title: William Walker Atkinson

text: Atkinson's second Hindu-sounding pseudonym, Swami Bhakta Vishita, billed as "The Hindoo Master" was not authentically Hindu, nor did he write on the topic of Hinduism. His best-known titles, which have remained in print for many years after entering the public domain, were "The Development of Seership: The Science of Knowing the Future; Hindoo and Oriental Methods" (1915), "Genuine Mediumship, or Invisible Powers", and "Can We Talk to Spirit Friends?" Atkinson produced more than two dozen Swami Bhakta Vishita books, plus a half-dozen saddle-stitched paper pamphlets under the Vishita name. All of them dealt with clairvoyance, mediumship, and the afterlife. Like Ramacharaka, Vishita was listed as a regular contributor to Atkinson's "Advanced Thought" magazine, but his books were published by the Advanced Thought Publishing Company, not by the Yogi Publication Society, which handled the Ramacharaka titles.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: Despite the popularity of his Yogi Ramacharaka and Swami Bhakta Vishita series, the work that Atkinson produced under his third Hindu-sounding pseudonym, Swami Panchadasi, failed to capture a wide general audience. The subject matter, "Clairvoyance and Occult Powers", was not authentically Hindu, either.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: As Theron Q. Dumont, Atkinson stated on the title pages of his works that he was an "Instructor on the Art and Science of Personal Magnetism, Paris, France"—a claim manifestly untrue, as he was an American living in the United States.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: The Atkinson titles released under the Dumont name were primarily concerned with self-improvement and the development of mental will power and self-confidence. Among them were "Practical Memory Training," "The Art and Science of Personal Magnetism," "The Power of Concentration", and "The Advanced Course in Personal Magnetism: The Secrets of Mental Fascination, The Human Machine', Mastermind".


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: The health and healing book, "Vim Culture" has often been attributed to William Walker Atkinson. Theodore Sheldon does not appear to be the same person as T. J. Shelton, who (like Atkinson) wrote on subjects related to health and healing for "The Nautilus" magazine and was also one of several honorary presidents of the International New Thought Alliance. Discovery of a 1925 letter from Theodore Sheldon to Florence Sabin of Johns Hopkins University provides evidence of Theodore Sheldon's existence as an actual person, apart from William Walker Atkinson. The original copy of this letter was located in Florence Sabin's university archives and makes reference to Ms. Sabin as Theodore Sheldon's childhood teacher from "the banks of Lake Geneva," which is important biographical data about an otherwise unknown writer. While it's possible that Atkinson could have been a ghost writer or contributor to Sheldon's work, the personal nature of Sheldon's correspondence with Florence Sabin would have been very difficult for Atkinson to fabricate, suggesting that Theodore Sheldon was more than an Atkinson pen name.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: "The Secret Doctrines of the Rosicrucians" by Magus Incognito consisted of a nearly verbatim republication of portions of "The Arcane Teachings", an anonymous work attributed to Atkinson (see below).


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: Ostensibly written by "Three Initiates," "The Kybalion" was published by the Yogi Publication Society.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: Whether any of the above has a basis in fact, "The Kybalion" bears notable structural resemblances to "The Arcane Teachings", an anonymous set of six books attributed to Atkinson. A full description of the similarities between the two works can be found on the Kybalion page.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: With Edward Beals, which may have been another pseudonym, Atkinson wrote the so-called "Personal Power Books"—a group of 12 titles on humanity's internal powers and how to use them.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: Titles include "Faith Power: Your Inspirational Forces" and "Regenerative Power or Vital Rejuvenation".


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: L.W. de Laurence was an incredible character himself, publisher and author of dozens of "occult" books that had a tremendous influence in many African and Caribbean countries, to the point that, to this day, they are banned in Jamaica.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: A series named "The Arcane Teaching" is also attributed to Atkinson. Perhaps significantly, the doctrine behind "The Arcane Teaching" is remarkably similar to the philosophy in "The Kybalion" (another title attributed to Atkinson), and significant portions of material from "The Arcane Teaching" were later re-worked, appearing nearly verbatim in "The Secret Doctrines of the Rosicrucians" by Magus Incognito (yet another Atkinson alias).


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: Nothing is known of the first edition of "The Arcane Teaching", which apparently consisted of a single volume of the same name.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: The second edition was expanded to include three 'supplementary teachings' in pamphlet form. The four titles in this edition were: "The Arcane Teaching" (hardback), "The Arcane Formulas, or Mental Alchemy" (pamphlet), "The Mystery of Sex, or Sex Polarity" (pamphlet), and "Vril, or Vital Magnetism" (pamphlet). This edition was published by A. C. McClurg—the same publisher who brought out the "Tarzan the Ape-Man" series by Edgar Rice Burroughs—under the "Arcane Book Concern" imprint, and the name of the publisher, A. C. McClurg, doesn't actually appear anywhere upon the books in this edition. The series bears a 1909 copyright mark, listing the copyright holder as "Arcane Book Concern". There also appears to have been a pamphlet entitled "Free Sample Lesson" which was published under the "Arcane Book Concern" imprint, indicating that it may have appeared concurrently with this edition.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: The third edition split the main title, "The Arcane Teaching," into three smaller volumes, bringing the total number of books in the series to six. This edition consisted of the following titles (the three titles marked with an asterisk (*) are the volumes that had appeared together as "The Arcane Teaching" in the previous edition): "The One and the Many"* (hardback), "Cosmic Law"* (hardback), "The Psychic Planes"* (hardback), "The Arcane Formulas, or Mental Alchemy" (binding unknown), "The Mystery of Sex, or Sex Polarity" (binding unknown), and "Vril, or Vital Magnetism "(binding unknown). The third edition of "The Arcane Teaching" was published by A. C. McClurg under its own name in 1911. The books in this series bear the original 1909 copyright, plus a 1911 copyright listing "Library Shelf" as the new copyright holder.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: A search of the Library of Congress's web site has revealed that none of "The Arcane Teaching" series resides in its current collection.


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: Because Atkinson ran his own publishing companies, Advanced Thought Publishing and the Yogi Publication Society, and is known to have used an unusually large number of pseudonyms, other authors published by those companies may also have been his pseudonyms;


title: William Walker Atkinson

text: For ease of study, this bibliography of the works of William Walker Atkinson is divided into sections based on the name Atkinson chose to place on the title page of each work cited.


"Something, Something, Something, Dark Side" is a direct-to-video special of the animated series "Family Guy" which later served as the 20th episode of the show's eighth season and is the second part of the series' "Star Wars" parody trilogy "". It originally was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on December 22, 2009, and later aired on Fox in the United States on May 23, 2010. The episode is a retelling and parody of the 1980 "Star Wars" film sequel "The Empire Strikes Back", recasting characters from "Family Guy" into roles from the film.


title: Something, Something, Something, Dark Side

text: The episode was written by Kirker Butler and directed by Dominic Polcino. It received high praise from critics for its accurate depiction of the original film, as well as its inclusion of many cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 6.13 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Jon Benjamin, John Bunnell, James Caan, Jackson Douglas, Joe Flaherty, James Greene, Phil LaMarr, Kevin Michael Richardson, George Rogan and James Woods, along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series.


text: As the Griffin family is watching television, the power suddenly goes out again, leading Peter to retell the story of "The Empire Strikes Back".


text: After the "opening crawl" an Imperial Star Destroyer deploys a series of probe droids in search of the Rebel Alliance. One of the probe droids (Joe) lands on the ice planet Hoth, where the Rebels have set up a base. Rebel commander Luke Skywalker (Chris) is patrolling when he is attacked by a large wampa (Cookie Monster) and taken back to its lair. At the base, Han Solo (Peter) announces his intention to leave the Rebellion to Princess Leia (Lois) and Carlist Rieekan (Dr. Hartman), with Leia objecting to his decision, however she denies it when confronted, saying she would rather kiss George Takei. When he finds out that Luke has not yet returned, Han sets out on his "Dondon" to find him. Luke escapes the wampa lair and has a vision of his late mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi (Herbert), who tells him to go to the Dagobah system to learn the ways of the Force from Jedi Master Yoda, after offering him a bowl of Zima soup. Han quickly locates Luke, and the two are rescued soon after.


text: Soon after, the Empire discovers the Rebel base, and Darth Vader (Stewie) orders an attack. The Imperial fleet exits hyperspace too early, giving the Rebels time to evacuate the base while Luke leads his squadron of snowspeeders to hold off the Empire's battalion of Imperial Walkers. Imperial stormtroopers break into the base, forcing Han to escape in the "Millennium Falcon" with Leia, C-3PO (Quagmire) and Chewbacca (Brian), while Luke escapes in his X-wing with R2-D2 (Cleveland), stopping to see R2's niece's violin recital. The "Millennium Falcon" enters an asteroid field and Han decides to dock inside a cave to repair the ship. They flee when they discover they have actually landed in the belly of a space slug (Meg). Meanwhile, Luke crash-lands in the swamps of Dagobah and finds Yoda (Carl) amid the foggy landscape. Yoda trains Luke, guiding him through a series of training exercises, including watching "sweet-ass DVD releases", and a training montage that parodies "Rocky IV".


text: Darth Vader is ordered by the Emperor (Carter) to capture Luke and turn him to the dark side of the Force. Vader recruits bounty hunters to track down and capture Luke's friends, intending to use them as bait to trap Luke, including Raggedy Andy, whom he orders to leave. With the "Millennium Falcon"s hyperdrive broken, Han and company escape by hiding amongst a field of disposed trash, but are tracked by Boba Fett (Ernie the Giant Chicken), after hitting a "space bum" collecting some of the garbage. Luke has a premonition that his friends are in danger and leaves Dagobah to save them, although he has not finished his Jedi training. Yoda initially doesn't want him to go, but encourages it after Luke suggests Yoda fight Vader himself.


