title: Marsh Arabs

text: The majority of the Maʻdān were displaced either to areas adjacent to the drained marshes, abandoning their traditional lifestyle in favour of conventional agriculture, to towns and camps in other areas of Iraq or to Iranian refugee camps. Only 1,600 of them were estimated to still be living on traditional "dibins" by 2003. The western Hammar Marshes and the Qurnah or Central Marshes had become completely desiccated, while the eastern Hawizeh Marshes had dramatically shrunk. The Marsh Arabs, who numbered about half a million in the 1950s, have dwindled to as few as 20,000 in Iraq, according to the United Nations. As of 2003, an estimated 80,000 to 120,000 have fled to refugee camps in Iran. However, following the Multi-National Force overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime, water flow to the marshes was restored and the ecosystem has begun to recover, and many have returned to their native lands.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Observer Middle East correspondent Shyam Bhatia who spent two weeks with the Marsh Arabs in 1993 wrote the first eyewitness account of Iraqi army tactics at the time of draining the marshes, bombing Marsh villages and then sowing mines in the water before retreating. Bhatia's extensive reportage won him the title of International Reporter of the Year, although exclusive film footage of the time he spent in the area has never been projected.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: With the breaching of dikes by local communities subsequent to the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four-year drought that same year, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50% of 1970s levels, with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Efforts to restore the marshes have led to signs of their gradual revivification as water is restored to the former desert, but the whole ecosystem may take far longer to restore than it took to destroy. Only a few thousand of the nearly half million Marsh Arabs remain in the area in Maysan Governorate, Dhi Qar Governorate and Basra Governorate. Most of the rest that can be accounted for are refugees living in other Shi'i areas in Iraq, or have emigrated to Iran, and many do not wish to return to their former home and lifestyle, which despite its independence was characterised by extreme poverty and hardship. A report by the United States Agency for International Development noted that while some Maʻdān had chosen to return to their traditional activities in the marshes, especially the Hammar Marshes, within a short time of reflooding, they were without clean drinking water, sanitation, health care or education facilities. In addition, it is still uncertain if the marshes will completely recover, given increased levels of water extraction from the Tigris and Euphrates.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Many of the resettled Marsh Arabs have gained representation through the Hezbollah Movement in Iraq; others have become followers of Muqtada al-Sadr's movement, through which they gained political control of Maysan Governorate. Political instability and local feuds, aggravated by the poverty of the dispossessed Marsh Arab population, remain a serious problem. Rory Stewart observed that throughout history, the Maʻdān were the pawn of many rulers and became expert dissimulators. The tribal chiefs are outwardly submissive and work with the coalition and Iraqi officials. Behind the scenes, the tribes engage in smuggling and other activities.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Pietro Della Valle (1586–1652) is cited in Gavin Young's "Return to the Marshes" as the earliest modern traveler to write about Mesopotamia and probably the first to introduce the word "Madi", which he spelled "Maedi," to the Western world.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Young also mentions George Keppel, 6th Earl of Albemarle (1799–1891) as having spent time with the Madan in 1824 and reported in detail on the marsh inhabitants. Of the men Keppel wrote, "The Arab boatmen were as hardy and muscular-looking fellows as ever I saw. One loose brown shirt, of the coarseness of sack-cloth, was the only covering of the latter. This, when labour required it, was thrown aside, and discovered forms most admirably adapted to their laborious avocations; indeed, any of the boatmen would have made an excellent model for an Hercules; and one in particular, with uncombed hair and shaggy beard, struck us all with the resemblance he bore to statues of that deity." Of the women Keppel observed, "They came to our boat with the frankness of innocence and there was a freedom in their manners, bordering perhaps on the masculine; nevertheless their fine features and well-turned limbs produced a "tout ensemble" of beauty, not to be surpassed perhaps in the brilliant assemblies of civilized life."


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Another account of the Maʻdān in English was jointly published in 1927 by a British colonial administrator, Stuart Edwin Hedgecock, and his wife. Gertrude Bell also visited the area. T. E. Lawrence passed through in 1916, stopping at Basra and Ezra's Tomb (Al-Azair), and recorded that the Marsh Arabs were "wonderfully hard [...] but merry, and full of talk. They are in the water all their lives, and seem hardly to notice it."


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The way of life of the Marsh Arabs was later described by the explorer Wilfred Thesiger in his classic "The Marsh Arabs" (1964). Thesiger lived with the Marsh Arabs for months at a time over a seven-year period (1951–1958), building excellent relationships with virtually all he met, and recording the details of day-to-day life in various regions of the marshes. Many of the areas that he visited have since been drained. Gavin Maxwell, the Scottish naturalist, travelled with Thesiger through the marshes in 1956 and published an account of their travels in his 1957 book "A Reed Shaken by the Wind" (later republished under the title "People of the Reeds"). The journalist and travel writer Gavin Young followed in Thesiger's footsteps, writing "Return to the Marshes: Life with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq" (1977; reissued 2009).


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The first extensive scholarly ethnographic account of Marsh Arab life was "Marsh Dwellers of the Euphrates Delta" (1962), by Iraqi anthropologist S. M. Salim. An ethnoarchaeological study of the material culture of the Marsh Arabs has been published by Edward L. Ochsenschlager: "Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden" (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2004).


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Rory Stewart described the Marsh Arabs and his experiences as deputy governor in the Maysan province (2003–2004) in his 2006 book, "The Prince of the Marshes" (also published under the title "Occupational Hazards").


title: Marsh Arabs

text: In 2011, Sam Kubba published "The Iraqi Marshlands and the Marsh Arabs: The Ma'dan, Their Culture and the Environment". The Iraqi Marshlands and the Marsh Arabs details the rich cultural legacy and lifestyle that survives today only as a fragmented cultural inheritance.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: In German, there are Sigrid Westphal-Hellbusch und Heinz Westphal, "Die Ma'dan: Kultur und Geschichte der Marschenbewohner im Süd-Iraq" (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1962). Sigrid Westphal Hellbusch and her husband Heinz Westphal wrote a comprehensive study on the Madan based on research and observation obtained while living with Madan tribes. These observations outline how the Madan diverge from other Shia communities.


title: Jean Jacques Machado

text: Jean Jacques Machado (born February 12, 1968) is a Brazilian Jiu jitsu practitioner. He is one of the five Machado brothers (Carlos, Roger, Rigan and John). Machado is nephew of BJJ co-founder and Grandmaster Carlos Gracie, and learned the martial art from an early age. He is married to Jaqueline Machado. They married on September 29, 1988 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil, they have two daughters, Jullie and Camilla.


title: Jean Jacques Machado

text: Machado is known for his grappling skills having won ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships in his weight division plus a runner up in the open division in 2001.


title: Jean Jacques Machado

text: Machado was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and suffered birth defects resulting from amniotic band syndrome, which left him with only the thumb and the little finger on his left hand. Despite this congenital problem, which directly affects the skill of gripping, he began his Jiu-Jitsu training over thirty years ago and dominated the competitive arena of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in his native country, capturing every major title and competition award from 1982 through 1992.


title: Jean Jacques Machado

text: On June 6, 2011 in a private ceremony held at the Rickson Gracie Academy in West Los Angeles, Machado was promoted to a 7th degree red-and-black belt. This prestigious promotion is in recognition of Machado's 25 years as a black belt instructor, competitor and champion.


title: Jean Jacques Machado

text: Jigoro Kano → Tomita Tsunejirō → Mitsuyo Maeda → Carlos Gracie Sr. → Hélio Gracie -> Rickson Gracie → Jean Jacques Machado


title: Garri

text: In West Africa, garri (also known as gari, galli, or "gali)" is the flour of the fresh starchy cassava root.


title: Garri

text: In the Hausa language, "garri" can also refer to the flour of guinea corn, maize, rice, yam, plantain and millet. For example, "garin dawa" is processed from guinea corn, "garin masara" and "garin alkama" originate from maize and wheat respectively, while "garin magani" is a powdery medicine.


title: Garri

text: Starchy flours mixed with cold or boiled water form a major part of the diet in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Guinea, Cameroon and Liberia.


title: Garri

text: Garri is similar to farofa of Brazil, used in many food preparations and recipes, particularly in the state of Bahia.


title: Garri

text: To make "garri" flour, cassava tubers are peeled, washed and grated or crushed to produce a mash. The mash can be mixed with palm oil and placed in a porous bag, which is then placed in an adjustable press machine for 1–3 hours to remove excess water. Once dried, it is then sieved and fried in a large clay frying pot with or without palm oil. The resulting dry granular garri can be stored for long periods. It may be pounded or ground to make a fine flour. "Garri" comes in various consistencies, including rough, medium and smooth, which are used to prepare different foods.


title: Garri

text: "Eba" is a stiff dough made by soaking "garri" in hot water and kneading it with a wooden baton until it becomes a smooth doughy staple. It is served as part of a meal with soups and sauces. Some of these include okra soup, "egusi" soup, vegetable soup, "afang" soup, "banga" soup and bitter leaf soup. Similar starchy doughs are found as staples in other African cuisines.


title: Garri

text: "Kokoro" is a Nigerian snack food common in southern and southeast Nigeria, especially Abia State, Rivers State, Anambra State, Enugu State and Imo State. It is made from a paste of maize flour, mixed with "garri" and sugar and deep-fried.


title: Garri

text: As a snack, cereal, or light meal, "garri" can be soaked in cold water (in which case it settles to the bottom), mixed with sugar or honey, and sometimes roasted peanuts and/or evaporated milk, also known as garri soakings. The amount of water needed for soaked "garri" is 3:1. "Garri" can also be eaten dry with sugar and roasted peanut. Other ingredients include coconut chunks, tiger nut milk, and cashews.


title: Garri

text: In Liberia, "garri" is used to make a dessert called "kanyan" which is combined with peanuts and honey.


title: Garri

text: In its dry form, "garri" is used as an accompaniment for soft cooked beans and palm oil. This food mix is called "yoo ke garri," or "garri-fɔtɔ"/"galli-fɔtɔ" (crushed garri) in the Ga language of Ghana and the dialect of southern Togo and Benin. This type of garri is a mixture of moistened garri kneaded with a thickened tomato paste, oil, salt, seasonings. Yoo ke garri is garri with beans, which is typically eaten as lunch. It is also eaten with bean cake in Nigeria.


