title: Arctic Council

text: Norway, Denmark, and Sweden have agreed on a set of common priorities for the three chairmanships. They also agreed to a shared secretariat 2006–2013.


title: Arctic Council

text: Each rotating Chair nation accepts responsibility for maintaining the secretariat, which handles the administrative aspects of the council, including organizing semiannual meetings, hosting the website, and distributing reports and documents. The Norwegian Polar Institute hosted the Arctic Council Secretariat for the six-year period from 2007 to 2013; this was based on an agreement between the three successive Scandinavian Chairs, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. This temporary Secretariat had a staff of three.


title: Arctic Council

text: It is costly for the Permanent participants to be represented at every Council meeting, especially since they take place across the entire circumpolar realm. To enhance the capacity of the PPs to pursue the objectives of the Arctic Council and to assist them to develop their internal capacity to participate and intervene in Council meetings, the Council provides financial support to the Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat (IPS).


title: Arctic Council

text: The IPS board decides on the allocation of the funds. The IPS was established in 1994 under the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS). It was based in Copenhagen until 2016 when it relocated to Tromsø.


title: Arctic Council

text: In September 2017, Anna Degteva replaced Elle Merete Omma as the executive secretary for the Indigenous Peoples´ Secretariat.


title: Arctic Council

text: Arctic Council working groups document Arctic problems and challenges such as sea ice loss, glacier melting, tundra thawing, increase of mercury in food chains, and ocean acidification affecting the entire marine ecosystem.


title: Arctic Council

text: Before signing the Ottawa Declaration, a footnote was added stating; "The Arctic Council should not deal with matters related to military security". In 2019, United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stated that circumstances had changed and "the region has become an arena for power and for competition. And the eight Arctic states must adapt to this new future". The council is often in the middle of security and geopolitical issues since the Arctic has peculiar interests to Member States and Observers. Changes in the Arctic environment and participants of the Arctic Council have led to a reconsideration of the relationship between geopolitical matters and the role of the Arctic Council.


title: Arctic Council

text: Disputes over land and ocean in the Arctic had been extremely limited. The only outstanding land dispute was between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island, which was resolved in the summer of 2022 with agreement to split the island in half. There are oceanic claims between the United States and Canada in the Beaufort Sea.


title: Arctic Council

text: The major territorial disputes are over exclusive rights to the seabed under the central Arctic high seas. Due to climate change and melting of the Arctic sea-ice, more energy resources and waterways are now becoming accessible. Large reserves of oil, gas and minerals are located within the Arctic. This environmental factor generated territorial disputes among member states. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea allows states to extend their exclusive right to exploit resources on and in the continental shelf if they can prove that seabed more than from baselines is a "natural prolongation" of the land. Canada, Russia, and Denmark (via Greenland) have all submitted partially overlapping claims to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), which is charged with confirming the continental shelf's outer limits. Once the CLCS makes its rulings, Russia, Denmark, and Canada will need to negotiate to divide their overlapping claims.


title: Arctic Council

text: Disputes also exist over the nature of the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage / Northern Sea Route. Canada claims the entire Northwest Passage are Canadian Internal Waters, which means Canada would have total control over which ships may enter the channel. The United States believes the Passage is an international strait, which would mean any ship could transit at any time, and Canada could not close the Passage. Russia's claims over the Northern Sea Route are significantly different. Russia only claims small segments of the Northern Sea Route around straits as internal waters. However, Russia requires all commercial vessels to request and obtain permission to navigate in a large area of the Russian Arctic exclusive economic zone under Article 234 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which grants coastal states greater powers over ice-covered waters.


title: Arctic Council

text: Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage arouses substantial public concern in Canada. A poll indicated that half of Canadian respondents said Canada should try to assert its full sovereignty rights over the Beaufort Sea compared to just 10 percent of Americans. New commercial trans-Arctic shipping routes can be another factor of conflicts. A poll found that Canadians perceive the Northwest Passage as their internal Canadian waterway whereas other countries assert it is an international waterway.


title: Arctic Council

text: The increase in the number of observer states drew attention to other national security issues. Observers have demonstrated their interests in the Arctic region. China has explicitly shown its desire to extract natural resources in Greenland.


title: Arctic Council

text: Military infrastructure is another point to consider. Canada, Denmark, Norway and Russia are rapidly increasing their defence presence by building up their militaries in the Arctic and developing their building infrastructure.


title: Arctic Council

text: However, some say that the Arctic Council facilitates stability despite possible conflicts among member states. Norwegian Admiral Haakon Bruun-Hanssen has suggested that the Arctic is "probably the most stable area in the world". They say that laws are well established and followed. Member states think that the sharing cost of the development of Arctic shipping-lanes, research, etc., by cooperation and good relationships between states is beneficial to all.


title: Arctic Council

text: Looking at these two different perspectives, some suggest that the Arctic Council should expand its role by including peace and security issues as its agenda. A 2010 survey showed that large majorities of respondents in Norway, Canada, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark were very supportive on the issues of an Arctic nuclear-weapons free zone. Although only a small majority of Russian respondents supported such measures, more than 80 percent of them agreed that the Arctic Council should cover peace-building issues. Paul Berkman suggests that solving security matters in the Arctic Council could save members the much larger amount of time required to reach a decision in United Nations. However, as of June 2014, military security matters are often avoided. The focus on science and resource protection and management is seen as a priority, which could be diluted or strained by the discussion of geopolitical security issues.


title: Nicodemus West

text: Nicodemus West is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in "The Oath #1" in 2006, as the surgeon who operated on Stephen Strange's hands following his car accident.


title: Nicodemus West

text: Michael Stuhlbarg portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Doctor Strange" (2016) and "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" (2022).


title: Nicodemus West

text: The character was created by Brian K. Vaughan and Marcos Martin and appears in the limited series, "".


title: Nicodemus West

text: Nicodemus West was born with heterochromia and spent most of his life studying and practicing medicine and surgery. He was long time admirer of Dr. Stephen Strange, and proudly accepted the opportunity to perform surgery on his idol's hands after his fateful accident. Unfortunately, West was unable to repair the nerves in Strange's hands.


title: Nicodemus West

text: He followed Strange to Kamar-Taj, where he too began training under the Ancient One. Feeling that he could heal people around the world with his new abilities, West leaves his training early, but due to his inexperience accidentally kills a cancer patient. He ends up joining Timely Pharmaceuticals as its C.E.O. under the condition he never use magic.


title: Nicodemus West

text: He eventually reveals himself to Strange when he steals a special elixir that would threaten Timely Pharmaceuticals' business. They fight using their sorcery, but West is easily defeated by Strange. West dies when he temporarily becomes powerless and falls off the Pharmaceuticals building.


title: Nicodemus West

text: Nicodemus "Nic" West appears in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe films "Doctor Strange" and "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" (2022), portrayed by Michael Stuhlbarg. This version is a rival surgeon to Dr. Stephen Strange who serves as a comedic foil with no sinister intentions.


title: My World (EP)

text: My World is the debut extended play (EP) by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released on November 17, 2009, by Island, RBMG and Schoolboy Records. The EP is considered the first half of a two-piece project, later being supplemented by Bieber's debut studio album "My World 2.0" (2010). After signing a recording contract in light of his growing popularity on YouTube, Bieber worked with various collaborators, including his mentor Usher and producers Tricky Stewart, D'Mile, and MIDI Mafia. The EP's music incorporates pop and dance-pop styles with R&B influences, and lyrically discusses teen romance and coming of age situations.


title: My World (EP)

text: Upon its release, "My World" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented its production. It debuted at number six on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart with first-week sales of 137,000 copies. In doing so, it became the strongest-debuting release for a new artist in the United States in 2009, though it was topped the following week by "I Dreamed a Dream" by Susan Boyle, which moved 701,000 units in its debut week. Upon the release of "My World 2.0" in March 2010, "My World" reached a new peak of number five on the "Billboard" 200. The extended play attained international success. It debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart, where it was later certified double Platinum. It additionally attained double Platinum recognition in the United Kingdom.


title: My World (EP)

text: Two singles were released from "My World", both of which became international successes. The lead single, "One Time", reached the top twenty in five countries' singles charts, while its follow-up, "One Less Lonely Girl", peaked within the top ten in Canada and top twenty in the United States. The promotional singles "Love Me" and "Favorite Girl" also peaked in the top forty of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 songs chart in 2009. The project was additionally promoted through television appearances and the My World Tour in 2010. The remix album "My Worlds Acoustic" and compilation album "" were released later in November 2010; the latter packaged "My World", "My World 2.0", and "My Worlds Acoustic" into a two-disc set.


title: My World (EP)

text: Bieber first began his career through YouTube, posting videos of his performances in singing competitions for family members who could not attend. As his popularity on the website grew, he was discovered by his eventual manager Scooter Braun, who flew Bieber to Atlanta, Georgia to consult with recording artist Usher. He provided him with an audition for L.A. Reid of Island Records, and signed a recording contract in October 2008. In April 2009, after recording his debut single "One Time", Usher described Bieber as a "young phenomenon" and "definitely a priority for me and Island Def Jam." Bieber later described the record's title as "the only way [he] could really describe it", adding that it represented "so many elements of [his] world".


title: My World (EP)

text: When recording "My World", Bieber expressed a desire to "grow as an artist" and have "[his] fans grow with [him]". Musically, the project is similar to the catalogs of Chris Brown and Usher. "Entertainment Weekly" described the record as featuring "sugary puppy-love ballads and dinky dance-pop confections". Bieber looked to address a variety of lyrical themes, which he described as "songs that teens can relate to" and "just stuff that happens in everyday life".