text: Han and the others go to Cloud City on the planet Bespin to obtain help from Han's friend Lando Calrissian (Mort), "the only black guy in the galaxy", only to be turned over to Darth Vader. Han willingly reveals the location of Luke and the Rebel base but is tortured by being forced to listen to Paula Cole's "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?", as punishment for clogging a toilet on the 16th floor of Cloud City, which forced Vader to use the "little pig people's" bathroom. Han is used to test a carbon freezing chamber Vader intends to use on Luke to take him to the Emperor. Leia professes her love to Han, but Han tells her to "fuck off" and is then frozen in carbonite for posterity. Lando later double-crosses the Empire, freeing Leia, Chewbacca and C-3PO, motivating the guards with a pizza party. Despite R2-D2 having sex with the combination lock, and subsequently being discovered by her husband, to get the door open, they are too late to stop Boba Fett from flying off with Han. Luke arrives at Cloud City and, after being briefly interrupted by Ryan Seacrest on "American Idol", engages Vader in a lightsaber duel. Vader cuts off Luke's right hand. With Luke cornered and defenseless, Vader goads Luke to join the dark side, revealing that he is his father. Luke casts himself into an air shaft and, after discovering that a worker has shoved his severed hand down his pants, ends up hanging on an antenna beneath the city, calling out to Ben, Leia, and Tom Selleck. Leia senses Luke's call from within the "Millennium Falcon" and has him rescued. On board a Nebulon-B frigate, Luke is fitted with an artificial hand, but told to practice masturbating with a hot dog first. Lando, dressed in Han's clothes, sets off with Chewbacca on the "Millennium Falcon" to rescue Han. Luke angrily protests the story's ambiguous ending, but then he receives a letter from Doc Brown, a reference to the ending of "Back to the Future Part II".


text: In the Griffins' home, the power returns as Peter finishes his story, only to get into another argument with Chris over "Robot Chicken". Chris vows to not let Peter get his goat this time, but eventually storms off when Peter brings up "Without a Paddle".


text: The episode was written by series regular Kirker Butler, before the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, and before his leave from the series in order to become co-executive producer of the "Family Guy" spinoff series "The Cleveland Show". Butler wrote the first draft of the episode in four weeks, under the guidance of series creator Seth MacFarlane. The episode was directed by Dominic Polcino, who had previously directed "Blue Harvest". This was the last episode in the series to use hand-drawn animatics, before transitioning to computer-designed animatics.


text: In addition to the regular cast, voice actor Jon Benjamin reprised his role as Carl, who portrays Yoda, and Sheriff John Bunnell made his second appearance in the series, the first being in the eighth season episode "Quagmire's Baby". Actor James Woods, in his third appearance in the series, as an exaggerated version of himself, guest starred. Actors James Caan, Jackson Douglas and Joe Flaherty, along with voice actors James Greene, Phil LaMarr, Kevin Michael Richardson and George Rogan made appearances. Recurring guest voice actors Johnny Brennan, Chris Cox, Ralph Garman, Wally Wingert, writers Kirker Butler, Danny Smith, Alec Sulkin, John Viener, writer and showrunner Mark Hentemann, and producer Chris Sheridan also made minor appearances in the episode. Live-action clips of actor Dolph Lundgren, actress Brigitte Nielsen and actor Michael Pataki from the film "Rocky IV", and actor Tom Selleck from the film "Her Alibi" were also used in multiple sequences throughout the episode.


text: The DVD release of "Blue Harvest" on January 15, 2008, contained an easter egg of a brief read through of bits from "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", as well as a teaser trailer for the episode as another easter egg.


text: The title of this episode is a reference to a specific line from the season five episode "Barely Legal", which was used in a cutaway relating to "Star Wars". The line is an inside joke relating to the Emperor "figuring out the formula for great dialogue" for "Star Wars". While the Emperor talks to a kneeling Darth Vader, he says "Something, something, something, dark side. Something, something, something, complete". "Barely Legal" was written by Kirker Butler, who also wrote this episode.


text: As the episode opens with a shot of the Griffin family, they are seen sitting in front of the television watching a parody of several Aaron Sorkin shows, including "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip", entitled "The Kitchen". Once the scene ends, the power unexpectedly goes out, to which Stewie responds by asking "What are we in, Iraq?" Reminiscent of the previous "Star Wars"-inspired episode, "Blue Harvest", Meg insists her father tell another story about "Star Wars". Peter then begins to retell the film "Black Snake Moan" before being interrupted by Stewie and Chris.


text: In the same fashion as the original "Star Wars" films, the story opens with a large, yellow crawl of text, with the text in this variation calling out 20th Century Fox for their lack of foresight in terms of merchandising rights, thus allowing George Lucas and Lucasfilm to keep all the rights to every film in the "Star Wars" franchise. The text then addresses the stockholders of 20th Century Fox, and cites "Family Guy"s two cancellations as another example of the company's short-sighted decisions, and spending budget money in a useless manner. As the Imperial Fleet approaches, a Star Destroyer deploys Elroy Jetson, a character from the Hanna-Barbera animated sitcom "The Jetsons", along with a series of probe droids. Elroy Jetson proceeds to the Little Dipper School, in imitation of the original intro to "The Jetsons". One of the probe droids, portrayed by Joe Swanson, then lands in the snow near Luke Skywalker. Luke mistakes the droid for a meteorite and approaches the device, before being attacked by a snow beast, which looks like Cookie Monster from PBS' "Sesame Street". The character had previously appeared in the fourth season episode "Model Misbehavior" as a "cookie addict".


text: Before leaving, Han Solo runs into Princess Leia, who insists on Han staying with her. Apologizing to Leia for having to leave her, Han gives her his e-mail address, which is hosted by the nearly defunct company CompuServe at "hansolo64@compuserve.com." Han Solo then questions why Leia wants him to stay, and suggests that she is afraid that she will not get a "goodbye kiss" before he leaves. Leia then mulls over the thought, and tells him that she would rather kiss "Star Trek" actor George Takei. Abruptly entering, C-3PO and R2-D2 alert Han Solo of Luke Skywalker's disappearance. Han goes out to look for Luke on his "Dondon", which has the body of a tauntaun, and the head of actor Don Knotts. Once Han locates Luke, comedian Rodney Dangerfield appears, to which Han responds, "There are way too many elderly comedians out here in the snow." Before being rescued, Han first appears in a 1980s commercial for the chewing gum Juicy Fruit, with the original audio from the commercial and Juicy Fruit's current logo. The sequence was originally planned for the fifth season episode "Road to Rupert", with Stewie and Brian taking the place of Peter.


text: Continuing on their approach to the Hoth system, the Imperial Fleet passes by a mailbox with the surname 'Nimoy' on it. Darth Vader, as portrayed by Stewie, hits the mailbox with a baseball bat as the ship passes. As the Imperial Walkers, or "robot camels", begin to approach the rebels, one of the rebels looks through his binoculars at the group of robots and spots one of the Walkers wearing Crocs, a type of shoe reminiscent of the wooden clog but made out of plastic. When Luke's aircraft is shot down during the battle, he contacts OnStar, a company that provides vehicle security. As Han decides to outrun a series of TIE fighters, Sheriff John Bunnell then begins narrating the chase, in a parody of "World's Wildest Police Videos", which Bunnell hosted from 1998 to 2002. This is "Family Guy"s second reference to the show, as well as Bunnell's second appearance in the series. His first appearance was in "Quagmire's Baby", which first aired shortly before the DVD release of "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side". Han then seemingly goes through an asteroid field, much to Leia's chagrin. Han responds by stating that it is better than going through the nearby strawberry field, with The Beatles members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and George Harrison then appearing. The other Beatles are then seen teasing Paul about Heather Mills having one leg, calling her "Peg" and "Eileen". After much maneuvering, Han is able to escape the TIE fighters, eventually parking in a handicapped zone, citing vertigo as his medical condition. This leads Leia to question Han's decision making, and causes Han to film a "video confession" similar to those on the MTV reality show "The Real World".


text: When Luke reaches the Dagobah system, he crash lands into a swamp, prompting Allstate spokesperson and actor Dennis Haysbert to appear, in a parody of his commercials. Haysbert was reportedly approached to voice himself, but rejected the offer for unspecified reasons. Later getting out of the crashed ship, R2-D2 is eaten and spat back out by a swamp monster, prompting R2 to question what else is located beneath the swamp water. The Legion of Doom lair then rises from the swamp, which angers Luke. After Luke meets him, Yoda, as portrayed by Carl, reveals that the secret to mastering the Force is to "check out sweet-ass DVD releases", and goes on to reference several films, including "National Lampoon's Van Wilder" and "Iron Man", as well as "Iron Man"s director Jon Favreau. A montage depicts Luke performing various athletic feats under Yoda's guidance, interlaced with clips of Dolph Lundgren as Ivan Drago from the 1985 film "Rocky IV". Going on to test Luke's knowledge of various films, Yoda begins to ask the best and worst "naked chick" scenes, with Luke responding by citing the best as Rebecca De Mornay in "Risky Business", and the worst as Kathy Bates in "About Schmidt". Yoda then asks about the best scene in the 1985 film "Teen Wolf" and Luke picks the scene in which Michael J. Fox in wolf make-up opens the bathroom door to see his father is also a werewolf. Yoda says Luke is correct, but that he also would have accepted the end celebration in which an extra allegedly exposes himself.