title: Garri

text: Smooth "garri" (known as "lebu" to the Yoruba) can be mixed with pepper and other spicy ingredients. A small amount of warm water and palm oil is added and softened by hand. This type of "garri" is served with fried fish. It is served with frejon on Good Friday.


title: Garri

text: In West Africa, two types of garri include white and yellow garri"." Yellow "garri" is prepared by adding palm oil just before the fermenting stage of the cassava mash. Alternatively, it can be made using the yellow-fleshed breed of cassava. White garri on the other hand is fried without palm oil.


title: Garri

text: Variations of yellow and white "garri" are common across Nigeria and Cameroon. One variation of white "garri" is popularly known as "garri-Ijebu". This is produced mainly by the Yoruba people of Ijebu in Nigeria.


title: Garri

text: In Ghana, "garri" is classified by taste and grain size. The sweeter types with finer grains are more valued over sourer, large grain varieties. Commercial food vendors prefer coarser grains with high starch content, as this produces a greater yield when soaked in water.


title: The Sandlot 2

text: The Sandlot 2 (also known as The Sandlot 2: The Sandlot Continues and The Sandlot Kids 2 in some territories) is a 2005 American sports comedy film directed and narrated by David Mickey Evans. It is a direct-to-DVD sequel to "The Sandlot" and followed by another sequel two years later, "".


title: The Sandlot 2

text: In a flashback back to 1962, Benny becomes Benny "the Jet" Rodriguez. The story shifts to 1972, ten years after the events of "The Sandlot". A new crop of five kids now reside in San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles and play baseball at the Sandlot. Johnnie Smalls (James Willson), the little brother of Scott Smalls, has heard the legend of a ferocious dog he calls "The Great Fear", that is one of The Beast’s offspring and is owned by Mr. Mertle, who lives behind the Sandlot. David Durango (Max Lloyd-Jones) becomes the leader of the team which consists of Tarquell (Neilen Benvegnu), Mac (Brett Kelly), Saul (Cole Evan Weiss) and his little brother, Sammy (Sean Berdy), referred to as "Fingers", because he is deaf. Behind the Sandlot, the Goodfairer family lives next to Mr. Mertle.


title: The Sandlot 2

text: Hayley Goodfairer (Samantha Burton), and her two friends, Jenny (McKenzie Freemantle) and Penny (Jessica King), compete with the boys over sharing the Sandlot. When the girls refuse to leave, Johnnie suggests sharing it. All but David agree. The girls are actually amazing softball players, and Johnnie asks them to join their team. The kids play a game with a little league team led by David’s rival Singleton (Reece Thompson) to determine who gets the Sandlot. When Singleton purposely hits Hayley, David punches him in retaliation and forces him and his team to permanently vacate the Sandlot.


title: The Sandlot 2

text: Mac hits the ball over the junk wall with his new aluminum bat he got as a birthday present. As the group is about to go through a hole in the fence to retrieve it, Johnnie stops them and tells them the story of "The Great Fear”. He says there was a boy who loved the comic book hero, Rapid Rocket, and believed he could run as fast. One day, he walked past Mr. Mertle's house. Mertle had forgotten to lock the backyard gate. The Great Fear got out and chased the boy. It is unknown what happened to the boy, but soon after, Mertle built a wall of assorted junk to keep his dog in. If anything went over the fence, nothing came out.


title: The Sandlot 2

text: Johnnie accidentally launches a model Space Shuttle that was built by Hayley's NASA engineer father. It lands in Mr. Mertle's back yard, and Hayley and the others frantically think of ways to retrieve it. They hire a boy called the "Retriever", though he fails to get it and goes home. Like Benny Rodriguez from the first movie, David decides to go over the wall to retrieve the model. Here it is revealed that the little boy who was bitten by "The Great Fear" in the story was David. He retrieves the space shuttle and escapes unscathed. The Sandlot kids soon discover (just like The Beast did) that The Great Fear has gotten loose. David hops on his bike and is chased by the Great Fear. David rides through a construction site, then gets off his bike and runs back to the sandlot.


title: The Sandlot 2

text: David hops over the junk wall back to Mr. Mertle's yard and falls through the tunnel that Mac used while trying to get the shuttle back. The dog knocks over the wall and saves David from suffocating. When David defeats the dog, Mr. Mertle appears, describing the situation to be like that of ten years ago when a similar ordeal happened with the characters in the first movie. It is revealed that the dog's real name is Goliath. The kids eventually realize that Goliath only wanted to get out so he could visit a neighboring female dog. As the kids depart, Hayley and David share a kiss. Mr. Mertle, tired of kids thinking he is grouchy, will not build a new fence. The kids grow up and part ways. Hayley and David meet again as adults and get married.


title: The Sandlot 2

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it currently holds a 40% "rotten" rating based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10.


title: Untitled Charlie Day film

text: A currently untitled comedy film written and directed by Charlie Day is in post-production. The film stars Day, Kate Beckinsale, Jason Sudeikis, Edie Falco, John Malkovich, Jillian Bell, Ray Liotta in one of his final screen appearances, Ken Jeong, Adrien Brody and Travis Fimmel.


title: Untitled Charlie Day film

text: It was announced in September 2018 that Charlie Day was set to make his directorial debut on the film, titled "El Tonto", in addition to writing and starring in it. The additions of Kate Beckinsale, Jason Sudeikis, Edie Falco, John Malkovich and Jillian Bell to the cast was announced the following month. In October 2018, Ray Liotta, Ken Jeong, Adrien Brody, Randy Orton, Travis Fimmel, Dean Norris and Edy Ganem were added to the cast. In November 2018, it was announced that Katherine McNamara, Common, Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Glenn Howerton had joined the cast.


