title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: According to Maxwell's equations in the late 19th century, light was thought to consist of waves of electromagnetic fields and matter was thought to consist of localized particles. However, this was challenged in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect, which described light as discrete and localized quanta of energy (now called photons), which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. In 1924 Louis de Broglie presented his thesis concerning the wave–particle duality theory, which proposed the idea that all matter displays the wave–particle duality of photons. According to de Broglie, for all matter and for radiation alike, the energy formula_1 of the particle was related to the frequency of its associated wave formula_2 by the Planck relation:


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: And that the momentum of the particle formula_4 was related to its wavelength by what is now known as the de Broglie relation:


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: An important contribution to the Davisson–Germer experiment was made by Walter M. Elsasser in Göttingen in the 1920s, who remarked that the wave-like nature of matter might be investigated by electron scattering experiments on crystalline solids, just as the wave-like nature of X-rays had been confirmed through X-ray scattering experiments on crystalline solids.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: This suggestion of Elsasser was then communicated by his senior colleague (and later Nobel Prize recipient) Max Born to physicists in England. When the Davisson and Germer experiment was performed, the results of the experiment were explained by Elsasser's proposition. However the initial intention of the Davisson and Germer experiment was not to confirm the de Broglie hypothesis, but rather to study the surface of nickel.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: In 1927 at Bell Labs, Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer fired slow moving electrons at a crystalline nickel target. The angular dependence of the reflected electron intensity was measured and was determined to have the same diffraction pattern as those predicted by Bragg for X-rays. At the same time George Paget Thomson independently demonstrated the same effect firing electrons through metal films to produce a diffraction pattern, and Davisson and Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937. The Davisson–Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that matter has wave-like behavior. This, in combination with the Compton effect discovered by Arthur Compton (who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927), established the wave–particle duality hypothesis which was a fundamental step in quantum theory.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: Davisson began work in 1921 to study electron bombardment and secondary electron emissions. A series of experiments continued through 1925.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: Prior to 1923, Davisson had been working with Charles H. Kunsman on detecting the effects of electron bombardment on Tungsten when they noticed that 1% of the electrons bounced straight back from the electron gun in elastic scattering. This small but unexpected result led Davisson to theorize that he could examine the electron configuration of the atom in an analogous manner to how the Rutherford alpha particle scattering had examined the nucleus. They changed to a high vacuum and used nickel along with various other metals with unimpressive results.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: In October 1924 when Germer joined the experiment, Davisson’s actual objective was to study the surface of a piece of nickel by directing a beam of electrons at the surface and observing how many electrons bounced off at various angles. They expected that because of the small size of electrons, even the smoothest crystal surface would be too rough and thus the electron beam would experience diffused reflection.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: The experiment consisted of firing an electron beam (from an electron gun, an electrostatic particle accelerator) at a nickel crystal, perpendicular to the surface of the crystal, and measuring how the number of reflected electrons varied as the angle between the detector and the nickel surface varied. The electron gun was a heated tungsten filament that released thermally excited electrons which were then accelerated through an electric potential difference, giving them a certain amount of kinetic energy, towards the nickel crystal. To avoid collisions of the electrons with other atoms on their way towards the surface, the experiment was conducted in a vacuum chamber. To measure the number of electrons that were scattered at different angles, a faraday cup electron detector that could be moved on an arc path about the crystal was used. The detector was designed to accept only elastically scattered electrons.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: During the experiment, air accidentally entered the chamber, producing an oxide film on the nickel surface. To remove the oxide, Davisson and Germer heated the specimen in a high temperature oven, not knowing that this caused the formerly polycrystalline structure of the nickel to form large single crystal areas with crystal planes continuous over the width of the electron beam.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: When they started the experiment again and the electrons hit the surface, they were scattered by nickel atoms in crystal planes (so the atoms were regularly spaced) of the crystal. This, in 1925, generated a diffraction pattern with unexpected and uncorrelated peaks due to the heating causing a ten crystal faceted area. They changed the experiment to a single crystal and started again.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: On his second honeymoon, Davisson attended the Oxford meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in summer 1926. At this meeting, he learned of the recent advances in quantum mechanics. To Davisson's surprise, Max Born gave a lecture that used the uncorrelated diffraction curves from Davisson's 1923 research on platinum with Kunsman, using the data as confirmation of the de Broglie hypothesis of which Davisson was unaware of.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: Davisson then learned that in prior years, other scientists – Walter Elsasser, E. G. Dymond, and Blackett, James Chadwick, and Charles Ellis – had attempted similar diffraction experiments, but were unable to generate low enough vacuums or detect the low-intensity beams needed.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: Returning to the United States, Davisson made modifications to the tube design and detector mounting, adding azimuth in addition to colatitude. Following experiments generated a strong signal peak at 65 V and an angle θ = 45°. He published a note to "Nature" titled, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel".


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: Questions still needed to be answered and experimentation continued through 1927, because Davisson was now familiar with the de Broglie formula and had designed the test to see if any effect could be discerned for a changed electron wavelength formula_6, according to the de Broglie relationship, formula_7 which they knew should create a peak at 78 and not 65 V as their paper had shown. Because of their failure to correlate with the de Broglie formula, their paper introduced an ad hoc contraction factor of 0.7 which however could only explain eight of the thirteen beams.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: By varying the applied voltage to the electron gun, the maximum intensity of electrons diffracted by the atomic surface was found at different angles. The highest intensity was observed at an angle θ = 50° with a voltage of 54 V, giving the electrons a kinetic energy of .


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: As Max von Laue proved in 1912, the periodic crystal structure serves as a type of three-dimensional diffraction grating. The angles of maximum reflection are given by Bragg's condition for constructive interference from an array, Bragg's law


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: for , , and for the spacing of the crystalline planes of nickel () obtained from previous X-ray scattering experiments on crystalline nickel.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: According to the de Broglie relation, electrons with kinetic energy of have a wavelength of . The experimental outcome was via Bragg's law, which closely matched the predictions. As Davisson and Germer state in their 1928 follow-up paper to their Nobel prize winning paper, "These results, including the failure of the data to satisfy the Bragg formula, are in accord with those previously obtained in our experiments on electron diffraction. The reflection data fail to satisfy the Bragg relation for the same reason that the electron diffraction beams fail to coincide with their Laue beam analogues." However, they add, "The calculated wave-lengths are in excellent agreement with the theoretical values of h/mv as shown in the accompanying table." So although electron energy diffraction does not follow the Bragg law, it did confirm de Broglie's theory that particles behave like waves. However, the experiments did not follow the de Broglie calculations which led to attempts by Carl Eckart, A.L. Patterson, and Fritz Zwicky to make an examination of the possible ways of interpreting the systematic differences between observed and de Broglie calculated electron wavelengths by a contraction factor or index of contraction.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: Davisson and Germer's accidental discovery of the diffraction of electrons was the first direct evidence confirming de Broglie's hypothesis that particles can have wave properties as well.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: Davisson's attention to detail, his resources for conducting basic research, the expertise of colleagues, and luck all contributed to the experimental success.


title: Davisson–Germer experiment

text: It wasn't until the 1960s that vacuum tubes were adequately made reliable and available to expand on the electron diffraction technique, but since that time, scientists have used LEED diffraction to explore the surfaces of crystallized elements and the spacing between atoms.


title: Divya Seth

text: Divya Seth Shah is an Indian film and television actress, who started her career with TV serial "Hum Log", playing Majhli. She is the daughter of actress Sushma Seth and Dhruv Seth.


title: Divya Seth

text: Divya Seth was seen in the latest web series, The Married Woman, directed by Sahir Raza. The star cast also includes Ridhi Dogra, Monica Dogra.


title: Taffeta

text: Taffeta (archaically spelled taffety or taffata) is a crisp, smooth, plain woven fabric made from silk, cuprammonium rayons, acetate, and polyester. The word is Persian (تافته) in origin and means "twisted woven". As clothing, it is used in ball gowns, wedding dresses, and corsets, and in interior decoration for curtains or wallcovering. It tends to yield a stiff, starched-like cloth that holds its shape better than many other fabrics and does not sag or drape.


title: Taffeta

text: Silk taffeta is of two types: yarn-dyed and piece-dyed. Piece-dyed taffeta is often used in linings and is quite soft. Yarn-dyed taffeta is much stiffer and is often used in evening dresses. Shot silk taffeta was one of the most highly-sought forms of Byzantine silk, and may have been the fabric known as "purpura".


title: Taffeta

text: Modern taffeta was first woven in Italy and France and until the 1950s in Japan. Warp-printed taffeta or "chiné", mainly made in France from the 18th century onwards, is sometimes called "pompadour taffeta" after Madame de Pompadour. Today most raw silk taffeta is produced in India and Pakistan. There, even in the modern period, handlooms were widely used, but since the 1990s it has been produced on mechanical looms in the Bangalore area. From the 1970s until the 1990s, the Jiangsu province of China produced fine silk taffetas: these were less flexible than those from Indian mills, however, which continue to dominate production. Other countries in South-East and Western Asia also produce silk taffeta, but these products tend not yet to be equal in quality or competitiveness to those from India.