text: Once the Emperor, portrayed by Carter Pewterschmidt, contacts Darth Vader, he first begins by telling him that he is getting rid of all his CDs because he is "downloading all his music to his new iPod", then proceeds to list several albums, including singer Natalie Merchant's 1995 album "Tigerlily", Alanis Morissette's album "Jagged Little Pill", and finally Richard Marx's single "Hold On to the Nights", the last of which Darth Vader excitedly agrees to take. Calling upon various bounty hunters, Darth Vader reviews a lineup of auditioning hunters, including Dog the Bounty Hunter, IG-88, Zuckuss, Bossk, Boba Fett as portrayed by the Giant Chicken, and finally Raggedy Andy, who Vader angrily dismisses. During a confrontation with Han, Darth Vader deflects lasers using his gloves and sings the theme song from the "Wonder Woman" television series. Once Han Solo is captured by Darth Vader, he is tortured into confessing his clogging one of the bathrooms on Cloud City. Vader then forces Han to listen to Paula Cole's "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?" on full blast. When Luke lands on Cloud City to fight Vader, he is first subjected to appearing on the popular reality competition "American Idol", with Ryan Seacrest as host of the ensuing "lightsaber battle" before he is quickly killed by Luke. After losing his battle against Darth Vader, Luke falls to the bottom of the floating city and calls out for Leia, along with Obi-Wan and actor Tom Selleck, the last of which is then seen briefly looking up from his book in a real-life cameo from the movie Her Alibi. Sensing this, Leia then orders Chewbacca to turn the ship around, prompting a parody of Vicki Sue Robinson's single "Turn The Beat Around", reworded to "Turn the Ship Around".


text: As the story comes to a close, Luke interrupts the ending sequence and raises the viewer's awareness to all of the "unanswered questions" that the movie leaves behind. The Western Union postal worker from the 1989 film "Back to the Future Part II" then appears, and hands Luke a message delivered by Doc Brown from the year 1885, with the story then ending on the words "To be Concluded", in the same fashion of "Back to the Future". Composer Alan Silvestri allowed the producers to use his "Back to the Future" theme since he's a fan of "Family Guy".


text: The episode then cuts back to the Griffin family household, with Peter immediately rehashing the argument between him and Chris that first started in "Blue Harvest", a joke grounded in the fact that Chris' voice actor, Seth Green, is one of the creators and producers of the stop motion comedy series "Robot Chicken". Peter begins by suggesting that "Robot Chicken" would never be able to top the story he had just told. Hearing this, Chris defends "Robot Chicken". Peter continues to poke at Chris and finally states that he "may have more time to tell another story" entitled "Without a Paddle", a critically panned movie in which Seth Green starred. Chris then angrily storms off yelling "Fuck you" to Peter.


text: In a significant decrease from the previous episode, "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side" was viewed in 6.13 million homes in its first half-hour, and 6.39 in its second (previous episode was viewed in 7.59 million homes). It aired simultaneously with the season finale of "The Celebrity Apprentice" on NBC, the series finale of "Lost" on ABC, and "Brooks & Dunn – The Last Rodeo" on CBS. The episode acquired a 3.0 and 3.2 rating, in the first and second half-hours respectively, in the 18–49 demographic. The episode beat the season finales of "The Simpsons" and "The Cleveland Show" in both the 18–49 demographic and in total viewership.


text: Reviews of the television broadcast were highly positive, praising its close attention to detail in parodying the original film. Jason Hughes of "TV Squad" found the episode to be "incredibly ," going on to note, "As much as we fans love the films, we know they're not perfect, and that they're downright ridiculous in places. "Family Guy" managed to point out virtually all of those moments in this parody." Emily VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" found the episode to have "a lot of solid laughs", and admired the show for "throwing itself into these outsized movie parody things". Critics of the DVD and Blu-ray Disc releases gave the episode high praise for its ability to accurately reflect the original film. Cindy White of IGN gave the episode an 8 out of 10, noting that it "lives up to its predecessor and, like the film it spoofs, arguably exceeds it in some ways". John Scott Lewinski of Wired praised the faithfulness to the original film, saying that it "becomes clear that MacFarlane and his writers are legit "Star Wars" fans". Adam Rosenberg of MTV Movies Blog called the episode "hilarious" and Paul Semel of Metromix praised the episode for featuring "some very ribald humor", and "[skewering] the original movie with some rather insightful moments". In a subsequent review of "Family Guy"s eighth season, Ramsey Isler of IGN listed "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side" as being a "pretty entertaining parody, and a safe way to wrap things up." Tom Eames of entertainment website "Digital Spy" placed the episode at number six on his listing of the best "Family Guy" episodes in order of "yukyukyuks" and described the episode as "almost as good as the first ["Star Wars" parody], but much better than the third ["Star Wars" parody]." He added that the episode is "a bit bizarre on paper, but it works", and noted that you need to be a fan of the "Star Wars" franchise to understand the jokes.


text: On December 22, 2009, before the episode first aired, it was released on DVD in Region 1, and — in a first for the series — the episode was available on Blu-ray Disc. It was released on December 26, 2009 in Region 2, and on December 23, 2009 in Region 4. As with "Blue Harvest", a limited edition version is available in the region 2 version, and comes with collectible items, including a T-shirt of The Giant Chicken as Boba Fett. The Blu-ray Disc release features a second disc containing a "digital copy" of the episode.


text: With the success of "Blue Harvest" and "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", a sequel episode, entitled "It's a Trap!" and parodying the film "Return of the Jedi", aired during the ninth season of "Family Guy". The episode was written by David A. Goodman and Cherry Chevapravatdumrong, and directed by Peter Shin, in his first episode since the fourth season.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Daniel Thomas Gronkowski (born January 21, 1985) is an American former football tight end. He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the seventh round of the 2009 NFL Draft, after playing college football at Maryland. He also played for the Denver Broncos (2010), New England Patriots (2011) and Cleveland Browns (2011–2012).


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Gronkowski was born in Amherst, New York to parents Gordon, and Diane Walters. His four brothers – Gordie, Chris, Rob, and Glenn – all played collegiate sports, and later played professionally. His great-grandfather, Ignatius, was a member of the 1924 U.S. Olympic cycling team in Paris.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Gronkowski attended Williamsville North High School where he played football, baseball, basketball, and ice hockey. He was a two-year starting quarterback and a one-year starting wide receiver. As a sophomore in 2001, he set a then-school record with 539 receiving yards. During his senior year in 2003, he completed 122 of 207 passes for 1,407 yards and 16 touchdowns, all of which were school records. He was named the league offensive Most Valuable Player. He was recruited by Maryland, Arizona, Purdue, and Syracuse.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Gronkowski attended the University of Maryland and sat out the 2004 season as a redshirt. In 2005, he saw action in five games and made two receptions for 37 yards, including a career-long 25-yard touchdown reception from Sam Hollenbach. In 2006, he saw action in all 13 games including nine starts. He had two receptions for 11 yards. He received the George Boutselis Memorial Award for team's highest GPA. In 2007, Gronkowski played in 11 games including eight starts and caught seven passes for 66 yards. He received the team's C.P. "Lefty" McIntosh Award for public service.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: In 2008, he played in all 13 games and started in 12. He caught 29 passes for 287 yards and three touchdowns, including one matching his career-long 25-yard reception in 2005. He also some action on special teams and returned two kicks for eight and four yards. He was named an honorable mention All-ACC player.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: He earned a degree in marketing and was pursuing an MBA when he was drafted. He was also in the process to be nominated as a Rhodes Scholar his final year at the University of Maryland.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Draft Countdown assessed him as the 21st-ranked tight end prospect for the 2009 NFL Draft. The NFL Draft Scout ranked him the 11th out of 96 tight end prospects and projected him as a fifth or sixth round selection.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Gronkowski was drafted 255th overall (2nd to last) by the Detroit Lions in the 2009 NFL Draft. On June 25, 2009, he signed a three-year $1.21 million deal, which included a signing bonus of around $26,000. He was waived on September 5, 2009 and signed to the Lions' practice squad a day later.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Gronkowski was promoted to the active roster on December 1, 2009 after tight end Brandon Pettigrew was placed on injured reserve due to a knee injury. He caught his first pass against the Baltimore Ravens on December 13. He was waived on December 17, and re-signed to Lions' practice squad on December 20.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: After his practice squad contract expired, Gronkowski was signed to a future reserve contract on January 5, 2010.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: He was traded to the Denver Broncos on September 4, 2010 for cornerback Alphonso Smith. He was released on September 3, 2011.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: Gronkowski signed with the New England Patriots on September 6, 2011. However, after playing in two games, he was waived on September 23. He re-signed with the team on October 10. On November 8, 2011, Gronkowski was released for a second time.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: After Browns tight end Alex Smith was placed on the Injured Reserve, the Browns signed Gronkowski to a one-year contract on December 20, 2011. On August 31, 2012, he was released by the team but re-signed on January 3, 2013 to a futures deal. He was released by the team again on August 30, 2013.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: After his NFL career, Gronkowski joined the family-run businesses including G&G Fitness and Gronk Fitness equipments where he is in charge of marketing and product development. He married Brittany M. Blujus on July 9, 2011 in Amherst, New York. They have three children.