title: Untitled Charlie Day film

text: Principal photography began in October 2018 in Los Angeles. In February 2022, Day revealed in an interview that the film had undergone a week of reshoots in December 2021 with Jeong, Brody, Beckinsale, and Liotta after he wrote an additional 27 pages to the screenplay based on the advice of filmmaker Guillermo del Toro, who also suggested the original title of the film be discarded.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The South Korean government, under the regime of Park Chung-hee, took an active role in the Vietnam War. From September 1964 to March 1973, South Korea sent some 350,000 troops to South Vietnam. The South Korean Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force all participated as an ally of the United States. The number of troops from South Korea was much greater than those from Australia and New Zealand, and second only to the U.S. military force for foreign troops located in South Vietnam. The military commander was Lieutenant General Chae Myung-shin of the South Korean army.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: President Lyndon Johnson made a formal request to South Korea for noncombatant troops on May 1, 1964; South Korea had been offering military assistance in 1954, beginning a year after the Korean Armistice Agreement. President Dwight D. Eisenhower rejected the previous offers because American public opinion would not support an American military presence in South Korea if the South Korean troops were fighting in Vietnam. President John F. Kennedy rejected the previous offers because he hoped for the situation in Vietnam would not deteriorate to the point that South Korean troops were needed. President Johnson, in contrast, adopted foreign participation in the war as a key component in the American strategy for Vietnam.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Eventually, a request for coalition partners by MACV under the Many Flags campaigns was made, and South Korea joined the war. South Korea would make up the second largest force in the ten member coalition after the United States.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: From a state level, South Korea's decision to join resulted from various underlying causes, including the development of US-South Korea relations, political exigencies, and the promise of economic aid from the United States. On the individual level, Korean soldiers saw themselves as repaying the sacrifices Americans had made during the Korean War. Many also saw an economic opportunity for combat pay and took on service to support their families.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The first Korean units arrived in February 1965, in a brigade group known as Dove Force. These included engineers, a medical unit, military police, a navy LST, liaison staff, and other support personnel. Dove Force was deployed to the Biên Hòa region of South Vietnam, and helped build schools, roads and bridges. Medical teams are reported to have treated over 30,000 South Vietnamese civilians. The civilian operations in the early southern part of the campaign are reported to have had some success. In addition to combat and non-combat forces, South Korea had sent around 100,000 civilian workers to South Vietnam, employed in technical and civilian tasks.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: In 1966 Korean combat forces were deployed to the Tuy Hòa valley and taking over security operations, where there was some positive evaluations of ROK's operational capability. They are alleged to have inflicted 24 to 1 casualties during one operation in 1966.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: At the start of the Tet Offensive they were transferred to the Da Nang and Quảng Nam Province region.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: State Department reports that though they were seen as effective in combat in the initial years, had withdrawn to the coast and were reluctant to undertake offensive operations. A passive role was not limited to just the Koreans; other armies including ANZAC and US forces were also kept at minimal combat following the Tet Offensive. Part of the reason for this was the US announcement of withdrawal following political failures revealed by Tet, which caused the Korean military to lose reason, the Korean military's assessment received favourable reviews in the beginning and was passive in the second half. The withdrawal process had negatively impacted Korean-US relations, despite economic benefits gained, with Nixon and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird considering simultaneous withdrawal from both Korea and Vietnam.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: In 1969 the South Korean army accounted for 9% of the foreign troops stationed in South Vietnam (US Army 475,200, ROK Army 49,755); by the end of 1972, they comprised 60.5% of foreign troops (US Army 24,200, ROK Army 37,438). US Marine Aviation assets that supported the Blue Dragon troops withdrew completely in May 1971 while the combat role of Korean troops continued. As Vietnamization progressed the U.S, had to consider keeping support units in South Vietnam to support the two ROK Divisions. Around the time of the Battle of An Khe Pass, ROK forces had more limited air-support, but remained until 1973 when all foreign troops withdrew due to the Paris Peace Accords. The U.S. considered convincing the South Korean government to keep one of the divisions in South Vietnam into 1974 given the slow progress of development of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) units in the area.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: American war planners are alleged to have leaned heavily on ROK forces, given their ability to carry out missions with considerable success. Koreans often outperformed other allied forces in Vietnam in lethality, organization, and professionalism. Other commanders were more critical and stated "Koreans made excessive demands for choppers and artillery support and that they stood down for too long after an operation.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: As a component of the joint-service MACV, the South Korean Marines had a great deal of interaction with American Marines.  While the Vietnam War constituted the first military action on foreign soil for the South Korean marines since their formation, they claimed to have proven themselves to be highly skilled and capable warriors. All of the Blue Dragon Brigade's officers were trained in Quantico, Virginia or San Diego, California by the U.S. Marine Corps. In the Vietnam War, South Korean marines lacked organic aviation assets and American ANGLICO Marines were typically embedded within every South Korean company to coordinate fires, close air support, medevac, and resupply.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Overall, assessments of the ROK military vary greatly over time. The tactics of the ROK military changed from defensive and passive tactics including the establishment of siege-like bases, unlike aggressive tactics prior to the Tet Offensive. This passivity became even worse since the US 7th Division withdrew from South Korea. Since one of the reasons for participation was due to fears of US withdrawal from South Korea, when the United States was planning on reducing the number of US troops on the Korean Peninsula later on, public opinion and government opinion declined, and they became less willing to participate. Other U.S. data generally positively assess the military activities of the Korean military.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Non-combat and civilian support operation in the southern areas were well received. The South Korean military emphasized active support for civilians. During the Vietnam War, the South Korean military provided 3,353,364 public health services, 1,640 tons of food, 461,764 points of clothing, 6,406 farm tools, and 3,319 bridges This hearts and minds campaign received positive reporting.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: South Koreans tried to support the cooperative civilians around the base, but the civilians in the town where Viet Cong was active were seen by Koreans as enemies, not civilians. This was particularly noticeable in the northern areas where the Vietcong was very active. In other cases the Korean military and in particular engineering, medical and construction units has put a great deal of effort into helping the people.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The U.S. paid for the financial costs associated with South Korean troops in Vietnam; promised not to withdraw American troops from South Korea without prior consultation with the South Korean government; helped modernize the South Korean army; provided substantial military aid to South Korea; and gave economic aid to South Korea, including a $150 million development loan. The average salary for Korean servicemen in Vietnam was $37.50 per month, higher than the base pay of $1.60 per month back home although much of it was taken by the South Korean government. The economic aid South Korea received from the U.S. was used to fund South Korea's industrialization efforts. For some of South Korea's largest conglomerates, they can attribute their subsequent success and growth to the lucrative business contracts awarded to them by the U.S. military. The total cost to the United States of paying for Korean participation was "peanuts compared to what it would be for a comparable number of Americans," but those payments are estimated to account for 4 percent of the GNP in 1967 and totalling more than one billion dollars.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The wartime alliance between the U.S. and South Korea stabilized Park Chung-hee’s regime, creating both short- and long-term effects for South Korea. South Korea’s economic success deterred the appeal and threat of communism domestically, furthering the stability of Park’s rule. Park took advantage of the alliance and used it to implement authoritarian policies in South Korea. He arrested his opposition, implemented martial law, and amended the constitution to allow himself to serve a third presidential term, bolstering the power of his regime. The U.S. tolerated his undemocratic policies to ensure the stability of South Korea.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Under the wartime alliance, the South Korean economy flourished, receiving tens of billions of dollars in grants, loans, subsidies, technology transfers, and preferential economic treatment.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Because of the alliances the U.S. had with Japan and South Korea, the U.S. played an important role in normalizing relations between South Korea and Japan, which brought long-lasting economic benefits to South Korea, receiving financial support from Japan and access to the Japanese economy.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The Korean government refused to provide additional compensation for their war veterans by establishing a "no duplicate reward" in the Constitution. Korean victims of Agent Orange have also not received compensation from the Korean government.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: There are allegations of missing POWs from Korea. A total of 320,000 troops have been deployed, but only eight people have been officially recognized by the Korean government so far as missing in action. There are suspicions that the South Korean government intentionally ignored South Korean POWs captured by the North Vietnamese. It was believed that some of them were forcibly sent to North Korea, with the South Korean government concluding that at least two captured soldiers had been moved there, being forced to deliver speeches on North Korean Radio.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Various civilian groups have accused the South Korean military of war crimes, while the Korean Ministry of Defense has denied all such accusations.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Korean forces are alleged to have perpetrated the Binh Tai, Bình An/Tây Vinh, Bình Hòa, and Hà My massacres. Further incidents are alleged to have occurred in the villages of An Linh and Vinh Xuan in Phú Yên Province.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: In 1972, Vietnamese-speaking American Friends Service Committee members Diane and Michael Jones looked at where Korean forces operated in Quảng Ngãi and Quảng Nam Provinces and alleged they had conducted 45 massacres, including 13 in which over 20 unarmed civilians were purportedly killed. The Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre is confirmed to have taken place within these two provinces. A separate refugee study by RAND employee Terry Rambo, reported in a 1970 "New York Times" story, conducted interviews in early to mid 1966 in Phu Yen Province which confirmed that widespread atrocities had occurred. These included systemic mass-killings and deliberate policies to massacre civilians, with murders running into the hundreds.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The Associated Press (AP) in April 2000 investigated the purported Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre and stated that it "was unable to independently confirm their [the Vietnamese victims'] claims" and "an additional 653 civilians were allegedly killed the same year by South Korean troops in neighboring Quang Ngai and Phu Yen provinces, according to provincial and local officials interviewed by the AP on a trip the government took two months to approve. As is routine with foreign reporters, several government escorts accompanied the AP staff. The AP was unable to search for documents that would back up the officials' allegations". The AP wrote that "neither the Pentagon nor the South Korean Defense Ministry would comment on the allegations or offer independent confirmation". A Reuters story from January 2000 stated that:


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: When Korean forces were deployed to I Corps in 1968, U.S. Marine General Rathvon M. Tompkins stated that "whenever the Korean Marines received fire or think [they got] fired on from a village... they'd divert from their march and go over and completely level the village. It would be a lesson to [the Vietnamese]". General Robert E. Cushman Jr. stated several years later that "we had a big problem with atrocities committed by them which I sent down to Saigon." presumably in reference to the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Koreans have claimed that atrocities committed by their forces stemmed from orders by Park Chung-hee to minimise casualties through practices such as hostage-taking. Furthermore, the brutality of South Korean measures was due to many officers being Japanese-trained and implementing the same doctrines during the Korean War.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Punishment for some war crimes did occur. The Korean Army responded to the case of General Seo Kyung-seok, decorated for winning a victory but found to have beaten a prisoner, by revoking his award.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Atrocities first reported in the 1990s by Ku Su-jeong had shocked Korean society. These reports came just as the newly democratized South Korea was facing pressures from civic groups to recognize the mass killings of South Korean civilians by ROK forces during the Korean War such as the Bodo League massacres. Further testimonies and extensive accounts in the South Korean media emerged from South Korean Vietnam War veterans, and have caused considerable debate and re-assessment within South Korea about its role in the conflict. Korean civil groups have discussed the issue considerably, and calls have been made for a Korean inquiry, in line with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on massacres committed by government forces during the Korean War, known as the People's Tribunal on War Crimes by South Korean Troops during the Vietnam War.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: South Korean civic groups have created a statue on Jeju Island dedicated to Vietnam War victims at a site commemorating victims of the Jeju uprising.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The issue of war crimes has not been an aspect of foreign relations between the governments of Korea and Vietnam both when the countries were opening up relations and to the present day, unlike the role historical issues have played in Korean-Japanese relations. Much of this issue is instead driven by civic groups in both countries. In April 2020, a survivor of the Phong Nhi massacre alongside the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation filed a civil lawsuit in the court of South Korea against the Korean government in an effort to have a fact-finding mission convened. The Korean Defense Ministry in its response has stated that its own records do not support allegations of the lawsuit, and has called for a joint investigation by the Korean and Vietnamese governments. Survivors of the Phong Nhi massacre have also traveled to South Korea to give accounts of events to various groups.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: Apologetic statements from President Kim Dae-jung and Moon Jae-in have been given, short of a full public apology. Apologies for war crimes has become a political issue within South Korean politics, as President Moon Jae-in had planned on making a unilateral official apology but stopped short due to widespread opposition from prominent conservatives within South Korea. The recent political interest in South Korea for an official apology is contextualized within the ongoing trade war and diplomatic rifts between Japan and Korea over a South Korean court having ordered compensation for forced labor from a Japanese company.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The issue is rarely acknowledged or discussed by the Vietnamese government or state-controlled media following normalization of relations, though in a rare statement the Vietnamese government did oppose the "commemoration of mercenaries" when South Korean President Moon Jae-in honoured the 50th Anniversary of South Korean servicemen who had fought in South Vietnam on South Korea's Memorial Day in 2017.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: The issue around children conceived through wartime affairs and rape known as Lai Dai Han remains, like controversies around comfort women. Civic groups in Vietnam have campaigned for recognition of the issue and an apology by the Korean government. Most were ostracised and neglected by Vietnamese society following the war. Lai Dai Han and their families faced mistreatment following North Vietnam's victory for allegedly siding with opposing forces, including one rape victim's father being beaten to death by the communist regime shortly after the war ended. Both the Korean and Vietnamese governments have sidelined or ignored this issue, and requests by the BBC to make a documentary was turned down by the Vietnamese government.


title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text: In 2020 TV drama "It's Okay to Not Be Okay", the PTSD patient and veteran named Gan Pil-ong was depicted. He expressed his remorse for obeying his superior's orders to massacre innocent Vietnamese children.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The Kickapoo people (Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi; ) are an Algonquian-speaking Native American and Indigenous Mexican tribe, originating in the region south of the Great Lakes. Today, three federally recognized Kickapoo tribes are in the United States: the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. The Oklahoma and Texas bands are politically associated with each other. The Kickapoo in Kansas came from a relocation from southern Missouri in 1832 as a land exchange from their reserve there. Around 3,000 people are enrolled tribal members.


title: Kickapoo people

text: Another band, the Tribu Kikapú, resides in Múzquiz Municipality in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. Smaller bands live in Sonora, to the west, and Durango, to the southwest.