title: Sri Simha

text: Sri Simha Koduri (born 23 February 1996) is an Indian actor who works in Telugu films. He first appeared as a child artist in "Yamadonga" (2007). After working in various off-screen roles, Simha made his debut as a lead actor in "Mathu Vadalara" (2019) for which he won SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu.


title: Sri Simha

text: Sri Simha was born on 23 February 1996 in Hyderabad of present-day Telangana. His father, M. M. Keeravani, is a music director. He is the nephew of director S. S. Rajamouli. His elder brother Kaala Bhairava is a singer and music composer in Telugu films.


title: Sri Simha

text: Sri Simha is a regular in S. S. Rajamouli's films. He was a child artiste in "Yamadonga" (2007), playing the younger version of Jr. NTR's character. He also featured in a promotional song "Follows Follows" along with Jr. NTR. For "" (2017), he worked as an assistant music director, while his elder brother, Kaala Bhairava, was a singer for the film. He is now a leading music director. Sri Simha worked as assistant to Sukumar in "Rangasthalam" (2018).


title: Sri Simha

text: Simha made his debut in a lead role in "Mathu Vadalara" (2019). In a review of the film by "The Times of India", a critic stated that he "delivers a decent performance" and how "He looks natural in his rugged look and nails scenes which require him to show emotions like fear or anger". Simha won SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu for the film. In 2021, he starred in "Thellavarithe Guruvaram". First look poster of his upcoming film Bhaag Saale was released on 7th October 2022.


title: Sit-up

text: The sit-up (or curl-up) is an abdominal endurance training exercise to strengthen, tighten and tone the abdominal muscles. It is similar to a crunch (crunches target the rectus abdominis and also work the external and internal obliques), but sit-ups have a fuller range of motion and condition additional muscles.


title: Sit-up

text: It begins with lying with the back on the floor, typically with the arms across the chest or hands behind the head and the knees and toes bent in an attempt to reduce stress on the back muscles and spine, and then elevating both the upper and lower vertebrae from the floor until everything superior to the buttocks is not touching the ground. Some argue that situps can be dangerous due to high compressive lumbar load and may be replaced with the crunch in exercise programs. Performing alternative abdominal exercises to sit-ups actually increases the ability to do sit-ups.


title: Sit-up

text: Gaining a "six pack" requires both abdominal muscle hypertrophy training and fat loss over the abdomen—which can only be done by losing fat from the body as a whole.


title: Sit-up

text: The movement can be made easier by placing the arms further down away from the head. Typical variations to this include crossing the arms to place the palms on the front of the shoulders and extending the arms down to the sides with palms on the floor. The 'arms on shoulders' variation is also used to make the incline sit-up easier.


title: Sit-up

text: More intense movement is achieved by doing weighted sit-ups, incline sit-ups with arms behind neck and even harder by doing the weighted incline sit-up.


title: Sit-up

text: With improper form, full sit-ups may cause back pain and arching of the lower back, increasing the risk of back injury.


title: Sit-up

text: Since the 2010s, every branch of the U.S. armed forces have begun to phase out sit-ups, due to the high rates of lower-back injury.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: James Dean is a 2001 American made-for-television biographical drama film based on the life of the American actor James Dean. James Franco plays the title role under the direction of Mark Rydell, who chronicles Dean's rise from a struggling actor to an A-list movie star in 1950s Hollywood. The film's supporting roles included Michael Moriarty, Valentina Cervi, Enrico Colantoni, and Edward Herrmann.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: The biopic began development at Warner Bros. in the early 1990s. At one point, Michael Mann was contracted to direct with Leonardo DiCaprio starring in the lead role. After Mann's departure, Des McAnuff, Dennis Hopper, and Milčo Mančevski were considered for the director's chair. Rydell was hired as director in 1996, but the film continued to languish in development hell.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Warner Bros. then decided to produce "James Dean" as a TV movie for Turner Network Television (TNT); both Warners and TNT are owned by Time Warner. Franco was cast as Dean in May 2000 after a search that resulted in 500 auditions. Franco researched his role to closely portray Dean. "James Dean" was shown on TNT in the United States on August 5, 2001, receiving generally positive reviews from critics and widespread acclaim for Franco's performance.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: At eight years old, James Dean lives with his estranged father Winton and mother Mildred in 1939 Santa Monica, California. When Mildred dies of cancer in 1940, Winton sends James on a train to Fairmount, Indiana, along with the coffin containing her body. Winton does not show up at the funeral, leaving James to be raised by his aunt and uncle on a farm in Fairmount. Over the years, he becomes more curious about his father's decision to abandon him. He tries to impress him by sending him a package displaying his various athletic trophies in high school sports.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: James moves back to Santa Monica in June 1949, shortly after high school graduation, and finds that Winton has remarried. He decides to become an actor and takes classes under James Whitmore. Whitmore is impressed by his acting ability, which encourages him to move to New York City in September 1951 to pursue an acting career. Despite being a struggling actor, he enjoys the new lifestyle. He befriends fellow actor Martin Landau and has a romantic relationship with Christine White. Both are accepted into the prestigious Actors Studio. He receives critical acclaim in Broadway theatre productions and for a role in a television movie drama that is broadcast nationwide. He tries to tell Winton about his successful rise in acting, but his father still reacts with indifference, causing more emotional turmoil for him.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Film producer-director Elia Kazan hires James for the leading role in "East of Eden" (1955), marking his Hollywood debut. He moves to Hollywood in April 1954 to begin filming for "Eden" and is introduced to Jack L. Warner, the stern president of Warner Bros. Studios who is determined to transform him into a movie star. Warner becomes suspicious of his personal life (such as his possible bisexuality and passions for auto racing and motorcycling). On the Warner Bros. backlot, he falls in love with actress Pier Angeli, who is working on the neighboring production of "The Silver Chalice" (1954).


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Despite concerns from Pier's domineering mother, James and his girlfriend buy a beach house in which they live together. Meanwhile, eccentric director Nicholas Ray casts him in the lead role for "Rebel Without a Cause" (1955). He once again hopes to impress his father with his rising movie star career in Hollywood, but Winton persists with his indifference. When "East of Eden" debuts, Warner is furious that he does not show up at the premiere. He considers shutting down production of "Rebel Without a Cause", but he drops the idea due to James's praised performance in "Eden". Later, he finds out that Warner sided with Pier's mother over his break up with her. She ends up marrying Vic Damone, while James then signs a one million dollar contract with Warner Bros. and is cast in "Giant" (1956). His mental breakdowns become more apparent when he starts conflicting with director George Stevens.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Angered with his life, James decides to learn the truth about his father's disinterest toward him since he was eight years old. Winton tells him that his real father was a man with whom his mother had an affair during the marriage and that he did not have the courage to raise him, not being his real father. With his inner demons resolved, he begins to enjoy life once more and adopts a friendly relationship with director Stevens. Shortly afterward, he dies in a car crash that shocks the film industry and the general public. En route on a train to Indiana, Winton sits next to his coffin in the storage room, he would not leave him this time.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: In the early 1990s, Warner Bros. planned to produce a feature biographical film about actor James Dean, and the studio hired Israel Horovitz to write the script. One of the working titles was "James Dean: An Invented Life" before it was finalized as "James Dean". When Horovitz wrote the script, he explored the "psychological insight" of Dean by showcasing the abandonment of his father, which became the fulcrum of the storyline. Horovitz recalled, "Why would a father ship his wife's body back on a train with an 8-year-old son, never go to the funeral and never pick the son up again, never bring the son back out to him?" The screenwriter felt it was best to portray Dean's purported homosexuality by innuendo rather than explicitly. He wanted to focus on the romance between Dean and Pier Angeli and Dean's growth as an actor, and believed that a homosexuality subplot would distract from the storyline. Producer Marvin Worth explained in July 1995, "We'll try to make a good movie... not one of rumor and innuendo."


