title: Brady Hoke

text: During the 2008 season, Hoke led the Cardinals to the most wins in school history, finishing the regular season with an undefeated record of 12–0. The 2008 season marked the first time the Ball State Cardinals won a game against a BCS-conference opponent, a 42–20 victory over Indiana. And in October 2008, Ball State was ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 for the first time in the school's history. After his team achieved its top 25 ranking, Hoke told the media, "It's flattering obviously, but there's so much season left to play. You have to evaluate the season at the end. We've got a lot of big games ahead of us." The Cardinals were ranked as high as #12 during the 2008 season. After concluding an undefeated regular season, Hoke's 2008 team lost to the Buffalo Bulls in the 2008 MAC Championship Game.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Ball State's rise to prominence led to Hoke's December 2008 appearance on the "Late Show with David Letterman" where he read a special "Top Ten List" of the "Highlights of the Ball State Cardinals Season", topped by "The Drunk 3 A.M. Coaching Tips from (Ball State alumnus) Letterman."


title: Brady Hoke

text: While at Ball State, several football players were caught in a scheme to sell textbooks for classes they were not enrolled in. The NCAA cut three football scholarships and put the University on two years probation. Nine other sports were involved in the scheme.


title: Brady Hoke

text: In December 2008, Hoke was hired as the 17th head football coach at San Diego State University. Hoke signed a five-year contract with a guaranteed payment of $3,525,000, plus incentives for hitting revenue marks and bowl berths. San Diego State was also required to pay $240,000 to buy out the remaining two years on Hoke's contract at Ball State. At the press conference introducing Hoke as the Aztecs' new coach, Hoke told reporters, "Number one, this program is going to be a program that's based on toughness. To play football at the Division I level, to compete academically at the Division I level and balance both, you have to be tough-minded. You have to be physically tough and mentally tough."


title: Brady Hoke

text: San Diego State compiled a 2–10 record the year before Hoke arrived. A sports writer for the "San Diego Union-Tribune" described the challenge facing Hoke: "It's going to be difficult for [Brady Hoke], because with the Aztecs, we're basically talking about a sea change in everything from A to Zed. This isn't Urban Meyer taking over at Florida, where the cupboard already was full of epicurean delights. State has rotting skeletons in its closet. The Aztecs haven't had a winning season since 1998, just seven since 1980."


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke won a reputation for recruiting at San Diego State. His brother Jon Hoke, an assistant coach in the NFL, noted: "I don't care where it is, whether it's San Diego State or anywhere else, if there's one thing he can do it's recruit. He's as good at it as anybody. He's relentless with recruiting. He has a great feel for parents and a great feel for players. As long as you give him the budget to (recruit) the way it needs to be done, he'll be fine."


title: Brady Hoke

text: In 2009, Hoke led the Aztecs to a record of 4–8. During the 2010 season, Hoke's team improved to 9–4. Two of the Aztecs' losses in 2010 came in close matches against ranked opponents. The Aztecs gave the undefeated, #2 TCU team its closest game of the regular season, losing by a score of 40–35. Hoke's team also lost a close game against No. 12 Missouri by a score of 27–24. The team concluded its season with a convincing 35–14 win over Navy in the 2010 Poinsettia Bowl.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Prior to the 2010 season, San Diego State had not won nine or more games in a season since 1977 (when they had their second straight 10 win season) and had not played in a bowl game since the 1998 team lost in the Las Vegas Bowl. After the 2010 season, a reporter for the "Orange County Register" wrote that Hoke had given San Diego State "swagger."


title: Brady Hoke

text: On January 11, 2011, Hoke was named the 19th head football coach of the Michigan Wolverines football team. Michigan athletic director Dave Brandon described some of the factors that influenced his selection of Hoke: "The reason I wanted him to be prominent in this process was simply the combination of turning around two programs, being known as a terrific recruiter, and being a defensive-minded coach with a lot of experience. Everybody that I ever talked to just raved about the quality of person he is and how much he loves Michigan." Although many speculated that Hoke had been a third choice behind Jim Harbaugh and Les Miles, Brandon stated, "The job was never offered to them."


title: Brady Hoke

text: On November 26, Hoke's Wolverines defeated Ohio State in Hoke's first season as the Wolverines' head coach, clinching Michigan's first 10-win season since 2006. Hoke's 2011 team also held Michigan's first winning record in Big Ten conference play since 2007. Michigan's win over Ohio State in the long-standing rivalry was its first since 2003.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Following the 2011 Big Ten Conference football season, Hoke swept the Big Ten Coach of the Year awards, earning the Hayes-Schembechler Coach of the Year, as selected by conference coaches, and the Dave McClain Coach of the Year, as picked by the media.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke won his first bowl game as the head coach of Michigan in an overtime contest against Virginia Tech by a score of 23–20. It was Michigan's first BCS bowl victory since the 2000 Orange Bowl, and its 20th bowl victory overall.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke's second season in Ann Arbor started off with Michigan losing 41–14 to the defending and eventual repeat national champions, the Alabama Crimson Tide. The Game was played at Cowboy Stadium on a neutral playing field, being broadcast to a nationally televised audience. Hoke said after the game "Obviously, we didn't play Michigan football, and that's something that bothers our team, bothers the coaches;" he continued "Win or lose your first game, you learn a lot." Michigan ended the regular season with losses to AP #25 Nebraska (10–4), #4 Notre Dame (12–1), #3 Ohio State (12–0), and #1 Alabama (13–1), before losing 33–28 on the final touchdown to #8 South Carolina in the Outback Bowl.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke led the 2014 Michigan team to a 5–7 record. This marked only the third season since 1975 in which Michigan missed a bowl game (the previous two instances were both under Hoke's predecessor, Rich Rodriguez). The team defeated only one bowl-eligible opponent, with the win coming against Penn State.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Following the season, Michigan fired Hoke after four seasons. Hoke compiled a 31–20 record, including an 18–14 record in Big Ten play.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke was announced as the University of Oregon's defensive coordinator on January 16, 2016. He was not retained by new coach Willie Taggart after the firing of Mark Helfrich.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke was announced as the University of Tennessee's defensive line coach on February 7, 2017. On November 12, 2017, Butch Jones was terminated as head coach of the Volunteers. As a result, Hoke was named as the interim head coach. Hoke coached the last two games of the season, which were a 30–10 loss to #21 LSU and a 42–24 loss to Vanderbilt. The two losses under Hoke combined with the 4–6 record from Butch Jones gave the Tennessee Volunteers their first eight-loss season in program history.


title: Brady Hoke

text: On January 29, 2018, ESPN reported that Hoke was hired to coach the defensive line for the NFL's Carolina Panthers. The move to the NFL was a first for Hoke's coaching career, as all of his previous stops had been in high school or college. He was fired on December 3.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke returned to San Diego State University in 2019 as defensive line coach under head coach Rocky Long. Hoke helped the Aztecs fielded a defense that was second in rush defense allowing 75.4 yards per game and sixth in total defense allowing 287.8 yards per game in 2019.


title: Brady Hoke

text: On January 8, 2020, Rocky Long announced his retirement from coaching and Hoke was named the head coach for the Aztecs.


title: Brady Hoke

text: Hoke and his wife have a daughter, Kelly, who was born in 1986 and is also a Ball State graduate. Brady is the younger brother of Jon Hoke, who is the secondary coach for the Atlanta Falcons. Jon's son, Kyle Hoke, played for his uncle at Ball State and was a graduate assistant coach for the Western Michigan Broncos football team in their 2012 and 2013 seasons.


title: Snecma M88

text: The Snecma M88 is a French afterburning turbofan engine developed by Snecma (now known as Safran Aircraft Engines) for the Dassault Rafale fighter.


title: Snecma M88

text: The program for the M88 arose from a need for a suitable propulsion system for air-superiority and ground-attack missions. In 1983, Dassault Aviation planned to produce a technology demonstrator for the "Avion de Combat eXpérimental" (ACX), which was expected to fly in 1986. Although the M88 was intended to be fitted to the definitive aircraft, it was not expected to be ready in time, and the ACX was therefore initially powered by the General Electric F404.


title: Snecma M88

text: Due to the broad application of the new engine (as the aircraft was to replace considerable number of French fleet), it was necessary for the engine to have a high thrust-to-weight ratio, low fuel consumption in all flight regimes, and a long engine life. Additional considerations were afforded to good maintainability, and upgrade potential (73 kN to 105 kN using the same core). The program was officially launched in 1986. It was decided to flight test the engine, the M88-2, aboard the Dassault Breguet, and the Rafale A prototype. Indeed, after having replaced the aircraft's left F404, the engine was first flight tested aboard the Rafale A on 27 February 1990. By then, the fourteen M88-2s had accumulated 1,600 hours of running time. The demonstrator thereafter reached supersonic speed without afterburners, reached a height of 50,000 ft, endured load factors of −2"g" and +9"g" and flown at an angle of attack of 30°. As of July 2022, M88 engine that powers Dassault Aviation’s multirole fighter has clocked up more than one million operating hours


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Nina Totenberg (born January 14, 1944) is an American legal affairs correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR) focusing primarily on the activities and politics of the Supreme Court of the United States. Her reports air regularly on NPR's news magazines "All Things Considered, Morning Edition", and "Weekend Edition". From 1992 to 2013, she was also a panelist on the syndicated TV political commentary show "Inside Washington".


