke Dowdney specifically studied children in the drug trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; he found that children involved in the drug trades are at significantly higher risk of engaging in violence, particularly murder.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Children may be trafficked for the purposes of adoption, particularly international adoption. Children are sourced from orphanages or kidnapped, or parents may be tricked, cajoled or coerced into relinquishing custody.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Disreputable international adoption agencies then arrange international adoptions, charging high fees to prospective adoptive parents. The Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in regard to Intercountry Adoption is an international agreement designed to protect children from such exploitation and to assist in preventing such illegal intercountry adoptions.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Forced child begging is a type of begging in which boys and girls under the age of eighteen are forced to beg through psychological and physical coercion. Begging is defined by the Buffalo Human Rights Law Review as "the activity of asking for money as charity on the street". There is evidence to suggest that forced begging is one industry that children are trafficked into, with a recent UNICEF study reporting that 13% of trafficking victims in South Eastern Europe have been trafficked for the purpose of forced begging. The UN protocol affirms that "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered 'trafficking in persons' even if this does not involve any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article." With this definition the transportation of a child to an urban center for the purposes of begging constitutes trafficking regardless of whether this process was enforced by a third party or family member. The severity of this form of trafficking is starting to gain global recognition, with the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the European Union, the ILO, and the UN, among others, beginning to emphasize its pertinence. The European Union's Brussels Declaration on Preventing and Combating Trafficking includes child begging as one form of trafficking, stating "trafficking in human beings is an abhorrent and worrying phenomenon involving coercive sexual exploitation, labour exploitation in conditions akin to slavery, exploitation in begging and juvenile delinquency as well as domestic servitude." This issue is especially difficult to regulate given that forced begging is often imposed by family members, with parental power leveraged over a child to ensure that begging is carried out.


title: Trafficking of children

text: By definition child begging occurs in persons younger than eighteen, though forced begging has been found by UNICEF to exist among children as young as the age of two. Incidences of this practice have been recorded by the World Bank in South and Central Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and West Africa.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Most research, such as studies done by UNICEF, suggests that boys are much more likely than girls to be trafficked for the purposes of begging; experts presume this is because there is a greater female presence in trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation. In Albania, where forced begging is a common practice, seventy percent of victims are male.


title: Trafficking of children

text: While concrete figures are difficult to determine, the ILO recently reported that there are at least 600,000 children involved in forced begging. The problem may be much more extensive, however, with China's Ministry of Civil Affairs reporting that as many as 1.5 million children are forced into begging. Additionally, a recent study done in Senegal by Human Rights Watch projected that a minimum of 50,000 children within the country and neighboring nations have been trafficked for the purposes of begging. Begging is often the primary source of income for street children in a number of countries, with a current study conducted by UNICEF finding that 45.7% of children who work on the streets of Zimbabwe engaged in begging, though there is no way of knowing whether it was through forced means.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Forced begging is a profitable practice in which exploiters are motivated by economic incentives. The business structures of major rings of children trafficked for the purpose of begging have been examined as comparable to a medium-size business enterprise. In the most severe cases networks of children forced to beg may generate $30–40,000 USD for the profiteer. Though family networks are not nearly as extensive, a study conducted in Albania showed that a family with multiple children begging can earn up to fifteen euros a day, an amount greater than the average national teacher salary. Anti-Slavery International asserts that because this income is relatively high many families believe it is the best option available given the lack of existing capabilities. Capability deprivation, meaning the routine absence of adequate resources that serve in facilitating opportunities, may account for cross-generational begging practices within families. UNICEF studies have found that begging is especially prevalent among families in which parents are incapacitated in some way, leading children to be the sole providers.


title: Trafficking of children

text: According to the World Bank forced begging is most commonly found in the Middle East and countries of West Africa, where laws prohibiting begging are scarce and heavy regulation of trafficking absent. In Zimbabwe, where child begging is especially prominent, the United Nations has indicated many contradictions between the Labour Act of Zimbabwe and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Many nations, such as Indonesia, have laws against begging on the books, but the repercussions for such entail temporary detainment and eventual release back onto the streets, which does little to combat the issue.