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Michael Mann was contracted to direct "James Dean" in September 1993, and filming was scheduled to start in May 1994. Johnny Depp and Brad Pitt were under serious consideration for the lead role, while both actors were also attached to the part. Mann approached Leonardo DiCaprio for the role of James Dean, feeling that DiCaprio was the best candidate. Gary Oldman was also discussed for a supporting role. In March 1994, Mann decided not to direct "James Dean" due to scheduling conflicts with "Heat" (1995). Mann also thought that DiCaprio was too young and wanted to wait another year.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Des McAnuff replaced Mann as director, and filming was rescheduled to December 1994. Screenwriter Horovitz was busy playwrighting in Europe, so McAnuff and producer Marvin Worth were constantly rewriting the script in July 1994. The budget was estimated at $20 million. McAnuff stepped down as director and was replaced by Dennis Hopper. Hopper was a close friend with Dean and co-starred with the actor in both "Rebel Without a Cause" and "Giant". Hopper met with DiCaprio for the lead role, but the director eventually dropped out of the film. By May 1995, DiCaprio was still the top candidate to portray Dean with Milčo Mančevski in discussions to direct the film.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: After negotiations with Mančevski fell through, Mark Rydell was contracted to direct the biopic in February 1996. Rydell was also close friends with Dean; the two studied together at Actors Studio in Manhattan, New York during the early 1950s. DiCaprio dropped out of the lead role entirely when his asking price was determined to be too high after the actor's success with "Romeo + Juliet" (1996) and "Titanic" (1997). Meanwhile, Rydell worked with Horovitz on another rewrite, and Warner Bros. planned to fast track production. Don Was was hired to write and compose the film score, but he was later replaced by John Frizzell. Shortly after Rydell's hiring, Stephen Dorff entered discussions to portray James Dean. Ethan Hawke would later turn down the role.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: With the film languishing in development hell, producer Bill Gerber from Warner Bros. decided "James Dean" would work best as a television movie for Turner Network Television (TNT); both Warners and TNT are owned by Time Warner. Gerber explained the format choice, "It was just hard to find bankable names that the studio would finance a $20 million movie with. And there were marketing problems. He died in a highway accident in 1955 so almost everyone would know the outcome of the movie. James Dean also isn't that well known by the general movie-going public these days." Actor James Franco was cast into the lead role, and principal photography for "James Dean" started in June 2000. Filming took place around the Los Angeles area and at the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Rydell and other filmmakers started a casting call in late March 2000 to find the most suitable actor for the lead role. The call encompassed New York, Los Angeles, Toronto, Vancouver, Atlanta, Chicago and the Midwestern United States. Casting director Nancy Foy commented that the search included "everyone from highly-trained, experienced actors in their early and mid-20s, to people who had no training and had sent in self-made tapes". Five hundred actors auditioned, and James Franco was ultimately cast as James Dean in May 2000. Franco acknowledged he was cautious of taking the role over fear of typecasting.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Franco did extensive research for his role. He went from being a non-smoker to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, but has since quit the habit. He learned how to ride a motorcycle, play guitar, as well as the conga and bongo drums. The actor also carefully studied Dean's mannerisms by watching his three films ("East of Eden", "Rebel Without a Cause" and "Giant"). Franco also read numerous biographies on Dean's life. The actor also took advice from some of Dean's closest friends, including Martin Landau, Dennis Hopper, Liz Sheridan (Dean's former girlfriend) and Leonard Rosenman. "Martin was the most informative person that I spoke to. He helped me tremendously with James's physical mannerisms," Franco reflected. "I isolated myself a lot during the filming. I did this because I think he had a pervasive loneliness throughout his life and I wanted to feel what that felt like. Not talking to my family or loved ones had quite an emotional effect on me."


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: "James Dean" premiered at the 27th Deauville American Film Festival in July 2001. Press conferences were held with the screening, and James Dean's three feature films, "East of Eden", "Rebel Without a Cause" and "Giant", were also screened at the festival. Turner Network Television (TNT) originally intended to premiere the film on United States national television in June 2001, but the release date for "James Dean" was pushed to August 5, 2001. The film attracted 3.18 million viewers and received generally favorable reviews from critics. "James Dean" was released on DVD in January 2002 by Warner Home Video. David Thomson, reviewing in "The New York Times", felt Franco's performance as Dean gave Baby Boomer audiences a positive sense of nostalgia of the 1950s. James Poniewozik of "Time" magazine also highly praised Franco's performance, but felt the script was overtly cliché. Ken Tucker wrote in "Entertainment Weekly" that "James Dean", alongside "" (2001), was a revolutionary force in the television movie genre.


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: Rydell received a Directors Guild of America Award nomination, while Franco was nominated for his performance at the 8th Screen Actors Guild Awards. In addition, Franco won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film. The film also received multiple awards and nominations at the 54th Primetime Emmy Awards. Michael Moriarty won the Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie for his portrayal of Winton Dean. The art department (led by Robert Pearson, Marc Dabe and Leslie McCarthy-Frankenheimer), also won an Emmy. Nominations included Outstanding Made for Television Movie, Lead actor (James Franco), Direction (Mark Rydell), Cinematography (Robbie Greenberg), Casting (Nancy Foy), Costume design (Yvonne Blake and Randy Gardell), Film editing (Antony Gibbs), Makeup (John M. Elliot, Jr.) and Hairstyling (Carol A. O'Connell).


title: James Dean (2001 film)

text: The film was released on DVD and VHS on January 22, 2002 by Warner Home Video. It featured Theatrical trailers of Rebel Without a Cause and Giant, English, French, Spanish subtitles and Dolby Digital 5.1 Audio.


title: Lauren Wood

text: Lauren Wood (born Ilene Rappaport in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), also known as Chunky, is an American singer-songwriter, voice-over artist, and producer. Her 1989 single "Fallen" was used in the 1990 movie "Pretty Woman", even though it was recorded eight years earlier. In 1979 she recorded "Please Don't Leave", a duet with singer Michael McDonald.


title: Lauren Wood

text: Wood's career began in the mid-1960s when she formed a band called Rebecca and the Sunnybrook Farmers. In 1972, she provided back-up vocals on Frank Zappa's album "The Grand Wazoo". In 1973, Wood formed the band Chunky, Novi & Ernie with her cousin Novi Novog and bassist Ernie Emerita. They released two albums both co-produced by Ted Templeman and John Cale. "Underground", from the 1973 album was covered by Montrose on "Paper Money" (1974). Frank Zappa can be heard speaking at the beginning of "Rosalie".


title: Lauren Wood

text: In 1979, she released her first self-titled album, "Lauren Wood" on Warner Bros. Records. Although a solo album, the words "Featuring Novi and Ernie" appear in the lower right corner of the cover and the photo has Wood flanked by her bandmates. Guests included Michael McDonald, Little Feat members Bill Payne and Fred Tackett, Steve Lukather, Ronnie Montrose, Jim Keltner, and Patrick Simmons. The duet "Please Don't Leave" went to No. 5 on "Billboard"s Adult Contemporary chart and No. 24 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Lauren Wood

text: She has also written Top 20 hits for Gladys Knight and Philip Bailey, as well as songs for Cher, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Mathis, Sammy (Van Halen) Hagar, Animotion, Larry Coryell, Warren Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Preston, Nicolette Larson, Tiffany, Albert Hammond, and Presuntos Implicados. Rita Coolidge performed Wood's song, "Echo My Heart" for Farm Aid. Wood's songs have appeared in numerous films and television shows including "" and "Just Shoot Me!"


title: Lauren Wood

text: After her follow-up album, "Cat Trick", Wood vanished from the music scene. However, she spent time writing and performing songs for television and movie soundtracks, including "Fallen", the song used in "Pretty Woman", which has been covered by musicians such as Johnny Mathis and Larry Coryell. The song was first recorded by Nicolette Larson, followed by Wood for "Cat Trick". Larson would later record two more songs written by Wood for her 1988 album "Shadows of Love": "Work on It" and "Where Did I Get These Tears".


title: Lauren Wood

text: In 1997, Wood founded her own record label, Bad Art Records. On this label, she released her third album, also titled "Lauren Wood", in 1999 and "Love, Death & Customer Service" in 2006. Her songs there feature artists and musicians including Stephen Bishop, Bill Payne (Little Feat), Melissa Manchester, and Vicki Randle (The Tonight Show Band). Her second self-titled album was first distributed in Japan under license from Bad Art.


title: Lauren Wood

text: Her two Warner Records albums, "Lauren Wood" and "Cat Trick". have been remastered and re-released as one CD called "The Warner Brothers Years". released in 2020.


title: Lauren Wood

text: In addition to her original recordings, Wood's distinctive voice can be heard singing lead on the theme song of NBC's hit series "Just Shoot Me!", as well as many national commercials including Nike, Budweiser, and Nintendo. She has also appeared as a background vocalist for Devo, The Doobie Brothers, Kim Carnes, and Frank Zappa, and on commercials for Oldsmobile, 7 Up, and Cadillac. She has recorded voice-over for animation and music for film and TV including "Rugrats", "Jackie Chan Adventures", "The Tigger Movie", and "", and she has appeared on a number of TV shows including "The Roseanne Show" and "Entertainment Tonight".


title: Ship of fools

text: The ship of fools is an allegory, originating from Book VI of Plato's "Republic", about a ship with a dysfunctional crew. The allegory is intended to represent the problems of governance prevailing in a political system not based on expert knowledge.


title: Ship of fools

text: The concept makes up the framework of the 15th-century book "Ship of Fools" (1494) by Sebastian Brant, which served as the inspiration for Hieronymus Bosch's painting, "Ship of Fools": a ship—an entire fleet at first—sets off from Basel, bound for the Paradise of Fools. In it, Brant conceives Saint Grobian, whom he imagines to be the patron saint of vulgar and coarse people. In literary and artistic compositions of the 15th and 16th centuries, the cultural motif of the ship of fools also served to parody the "ark of salvation", as the Catholic Church was styled.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Jacob Lawrence Frey ( ; born July 23, 1981) is an American politician and attorney who has served as the mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota since 2018. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, he served on the Minneapolis City Council from 2014 until 2018. He was first elected in 2017 and reelected in 2021.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey grew up in Oakton, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. His parents were both professional modern ballet dancers; his mother is of Russian Jewish ancestry, and his father converted to Judaism.