title: Nina Totenberg

text: She's considered one of NPR's "Founding Mothers" along with Susan Stamberg, Linda Wertheimer and the late Cokie Roberts. "Newsweek" magazine called her "the creme de la creme" of NPR, and "Vanity Fair" refers to her as "Queen of the Leaks". She has won many broadcast journalism awards for both her explanatory pieces and her scoops.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Among her scoops was her groundbreaking report of sexual harassment allegations made against Clarence Thomas by University of Oklahoma law professor Anita Hill, leading the Senate Judiciary Committee to re-open Thomas's Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Previously, in 1986, she broke the story that Supreme Court nominee Douglas H. Ginsburg had smoked marijuana, leading Ginsburg to withdraw his name. In 1977, she reported on secret Supreme Court deliberations relating to the Watergate scandal.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Totenberg was born in Manhattan, New York, the eldest daughter of Melanie Francis (Eisenberg), a real estate broker, and violinist Roman Totenberg. Her father was a Polish Jewish immigrant, who lost many of his family members in the Holocaust. Her mother was of German Jewish and Polish Jewish descent, from an upper-class family that had lived in San Francisco and New York. She is the widow of U.S. Senator Floyd K. Haskell (D-Colorado), whom she married in 1979. She remarried in 2000 to H. David Reines, a trauma surgeon and Vice Chairman of Surgery at Inova Fairfax Hospital. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg presided over this wedding. On their honeymoon, he treated her for severe injuries after she was struck by a boat propeller while swimming. In March 2010, Totenberg's sister Amy Totenberg was nominated by President Barack Obama to the U.S. District Court in Atlanta. Amy Totenberg was confirmed the next year. Another sister, Jill Totenberg, is a businesswoman married to Brian Foreman. On August 6, 2015, the Ames Stradivarius, which had been stolen from their father 35 years earlier, was returned to the three sisters.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Totenberg enrolled in Boston University in 1962, majoring in journalism, but dropped out less than three years later because, in her own words, she "wasn’t doing brilliantly". Soon after dropping out of college, Totenberg began her journalism career at the "Boston Record American", where she worked on the Women's Page and learned breaking news journalism skills by volunteering in the news department. She moved on to the "Peabody Times" in Massachusetts and "Roll Call" in Washington, D.C.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: At the "National Observer", Totenberg began covering legal affairs. In 1971 she broke a story about a secret list of candidates President Richard Nixon was considering for the Supreme Court. All the candidates were later rejected as unqualified by the American Bar Association and none were nominated.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: After Totenberg wrote an "Observer" profile of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, the latter wrote a long letter to the paper's editor demanding she be fired. Instead, the editor printed the letter in the "Observer" along with a rebuttal of Hoover's complaints regarding the article.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: She was fired from that paper for plagiarism in 1972 regarding a profile she wrote of then-soon-to-be Speaker Tip O'Neill which included, without attribution, quotes from members of Congress that had previously appeared in "The Washington Post". Totenberg has said that the dismissal also related to her rebuffing of sexual overtures from an editor. Many of Totenberg's colleagues have defended her, noting that the use of previously-reported quotes was a common journalistic practice in the 1970s. In 1995, Totenberg told the "Columbia Journalism Review", "I have a strong feeling that a young reporter is entitled to one mistake and to have the holy bejeezus scared out of her to never do it again."


title: Nina Totenberg

text: She next worked for the New York-based news magazine "New Times". At that publication, she wrote a celebrated article called "The Ten Dumbest Members of Congress", prompting the senator at the top of the list, William L. Scott, to call a press conference to deny that he was the "dumbest member of Congress."


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In 1975, Nina Totenberg was hired by Bob Zelnick to work at National Public Radio and has been there since.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In 1977, Totenberg broke a story about the Supreme Court appeal of three men who had been convicted in the Watergate scandal: H.R. Haldeman, John N. Mitchell, and John D. Ehrlichman. Totenberg revealed the results of their secret 5–3 vote against reviewing the case and that the three dissenters were appointees of President Richard Nixon. Nixon had resigned three years earlier, in the wake of Watergate. Totenberg also revealed that Nixon-appointed Chief Justice Warren Burger delayed announcing the results of the vote, hoping to sway his fellow justices. Her reporting of private Supreme Court deliberations was a novel development in Supreme Court reporting and led to speculation about who on the Court gave her the information.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In 1986, Totenberg broke the story that William H. Rehnquist, who was nominated for Chief Justice of the United States by Ronald Reagan, had written a memo in 1970 opposing the Equal Rights Amendment, in which he said that the amendment would "hasten the dissolution of the family" and that would "virtually abolish all legal distinctions between men and women." The memo was written when Rehnquist was head of the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel in the Nixon Administration.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Totenberg broke the story that Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg, who had been nominated to the Supreme Court by Ronald Reagan, had smoked marijuana "on a few occasions" during his student days in the 1960s and while an assistant professor at Harvard Law School in the 1970s, something that did not appear in Ginsburg's FBI background check. The revelations resulted in Ginsburg's withdrawing his name from consideration. Totenberg was awarded the 1988 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Silver Baton award for outstanding broadcast journalism for the story.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In 1991, a few days before a confirmation vote was scheduled for Republican George H. W. Bush's Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, Totenberg disclosed allegations of sexual harassment lodged against Thomas by University of Oklahoma law professor Anita Hill. Totenberg's report about Hill's allegations led the Senate Judiciary Committee to re-open Thomas's Supreme Court confirmation hearings to consider Hill's charges.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Totenberg was criticized by many of Thomas' supporters, including Republican senators on the Judiciary Committee. The Senate appointed special counsel Peter E. Fleming Jr. to investigate the leak. Totenberg and "Newsday"s Timothy Phelps were subpoenaed by Fleming, but refused to answer questions about their confidential sources.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Totenberg was confronted by one Thomas supporter, Republican Senator Alan K. Simpson, during and after the taping of an episode of "Nightline". On the show, Simpson criticized Totenberg, saying "What politicians get tired of is bias in reporters. Let's not pretend your reporting is objective here. That would be absurd." After Totenberg defended her reporting and objectivity on the show, Simpson followed her out of the studio and continued to criticize her, even holding open the door of her limousine so she could not leave. "He was in a complete rage. He was out of control," Totenberg said. Accounts differ on Totenberg's response, but she used what she called "choice epithets" and said: "I think I told him to shut the fuck up."


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Following Totenberg's allegation to "The Washington Post"s Howard Kurtz that she had been sexually harassed at the "National Observer", Al Hunt of "The Wall Street Journal" brought up the plagiarism incident in a column about media coverage of and responses to the Thomas hearings. Some observers connected Hunt's rehashing of a then nearly 20-year-old incident to the stance of the "Journal", whose conservative editorial pages had "editorially championed" Thomas and had previously criticized Totenberg, but Hunt denied any ideological motivation.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: For the report and NPR's gavel-to-gavel coverage, Totenberg received the George Foster Peabody Award. The same year, she won the George Polk Award for excellence in journalism and the Joan S. Barone Award for excellence in Washington-based national affairs/public policy reporting (the latter also in part for her coverage of the retirement of Justice Thurgood Marshall). The American Library Association presented her with its James Madison Award, given to those who "championed, protected, and promoted public access to government information and the public’s right to know". She also earned the Sigma Delta Chi Award from the Society of Professional Journalists for investigative reporting.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In addition to awards mentioned above, and among her other awards, Totenberg has been honored seven times by the American Bar Association for excellence in legal reporting and won the first-ever Toni House award presented by the American Judicature Society for a career body of work, and was the first radio journalist to be honored by the National Press Foundation as Broadcaster of the Year. She has written articles for the "Harvard Law Review" (including tributes to Justices William J. Brennan, Jr. and Lewis Powell when they retired); "The New York Times Magazine", "New York" magazine; the "Christian Science Monitor"; and numerous other legal and general circulation publications. She also contributed to the Jewish Women's Archive's online exhibit "Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution" with regard to her reporting on Anita Hill's allegations against Clarence Thomas. In the 1990s Totenberg was a regular contributor to ABC's "Nightline".


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Totenberg played the part of an election anchor in the film "The Distinguished Gentleman" (1992), and also appeared briefly as herself in the Kevin Kline film "Dave" (1993). Her image has also been used for an item produced for NPR called "The Nina Totin' Bag"—a play on her name and the stereotypical tote bag offered as a thank-you gift for donating to a public broadcasting pledge drive.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: Totenberg has made friends with a number of politicians and lawyers in national politics, and her personal connections to these people have occasionally generated discussion. Allegations that Totenberg obtained her scoops by untoward means were prevalent early in her career, a fact Bill Kovach, editor of "The New York Times", attributed to sexism since she was one of the few women working in a predominantly male environment. Totenberg was criticized by some commentators for hugging her friend Lani Guinier during a press conference announcing Guinier's nomination by Bill Clinton to the post of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. Media critic Howard Kurtz reported that while Totenberg said she did not intend to give special treatment to Guinier in her reporting, she had hugged her because she had not seen her in some time. Then in 2000, some journalists expressed concern that Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's officiating at Totenberg's wedding could be seen as a conflict of interest. Totenberg responded she did not consider it a conflict of interest since her friendship with the jurist was established long before Ginsburg was nominated to the Supreme Court. She also had a friendship with Justice Antonin Scalia from when he was an assistant US attorney general.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: "The Wall Street Journal" editorialist Paul Gigot wrote in 1991 that Totenberg exhibits partisanship in her reporting. "Washington Post" reporter Thomas Edsall said in 1995 that she was cited as an example of liberal bias in public broadcasting due to her reporting on two controversial Supreme Court nominations.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In 1995, responding to conservative Senator Jesse Helms (R-N.C.), who characterized AIDS as a "disease transmitted by people deliberately engaging in unnatural acts" in his effort to cut government spending to combat it, Totenberg said: "I think he ought to be worried about what's going on in the good Lord's mind, because if there's retributive justice, he'll get AIDS from a transfusion or one of his grandchildren will." On the same show, conservative columnists Charles Krauthammer and Tony Snow also criticized Helms, with Krauthammer calling Helms's remarks "bigoted and cruel" and Snow accusing him of "hypocrisy". Totenberg subsequently expressed regret for her choice of words, saying: "It was a stupid remark. I'll pay for it for the rest of my life." Following his October 2010 firing from NPR for comments he made on FoxNews, Juan Williams said the failure of NPR to discipline her for these statements was an example of NPR's double standard, a charge echoed by Fox News and conservative pundits.