title: Kickapoo people

text: According to some sources, the name "Kickapoo" ("Giiwigaabaw" in the Anishinaabe language and its Kickapoo cognate "Kiwikapawa") means "stands here and there," which may have referred to the tribe's migratory patterns. The name can also mean "wanderer". This interpretation is contested and generally believed to be a folk etymology.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The Kickapoo are an Algonquian-language people who likely migrated to or developed as a people in a large territory along the southern Wabash River in the area of modern Terre Haute, Indiana, where they were located at the time of first contact with Europeans in the 1600s. They were confederated with the larger Wabash Confederacy, which included the Piankeshaw and the Wea to their north, and the powerful Miami Tribe, to their east. A subgroup occupied the Upper Iowa River region in what was later known as northeast Iowa and the Root River region in southeast Minnesota in the late 1600s and early 1700s. This group was probably known by the clan name "Mahouea", derived from the Illinoian word for wolf, "m'hwea".


title: Kickapoo people

text: The earliest European contact with the Kickapoo tribe occurred during the La Salle Expeditions into Illinois Country in the late 17th century. The French colonists set up remote fur trading posts throughout the region, including on the Wabash River. They typically set up posts at or near Native American villages. Terre Haute was founded as an associated French village. The Kickapoo had to contend with a changing cast of Europeans; the British defeated the French in the Seven Years' War and took over nominal rule of former French territory east of the Mississippi River after 1763. They increased their own trading with the Kickapoo.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The United States acquired the territory east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River after it gained independence from the United Kingdom. As white settlers moved into the region from the United States' eastern areas, beginning in the early 19th century, the Kickapoo were under pressure. They negotiated with the United States over their territory in several treaties, including the Treaty of Vincennes, the Treaty of Grouseland, and the Treaty of Fort Wayne. They sold most of their lands to the United States and moved north to settle among the Wea.


title: Kickapoo people

text: Rising tensions between the regional tribes and the United States led to Tecumseh's War in 1811. The Kickapoo were among the closest allies of Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Many Kickapoo warriors participated in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the subsequent War of 1812 on the side of the British, hoping to expel the white American settlers from the region.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The 1819 treaty of Edwardsville saw the Kickapoo cede the entirety of their holdings in Illinois comprising nearly one-half area of the state, in exchange for a smaller tract on the Osage river in Missouri and $3,000 worth of goods. The Kickapoo were not eager to move, partly as their assigned tract in Missouri was made of rugged hills and already occupied by the Osage, who were their hereditary enemies. Instead, half of the population traveled south and crossed onto the Spanish side of the Red river in modern day Texas. The US government quickly mobilized to prevent this emigration and force their removal to Missouri. This remnant of Kickapoo remained in Illinois under the guidance of Kennekuk, a prominent, nonviolent spiritual leader among the Kickapoo. He led his followers during the Indian Removal in the 1830s to their current tribal lands in Kansas. He died there of smallpox in 1852.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The close of the war led to a change of federal Indian policy in the Indiana Territory, and later the state of Indiana. White American leaders began to advocate the removal of tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River, to extinguish their claims to lands wanted by white American settlers. The Kickapoo were among the first tribes to leave Indiana under this program. They accepted land in Kansas and an annual subsidy in exchange for leaving the state.


title: Kickapoo people

text: Kickapoo is dialect of the Fox language closely related to dialects spoken by the Sauk people and Meskwaki people. They are classified with the Central Algonquian languages, and are also related to the Illinois Confederation.


title: Kickapoo people

text: In 1985, the Kickapoo Nation's School in Horton, Kansas, began a language-immersion program for elementary school grades to revive teaching and use of the Kickapoo language in kindergarten through grade 6. Efforts in language education continue at most Kickapoo sites.


title: Kickapoo people

text: In 2010, the Head Start Program at the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas reservation, which teaches the Kickapoo language, became "the first Native American school to earn Texas School Ready! (TSR) Project certification."


title: Kickapoo people

text: Also in 2010, Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia participated in the elaboration of a Kickapoo alphabet. The Kickapoo in Mexico are known for their whistled speech.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The Kickapoo language and members of the Kickapoo tribe were featured in the movie "The Only Good Indian" (2009), directed by Greg Wilmott and starring Wes Studi. This was a fictionalized account of Native American children forced to attend an Indian boarding school, where they were forced to speak English and give up their cultural practices.


title: Kickapoo people

text: A Kickapoo alphabet was developed by Paul Voorhis in 1974 and was revised in 1981. A new orthography is used by the Kickapoo Language Development Program in Oklahoma.


title: Kickapoo people

text: Three federally recognized Kickapoo communities are in the United States in Kansas, Texas, and Oklahoma. The Mexican Kickapoo are closely tied to the Texas and Oklahoma communities. These groups migrate annually among the three locations to maintain connections. Indeed, the Texas and Mexican branches are the same cross-border nation, called Kickapoo of Coahuila/Texas


title: Kickapoo people

text: The tribe in Kansas was home to prophet Kenekuk, who was known for his astute leadership that allowed the small group to maintain their reservation. Kenekuk wanted to keep order among the tribe he was in, while living in Kansas. He also wanted to focus on keeping the identity of the Kickapoo people, because of all the relocations they had done.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The basis of Kenekuk's leadership began in the religious revivals of the 1820s and 1830s, with a blend of Protestantism and Catholicism. Kenekuk taught his tribesmen and white audiences to obey God's commands, for sinners were damned to the pits of hell. Once the Kickapoo people got relocated to Kansas they resisted the ideas of Protestantism and Catholicism and started focusing more on farming, so they could provide food for the rest of the tribe. After this had happened they remained together and claimed some of the original land that they had before it was taken by Americans.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas is located at in the northeastern part of the state in parts of three counties: Brown, Jackson, and Atchison. It has a land area of and a resident population of 4,419 as of the 2000 census. The largest community on the reservation is the city of Horton. The other communities are:


title: Kickapoo people

text: The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas is located at on the Rio Grande on the U.S.-Mexico border in western Maverick County, just south of the city of Ciudad Acuña, as part of the community of Rosita South. It has a land area of and a 2000 census population of 420 persons. The Texas Indian Commission officially recognized the tribe in 1977.


title: Kickapoo people

text: Other Kickapoo in Maverick County, Texas, constitute the "South Texas Subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma". That tribe formerly owned of non-reservation land in Maverick County, primarily to the north of Eagle Pass, but has sold most of it to a developer. It has an office in that city.


title: Kickapoo people

text: After being expelled from the Republic of Texas, many Kickapoo moved south to Mexico, but the population of two villages settled in Indian Territory. One village settled within the Chickasaw Nation and the other within the Muscogee Creek Nation. These Kickapoo were granted their own reservation in 1883 and became recognized as the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma.


title: Kickapoo people

text: The reservation was short-lived. In 1893 under the Dawes Act, their communal tribal lands were broken up and assigned to separate member households by allotments. The tribe's government was dismantled by the Curtis Act of 1898, which encouraged assimilation by Native Americans to the majority culture. Tribal members struggled under these conditions.


title: Kickapoo people

text: In the 1930s the federal and state governments encouraged tribes to reorganize their governments. This one formed the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma in 1936, under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act.


title: Kickapoo people

text: Today the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in McLoud, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in Oklahoma, Pottawatomie, and Lincoln counties. They have 2,719 enrolled tribal members.


title: Bleach: Hell Verse

text: The film was released in Japanese theatres on December 4, 2010 and in the United States dubbed in November. A prologue for the film, titled "Theatre Opening Commemoration! Hell Chapter: Prologue", was included in season 14 of the animation series and included in the regular TV Tokyo schedule, which aired on November 30, 2010. A promotional manga chapter, titled "Imaginary Number 01: The Unforgivens", was published showing Shuren confronting Szayel Aporro Granz and Aaroniero Arruruerie in Hell. Additionally, a promotional information book called "Bleach: Official Invitation Book The Hell Verse" was also released to commemorate the release of "Bleach: Hell Verse". The DVD was released on August 25, 2011 in Japan. The English dub was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2012 in the United States and on February 24, 2013 in the United Kingdom.


title: Bleach: Hell Verse

text: The film starts with a recap of the anime episodes in which Soul Reaper Ichigo Kurosaki's battle against one of his nemesis, Ulquiorra, and transforms into an incredibly powerful and uncontrollable Hollow. Some time later, Soul Reapers Rukia Kuchiki and Renji Abarai arrive in the human world to inspect a strange occurrence, though they remain vague about what. Shortly after, powerful masked spirits attack Ichigo and his friends at school. When the mask of one of the spirits breaks, the gates of Hell appear and a Kushanāda—one of the guardians of Hell—impales the unmasked spirit, dragging him into Hell. It is revealed that the masked spirits are Sinners and they hide their faces to avoid being dragged back to Hell. During the battle, Ichigo's two sisters, Karin and Yuzu are attacked by Shuren, the leader of the Sinners. Ichigo manages to return in time to attack Shuren, but is unable to defeat him. Kokutō, a Sinner not allied with Shuren, rescues Karin, but Shuren manages to depart with Yuzu. Kokutō offers to assist Ichigo by showing him the route into Hell, and Rukia, Renji, and Uryū Ishida decide to join the quest.


title: Bleach: Hell Verse

text: During a fight against Kushanāda, Ichigo's Hollow mask spontaneously manifests. Kokutō explains Hell brings out one's hidden powers and anyone killed in Hell will also get trapped. Kushanāda torture Sinners by consuming them; consumed spirits are eventually reborn at a lower level, after which they are again caught and consumed in a cycle which continues until their will is completely crushed and their remains turn to dust. Confronted by Shuren's minions, Rukia, Renji and Uryū fight while Ichigo and Kokutō move on to Shuren's lair, where Yuzu is held captive. Shuren orders Ichigo to destroy the gates of Hell, believing it will free the Sinners. Once Shuren's group is defeated, Kokutō reveals he tricked Shuren into luring Ichigo to Hell and wants to use Ichigo's Hollow powers to break the invisible chains which tie him to Hell. Kokutō then taunts Ichigo by revealing that Yuzu has become a Sinner, and cutting down Rukia, Uryū and Renji. Ichigo angrily transforms into his Hollow form and blasts Kokutō with a power that destroys most of the chains binding him to Hell and part of the gates of Hell. Renji breaks Ichigo's Hollow mask and activates a spell that teleports Ichigo and Yuzu out of Hell, leaving himself, Rukia and Uryū trapped.