title: Jacob Frey

text: After graduating from Oakton High School in Vienna, Virginia, Frey attended the College of William & Mary, where he was a distance runner on the track and field team and all-Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) cross-country runner. Frey won the 2002 CAA 5,000-meter title in track.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey graduated from William & Mary in 2004 with a B.A. in government. After graduation, he received a contract from a shoe company to run professionally and competed for Team USA in the 2007 Pan American Games marathon, finishing in fourth place. Frey also pursued a Juris Doctor at the Villanova University School of Law, graduating "cum laude" in 2009 and giving the student address at commencement.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey moved to Minneapolis in 2009 after graduating from law school and joined the law firm Faegre & Benson (now Faegre Drinker) to practice employment and civil rights law before moving on to the law firm Halunen & Associates.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey has been active in community causes since moving to Minneapolis. After a tornado struck North Minneapolis in 2011, Frey provided legal services to tenants who lost their homes. In late 2011, Frey ran in a special election for an open state senate seat and came in fifth in the party primary. The only candidate he finished ahead of had dropped out of the race before election day.


title: Jacob Frey

text: In 2012, Frey founded and organized the first Big Gay Race, a 5K charity race to raise money for Minnesotans United for All Families, a political group organizing for marriage equality.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey ran in the 2013 Minneapolis City Council election to represent Ward 3. He received the Democratic–Farmer–Labor endorsement, as well as endorsements from more than 40 elected officials and organizations. Frey's platform promised better constituent services, to spur residential development, increase the number and variety of small and local businesses, and push for full funding of affordable housing and address climate change. He defeated incumbent Diane Hofstede with more than 60% of the vote and took office on January 2, 2014.


title: Jacob Frey

text: As a City Council member, Frey focused on affordable housing, environmental policy, workplace regulations, and voting access. He authored an amendment to the 2015 budget that increased funding for the city's Affordable Housing Trust Fund.


title: Jacob Frey

text: In 2016, Frey authored an ordinance requiring polluters to pay fees based on the amount of pollution they produce. The fees are used to support green business improvements. Since the program's launch, emissions linked to climate change have declined substantially. Frey and the City of Minneapolis were honored at the 2018 U.S. Conference of Mayors for the program's success.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey was involved in drafting the council's 2016 paid sick leave ordinance and the 2017 minimum wage ordinance. He was one of the first council members to support a minimum wage ordinance. Frey authored the amendment to the minimum wage ordinance that gave small businesses a longer phase-in than large businesses for implementing the minimum wage.


title: Jacob Frey

text: As chair of the council's Elections Committee, Frey led the effort to pass an ordinance requiring landlords to provide tenants with voter registration information. The ordinance has served as a national model, with cities like Seattle and St. Paul following suit. A federal district court judge later struck down the ordinance as unconstitutional. Frey also led the effort to expand early voting access in Minneapolis ahead of the 2016 election, increasing the number of early voting sites in Minneapolis from one to five.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey announced his candidacy for mayor of Minneapolis on January 3, 2017, and won the November 7 election. He was sworn into office on January 2, 2018.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey is Minneapolis's second Jewish mayor, and its second-youngest after Al Hofstede, who was 34 when he was elected mayor in 1973. Frey campaigned on a platform of increasing support for affordable housing and improving police-community relations.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey rolled out reforms to the Minneapolis Police Department's body camera policy in April 2018. The changes tied non-compliance to stricter disciplinary consequences for the first time. Following the changes, officer compliance with the body camera policy reached record highs. In 2019, Frey announced during his State of the City address the banning of "warrior" training for police officers, which had been taken by the officer who killed Philando Castile. But Frey has faced protests from community groups for increases to the police department budget and the lack of significant investment in community-led safety alternatives. "Axios" describes his stance on policing as moderate.


title: Jacob Frey

text: The first budget Frey authored as mayor focused heavily on affordable housing. Its $40 million allocation to affordable housing was triple what the city previously spent on affordable housing.


title: Jacob Frey

text: As mayor, Frey is pushing for a plan that would allow the building of four-plexes in every part of the city. Two-thirds of Minneapolis is zoned exclusively for single-family homes.


title: Jacob Frey

text: In 2018, the Minneapolis City Council voted for Minneapolis 2040, a comprehensive rezoning reform plan. According to "Slate", the plan would "permit three-family homes in the city’s residential neighborhoods, abolish parking minimums for all new construction, and allow high-density buildings along transit corridors." "Slate" wrote that by implementing the plan, "Minneapolis will become the first major U.S. city to end single-family home zoning, a policy that has done as much as any to entrench segregation, high housing costs, and sprawl as the American urban paradigm over the past century."


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey was reelected with 56.2% of the vote in 2021, defeating challenger Kate Knuth in the final round of ranked-choice voting.


title: Jacob Frey

text: On March 16, 2020, Frey issued an order declaring a local emergency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the order was signed, events such the upcoming St. Patrick's Day parade were canceled. On May 21, 2020, Frey signed an order requiring people over the age of 2 to wear a mask covering over their nose and mouth while at "indoor spaces of public accommodation." On July 29, he issued an emergency order declaring that all Minneapolis indoor bars, which had recently reopened, would close effective August 1. Taprooms, distilleries, nightclubs and restaurants also closed.


title: Jacob Frey

text: On May 27, 2020, after the start of protests sparked by the murder of George Floyd, Frey backed the firing of four police officers involved in the death, saying, "Being black in America should not be a death sentence. For five minutes we watched as a white police officer pressed his knee into the neck of a black man. For five minutes. When you hear someone calling for help, you are supposed to help." The next day, Frey called for criminal charges to be filed against Derek Chauvin, the arresting officer who pressed his knee on Floyd's neck, saying, "We cannot turn a blind eye. It is on us as leaders to see this for what it is and call it what it is. George Floyd deserves justice", and "If you had done it or I had done it, we would be behind bars right now. I cannot come up with a good answer to that question.”


title: Jacob Frey

text: Chauvin was later charged with third-degree murder, which was later upgraded to second-degree murder. On June 5, 2020, Frey approved a temporary restraining order and directed changes to the Minneapolis Police Department that were approved by the Minneapolis City Council to go into effect immediately. Reforms that were given to the Minneapolis Police Department include banning chokeholds and neck restraints, requiring police officers to report and intervene against the use of excessive force by other officers, and requiring authorization from the police chief or deputy police chiefs before using crowd-control weapons such as chemical agents and rubber bullets.


title: Jacob Frey

text: On June 6, 2020, during the George Floyd protests, a march was held in Minneapolis pushing for the abolition of the Minneapolis Police Department. With thousands in attendance, protesters asked Frey, who was wearing a black facemask with the words "I can't breathe" on it, whether he would commit to defunding the Minneapolis Police Department. "We don't want no more police, is this clear?", he was asked. He answered, "I do not support the full abolition of police." Attendees chanted "go home" and "shame" at Frey as he left following his answer.


title: Jacob Frey

text: On April 20, 2021, after Derek Chauvin was found guilty of the murder of George Floyd, Frey released a statement on Twitter in which he implied that Floyd had sacrificed his life for the betterment of the city of Minneapolis. The statement received heavy criticism from people across the country including many who called on Frey to fire his communications staff.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey met his second wife, Sarah Clarke, through community organizing in Minneapolis. The couple married in July 2016. Clarke is a lobbyist for Hylden Advocacy & Law, where she represents several business, nonprofits, and community organizations at the Minnesota legislature and executive branch agencies. In March 2020, the couple announced they were expecting their first child in September. Their daughter Frida Jade Frey was born at 5:22 pm on September 16, 2020, weighing 7 pounds and 10 ounces. In a joint statement, both Frey and Clarke expressed joy in the fact that Frida was born shortly before the Jewish new year holiday of Rosh Hashanah, stating "For us, her birth leading into Rosh Hashanah symbolizes new beginnings and hope in the midst of tough days." The day after Frida's birth, Frey started taking a brief leave of absence from the normal Mayor's office, but would continue to handle day-to-day mayoral duties from his home.


title: Jacob Frey

text: Frey is a Reform Jew and attends a Reform synagogue in Minneapolis, Temple Israel, together with his wife, who converted to Judaism.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: Lake Buena Vista () is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. It is mostly known for being the mailing address for Walt Disney World—although almost all of the resort facilities, including all four theme parks, are physically located in the adjacent city of Bay Lake. It is one of two Florida municipalities inside the Reedy Creek Improvement District, which also contains Walt Disney World, the other being Bay Lake. The permanent residential population of Lake Buena Vista was 24 at the 2020 census.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: Chapter 67-1965 of the Laws of Florida, incorporating the City of Reedy Creek, was signed into law by Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12, 1967, the same day he also signed chapters 67-764 (creating the Reedy Creek Improvement District), also known as the Reedy Creek Improvement Act, and 67-1104 (incorporating the city of Bay Lake). It was located fully inside the Reedy Creek Improvement District. The city was controlled by Walt Disney Productions and allowed it powers that other area attractions had not had.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: Chapter 69-1527, which became a law on July 3, 1969, without the governor's approval, redefined the city boundaries. The city was completely moved, taking over some land that had been part of the City of Bay Lake (and was given up by Chapter 69-836, which became a law the same day) and including some other land that had formerly been unincorporated. Soon after, the City of Reedy Creek was renamed to the City of Lake Buena Vista to better reflect its new location, through which Reedy Creek did not flow. "Buena Vista" comes from the name of the street in Burbank, California, where The Walt Disney Company is headquartered.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: The Reedy Creek Improvement District had all the powers of the city and more, raising the questions of why cities needed to be incorporated inside it. Walt Disney's original plans for the site included at least one futuristic living area, a planned "community of the future". This was never built, but some of the ideas were incorporated into the EPCOT theme park and later Celebration, Florida. The only residents of the city are Disney employees and their immediate family members who live in a small community on Royal Oak Court, north of Disney Springs. From 1971 to 2022, the only landowners are fully owned subsidiaries of Disney, and rights-of-way for state and county roads.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (4.02%) is water.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: Lake Buena Vista is a small body of water located east of the Buena Vista Golf Course, west of the crossing of State Road 535 and Interstate 4. The lake, which was called "Blake Lake" before its acquisition by Disney, was named for Buena Vista Street in Burbank, California, where Disney's corporate headquarters are located. Several Walt Disney Company business entities had names containing "Buena Vista", a Spanish phrase that means "good view".