title: My World (EP)

text: The introductory track "One Time" discusses an admiration of a female and a desire to become her significant other. "Favorite Girl" shares a similar sentiment, describing the object of his affection as his "prized possession". The ballad "Down to Earth" was inspired by the separation of Bieber's parents, and was written to reassure fans in a similar situation "that it wasn't because of something they did". "Bigger" details an aspiration to work past the difficulties a relationship experiences. It was noted for experimenting with New jack swing elements that were prominent in Michael Jackson's eighth studio album "Dangerous", and was also described as a "P.Y.T. rip". Bieber felt that "One Less Lonely Girl" was "really important [that] these girls have something so they can be one less lonely girl". The track was compared to Chris Brown's "With You" and Beyoncé's "Irreplaceable". "First Dance" features vocals from Usher, and garnered comparisons to Jackson's "You Are Not Alone". "My World" closes with "Love Me", which samples The Cardigans' "Lovefool" and was described by MTV News as a "widescreen club track that is full of bubbly synths and Bieber's now-signature croon".


title: My World (EP)

text: "One Time" was released on 18 May 2009, as the lead single from "My World". It received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented Bieber's vocals, but noted a lack of originality. The track peaked at number seventeen on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales exceeding one million copies. Internationally, it peaked at number twelve of the Canadian Hot 100, where it was later certified platinum for sales over 10,000 units. The song also reached number eleven on the UK Singles Chart. It attained moderate success in other European territories, peaking within the top thirty in singles charts in Austria, Belgium, and Germany. An accompanying music video was released on 24 November 2009, and depicted Bieber throwing a party in Usher's house in his absence.


title: My World (EP)

text: "One Less Lonely Girl" was released on 30 November 2009, as the second single from "My World". It was met with a generally positive response, where Bieber's vocals were deemed strong enough to overshadow generic lyrical content. The track peaked at numbers ten and fifteen in the United States and Canada, respectively, and was certified platinum in the former country. Internationally, the song charted in the top thirty in Belgium and Germany. Its accompanying music video was released on 30 November 2009, and depicts Bieber searching for his crush, who had left her scarf at the local laundromat. "Love Me" and "Favorite Girl" were released as promotional singles to the iTunes Store prior to the release of "My World". They peaked at numbers thirty-seven and twenty-six on the "Billboard" Hot 100, respectively.


title: My World (EP)

text: Bieber originally promoted "My World" through a series of radio and television appearances. In summer 2009, he was featured on the radio stations Z100 and Radio Disney. In September, he appeared as a presenter during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, and performed "One Time" at the network's mtvU VMA Tour. In Canada, he performed "One Time" and "One Less Lonely Girl" during the finale of "The Next Star" at the end of the month. In October, Bieber performed "One Time", "One Less Lonely Girl" and "Favorite Girl" on "Today"s Toyota Concert Series; the crowd was the program's largest of the year, surpassing that of an earlier Miley Cyrus performance. He also appeared on "It's On with Alexa Chung", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Good Morning America", "Lopez Tonight", "Chelsea Lately", "The Wendy Williams Show", and "106 and Park" throughout November. Bieber also held a guest role on the Nickelodeon television series "True Jackson, VP". During the winter, Bieber performed at several "Jingle Ball" holiday concerts. A performance as the Roosevelt Fields Mall in Long Island, New York was scheduled, but was cancelled after it was deemed an unsafe environment due to the exceptionally large crowd of 3,000 people. On 31 December, Bieber performed during the "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest.


title: My World (EP)

text: In November 2009, Bieber collaborated with clothing retailer Urban Behavior to host the Urban Behavior Tour. It consisted of performances at five locations across five days. The first event was held on 1 November, at the Metropolis at Metrotown in Vancouver. The tour resumed on 3 November and continued through 6 November, during which dates he appeared at the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton; the Centre Eaton in Montreal; the White Oaks Mall in London; and Vaughan Mills in Toronto. In December, Bieber traveled to Foxborough, Massachusetts and was featured as a guest performer for two dates of Taylor Swift's Fearless Tour. Bieber announced his My World Tour in March 2010, held in support of "My World" and his debut studio album "My World 2.0". It started on 23 June at the XL Center in Hartford, Connecticut and concluded on 4 September at the Great Allentown Fair in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Bieber performed eighty-eight shows, sixty-seven of which became sold-out. In total, nearly 1.4 million tickets were sold, generating a revenue of over $53 million by its conclusion.


title: My World (EP)

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, "My World" received an average score of 65, based on six reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Andy Kellman from Allmusic complimented the material as being "the kind of age-appropriate content that would fill out a release from a younger Chris Brown or a junior version of Ne-Yo", adding that his charisma made up for lacking lyrical depth. Writing for "Billboard", a reviewer opined that the strength of the material opened the possibility of Bieber "racking up more hits in the next decade to come". Mikael Wood of "Entertainment Weekly" commended "Love Me" as a "killer electro-glam groove" and expressed a desire to see Bieber's "swagger" advance with age. "The New York Times"s Jon Caramanica provided a favorable review, describing "One Less Lonely Girl" as an "uncomplicatedly beautiful and earnest" track.


title: My World (EP)

text: Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" selected "First Dance", "Bigger", and "Love Me" as his personal stand-out tracks from the project. "Toronto Star"s Ashante Infantry described Bieber's vocals as those of a "young Chris Brown with overdubbed New Edition-style harmonies", adding that the production and songwriting worked well with his "earnest pubescent vocals". Writing for "The Boston Globe", Marc Hirsch provided a mixed review, commenting that Bieber was "indistinguishable" from the popular mainstream artists, but noted "Down to Earth" as an "essential" track from the record. Alison Stewart from "The Washington Post" was pleased that Bieber co-wrote several of the tracks, but was less optimistic of the prominent use of Auto-Tune. At the Juno Awards of 2010, "My World" was nominated for the Album of the Year and the Pop Album of the Year, but lost to "Crazy Love" by Michael Bublé in both categories.


title: My World (EP)

text: In the United States, "My World" debuted at number six on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 137,000 copies. In doing so, it became the strongest-debuting release for a new artist in 2009. However, it was topped the following week by "I Dreamed a Dream" by Susan Boyle, which moved 701,000 units. In its sixth week of availability, the record moved 157,000 copies, displaying stronger sales than its debut week. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 14 December 2009, for sales exceeding 500,000 copies. It attained platinum recognition on 8 January 2010, after moving over one million units. After his debut studio album "My World 2.0" debuted at number one in March 2010, its predecessor reached a new peak at number five, making Bieber the first artist since Nelly in 2004 to have two titles in the top five of the "Billboard" 200.


title: My World (EP)

text: Internationally, "My World" enjoyed similar success. The extended play debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, where it was later certified double-platinum for sales of 160,000 copies. In Austria, the record peaked at number two, and eventually earned a platinum certification for sales of 6,000 copies. The project reached number seven in Germany, and was later recognized as a platinum-selling release after moving 200,000 units. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number three, and attained double-platinum recognition for sales of 600,000 copies. In Japan, "My World" was certified gold after selling 100,000 units.


title: My World (EP)

text: The remix album "My Worlds Acoustic" was released on 22 November 2010. It was originally distributed as a Walmart-exclusive release, but was made available through the iTunes Store on 8 February 2011. The track list consisted of four re-recorded tracks each from "My World" and "My World 2.0", in addition to the then-recently recorded songs "Pray" and "Never Say Never". Music critics appreciated Bieber's increasingly maturing vocals, but felt that the set lacked fully acoustic material, making its title misleading. Having only been released in North America, the record debuted at numbers four and seven in Canada and the United States, respectively.


title: My World (EP)

text: International territories were provided with the compilation album "" on 19 November 2010. The first disc featured an expanded version of "My World Acoustic", while the second disc consolidated "My World" and "My World 2.0" into one track listing. Music critics reinforced previous compliments of the individual albums, but questioned if his modestly sized catalog warranted the need for a reissue. The compilation charted modestly in Europe, peaking in the lower positions of album charts in Finland, Greece, and Sweden and in the top twenty in Denmark and the Netherlands.


title: Veer Savarkar International Airport

text: Veer Savarkar International Airport is an international airport located south of Port Blair and is the main airport of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Originally known as "Port Blair Airport", it was renamed in 2002 after Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who had been detained in the Cellular Jail in the city for 10 years. It operates as a civil enclave, sharing airside facilities with INS Utkrosh of the Indian Navy.


title: Veer Savarkar International Airport

text: The airport has a single runway of in length, accommodating most narrow-body aircraft, that includes Airbus A320, Airbus A321, and Boeing 737. Except for the civilian terminal operated by the Airports Authority of India, all other air traffic operations over Port Blair are undertaken by the Indian Navy.


title: Veer Savarkar International Airport

text: The passenger terminal has a capacity of 400 passengers. It covers an area of 6,100 square metres. There is only one terminal, with two gates and no aerobridges. Buses are used to provide transportation from the terminal to the aircraft parked on the apron.


title: Veer Savarkar International Airport

text: Due to increasing traffic, a new 40,837 sq.m. passenger terminal at a cost of ₹ 707 crore is under construction since 2019. It will have three floors–one for arrivals, second for departures and third for waiting. Inside the terminal, there will be 28 check-in counters and four conveyor belts. Initially, it was planned that it will have three aerobridges, but recently, it has increased to four. It will be able to handle 1,200 passengers (600 domestic and 600 international) at peak hours, and will be able to serve 5 million passengers per annum.


title: Veer Savarkar International Airport

text: As of 2022, the new terminal is under construction, and it is about 83% completed. It is expected to be completed by October 2022.


title: Everything's Eventual

text: Everything's Eventual is a collection of 11 short stories and 3 novellas by American writer Stephen King, published in 2002.


title: Everything's Eventual

text: The unabridged digital audiobook edition includes all fourteen stories, but the physical book-on-cd versions of the stories are spread out over several products. "L.T.'s Theory of Pets" is the only story not included in any of the book-on-cd collections, but rather as a standalone product.