title: Dan Gronkowski

text: In early 2021 Gronkowski, along with his family, opened a NexGen Fitness franchise studio in Buffalo, NY. NexGen Fitness is a high-end, boutique personal training franchise currently operating personal training studios in Texas, Oklahoma and New York with other locations schedule to open throughout the country.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: The Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-2, (FIPS PUB 140-2), is a U.S. government computer security standard used to approve cryptographic modules. The title is "Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules". Initial publication was on May 25, 2001, and was last updated December 3, 2002.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Its successor, FIPS 140-3, was approved on March 22, 2019, and became effective on September 22, 2019. FIPS 140-3 testing began on September 22, 2020, although no FIPS 140-3 validation certificates have been issued yet. FIPS 140-2 testing was still available until September 21, 2021 (later changed for applications already in progress to April 1, 2022), creating an overlapping transition period of more than one year. FIPS 140-2 test reports that remain in the CMVP queue will still be granted validations after that date, but all FIPS 140-2 validations will be moved to the Historical List on September 21, 2026 regardless of their actual final validation date.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) issued the FIPS 140 Publication Series to coordinate the requirements and standards for cryptography modules that include both hardware and software components. Protection of a cryptographic module within a security system is necessary to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the information protected by the module. This standard specifies the security requirements that will be satisfied by a cryptographic module. The standard provides four increasing qualitative levels of security intended to cover a wide range of potential applications and environments. The security requirements cover areas related to the secure design and implementation of a cryptographic module. These areas include cryptographic module specification; cryptographic module ports and interfaces; roles, services, and authentication; finite state model; physical security; operational environment; cryptographic key management; electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC); self-tests; design assurance; and mitigation of other attacks.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Federal agencies and departments can validate that the module in use is covered by an existing FIPS 140-1 or FIPS 140-2 certificate that specifies the exact module name, hardware, software, firmware, and/or applet version numbers. The cryptographic modules are produced by the private sector or open source communities for use by the U.S. government and other regulated industries (such as financial and health-care institutions) that collect, store, transfer, share and disseminate sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information. A commercial cryptographic module is also commonly referred to as a hardware security module (HSM).


title: FIPS 140-2

text: FIPS 140-2 defines four levels of security, simply named "Level 1" to "Level 4". It does not specify in detail what level of security is required by any particular application.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Security Level 1 provides the lowest level of security. Basic security requirements are specified for a cryptographic module (e.g., at least one Approved algorithm or Approved security function shall be used). No specific physical security mechanisms are required in a Security Level 1 cryptographic module beyond the basic requirement for production-grade components. An example of a Security Level 1 cryptographic module is a personal computer (PC) encryption board.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Security Level 2 improves upon the physical security mechanisms of a Security Level 1 cryptographic module by requiring features that show evidence of tampering, including tamper-evident coatings or seals that must be broken to attain physical access to the plaintext cryptographic keys and critical security parameters (CSPs) within the module, or pick-resistant locks on covers or doors to protect against unauthorized physical access.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: In addition to the tamper-evident physical security mechanisms required at Security Level 2, Security Level 3 attempts to prevent the intruder from gaining access to CSPs held within the cryptographic module. Physical security mechanisms required at Security Level 3 are intended to have a high probability of detecting and responding to attempts at physical access, use or modification of the cryptographic module. The physical security mechanisms may include the use of strong enclosures and tamper-detection/response circuitry that zeroes all plaintext CSPs when the removable covers/doors of the cryptographic module are opened.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Security Level 4 provides the highest level of security. At this security level, the physical security mechanisms provide a complete envelope of protection around the cryptographic module with the intent of detecting and responding to all unauthorized attempts at physical access. Penetration of the cryptographic module enclosure from any direction has a very high probability of being detected, resulting in the immediate deletion of all plaintext CSPs.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Security Level 4 cryptographic modules are useful for operation in physically unprotected environments. Security Level 4 also protects a cryptographic module against a security compromise due to environmental conditions or fluctuations outside of the module's normal operating ranges for voltage and temperature. Intentional excursions beyond the normal operating ranges may be used by an attacker to thwart a cryptographic module's defenses. A cryptographic module is required to either include special environmental protection features designed to detect fluctuations and delete CSPs, or to undergo rigorous environmental failure testing to provide a reasonable assurance that the module will not be affected by fluctuations outside of the normal operating range in a manner that can compromise the security of the module.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: For Levels 2 and higher, the operating platform upon which the validation is applicable is also listed. Vendors do not always maintain their baseline validations.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: FIPS 140-2 establishes the Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) as a joint effort by the NIST and the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) for the Government of Canada


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Security programs overseen by NIST and CSE focus on working with government and industry to establish more secure systems and networks by developing, managing and promoting security assessment tools, techniques, services, and supporting programs for testing, evaluation and validation; and addresses such areas as: development and maintenance of security metrics, security evaluation criteria and evaluation methodologies, tests and test methods; security-specific criteria for laboratory accreditation; guidance on the use of evaluated and tested products; research to address assurance methods and system-wide security and assessment methodologies; security protocol validation activities; and appropriate coordination with assessment-related activities of voluntary industry standards bodies and other assessment regimes.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: The FIPS 140-2 standard is an information technology security approval program for cryptographic modules produced by private sector vendors who seek to have their products certified for use in government departments and regulated industries (such as financial and health-care institutions) that collect, store, transfer, share and disseminate sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: All of the tests under the CMVP are handled by third-party laboratories that are accredited as Cryptographic Module Testing laboratories by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program(NVLAP). Vendors interested in validation testing may select any of the twenty-one accredited labs.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: NVLAP accredited Cryptographic Modules Testing laboratories perform validation testing of cryptographic modules. Cryptographic modules are tested against requirements found in FIPS PUB 140–2, Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules. Security requirements cover 11 areas related to the design and implementation of a cryptographic module. Within most areas, a cryptographic module receives a security level rating (1–4, from lowest to highest), depending on what requirements are met. For other areas that do not provide for different levels of security, a cryptographic module receives a rating that reflects fulfillment of all of the requirements for that area.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: NIST maintains validation lists for all of its cryptographic standards testing programs (past and present). All of these lists are updated as new modules/implementations receive validation certificates from NIST and CSE. Items on the FIPS 140-1 and FIPS 140-2 validation list reference validated algorithm implementations that appear on the algorithm validation lists.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: In addition to using a validate cryptographic module, encryption solutions are required to used cipher suites with approved algorithms or security functions established by the FIPS 140-2 Annex A to be considered FIPS 140-2 compliant.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: Steven Marquess has posted a criticism that FIPS 140-2 validation can lead to incentives to keep vulnerabilities and other defects hidden. CMVP can decertify software in which vulnerabilities are found, but it can take a year to re-certify software if defects are found, so companies can be left without a certified product to ship. As an example, Steven Marquess mentions a vulnerability that was found, publicised, and fixed in the FIPS-certified open-source derivative of OpenSSL, with the publication meaning that the OpenSSL derivative was decertified. This decertification hurt companies relying on the OpenSSL-derivative's FIPS certification. By contrast, companies that had renamed and certified a copy of the open-source OpenSSL derivative were not decertified, even though they were basically identical, and did not fix the vulnerability. Steven Marquess therefore argues that the FIPS process inadvertently encourages hiding software's origins, to de-associate it from defects since found in the original, while potentially leaving the certified copy vulnerable.


title: FIPS 140-2

text: In recent years, CMVP has taken steps to avoid the situation described by Marquess, moving validations to the Historical List based on the algorithms and functions contained in the module, rather than based on the provenance.


title: 2011 Major League Baseball draft

text: The 2011 Major League Baseball draft was held from June 6 through June 8, 2011, from Studio 42 of the MLB Network in Secaucus, New Jersey. The Pittsburgh Pirates selected Gerrit Cole out of the University of California, Los Angeles, with the first overall pick.


title: 2011 Major League Baseball draft

text: The draft order was determined by the 2010 Major League Baseball standings. The Pittsburgh Pirates received the first pick after having the worst record in 2010.


title: 2011 Major League Baseball draft

text: The Arizona Diamondbacks, San Diego Padres, and Milwaukee Brewers each received a compensation pick for failing to sign draft picks from the 2010 draft. Also, teams lost draft picks for signing certain free agents, while teams losing free agents received draft picks as compensation. The Elias Sports Bureau ranks all players based on performance over the past two seasons, with the top 20% being considered "Type A" and the next 20% considered "Type B". If a team offers a Type A free agent arbitration and he signs with another club, the player's former team obtains the new team's first- or second-round pick, depending on whether the new team is in the top 15 or bottom 15 in won–loss records in 2011, as well as a supplemental pick after the first round. If a team offers a Class B free agent arbitration and he signs with another club, the former team gets a supplemental pick after the first round.


title: 2011 Major League Baseball draft

text: On September 8, 2019, Danny Hultzen became the last of the first 29 picks to appear in a Major League game, when he made his debut for the Chicago Cubs.


title: Lloyds Bank coprolite

text: The Lloyds Bank coprolite is a large coprolite, or fossilised specimen of human faeces, recovered by the York Archaeological Trust while excavating the Viking settlement of Jórvík (present-day York) in northern England.


title: Lloyds Bank coprolite

text: The coprolite was found in 1972 beneath the site of what was to become the branch of Lloyds Bank on Pavement in York, and may be the largest example of fossilised human faeces (palaeofaeces) ever found, measuring long and wide. Analysis of the stool has indicated that its producer subsisted largely on meat and bread whilst the presence of several hundred parasitic eggs suggests they were riddled with intestinal worms. In 1991, Andrew Jones, a York Archaeological Trust employee and palaeoscatologist, made international news with his appraisal of the item for insurance purposes: "This is the most exciting piece of excrement I've ever seen ... In its own way, it's as irreplaceable as the Crown Jewels".


title: Lloyds Bank coprolite

text: The layers that covered the coprolite were moist and peaty. The archaeologists also preserved timber, textiles and leather from the site.


title: Lloyds Bank coprolite

text: The specimen was put on display at the , an outreach and education centre run by the York Archaeological Trust. In 2003, the coprolite broke into three pieces after being dropped while being exhibited to a party of visitors, and efforts were undertaken to reconstruct it. It has been displayed at Jorvik Viking Centre since 2008.