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: In 2015, guide maps for the Disney Springs shopping, dining, and entertainment district started promoting Village Lake, which the district and Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa borders, as "Lake Buena Vista". The actual lake and the promoted lake are connected via a stream, which is crossed by a bridge linking Disney Springs' Marketplace area with Saratoga Springs Resort.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 16 people, 9 households, and 5 families residing in the city. The population density was 3.3 inhabitants per square mile (1.3/km). There were 11 housing units at an average density of 2.3 per square mile (0.9/km).


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: There were 9 households, out of which one had children under the age of 18 living with them, four were married couples living together, none had a female householder with no husband present. Four households were made up of individuals, one of whom was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.78 and the average family size was 2.40.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: The age distribution was two under 18, none between 18 and 24, three from 25 to 44, six from 45 to 64, and five who were 65 or older. The median age was 53 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the city was $39,375, and the median income for a family was $62,500. Males had a median income of $60,000 versus $38,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,769.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: The Reedy Creek Improvement District has its Fire Department Emergency Services station in Bay Lake, near Lake Buena Vista.


title: Lake Buena Vista, Florida

text: The only subdivision within Lake Buena Vista (Royal Oak Court) falls within the attendance zones of Sand Lake Elementary School, Southwest Middle School, and Dr. Phillips High School.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: Dragon Challenge (known as Dueling Dragons from 1999 to 2010) was a pair of intertwined, inverted roller coasters in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter area of Universal Studios' Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida, United States. The ride was themed to two chasing dragons, one side being a Chinese Fireball and the other a Hungarian Horntail. It featured a layout in which the two trains shared adjacent lift hills but traversed two unique courses. The ride was designed by Bolliger & Mabillard of Switzerland. The Chinese Fireball reached a top speed of 60 mph, and the Hungarian Horntail reached a top speed of 55 mph. Both versions featured five inversions and a total ride time of 2 minutes and 25 seconds.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: When Islands of Adventure opened on May 28, 1999, the ride was called Dueling Dragons and was located in The Lost Continent area with the two trains named Fire and Ice. During much of the ride's history, the trains were dispatched simultaneously, creating three near-miss encounters along the courses. However, after two injuries related to loose objects hitting riders on the other coaster, the roller coasters were dispatched separately. After a renovation period, the attraction reopened in mid-March 2010, and was officially renamed as Dragon Challenge with The Wizarding World of Harry Potter grand opening on June 18, 2010.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: In July 2017, Universal Orlando officials announced that Dragon Challenge would close on September 4, 2017. The coasters had reached the end of their service life, and the park demolished the two coasters to make way for a new attraction, Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure, which opened on June 13, 2019.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: In 1997, it was announced that Dueling Dragons would be a part of a new second theme park at the Universal Orlando Resort, Islands of Adventure. The new ride would be a unique dueling inverted roller coaster by Bolliger & Mabillard. It would be placed in a fairy tale-themed land known as the Lost Continent. The coaster would be situated in the Merlinwood area. Dueling Dragons was completed on time for the opening of Islands of Adventure on May 28, 1999. At the time, it was the only fully inverted dueling roller coaster in the world. The ride was themed to two dueling dragons. The queue was decorated as a ruined castle that the two dragons destroyed. Once the riders arrived at the station, they chose which of the two coasters they would like to experience, the Fire dragon or the Ice dragon. The original name for Dueling Dragons was going to be "Merlin's Dueling Dragons," and the dragons both had names; Blizzrock for the blue dragon, and Pyrock for the red dragon.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: On May 31, 2007, Universal announced plans to construct The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, a new section devoted to the popular "Harry Potter" book and film series. Dueling Dragons, as well as the adjacent roller coaster Flying Unicorn (later renamed Flight of the Hippogriff), were shown to be included in the new section. Universal later announced that Dueling Dragons would be renamed Dragon Challenge upon the re-opening of the attraction and that its two coasters would be renamed "Hungarian Horntail" and "Chinese Fireball".


title: Dragon Challenge

text: Construction on re-theming the queue began in the third quarter of 2009. In the first quarter of 2010, the ride closed in order to refurbish the attraction to incorporate the "Harry Potter" theme. In mid-March 2010, the roller coasters reopened to the public. On June 18, 2010, with the opening of the entire "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter" section, the ride officially became Dragon Challenge.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: During the summer of 2011, there were two accidents (one serious) caused by what is believed to be loose objects hitting riders while riding the roller coaster. The most serious accident involved a rider being struck in the eye by an object, causing injuries which required the removal of the eye. On the same day of the incident, Universal Studios announced that the coasters would not duel until an investigation was completed. For two months the coasters were dispatched separately and in mid-October 2011, Universal made the decision to turn off the dueling aspect of the ride permanently without any explanation to what caused the injuries. No further injuries were reported.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: Dragon Challenge was becoming obsolete due to the lack of its dueling feature. In early 2017, rumors were starting to spread that it was to be removed for a new attraction based on the "Harry Potter" spin-off film "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them". It was then confirmed that Universal announced on July 24, 2017 that a new roller coaster was scheduled to debut in 2019, meaning that Dragon Challenge would be officially shut down on September 4, 2017. By late September 2017, Dragon Challenge was being removed and sent to the scrapyard. The ride's replacement, Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure, opened on June 13, 2019.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: A tribute to Dragon Challenge can be found in the queue line. Upon exiting the room with cages on the ceiling, guests can find a mural on the left wall. The mural features fire and ice dragons and a message saying Dueling Club.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: Before the "Harry Potter" refurbishment, the queue was themed as a ruined castle where the Fire and Ice dragons lived. The queue passed through dungeons with human skeletons, torches and cobwebs. To ride Fire, guests would go left, while riders wanting to ride Ice would go right at the intersection point.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: After the "Harry Potter" re-theming of the queue, guests were taken past a number of banners for the Triwizard Tournament showing support for the tournament's four contestants. After passing the Weasleys' crashed flying Ford Anglia, they entered the Champions' Tent. From there, guests passed a large pedestal with the Triwizard Cup glowing at the top, and several dark "tunnels" which led to both coaster's stations. Just before entering the station, guests had to choose which coaster they wanted to ride: the Chinese Fireball to the left or the Hungarian Horntail to the right. Once in the station, there was a projection of the dragons on the ceiling.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: In April 2015, metal detectors were installed as a permanent fixture to the entrance, and security officers with metal-detecting wands were employed. The attraction enacted a zero tolerance policy for cell phones, wallets, coins, watches, cameras, or other loose objects; all riders were required to completely empty their pockets before boarding. Persons in violation would be sent to the lockers or possibly ejected from the park without a refund.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: After departing from the station, the train made a slight left turn leading into the transfer track section before beginning to climb the lift hill. Once at the top and after going through a pre-drop, the train made a sharp left-hand drop back to the ground. Then, the train went back up, through an Immelmann followed by a slight air-time downward right turn before entering an air-time hill (this was the first of three near-miss points with the Hungarian Horntail train when the roller coasters duelled). Next, the train dropped back down turning left slightly, leading into a second Immelmann. After a downward right helix and a short section of straight track, the train went through the second former near-miss point with the other train, a vertical loop. After the loop and another section of straight track, the train made a right turn leading into the third and final former near-miss element, which was a corkscrew. Then, the train made a left turn followed by a small drop leading into another section of straight track before entering the final element in the coaster layout, another corkscrew. The train then made a left turn into the final brake run. Following a left turn, the train returned to the station where the riders unloaded and the next riders loaded.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: After departing from the station, the train made a slight right turn leading into the transfer track section before beginning to climb the lift hill. Once at the top and after going through a pre-drop, the train made a sharp right-hand drop back to the ground. Then, the train went through a 270-degree left overbanked turn before entering a Zero-gravity roll, which was the first of three former near-miss points with the Chinese Fireball train. Then, the train made a slight right turn heading straight into a wall before entering a cobra roll. After a straight section of track, the train entered the second former near-miss point with the other train, a vertical loop. The train then made a right turn into the final former near-miss point, a corkscrew. Next, the train made a right turn, followed by a left turn leading into the final brake run. Following a right turn, the train returned to the station where the riders unloaded and the next riders loaded.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: The steel track was approximately in length and the height of the lift was approximately for both roller coasters. The first drop for Chinese Fireball was while Hungarian Horntail was . Chinese Fireball's track was red, Hungarian Horntail's was blue, and both coasters' supports were white.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: Dragon Challenge operated with several steel and fiberglass trains. Each train had eight cars with four seats for a total of 32 riders per train. The trains' front seat resembled a mouth, while the rest bore a resemblance to hands. The Hungarian Horntail trains resembled a blue ice dragon while the Chinese Fireball trains resembled a red fire dragon.