title: Everything's Eventual

text: "Everything's Eventual: Volume 2" is a retitled edition of "The Man in the Black Suit: 4 Dark Tales", along with the addition of "Riding the Bullet". It contains these stories:


title: Everything's Eventual

text: "L. T.'s Theory of Pets" and "Riding the Bullet" are available as individual single-story productions.


title: Everything's Eventual

text: Of the stories King wrote for this collection, two became films and another is in the works. The novella "Riding the Bullet" became a


title: Everything's Eventual

text: direct-to-video film by the same name, released in 2004 and directed by Mick Garris, who made many films and TV miniseries of King's works, and the film "1408" (2007) appeared in theaters, starring John Cusack. "The Death of Jack Hamilton" was adapted for the screen for the first time as part of King's "Dollar Baby" deal, and an official teaser trailer for the film was released on September 1, 2012, with an expected release date in 2013.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Sir Barnes Neville Wallis (26 September 1887 – 30 October 1979) was an English engineer and inventor. He is best known for inventing the bouncing bomb used by the Royal Air Force in Operation Chastise (the "Dambusters" raid) to attack the dams of the Ruhr Valley during World War II.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: The raid was the subject of the 1955 film "The Dam Busters", in which Wallis was played by Michael Redgrave. Among his other inventions were his version of the geodetic airframe and the earthquake bomb.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Barnes Wallis was born in Ripley, Derbyshire, to Charles William George Robinson Wallis (1859–1945) and his wife Edith Eyre Wallis née Ashby (1859–1911). He was educated at Christ's Hospital in Horsham and Haberdashers' Aske's Hatcham Boys' Grammar School in southeast London, leaving school at seventeen to start work in January 1905 at Thames Engineering Works at Blackheath, southeast London. He subsequently changed his apprenticeship to J. Samuel White's, the shipbuilders based at Cowes on the Isle of Wight. He originally trained as a marine engineer and in 1922 he took a degree in engineering via the University of London External Programme.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Wallis left J. Samuel White's in 1913 when an opportunity arose for him as an aircraft designer, at first working on airships and later aeroplanes. He joined Vickers – later part of Vickers-Armstrongs and then part of the British Aircraft Corporation – and worked for them until his retirement in 1971. There he worked on the Admiralty's first rigid airship HMA No. 9r under H. B. Pratt, helping to nurse it though its political stop-go career and protracted development. The first airship of his own design, the R80, incorporated many technical innovations and flew in 1920.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: By the time he came to design the R100, the airship for which he is best known, in 1930 he had developed his revolutionary geodetic construction (also known as geodesic), which he applied to the gasbag wiring. He also pioneered, along with John Edwin Temple, the use of light alloy and production engineering in the structural design of the R100. Nevil Shute Norway, later to become a writer under the name of Nevil Shute, was the chief calculator for the project, responsible for calculating the stresses on the frame.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Despite a better-than-expected performance and a successful return flight to Canada in 1930, the R100 was broken up following the crash near Beauvais in northern France of its "sister" ship, the R101 (which was designed and built by a team from the Government's Air Ministry). The later destruction of the "Hindenburg" led to the abandonment of airships as a mode of mass transport.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: By the time of the R101 crash, Wallis had moved to the Vickers aircraft factory at the Brooklands motor circuit and aerodrome between Byfleet and Weybridge in Surrey. The prewar aircraft designs of Rex Pierson, the Wellesley, the Wellington and the later Warwick and Windsor all employed Wallis's geodetic design in the fuselage and wing structures.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: The Wellington had one of the most robust airframes ever developed, and pictures of its skeleton largely shot away, but still sound enough to bring its crew home safely, are still impressive. The geodetic construction offered a light and strong airframe (compared to conventional designs), with clearly defined space within for fuel tanks, payload and so on. However the technique was not easily transferred to other aircraft manufacturers, nor was Vickers able to build other designs in factories tooled for geodetic work.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: After the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe in 1939, Wallis saw a need for strategic bombing to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war and he wrote a paper titled "A Note on a Method of Attacking the Axis Powers". Referring to the enemy's power supplies, he wrote (as Axiom 3): "If their destruction or paralysis can be accomplished they offer a means of rendering the enemy utterly incapable of continuing to prosecute the war". As a means to do this, he proposed huge bombs that could concentrate their force and destroy targets which were otherwise unlikely to be affected. Wallis's first super-large bomb design came out at some ten tons, far more than any current bomber could carry. Rather than drop the idea, this led him to suggest a plane that could carry it — the "Victory Bomber".


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Early in 1942, Wallis began experimenting with skipping marbles over water tanks in his garden, leading to his April 1942 paper "Spherical Bomb – Surface Torpedo". The idea was that a bomb could skip over the water surface, avoiding torpedo nets, and sink directly next to a battleship or dam wall as a depth charge, with the surrounding water concentrating the force of the explosion on the target.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: A crucial innovation was to spin the bomb. The spin direction determined the number of bounces/range of the bomb. A change to backspin (rather than top-spin), was put forward by another Vickers designer, George Edwards, based on his knowledge as a cricketer. Spin caused the bomb to trail behind the dropping aircraft (decreasing the chance of that aircraft being damaged by the force of the explosion below), increased the range of the bomb, and also prevented it from moving away from the target wall as it sank. After some initial scepticism, the Air Force accepted Wallis's bouncing bomb (codenamed "Upkeep") for attacks on the Möhne, Eder and Sorpe dams in the Ruhr area.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: The raid on these dams in May 1943 (Operation "Chastise") was immortalised in Paul Brickhill's 1951 book "The Dam Busters" and the 1955 film of the same name. The Möhne and Eder dams were successfully breached, causing damage to German factories and disrupting hydro-electric power.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: After the success of the bouncing bomb, Wallis was able to return to his huge bombs, producing first the Tallboy (6 tonnes) and then the Grand Slam (10 tonnes) deep-penetration earthquake bombs. These were not the same as the 5-tonne "blockbuster" bomb, which was a conventional blast bomb.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Although there was still no aircraft capable of lifting these two bombs to their optimal release altitude, they could still be dropped from a lower height, entering the earth at supersonic speed and penetrating to a depth of 20 metres before exploding. They were used on strategic German targets such as V-2 rocket launch sites, the V-3 supergun bunker, submarine pens, and other reinforced structures, large civil constructions such as viaducts and bridges, as well as the German battleship "Tirpitz". They were the forerunners of modern bunker-busting bombs.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Having been dispersed with the Design Office from Brooklands to the nearby Burhill Golf Club in Hersham, after the Vickers factory was badly bombed in September 1940, Wallis returned to Brooklands in November 1945 as Head of the Vickers-Armstrongs Research & Development Department and was based in the former motor circuit's 1907 Clubhouse. Here he and his staff worked on many futuristic aerospace projects including supersonic flight and "swing-wing" technology (later used in the Panavia Tornado and other aircraft types). Following the terrible death toll of the aircrews involved in the Dambusters raid, he made a conscious effort never again to endanger the lives of his test pilots. His designs were extensively tested in model form, and consequently he became a pioneer in the remote control of aircraft.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: A massive Stratosphere Chamber (which was the world's largest facility of its type), was designed and built beside the Clubhouse by 1948 and became the focus for much R&D work under Wallis's direction in the 1950s and 1960s, including research into supersonic aerodynamics that contributed to the design of Concorde, before finally closing by 1980. This unique structure was restored at Brooklands Museum thanks to a grant from the AIM-Biffa Fund in 2013 and was officially reopened by Mary Stopes-Roe, Barnes Wallis's daughter, on 13 March 2014.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Although he did not invent the concept, Wallis did much pioneering engineering work to make the swing-wing functional. He developed the wing-controlled aerodyne, a concept for a tailless aeroplane controlled entirely by wing movement with no separate control surfaces. His "Wild Goose", designed in the late 1940s, was intended to use laminar flow, and alongside it he also worked on the Green Lizard cruise missile and the Heston JC.9 manned experimental aeroplane. The "Swallow" was a supersonic development of Wild Goose, designed in the mid-1950s, which could have been developed for either military or civil applications. Both Wild Goose and Swallow were flight tested as large (30 ft span) flying scale models, based at Predannack in Cornwall. However, despite very promising wind tunnel and model work, his designs were not adopted. Government funding for "Swallow" was cancelled in the round of cuts following the Sandys Defence White Paper in 1957, although Vickers continued model trials with some support from the RAE.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: An attempt to gain American funding led Wallis to initiate a joint NASA-Vickers study. NASA found aerodynamic problems with the Swallow and, informed also by their work on the Bell X-5, settled for a conventional tail which would eventually lead in turn to the TFX programme and the General Dynamics F-111. In the UK Vickers submitted a wing-controlled aerodyne for OR.346 for a reconnaissance/strike-fighter-bomber, effectively the TSR-2 specification with added fighter capability. When Maurice Brennan left Vickers for Folland he worked on the FO.147, a variable-sweep development of the Gnat lightweight fighter-trainer, offering both tailed and tailless options. Wallis's ideas were ultimately passed over in the UK in favour of the fixed-wing BAC TSR-2 and Concorde. He was critical of both, believing that swing-wings design would have been more appropriate. In the mid-1960s, TSR-2 was ignominiously scrapped in favour of the American F-111, which had swing wings influenced by Wallis's work at NASA, although this order was also subsequently cancelled.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: In the 1950s, Wallis developed an experimental rocket-propelled torpedo codenamed HEYDAY. It was powered by compressed air and hydrogen peroxide, and had an unusual streamlined shape designed to maintain laminar flow over much of its length. Tests were conducted from Portland Breakwater in Dorset. The only surviving example is on display in Explosion! Museum of Naval Firepower at Gosport.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: In 1955 Wallis agreed to act as a consultant to the project to build the Parkes Radio Telescope in Australia. Some of the ideas he suggested are the same as or closely related to the final design, including the idea of supporting the dish at its centre, the geodetic structure of the dish and the master equatorial control system. Unhappy with the direction it had taken, Wallis left the project halfway into the design study and refused to accept his £1,000 consultant's fee.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: In the 1960s, Wallis also proposed using large cargo submarines to transport oil and other goods, thus avoiding surface weather conditions. Moreover, Wallis's calculations indicated, the power requirements for an underwater vessel were lower than for a comparable conventional ship and they could be made to travel at a much higher speed. He also proposed a novel hull structure which would have allowed greater depths to be reached, and the use of gas turbine engines in a submarine, using liquid oxygen. In the end, nothing came of Wallis's submarine ideas.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: During the 1960s and into his retirement, he developed ideas for an "all-speed" aircraft, capable of efficient flight at all speed ranges from subsonic to hypersonic.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: In the late 1950s, Wallis gave a lecture titled "The strength of England" at Eton College, and continued to deliver versions of