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In 2020, just after the death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Totenberg disclosed a 48-year-long friendship she had with Ginsburg in an obituary for the Justice. Although it was known that the two were cordial, the deeply personal nature of their friendship was not widely known until Totenberg released the obituary. Subsequently, Totenberg received criticism for not disclosing the friendship. NPR's Public editor released an editorial on the topic, calling Totenberg's undisclosed friendship with Ginsburg a conflict of interest (given Totenberg's role as Legal Affairs correspondent) and stating that it implies that there is "one set of standards for senior, elite journalists, and another set of standards for the rest of the staff".


title: Nina Totenberg

text: In January 2022, Totenberg received criticism for her reporting on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic related mask-wearing at the Supreme Court. On January 18, 2022 an article by Totenberg claimed that Chief Justice John Roberts "in some form" asked that the justices wear masks during oral arguments, partially due to Justice Sonia Sotomayor's diabetes-related health concerns. Totenberg reported that Justice Neil Gorsuch (the Justice who sits next to Sotomayor on the bench) was the only Justice who refused to wear a mask, forcing Justice Sotomayor to join oral arguments virtually despite the other eight justices hearing oral arguments in person. A day after Totenberg's piece, Justices Gorsuch and Sotomayor issued a rare joint statement stating that Totenberg's story "surprised us" and Chief Justice Roberts issued a statement denying he had asked any Justices to wear a mask. Totenberg stood by her claim, citing that she did not know exactly how the Chief Justice asked the other justices to mask-up, but he did suggest "in some form" that they should wear masks. In response, NPR's public editor called for Totenberg to issue a clarification, saying that Totenberg should have been more careful in her choice of the word "asked", and that other words would have better described to the audience the subtlety with which executive messages are conveyed in the Supreme Court. The original article by Totenberg was updated on January 22nd to reflect the clarification.


title: Cumberland River

text: The Cumberland River is a major waterway of the Southern United States. The river drains almost of southern Kentucky and north-central Tennessee. The river flows generally west from a source in the Appalachian Mountains to its confluence with the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky, and the mouth of the Tennessee River. Major tributaries include the Obey, Caney Fork, Stones, and Red rivers.


title: Cumberland River

text: Although the Cumberland River basin is predominantly rural, there are also some large cities on the river, including Nashville and Clarksville, both in Tennessee. Also, the river system has been extensively altered for flood control. Major dams impound areas of both the main stem and many of its important tributaries.


title: Cumberland River

text: Its headwaters are three separate forks that begin in Kentucky and converge in Baxter, KY, located in Harlan County. Martin's Fork starts near Hensley Settlement on Brush Mountain in Bell County and snakes its way north through the mountains to Baxter. Clover Fork starts on Black Mountain in Holmes Mill, near the Virginia border, and flows west in parallel with Kentucky Route 38 until it reaches Harlan.


title: Cumberland River

text: Clover Fork once flowed through downtown Harlan and merged with Martins Fork at what is now the intersection of Kentucky Route 38 and US Route 421. A flood control project begun in 1992 diverted it through a tunnel under Little Black Mountain, from which it emerges in Baxter and converges with Martins Fork. Poor Fork begins as a small stream on Pine Mountain in Letcher County near Flat Gap, Virginia. It flows southwest in parallel with Pine Mountain until it merges with the other two forks in Baxter.


title: Cumberland River

text: From there, the wider, now named Cumberland River continues flowing west through the mountains of Kentucky before turning northward toward Cumberland Falls. The falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the southeastern United States and is one of the few places in the Western Hemisphere where a moonbow can be seen.


title: Cumberland River

text: Beyond Cumberland Falls, the river turns abruptly west once again and continues to expand as other creeks and streams feed into it. It receives the Laurel and Rockcastle rivers from the northeast, followed by the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River from the south. From here it flows into the man-made Lake Cumberland, formed by Wolf Creek Dam. The more than reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in the eastern US.


title: Cumberland River

text: Near Celina, Tennessee, the river crosses south into that state, where it is joined by the Obey River and Caney Fork. Northeast of Nashville, the river is dammed twice more, forming Cordell Hull Lake and Old Hickory Lake. After flowing through Nashville and picking up the Stones River, the river is dammed to form Cheatham Lake. The river turns northwest toward Clarksville, where it is joined by the Red River.


title: Cumberland River

text: It flows back into Kentucky at the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area, a section of land nestled between Lake Barkley, which is fed by the Cumberland River, and Kentucky Lake. Finally, the river flows north and merges with the Ohio River at Smithland, northeast of Paducah.


title: Cumberland River

text: The explorer Thomas Walker of Virginia in 1758 named the river, but whether for the Duke of Cumberland or the English county of Cumberland is not known.


title: Cumberland River

text: The Cumberland River was called "Wasioto" by the Shawnee Native Americans, who lived in this area. French traders called it the "Riviere des Chaouanons", or "River of the Shawnee" for this association. The river was also known as the "Shawnee River" (or "Shawanoe River") for years after Walker's trip.


title: Cumberland River

text: Important first as a passage for hunters and settlers, the Cumberland River also supported later riverboat trade, which traveled to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Villages, towns, and cities were located at landing points along its banks. Through the middle of the 19th century, settlers depended on rivers as the primary transportation routes for trading and travel.


title: Cumberland River

text: In more recent history, a number of severe floods have struck various regions that the river flows through. In April 1977, Harlan, Kentucky, and many surrounding communities were inundated with floodwaters, destroying most of the homes and businesses within the floodplain of the river. This event led to the building of the Martins Fork Dam for flood control and the diversion of the Clover Fork around the city of Harlan. In addition, the river was diverted through a mountain cut in Loyall, Kentucky.


title: Cumberland River

text: In late April and early May 2010, due to the 2010 Tennessee floods, the river overflowed its banks and flooded Nashville and Clarksville, Tennessee. The downtown area was ordered to evacuate.


title: Cumberland River

text: Major flooding occurred along the Cumberland River at Pineville, Barbourville, and Williamsburg in early February 2020.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: Rocksmith 2014 is a music video game produced by Ubisoft. It is a followup to the 2011 game "Rocksmith", but has been described as a replacement to the original game rather than a sequel. Like its predecessor, the game allows players to plug in virtually any electric guitar or bass guitar and play along via the use of a USB adapter – removing the need for any proprietary controller like other music games such as "Guitar Hero". The game comes with 66 songs on disk, with over a thousand more available to download as paid DLC. It was announced at Ubisoft's 2013 E3 presentation and was released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PC/Mac in October 2013, with versions for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One releasing in November 2014.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: "Rocksmith 2014" was released to generally positive reviews from critics who praised the game's improvements over its predecessor. The game continued to receive new DLC song packs weekly until March 2020. The game was succeeded by "Rocksmith+", a music education-based subscription service based on the previous "Rocksmith" games, which was released on September 6, 2022.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: "Rocksmith 2014" recommends the use of the "Hercules" adapter, a USB cable that connects to the standard  in (6.35 mm) output jack of most electric and bass guitars. Other guitars, such as acoustic guitars, may require additional hardware, such as a pickup.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: "Rocksmith 2014" offers three different development paths for lead, rhythm, and bass guitar respectively. It now includes the ability to set song difficulty, rather than having to play the song starting at the lowest difficulty, as in "Rocksmith". The game includes a Session Mode, which enables players to perform in jam sessions with the in-game musicians. Other new modes include an enhanced Master Mode to help with memory-playing and new Guitarcade minigames. New missions have been added as a way to challenge and direct players towards areas they need to improve upon.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: "Rocksmith 2014" is intended to be more of a teaching tool than the original game, featuring more than 85 lessons covering bends, accents, slides, and more. A new finger positioning tool has also been added. "Rocksmith 2014" also features a mode for colorblind players.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: On why the publisher chose the name "Rocksmith 2014" as opposed to "Rocksmith 2", senior vice president of sales and marketing Tony Key explained it was to encourage those who had not played the first game yet to buy and play the second one, without needing to invest in a previous installment of the franchise. He compared it to foreign language learning courses: "This is not the second step in guitar playing. Some people might interpret it that way. If you see Spanish 1 and then Spanish 2, you think that you need to learn Spanish 1 first." He described "Rocksmith 2014" as a "replacement" for the original game rather than a sequel, and argued that its new songs, modes and improvements justified the purchase for people who had already bought the original "Rocksmith".