title: Bleach: Hell Verse

text: The Soul Reapers arrive at the now-broken gates and begin repairs. Orihime Inoue—a human with healing powers—is brought to heal Yuzu, but even her powers are not enough to undo Hell's bindings. However, Yuzu later spontaneously recovers on her own. Using a Kushanāda attempting to exit the gates as a distraction, Ichigo returns and flies down to the deepest level of Hell, where Rukia has become a Sinner, while Renji and Uryū are rotting away. Ichigo fights Kokutō, while fighting off his Hollow side. Surprisingly, the Kushanāda become a Skull-Clad armor for Ichigo, who explains that Hell itself is asking him for help. Ichigo breaks everyone's chains, saving his friends, while binding Kokutō in more chains that drag him away into the depths of Hell. Despite Rukia's warning, Ichigo discards the armor and they are chased by the Kushanāda again. All four flee back from the finished and repaired gate before it vanishes, where they successfully jump out into the World of the Living and are caught by Orihime's shield, which safely lowers them to the ground.


title: Bleach: Hell Verse

text: In the post-credit scene, Yuzu is awake without remembering what happened to her. Relieved, Karin hugs her, ignoring Isshin, who just returned.


title: Bleach: Hell Verse

text: Shuren appears in the PSP video game "" as a downloadable content playable character, and Kokutō appears in the PS3 video game "" as a normal playable character.


title: Artemis 4

text: Artemis 4 (officially Artemis IV) is the fourth planned mission of NASA's Artemis program. The mission will launch four astronauts on a Space Launch System rocket and an Orion to the Lunar Gateway and the second lunar landing of the Artemis program.


title: Artemis 4

text: The main objective of the mission will be assembly of the Lunar Gateway. The mission will deliver the I-Hab habitat module, developed by the European Space Agency and the Japanese space agency JAXA, to the Gateway. The module will be docked with the first Gateway elements, the Power and Propulsion Element and Habitation and Logistics Outpost.


title: Artemis 4

text: The astronauts will then board a Starship HLS docked to the station and descend to the lunar surface for a multi-day mission.


title: Artemis 4

text: Artemis IV will also be the first flight of the Block 1B version of the Space Launch System, which will replace the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage used on the first three Artemis missions with the more powerful Exploration Upper Stage.


title: Artemis 4

text: ESA has indicated that their objective is that Artemis IV would be the first mission of an ESA astronaut to the Gateway.


title: Artemis 4

text: The Space Launch System is a super-heavy-lift launcher used to launch the Orion spacecraft from Earth to a trans-lunar orbit. This will be the first Artemis mission to use an SLS Block 1B rocket with an advanced Exploration Upper Stage for four upcoming missions until the proposed Artemis 9, which will use SLS Block 2 with advanced boosters.


title: Artemis 4

text: Orion is the crew transport vehicle used by all Artemis missions. It comprises the Orion Crew Module and the European Service Module and will transport the crew from Earth to the Gateway orbit, dock to the Gateway, deliver the I-Hab module to the Gateway, and return them back to Earth.


title: Artemis 4

text: Gateway is a small modular space station to be established in Near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) in late 2024. The first two Gateway elements (Power and Propulsion Element and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost) will launch together aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy and spend a year spiraling out to the near-rectilinear halo orbit around the moon prior to Artemis IV.


title: Artemis 4

text: Current Artemis IV mission plans call for use of the SpaceX Human Lander Sytem Option B configuration to support the lunar landing and return to Gateway phase of the mission.


title: Artemis 4

text: The heavier total mass of the SLS Block 1B vehicle requires use of the Mobile Launcher-2 ground support equipment. Current development schedules and challenges experienced by the ML-2 contractor team in the design and delivery of the system have placed this GSE on the critical path from a schedule perspective. Delays to ML-2 availability for use will delay launch of the SLS Block 1B variant. The NASA Office of Inspectior General (OIG) estimates the earliest that ML-2 will be available for Artemis IV is November 2026.


title: Turnera diffusa

text: Turnera diffusa, known as damiana, is a shrub native to southern Texas in the United States, Central America, Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. It belongs to the family Passifloraceae.


title: Turnera diffusa

text: Damiana is a relatively small, woody shrub that produces small, aromatic flowers. It blossoms in early to late summer and is followed by fruits that taste similar to figs. The shrub is said to have a strong spice-like odor somewhat like chamomile, due to the essential oils present in the plant.


title: Turnera diffusa

text: Damiana is an ingredient in a traditional Mexican liqueur, which is sometimes used in lieu of triple sec in margaritas. Mexican folklore claims that it was used in the "original" margarita. The damiana margarita is popular in the Los Cabos region of Mexico.


title: Turnera diffusa

text: Damiana was included in several 19th-century patent medicines, such as Pemberton's French Wine Coca. The leaves were omitted from that product's non-alcoholic counterpart, Coca-Cola. In folklore, the plant was believed to be an aphrodisiac, hence its sometimes used binomial synonym, "Turnera aphrodisiaca".


title: Turnera diffusa

text: Damiana contains damianin; tetraphyllin B; gonzalitosin I; arbutin; tricosan-2-one; acacetin; p-cymene; β-sitosterol; 1,8-cineole; apigenin; α-pinene; β-carotene; β-pinene; tannins; thymol; and hexacosanol. In total, 22 flavonoids, maltol glucoside, phenolics, seven cyanogenic glycosides, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, the polyterpene ficaprenol-11, fatty acids, and caffeine have been found in the genus "Turnera". As of 2006, damiana's constituents have not been identified for their effects attributed to the whole herb. Damiana's anxiolytic properties might be due to apigenin. The extract from damiana has been found to suppress aromatase activity, including the isolated compounds pinocembrin and acacetin.


title: Turnera diffusa

text: Viable plant and seed material sold as "T. diffusa" from both private and commercial sources largely turns out to be misidentified "Turnera ulmifolia" (a.k.a. "False Damiana"), a closely related species. This widespread issue has been noted by the scientific community, and has created much confusion among both amateur and professional horticulturists alike. While "T. ulmifolia" is similar in appearance, its chemical constituents and ethnobotanical uses are distinctly different. Mature stems of "T. diffusa" are woody, with small, grayed green leaves 13 to 16 mm long, 4.5 to 5.5 mm wide, obtuse at the apex, and strongly aromatic when crushed. "T. ulmifolia" is differentiated by herbaceous stems, larger blue-green leaves that are strongly dentate with a pointed apex, and only weakly aromatic. One scientific study however, demonstrated this confusion being mostly associated with horticultural commerce, and does not extend appreciably to commercial herbal products, most of which exhibit constituents that can be definitively traced to "T. diffusa".


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: The Marauder is an armoured, mine-protected vehicle that is produced by Paramount Group in South Africa. It was launched during the 2007 International Defence Exhibition (IDEX) and Conference in Abu Dhabi, the largest arms exhibition in the Middle East.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: The Marauder was developed for reconnaissance and peacekeeping missions. It carries a crew of up to ten including the driver and commander.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: Designed to operate in urban, built-up, and confined areas, it is smaller in size and weight than the Matador, a similarly armored vehicle. Vehicle configuration is either 4x4 or a 6x6. The Marauder has a cruising speed of around , and a maximum range of .


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: The Marauder double monocoque hull provides protection against projectiles up to STANAG 4569 Level III for the crew compartment.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: The Marauder payload capacity allows for the fitting of various defense and weapons systems, including light and medium-caliber machine guns, cannon weapon installations, and missile launchers, as well as command-surveillance-control systems. The vehicle can be configured so mortars may be fired from the payload platform.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: In 2008, for the manufacturing and production of the Marauder, the Paramount Group entered into an agreement with the King Abdullah Design and Development Bureau (KADDB), Jordan's primary governmental military agency that develops and manufactures defence systems, and which serves as an independent technical advisor to the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF). As well as being a manufacturer, Jordan was the first customer for the Marauder.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: The Marauder is also manufactured in Azerbaijan by the Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan through a joint agreement with Paramount.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: Kazakhstan Engineering makes the Marauder under licence as the Arlan under the joint-venture Kazakhstan Paramount Engineering after their announcement in 2018. In the same year, they announced 70% of their radios and remote-control weapon-stations were local-made.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: The Marauder is manufactured in Singapore by ST Engineering in collaboration with Paramount and the Defence Science and Technology Agency. This was based on a 2012 agreement with Paramount to work together in manufacturing and marketing the vehicle.


title: Marauder (vehicle)

text: The variants made under the Belrex label consist of security, engineer, reconnaissance, logistics, fuel, medical, signal, maintenance, and ammunition & mortar carrier. The base platform comes in three basic crew compartment sizes: four, eight and ten.


title: Michael Potts (actor)

text: Michael Potts (born September 21, 1962) is an American actor. He is perhaps best known for playing the roles of Brother Mouzone in "The Wire", Mafala Hatimbi in the musical "The Book of Mormon", and Slow Drag in "Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom". He also played Detective Gilbough in the first season of "True Detective".