title: Barnes Wallis

text: the talk into the early 1970s, presenting technology and automation as a way to restore Britain's dominance. He advocated nuclear-powered cargo submarines as a means of making Britain immune to future embargoes, and to make it a global trading power. He complained of the loss of aircraft design to the United States, and suggested that Britain could dominate air travel by developing a small supersonic airliner capable of short take-off and landing.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Wallis became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945 and was knighted in 1968. Wallis also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1969.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Wallis was awarded £10,000 for his war work from the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors. His grief at the loss of so many airmen in the dams raid was such that Wallis donated the entire sum to his alma mater Christ's Hospital School in 1951 to allow them to set up the RAF Foundationers' Trust, allowing the children of RAF personnel killed or injured in action to attend the school. Around this time he also became an Almoner of Christ's Hospital.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: When he retired from aeronautical work in 1957, he was appointed Treasurer and Chairman of the Council of Almoners of Christ's Hospital, holding the post of Treasurer for nearly 13 years. During this time he oversaw its major reconstruction.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: In April 1922, Wallis met his cousin-in-law, Molly Bloxam, at a family tea party. She was 17 and he was 34, and her father forbade them from courting. However, he allowed Wallis to assist Molly with her mathematics courses by correspondence, and they wrote some 250 letters, enlivening them with fictional characters such as "Duke Delta X". The letters gradually became personal, and Wallis proposed marriage on her 20th birthday. They were married on 23 April 1925, and remained so for 54 years until his death in 1979.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: For 49 years, from 1930 until his death, Wallis lived with his family in Effingham, Surrey, and he is now buried at the local St. Lawrence Church together with his wife. His epitaph in Latin reads "Spernit Humum Fugiente Penna" ("Severed from the earth with fleeting wing"), a quotation from Horace Ode III.2.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: They had four children – Barnes (1926–2008), Mary (1927–2019), Elisabeth (b. 1933) and Christopher (1935–2006) – and also adopted Molly's sister's children John and Robert McCormick when their parents were killed in an air raid.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: His daughter Mary Eyre Wallis later married Harry Stopes-Roe, a son of Marie Stopes. His son Christopher Loudon Wallis was instrumental in the restoration of the watermill and its building on the Stanway Estate near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: In the 1955 film "The Dam Busters", Wallis was played by Michael Redgrave. Wallis's daughter Elisabeth played the camera technician in the water tank sequence.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Wallis, and his development of the bouncing bomb are mentioned by Charles Gray in the 1969 film "Mosquito Squadron".


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Wallis appears as a fictionalized character in Stephen Baxter's "The Time Ships" (though its birthdate is not the same, 1883 instead of 1887, since he says he was eight when the Time Traveller first used his machine), the authorised sequel to "The Time Machine". He is portrayed as a British engineer in an alternate history, where the First World War does not end in 1918, and Wallis concentrates his energies on developing a machine for time travel. As a consequence, it is the Germans who develop the bouncing bomb.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: His character and the Second World War research lab are featured in the mystery British television series "Foyle's War" (Series four, part 2).


title: Barnes Wallis

text: In "" by Ian Edginton, he is responsible for the development of the Cavorite weapon used to win the war on Mars after the departure of Cavor.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: The Science Museum at Wroughton, near Swindon, holds 105 boxes of papers of Barnes Wallis. The papers comprise design notes, photographs, calculations, correspondence and reports relating to Wallis's work on airships, including the R100; geodetic construction of aircraft; the bouncing bomb and deep penetration bombs; the "Wild Goose" and "Swallow" swing-wing aircraft; hypersonic aircraft designs and various outside contracts.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Two boxes of records, containing copies of key aeronautical papers written between 1940 and 1958, are held at the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge.


title: Barnes Wallis

text: Other Barnes Wallis papers are also held at Brooklands Museum, the Imperial War Museum, London, Newark Air Museum and the Royal Air Force Museum in Hendon, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Bristol, Leeds and Oxford universities.


title: Hodgkin–Huxley model

text: The Hodgkin–Huxley model, or conductance-based model, is a mathematical model that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. It is a set of nonlinear differential equations that approximates the electrical characteristics of excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells. It is a continuous-time dynamical system.


title: Hodgkin–Huxley model

text: Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley described the model in 1952 to explain the ionic mechanisms underlying the initiation and propagation of action potentials in the squid giant axon. They received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.


title: Hodgkin–Huxley model

text: The typical Hodgkin–Huxley model treats each component of an excitable cell as an electrical element (as shown in the figure). The lipid bilayer is represented as a capacitance (C). Voltage-gated ion channels are represented by electrical conductances ("g", where "n" is the specific ion channel) that depend on both voltage and time. Leak channels are represented by linear conductances ("g"). The electrochemical gradients driving the flow of ions are represented by voltage sources ("E") whose voltages are determined by the ratio of the intra- and extracellular concentrations of the ionic species of interest. Finally, ion pumps are represented by current sources ("I"). The membrane potential is denoted by "V".


title: Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin

text: Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin () is an Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 1 September 2003 to 4 May 2006. The series was an Indian-themed version of the Colombian drama "Yo soy Betty, la fea".


title: Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin

text: Based largely on the show, "Yo soy Betty, la fea", the show follows the life of Jasmeet Walia known as Jassi (Mona Singh) who is a plain-looking young woman from a middle-class family in Mumbai. Jassi is a sincere worker and has been working to support her family. She is naive but intelligent. She has always been supported and encouraged by her father, grandmother (Bebe), and her close friend Nandu (Gaurav Gera) but she has faced rejection largely from society simply because of her looks. Jassi somehow lands her dream job at Gulmohur, a big fashion empire. She is appointed as the secretary to Armaan Suri (Apurva Agnihotri) and after a rough start soon becomes indispensable at work. She falls in love with Armaan but keeps her feelings to herself.


title: Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin

text: The show follows how Jassi becomes successful at Gulmohur but must face difficulties and trouble created by several people unhappy with her success, one of whom is Armaan's arrogant girlfriend Mallika (Rakshanda Khan). She is forced to disappear when things get too murky and is saved by businessman Purab Mehra (Samir Soni) who eventually becomes responsible for Jassi's makeover so she can hide her real identity and avenge the wrongs done to her and her family. Meanwhile, Armaan falls in love with Jassi, and while mourning her disappearance, is inexplicably attracted to her alter ego Jessica Bedi.


title: Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin

text: Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahi is also known for its remarkable campaigning and marketing done by the channel to attract a huge audience before its launch. The main protagonist 'Jasmeet Walia' was hidden completely from the audience in promotions although the campaigning was targeted totally on the character's uniqueness. This generated a lot of curiosity among its audience to know about the character. This was perhaps the first an Indian Television Channel took such a big risk to keep its series protagonist under wraps and still promoting it heavily. The risk, however, paid off and the show opened with a bumper response on its premiere episode. The TV show was well received and it went on to run for three years.