The 2016 United States presidential election in Virginia was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 general election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Virginia voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate, Virginia Senator Tim Kaine.


title: 2016 United States presidential election in Virginia

text: The Democratic Party candidate, Hillary Clinton of New York, carried Virginia with a 49.73% plurality in the popular vote against businessman Donald Trump of New York, who carried 44.41%, a victory margin of 5.32%. Clinton seemed to benefit from having former Virginia governor Tim Kaine on the ticket. Whereas the national popular vote swung 1.77% Republican from the previous election, Virginia swung 1.44% Democratic. (Due to a higher third-party vote, Clinton's percentage was lower than Obama's in both 2008 and 2012, however.) Kaine himself became optimistic on election night after it became clear that he and Clinton would win Virginia by a larger margin than Obama did in 2012. His optimism soon faded, however, as it was announced that Clinton had lost many other important swing states to Trump. This election marked the first time since 1996 that Virginia voted for the losing candidate in a presidential election.


text: Conversely, Trump became the first Republican since Calvin Coolidge in 1924 to win the White House without carrying Virginia. Trump is also the first Republican since Ronald Reagan in 1980 to win the presidency without sweeping every former confederate state. The Old Dominion had been a traditionally Democratic-leaning state from the party's founding until 1952. It then became reliably Republican-leaning from 1952 until 2004, after which point it has voted Democratic in every presidential election. This was due largely to migration into counties in Northern Virginia, close to Washington, D.C., which has further tilted these densely populated areas towards the Democratic Party.


text: Virginia was the only one of the eleven states that composed the Confederate States of America to vote Democratic in this election. This is a reversal from 1976, when it was the only state that had been part of the Confederacy to vote Republican. Virginia was also the only state Hillary Clinton won which was never carried by her husband Bill Clinton in either of his runs for president in 1992 and 1996. Virginia was one of eleven states to vote more Democratic than in 2012.


text: This was only the third time since Reconstruction that Virginia voted for a different candidate than Florida, after 1976 and 1996, and the first in which Virginia voted Democratic while Florida voted Republican. This would happen again four years later.


text: Trump became the first Republican to win the White House without carrying Prince William County since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, as well as the first to do so without carrying Loudoun County since Herbert Hoover in 1928, and the first to do so without carrying Henrico County since Coolidge in 1924.


text: The 108 delegates (95 pledged delegates and 13 super delegates) from Virginia to the Democratic National Convention were allocated in this way. Among the pledged delegates, 62 of them were allocated based on the popular vote in each congressional district. The 33 at-large delegates were then allocated based on the statewide popular vote.


text: The 49 delegates from Virginia to the Republican National Convention were allocated proportionally based on the popular vote.


text: The 2016 Libertarian Party presidential ticket was former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson for president and former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld for vice president. They earned those nominations at the Libertarian Party 2016 National Convention on Memorial Day weekend.


text: The Virginia Green Party held its primary from March 20 through April 3. Party members were able to vote online through an email ballot or through the mail. On April 13, it was announced that Jill Stein had won with 76% of the vote. The state's four delegates were apportioned at the May 28 state meeting.


text: In polling, Hillary Clinton won or tied in every pre-election poll but one. An average of the last three polls showed Clinton ahead of Trump 48% to 43%, which was accurate compared to the results.


text: Virginia joined the Union in June 1788 and has participated in all elections from 1789 onwards, except 1864 and 1868 (due to its secession from the US due to the American Civil War). Since 1900, Virginia voted Democratic 54.17% of the time and Republican 45.83% of the time. From 1968 to 2004, Virginia voted for the Republican Party candidate. Then, in the 2008 and 2012 elections, the state voted for the Democratic Party. The same trend continued in the 2016 presidential elections.


text: Clinton had several advantages in Virginia. The first was due in part to her landslide win in the Democratic primary against Senator Bernie Sanders. The second was Virginia has a significant number of African American voters, many of whom backed Clinton in the primary and both of President Barack Obama's wins in the state. The third was the state's growing share of well-educated suburban voters, especially in the suburbs surrounding Washington, D.C., who were moving away from the Republican Party in response to Trump being nominated for president. The fourth was Clinton's pick of the state's own US Senator, Tim Kaine, as her vice presidential running mate.


text: While polls throughout the campaign showed Clinton leading Republican Donald Trump by varying margins in Virginia, it was announced on October 13 that the Trump campaign was pulling its resources out of the state, likely ceding to Clinton what was perceived to be a critical battleground state. According to the Trump campaign, the reason for pulling out of Virginia was to compete in more critical battleground states like Pennsylvania, Florida, North Carolina, and Ohio, all of which were states he won.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: The 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season was the 31st season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: This season would prove to be the most successful season for the Mavericks. In the playoffs, the Mavericks defeated the Portland Trail Blazers in six games in the First Round, then swept the defending two-time NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers in four games in the semi-finals, before defeating the Oklahoma City Thunder in five games in the Conference Finals to reach the NBA Finals for the first time since 2006. In the NBA Finals, the Mavericks faced off against the Miami Heat in a rematch of the 2006 NBA Finals, and the Heat were led by their Big Three of LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh. The Mavericks would go on to defeat the Heat in six games in the NBA Finals, winning their first NBA championship in franchise history. This would be their last playoff series win until 2022.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: The Mavericks' championship was the first major sports championship in the Dallas-Fort Worth area since the Dallas Stars in 1999, and the first title in Mavericks franchise history. The Mavericks became the third team to win an NBA title in the state of Texas, joining the Houston Rockets and San Antonio Spurs. The Mavericks are also the third team to win a major sports championship in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, joining the Dallas Cowboys and the Dallas Stars. The Mavericks championship parade was held on June 16, 2011 in downtown Dallas.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: In the 2010 NBA Draft the Mavericks selected Nigerian center Solomon Alabi with the 20th pick in the second round(50th overall) who was traded directly to the Toronto Raptors for a future second-round pick and cash considerations.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: The Mavericks sent $3 million to the Memphis Grizzlies to acquire the rights for shooting guard Dominique Jones.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: Mavericks free agent Dirk Nowitzki agreed to a 4-year deal worth $80 million to stay with the Mavericks.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: Brendan Haywood also decided to stay with the Mavericks as he signed a new 6-year deal worth $55 million. His sixth and last year in this contract is however not fully guaranteed.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: The Mavericks and the Charlotte Bobcats agreed on a trade that sent Erick Dampier, Matt Carroll and Eduardo Nájera to the Bobcats, while the Bobcats sent Tyson Chandler and Alexis Ajinca to the Mavericks.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: On August 12 Tim Thomas signed a 1-year deal to the veteran minimum ($1.35 million). He was rostered the previous season, but left the team to take care of his ill wife. Later, Thomas announced that the illness his wife was suffering from would prevent him from playing for the Mavericks.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: On January 10, the Mavericks signed Sasha Pavlović to a 10-day contract. He received a second 10-day contract on January 20. On January 30 he was released.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: Rodrigue Beaubois injured his foot during a practice session with the French national squad. Beaubois broke the fifth metatarsal bone in his left foot. He underwent surgery, which was successful. He rebroke his foot, but returned to practice at February 8, 2011. Beaubois made his comeback in a game against Sacramento on February 16.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: On January 4, 2011, Caron Butler was ruled out for the rest of the season after undergoing surgery to repair a ruptured right patellar tendon.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: Head coach Rick Carlisle did not make the trip to Oklahoma because he was recovering from a minor arthroscopic knee surgery.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: During a game against Milwaukee, Caron Butler injured his right knee and did not return to the game. Butler suffered a ruptured right patellar tendon on his right knee, underwent surgery on Tuesday, January 4, and missed the remainder of the season.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: Rodrigue Beaubois missed Game 1 of the playoff series against Portland due to a foot sprain. He also missed Games 2–5 of the same series.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: Dirk Nowitzki tore a tendon in the middle finger of his left (non-shooting) hand in Game 1 of the NBA Finals.