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: On 26 August 2016, Ubisoft announced "Rocksmith 2014 Edition — Remastered", an updated version of the game to be released on 4 October 2016. The new version includes "a customizable learning curve, expanded practice tools, stat tracking, improved menus and more". The "Remastered" version is a free update to existing versions of the game, but was also released at retail for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One with six additional songs. These six bonus songs have been released as DLC for all other users.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: On 13 December 2016, Ubisoft released an additional patch for "Rocksmith 2014 Edition — Remastered", which added two new capabilities that removed the requirement for the Real-Tone Cable. The first capability added to the software was Microphone Mode, which allowed players to use USB microphones and input devices that could simulate microphones for both players of acoustic guitars, and electric guitar players using non-Real-Tone cables. While this mode allows for note detection with the software, it disables the "Rocksmith 2014's" Authentic Tone capabilities, and players are limited to the "clean" guitar sound captured by the software. The second capability added to the software allows players to play along with the note tracks without note detection enabled.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: In April 2020, it was announced that "Rocksmith 2014" would receive no further DLC after the Opeth song pack, as focus was shifting to a new project.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: The game initially contains 66 playable tracks with over a thousand more available as DLC. "Cherub Rock" by the Smashing Pumpkins was a free DLC giveaway with pre-orders of the game. "Rocksmith 2014" is capable of importing most songs from the original "Rocksmith", with a few exceptions due to licensing issues.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: All "Rocksmith" DLC songs are forward-compatible with "Rocksmith 2014", but DLC songs released on or after 22 October 2013 are compatible only with "Rocksmith 2014" and will not play on the original version of "Rocksmith". As of 3 January 2017, there are 835 songs and 209 song packs available to download from the "Rocksmith" store. Ubisoft San Francisco announced in April 2020 that they would be stopping development of further DLC for "Rocksmith 2014" as they transitioned to a new project, after delivering 383 weeks of DLC content.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: In addition to the DLC for "Rocksmith 2014", owners of the original "Rocksmith" are able to purchase a Disc Import Tool that will import 52 of the 57 songs available on the original Rocksmith. The tracks that do not carry over are:


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: "Rocksmith 2014" was released in the US on October 22, 2013, to mostly positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic rated the PC version 89/100, the PlayStation 3 version 86/100, and the Xbox 360 version 87/100.


title: Rocksmith 2014

text: Lee Cooper of "Hardcore Gamer" praised the game and its general improvement over 2011's "Rocksmith", saying, "Every facet of gameplay has been given a nice thick coat of improvement in "Rocksmith 2014", issues that the original title was known for have either been removed entirely, or overhauled beyond recognition."


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The Panzerkampfwagen 35(t), commonly shortened to Panzer 35(t) or abbreviated as Pz.Kpfw. 35(t), was a Czechoslovak-designed light tank used mainly by Nazi Germany during World War II. The letter (t) stood for "tschechisch" (German for "Czech"). In Czechoslovak service, it had the formal designation Lehký tank vzor 35 (Light Tank Model 35), but was commonly referred to as the LT vz. 35 or LT-35.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: A total of 434 were built; of these, the Germans seized 244 when they occupied Bohemia-Moravia in March 1939 and the Slovaks acquired 52 when they declared independence from Czechoslovakia at the same time. Others were exported to Bulgaria and Romania. In German service, it saw combat during the early years of World War II, notably the invasion of Poland, the Battle of France and the invasion of the Soviet Union before being retired or sold off in 1942. It was used for the remainder of the war by other countries and as a training tank in Bulgaria into the 1950s.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The "Panzerkampfwagen 35(t)" was assembled from a framework of steel "angle iron" beams to which the armour plates were riveted. A firewall separated the engine compartment from the crew. It had several mesh-covered openings to allow access to the engine and improve ventilation by drawing air in through the commander's hatch. This had the advantage of rapidly dispersing gun combustion gases when firing, but several disadvantages. The constant draft generated by the engine greatly affected the crew during cold weather, the danger of an engine fire reaching the crew compartment was increased and the engine noise and heat increased crew fatigue.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The driver sat on the right side of the tank using a observation port protected by of bulletproof glass and an armoured shutter thick. To his right was a vision slit () with a similar thickness of bulletproof glass. The Germans replaced the original three colored lights used by the Czechs to communicate with the driver with an intercom system. The radio operator sat on the left and had his own observation port with the same protection as the driver's. His radios were mounted on the left wall of the hull. The hull machine gun was between the driver and radio operator in a ball mount capable of 30° of traverse, 25° of elevation and depressing up to 10°. Most of the machine gun's barrel protruded from the mount and was protected by an armoured trough. The mount had a spotting telescope, but open sights could be used if the plug at the top of the ball mount was removed. If necessary, the driver could lock the mount into position and fire it himself using a Bowden cable. The driver's hatch was exposed to direct fire and could be damaged from the front.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The turret ring had a diameter of . The turret had a flat face in the center of which was mounted the main gun. On the right side was another machine gun in a ball mount. The commander had four episcopes in his cupola and a monocular mirror, 1.3 × 30° periscope which he could extend, once he had removed its armoured cover in his hatch, to give vision while "buttoned-up". As the sole occupant of the turret, the commander was responsible for loading, aiming and firing the main gun and the turret machine gun while simultaneously commanding the tank. The Germans added an extra crewman on the right side of the turret to load the main gun and to operate the turret machine gun. Some ammunition had to be removed to accommodate him.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The Škoda T-11/0 four-cylinder, water-cooled engine produced at 1,800 rpm. Two fuel tanks were fitted, the main tank with a capacity of was on the left side of the engine and the auxiliary tank was on the other side. The engine could run on gasoline, an alcohol-gasoline mixture, and "Dynalkohol" (an alcohol-benzole mixture). It was mounted in the rear along with the six-speed transmission which drove rear-mounted drive sprockets. The suspension was derived from the Vickers 6-Ton tank; eight small pairs of road wheels on four bogies per side, each pair of bogies sprung by a single leaf spring, a front idler wheel, and four track return wheels. An unsprung road wheel was located directly underneath the idler wheel to improve obstacle crossing. The transmission, brakes and steering were mechanically assisted with compressed air, reducing driver fatigue. This last feature proved problematic in the extreme conditions of the Eastern Front.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The main armament was a Škoda 37mm "ÚV vz. 34" (German designation "KwK 34(t)") gun with a pepperpot muzzle brake and a prominent armoured recoil cylinder above the barrel. Škoda called it the "A3". It fired a armour-piercing shell at . It was credited with penetrating a plate inclined at 30° from the vertical thick at , thick at , thick at , and thick at . Kliment and Francev quote penetration of a vertical plate thick at . The machine gun's ball mount could be coupled to the main gun or used independently. Both weapons could elevate 25° and depress 10°. They both used 2.6× power sights with a 25° field of view. Initially the tank used Zbrojovka Brno "Tk vz. 35" machine guns, but these were exchanged for "ZB vz. 37"s during 1938. This was adopted by the Germans as the "MG 37(t)".


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: In German use, 72 rounds of 37 mm ammunition were carried. These were stored in 6-round boxes: three on the hull side wall, eight in the turret overhang and one ready box above the gun on the turret roof. For the machine gun, 1,800 rounds of belted 7.92 mm ammunition were carried. The machine gun ammunition was in 100 round belts, stored three to a box. In Czech service, the "LT vz. 35" carried 78 rounds (24 AP, 54 HE) and 2,700 rounds of machine gun ammunition, the difference being removed to make room for the fourth crewmember in German service. The German command tank version ("Panzerbefehlswagen" 35(t)) exchanged some ammunition - exactly how much isn't known - for another radio set and a gyrocompass. It could be recognized by the prominent "clothesline" radio antenna mounted on the rear deck.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The Czechoslovak Army formulated a requirement in the II-a category of light cavalry tanks by the end of 1934. Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk proposed an improved version of its "P-II" light tank already in service as the "LT vz. 34", but Škoda offered a new design that used the pneumatic system and engine earlier proved by its unsuccessful "SU" or "S-II" light tank prototype. One prototype was ordered from each company for delivery during the summer of 1935. Both tanks had the same armament and three-man crew, but ČKD's "P-II-a" was much smaller at and had only a maximum of armour while Škoda's "S-II-a" weighed and had of armour. The army thought that "P-II-a" was at the limit of its development while the "S-II-a" could be improved as needed.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The first production order for 160 "LT vz. 35"s, as the S-II-a was designated in Army service, was placed on 30 October 1935 and deliveries began in December 1936. An additional order for 35 was made on 12 May 1936 and a follow-on order placed for 103 more a month later. The total order for 298 tanks was split equally by Škoda Works and ČKD according to their cartel agreement.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: Development was rushed and there were many defects in the "LT vz. 35"s. Many tanks had to be returned to the factories to be repaired. Most of these repairs involved the electrical system, not the complicated pneumatic system.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: In August 1936, Romania placed an order for 126; the bulk of these were delivered from the end of 1938 by Škoda. Afghanistan ordered ten in 1940; but, these were sold instead to Bulgaria. Total production was 434, including 298 for the Czechoslovak Army, 126 for Romania (under the designation Škoda R-2) and ten for Bulgaria. The Wehrmacht used 218 vehicles captured from the Czechoslovak Army in March 1939. Britain's Alvis-Straussler negotiated for a production license from September 1938 until March 1939 when the Nazi occupation made an agreement impossible. The Soviets were also interested so Škoda shipped the "S-II-a" prototype and one production "LT vz. 35" to the proving grounds at Kubinka for evaluation. The Soviets were interested only in buying the prototype, but Škoda refused to sell unless a license was purchased as well, believing that the Soviets would simply copy the design and build it without paying any royalties.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The 298 "LT vz. 35" tanks were assigned to the armoured regiments belonging to the four "Mobile (Rychlá) Divisions" between 1936–39. Each regiment was supposed to detach three-tank platoons to support the infantry divisions and border areas in times of crisis. These platoons were heavily used suppressing the protests and violence instigated by Konrad Henlein's Sudeten German Party ("Sudetendeutsche Partei" - SdP) and the "Sudetendeutsche Freikorps" (paramilitary groups trained in Germany by SS-instructors) between May and October 1938.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: After the Munich Agreement, two tank battalions were sent to reinforce the "3rd Mobile Division" in Slovakia. They were used to repel Hungarian and Polish border-crossers, sometimes up to a battalion in strength. They screened the infantry when they had to evacuate southern Slovakia after the First Vienna Award on 2 November 1938.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The "S-II-a" prototype and one "LT vz. 35" tank were returning from testing in the Soviet Union when the fighting began. They detrained in Sevljus and participated in a counterattack at Fančíkovo, but the "LT vz. 35" was damaged and captured by the Hungarians. The prototype was forced to retreat into Romania by 17 March, along with most of the other Czech troops in eastern Ruthenia. The Romanians returned the prototype to Škoda six months later.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: In 1939, following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, 244 vehicles of the Czechoslovak Army were seized by the Germans where they were known as the "L.T.M.35" until January 1940. In German service, they were used as substitutes for the Panzerkampfwagen III medium tank. They were assigned to the "Panzer Battalion (Panzerabteilung) 65" (39) of the "1st Light (leichte) Division" and the independent "Panzer-Regiment 11" (81) where they participated in the invasion of Poland. 77 of these were lost during the campaign, mostly due to mechanical breakdowns, but only 7 of these were irreparable. From 1940 on, there had not been any spare parts available and tanks had to be completely rebuilt to remain operational.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The 1st Light Division absorbed the 11th Panzer Regiment and was redesignated as the 6th Panzer Division on 18 October 1939. It took 132 "Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)"s into the Battle of France where it was assigned to XXXXI Corps (mot.) for "Panzergruppe von Kleist"s attack through the Ardennes. 44 of these had been lost by the end of May. 35 replacements were issued on 3 June in preparation for Fall Rot, the attack on the remnants of the French Army that began the following day. A total of 62 "Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)"s were either total write-offs or were damaged beyond the ability of the field maintenance workshops to repair during the campaign.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: For the invasion of the Soviet Union, 6th Panzer Division had 160 "Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)"s. to support 4th Panzer Group's drive on Leningrad. By 10 September 1941, the division had only 102 operational "Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)", despite having received two replacements from Germany. Eight tanks were repairable, but 47 were total losses. By 31 October, only 34 were operational with another 41 requiring repair. On 30 November, all "Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)"s were reported non-operational.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: Due to the cessation of production of these tanks, and the absence of spare parts being made, it was decided that the summer campaign of 1941 was to be their last. The fighting in Russia exposed the vehicle's unsuitability for cold weather operations and general unreliability. This weakness, in addition to their thin armour and inadequate firepower, resulted in the 6th Panzer Division being reequipped with German tanks on its withdrawal from Russia in April 1942. All 26 remaining "Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)"s still in working condition in 1942 were sold to Romania. Some vehicles had their turrets and hull machine guns removed so that the chassis could serve as a munition carrier or an artillery tractor, the "Artillerie Schlepper" and the "Mörserzugmittel 35(t)". These had a towing capacity of .