title: Dragon Challenge

text: When the coaster cars duelled, in order to make the trains meet at each of the three near-miss points along the layout, the trains would be weighed once they were loaded at the station to adjust the dispatch times. (For example, if the Chinese Fireball train weighed more than the Hungarian Horntail train, the Fireball would be dispatched after the Horntail.)


title: Dragon Challenge

text: Dragon Challenge was generally well received from its opening in 1999 until its closing in 2017. In "Amusement Today" annual Golden Ticket Awards for the Top Steel Roller Coasters, Dragon Challenge ranked in the top 50 every year between 2000 and 2012. It peaked at position 11 in 2002.


title: Abu Azmi

text: Abu Asim Azmi (born 8 August 1955) is a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represents the Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Constituency, Mumbai. He belongs to the Samajwadi Party.


title: Abu Azmi

text: He is the President of the Maharashtra state branch of the Samajwadi Party (SP). He currently represents Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar of Mumbai Suburban District in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.


title: Abu Azmi

text: Azmi entered politics and in 1995, under his leadership, the Samajwadi Party (SP) won two seats in the Maharashtra state assembly.


title: Abu Azmi

text: In 2004, entering his first election cycle, Azmi was defeated by Yogesh Patil of the Shiv Sena from Bhiwandi constituency. From 2002 to 2008, Azmi was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rajya Sabha.


title: Abu Azmi

text: In the 2009 Lok Sabha election, Azmi was defeated by Gurudas Kamat (Congress). However, in 2009, Azmi was elected to the Maharashtra Assembly where he served for two terms. He successfully contested the seats of Mankhurd-Shivaji Nagar and Bhiwandi (East), and under rules limiting successful candidates to one region, he chose Mankhurd-Shivaji Nagar.


title: Abu Azmi

text: Azmi has secured three consecutive wins in his Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Constituency from 2009 to 2024.


title: Abu Azmi

text: In 2013, on the Shakti Mill Rape Case, Azmi told Mid-Day, "Any woman if, whether married or unmarried, goes along with a man, with or without her consent, should be hanged. Rape is punishable by hanging in Islam. But here, nothing happens to women, only to men. Even the woman is guilty. Girls complain when someone touches them, and even when someone doesn't touch them. It becomes a problem then ... If rape happens with or without consent, it should be punished as prescribed in Islam." He also said, "See, I don't know what context he said it in. But, at times, the wrong people are awarded the death penalty. Boys do it in josh (Hindi: excitement), but what can I say in this? The death sentence should be given. I won't speak against Islam." Azmi's comments were widely criticized in India. His daughter-in-law and actress, Ayesha Takia, said she was deeply embarrassed and ashamed of comments made by her father-in-law.


title: Abu Azmi

text: In a video, Azmi is seen saying: "A Muslim who wants to build own leadership should go to Pakistan, this is secular India where our leaders are going to be Hindus."


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: "D'yer Mak'er" () is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, from their 1973 album "Houses of the Holy". The title is a play on the word "Jamaica" when spoken in an English accent.


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: This song was meant to imitate reggae and its "dub" derivative emerging from Jamaica in the early 1970s. Its genesis is traced to Led Zeppelin's rehearsals at Stargroves in 1972, when drummer John Bonham started with a beat similar to 1950s doo-wop, and then twisted it into a slight off beat tempo, upon which a reggae influence emerged. The distinctive drum sound was created by placing three microphones a good distance away from Bonham's drums.


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: This track, as well as another song entitled "The Crunge", was initially not taken seriously by many listeners, and some critics reserved their harshest criticism for these two arrangements. In an interview he gave in 1977, Jimmy Page referred to this negative response: "I didn't expect people not to get it. I thought it was pretty obvious. The song itself was a cross between reggae and a '50s number, "Poor Little Fool," Ben E. King's things, stuff like that."


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones has expressed his distaste for the song, suggesting that it started off as a studio joke and was not thought through carefully enough. Upon the album's release, Robert Plant was keen to issue the track as a single in the United Kingdom. Atlantic Records went so far as to distribute advance promotional copies to DJs (now valuable collectors' items). While it was released in the US, and the single peaked at No. 20 on 29 December 1973, it was never released in the UK.


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: "D'yer Mak'er" is one of the few Led Zeppelin songs where all four members share the composer credit. The sleeve on the first album pressing also gives tribute to "Rosie and the Originals", a reference to the doo-wop influence in the song's style.


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: In a 2005 interview, Plant discussed the different interpretations and pronunciations of the name of the song. He explained that the title is derived from an old joke, where two friends have the following exchange: "My wife's gone to the West Indies." "Jamaica?" (which in an English accent sounds like "Did you make her?") "No, she wanted to go".


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: The title, which does not appear in the lyrics, was chosen because it reflects the reggae feel of the song, and as an example of the Led Zeppelin band members' senses of humour. Because of the unfamiliarity of listeners to this back-story, as well as ignoring the apostrophes intentionally placed in the title, DJs and fans often mispronounce the title as "dire maker". This confusion and mispronunciation was more common in the US than in Britain, according to Jimmy Page.


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: In a contemporary review for "Houses of the Holy", Gordon Fletcher of "Rolling Stone" gave "D'yer Mak'er" a negative review, calling it a "naked imitation", along with "The Crunge", as well as "easily" one of the worst things the band has ever attempted. Fletcher further wrote the track is a "pathetic stab at reggae that would probably get the Zep laughed off the island if they bothered playing it in Jamaica." Fletcher ended by writing the track is "obnoxiously heavy-handed and totally devoid of the native form's sensibilities."


title: D'yer Mak'er

text: Axl Rose cited it as a song that meant a lot to him as a teenager: "That got me into heavy rock." It is included on the Radio Caroline "Top 500 Tracks" of 1999 at number 453. In 2019, "Rolling Stone" ranked the song number 20 on its list of the 40 greatest Led Zeppelin songs.


title: Pudong

text: Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name "Pudong" was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.


title: Pudong

text: The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.


title: Pudong

text: "Pudong"—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu, Yangpu, and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 which the county was split among Huangpu, Yangpu, Nanshi, Wusong and Chuansha County. On October 1, 1992 the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.


title: Pudong

text: In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the supertall Jin Mao Building (), Shanghai World Financial Center () and Shanghai Tower (), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.


title: Pudong

text: On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo, whose grounds now form a public park.


title: Pudong

text: Pudong New Area consist of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County), Chuansha County, and Nanhui County.


title: Pudong

text: Districts of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.


title: Pudong

text: On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.


title: Pudong

text: Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"), the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of and according to the 2010 Census, a population of 5,044,430 inhabitants, 1.9 million more than in 2000. Currently, at least 2.1 million of residents of Pudong are newcomers from other provinces or cities in China.


title: Pudong

text: Pudong is the most populous district in Shanghai. According to the 2010 Census, it has 5,044,430 people in 1,814,802 families, around 1/4 of Shanghai's total population, an explosive growth since the last census thanks to immigrants. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2010 census shows a 58.26% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 4.7%. In particular, the district saw am immigration growth of 189.5%, or an annual pace of 11.22%.


title: Pudong

text: Excluding immigrants, the birth rate is 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level. The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.


title: Pudong

text: The 2010 Census shows a population density of 3,909/km. About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.


title: Pudong

text: With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2015 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated 789.8 billion RMB (~US$113.5 billion), with services comprising 70% of economic output. Its GDP per capita in terms of purchasing power parity is approximately $50,783. The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.


title: Pudong

text: The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined. Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008.


title: Pudong

text: The newest Disney resort, with a Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which is open to tourists in June 2016.


title: Pudong

text: Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower () in Pudong. Comac has its head office in Pudong. The headquarters of Yangtze River Express, a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower () in Pudong.


title: Pudong

text: Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in the Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong. Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower. Google has its Shanghai offices in the Shanghai World Financial Center.


title: Pudong

text: The Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999, shortening the travel time for visitors.


title: Pudong

text: In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves the airport. Other lines, namely Lines 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 and 16 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.