title: 2010–11 Dallas Mavericks season

text: During the Finals against Miami, Brendan Haywood missed Game 3 due to a strained right hip flexor. He returned to play Game 4, but could not move well and only played a few minutes.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Cranston, once known as Pawtuxet, is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island. The official population of the city in the 2020 United States Census was 82,934, making it the second largest in the state. The center of population of Rhode Island is located in Cranston. Cranston is a part of the Providence metropolitan area.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Cranston was named one of the "100 Best Places to Live" in the United States by "Money" magazine in 2006. Cranston ranked 36th on the list of "America's 50 Best Cities to Live" in a 2014 survey done by 24/7 Wall St.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The Town of Cranston was created in 1754 from a portion of Providence north of the Pawtuxet River. After losing much of its territory to neighboring towns and the city of Providence, Cranston itself became a city on March 10, 1910.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Much of the land was purchased by Roger Williams from the Narragansett Indians in 1638 as part of the Pawtuxet Purchase, and the first settler in the area was William Arnold, who was followed shortly by William Harris, William Carpenter, and Zachariah Rhodes. Stephen Arnold, a brother-in-law of Rhodes and William Arnold, built a gristmill on the Pawtuxet falls and laid out the Arnold Road (modern-day Broad Street) connecting it to the Pequot Trail leading to Connecticut. Arnold's son Benedict Arnold became the first Governor of Rhode Island under the charter of 1663. Residents were unable to agree upon a name for a new town for decades, and the Town of Cranston was eventually created by the General Assembly in 1754 from a portion of Providence north of the Pawtuxet River. Historians debate whether the town was named after Governor Samuel Cranston, the longest-serving Rhode Island governor, or his grandson Thomas Cranston, who was serving as Speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives at the time that the town was created. In the early 1770s, town meetings were held at the taverns of Caleb Arnold and Nehemiah Knight, where residents voted in favor of a resolution opposing the British Parliament's Coercive Acts; the town heavily supported the Patriot cause during the Revolutionary War. The town lost much of its territory to neighboring towns and the city of Providence over the nineteenth century, and Cranston became a city on March 10, 1910.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Many Italian-Americans in Cranston are descended from immigrants of Itri, Italy who settled mainly in the Knightsville section of Cranston during the early 1900s. Cranston is known for the St. Mary's Feast, inspired by the Feast of the Madonna della Civita celebrated in Itri. Since 1905, the St. Mary's Feast has been a week-long festival celebrated in July in Cranston with vendors, a carnival, fireworks, and a religious procession from St. Mary's Church on Sunday. In 2000, Cranston and Itri became sister cities.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The Pawtuxet River overflowed in March 2010 after an overwhelming amount of rain. This caused many major sites to be shut down and repaired, such as the Warwick Mall, Contour Dental Laboratories, and the CLCF Building.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (4.54%) is water.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: As of the 2020 US Census, there were 82,934 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 78.78% White, 6.34% African American, 0.50% Native American, 6.23% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 4.6% from other races, and 2.66% from two or more races. Latino of any race were 18.1% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 65.4% of the population.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The most common Hispanic background in Cranston is Dominican American and Guatemalan American, reflective of Rhode Island's Latino population as a whole. There is also a relatively large Cambodian American population centered around Park and Pontiac Ave in the center of the city. Italian Americans are still the predominant ethnicity throughout Cranston, numbered at 38% of the population. This gives Cranston one of the largest Italian American communities in the United States, similar to neighbouring Johnston, Rhode Island and North Providence, Rhode Island.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: As of the 2010 US Census, there were 80,387 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the village was 81.93% White, 5.26% African American, 0.32% Native American, 5.17% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 4.6% from other races, and 2.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.83% of the population.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: As of the census of 1990, there were 79,269 people, 30,954 households, and 20,243 families living in the city of Cranston. The population density was 2,774.6 persons per square mile (1,071.3/km). There were 32,068 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.19% White, 3.69% African American, 0.30% Native American, 3.28% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.93% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.56% of the population.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: There were 30,954 households, out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.01.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: In the city the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females of age 18 or over, there were 92.8 males.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The median income for a household in the city was $44,108, and the median income for a family was $55,241. Males had a median income of $40,031 versus $28,279 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,978. About 5.6 of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under the age of 18 and 8.5% of those ages 65 or older.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Companies with corporate headquarters in Cranston include jewelry maker Alex and Ani and Coastway Community Bank. The first Del's Lemonade stand was opened in Cranston in 1948.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The first auto race track in the country, Narragansett Park, located off Park Avenue, opened at present-day Stadium Ball Field in 1867 as a trotting track.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Cranston is home to the Budlong Pool, one of the largest outdoor swimming pools in the country. Built in the 1940s as a Works Progress Administration project, it is a staple of the community. It is located at 198 Aqueduct Road, off Reservoir Avenue (part of RI 2).


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Sprague Mansion, an 18th-century homestead, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Thomas Fenner House, built around 1677, is one of the oldest houses in Rhode Island. Edgewood Yacht Club which is no longer standing was a notable structure on the National Register of Historic Places located on the Providence River.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The Rhode Island Department of Corrections has its headquarters and its adult prison facilities in Cranston. The Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth & Families operates the Rhode Island Training School (RITS), a juvenile correctional facility, in Cranston. The Rhode Island Division of Motor Vehicles is headquartered in Cranston.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The City of Cranston operates under a mayor-council form of government. General city elections are held on the first Tuesday next after the first Monday in November in even numbered years. Terms for elected officials begin on the first Monday in January of the year following their election. The City Council consists of nine members: six representing each of the City wards, and three city-wide representatives. Council members are elected to a two-year term, and are limited to five consecutive two-year terms. The current Cranston City Council President is Christopher G. Paplauskas, who represents Ward 5, and the council has a 5-4 Democratic majority.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The current mayor, Kenneth J. Hopkins, was sworn in on January 4, 2021, following his election to a four-year term in November 2020. Hopkins succeeded Mayor Allan Fung, the state's first Asian-American mayor, who served four terms from 2009 to 2021. , mayors may be elected to no more than two consecutive four-year terms.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: In the Rhode Island Senate, Cranston is split into four senatorial districts, all represented by Democrats: Frank S. Lombardi (District 26), Hanna M. Gallo (District 27), Joshua Miller (District 28), and Kendra Anderson (District 31). The city is divided into all or parts of nine Rhode Island House of Representatives districts, including Districts 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 41, and 42. At the federal level, Cranston is a part of Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat James R. Langevin.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: In presidential elections, Cranston is reliably Democratic as no Republican presidential nominee has won the city in over three decades.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: The Cranston School Committee consists of seven non-partisan members, six representing each of the city wards and one city-wide representative. Committee members are elected at city general elections to a two-year term, and , members are limited to five consecutive two-year terms. The current Cranston School Committee chairperson is Daniel R. Wall, who represents Ward 6.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Four freeways travel through Cranston: I-95, I-295, RI 10 (the Huntington Expressway) and RI 37. Other state-numbered roads in Cranston are U.S. 1, US 1A, RI 2, RI 5, RI 12, RI 33, RI 51, RI 115 and RI 117.


title: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: Cranston is served by Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) buses. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor passes through but has no station in the city. The MBTA's Providence/Stoughton Line also passes through but does not include a station in Cranston. However, a station stop has been proposed. Currently, the nearest MBTA stations are in Providence and Warwick at T.F. Green Airport, the former which is also served by Amtrak.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Nero was created by Bingo Morihashi and designed by Tatsuya Yoshikawa, who wanted to distinguish him from the veteran series protagonist Dante. The character was redesigned for "Devil May Cry 5" to indicate his relationship to Dante's father (Sparda) and brother (Vergil) with physical similarities. Nero is voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch in English and Kaito Ishikawa in Japanese. Director Hideaki Itsuno aimed to make Nero stand out within the narrative despite being younger than most characters and thus would acquire new powers in the process.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Critical reception has been mainly positive; game journalists found that although fans would miss playing as Dante during Nero's debut, his personality and abilities would be equally appealing. His new look and actions in the sequel, "Devil May Cry 5", have also been praised by critics that helped to distinguish him from the other playable characters.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Nero was created by the Capcom staff as a new protagonist who would develop across the "Devil May Cry" series because Dante had become stronger with each game. Originally a weak character, he develops new powers (primarily through his Devil Bringer ability) until he reaches Dante's level. Nero was also introduced to attract new gamers to the franchise. The Devil Bringer was originally intended to be part of Dante's mechanics, but the staff found that the games would be more interesting if a character who cannot transform into a demon develops a demonic arm. During their development, Capcom wanted to keep Nero's characteristics (except for Kyrie being his love interest) secret. Bingo Morihashi was inspired to write Nero's story by manga artist Ramo Nakajima in the "Amagasaki City" series: "I love you, so I protect the city you love". Love is the focus of the "Devil May Cry" series, and "Devil May Cry 4" focuses on Nero's love for Kyrie. The staff were satisfied with Morihashi's simple story, similar to Hollywood films about a damsel in distress.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Fearing negative feedback similar to what followed the replacement of protagonist Solid Snake by newcomer Raiden in Konami's stealth game "", producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi said that Capcom intended to make Nero fun to play compared with Dante and the team aimed to make him stronger. Kobayashi described Nero as "characteristically wild, quite immature, young, and very passionate ... kind of a rebel."


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Capcom originally planned to name their new character after the French sculptor Auguste Rodin, who created "The Gates of Hell" from Dante Alighieri's "Inferno", and the work makes demons spawn in the human world in "Devil May Cry 4". However, the team later wanted a simpler name (similar to Dante and Vergil). Writer Morihashi Bingo persuaded the staff to use the name of the Roman emperor; according to Bingo, the similarities between Nero and the name of Vergil's alter ego (Nelo Angelo) were coincidental and there is no connection between the characters. Most of Nero's moves were named after casino terms, which Morihashi thought would suit the character's personality.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: In "Devil May Cry 5", Nero's gameplay emphasizes his anger at how Dante first treats him. The game's climax, where Nero awakens his demonic powers and ends the struggle between Dante and Vergil, was meant to give the story depth. Nero's new powers' availability near the game's end intended to enhance its replay value and emphasize the power Nero needs to face Vergil; he could not defeat his alter ego, Urizen, at the beginning of the game. Itsuno claimed that while Dante and V get power ups in "Devil May Cry 5" during mid areas of the game, which he finds common in gaming, he wanted Nero to awake these powers for the final fight. Nero's relationship with Dante and Vergil was inspired by a mecha anime Itsuno watched as a child. Vergil was based on the protagonist's missing father who makes a sudden appearance with a giant robot that targets his family: Nero and Dante.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Nero was designed by Tatsuya Yoshikawa, who researched the entire "Devil May Cry" series. Yoshikawa was satisfied with Nero's appearance, believing that he fits the series' world. Nero's appearance underwent several changes during the development of "Devil May Cry 4"; although early designs looked more like Vergil, the final design resembled Dante. Capcom wanted to balance the traits of Nero and Dante, the game's two playable characters. Nero was created to be weak due to his youth, and Dante seems more experienced; existing fans would prefer playing Dante. Capcom had planned another "Devil May Cry" game, in which Nero would return and might team up with Dante, but first wanted to see fan response to "Devil May Cry 4".