title: Pumpkin pie

text: Pumpkin pie is a dessert pie with a spiced, pumpkin-based custard filling. The pumpkin and pumpkin pie are both a symbol of harvest time, and pumpkin pie is generally eaten during the fall and early winter. In the United States and Canada it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving, Christmas, and other occasions when pumpkin is in season.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: The pie's filling ranges in color from orange to brown and is baked in a single pie shell, usually without a top crust. The pie is generally flavored with a spice mixture known as pumpkin pie spice, which is made using spices such as ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and allspice. The pie is usually prepared with canned pumpkin, but fresh-cooked pumpkin can be used.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: Pies made from pumpkins typically use pie pumpkins, also known as sugar pumpkins, which measure about in diameter, approximately the size of a large grapefruit. They are considerably smaller than the typically larger varieties used to carve jack o'lanterns, contain significantly less pulp, and have a less stringy texture. The flesh is cooked until soft and puréed before being blended with the other ingredients.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: The pulp is mixed with eggs, evaporated or sweetened condensed milk, sugar, and a spice mixture called pumpkin pie spice. This typically includes cinnamon, powdered ginger, nutmeg, and cloves. Allspice is also commonly used and can replace the clove and nutmeg, as its flavor is similar to both combined. Cardamom and vanilla are also sometimes used as batter spices. The pie is then baked in a pie shell and sometimes topped with whipped cream. Similar pies are made with butternut squash or sweet potato fillings.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: The pie is often made from canned pumpkin, which is prepared mainly from varieties of "Cucurbita pepo" and "Cucurbita maxima". Packaged pumpkin pie filling with spices included is also used. A December 1988 report by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found that canned pumpkin products sometimes have sweet squash mixed in with the pumpkin "to obtain the same texture that is well-liked by consumers."


title: Pumpkin pie

text: Many modern companies produce seasonal pumpkin-pie-flavored products such as candy, cheesecake, coffee, ice cream, french toast, waffles and pancakes, and many breweries produce a seasonal pumpkin ale or beer; these are generally not flavored with pumpkins, but rather pumpkin pie spices. Commercially made pumpkin pie mix is made from "Cucurbita pepo", "Cucurbita maxima" and "Cucurbita moschata". (Libby's pumpkin pie mix uses the Select Dickinson Pumpkin variety of "C. moschata" for its canned pumpkins.)


title: Pumpkin pie

text: The pumpkin is native to North America. The pumpkin was an early export to France; from there it was introduced to Tudor England, and the flesh of the "pompion" was quickly accepted as pie filling. During the seventeenth century, pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks, such as Hannah Woolley's "The Gentlewoman's Companion" (1675). Pumpkin "pies" made by early American colonists were more likely to be a savory soup made and served in a pumpkin than a sweet custard in a crust. Pumpkins were also stewed and made into ale by colonists. An early appearance of a more modern, custard-like pumpkin pie was in "American Cookery", a cookbook published in 1796. It used a sweet custard filling in a pie crust, with spices similar to the ones used today.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: It was not until the early nineteenth century that the recipes appeared in Canadian and American cookbooks or that pumpkin pie became a common addition to the Thanksgiving dinner. The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England, while the English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course. In the 19th century, the English pumpkin pie was prepared by stuffing the pumpkin with apples, spices, and sugar and then baking it whole. In the United States after the Civil War, the pumpkin pie was resisted in Southern states as a symbol of Yankee culture imposed on the South, where there was no tradition of eating pumpkin pie. Many Southern cooks instead made sweet potato pie, or added bourbon and pecans to give the pumpkin pie a Southern touch.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: Today, throughout much of Canada and the United States, it is traditional to serve pumpkin pie after Thanksgiving dinner.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: Pumpkin pies were discouraged from Thanksgiving dinners in the United States in 1947 as part of a voluntary egg rationing campaign promoted by the Truman Administration, mainly because of the eggs used in the recipe. This was a part of President Truman's Citizen's Food Committee task force, designed to ration food consumption in the United States in hopes to provide more foreign food assistance to Europe post World War II. Part of the campaign included an "Egg-less & Poultry-less Thursday", which began in October 1947, and with Thanksgiving Day always occurring on a Thursday, there was a considerable backlash among American consumers against this. Truman was true to his word, and no pumpkin pie was served at the White House for Thanksgiving in 1947.


title: Pumpkin pie

text: The world's largest pumpkin pie was made in New Bremen, Ohio, at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest on September 25, 2010. The pie consisted of of canned pumpkin, of evaporated milk, 2,796 eggs, of salt, of cinnamon, and of sugar. The final pie weighed and measured in diameter.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: Back Roads is a 2018 American drama film directed by Alex Pettyfer, in his directorial debut. The screenplay by Tawni O'Dell and Adrian Lyne was adapted from the best selling novel of the same name by Tawni O'Dell. Starring Alex Pettyfer, Jennifer Morrison, Nicola Peltz, Robert Patrick and Juliette Lewis, the film centers on a young man stuck in the Pennsylvania backwoods caring for his three younger sisters after his mother is arrested for murdering his father. It premiered at the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival and was released in selected theaters in the United States on December 7, 2018, by Samuel Goldwyn Films, and will also be released on video on demand and digital.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: After his mother (Juliette Lewis) is imprisoned for killing his abusive father, Harley Altmyer (Alex Pettyfer) is left to care for his three younger sisters in rural Pennsylvania.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: Harley forgoes his college education, working dead-end jobs to pay the bills and raise his siblings, including his rebellious, promiscuous and sexually-maniacally-abusive 16-year-old sister, Amber (Nicola Peltz).


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: Scarred by his past, Harley becomes infatuated with Callie Mercer (Jennifer Morrison), the older married woman who lives nearby. Things take a dangerous turn when they embark on an affair and shocking family secrets soon begin to emerge.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: As Harley's life spirals out of control, unspoken truths leading to a devastating conclusion come to the surface and threaten to consume him.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: In Back Roads, British actor Alex Pettyfer, (Magic Mike, Elvis & Nixon, The Strange Ones) makes his directorial debut, realizing a dream to direct and make the 1999 New York Times bestselling novel by author Tawni O’Dell into a film. He also plays the lead character of Harley, in a cast that includes Jennifer Morrison, Nicola Peltz, Chiara Aurelia, Hala Finley, June Carryl, with Robert Patrick and Juliette Lewis.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: The project has long compelled Pettyfer's interest. Nearly a decade ago, when the film was originally announced as an Adrian Lyne production, the actor auditioned for the role of Harley. “Unfortunately, it didn’t work out,” says Pettyfer, who was 18 or 19 at the time. But Pettyfer never lost hope for the movie. As his professional ambitions evolved, the possibility of making it a reality emerged with the formation of Upturn Productions, LLC.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: “Pettyfer and his producing partner Craig Robinson setup Upturn Productions in 2015 with the intent of securing literary works that could be made into film or television. Their first project secured was based on the life of Colombian drug lord, Griselda Blanco, which they developed with LBI Entertainment’s Julie Yorn and Patrick Walmsley, and secured a co-production with Jennifer Lopez and her producing partner Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas at Nuyorican Productions. The feature film project was picked up by HBO with Terence Winter attached to write and executive produce with Jennifer Lopez. Upturn went on to secure its next co-production with producer Michael Ohoven (The Human Stain, The Final Cut, Push, and Capote), who had controlled the rights to Back Roads for over ten years. After numerous attempts to secure a top tier director for the film in 2016, with Pettyfer as the lead, Robinson went back to his financiers of the film and convinced them to give Pettyfer an opportunity to direct Back Roads as his first film.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: Pettyfer and Robinson hadn’t taken on the project with the expectation of Pettyfer directing, it was more to control the content Upturn wanted to produce with Pettyfer as a lead. “I always approached it as an actor,” he says. “As an actor, it’s a rich piece of material. Never in my right mind would I ever think that I would get the opportunity to direct a film, ever. So, really, me coming back to it, I knew it was an important piece of material to talk about, and we as actors are always looking for a challenge, so to me I was coming back to get the project made.”


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: Robinson secured Pettyfer's directorial foothold on several grounds. Firstly, the financiers were willing to agree to the condition of reducing their risk and budget, which equated to a limited twenty-three day shooting schedule. Secondly, they stipulated that Pettyfer would be bolstered in his endeavor by a support network of Upturn and Infinity's team of professionals, including producer Michael Ohoven and writer/producer Ashley Mansour.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: Working with cinematographer Jarin Blaschke ("I Believe in Unicorns", "The Witch"), Pettyfer made use of locations in the southern Louisiana town of St. Francisville to stand in for a rural Pennsylvania that feels like a closed-off shadow world. “You don’t know the era or where you are,” Pettyfer says. “I kind of set it in the early ‘90s.” Only one clock is witnessed, and no cell phones. “There’s only a pay phone, and you begin feeling more and more closed in. In the beginning, there are opening shots of landscape, but then it becomes darker and more confined.”


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: Given the story's lurid undertow, Pettyfer was mindful of overplaying the material, encouraging the film's audience to key in on its psychological complexity and feel compassion for characters whose inner and outer lives have been twisted up by tragic circumstances dangerously larger than themselves.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: “The key behind the film I wanted to make was a much more subtle film and that was my take from the beginning,” Pettyfer says. “I wanted it to be an exploration of emotion and an exploration of family drama, rather than an exploration into this kind of sexual dark romance. If Adrian Lyne had made the film, he would have made a completely different film. Not necessarily better or worse, just a different film. I could have gone down that avenue but I wanted to create something different.”