title: Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin

text: The show opened with a bumper response and the ratings were very strong for the first 100 episodes. After that, the ratings started to dwindle and didn't pick up although the channel did not lose hope in the show. As soon as the protagonist goes through her makeover, the ratings shot up again and the show came back at the top spot. However, the ratings fell again once the main objective of the show was fulfilled. The show ran for some more time before going off air in early 2006.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: The Other Boleyn Girl (2001) is a historical novel written by British author Philippa Gregory, loosely based on the life of 16th-century aristocrat Mary Boleyn (the sister of Anne Boleyn) of whom little is known. Inspired by Mary's life story, Gregory depicts the annulment of one of the most significant royal marriages in English history (that of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon) and conveys the urgency of the need for a male heir to the throne. Much of the history is highly distorted in her account.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Reviews were mixed; some say the book was a brilliantly claustrophobic look at palace life in Tudor England, while others are troubled by the lack of historical accuracy.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: The novel was followed by a sequel called "The Queen's Fool", set during the reign of Henry's daughter, Queen Mary. "The Queen's Fool" was followed by "The Virgin's Lover," set during the early days of Queen Elizabeth I's reign.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: In 1521 England, Queen Catherine of Aragon's failure to provide King Henry VIII a male heir has strained their marriage. Thomas Boleyn and his brother-in-law Thomas Howard, the Duke of Norfolk, plan to install Boleyn's youngest daughter Mary, wife of courtier William Carey, as the king's mistress. Mary's sister Anne, who recently returned from the French court, and brother George help Mary prepare, and Henry soon takes a liking to Mary. Meanwhile, Queen Catherine becomes displeased with the situation, as she considered Mary one of her dear ladies-in-waiting. Before long, Mary becomes pregnant with the king's child.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Both the Howard and Boleyn families receive lands and titles as a reward for their service, elevating their status amongst the other noble families of the royal court. Anne catches the eye of Henry Percy, heir presumptive to the Duchy of Northumberland, and marries him in secret. Percy, however, is set to marry Mary Talbot, the daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey discovers and forbids the union. Anne's family sends her to Hever Castle as punishment for the potential scandal.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Mary gives birth to a daughter in 1524 and names her Catherine. While disappointed, the king becomes determined to impregnate her with a son, and Mary soon becomes pregnant again. George marries Jane Parker, another of the queen's ladies-in-waiting, but their marriage is unhappy. Anne returns to court on her family's orders to ensure Henry is not distracted from Mary. Instead of doing as she's told, Anne seduces the king and wins him over. Mary eventually gives birth to a son, who she names after the king. She realizes, however, it is not enough as everyone will consider the child illegitimate.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: As Mary focuses her attention on her children and starts losing favor with Henry, her family begins supporting Anne in her quest to win the king over. Anne puts pressure on Henry to set Queen Catherine aside, refusing to give in to his desires until they are married. Henry, however, finds himself unable to do so with religious opposition. With Anne entertaining the king, Mary is tasked with sleeping with him to prevent his attention from going elsewhere. She visits her children every summer at Hever and soon reconciles with her husband.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Eventually, Queen Catherine stands trial for the validity of her marriage to Henry. The king believes she consummated her previous marriage with his dead brother, Prince Arthur, and did not come into their marriage a virgin. The Queen is banished, and Anne, now engaged to marry Henry, adopts Mary's son to ensure she has a male heir to the throne. Mary, meanwhile, loses her husband to the sweating sickness. Anne's determination to become queen reaches new heights while George becomes the subject of suspicions that he is engaging in relationships with male courtiers.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Essex landowner William Stafford begins courting Mary, who becomes attracted to him because of his love for her children and the possibility of living the simple country life he can offer her. Anne suffers a decline in popularity during her travels abroad, culminating in the King and Queen of France, who do not tolerate her position, refusing to meet her. She eventually sleeps with Henry after he grants her a title and marries him when he installs a new Archbishop and proclaims himself Head of the Church of England. Anne gives birth to a daughter in 1533, who she names Elizabeth. Mary marries William but receives orders to stay at court until Anne gives birth to a son. Anne, however, starts to lose the king's favor after several miscarriages and stillbirths.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Henry suffers an injury to his leg while jousting in 1536, and his time recovering stokes worries that public sentiment is turning. Meanwhile, Anne grows increasingly paranoid, convinced she has lost the support of her family and the country and that Henry is in love with lady-in-waiting Jane Seymour.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: She rejoices in her new pregnancy after hearing news of Queen Catherine's death but soon miscarries. Henry discovers the child was born severely malformed and begins courting Jane Seymour as rumors that Anne is a witch spread.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Mary makes plans with William to travel for the country to avoid the turmoil. Before they can do so, Henry places Anne and George under arrest on charges of adultery and incest due to widespread belief that they slept together to give Anne her much-needed son. Anne later presents herself before the Privy Council, which finds her guilty. George and his lover are also convicted and beheaded.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Anne is sent to the scaffold on the promise that her punishment is exile to a nunnery. As it becomes clear that King Henry will not be attending, Mary realizes that he intended to execute Anne, who dies by beheading. Mary leaves London with William and both children the same day.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Mary Boleyn was the sister of the more famous Anne Boleyn. As such, she is usually mentioned in the numerous biographies that have been written about Anne, but never in any substantial detail.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Mary, unlike Anne, has been claimed to be the mistress of two kings – Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England. She was born sometime between 1499 and 1508. A popular but unverifiable legend suggests that Mary was considered the prettier of the two sisters while Anne was witty, intelligent and charismatic.


title: The Other Boleyn Girl

text: Mary was married twice, first to William Carey, and second to William Stafford. She died in her early forties in 1543.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Michael Francis Sherman (born December 19, 1954) is an American gridiron football coach and former player who most recently was the head coach of the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was the head coach of the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 2000 to 2005. Sherman led the Packers to five consecutive winning seasons from 2000 to 2004 and three divisional titles in 2002, 2003, and 2004, but never advanced past the divisional round of the playoffs. He was also the head football coach at Texas A&M University from 2008 to 2011. He has also been a coach in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Houston Texans and Miami Dolphins. Before he started coaching in the NFL, he served as an assistant coach at five different colleges, including Texas A&M, where he coached the offensive line for seven seasons. He is one of only a few coaches that has been a head coach at the high school, college, CFL and NFL level.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman was born in 1954 in Norwood, Massachusetts. Throughout the 1950s and 60s, Sherman spent his life in Hyde Park, Massachusetts, the southernmost neighborhood in Boston. He lived there with his parents, Claire and Frank Sherman, his two sisters, and his two brothers. His extended family members, who lived nearby, were devout Green Bay Packers fans and have dutifully followed Sherman's career. Sherman was also raised in Northborough, Massachusetts, where he attended Algonquin Regional High School, playing for the football team.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman earned a scholarship to play at Central Connecticut State University, where he played defensive end and offensive tackle. He majored in English. Though he was considered to be an average player with limited abilities in college, he was noted for his strong commitment. Right after college, Sherman became an English teacher and an assistant football coach, serving at Stamford High School in Connecticut in 1978 and at Worcester Academy in Massachusetts from 1979 to 1980.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman's father worked for a pipe company in New England and retired in 1991. Both his parents lived on Cape Cod. Sherman has been married to his wife Karen since 1982, and the couple have five children together (Sarah, Emily, Matthew, Benjamin and Selena). Sherman is the father-in-law of Cincinnati Bengals head coach Zac Taylor, who is married to his oldest daughter.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman and his family reside on Cape Cod. A former reading and special education teacher, Karen is a very active member on the West Dennis Library Board of Trustees.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman started out his college coaching career as a graduate assistant at the University of Pittsburgh, where he was part of Jackie Sherrill's staff from 1981 to 1982. While at Pittsburgh, Sherman wasn't able to afford an apartment; instead, he slept on a cot in Pitt Stadium. After his stay at Pittsburgh, Sherman then coached the offensive line at Tulane from 1983 to 1984, and later moved to Holy Cross, where he coached the offensive line from 1985 to 1987 before becoming the offensive coordinator for the 1988 season.


title: Mike Sherman

text: From 1989 to 1993, Sherman coached the Texas A&M offensive line. During the 1992–93 season, he met retired head coach Gary Kubiak, who had coached the A&M running backs. In 1994, Sherman left Texas A&M to coach the UCLA offensive line, which included former Baltimore Ravens pro bowler Jonathan Ogden. Sherman later returned to Texas A&M to coach the offensive line again for the 1995–96 seasons. Under Sherman, the Aggie offense averaged over 400 yards of total offense four times of his seven seasons at A&M. The 1990 Aggie team set a school record of 471.1 yards per game. Sherman also helped the Aggies to win three Southwest Conference championships consecutively from 1991 to 1993. Additionally, he recruited Leeland McElroy, who would become one of the Aggies' top 10 all-time leading running backs.


title: Mike Sherman

text: On December 20, 1996, A&M head coach R. C. Slocum promoted Sherman to offensive coordinator to replace dismissed Steve Ensminger. Months later, Sherman resigned to start his professional coaching career as the assistant offensive line and tight ends coach for the Green Bay Packers. When asked by a reporter why he chose to accept the Green Bay job, Sherman responded: "There is absolutely no other college job I would have left Texas A&M for and only one professional job that I've ever had any interest in and that being the Green Bay Packers. I've enjoyed the small-town atmosphere of College Station for my family, and Green Bay offers that same atmosphere. If the truth be told, there is not a whole lot of difference between an `Aggie' and a `Cheesehead." He served the position for the 1997–98 seasons. After Packers head coach Mike Holmgren resigned to accept the Seattle Seahawks head coach position, Holmgren hired Sherman to become the offensive coordinator for the 1999 season.


title: Mike Sherman

text: In 2000, Sherman became the head coach of the Green Bay Packers. He led the Packers to five consecutive winning seasons from 2000 to 2004. From 2002 to 2004, he led the Packers to three consecutive NFC North Division titles. From 2000 to 2004, he compiled a 53–27 record, and a .663 winning percentage, which was the second highest in Packers history, trailing that of Vince Lombardi's, who is one of the most successful coaches in the history of football. Additionally, Green Bay and the Philadelphia Eagles were the only two teams to make the playoffs for four consecutive seasons from 2001 to 2004.


title: Mike Sherman

text: An offensive-minded coach, Sherman led the Packers to break franchise records for rushing in 2003 and passing in 2004. In 2003, Packers quarterback Brett Favre led the NFL in touchdown passes, in addition to setting a franchise record for rushing yardage. The 2003 team also gained a total of 442 points, which is the fourth most in franchise history (560 in 2011, 461 in 2009, 456 in 1996, when the team won the Super Bowl).


title: Mike Sherman

text: Despite receiving a contract extension earlier in the 2005 season, Sherman was fired by the Packers on January 2, 2006, after compiling a 4–12 record — Green Bay's first losing record since the 1991 season (it was also Sherman's only losing season during his Packers tenure). The Packers had lost pro bowlers Javon Walker, Bubba Franks and Ahman Green to injured reserve early in the season.


title: Mike Sherman

text: In his six-year head coaching career with the Packers from 2000 to 2005, Sherman compiled a 57–39 regular season record and a 2–4 postseason record. Sherman used the West Coast offense at Green Bay.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman succeeded Ron Wolf as general manager (GM) of the Packers in 2001, taking on the dual role of head coach and general manager. Although the promotion of Sherman to GM was made prior to the 2001 NFL Draft, Wolf handled the draft duty in 2001. Sherman brought in three of the core players that were on the Packers 2010 roster. He drafted Nick Barnett, Scott Wells, and acquired Cullen Jenkins as a rookie free agent after the 2003 draft.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman's first solo draft pick as GM and in charge of the draft was Javon Walker in 2002, who made the Pro Bowl in 2004, and was traded to the Denver Broncos in 2006.