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Yoshikawa also created the , another devil transformation, for Nero. Unlike Dante's transformation (which makes him look like a devil), Nero's Devil Trigger generates a creature behind his back. One prototype (which did not appear in the game) turned Nero into a demon like Dante, with his hood covering one eye.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Nero's redesign for "Devil May Cry 5" was intended to contrast with Dante's older look. Since Nero's name means "black" in Italian, he was given black clothing. Capcom used an older incarnation of Nero, so he would be "at the top of his game in body and mind". Because the game's graphics are meant to be as realistic as possible, Nero's face was modeled on actor Karlo Baker. Fans wondered if Nero was related to Dante or Vergil, as in "Devil May Cry 4". Nero is said to be a descendant of Sparda (Dante and Vergil's father) based on their similarities and the Devil Trigger, Nero's power-up which makes him resemble Vergil's devil form. In June 2018, Capcom said that Nero is Vergil's son. Capcom replaced Nero's Devil Bringer with the Devil Breaker, a prosthetic arm useful in combat. Purchasers of the "Devil May Cry 5" deluxe edition received four Devil Breaker weapons for Nero, including a Mega Buster based on "Mega Man 11".


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Nero was voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch, who enjoyed playing Ichigo Kurosaki from "Bleach" and Vash the Stampede from "Trigun" but considers Nero his favorite. He went to Japan to do the character's motion capture. Before his debut, Bosch was familiar with the series, having played the first "Devil May Cry". While he enjoyed Dante's character, he wanted Nero to be different personality wise despite his similar physical appearances. As a result, he considers Nero as a character he relates due to how close he was to the role. Bosch is also in charge of doing the motion capture which he originally challenging back in his debut due to some over the top actions the stunt had to make. The voiceover had to be redone during the making of the game. Although "Devil May Cry 5" is a sequel, Bosch did three auditions to reprise his roles due to the large time the game took to be made. In regards to Nero's bloodline, Bosch found that "Devil May Cry 4" made it obvious that Nero was Vergil's son but still look forward to how their relationship would be explored in the sequel.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: In the Japanese version of "Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition" (an updated version of "Devil May Cry 4"), Nero was voiced by Kaito Ishikawa. Although Ishikawa tried to follow Bosch's work when dubbing the character to understand Nero's personality, he found it difficult because he did not know English. He had no previous experience with the series before working on "Special Edition", but was encouraged by his friends. Ishikawa met Dante's Japanese voice actor, Toshiyuki Morikawa, during recording; they interacted many times, and Morikawa helped him understand the franchise. Ishikawa understood the game better as he worked because it was translated into Japanese (which might attract more fans), and he appreciated the experience.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: He described Nero as a character who encompasses the universal "naughty young boy". Nero's interactions with enemies differ significantly from Dante's, and Ishikawa believed that Nero is taking his own path rather than following Dante's. He enjoyed the relationship between the two characters, which he brought into recording the game. Nero tries to act stylishly when facing his enemies (unlike Dante), and Ishikawa noted Morikawa's work.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: In the fourth installment of the "Devil May Cry" series, Nero is injured protecting his childhood friend Kyrie from a pack of demons. At a later mass at the Order of the Sword, Nero's injured arm becomes the Devil Bringer when Kyrie is endangered. With a lone-wolf reputation, Nero is given a mission to find and capture Dante. He learns that the influx of demons on the island was arranged by Sanctus, who was resurrected as a demon by Order scientist Agnus. Nero is revealed as Sparda's descendant, convincing Sanctus to use Kyrie as bait to force Nero to assume the role he intended for Dante. Dante sabotages Sanctus's plans, freeing Nero so he can save Kyrie and destroy Sanctus and the Savior. Nero parts on good terms with Dante, who convinces him to keep Yamato.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: A "Devil May Cry 4" novel by Bingo Morihashi expands Nero's background. Found as an infant in Fortuna, he is bullied by other children who call his mother a prostitute. Nero is taken in by Credo and Kyrie's family and later joins the Order of the Sword, often working alone to defeat demons. Dante says that he has fun with Nero because he reminds him of his brother, Vergil, although he cannot understand why.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: In "Devil May Cry 5", Nero has started a mobile branch of Dante's Devil May Cry business to provide for Kyrie and working with Agnus' daughter Nico. His life is uprooted when a mysterious figure rips his Devil Bringer arm off for the Yamato. Nero is outfitted with the prosthetic Devil Breaker arm and pursues the figure to Red Grave City, where he rejoins Dante and meets the mysterious V. It is revealed that V and Urizen are splintered halves of Vergil, who took Nero's arm and is his father. Nero decides to stop the brothers' fight, and overpowers Vergil with his awakened Devil Trigger. This convinces Dante and Vergil to entrust him with the world's safety, and they trap themselves in the Underworld to destroy the Qliphoth and end the chaos caused by Urizen. The light novel "Devil May Cry 5 Before the Nightmare" explores the character's actions between his appearances.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Nero was scheduled to appear in the fighting game "Tatsunoko vs. Capcom", but did not due to time constraints. He is mentioned in "Marvel vs. Capcom 3" by Deadpool, interacting with Dante. In "Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3", Vergil has a color scheme based on Nero in "DMC4". In "Street Fighter V", Nero is an alternate design for Ed. Nero was added to "Teppen" as a playable character in October 2019 as part of its "The Devils Awaken" expansion, he was initially announced during the 2019 Tokyo Game Show.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Nero has received mainly-positive reviews from video-game critics. Since his introduction in a game demo, a "GameSpot" reviewer felt that the character would appeal to series fans (although Dante remained more popular). Dante's replacement with Nero as the new main character was controversial; a "GameAxis Unwired" reviewer expected him to play similarly to Dante, and his Devil Bringer would satisfy newcomers. Nero's gameplay style was praised by IGN, which said that he "strike[s] the right tone of gravity and sarcasm". Capsulecomputers.com called Nero "our anti-hero with a heart", and enjoyed the character's mechanics as much as Dante's. Finding Nero a likable character, a "GameSpot" reviewer said that players would be pleased with the switch between Nero and Dante as "Devil May Cry 4" progressed. Den of Geek noted that although Nero's debut might have surprised fans of Dante, his combined similar appearance and distinctive style might appeal to them. GameSpy described his combat: "He has a fuel injector built in, so that he can 'rev' up his blade for charged attacks".


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: "USgamer" noted that despite Nero's being one of "Special Edition" easiest characters to use, his combat still provided depth and defeating the bosses was more challenging with Nero than with Dante. Noting the similarities between Nero and Dante, Metro said that Nero's other skills (his swordsmanship and the Devil Bringer) made him unique. IGN ranked the Devil Bringer the ninth-best weapon in the "Devil May Cry" series, since Nero could attack any type of enemy with his arm. A Dual Shockers reviewer enjoyed Nero's combat, which added depth to the series because it differed from Dante's. The website, however, found Nero's story unappealing.


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Capcom said that it would not make a bad protagonist like that in "Metal Gear Solid 2". GameZone found Nero's actions and powers likable. Game Informer agreed with GameZone that Nero is as likable as Dante because he "lives up to his legacy". "Edge" was critical of his replacement of Dante, comparing Nero to the unlikable "God of War" protagonist Kratos. Although it found Nero's improvements in abilities less enjoyable, "Edge" said that players would find Dante more appealing as the story progressed. In his book, "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die", Tony Mott wrote that the change to Nero from Dante was an appeal to new arrivals at the franchise. Nero performed simpler moves than Dante, with whom players might have become bored; sales of the series were falling. Mott's book called Nero a "dead ringer", with moves similar to those of Kratos. Bosch's portrayal of Nero in the English-language version was praised by GameZone; GameSpot agreed, saying that Bosch's "superb acting makes for one of the most appealing new game characters to be introduced in some time".


title: Nero (Devil May Cry)

text: Reaction to Nero's role in "Devil May Cry 5" has been mainly positive. "GamesRadar" found his engagement of demons in the "Devil May Cry 5" trailer appealing. "Metro" also enjoyed his actions in the trailer and joked about Nero's new look, while VG247 found him too different from his "Devil May Cry 4" persona. IGN criticized Nero's appearance in "Devil May Cry 5", comparing it and the redesigned version of Dante by Ninja Theory as a failed attempt to appeal to gamers during the 2018 Electronic Entertainment Expo. According to Capcom's Michiteru Okabe, gamer response to Nero's new appearance was positive. Despite a confusing scene in the trailer in which Vergil apparently cuts Nero's arm, "Kotaku" looked forward to the return of the main characters Dante, Vergil and Nero. Another "Kokatu" writer praised Nero's new costume and his metallic arm. "Destructoid" liked Vergil's impact on Dante and Nero as his brother and son take it upon themselves to halt the threat to their relative. "USgamer" compared Dante's relationship with Nero to that of father and son, but found Dante's treatment of the younger demon hunter mean-spirited (although Dante later does not want Nero to face Vergil because of their actual father-son relationship). In promoting "Devil May Cry 5", Capcom produced replicas of the character's jacket as limited editions for Japanese gamers. "GameSpot" noted how engaging Nero is to newcomers thanks to his gameplay. "IGN" liked Nero's new techniques provided by his mechanical arms—most notably the one he shoots to attack enemies. "EndGadget" found Nero as a worthy "Devil May Cry" fighter due to his visual appeal and the uniqueness in his movesets.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: David Montgomery (born June 7, 1997) is an American football running back for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa State.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Growing up in the Cincinnati, Ohio area, he is an Eagle Scout in addition to being a standout prep dual threat quarterback. Over his four-year career, he rushed for 6,666 yards and 91 touchdowns. In 2015, he was named the Division III Ohio Player of the Year as well as the Southwest District Offensive Player of the Year. His senior season rushing total of 2,707 was good enough for the 21st best single season performance in Ohio high school history. He posted seven 200-yard games and three 300-yard games, including one 373 yard performance.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Despite a record-breaking high school career, Montgomery was only lightly recruited to continue his football career in college. He was only recruited by Miami (OH), Ball State, Buffalo, and Iowa State. He eventually committed to the Cyclones.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: As a true freshman in 2016, Montgomery played in all 12 games and started the final four contests. He led the team in rushing with 563 yards, averaging 5.2 yards per carry. This was good enough to be the second-best freshman performance in school history. In his second career start he rushed 169 yards on 24 carries to defeat Kansas. He was named Big 12 Newcomer of the Week for that performance. He finished the season with 141 yards rushing and 45 yards receiving against West Virginia.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: At the conclusion of the season Montgomery was named to the honorable mention Freshman All-America team by Campus Insiders.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery's break out season was in 2017. He led the Cyclones in rushing yards and yards from scrimmage with 1,095 and 1,383 respectively. He finished second in the Big 12 in rushing yards and touchdowns behind only Justice Hill. Montgomery led the nation in forced missed tackles with 104, breaking the previous record of 89 set by Dalvin Cook. Against Iowa he ran for 113 yards, rushed for a touchdown, and had 53 yards on receptions. In an upset win at #3 Oklahoma, Montgomery ran for 55 yards and a touchdown and caught 7 passes for 89 yards. He had a career day against Texas Tech rushing for 164 yards on 28 attempts, averaging 5.9 yards per play. Montgomery had a three straight 100 yard performances against West Virginia, Oklahoma State, and Baylor with 115, 105, and 144 yards respectively including three touchdowns against the Cowboys.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery received multiple accolades at the end of the regular season. He was named a first-team All-American by Pro Football Focus as well as consensus first-team All-Big 12.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery started the season slow, but had a string of four straight 100-yard games with five touchdowns from mid-September to mid-October, and ended the season with another string of three straight 100-yard games with six touchdowns, including 179 yards from scrimmage in the 2018 Alamo Bowl loss to Washington State. Montgomery finished the 2018 season with 1,216 rushing yards (second in the Big 12 to Alex Barnes) and 13 rushing touchdowns (second to Sam Ehlinger).