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: The film premiered at Tribeca on April 20, 2018. On August 16, 2018, Samuel Goldwyn Films acquired distribution rights to the film for North America. The film was released on December 7, 2018, in selected theaters in the United States, video on demand and digital, by Samuel Goldwyn Films.


title: Back Roads (2018 film)

text: "Back Roads" received mixed reviews from critics. , of the reviews compiled on Rotten Tomatoes are positive, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: "Uneven yet ultimately intriguing, "Back Roads" serves as a memorable calling card for star and debuting director Alex Pettyfer's talent behind the camera."


title: Sauerbraten

text: Sauerbraten is a traditional German roast of heavily marinated meat. It is regarded as a national dish of Germany, and is frequently served in German-style restaurants internationally. It can be prepared from a variety of meats, most often from beef, but also from venison, lamb and mutton, pork and horse. Before cooking, the raw meat is marinated for three to ten days in a mixture of vinegar or wine, water, herbs, spices, and seasonings. Usually, tougher cuts of meat, such as rump roast or bottom round of beef, are used, and the long marinating tenderizes the meat. A Sauerbraten dinner is almost always accompanied by a hearty gravy resulting from its roasting and is most often served with potato pancakes ("Kartoffelpuffer"), potato dumplings ("Kartoffelklöße"), or "Spätzle".


title: Sauerbraten

text: Ingredients used in the marinade, and accompaniments served with sauerbraten, vary across regions. Regional variants of the dish include those from Baden, Franconia, Thuringia, Rhineland, Saarland, Silesia, and Swabia.


title: Sauerbraten

text: The name "Sauerbraten" is of German origin and means "sour roast". The word derives from "Sauer" meaning "sour" or "pickled" and "Braten" meaning "roast meat".


title: Sauerbraten

text: Julius Caesar has been assigned a role in the inspiration for sauerbraten as he sent amphoras filled with beef marinated in wine over the Alps to the newly founded Roman colony of Cologne. According to this legend (Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 BC and the Roman city of Cologne was founded in 50 AD), this inspired the residents of Cologne to imitate the Roman import. While quite common, these claims are largely unsubstantiated.


title: Sauerbraten

text: Several sources believe sauerbraten was invented by Charlemagne in the 9th century AD as a means of using leftover roasted meat. Saint Albertus Magnus, also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, is also credited with popularizing the dish in the 13th century.


title: Sauerbraten

text: Horse meat was not originally used for the dish, although it has become commonly used in restaurants in the Rhineland. Most other areas in which the dish is found currently use beef.


title: Sauerbraten

text: There are many regional variants of sauerbraten. Many of the variations are in the ingredients used for the marinade in which the cut of meat is immersed for several days before cooking.


title: Sauerbraten

text: Generally, the marinade's base is either red wine, vinegar, or a combination of both. While Germany largely produces white wines such as Riesling and Gewürztraminer, regions of Germany that are closer to France often use red wine as the base for the marinade. Wine vinegar, apple cider vinegar and other varieties can be used as a base. Recipes from eastern regions of Germany closer to Poland and the Czech Republic tend to use vinegar as the base more frequently. In many regions, wine and vinegar are used together.


title: Sauerbraten

text: Sauerbraten can be made with many different kinds of roasting meat. Tougher, less expensive cuts of meat are used—typically a rump roast or bottom round of beef.


title: Sauerbraten

text: Venison or other game is often prepared as sauerbraten as the spices and vinegar take away the gamey taste of the meat.


title: Sauerbraten

text: A solid cut from the bottom round or rump is marinated for three or four days, or as many as ten, before cooking.


title: Sauerbraten

text: Red wine vinegar and wine typically form the basis of the marinade, which also includes earthy aromatic spices such as peppercorns, juniper berries, cloves, nutmeg, and bay leaves and less commonly coriander, mustard seed, cinnamon, mace, ginger, and thyme. The marinade may also include vegetables such as onions, celery, and carrots. The acidic marinade helps tenderize the meat before it cooks. Buttermilk is also used as a marinade in certain regional varieties.


title: Sauerbraten

text: It is frequently advised to marinate the meat in an earthenware, glass, plastic, or enamel container rather than one made of bare metal, as the acidic marinade would react with a metal vessel during the extended marinating.


title: Sauerbraten

text: After the meat is removed from the marinade and dried, it is first browned in oil or lard and then braised with the strained marinade in a covered dish in a medium oven or on the stovetop. After simmering for four hours or more, depending on the size of the roast, the marinade will continue to flavor the roast and, as the meat cooks, its juices will also be released resulting in a very tender roast.


title: Sauerbraten

text: After the roast is cooked, the marinade is strained and returned to a saucepan where it is thickened (often with crushed gingerbread, lebkuchen, or gingersnaps, flour, sour cream, brown sugar, and/or roux) which add body and flavor to the sauce. Before it closed in 1982, Lüchow's German restaurant in New York City used crushed gingersnap cookies to season and thicken the gravy of its sauerbraten, one of the favored dishes. This style was made popular in the U.S. after the publication of "Luchow's German Cookbook: The Story and the Favorite Dishes of America's Most Famous German Restaurant" by Jan Mitchell in 1952.


title: Sauerbraten

text: Packaged sauerbraten seasonings are available. Cooked sauerbraten in marinade is sold in some supermarkets.


title: Sauerbraten

text: While sauerbraten is most traditionally eaten with beer, it pairs well with the following wine varietals: Burgundy, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gewürztraminer, Pinot noir, Riesling, and Syrah.


title: Dith Pran

text: Dith Pran (; 23 September 1942 – 30 March 2008) was a Cambodian photojournalist. He was a refugee and survivor of the Cambodian genocide and the subject of the film "The Killing Fields" (1984).


title: Dith Pran

text: Dith was born in Siem Reap, Cambodia near Angkor Wat. His father worked as a public works official. He learned French at school and taught himself English.


title: Dith Pran

text: The United States Army hired him as a translator but after his ties with the United States were severed, Dith worked with a British film crew for the film "Lord Jim" and then as a hotel receptionist.


title: Dith Pran

text: In 1975, Dith and "The New York Times" reporter Sydney Schanberg stayed behind in Cambodia to cover the fall of the capital Phnom Penh to the Communist Khmer Rouge. Schanberg and other foreign reporters were allowed to leave the country, but Pran was not. Due to the persecution of intellectuals during the genocide, he hid the fact that he was educated or that he knew Americans, and pretended that he had been a taxi driver. When Cambodians were forced to work in labour camps, Dith had to endure four years of starvation and torture before Vietnam overthrew the Khmer Rouge on 7 January 1979. He coined the phrase "killing fields" to refer to the clusters of corpses and skeletal remains of victims he encountered during his escape. His three brothers and one sister were killed in Cambodia.


title: Dith Pran

text: Dith travelled back to Siem Reap where he learned that 50 members of his family had died. The Vietnamese had made him village chief but he feared they would discover his U.S. ties and he escaped to Thailand on 3 October 1979.


title: Dith Pran

text: After Schanberg learned that Dith had made it to Thailand, Schanberg flew halfway around the world, and they had a joyful reunion there. Schanberg brought Dith back to the United States to reunite him with his family, and in 1980 Dith joined his paper, "The New York Times", where he worked as a photojournalist. He gained worldwide recognition after the 1984 release of the film "The Killing Fields" about his experiences under the Khmer Rouge. He was portrayed in the film by first-time actor Haing S. Ngor (1940–1996), who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance. He campaigned for recognition of the Cambodian genocide victims, especially as founder and president of the Dith Pran Holocaust Awareness Project. He was a recipient of an Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 1998 and the Award of Excellence of the International Center.


title: Dith Pran

text: In 1986, he became a U.S. citizen with his then wife Ser Moeun Dith, whom he later divorced. He then married Kim DePaul but they also divorced.


title: Dith Pran

text: On 30 March 2008, Dith died, aged 65, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, having been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer three months earlier. He was living in Woodbridge, New Jersey.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht (English: "Man, Don't Get Angry") is a German board game (but not a German-style board game), developed by Josef Friedrich Schmidt in 1907/1908. Some 70 million copies have been sold since its introduction in 1914 and it is played in many European countries.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: The name derives from the fact that a peg is sent back to the "out" field when another peg lands on it, similar to the later game Sorry!. It is a cross and circle game with the circle collapsed onto the cross, similar to the Indian game Pachisi, the Colombian game Parqués, the American games Parcheesi and Trouble, the French game Jeu des petits chevaux, and the English game Ludo.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: The most played variant of the game can be played by two, three or four players – one player per board side. The special one has a pattern for six players. Each player has four game pieces, which are in the "out" area when the game starts, and which must be brought into the player's "home" row.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: The rows are arranged in a cross position. They are surrounded and connected with a circle of fields, over which the game pieces move in a clockwise direction. There are three fields on each side of the board. At the beginning of the game, the players' pieces are placed in the four fields marked "B" on the far left side, the "out" section. The coloured field just left of centre, marked "A", is each player's "start" field. The white field just to the right of the start field leads to the "home" row, marked "a", "b", "c", "d". Each game piece enters the circle at the "start" field ("A"), moves (clockwise) over the board and finally enters the "home" row. The first player with all of their pieces in their "home" row wins the game.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: The players throw game dice in turn and can advance any of their pieces in the game by the thrown number of dots on the die.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: Throwing a six means bringing a piece into the game (by placing one from the "out" ("B") area onto the "start" or "A" field) and throwing the die again. If a piece is on the "A" field and there are still pieces in the "out" area, it must be moved as soon as possible. If a piece cannot be brought into the game then any other piece in the game must be moved by the thrown number, if that is possible. A commonly played variation allows a player who has no pieces in the circle of fields to have three tries to throw a six.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: Pieces can jump over other pieces, and throw out pieces from other players (into that player's "out" area) if they land on them. A player cannot throw out his own pieces, though he can advance further than the last field in the "home" row. A player can be thrown out if he is on his "start" field.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: In its present form, Mensch ärgere Dich nicht was invented in the winter months of 1907/1908 by Josef Friedrich Schmidt, a native of Amberg, Germany and the founder of Schmidt Spiele. This game was invented in a workshop in Munich-Giesing and was based on the English game, Ludo. This game was first published in 1910 and was produced in series from 1914 on. Mensch ärgere Dich nicht is considered the most popular parlour game in Germany. In contrast to Ludo, the game's role model, Schmidt left aside all tactical and strategic variations in the rules. Also, the symbolism of the origin game, Pachisi, was eliminated.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: The rules of this classic game have essentially not changed since 1914, but now there are different variations of the game, e.g. and . While the game was not particularly successful in the early years, it became popular during the First World War. Schmidt sent 3,000 games to field hospitals so that the soldiers had something to do to escape boredom. Thanks to this tactic and the subsequent word-of-mouth propaganda, it was possible to sell 1 million games at the price of 35 Pfennigs by 1920.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: After the Second World War, the game remained largely unchanged. In 1953, Schmidt Spiele introduced an official Mensch ärgere Dich nicht version as a licensed edition in East Germany. Soon after, almost identical counterfeits appeared in West Germany under the title of "Wir werfen raus!" and "Mensch wir werfen raus!". One version, "Verliere nicht den Kopf!" puts a shortcut across in the middle of the board. Its successor, "Raus!", which had a square-shaped board, was also being sold at the time. Different counterfeits appeared in other countries, such as an Austrian version of the game, such as Das Spiel, by the Viennese publisher Werner Schneider Jr. In addition to these games, many other promotional games appeared in the 1980s that were modeled after the original. Apart from these counterfeits, other internationally refined and independent games evolved from Mensch ärgere Dich nicht and other Pachisi spin-offs. These games include: Hexentanz, das VIP Game, Tock, its spin-off, Sorry!, Dog and DOG, as well as Huckepack.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: Additionally, this board game established itself in tournament form. On 11 February 2010 the Deutsche Post issued a 55 cent coin with a special stamp to celebrate the game's 100th anniversary. In January 2014, Schmidt Spiele released a card game with the title Mensch ärgere Dich nicht: Das Kartenspiel.