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: Romania ordered 126 of the tanks on 14 August 1936 as the "R-2" and received the first 15, which had been diverted from the Czech order, in April–May 1937 to display in a parade. They suffered from numerous teething problems and the Romanians put a hold on production until these issues were resolved. The constantly changing Romanian demands didn't help the situation, but they refused to accept any vehicles until trials were conducted in Romania. Three R-2s were shipped to Romania on 12 July 1938 for the trials, but Skoda knew which one would be chosen and prepared the vehicle well and it passed all tests. After disassembly and checks of the trial tank were completed, the Romanian commission approved the design on 23 August. In the meantime, the initial batch was returned to Skoda to be upgraded to current standards on 28 July. Shipments to Romania began on 1 September with 27 shipped before the Munich Crisis forced the Czechs to hold all remaining tanks in case they were needed. 5 finished tanks and six almost-finished tanks were appropriated and shipped to Slovakia although they were quickly returned after the Munich Agreement was signed. The last shipment departed on 22 February 1939.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The "R-2"s were assigned to the "1st Armoured Regiment" of the "1st Armoured Division" where they participated in Operation Barbarossa. The division was withdrawn from combat after the Battle of Odessa in 1941. At the start of 1942, 40 tanks were sent to Pilsen for overhaul while 50 more were repaired in Ploiești. The division returned to the front on 29 August 1942 with 109 "R-2"s. By the eve of the Soviet Stalingrad Counter-offensive on 19 November the division could only muster 84 serviceable "R-2"s with as many as 37 unserviceable tanks stationed in the rear. The division was on the outer edges of the Stalingrad Pocket, but managed to break through the western wing of the encirclement, although 77 "R-2"s were lost in the process. Only about a third of these were destroyed by the Soviets, the rest were either abandoned or broke down and couldn't be recovered. One "R-2" arrived from Romania during December as a reinforcement. The "1st Armored Division" was ordered home in early January 1943.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: Despite the delivery of 26 "Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)"s during 1942, Romania could only muster 59 "R-2/Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)"s on 1 April and 30 August 1943, but raised this to 63 by 25 March 1944. There were 44 on hand on 19 July 1944. By this time they were relegated to training duties with the "1st Training Armoured Division". A company of "R-2"s was sent to Transnistria with the ad-hoc "Cantemir Mixed Tank Group" on 24 February 1944, but it did not see combat before being withdrawn on 28 March 1944.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: A company of "R-2"s was assigned to the "Popescu Armoured Detachment" after King Michael's Coup and Romanian's defection from the Axis at the end of August 1944. The "Detachment" was tasked with preventing the German units stationed around Ploiești from breaking out to the north and finding refuge in Hungary. They accomplished their task and the "R-2"s were withdrawn from combat operations until the following year. Romania had concentrated all of its remaining tanks and armoured fighting vehicles in the "2nd Armoured Regiment" in early 1945 as the unofficial Soviet arms embargo began to have effect. It had five "R-2"s on hand in early February 1945 when it was sent to the front, but the Soviets confiscated most of them when it arrived. Both "R-2"s were serviceable when the regiment entered Bratislava on 4 April 1945, but these were probably destroyed when the regiment was nearly surrounded in Austria on 10 April because they are no longer listed among the regiment's vehicles afterwards.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: The Slovak Army seized 52 "LT vz. 35" tanks when they declared their independence from Czechoslovakia in March 1939. They were organized into a battalion that was later incorporated into the "Armoured Regiment". They received LT-35 designation in Slovak Army. Three of these tanks participated in the Slovak-Hungarian War of March 1939. One tank company participated in the invasion of Poland, but didn't see any fighting. The Army upgraded the internal communications system of its tanks with German intercoms in 1941, but it is unknown if they added a fourth crewman as did the Germans. When Slovakia joined the German invasion of the Soviet Union it sent a "Mobile Group" that included thirty "LT vz. 35"s. The "Mobile Group" was reinforced and reorganized in early July 1941 as the "Mobile Brigade", also known as "Brigade Pilfousek" after its commander, and it mustered only twenty-seven tanks despite seven reinforcements because breakdowns had caused ten to be evacuated back to Slovakia. This was due to a conspiracy among the Slovak tankers that the tanks would be needed to overthrow the regime at some point and couldn't be wasted in combat against the Soviets. This caused a high incidence of crew sabotage to which the officers and maintainers turned a blind eye, which caused the tanks to be withdrawn to Slovakia at the beginning of August 1941. On 1 January 1942, the Slovaks had 49 "LT vz. 35" on hand because three had been destroyed in the battle for Lipovec earlier in the summer. However, of these 49 only seven were operational as part of the conspiracy to keep the tanks in Slovakia. The "LT vz. 35"s were relegated to the training/reserve role by 1943 when the Germans began to supply more modern tanks to Slovakia. At least eight "LT vz. 35"s were used by the insurgents during the Slovak National Uprising in 1944.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: Slovak insurgents used LT vz. 35 tanks also in its 3 armored trains. Not only turrets, but whole tanks were used, when they placed tank on flat wagon, and then built armored walls around it. One LT vz. 35 is preserved until today, inside of original armored tank car from Armored Train Štefánik, which is displayed in the Museum of Slovak National Uprising in Banská Bystrica.


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: Bulgaria used 26 tanks, delivered by Germany from used war reserve stock in early 1940, with the normal "A-3" gun and 10 New "T-11" tanks with the more powerful "A-7" gun from the confiscated Afghan order were delivered between August and October 1940. They equipped the 1st and 2nd companies of the Bulgarian armored regiment in June 1941. They were supposedly relegated to training duties once the Germans began to deliver Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tanks in 1944, but apparently remained in service into the Fifties. But Kliment and Francev claim that the "T-11"s participated in the fighting in Yugoslavia and ended the war south of Vienna as part of the "1st Tank Brigade".


title: Panzer 35(t)

text: Hungary captured one "LT vz. 34" in Carpatho-Ukraine on 15 March 1939, when it conquered that country, and also a LT vz. 35 in fighting with the Czech demonstration detachment returning from Kubinka in med-March 1939. They were impressed and asked Škoda for a quote to repair them. The Hungarians did not accept the price, but Škoda fixed them for free once the Hungarians had bought a license to build the medium 40M Turán I tank in August 1940. The tanks were returned to Hungary in March 1941 and were used for training through 1943.


title: Culpable homicide

text: Culpable homicide is a categorisation of certain offences in various jurisdictions within the Commonwealth of Nations which involves the illegal killing of a person either with or without an intention to kill depending upon how a particular jurisdiction has defined the offence. Unusually for those legal systems which have originated or been influenced during rule by the United Kingdom, the name of the offence associates with Scots law rather than English law.