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: On January 7, 2019, Montgomery announced that he would forgo his final season of eligibility and declare for the 2019 NFL Draft. "ESPN2" dubbed Montgomery the "Frankenstein" of running backs for possessing similar physical traits of different NFL running backs, including the footwork of Saquon Barkley, the field vision of Le'Veon Bell, the strength of Ezekiel Elliott and the athleticism of Sony Michel. The Chicago Bears drafted Montgomery in the third round with the 73rd overall pick in the draft. Montgomery signed a four-year rookie contract with the team on June 14.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery made his NFL debut with the Chicago Bears in Week 1 against the Green Bay Packers. In that game, Montgomery rushed for 18 yards on six attempts and caught one pass for 27 yards as the Bears lost 10–3. In Week 2 against the Denver Broncos, Montgomery rushed 18 times for 62 yards and his first career NFL touchdown as the Bears won 16–14. Though utilized more than teammate Tarik Cohen, Montgomery failed to reach 70 yards in any of the Bears' first seven games. After 11 carries for 25 yards in Week 6 and a disastrous two rushes for six yards and a fumble in Week 7 against the New Orleans Saints, Montgomery responded in Week 8 against the Los Angeles Chargers with 27 rushes for an NFL-second best 135 yards and a touchdown in the 17–16 loss. In Week 9 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Montgomery rushed 14 times for 40 yards and two touchdowns in the 22–14 loss. This was Montgomery's first game with multiple rushing touchdowns of his career. In Week 17 against the Minnesota Vikings, Montgomery rushed 23 times for 113 yards and a touchdown during the 21–19 win. Overall, Montgomery finished his rookie season with 889 rushing yards and six rushing touchdowns to go along with 25 receptions for 185 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery remained the team's featured running back heading into the 2020 season. Before the regular season began, head coach Matt Nagy emphasized the offense would prioritize establishing a run game.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: He opened the season with 64 rushing yards on 13 attempts en route to a 27–23 comeback win against the Detroit Lions. In Week 2 against the New York Giants, Montgomery rushed 16 times for 82 yards and caught three passes for 45 yards and his first receiving touchdown of the season during the 17–13 win.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery suffered a concussion during the Bears' Week 9 loss to the Tennessee Titans. He subsequently missed the team's Week 10 contest while recovering. The Bears rushing attack ranked last in the NFL with 82.3 yards-per-game at this point in the season. Nagy handed over play-calling responsibilities to offensive coordinator Bill Lazor. Montgomery returned for the Bears' Week 12 match-up against the Green Bay Packers on "Sunday Night Football", where he totaled 143 yards from scrimmage and recorded a receiving touchdown in a 41–25 loss. In his second game back from the concussion, Montgomery rushed for 72 yards with two rushing touchdowns during a 34–30 loss against the Detroit Lions.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: In Week 14 against the Houston Texans, he amassed 113 rushing yards, including an 80-yard touchdown run on the first play of the Bears' opening offensive possession. The score was the fourth-longest run in Bears history and the team's first opening-play touchdown since 1995. Montgomery finished the game with 155 yards from scrimmage in a 36–7 victory over the Houston Texans. During the Bears' 33–27 Week 15 victory over the Minnesota Vikings, Montgomery rushed for a career-high 146 yards with two touchdowns on 32 carries. The following week against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he ran for 95 yards and a touchdown during the 41–17 win as he surpassed 1,000 rushing yards for the season, becoming the first Bears running back to do so since Jordan Howard in 2017. In Week 17 against the Green Bay Packers, Montgomery recorded 132 yards from scrimmage and a rushing touchdown during the 35–16 loss.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery finished the 2020 regular season with 247 rushes for 1,070 yards and eight touchdowns. His 1,070 rushing yards ranked fifth in the NFL. He also caught 54 passes for 438 yards and two touchdowns.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery recorded 309 rushing yards on 69 carries with three rushing touchdowns through first four games of the 2021 NFL season. He suffered a knee sprain in Week 4 against the Detroit Lions. and was placed on injured reserve on October 9, 2021, and was expected to miss 4-5 weeks. He had the fifth most rushing yards in the league until his injury. He was activated on November 8 for the team's Week 9 game. In Week 17, against the New York Giants, he had two rushing touchdowns in the 29–3 victory. He finished the 2021 season with 225 carries for 849 rushing yards and seven rushing touchdowns to go along with 42 receptions for 301 receiving yards. He was ranked 98th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: In Week 2, against the Green Bay Packers, Montgomery had 15 carries for 122 rushing yards in the 27–10 loss.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: Montgomery had a difficult childhood. He does not know his father, and his mother moved the family numerous times around Cincinnati due to economic hardship. He remembers using the oven for heat, and boiling water collected from gas stations in the bath tub when either was disconnected. He has a brother who was incarcerated for drug trafficking and murder. After scoring a touchdown, Montgomery frequently holds up a "V"-sign in memory of a high school teammate and role model who was murdered during a home invasion.


title: David Montgomery (American football)

text: While he was with Iowa State, Montgomery was chosen as a semi-finalist for the Jason Witten Collegiate Man of the Year Award for his efforts in befriending Hunter Erb, a 6-year-old who was born with multiple congenital heart defects, and orchestrating a team visit to Marshalltown, Iowa to help clean up after a tornado.


title: Daytime running lamp

text: A daytime running lamp (DRL, also daytime running light) is an automotive lighting and bicycle lighting device on the front of a roadgoing motor vehicle or bicycle, automatically switched on when the vehicle's handbrake has been pulled down, when the vehicle is in gear, or when the engine is started, emitting white, yellow, or amber light. Their intended use is not to help the driver see the road or their surroundings, but to help other road users identify an active vehicle.


title: Daytime running lamp

text: Depending on prevailing regulations and equipment, vehicles may implement the daytime-running light function by functionally turning on specific lamps, by operating low-beam headlamps or fog lamps at full or reduced intensity, by operating high-beam headlamps at reduced intensity, or by steady-burning operation of the front turn signals. Compared to any mode of headlamp operation to produce the daytime running light, functionally dedicated DRLs maximize the potential benefits in safety performance, glare, motorcycle masking, and other potential drawbacks.


title: Daytime running lamp

text: A daytime running lamp is usually automatically switched on once the ignition is on; other vehicles may switch the daytime running lamps on when the parking brake is released or when the vehicle is shifted into gear. A daytime running lamp emits a brighter light when the headlamps are not turned on and its brightness will be dimmed slightly in conjunction with the headlamps being turned on.


title: Daytime running lamp

text: A 2008 study by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration analysed the effect of DRLs on frontal and side-on crashes between two vehicles and on vehicle collisions with pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. The analysis determined that DRLs offer no statistically significant reduction in the frequency or severity of the collisions studied, except for a reduction in light trucks' and vans' involvement in two-vehicle crashes by a statistically significant 5.7%.


title: Daytime running lamp

text: The daytime running light was first mandated, and safety benefits first perceived, in Scandinavian countries where it is persistently dark during the winter season. As ambient light levels increase, the potential safety benefit decreases while the DRL intensity required for a safety improvement increases. The safety benefit produced by DRLs in relatively dark Nordic countries is roughly triple the benefit observed in the relatively bright United States.


title: Daytime running lamp

text: A number of motorcycling advocacy groups are concerned over reduced motorcycle conspicuity and increased vulnerability with the introduction of headlamp-based DRLs on cars and other dual-track vehicles, since it means motorcycles are no longer the only vehicles displaying headlamps during the day. Some researchers have suggested that amber DRLs be reserved for use exclusively on motorcycles, in countries where amber is not presently a permissible color for DRLs on any vehicles, while other research has concluded there is a safety disbenefit to two 90 mm x 520 candela (cd) DRLs on motorcycles in comparison to one 190 mm x 270 cd dipped (low) beam headlight. The latter result suggests that a daytime running lamp's luminous area may have an important influence on its effectiveness.