title: Trafficking of children

text: There are several cultural factors that support begging. In Europe begging is found in a number of minority cultures, especially popular within Roma and nomadic communities. In Turkey familial networks of beggars have been documented across three generations, making it deeply ingrained within their survival schemas. It is important to note that while these may be culturally rooted practices, juvenile begging by way of familial pressure still falls under the realm of forced begging. The transport of children, even one's own, for the purposes of exploitation through begging is a form of trafficking outlined by the United Nations.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Another cultural practice is the resolution of familial debts through the kidnapping and exploitation of one of their children.


title: Trafficking of children

text: UNICEF has found that children who are forced to beg by third parties are often removed from their families, surrender the majority of their income to their exploiter, endure unsafe work and living conditions, and are at times maimed to increase profits. The process of maiming, popularized by the film "Slumdog Millionaire", is common given that according to the Buffalo Human Rights Law Review children with apparent special needs often make upwards of three times as much as other children who beg. In addition to inflictions such as blindness and loss of limbs, other physical abuses for the purposes of heightening profits include pouring chili pepper on a child's tongue to give the appearance of impeded speech, the use of opium to elicit cries, and administering forced injections of drugs that will increase a child's energy and alertness. Testimonies against trafficking ring gang leaders have discussed the detainment of individuals in small cells devoid of food, water, and light to make victims weak and feeble, and thus more likely to elicit donations.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The conditions in which begging takes place commonly expose children to further physical and verbal abuse, including sexual victimization and police brutality. Research completed by Human Rights Watch revealed that when begging hours are completed for the day children often do not have proper shelter, adequate food, or access to healthcare where they reside. Furthermore, many of the gangs which run networks of forced begging have heavy drug involvement, thus the children under their control are often turned into drug addicts in order for them to become further reliant on their exploiters.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Studies have shown that children forced into begging primarily receive little to no education, with upwards of sixteen hours a day dedicated to time on the streets. With education being a leading method in escaping poverty child beggars have been shown to engage in a cyclical process of continuing this practice cross-generationally. Interviews conducted by UNICEF show that children who beg have little hope for the future and do not believe their circumstances will improve. Children who work on the streets typically have little or no knowledge of their rights, leaving them especially susceptible to exploitation both as juveniles and later as adults. Children who beg have also been found by UNICEF to have much higher instances of HIV infection due to lack of awareness and supervision on the streets.


title: Trafficking of children

text: A victim-centered human rights approach to combating trafficking has been internationally renowned as the best possible strategy when addressing this issue, with recourse focusing on punishing the exploiter and rehabilitating the child. Some countries who emphasize this method include the United States, with the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 affirming "victims of severe forms of trafficking should not be inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized solely for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked."


title: Trafficking of children

text: Other supported methods, such as those outlined by the Buffalo Human Rights Center, include relying on three Ps: protection, prosecution, and prevention. Protection starts with enforcing strict measures on the matters of both trafficking and begging. For many nations the first step is the criminalization of begging and trafficking. Prosecution should be instituted in the form of greater legal ramifications for traffickers, with punishment focused on the exploiter rather than the exploited. This becomes difficult with respect to victims of familial trafficking, considering this would require changes in care placement and strict monitoring of each displaced child's welfare. Many organizations affirm that prevention begins with discouraging donations and improving services so that children, and families as a whole, have greater capabilities. Though well-intentioned, by giving child beggars money, individuals only make this practice more profitable, and soon these funds find their way into the hands of the child's abuser.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In Senegal, where the abuses against talibes are extensive, there have been several initiatives with the help of the World Bank to put an end this exploitation. First, there is intervention on a community level with education on the validity of some of these Quranic institutions provided to rural villages that typically send their children there. This is supplemented by improved regulation of schools within the nation to ensure that they remain places of education, followed by a greater enforcement of preexisting laws banning trafficking and exploitative begging. Finally, rehabilitation services have been provided with the help of CSOs to recovered children to provide them with the capabilities they have been denied.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In Zimbabwe policy has adapted to ensure the safety of all persons under the age of sixteen with the Children's Protection and Adoption Act, however, the government admits that a lack of resources and capital play a critical role in inadequate enforcement.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In Bangladesh, where there are an estimated 700,000 beggars, a law passed in 2009 banning the practice, though officials report some trouble with enforcement.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In China, the Ministry of Public Security has established a department that solely focuses on child trafficking. The department has a hotline where the public dials 110 to report suspected incidences of forced begging, which law enforcement officials are expected to investigate further. The police are trained to take the children into custody if a blood relationship with their guardian cannot be established, and educate parents on the illegality and dangers of begging if they are those responsible for the child's action. This policy instituted in April 2009 has since led to the recovery of 9,300 children.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Many NGOs have initiated movements focusing on informing the public on the dangers of donations. As UNICEF reported in 2006, "certain behaviors, such as giving money to child beggars can also indirectly motivate traffickers and controller to demand children." The Mirror Foundation's Stop Child Begging Project of Thailand is one such organization that emphasizes eliminating the demand. Their initiatives are focused on educating passersby on the forced begging of trafficked Cambodians within their country to decrease the likelihood of donations.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In China, where the kidnapping and forced begging of children has been routinely documented, a multi-media movement has begun. Here, blogs are utilized to publicize over 3,000 photos of children whose families believe have been abducted for the purpose of begging, with hundreds of thousands of followers who remain on the look out for these children in major urban centers. This campaign has enabled at least six children to be recovered and reunited with their families.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In instances where begging is religiously sanctioned it has been suggested by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) that religious leaders should outwardly condemn this practice. For talibes religious leaders have been asked to take a stance against begging using passages cited from the Quran, such as, "Except paradise, you should not beg anything for the sake of Allah" (8:23), which would help strip the practice of its religious foundation. In addition, former US President Clinton took the responsibility of providing protection against child abuse through Internet Service Providers (ISP) that can help law enforcement track any suspicious activities including child pornography.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In ancient Rome, according to Keith Bradley, Augustine wrote that "there were indigent parents selling their children because they needed the cash."