title: Culpable homicide

text: "Culpable homicide" offences are found in the following jurisdictions; the description of the local version of the offence is given where available:


title: Culpable homicide

text: In Canada, "culpable homicide" is not itself an offence. Rather, the term is used in the Criminal Code to classify all killings of persons as either culpable or not culpable homicide. There are three types of culpable homicide: murder, manslaughter and infanticide. Killings classified as not culpable are justifiable killings; thus the term is used to define the criminal intent or mens rea of a killing. Non-culpable homicide includes those committed in self-defence.


title: Culpable homicide

text: The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) in earlier form included the offence of "culpable homicide" for acts of homicide resulting from the infliction of intentional harm upon a person:


title: Culpable homicide

text: Amendments in recent years have replaced the specific phrase "culpable homicide" within those sections and introduced terms from Sharia law but it remains in §38 (Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences).


title: Culpable homicide

text: Culpable Homicide is committed where the accused has caused loss of life through wrongful conduct but where there was no intention to kill or "wicked recklessness". It is an offence under Common Law and is roughly equivalent to the offence of manslaughter in English and Welsh law.


title: Culpable homicide

text: While the offence charged remains the same there can be a great variation between individual cases including whether or not the act was voluntary or involuntary:


title: Culpable homicide

text: The Culpable Homicide (Scotland) Bill was introduced to the Scottish Parliament on 1 Jun 2020, the Bill fell on 21 Jan 2021. The Bill's intention was to create statutory Culpable Homicide offences relating to recklessness and gross negligence in addition to the Common Law offence.


title: Culpable homicide

text: "Culpable homicide" is: Whoever causes death by doing an act with the intention of causing death, or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death, commits the offence of culpable homicide.


title: Culpable homicide

text: "Culpable homicide" has been defined (in South African law) simply as "the unlawful negligent killing of a human being", the rough equivalent of involuntary manslaughter in Anglo-American law.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Complex issues arise in spatial analysis, many of which are neither clearly defined nor completely resolved, but form the basis for current research. The most fundamental of these is the problem of defining the spatial location of the entities being studied.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Classification of the techniques of spatial analysis is difficult because of the large number of different fields of research involved, the different fundamental approaches which can be chosen, and the many forms the data can take.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial analysis began with early attempts at cartography and surveying. Land surveying goes back to at least 1,400 B.C in Egypt: the dimensions of taxable land plots were measured with measuring ropes and plumb bobs. b. Many fields have contributed to its rise in modern form. Biology contributed through botanical studies of global plant distributions and local plant locations, ethological studies of animal movement, landscape ecological studies of vegetation blocks, ecological studies of spatial population dynamics, and the study of biogeography. Epidemiology contributed with early work on disease mapping, notably John Snow's work of mapping an outbreak of cholera, with research on mapping the spread of disease and with location studies for health care delivery. Statistics has contributed greatly through work in spatial statistics. Economics has contributed notably through spatial econometrics. Geographic information system is currently a major contributor due to the importance of geographic software in the modern analytic toolbox. Remote sensing has contributed extensively in morphometric and clustering analysis. Computer science has contributed extensively through the study of algorithms, notably in computational geometry. Mathematics continues to provide the fundamental tools for analysis and to reveal the complexity of the spatial realm, for example, with recent work on fractals and scale invariance. Scientific modelling provides a useful framework for new approaches.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial analysis confronts many fundamental issues in the definition of its objects of study, in the construction of the analytic operations to be used, in the use of computers for analysis, in the limitations and particularities of the analyses which are known, and in the presentation of analytic results. Many of these issues are active subjects of modern research.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Common errors often arise in spatial analysis, some due to the mathematics of space, some due to the particular ways data are presented spatially, some due to the tools which are available. Census data, because it protects individual privacy by aggregating data into local units, raises a number of statistical issues. The fractal nature of coastline makes precise measurements of its length difficult if not impossible. A computer software fitting straight lines to the curve of a coastline, can easily calculate the lengths of the lines which it defines. However these straight lines may have no inherent meaning in the real world, as was shown for the coastline of Britain.


title: Spatial analysis

text: These problems represent a challenge in spatial analysis because of the power of maps as media of presentation. When results are presented as maps, the presentation combines spatial data which are generally accurate with analytic results which may be inaccurate, leading to an impression that analytic results are more accurate than the data would indicate.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The definition of the spatial presence of an entity constrains the possible analysis which can be applied to that entity and influences the final conclusions that can be reached. While this property is fundamentally true of all analysis, it is particularly important in spatial analysis because the tools to define and study entities favor specific characterizations of the entities being studied. Statistical techniques favor the spatial definition of objects as points because there are very few statistical techniques which operate directly on line, area, or volume elements. Computer tools favor the spatial definition of objects as homogeneous and separate elements because of the limited number of database elements and computational structures available, and the ease with which these primitive structures can be created.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial dependence is the spatial relationship of variable values (for themes defined over space, such as rainfall) or locations (for themes defined as objects, such as cities). Spatial dependence is measured as the existence of statistical dependence in a collection of random variables, each of which is associated with a different geographical location. Spatial dependence is of importance in applications where it is reasonable to postulate the existence of corresponding set of random variables at locations that have not been included in a sample. Thus rainfall may be measured at a set of rain gauge locations, and such measurements can be considered as outcomes of random variables, but rainfall clearly occurs at other locations and would again be random. Because rainfall exhibits properties of autocorrelation, spatial interpolation techniques can be used to estimate rainfall amounts at locations near measured locations.


title: Spatial analysis

text: As with other types of statistical dependence, the presence of spatial dependence generally leads to estimates of an average value from a sample being less accurate than had the samples been independent, although if negative dependence exists a sample average can be better than in the independent case. A different problem than that of estimating an overall average is that of spatial interpolation: here the problem is to estimate the unobserved random outcomes of variables at locations intermediate to places where measurements are made, on that there is spatial dependence between the observed and unobserved random variables.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Tools for exploring spatial dependence include: spatial correlation, spatial covariance functions and semivariograms.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Methods for spatial interpolation include Kriging, which is a type of best linear unbiased prediction.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial dependency is the co-variation of properties within geographic space: characteristics at proximal locations appear to be correlated, either positively or negatively. Spatial dependency leads to the spatial autocorrelation problem in statistics since, like temporal autocorrelation, this violates standard statistical techniques that assume independence among observations. For example, regression analyses that do not compensate for spatial dependency can have unstable parameter estimates and yield unreliable significance tests. Spatial regression models (see below) capture these relationships and do not suffer from these weaknesses. It is also appropriate to view spatial dependency as a source of information rather than something to be corrected.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Locational effects also manifest as spatial heterogeneity, or the apparent variation in a process with respect to location in geographic space. Unless a space is uniform and boundless, every location will have some degree of uniqueness relative to the other locations. This affects the spatial dependency relations and therefore the spatial process. Spatial heterogeneity means that overall parameters estimated for the entire system may not adequately describe the process at any given location.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial association is the degree to which things are similarly arranged in space. Analysis of the distribution patterns of two phenomena is done by map overlay. If the distributions are similar, then the spatial association is strong, and vice versa. In a Geographic Information System, the analysis can be done quantitatively. For example, a set of observations (as points or extracted from raster cells) at matching locations can be intersected and examined by regression analysis.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Like spatial autocorrelation, this can be a useful tool for spatial prediction. In spatial modeling, the concept of spatial association allows the use of covariates in a regression equation to predict the geographic field and thus produce a map.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The second dimension of spatial association (SDA) reveals the association between spatial variables through extracting geographical information at locations outside samples. SDA effectively uses the missing geographical information outside sample locations in methods of the first dimension of spatial association (FDA), which explore spatial association using observations at sample locations.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial measurement scale is a persistent issue in spatial analysis; more detail is available at the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) topic entry. Landscape ecologists developed a series of scale invariant metrics for aspects of ecology that are fractal in nature. In more general terms, no scale independent method of analysis is widely agreed upon for spatial statistics.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial sampling involves determining a limited number of locations in geographic space for faithfully measuring phenomena that are subject to dependency and heterogeneity. Dependency suggests that since one location can predict the value of another location, we do not need observations in both places. But heterogeneity suggests that this relation can change across space, and therefore we cannot trust an observed degree of dependency beyond a region that may be small. Basic spatial sampling schemes include random, clustered and systematic. These basic schemes can be applied at multiple levels in a designated spatial hierarchy (e.g., urban area, city, neighborhood). It is also possible to exploit ancillary data, for example, using property values as a guide in a spatial sampling scheme to measure educational attainment and income. Spatial models such as autocorrelation statistics, regression and interpolation (see below) can also dictate sample design.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The fundamental issues in spatial analysis lead to numerous problems in analysis including bias, distortion and outright errors in the conclusions reached. These issues are often interlinked but various attempts have been made to separate out particular issues from each other.


title: Spatial analysis

text: In discussing the coastline of Britain, Benoit Mandelbrot showed that certain spatial concepts are inherently nonsensical despite presumption of their validity. Lengths in ecology depend directly on the scale at which they are measured and experienced. So while surveyors commonly measure the length of a river, this length only has meaning in the context of the relevance of the measuring technique to the question under study.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The locational fallacy refers to error due to the particular spatial characterization chosen for the elements of study, in particular choice of placement for the spatial presence of the element.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial characterizations may be simplistic or even wrong. Studies of humans often reduce the spatial existence of humans to a single point, for instance their home address. This can easily lead to poor analysis, for example, when considering disease transmission which can happen at work or at school and therefore far from the home.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The spatial characterization may implicitly limit the subject of study. For example, the spatial analysis of crime data has recently become popular but these studies can only describe the particular kinds of crime which can be described spatially. This leads to many maps of assault but not to any maps of embezzlement with political consequences in the conceptualization of crime and the design of policies to address the issue.