title: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht

text: Schmidt's hometown Amberg set the world record for simultaneous gameplay of Mensch ärgere Dich nicht with 1692 people on 375 game-boards in July 2017.


title: NIIT

text: NIIT Limited "(National Institute of Information Technology)" is an Indian multinational skills and talent development corporation headquartered in Gurgaon, India. The company was set up in 1981 to help the nascent IT industry overcome its human resource challenges. "NIIT" offers training and development to individuals, enterprises and institutions.


title: NIIT

text: NIIT was established in 1981 by Rajendra S. Pawar and Vijay K. Thadani, graduates from IIT Delhi, with one million rupees.


title: NIIT

text: NIIT conceived a franchising model in IT education for the very first time, setting up nine centers by 1987.


title: NIIT

text: In 1986, NIIT began its foray into the software domain, beginning with Software Product Distribution under the 'Insoft' brand. The company also began offering advice and consultancy to large corporations on how to leverage technology and make optimum use of their IT investments.


title: NIIT

text: In 1988, NIIT introduced many marketing and advertising strategies for the Indian market including the 'Computer drome' in 1990. Another initiative launched by NIIT, was its Bhavishya Jyoti Scholarships program, launched in 1991, which was targeted at deserving and socially challenged students with an aim to improve their skills and employability quotient.


title: NIIT

text: In 1992, NIIT launched its flagship program GNIIT, an industry-endorsed course with a 12-month Professional Practice for students seeking careers in the IT and non-IT sectors.


title: NIIT

text: By 1993, the NIIT stock began trading on Indian stock exchanges. In 1996, NIIT began its globalization journey, setting up an education center in Hong Kong. In the same year, the company launched its virtual university 'NetVarsity'. In 1998, NIIT joined a handful of Indian tech companies to enter the Chinese market.


title: NIIT

text: The company earned the epithet, the 'McDonald's of the software business' by Far Eastern Economic Review in September, 2001. The same year, NIIT launched an experiment that was christened 'Hole-in-the-Wall' by media and drew international attention. The experiment was based on the ‘minimally invasive education’ methodology developed by NIIT R&D. It suggested that children, irrespective of their social, ethnic, or educational identity could learn to use computers by themselves, without adult intervention.


title: NIIT

text: In 2003, NIIT launched its MindChampions Academy (MCA) with Viswanathan Anand, five-time former World Chess champion and NIIT Brand Ambassador.


title: NIIT

text: In 2004, NIIT sectioned off its software business into an independent organization called NIIT Technologies Ltd. (Source: NASSCOM's 2013–14 Ranking of Top 20 IT services companies).


title: NIIT

text: In the area of training, NIIT launched its 'Edgeineers' program in 2005, to boost career opportunities for engineering graduates. In 2006, it diversified into various new sectors for training, such as banking, finance and insurance (through IFBI), executive management education (through NIIT Imperia brand), Professional Life Skills training and business process management training (through Evolv and NIIT Uniqua).


title: NIIT

text: In 2009, NIIT University (NU), a not-for-profit University was established, under section 2(f) of UGC Act and notified by the Government of Rajasthan.


title: NIIT

text: In 2014, NIIT tied up with National Skill Development Corporation to launch NIIT Yuva Jyoti centers, under the pilot phase of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Skill India campaign and the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) in North East, J&K and Jharkhand.


title: NIIT

text: In May 2019, Baring Private Equity Asia had acquired controlling stake of NIIT Ltd in NIIT Technologies Ltd.


title: NIIT

text: In August 2020, NIIT Technologies Ltd. rebranded itself and began operating under the name Coforge Limited.


title: NIIT

text: In 2001, NIIT acquired Osprey Systems, DEI and Click2learn in the US, to establish its e-learning and corporate learning practices in that country.


title: NIIT

text: In 2006, NIIT acquired Element K, a provider of learning solutions in North America. Subsequently, Element K was sold off in 2012.


title: NIIT

text: On October 1, 2021 NIIT announced the acquisition of a 70% stake acquisition in RPS Consulting, a Bengaluru based training company.


title: NIIT

text: On June 9, 2022, the Securities and Exchange Board of India concluded an investigation regarding insider trading within NIIT Technologies. The investigation verified that insider trading had occurred, as a result of a corporate announcement made on behalf of NIIT on the floor of the National Stock Exchange of India on March 23, 2015.


title: NIIT

text: NIIT has two main lines of business across the globe – Corporate Learning Group and Skills & Careers Business.


title: NIIT

text: NIIT's Corporate Learning Group (CLG) offers Managed Training Services (MTS) to market-leading companies in North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. The Skills & Careers Business (SNC) delivers a diverse range of learning and talent development programs to millions of individual and corporate learners in areas including Digital Transformation, Banking, Finance & Insurance, Retail Sales Enablement, Digital Media Marketing, and new-age IT. NIIT has incubated, StackRoute, as a digital transformation partner for corporates to build multi-skilled full stack developers at scale.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: Kartavirya Arjuna (, ; also known as Sahasrabahu Arjuna or Sahasrarjuna) was a king of an ancient Haihayas kingdom with capital at Mahishmati which is on the banks of Narmada River in the current state of Madhya Pradesh. Kartavirya was son of Kritavirya, king of the Haihayas. According to the Puranas, Haihaya was the grandson of Sahasrajit, son of Yadu. This is his patronymic, by which he is best known; he is also referred to simply as Arjuna. He is described as having a thousand hands and a great devotee of god Dattatreya.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: One of the several such accounts states that Arjuna conquered Mahishmati city from Karkotaka Naga, a Naga chief and made it his fortress-capital.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: Almost 100 manuscripts on the worship of Kārtavīrya have been found mostly in the royal libraries of the Hindu Rajas. The states in which the manuscripts are still available are: Udaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Bikaner, Bharatpur, and Alwar of Rajasthan, and further in Mysore.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: Kartavirya's power is popularly told in the Ramayana, Uttara Kanda, which is not often considered to be the part of the original Valmiki Ramayana and its constituent 6 adhyayas (अध्याय), since the original Ramayana speaks of the number of verses and the shlokas in Ramayana – Verse 2 of Chapter IV of Baala Kaanda of Srimad Valmiki Ramayana reads as under:


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: This epic contains 24,000 verses split into 500 chapters in Six Cantos. (Baala Kaanda: refer Ch IV:2) [The six cantos are Baala Kaanda, Ayodhya Kaanda, Aranya Kaanda, Kishkinda Kaanda, Sundara (Lanka) Kaanda and Yuddha Kaanda.].


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: Kartavirya is considered to be the contemporary of Ravana. The story goes that once when Kartavirya Arjuna was having a bath in the river Narmada along with his wives, he stopped the force of the river with his thousand arms from both sides. The teenage Dasagriva (Ravana), who was singing the hymns of Shiva and praying to him, made him lose his concentration. Enraged, he challenged the former for combat in which Ravana was defeated and was put to humiliation. Then, on request of his paternal grandfather Pulastya the great emperor Kartavirya Arjuna released Ravana.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: Another account states that when Ravana came "in the course of his campaign of conquest to KUNNAMKULAM (the capital of Kartavirya), he was captured without difficulty, and was confined like a wild beast in a corner of his city."


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: The Vayu Purana states that Kartavirya invaded Lanka, and there took Ravana as prisoner, but later he was killed by Parashurama and Ravana was rescued from Arjuna.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: According to the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the most celebrated Haihaya king was Kartavirya Arjuna. His epithet was "Sahasrabahu". He was called a "Samrat" and "Chakravartin". His name is found in the Rig Veda (VIII.45.26). He ultimately conquered Mahishmati city from Karkotaka Naga, a Naga chief and made it his fortress-capital. According to the Vayu Purana, he invaded Lanka and took Ravana prisoner. Arjuna propitiated Dattatreya and was favoured by him. Arjuna's sons killed sage Jamadagni. Jamadagni's son Parashurama in revenge killed Arjuna. Arjuna had a number of sons. His son Jayadhvaja succeeded him to the throne. Jayadhvaja was succeeded by his son Talajangha.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: As per the Narada Purana (76:4), The Thousand Armed Sahasrabahu Arjuna was the incarnation of the Thousand Blade Sudarsana Chakra. He was born on the Earth in order to face the power of Vishnu in the contest with the Shaktyavesha Avatar Parashurama. In most accounts, Kartavirya is described as a righteous king, who eventually became egotistical. The kshatriyas of his age, on account of their war with the Bhargava clan over property, became unrighteous and began oppressing and slaying innocent Brahmins, etc. On this count, the Jivatma Parashurama (destined to be a future Saptarishi) was born with the God Vishnu's divine strength and power to rid the Earth of unjust rulers. Kartavirya was slated to be his prime opponent, as the mightiest king of that time.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: In the Mahabharata Vana Parva, according to the story of Akritavana, Kartavirya Arjuna became drunk with power, despite all the boons he had acquired. He lost control of his senses and began to oppress humans, Yakshas and the very gods themselves. Kartavirya even had the audacity to insult Indra in front of Shachi. Around this time, other Kshatriyas too had become drunk with power and oppressed innocents for pleasure.


title: Kartavirya Arjuna

text: Arjuna once troubled Varuna and asked him if there was anyone equal to him in power. Varuna replied that only Jamadagni's son, Parashurama rivalled Arjuna. Enraged, Arjuna went to Jamadagni's hermitage to see Parashurama's power.