title: Mike Sherman

text: In 2005 the Packers hired Ted Thompson from the Seattle Seahawks to take over Sherman's general manager duties, although Sherman remained the Packers' head coach for one more season.


title: Mike Sherman

text: The Houston Texans hired Sherman as the assistant head coach/offense coach on February 15, 2006. On January 17, 2007, he was promoted to offensive coordinator following the departure of Troy Calhoun, who left the Texans to take the head coaching job at Air Force, and Sherman retained his role as assistant head coach. In the 2006 season, the Texans' regular season offense ranked 28th out of 32 NFL teams. In the 2007 season, Sherman's first year as the offensive coordinator, the Texans' regular season offense improved to a ranking of 14.


title: Mike Sherman

text: Sherman became the head coach of the Texas A&M football team in November 2007. He signed a seven-year contract that at the time paid him $1.8 million annually. Sherman abandoned the zone read option offense run by former A&M coach Dennis Franchione, and installed a pro-style offense similar to those used in the NFL. He uses a balanced offense run primarily out of pro-style formations.


title: Mike Sherman

text: After two straight losing seasons, the Aggies started the 2010 season 3–3 but won their final six games to finish 9–3 and earn a share of the Big 12 South Division title. After the 2010 season, he signed a contract extension through the 2015 season. His salary was raised to $2.2 million.


title: Mike Sherman

text: In 2011, the Aggies began as a top 10 ranked team, but fell out of the polls after losing four games, three of which had double-digit half-time leads. Three of those four losses were to teams later ranked among the top ten in the nation. On November 19, 2011, the Aggies defeated Kansas by a score of 61–7 and became bowl-eligible for a third straight season. Five days later, on November 24, 2011, they would lose at home to the University of Texas 27–25 on a last-second field goal, in what would likely be the last game of the rivalry. It was the Aggies' sixth loss of the season, and the fifth in which they held a second-half lead of two or more scores.


title: Mike Sherman

text: On April 27, 2012, the Dolphins drafted Ryan Tannehill with the 8th overall pick. Sherman coached Tannehill at Texas A&M and was instrumental in the decision-making leading to the Dolphins selecting Tannehill.


title: Mike Sherman

text: In May 2015, Nauset Regional High School announced Sherman would take over as head football coach following the resignation of coach Keith Kenyon, who became the new assistant principal. After compiling a 4–18 record over two seasons, Sherman resigned in May 2017.


title: Mike Sherman

text: In November 2017, it was announced that Sherman had joined Your Call Football, a new platform in which fans call plays in real-time in real, live games. Prior to the season, Sherman was hired by the CFL's Montreal Alouettes. He would still serve as the Head Coach during Your Call Football's inaugural season.


title: Mike Sherman

text: On December 20, 2017, Sherman was hired by the Montreal Alouettes as head coach. During the 2018 CFL season, Sherman, along with June Jones and Marc Trestman had the distinction of having both CFL and NFL head coaching experience to coach in the same season. He finished with a 5–13 record in his first full season with the Alouettes.


title: Mike Sherman

text: On June 8, 2019, shortly before the start of the regular season and a week after the Alouettes ownership surrendered the franchise back to the CFL, the Alouettes released an ambiguously worded statement claiming that they and Sherman had "agreed to part ways."


title: Key grip

text: In North American filmmaking a key grip is a senior role for an experienced professional on every set. Their responsibilities are extensive and range from supervising grip crews, assessing what equipment is necessary for each shooting location, coordinating the transportation of this equipment and its set up, arranging the general movement and positioning of the camera and collaborating with the director of photography. The key grip relies on the best boy as their foreperson to supervise the grip crew.


title: Key grip

text: Industry myths vary as to the origins of the name "grip". Some say it originated from the early days of the film industry when a set consisted of a director, camera person, assistants and workers. Workers acted as handymen, setting up all equipment needed, working from a kit, container or bag containing their tools. This bag was known as a grip and as the industry evolved and workers began to separate into specialized groups, the name grip stuck with those that worked on rigging. But it is most likely that the term has rail/tram origins, where "gaffers" and "grips" formed an integral part of the US rail transport system in the 19 century. The term "gaffer" is a contraction of "grandfather" or "godfather", used by immigrant Irish-Americans as a term of respect for the supervisor of a gang of working men. A "grip" was a worker whose job it was to grip the electric cable above the tram and transfer it to the new line when the tram reached a junction. As the film industry took off these titles became part of the vernacular. The word "key" when applied to "grip" simply means "principal".


title: Key grip

text: A typical key grip has worked in the industry for years and proved themself worthy of more responsibilities. Those that have attended film school or completed training courses have an advantage as they possess technical understanding of on-set procedures.


title: Key grip

text: Region to region the role and responsibilities of a key grip can differ. In the US key grips supervise the set-up of both cameras and lights, despite unions preventing key grips from touching lights, whilst in places such as Hungary key grips are able to move lights around to their suiting and electricians simply deal with ‘everything that’s connected to a lamp’.


title: Key grip

text: The job of key grip is a challenging one, demanding long hours, manual labor and travel. The roles and responsibilities that come with this are extensive and, as a result, key grips are expected to possess a wide variety of skills. These include creativity, adaptability, good communication, patience, agility, comfort with heights and leadership qualities.


title: Key grip

text: Communication is particularly essential as much of a key grip's work comes from their collaboration with Directors, Gaffers and Electricians as well as the management of the Grip Crew. Some of the most important work between the director and key grip happens in Preproduction where meetings are held to discuss the vision for the project and how, through lighting and rigging, the key grip can bring this to life. To ensure that each series of shots can be created as envisioned key grips direct where equipment is placed, coordinate the rigging and work with the Gaffer on lighting positions. These meetings are typically followed by a location scout where the key grip will assess shooting locations and construct a general plan for the setup of lighting and rigging.


title: Key grip

text: Key grips are depended upon to source the equipment themselves. As equipment is expensive and the amount required is extensive, it is typically rented from production companies and the key grip uses discretion and experience to determine from which companies to source the equipment. Often more than one company is relied on to fully satisfy the sizeable list of required equipment, all of which is organised in preproduction. The truck loaded with all the rented equipment is referred to as a Grip Package and the responsibility of its arrival to set also falls on the key grip.


title: Key grip

text: Preproduction is also a chance for the key grip to assess how much work the project is going to take and hire Grips accordingly to form the Grip Crew. The key grip is assisted primarily by the Best Boy who acts as a second in charge, taking care of equipment, ordering supplies and supervising pre-rigging.


title: Key grip

text: To enact the directors vision, the key grip is expected to keep up with a wide array of tasks to achieve specific shots. These can include rigging lights to vehicles for running shots, riggings silks and overheads, the placement of sand bags, transporting and adjusting heavy equipment, weather proofing lights and cutting and shaping lights. A key grip is expected to quickly address, and ideally anticipate, any problems that arise when completing these tasks.


title: Key grip

text: To ensure that production runs smoothly key grips are required to have a personal tool kit with, at minimum, a 'claw hammer, screwdriver, wire cutters, pliers, crescent wrench, and a tape measure'. These basics are required by union contracts, as much of a film crew's safety and production depend on the ability of a key grip to efficiently and effectively complete their job. Alongside these basics, key grips are expected to be comfortable operating dangerous power tools and should add extra tools as they see fit.


title: Key grip

text: Typically no degree is required of a key grip; however, those that have attended film school generally have some advantage as they are familiar with the processes of production. The IATSE also offers training and advancement courses that are beneficial to those looking to make it in the industry. However, in places such as Chicago, key grips are expected to train in lighting, makeup, props and craft services as a part of a three-year apprenticeship.


title: Key grip

text: Despite the benefit a formal education can provide, the most significant criterion of a potential key grip is extensive experience on set. A suggested way to achieve this is interning for key grips or at equipment rental companies to gain connections and experience. Typically key grips will have worked within the Grip crew for many years and, as a result, have established strong relationships with the rest of their crew. Starting out in the Grip crew it is expected that, with more experience, potential key grips will follow the path of Grip, Dolly Grip, best boy and then rigging grip.


title: Key grip

text: Typically those looking to be key grips can expect a minimum of $36.35 an hour based on IATSE agreements, with starting yearly income of $60,000/year, increasing based on seniority and experience.


title: Key grip

text: In the US key grips are responsible for much of the rigging and positioning of the camera and, despite being in charge of the set up and arrangement of lights, are prevented from moving lights due to standards set by unions, similarly in the UK key grips work solely with cameras. Many find this division of labour unnecessary and time-consuming as riggers must be hired to move cameras for the key grip and electricians are expected to rely on grips for any help with flagging.