title: Spatial analysis

text: This describes errors due to treating elements as separate 'atoms' outside of their spatial context. The fallacy is about transferring individual conclusions to spatial units.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The ecological fallacy describes errors due to performing analyses on aggregate data when trying to reach conclusions on the individual units. Errors occur in part from spatial aggregation. For example, a pixel represents the average surface temperatures within an area. Ecological fallacy would be to assume that all points within the area have the same temperature.


title: Spatial analysis

text: A mathematical space exists whenever we have a set of observations and quantitative measures of their attributes. For example, we can represent individuals' incomes or years of education within a coordinate system where the location of each individual can be specified with respect to both dimensions. The distance between individuals within this space is a quantitative measure of their differences with respect to income and education. However, in spatial analysis, we are concerned with specific types of mathematical spaces, namely, geographic space. In geographic space, the observations correspond to locations in a spatial measurement framework that capture their proximity in the real world. The locations in a spatial measurement framework often represent locations on the surface of the Earth, but this is not strictly necessary. A spatial measurement framework can also capture proximity with respect to, say, interstellar space or within a biological entity such as a liver. The fundamental tenet is Tobler's First Law of Geography: if the interrelation between entities increases with proximity in the real world, then representation in geographic space and assessment using spatial analysis techniques are appropriate.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The Euclidean distance between locations often represents their proximity, although this is only one possibility. There are an infinite number of distances in addition to Euclidean that can support quantitative analysis. For example, "Manhattan" (or "Taxicab") distances where movement is restricted to paths parallel to the axes can be more meaningful than Euclidean distances in urban settings. In addition to distances, other geographic relationships such as connectivity (e.g., the existence or degree of shared borders) and direction can also influence the relationships among entities. It is also possible to compute minimal cost paths across a cost surface; for example, this can represent proximity among locations when travel must occur across rugged terrain.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Urban and Regional Studies deal with large tables of spatial data obtained from censuses and surveys. It is necessary to simplify the huge amount of detailed information in order to extract the main trends. Multivariable analysis (or Factor analysis, FA) allows a change of variables, transforming the many variables of the census, usually correlated between themselves, into fewer independent "Factors" or "Principal Components" which are, actually, the eigenvectors of the data correlation matrix weighted by the inverse of their eigenvalues. This change of variables has two main advantages:


title: Spatial analysis

text: Factor analysis depends on measuring distances between observations : the choice of a significant metric is crucial. The Euclidean metric (Principal Component Analysis), the Chi-Square distance (Correspondence Analysis) or the Generalized Mahalanobis distance (Discriminant Analysis) are among the more widely used. More complicated models, using communalities or rotations have been proposed.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Using multivariate methods in spatial analysis began really in the 1950s (although some examples go back to the beginning of the century) and culminated in the 1970s, with the increasing power and accessibility of computers. Already in 1948, in a seminal publication, two sociologists, Wendell Bell and Eshref Shevky, had shown that most city populations in the US and in the world could be represented with three independent factors : 1- the « socio-economic status » opposing rich and poor districts and distributed in sectors running along highways from the city center, 2- the « life cycle », i.e. the age structure of households, distributed in concentric circles, and 3- « race and ethnicity », identifying patches of migrants located within the city. In 1961, in a groundbreaking study, British geographers used FA to classify British towns. Brian J Berry, at the University of Chicago, and his students made a wide use of the method, applying it to most important cities in the world and exhibiting common social structures.


title: Spatial analysis

text: The use of Factor Analysis in Geography, made so easy by modern computers, has been very wide but not always very wise.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Since the vectors extracted are determined by the data matrix, it is not possible to compare factors obtained from different censuses. A solution consists in fusing together several census matrices in a unique table which, then, may be analyzed. This, however, assumes that the definition of the variables has not changed over time and produces very large tables, difficult to manage. A better solution, proposed by psychometricians, groups the data in a « cubic matrix », with three entries (for instance, locations, variables, time periods). A Three-Way Factor Analysis produces then three groups of factors related by a small cubic « core matrix ». This method, which exhibits data evolution over time, has not been widely used in geography. In Los Angeles, however, it has exhibited the role, traditionally ignored, of Downtown as an organizing center for the whole city during several decades.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial autocorrelation statistics measure and analyze the degree of dependency among observations in a geographic space. Classic spatial autocorrelation statistics include Moran's formula_1, Geary's formula_2, Getis's formula_3 and the standard deviational ellipse. These statistics require measuring a spatial weights matrix that reflects the intensity of the geographic relationship between observations in a neighborhood, e.g., the distances between neighbors, the lengths of shared border, or whether they fall into a specified directional class such as "west". Classic spatial autocorrelation statistics compare the spatial weights to the covariance relationship at pairs of locations. Spatial autocorrelation that is more positive than expected from random indicate the clustering of similar values across geographic space, while significant negative spatial autocorrelation indicates that neighboring values are more dissimilar than expected by chance, suggesting a spatial pattern similar to a chess board.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial autocorrelation statistics such as Moran's formula_1 and Geary's formula_2 are global in the sense that they estimate the overall degree of spatial autocorrelation for a dataset. The possibility of spatial heterogeneity suggests that the estimated degree of autocorrelation may vary significantly across geographic space. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics provide estimates disaggregated to the level of the spatial analysis units, allowing assessment of the dependency relationships across space. formula_3 statistics compare neighborhoods to a global average and identify local regions of strong autocorrelation. Local versions of the formula_1 and formula_2 statistics are also available.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial interpolation methods estimate the variables at unobserved locations in geographic space based on the values at observed locations. Basic methods include inverse distance weighting: this attenuates the variable with decreasing proximity from the observed location. Kriging is a more sophisticated method that interpolates across space according to a spatial lag relationship that has both systematic and random components. This can accommodate a wide range of spatial relationships for the hidden values between observed locations. Kriging provides optimal estimates given the hypothesized lag relationship, and error estimates can be mapped to determine if spatial patterns exist.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial regression methods capture spatial dependency in regression analysis, avoiding statistical problems such as unstable parameters and unreliable significance tests, as well as providing information on spatial relationships among the variables involved. Depending on the specific technique, spatial dependency can enter the regression model as relationships between the independent variables and the dependent, between the dependent variables and a spatial lag of itself, or in the error terms. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is a local version of spatial regression that generates parameters disaggregated by the spatial units of analysis. This allows assessment of the spatial heterogeneity in the estimated relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The use of Bayesian hierarchical modeling in conjunction with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have recently shown to be effective in modeling complex relationships using Poisson-Gamma-CAR, Poisson-lognormal-SAR, or Overdispersed logit models. Statistical packages for implementing such Bayesian models using MCMC include WinBugs, CrimeStat and many packages available via R programming language.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial stochastic processes, such as Gaussian processes are also increasingly being deployed in spatial regression analysis. Model-based versions of GWR, known as spatially varying coefficient models have been applied to conduct Bayesian inference. Spatial stochastic process can become computationally effective and scalable Gaussian process models, such as Gaussian Predictive Processes and Nearest Neighbor Gaussian Processes (NNGP).


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial interaction or "gravity models" estimate the flow of people, material or information between locations in geographic space. Factors can include origin propulsive variables such as the number of commuters in residential areas, destination attractiveness variables such as the amount of office space in employment areas, and proximity relationships between the locations measured in terms such as driving distance or travel time. In addition, the topological, or connective, relationships between areas must be identified, particularly considering the often conflicting relationship between distance and topology; for example, two spatially close neighborhoods may not display any significant interaction if they are separated by a highway. After specifying the functional forms of these relationships, the analyst can estimate model parameters using observed flow data and standard estimation techniques such as ordinary least squares or maximum likelihood. Competing destinations versions of spatial interaction models include the proximity among the destinations (or origins) in addition to the origin-destination proximity; this captures the effects of destination (origin) clustering on flows. Computational methods such as artificial neural networks can also estimate spatial interaction relationships among locations and can handle noisy and qualitative data.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial interaction models are aggregate and top-down: they specify an overall governing relationship for flow between locations. This characteristic is also shared by urban models such as those based on mathematical programming, flows among economic sectors, or bid-rent theory. An alternative modeling perspective is to represent the system at the highest possible level of disaggregation and study the bottom-up emergence of complex patterns and relationships from behavior and interactions at the individual level.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Complex adaptive systems theory as applied to spatial analysis suggests that simple interactions among proximal entities can lead to intricate, persistent and functional spatial entities at aggregate levels. Two fundamentally spatial simulation methods are cellular automata and agent-based modeling. Cellular automata modeling imposes a fixed spatial framework such as grid cells and specifies rules that dictate the state of a cell based on the states of its neighboring cells. As time progresses, spatial patterns emerge as cells change states based on their neighbors; this alters the conditions for future time periods. For example, cells can represent locations in an urban area and their states can be different types of land use. Patterns that can emerge from the simple interactions of local land uses include office districts and urban sprawl. Agent-based modeling uses software entities (agents) that have purposeful behavior (goals) and can react, interact and modify their environment while seeking their objectives. Unlike the cells in cellular automata, simulysts can allow agents to be mobile with respect to space. For example, one could model traffic flow and dynamics using agents representing individual vehicles that try to minimize travel time between specified origins and destinations. While pursuing minimal travel times, the agents must avoid collisions with other vehicles also seeking to minimize their travel times. Cellular automata and agent-based modeling are complementary modeling strategies. They can be integrated into a common geographic automata system where some agents are fixed while others are mobile.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Calibration plays a pivotal role in both CA and ABM simulation and modelling approaches. Initial approaches to CA proposed robust calibration approaches based on stochastic, Monte Carlo methods. ABM approaches rely on agents' decision rules (in many cases extracted from qualitative research base methods such as questionnaires). Recent Machine Learning Algorithms calibrate using training sets, for instance in order to understand the qualities of the built environment.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Spatial analysis of a conceptual geological model is the main purpose of any MPS algorithm. The method analyzes the spatial statistics of the geological model, called the training image, and generates realizations of the phenomena that honor those input multiple-point statistics.