title: Pudong

text: Pudong is connected to Puxi by several tunnels and four major bridges. The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and the Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge, which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently there are five tunnels that link the two sides, Dapu Rd. Tunnel, the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, running east–west, and Dalian Rd. Tunnel, running north–south, Fuxing Rd. Tunnel, complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, Waihuan Tunnel, one part of Shanghai Outer Ring Express. Two new tunnels linking Lujiazui to Puxi are under construction.


title: Pudong

text: Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to the A20, Shanghai's outer Ring road, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.


title: Pudong

text: Pudong is currently served by ten metro lines and one tram line operated by Shanghai Metro and one maglev line operated by Shanghai Maglev Train and one suburban line operated by China Railway:


title: Pudong

text: Pudong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"). The average annual temperature in Pudong is . The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around .


title: DAS Building bombing

text: The DAS Building bombing was a truck bomb attack in Bogotá, Colombia, at 7:30 am on December 6, 1989, targeting the Administrative Department of Security (DAS) headquarters.


title: DAS Building bombing

text: A truck parked near the building exploded, killing 57 people instantly and injuring 2,248. The bomb blast, an estimated 500 kg of dynamite, destroyed 14 city blocks and destroyed more than 300 commercial properties. The last victim of the bombing died on April 27 1990. It was the deadliest car bomb attack in Latin America before being succeeded by the AMIA bombing 5 years later.


title: DAS Building bombing

text: It is widely believed that the Medellín Cartel was responsible for the attack, in an attempt to assassinate DAS director Miguel Maza Márquez, who escaped unharmed. The same group was believed to be behind the bombing of Avianca Flight 203 9 days before.


title: DAS Building bombing

text: The DAS building bombing was the last in the long series of attacks that targeted Colombian politicians, officials, and journalists in 1989, which started with the January 18 killing of 12 judicial officials in Simacota.


title: Emma Seligman

text: Emma Seligman (born May 3, 1995) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter, best known for their feature directorial debut "Shiva Baby" (2020).


title: Emma Seligman

text: As a teenager, Emma Seligman contributed film reviews to "The Huffington Post". They studied film at New York University Tisch School of the Arts, graduating in May 2017, and is based in New York City. While at NYU they made short films including "Lonewoods" and 2018's "Void" and "Shiva Baby". Her thesis film, "Shiva Baby" went to the 2018 South by Southwest film festival. At the same time, they began developing it into a feature film, the 2020 release "Shiva Baby". Seligman's films focus on sexual themes, particularly the relationship between women and sex, with the director saying that "women decode sexual messaging from a young age, [and] technology, for example with porn or dating sites, has made the sexual messaging more confusing, and [she's] interested in how women figure it out."


title: Emma Seligman

text: They have discussed their filmmaking process as a very collaborative experience, though they spend a lot of time on writing, and enjoys being able to discuss their work with their actors.


title: Emma Seligman

text: As a screenwriter and director, Seligman has received acclaim for the feature film "Shiva Baby". It premiered at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF). Critics have commended it as a debut, with Kristy Puchko of "The Playlist" writing that "it's astounding this is Seligman's first film, [considering] how masterfully she orchestrates the tension and comedy", and Dana Piccoli for "Queer Media Matters" praising that "while Seligman is still a relative newcomer to the film world, she handles "Shiva Baby" like an experienced pro".


title: Emma Seligman

text: Seligman is bisexual and Jewish, and uses she/they pronouns. They were raised in a Reform Judaism Ashkenazi community in Toronto and had their Bat Mitzvah ceremony on Masada in Israel. They moved to Los Angeles in 2021.


title: Johnny Morris (businessman)

text: John L. Morris (born 1948) is an American billionaire businessman, and the founder, majority owner, and CEO of Bass Pro Shops, a hunting and fishing retail chain in the US and Canada. As of September 2021, his net worth was estimated at US$7.1 billion.


title: Johnny Morris (businessman)

text: Morris founded Bass Pro Shops in 1972 when he began selling fishing equipment in the back of one of his father's Brown Derby liquor stores in Springfield. According to Forbes, Morris has a net worth of $4.1 billion.


title: Johnny Morris (businessman)

text: Morris opened the Wonders of Wildlife Museum & Aquarium in Springfield, in 2017. The museum helps bring visitors to Bass Pro's store there, with which it shares a location. In September 2017, Bass Pro acquired Cabela’s, another retailer of outdoor merchandise, for $4 billion.


title: Johnny Morris (businessman)

text: Morris and his family were presented with the Audubon Medal in February 2019, in recognition of their conservation efforts.


title: Johnny Morris (businessman)

text: Morris also founded the Top of the Rock golf course in Branson, Missouri, which houses one of the largest collection of Native American arrowheads and art in the region. Top of the Rock experienced a 70-foot wide sinkhole on May 22, 2016.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead (CDDA) is an open-source survival horror roguelike video game. "Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead" is a fork of the original game "Cataclysm". The game is freely downloadable on the game's website and the source code is also freely available on the project's GitHub repository under the CC BY-SA Creative Commons license. The game is currently largely developed by its community. "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" named CDDA one of "The 50 Best Free Games on PC" in 2016.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The game is text-based, though alternative graphical tilesets are available. Prior to playing, the player generates a world which can be shared between different characters. The player then creates a character and is placed into one of many possible starting scenarios. The player is then free to do whatever they please. This includes both things required for day-to-day survival such as scavenging, hunting, and finding shelter, as well as larger goals such as farming, installing bionics, making and repairing vehicles, and constructing homes.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The game is set in near-future New England after a catastrophic event killed most of the human population and spawned various monsters and hazards. After a UFO crash in the '90s, the US government began to research alternate dimensions. In their explorations they obtained a sample called “XE-037”, a mysterious black goo known as "the blob" that was able to reanimate the dead and cause targeted phenotype mutations. XE-037 escaped the lab environment, causing an enormous zombie outbreak and manipulating the population through people's moods, making many people violent. In the following months, the world began to further spiral out of control, with mass demonstrating, rioting, and internal deployment of troops. Amidst the chaos, Earth became the target of a multidimensional portal attack, leading to vast portal storms, with portals opening all over the world, affecting the weather and the reality around them. Unknown forces from other dimensions entered opportunistically as our dimensional fabric was destabilized.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: A US government official managed to get access to the emergency broadcast system, and send out a final message. “The government has fallen. No help is coming, you’re on your own.” Many consider this to be the day the world ended. This event is referred to as "The Cataclysm". Though the cataclysm is predominantly a zombie apocalypse, many other disastrous events are going on, including invasions from fungi, Triffids, Lovecraftian monsters, and caves containing sewer rats and a rat king.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Prior to the cataclysm, robots were becoming widespread in various workplaces such as hospitals, police stations, and mines.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: "Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead" is based on the earlier game "Cataclysm" whose source code was made open-source under the Creative Commons CC BY-SA license on GitHub by the original author Whales in October 2010. After the "Cataclysm" author ended the development around 2012, the game's community forked the game into a new repository called "Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead" in early 2013.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: In June 2013, a successful crowdfunding on Kickstarter raised $9,492 (beyond the $7,000 goal) for the payment of a full-time developer for 3.5 months.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The game is made with ncurses to provide text based graphics; later a Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) version with graphical tiles became available.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The game is under heavy development with experimental releases available multiple times each day. However, the stable versions are considered "snapshots" of development rather than the primary version, with the daily updated experimental branch being the "master" version of the game.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: In December 2015, an unofficial launcher was created for CDDA under an open-source MIT license to allow players to stay up to date with the latest releases and third-party mods. However, the launcher was confirmed unmaintained since January, 2022.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Unlike most roguelikes, it has no goal: the player is free to explore the procedurally generated map, clear areas of monsters, work with NPCs, and build shelters and vehicles. The gameplay is mainly based on day-to-day survival, and the game tracks parameters like hunger, thirst, morale, illness and temperature which the player must manage to stay alive. The game also manages numerous other mechanics about the player including drug addiction, mutations, broken limbs, and bionic implants.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The world can be persistent between games. When starting a new character after the death of a previous character, the new game can be set in the same game world as the last. The world has support for seasons and dynamic weather conditions, and the season lengths can be modified during world generation. Recent weather conditions/events added include the portal storms, which were initially only mentioned in the main storyline for CDDA, during these portal storms, nether monsters will appear and can cause negative effects on the player when they get caught outdoors during the storm if not outright kill them, but during the portal storms, a dungeon will appear, this dungeon can grant the player unique temporary status effects or items by travelling through it successfully.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: A typical CDDA world has cities, towns, rivers, forests, bridges and other landmarks. Cities and towns generally have several common establishments often found in the real world such as houses, stores, malls, parking lots, swimming pools, hospitals, and more, but hold danger in the form of large hordes. Rarer locations such as labs, military bases, and missile silos can be found in remote places throughout the world. Latest versions have support for three-dimensional buildings.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: While most of the action in CDDA is liable to happen on the surface overworld, as traditional with roguelikes, the world does contain underground dungeons. Examples of these include mines, labs, and strange temples.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Characters can be generated randomly or can be custom-built to suit player gameplay and preferences. Players choose from several available initial scenarios. The default scenario is "Evacuee" in which the player starts from an evacuation center with few provisions. Choosing harder scenarios awards the player with points with which they can create more powerful characters.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Like most roguelikes, the game allows players to initially choose from various professions and each profession has its own set of traits and skills. In character creation, positive traits can be chosen by consuming points, and stats like strength and intelligence and skills like archery can also be increased through spending points. Negative traits earn the player more points to spend on positive traits, stats or skills. Traits that have a greater impact on gameplay have more points associated with them, ranging from minor traits like "Tough Feet" and "Clumsy" to game-changing traits like "Night Vision" or "Kaluptic Psychosis", which causes hallucinations, and even "Nyctophobia", which hinders the ability to enter dark areas and causes bad effects if caught out in darkness. Characters can increase their skills gradually once in-game by practicing the respective skills or reading books obtained from various sources found within the cities or towns, or degrade over time with disuse if the optional skill rust system is enabled.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The game has a menu which shows the character's current conditions such as hunger, thirst, morale or any existing illness from which the character is suffering. In order to survive, the character has to consume food and water often, and sleep on a regular basis. If afflicted with an illness, the player must use certain medications in order to treat the diseases, most diseases can recover their own, but some others can only be removed with the right medication, or vice versa. The menu also displays the character's stats.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Unlike most roguelikes, CDDA focuses heavily on crafting, with many basic necessities such as clothing and food being craftable from raw items that are found lying around the world. For crafting to be successful the player needs the necessary raw materials and equipment. The player also needs to learn the recipe of the object to be crafted, which can be unlocked by reading books from libraries. Successful crafting leads to an increase of the corresponding skill. Craftable items are classified into Weapons, Ammo, Food, Chemicals, Armor and Other, with several subcategories in each of them.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Crafting can be hampered by player conditions such as low morale or other external game conditions like insufficient light or the presence of monsters nearby.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: CDDA features an intricate construction menu where one can perform activities ranging from simple construction, like boarding up a window or digging a pit, to elaborate ones like building a reinforced concrete wall, digging a well or creating basements. Like crafting, construction requires raw materials like brick, stones, or nails. Equipment required for construction can be either salvaged from cities or can be crafted via the crafting menu from additional raw materials. For the most part, the terrain in the game is fully destructible, meaning that the player and other entities can destroy it or build structures on it.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: Vehicles can be repaired or even built from scratch using the construction menu. Players are reported to have created vehicles of quite different sizes and capabilities, from small quad bikes with limited storage to huge "deathmobiles" with multiple engines, turrets, machine guns, and chemical labs.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The player can farm land and grow grains, vegetables, berries and other shrubs (e.g. cotton), provided that they find the respective seeds. The final crop can be laid up for later use (though some food may perish), it can be eaten raw or can be used to prepare more elaborate products (e.g. cooking oil, flour, spirits, vinegar, sealed food).