title: Key grip

text: European key grips are expected to oversee the camera and all that comes with it such as dollies, cranes, etc., essentially taking on the US equivalent of a Dolly Grip. For example, on larger sets key grips will typically service Camera A whilst a second grip will service Camera B. The full responsibility of lighting is left to electricians whilst tasks requiring heavy rigging are left to grips. This typically means that European crews are made up of more electricians and fewer grips.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: Naguib Onsi Sawiris (or Sawires; ; ; born 15 June 1954) is an Egyptian billionaire businessman. Sawiris is chairman of Weather Investments's parent company, and the former chairman and CEO of Orascom Telecom Holding and Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: Born on June 15, 1954, in Cairo, Egypt, to businessman Onsi Sawiris (founder of Orascom Group) and Yousriya Loza Sawiris, Naguib is the eldest of three brothers. His brothers, Nassef and Samih, are also billionaires. Naguib received a Diploma from the German Evangelical School in Giza, as well as a Diploma of Mechanical Engineering with Master's degree in Technical Administration from ETH Zurich.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: Since joining Orascom, the family business in 1979, Sawiris has contributed to the growth and diversification of the company into what it is today one of Egypt's largest and most diversified conglomerates and the country's largest private sector employer. Sawiris built the railway, information technology, and telecommunications sectors of Orascom. Management decided to split Orascom into separate operating companies in the late 90s: Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development and Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). Orascom Telecom Holding was established in 1997, and then Orascom Telecom Media and Technologies, in 2011, until the recent rebranding into Orascom Investment Holding S.A.E.(OIH), in which he is the Managing Director & CEO of.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: In 2014, Sawiris raised more than $4 billion when he sold his stake in his telecommunications companies to Russian company Vimplecom.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: In early 2015, Sawiris bought a majority stake in the pan-European television channel Euronews. He remained as the main shareholder until beginning the process of selling his stake to Alpac Capital in December 2021.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: In September 2015, he offered to buy an island off Greece or Italy to help hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing the Syrian conflict. However, he conceded the plan could face challenges in terms of jurisdictions and customs regulation.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: Launched in 2016, Gemini Global Development owns a USD 2.5 bn global real estate portfolio comprising the Silver Sands mixed-use project in Grenada, Ayia Napa Marina in Cyrus, and the Eighteen luxury residential project in Islamabad, Pakistan.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: Sawiris is married and has four children. He lives in Cairo. He speaks Arabic, English, German and French.


title: Naguib Sawiris

text: In May 2022, his son Onsi was married in one of Cairo's big churches, and the reception was in a big event under the pyramids.


title: Strauss Zelnick

text: Harry Strauss Zelnick (born June 26, 1957) is an American businessman. Born in Boston and raised in South Orange, New Jersey, he attended Columbia High School, Wesleyan University, Harvard Business School, and Harvard Law School. He is the founder, chief executive officer (CEO), and managing partner of private equity firm ZMC, the chairman and CEO of video game company Take-Two Interactive, and the former chairman of media conglomerate CBS Corporation.


title: Strauss Zelnick

text: Harry Strauss Zelnick was born on June 26, 1957, in Boston. His mother, Susan Strauss Manello, died on October 22, 1967, when Harry was ten years old. He and his siblings were raised by their aunt Elsa (née Strauss) and her husband Allan Zelnick (died in 2013). He grew up in South Orange, New Jersey.


title: Strauss Zelnick

text: Strauss Zelnick graduated in 1975 from Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey and studied psychology and English at Wesleyan University from 1975 until 1979, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors. During his time at Wesleyan, he was the national public relations director for the Coalition of Independent College and University Students (COPUS). Zelnick simultaneously enrolled at Harvard Business School and Harvard Law School in 1979, obtaining a Master of Business Administration degree from the former in 1982 and a Juris Doctor from the latter in 1983.


title: Strauss Zelnick

text: In 1983, he started as vice president for television international sales at Columbia Pictures International Television. In 1986, he joined Vestron Inc. as senior vice president of corporate development. He became executive vice president the following year and was promoted to president in 1988, overseeing all managing operations for the company. He quit in 1989 to join 20th Century Fox as president and CEO before leaving that role in 1993 to join Crystal Dynamics.


title: Strauss Zelnick

text: Zelnick is the chief executive officer and managing partner of ZMC, a private equity investment firm based in New York City specializing in leveraged buyouts and growth capital. He founded ZMC in 2001 with a starting capital of . Following an investor-staged takeover of Take-Two Interactive in 2007, Zelnick became the chairman, chief executive officer, and largest single shareholder of Take-Two.


title: Strauss Zelnick

text: Zelnick is Jewish. He has four sisters: Karen Davis, Beth Kaufman, Marci Zelnick Rodriguez, and Laurie Zelnick. His brother, Carl D. Zelnick, died in 1995. Zelnick married Wendy J. Belzberg (the daughter of Samuel Belzberg) in January 1990; their engagement was announced by Belzberg's parents in December 1989. They have two sons, Cooper (born in 1992) and Lucas, as well as a daughter, Leigh.


title: Neurocysticercosis

text: Neurocysticercosis is a specific form of the infectious parasitic disease cysticercosis that is caused by the infection with "Taenia solium", a tapeworm found in pigs. Neurocysticercosis occurs when cysts formed by the infection take hold within the brain, causing neurologic syndromes such as epileptic seizures. It is a common cause of seizures worldwide. It has been called a "hidden epidemic" and "arguably the most common parasitic disease of the human nervous system". Common symptoms of neurocysticercosis include seizures, headaches, blindness, meningitis and dementia.


title: Neurocysticercosis

text: Neurocysticercosis most commonly involves the cerebral cortex followed by the cerebellum. The pituitary gland is very rarely involved in neurocysticercosis. The cysts may rarely coalesce and form a tree-like pattern which is known as racemose neurocysticercosis, which when involving the pituitary gland may result in multiple pituitary hormone deficiency.


title: Neurocysticercosis

text: Neurocysticerosis is diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan. Diagnosis may be confirmed by detection of antibodies against cysticerci in CSF or serum through ELISA or immunoblotting techniques.


title: Neurocysticercosis

text: Treatment of neurocysticercosis includes epileptic therapy and a long-course medication of praziquantel (PZQ) and/or albendazole. Steroid therapy may be necessary to minimize the inflammatory reaction to dying cysticerci. Surgical removal of brain cysts may be necessary, e.g. in cases of large parenchymal cysts, intraventricular cysts or hydrocephalus.


title: Neurocysticercosis

text: Albendazole has been shown to reduce seizure recurrence in those with a single non-viable intraparenchymal cyst.


title: Neurocysticercosis

text: For seizures further randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AED) for seizure prevention in patients with symptoms other than seizures and the duration of AED treatment in these cases.


title: Neurocysticercosis

text: The epidemiology of "Taenia solium" cysticercosis is associated with poor sanitation and is highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Asia. Cysticercosis in the United States, which commonly presents in the form of neurocysticercosis, has been classified as a "neglected tropical disease", which commonly affects the poor and homeless, particularly those without access or in the habit of inadequate hand-washing and in the habit of eating with their hands.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Kastellorizo or Castellorizo (; ), officially Megisti ( "Megísti"), is a Greek island and municipality of the Dodecanese in the Eastern Mediterranean. It lies roughly off the south coast of Turkey, about southeast of Athens and east of Rhodes, almost halfway between Rhodes and Antalya, and northwest of Cyprus. Kastellorizo is part of the Rhodes regional unit.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The island has become very popular in recent years among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie "Mediterraneo", by Gabriele Salvatores, which is set on the island during the Second World War.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The island's official name, "Megisti" (Μεγίστη) means "biggest" or "greatest", but at only in area, it is the smallest of the Dodecanese. The name refers to the fact that it is the largest of the small archipelago. This name was used in antiquity, but is now rarely used in Greek, the name "Kastellórizo" (Καστελλόριζο) being common since the 12th century. There are several hypotheses about the origin of this name. "Kastello" derives from the Italian word "castello", meaning "castle". There is some argument on the second part of the name. The arguments are centered on the following possible origins of the element "rizo":


title: Kastellorizo

text: It has gone by several different names in its history, including "Kastellorizo" (Greek), "Castellorizo" (Greek name with Italian spelling), (Italian, meaning "Red Castle"), "Château Rouge" (French translation of Italian name: but possibly the Italian name is a calque of , an ancient possession of the Knights hospitaller in Syria) and or , both Turkish, the former deriving from the island's official name in Greek, the latter meaning "Red Castle", a translation of the Italian name.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Kastellorizo is (with the exception of the nearby islet of Strongyli) the easternmost Greek island and is situated in the Levantine Sea. It is the largest island of the homonym archipelago comprising the islands and islets of Agios Georgios, Agrielaia, Voutsakia, Megalo Mavro Poini, Mikro Mavro Poini, Polifados Ena, Polifados Dio, Ro, Savoura, Stroggili, Tragonera, Psomi and Psoradia. It lies about from the Anatolian coastal town of Kaş, more or less halfway between Rhodes and Antalya. Cyprus is about to the south-east. It is six kilometres () long and three kilometres () wide, with a surface of . It has a triangular shape, and is oriented from north-east to south-west. The island features three capes: Agios Stefanos (north), Nifti (east) and Pounenti (south west); between the first two there is a wide and accommodating bay, the island's main harbor, where one finds the only town on the island. Cape Agios Stefanos, the nearest to Anatolia, is 2250m south of the modern Turkish town of Kaş (Greek: "Andífli", the Ancient Greek City of "Antiphéllos"). Cape Nifti lies some greater distance from the Anatolian coast. The island is mountainous, with high and steep coastlines, which become more difficult to access moving west. The soil is composed of limestone and produces only small amounts of olives, grapes and beans. On the island there is no source of drinking water. The Municipality of Megísti includes the offshore islands of Ro and Strongyli as well as several smaller islets. It has a total land area of .


title: Kastellorizo

text: There are many islets in this area; "Volos", near Kalkan (in Greek "Kalamaki"), "Ochendra", "Furnachia", "Prassonisi", "Ro", "Tragonera", "Marathi", "Strongyli", "Dhassia", "Alimentaria", "Kekova and Psomi" besides many rocks and cliffs. The most important among these islets is Kekova (also named "Caravola"), not inhabited, which has an area of and faces the Turkish village of "Kaleköy" (Simena in antiquity).