title: Spatial analysis

text: A recent MPS algorithm used to accomplish this task is the pattern-based method by Honarkhah. In this method, a distance-based approach is employed to analyze the patterns in the training image. This allows the reproduction of the multiple-point statistics, and the complex geometrical features of the training image. Each output of the MPS algorithm is a realization that represents a random field. Together, several realizations may be used to quantify spatial uncertainty.


title: Spatial analysis

text: One of the recent methods is presented by Tahmasebi et al. uses a cross-correlation function to improve the spatial pattern reproduction. They call their MPS simulation method as the CCSIM algorithm. This method is able to quantify the spatial connectivity, variability and uncertainty. Furthermore, the method is not sensitive to any type of data and is able to simulate both categorical and continuous scenarios. CCSIM algorithm is able to be used for any stationary, non-stationary and multivariate systems and it can provide high quality visual appeal model.,


title: Spatial analysis

text: Geospatial and hydrospatial analysis, or just spatial analysis, is an approach to applying statistical analysis and other analytic techniques to data which has a geographical or spatial aspect. Such analysis would typically employ software capable of rendering maps processing spatial data, and applying analytical methods to terrestrial or geographic datasets, including the use of geographic information systems and geomatics.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Geographic information systems (GIS) — a large domain that provides a variety of capabilities designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data — utilizes geospatial and hydrospatial analysis in a variety of contexts, operations and applications.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Geospatial and Hydrospatial analysis, using GIS, was developed for problems in the environmental and life sciences, in particular ecology, geology and epidemiology. It has extended to almost all industries including defense, intelligence, utilities, Natural Resources (i.e. Oil and Gas, Forestry ... etc.), social sciences, medicine and Public Safety (i.e. emergency management and criminology), disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM), and climate change adaptation (CCA). Spatial statistics typically result primarily from observation rather than experimentation. Hydrospatial is particularly used for the aquatic side and the members related to the water surface, column, bottom, sub-bottom and the coastal zones.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Vector-based GIS is typically related to operations such as map overlay (combining two or more maps or map layers according to predefined rules), simple buffering (identifying regions of a map within a specified distance of one or more features, such as towns, roads or rivers) and similar basic operations. This reflects (and is reflected in) the use of the term spatial analysis within the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) “simple feature specifications”. For raster-based GIS, widely used in the environmental sciences and remote sensing, this typically means a range of actions applied to the grid cells of one or more maps (or images) often involving filtering and/or algebraic operations (map algebra). These techniques involve processing one or more raster layers according to simple rules resulting in a new map layer, for example replacing each cell value with some combination of its neighbours’ values, or computing the sum or difference of specific attribute values for each grid cell in two matching raster datasets. Descriptive statistics, such as cell counts, means, variances, maxima, minima, cumulative values, frequencies and a number of other measures and distance computations are also often included in this generic term spatial analysis. Spatial analysis includes a large variety of statistical techniques (descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory statistics) that apply to data that vary spatially and which can vary over time. Some more advanced statistical techniques include Getis-ord Gi* or Anselin Local Moran's I which are used to determine clustering patterns of spatially referenced data.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Geospatial and Hydrospatial analysis goes beyond 2D and 3D mapping operations and spatial statistics. It is multi-dimensional and also temporal and includes:


title: Spatial analysis

text: Traditionally geospatial and hydrospatial computing has been performed primarily on personal computers (PCs) or servers. Due to the increasing capabilities of mobile devices, however, geospatial computing in mobile devices is a fast-growing trend. The portable nature of these devices, as well as the presence of useful sensors, such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers and barometric pressure sensors, make them useful for capturing and processing geospatial and hydrospatial information in the field. In addition to the local processing of geospatial information on mobile devices, another growing trend is cloud-based geospatial computing. In this architecture, data can be collected in the field using mobile devices and then transmitted to cloud-based servers for further processing and ultimate storage. In a similar manner, geospatial and hydrospatial information can be made available to connected mobile devices via the cloud, allowing access to vast databases of geospatial and hydrospatial information anywhere where a wireless data connection is available.


title: Spatial analysis

text: Geographic information systems (GIS) and the underlying geographic information science that advances these technologies have a strong influence on spatial analysis. The increasing ability to capture and handle geographic data means that spatial analysis is occurring within increasingly data-rich environments. Geographic data capture systems include remotely sensed imagery, environmental monitoring systems such as intelligent transportation systems, and location-aware technologies such as mobile devices that can report location in near-real time. GIS provide platforms for managing these data, computing spatial relationships such as distance, connectivity and directional relationships between spatial units, and visualizing both the raw data and spatial analytic results within a cartographic context. Subtypes include:


title: Nokia 5110

text: The 5110, also known as Nokia 5146 on One2One (now T-Mobile), or the nk402 on Orange in the UK, was intended for the consumer market, succeeding Nokia 3110 and the analogue Nokia 232. Its design is based on the same platform as Nokia 6110 for the business market. It features a similar, simpler, revamped user interface called Series 20, but lacked the infrared data interface. It can, however, be interfaced with a computer via a cellular data card and a proprietary cable, enabling it to function like a modem to connect to remote computer systems through the Public switched telephone network (PSTN).


title: Nokia 5110

text: The Nokia 5110 features an 84×48-pixel monochrome LCD with four LED backlights, operated by the Philips PCD8544 display controller.


title: Nokia 5110

text: It is the first Nokia phone to come with replaceable faceplates, which Nokia branded "Xpress-on" covers; a concept Nokia incorporated into several other consumer-oriented cellphones aimed at the young adult market for years to come, allowing users to customize their device. "Xpress-on" was trademarked in the U.S. on 25 February 1998.


title: Nokia 5110

text: The Nokia 5110 is also one of the first mobile phones to feature the game "Snake". It became one of the most popular phones of its era.


title: Nokia 5110

text: The Nokia 5110 was discontinued by the year 2000, having been fully replaced by the smaller Nokia 3210.


title: Nokia 5110

text: In the Asia Pacific region, Nokia launched a successor to the 5110, the 5110i. The 5110i has longer talk and standby times, and had a more ergonomic, redesigned, silicone keypad.


title: Nokia 5110

text: While the Nokia 5110 operates only on 900MHz GSM networks, the 5130 operates on 1800MHz GSM networks instead. It was marketed by Orange UK as the "nk402".


title: Nokia 5110

text: The North American variant of this handset is Nokia 5190, which is a 1900 MHz-only GSM handset. Nokia 5125 is the North American version of the 5110i.


title: Nokia 5110

text: Nokia 5160/Nokia 5165 with TDMA/IS-136 service on 800 MHz and 1900 MHz and analog AMPS service at 800 MHz is the same handset form. Nokia 5120/5125 is a TDMA/IS-136 handset that operates on 800 MHz, and also on AMPS at 800 MHz.


title: Baga Chipz

text: Leo Loren, better known by the stage name Baga Chipz, is an English drag queen known for competing on the first series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" (2019) and later the first season of "" (2022). Baga Chipz also appeared in the fifth series of the Channel 4 school drama series "Ackley Bridge" (2022).


title: Baga Chipz

text: In 2014, Chipz appeared in "Drag Queens of London", a series documenting the lives of drag queens over a three-month period, both on and off the stage.


title: Baga Chipz

text: On 21 August 2019, Chipz was announced as one of the ten queens to be competing in the first series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK". Baga won three challenges and finished in third place. During November–December 2019, Chipz and the cast of series one of "RuPauls Drag Race UK" embarked on a tour hosted by "Drag Race" alumna Alyssa Edwards. In January 2020, Chipz attended the first ever RuPaul's DragCon UK.


title: Baga Chipz

text: In December 2019, Chipz, alongside fellow "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" contestant The Vivienne, began starring in "Morning T&T" on WOW Presents Plus. The show sees The Vivienne and Chipz reprise their Snatch Game impersonations of Donald Trump and Margaret Thatcher, respectively, to host fictional television news show, and consisted of six episodes as of January 2020. At DragCon UK in January 2020 an additional episode was filmed with The Vivienne and Baga appearing as themselves. Guests on the web series included fellow "Drag Race UK" alumni Sum Ting Wong as Queen Elizabeth II and Cheryl Hole as Gemma Collins.


title: Baga Chipz

text: In March 2020, Chipz, once again alongside The Vivienne, started presenting the UK version of "I Like to Watch", a web series produced by Netflix in which they review Netflix programming.


title: Baga Chipz

text: In July 2020, Baga appeared on "Celebrity Masterchef". On 8 July 2020, Baga was eliminated from the competition.


title: Baga Chipz

text: In September 2020, Baga released her debut single titled "When The Sun Goes Down" in collaboration with Saara Aalto. She also appeared on the ITV series "Celebrity Karaoke Club" which started on 23 September 2020. In 2021, she was cast in the Channel 4 school drama series "Ackley Bridge"; she appeared in the fifth series in 2022.


title: Ryan Lowe

text: Ryan Thomas Lowe (born 18 September 1978) is an English football manager and former professional player, who is manager of Championship side Preston North End. His playing career, as a striker, began at Burscough in 1999 and he became a Football League player with Shrewsbury Town the following year. He played for eight league clubs in all and had three spells at Bury. In the second half of the 2010–11 season, Lowe established a Bury club record by scoring a goal in each of nine consecutive league games.