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The farming season usually extends from late spring to early autumn and depends on external temperature. Every plant type has different growing rates and growth can be accelerated using commercial or home-made fertilizers. Final output depends on the character's survival skill: the higher the skill, the higher the yield of every single plant. Once harvested, all plants are considered "dead" and leave straw (grains) or withered plants and some seeds.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: There are a plethora of monsters and creatures found in the world. The wilderness contains many animals, ranging from small passive animals such as squirrels, rabbits, and rats, to large aggressive predators and sometimes hostile herbivores ranging from moose to wolves and bears. These animals can be hunted for their meat, fur, bones, and organs for cooking and sometimes chemistry.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The main threats to the characters are the zombies that roam mainly the cities and some areas within the wilderness. Zombies come in many shapes, abilities and sizes, and most (but not all of them) are infamous for their ability to revive for some time if they are not butchered or smashed to a pulp. The game also features a wide range of adversaries ranging from mutant humans and animals to aliens and interdimensional creatures, often inspired by the works of H. P. Lovecraft and other popular horror and science fiction genres.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: As the days go on, many zombies and creatures will mutate into more powerful forms, progressively increasing difficulty. Mundane animals may be replaced with zombie or mutant versions, further reducing access to edible meat while making the world more hostile.


title: Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead

text: The game's reception by gaming websites was overwhelmingly positive. "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" named it number 39 of "The 50 Best Free Games on PC" in October 2016.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks is a fictional character from the comic strip "Little Orphan Annie". He made his first appearance in the New York "Daily News" in the "Annie" strip on September 27, 1924. In the series he is said to be around 52 years of age.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: Warbucks was born about 1894, near the fictional small town of Supine. (In Thomas Meehan's 1980 novelisation of his 1977 musical, he was born and brought up in Hell's Kitchen, New York, and is 52 years old as of 1933, thus giving him a birthdate of 1881. In the 1982 film, he says he was born in Liverpool, England.) His father, a section boss on the railway, was killed when he was a month old. His mother was left with only "gumption" and a house in which she was able to keep boarders. His early youth in Supine involved cornering all the marbles in town at age nine, serving as a messenger for the telegraph company, having a girlfriend named Millie, fishing, swimming and raiding melon patches with Spike Spangle and beating up the son of the banker who planned to foreclose on his mother's house. Then on June 7, 1905, when he was 11 years old, his mother died at age 30, of typhoid. On the night of the funeral he was put on the outbound Limited. Presumably he later spent some time in the city for he and Paddy Cairns were companions together in the old 8th Ward.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: For a few semesters he attended college, studying engineering, but found no time for football or girls because he had to work seven nights a week in the local steel mill to pay a debt. His family background and lack of prep school education kept him from entering a fraternity in his youth. But as an adult, Warbucks joined the Freemasons and went on to serve as Worshipful Master of a lodge.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: He eventually became foreman in the rolling mill, married Mrs. Warbucks, worked and planned for a family and house of their own. When "Daddy" began to make big money during World War I, the marital happiness was lost, but he retained his identity with the common people.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: After the war, Warbucks continued as an industrialist, but became a philanthropist as well—his fortune had built to "ten billion dollars". His wife instigated the taking in (no adoption ever took place) of Annie while Warbucks was away on a business trip. On his return, he was smitten with Annie and, as her father-figure, offered the girl support as needed. He often intervened in Annie's life during crisis, always returning in time to save the day.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: During World War II, Warbucks, along with his bodyguards Punjab and The Asp, joined Allied forces. Warbucks became a three-star general.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: Warbucks was often a platform for cartoonist Harold Gray's political views, which were free market-based, opposing the New Deal policies of the Democrats. He sometimes expounded on the need for wealthy men to work hard—lest the masses have no employment. At the same time, capitalists who underpaid or mistreated their workers were portrayed in a negative light, with corrupt businessmen often being shown as villains. In 1944, Gray briefly killed off Warbucks on the grounds that it was widely thought that capitalists were obsolete. Warbucks was resurrected, however, after FDR's death.


title: Daddy Warbucks

text: His portrayal in the 1977 stage musical and subsequent film adaptations differs from this, showing him as an associate of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and embracing the New Deal. The musical (and Meehan's novelization of it) takes steps to reconcile this by explaining that Warbucks is a self-made self-reliant millionaire who prides himself on never asking anyone for help. The depression is eating into his financial empire and, although still a long way from poverty, he is lobbying Roosevelt to take steps to resolve the Depression. Warbucks is fiercely adamant that even this does not constitute asking for help; he lobbies on the basis that "if I'm not making money then no one is." Warbucks is finally forced to abandon his stance and ask Roosevelt for help when he needs to rapidly disprove the claim of "Ralph and Shirley Mudge" to be Annie's parents, which Roosevelt gives without reservation.


title: Renault F-Type engine

text: F Renault engine (F for "fonte", French for cast iron) is an automotive internal combustion engine, four-stroke, inline-four engine bored directly into the iron block, water cooled, with overhead camshaft driven by a timing belt, and with an aluminum cylinder head, developed and produced by Renault in the early '80s, making its appearance on the Renault 9 and 11. This engine is available in petrol and diesel versions, with 8 or 16 valves.


title: Renault F-Type engine

text: In December 1982, the Renault Board proposed a new diesel engine with for the Renault 9. Known as "F8M", the new engine was designed by engineer George Douin and his team and broke with tradition by featuring no removable cylinder liners, thanks to advances in metals technology that significantly slow the wear of rubbing mechanical parts. The new 4- cylinder unit adopted an overhead camshaft driven by a toothed belt that also controls the diesel injection pump. A second belt rotates the alternator and water pump, while a vacuum pump located at the rear operates the brake servo. The cast iron block is topped by a light alloy cylinder head featuring Ricardo Comet prechambers. The engine is mounted transversely inclined rearwards 12°. A few months after the release of the Renault 9 Diesel, the Renault 11 was launched in April 1983, the diesel version being introduced in autumn 1983.


title: Renault F-Type engine

text: In the autumn of 1983, Renault launched the F2N petrol engine, using the block of the F8M. It has a diesel-type architecture, with combustion chambers integrated with the piston design. Since the petrol version does not require water channels in the block, a bigger bore was possible than in the smaller diesel version. It first appeared in twin carburettor form in the Renault 11 GTX, TXE, and the TXE Electronic with digital meter and speech synthesis. In February 1984, " F2N " was added to the Renault 9 GTX and TXE. This engine was called the B172 by Volvo.