title: Trafficking of children

text: In contemporary Nepal, parents of poor families sell their children to orphanages (or sometimes simply hand them over without any payment). The orphanage then misrepresent them as "orphans", ensuring an income for the orphanages.


title: Trafficking of children

text: In general, child trafficking takes place in three stages: recruitment, movement, and exploitation. Recruitment occurs when a child is approached by a recruiter, or in some cases, directly approaches a recruiter themselves. Recruitment is initiated in many different ways: adolescents may be under pressure to contribute to their families, children may be kidnapped or abducted into trafficking, or families may be trafficked together. Then, movement will occur—locally, regionally, and/or internationally—through a variety of transportation types, including by car, train, boat, or foot. Ultimately, the final goal of child trafficking is exploitation, whereby traffickers use the services of children to garner illegal profit. Exploitation can take place in a variety of forms, including forced labour, sexual exploitation, and child begging, among other practices.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Child trafficking is often conceptualized using the economic model of supply and demand. Specifically, those who are trafficked constitute the "supply", while the traffickers, and all those who profit from the exploitation, provide the "demand". Two types of demand are defined: consumer demand and derived demand. Consumer demand is generated by people who actively or passively buy the products or services of trafficked labour. An example of this would be a tourist purchasing a T-shirt that has been made by a trafficked child. Derived demand, on the other hand, is generated by people who directly profit from the practice of trafficking, such as pimps or corrupt factory owners. Scholar Kevin Bales has extensively studied the application of this economic framework to instances of human trafficking; he contends that it is central to an accurate understanding of how trafficking is initiated and sustained. Bales, along with scholars Elizabeth M. Wheaton, Edward J. Schauer, and Thomas V. Galli, have asserted that national governments should more actively implement policies that reduce both types of demand, thus working towards the elimination of trafficking.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Various international organizations, including the ILO and UN.GIFT, have linked child trafficking to poverty, reporting that living in poverty has been found to increase children's vulnerability to trafficking. However, poverty is only one of many social "risk factors" that can lead to trafficking. As UNICEF and the World Bank note, "Often children experience several risk factors at the same time, and one of them may act as a trigger that sets the trafficking event in motion. This is sometimes called 'poverty plus,' a situation in which poverty does not by itself lead to a person being trafficked, but where a 'plus' factor such as illness combines with poverty to increase vulnerability." UNICEF, UN.GIFT, and several scholars, including Una Murray and Mike Dottridge, also contend that an accurate understanding of child trafficking must incorporate an analysis of gender inequality. Specifically, in many countries, girls are at a higher risk of being trafficked, particularly into sexual exploitation. In addition, these international agencies and scholars contend that giving women and men an equal voice in anti-trafficking policy is critical to reducing the incidence of child trafficking.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Studies throughout Europe have identified risks that make children vulnerable to exploitation that are also causes and contributing factors of child trafficking. These include social and economic marginalisation, dysfunctional family backgrounds, experiences of neglect, abuse or violence within the family or in institutions, exploitative relationships, gender-based violence and discrimination, experiences of living or working on the streets, precarious and irregular migration situations, aspirations to work and to earn money and limited opportunities to enter or remain in school, vocational training or regular employment. As the efforts of national governments to improve social safety nets can lessen many of these risks, child trafficking is considered not only a result of criminal activities but also as indicating weaknesses in the national government's ability to effectively safeguard children's rights to a safe and healthy development.