title: Kastellorizo

text: All these islets were subject to dispute between Italy and Turkey until 1932. According to the 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey all these islets except Ro, Strongyli and Psomi were assigned to Turkey.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The group of islands that includes Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli is very important to the Exclusive economic zone of Greece, since it is the easternmost territory of Greece and according to UNCLOS as well as customary international law, Greece can claim a large part of the Eastern Mediterranean basin.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Kastellorizo has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csa" in the Köppen climate classification). It has hot dry summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall. A new meteorological station from the National Observatory of Athens was placed in Kastellorizo in summer 2018 while an older station from the Hellenic National Meteorological Service is operating on the island.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The island's geology is almost exclusively limestone laid down at the Mesozoic/Cenozoic boundary. As a result of the lack of significant flora covering the island, the landscape shows many features of karstification. There are a number of notable sea caves including the so-called Blue Grotto which is much larger than its namesake in Capri. Exploration undertaken in 2006 by members of the SELAS Caving club of Greece has revealed vertical caves in many parts of the island. The deepest found so far was surveyed to a depth of in March 2006 and will be the subject of further exploration in the future by the same team.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The houses of the town are slender and characterised by wooden balconies and windows of the Anatolian type. Behind the waterfront, many houses are still in a ruinous state. At the entrance to the harbour, on the east side, stand the single story remnants of the former Italian government house ("palazzina della delegazione"), erected in 1926 by the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto, who also designed some of the most important buildings of the Italian period in Rhodes. Nearby is the island's former Ottoman mosque which dates from the second half of the 18th century and which has been restored and re-opened as a museum since 2007. From here starts the town's quay, which runs along all three sides of the harbour. The central square —"Plateia Ethelondon Kastellórizou" ("Kastellorizo Volunteers' Square")—lies at the midpoint of the eastern side, near the vessel dock. On the opposite side of the harbour one has a good view from this vantage of "Pera Meria", the western quay, and the monasteries of "Profitis Ilías" and "Aghia Triadha", the former now an army base.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Above the quay on the eastern side there is a pathway which leads to the "Castle of the Knights" (14th century). Of it remain the curtain wall, part of a square tower, the remains of a cylindrical tower at the east corner, and toward the sea another cylindrical tower. A Doric inscription, carved in the rock, attests to the existence of an earlier fortress here during Antiquity. Inside the tower there is a large covered cistern.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Ascending the steps on the eastern side of the town, one reaches the suburb of "Horafia", where there is a square surrounded by the Church of St. George (1906), with a high dome of Byzantine type, and the Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helena (1835). It has three naves divided by monolithic granite columns from the temple of Apollo Lykios in Patara (Anatolia). The columns carry ogival arches. Further east is the small bay known as "Mandraki", the secondary harbour of the island.


title: Kastellorizo

text: West of the town, beyond the summit of the island known as "Vigla" (270 m), stands "Palaiokastro" (old castle), the island's ancient acropolis. This fortified elevation has classical origins (see below, history section): its plan is rectangular and measures . In its interior stand an ancient tower, built with square limestone blocks, and large water cisterns. Carved on the base of the castle there is also a Doric inscription, dating back to the 4th or 3rd centuries BC, with references to "Megiste" (the ancient name of Kastellorizo) and its dependence on Rhodes. On the east side there are remnants of a gateway, or propylaea.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Since August 2020 the island also features an interactive Puzzle Museum, the first of its kind in Greece and one of the very few in the world.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The island was colonised by Dorian Greeks, who named it "Megiste". The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax says that the island belonged to the Rhodians. In addition, inscriptions found at the foot of the Knight's castle confirm that during the Hellenistic period the island was ruled by Rhodes, and formed part of its Peraia. The Rhodians sent an overseer, or "epistates", to monitor events on the island.


title: Kastellorizo

text: During the period of the Byzantine Empire, Kastellorizo was part of the "Province of the Islands", the capital of which was Rhodes.


title: Kastellorizo

text: In 1306 the island was taken over by the Knights Hospitaller, headed by Foulques de Villaret, as part of their expedition to conquer the island of Rhodes, which became the centre of their Crusader State. They restored the castle, which was thereafter used as a prison for disobedient knights. Around 1440 the island was occupied by Sultan Djemal-el-din Yusuf of Egypt, who destroyed the castle. Ten years later it was conquered by Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Naples, who in 1461 rebuilt the castle and dispatched a Catalan governor.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The Crown of Aragon retained possession of it until 1512, when it was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I.


title: Kastellorizo

text: On 22 September 1659, during the Siege of Candia, the island was conquered by Venice and the castle was destroyed again, but the Ottomans were able to regain it again soon after. Between 1828 and 1833 Kastellórizo joined the Greek insurgents, but after the end of the Greek War of Independence it came back into the possession of the Ottoman Empire.


title: Kastellorizo

text: According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Kastellorizo (Meyis) had a total population of 4,871, consisting of 4,635 Greeks, 225 Muslims, 6 Jews and 5 foreign citizens.


title: Kastellorizo

text: In 1912, during the Libyan war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, the inhabitants asked Giovanni Battista Ameglio, chief of the Italian occupation forces in Rhodes, for their island to be annexed to Italy. This was refused, and on 14 March 1913 the local population imprisoned the governor and his Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a provisional government. In August 1913, the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor supported by gendarmes, but in early 1914 in Florence it was decided that the island would be returned to the Ottoman Empire.


title: Kastellorizo

text: On 28 December 1915, during World War I, while the Kingdom of Greece was still neutral, the French Navy led by the cruiser "Jeanne d'Arc" occupied the island at the behest of the inhabitants who feared Turkish reprisals. The French quickly blocked another landing attempted on the same day by a royalist Greek contingent of Evzones. Turkish shore batteries responded to the French occupation by shelling the island in 1917, succeeding in sinking the British seaplane carrier HMS "Ben-my-Chree".


title: Kastellorizo

text: In the Treaty of Sèvres the island was assigned to Italy and the Italian navy assumed it from the French on 1 March 1921, but the treaty was never ratified. The Treaty of Lausanne confirmed the Italian claim on Kastellorizo, and the island – under the Italian name "Castelrosso" – was then integrated in the possession of the "Isole Italiane dell'Egeo".


title: Kastellorizo

text: Because of the Italian occupation, the island was not affected directly by the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1923, but the forced emigration of the large Greek population living on the nearby Anatolian coast hit heavily the economy of the island.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey, which defined the sea border between the two powers, assigned all the islets of the small archipelago around Kastellorizo except Ro and Strongyli to Turkey. During the 1930s it was a stopover for French and British seaplanes. During the Second World War, on 25 February 1941, in the course of Operation Abstention, British Commandos occupied the island, but Italian forces from Rhodes recaptured it some days later. After the British occupation, fearing a German invasion, some of the inhabitants fled to Gaza in Palestine. When Italy capitulated to the Allies (8 September 1943), the island was occupied again by Allied forces, and it remained under their occupation for the rest of the war. In July 1944, a fuel dump caught fire, which spread to an adjacent ammunition dump, thereby destroying half of the homes on the island.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Kastellorizo was assigned to Greece with the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. In May 1945 it was still under British administration, but on September 15, 1947 effectively came under Greek administration. The island formally joined the Greek State on 7 March 1948 together with the other Dodecanese islands.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The island has become more popular in recent years, among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie "Mediterraneo", by Gabriele Salvatores, which is set on the island. Kastellórizo was the only territory of the European Union where the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 was visible in its totality.


title: Kastellorizo

text: In 2011, the French ship "Dignité-Al Karama", the only member the Freedom Flotilla II that managed to approach Gaza, refueled at Kastellorizo. The ship was warmly received by the inhabitants, some of whom remembered about the shelter the island's inhabitants had found in Gaza, then under British control, during World War II.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The population and the economy reached its apogee at the end of the 19th century with an estimated 10,000 people residing there. At that time, Kastellorizo was still the only safe harbor along the route between Makri (today's Fethiye) and Beirut. Its sailing ships traded products from Anatolia (coal, timber, valonia, pine bark) for Egyptian goods (rice, sugar, coffee, tissues and yarns), and carried Anatolian cereals to Rhodes and Cyprus. On the island there was also a flourishing production of charcoal (much sought after in Alexandria, where it was used for narghile). The fishing industry—mainly sea sponges—was important too.


title: Kastellorizo

text: At the dawn of the 20th century the decay of the island's economy set in, accelerated by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. In the late 1920s the island's population dropped to 3,000, while about 8,000 inhabitants lived abroad, predominantly in Australia, Egypt, Greece and the U.S. At that time the town had 730 inhabited houses, while 675 were already empty, and many ruined.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The population, according to the 2011 census, now stands at 492, all living in the town of Megísti. The municipality also includes the islands of Ro and Strongyli, both without permanent inhabitants. Many of its emigrants live in Australia (especially Perth and Sydney), where they are known as "Kazzies".


title: Kastellorizo

text: Air connection is provided by Olympic Air, which operates from Kastellorizo Airport 4 times/week (winter period). There is one small bus in service on Kastellorizo and it is used to collect tourists from the airport.


title: Kastellorizo

text: Kastellorizo's inhabitants had characteristic traditions, partly influenced by the Muslim tradition. There were at least three types of women's dress, which used brilliantly colored fabric, and women wore necklaces, brooches, pendants and earrings made from ancient Venetian or Byzantine gold coins.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The other types of dress were similar, but not so lavish and without fur decorations. The girls' dress was simpler. Single and engaged girls, and married women and widows were also distinguished by dress.


title: Kastellorizo

text: The engagement, which was decided by the parents, and the wedding, which lasted 15 days, occurred through prescribed and curious ceremonies, having symbolic and poetic meaning. Weddings were celebrated on Sunday, in the church of "Agios Konstantinos", and an announcement on the main square invited the whole city to participate. Also baptisms and funerals (with mourning women, or "praeficae", and a dish with oil and wine crushed on the coffin) had well-established rituals.


title: Kastellorizo

text: On December 31 and on New Year's Day, groups of children carrying small cardboard boats adorned with ribbons and small flags go around visiting houses, stores and coffee shops, singing songs with good wishes and receiving coins and wheat cakes, while the elderly exchange visits. On the morning of "Agios Basilios" day, coming back from Liturgy, the men customarily throw a pomegranate hard against the walls of their homes, wishing for abundance and happiness for their family. The more seeds that are spread around the rooms, the more luck the family will have in the coming year.