title: Trafficking of children

text: The complex definition of child trafficking and the differences in national laws and interpretations makes the identification of child victims of trafficking challenging. For example, the European debate on child trafficking lacks consensus on how child trafficking is to be distinguished from other contexts of exploitation, from social dumping of migrants, the sale of children and the smuggling of migrants. People smugglers are also known to exploit children to transport migrants across international borders.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Once a potential victim has come into contact with state authorities, identifying the child as a victim of trafficking takes time. The process often benefits from a thorough understanding of the child's story. For a child who is in trouble with the law, hearing the child's full story helps caseworkers and officers determine if the child is actually a victim of a crime herself, such as exploitation, abuse, or trafficking. For a child in an administrative process, such as an asylum procedure, hearing the child's full story helps caseworkers to detect cases of trafficking. Children may be hesitant to share their complete stories with authorities and appointed child welfare professionals. Some service providers have found that establishing trust and a stable relationship with the child encourages increased disclosure of experiences of exploitation and trafficking that might otherwise not be detected. The trust building process can include granting assistance and support services to ensure safety, well-being and development.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Identified victims of child trafficking are entitled to special safeguards that all child victims of crimes are entitled to under international law. These safeguards include the right to guardianship, legal assistance and representation, safety and protection, support for physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration, regularisation of immigration status, the right to compensation, and the right to act as a party, or plaintiff, in criminal proceedings. An important safeguard for trafficked children who have been exploited in illegal or criminal activities is the ‘non-punishment clause’. It means that child victims of criminal offences, including human trafficking, are to be protected from sanctions or prosecution for acts that they committed in relation to their situation as victims.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Articles 19 and 32-36 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child prohibits the exploitation of children in any form and in any context. Any child who is exposed to violence, exploitation or abuse can be considered a victim of crime and enjoys the correlated rights and entitlements, including access to assistance, protection and support, services for recovery and rehabilitation, access to justice, with due procedural safeguards in any related legal or administrative proceedings. Children at risk of exploitation have to be identified and recognised as being at risk. This implies that they have a right to assistance and support in order to prevent their exploitation or any other harm resulting from the risks. Considering the difficulties of identifying children who have been trafficked and the broad protection against all forms and contexts of exploitation afforded under the Convention, a child rights-based approach prioritises the identification of child victims of exploitation or other crime and children at risk. Whether or not exploitation takes place in a context of trafficking is of subordinate relevance for the child rights and protection context. It may interest primarily the law enforcement investigations and the prosecution.


title: Trafficking of children

text: It is difficult to obtain reliable estimates concerning the number of children trafficked each year, primarily due to the covert and criminal nature of this practice. It often takes years to gather and compile estimates regarding child trafficking and, as a result, data can seem both inadequate and outdated. This process of gathering data is only complicated by the fact that very few countries publish national estimates of child trafficking. As a result, the available statistics are widely thought to underestimate the actual scope of the problem.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Trafficking of children has been documented in every region of the world. A widely used figure regarding the prevalence of this practice is provided by the ILO, which estimates that 1.2 million children are trafficked each year; this estimate includes cross-border and internal trafficking.


title: Trafficking of children

text: Regionally, the ILO has provided the following estimates for trafficking of children by region per year:


title: Trafficking of children

text: As the numbers above indicate, child trafficking occurs the most frequently in Latin America and the Caribbean. Child trafficking is also the most prevalent in developing countries, though it does occur in developed and industrialized economies as well. Notably, the US Department of State publishes an annual "Trafficking in Persons" report which provides ample data regarding the prevalence of human and child trafficking in the majority of countries. The University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work released a study that estimated as many as 300,000 American youth may be at risk of commercial sexual exploitation at any time.