title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: A police detective investigating Patricia's disappearance informs Ellen that her name and number were in Patricia's diary. Suspicious, Ellen confirms with Tommy's parents that he was institutionalized at the time of Dorothy's death. Ellen asks Corelli to reopen the investigation, with no results.


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: At a bar with Ellen, Jay is recognized as Jonathan Corliss by an acquaintance from Philadelphia but insists he is mistaken, eventually hitting him. Unsettled, Ellen digs up a UPenn yearbook and finds a picture of Jonathan. She tracks down Jonathan's mother, who says that Jonathan had committed suicide three years earlier, though his body was never found. Visiting her in the house where he grew up, Ellen learns about his childhood. His mother leaves, and Ellen sneaks inside to search Jonathan's room, finding his suitcase of clippings about her family and her sister's lighter. Jonathan, having followed her, confesses that he killed Faraday and assumed his identity. He schemed to marry into the Carlsson family, but Dorothy's unplanned pregnancy meant she would be disinherited. Jonathan prepares to strangle Ellen, who escapes from the house to the train tracks. Giving chase, Jonathan is run over by a Carlsson train, at the same spot he watched the trains pass as a child.


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: The producers of "A Kiss Before Dying" wanted River Phoenix to play Jonathan. They approached him several times for the role, and kept increasing their offers, but he didn't feel a connection to the material and felt he was unsuitable to play the part, so he repeatedly turned it down and Matt Dillon was then cast. Diane Lane and Penelope Ann Miller were each considered for the dual roles of Ellen and Dorothy, but both rejected it. Bridget Fonda was originally cast, but quit the production due to scheduling conflicts and Sean Young signed on to replace her.


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: British locations include: Port Talbot steelworks, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, Wales, (opening sequence at "Abbey Coke Ovens area of Port Talbot Steel works, with Main Pumphouse, cooling tower and water storage towers in the background"); Brocket Hall, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England; Gaddesden Place, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England; Lee International Studios, Shepperton, Surrey, England; and London, England.


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: The film opened in wide release on 26 April 1991 in the United States. In England it opened on 14 June 1991.


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: The box-office receipts were poor. The first week's gross was $4,348,165 and the total receipts for the four-week run were $14,478,720. The film was in wide release for thirty-one days.


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: "Chicago Sun-Times" film critic Roger Ebert praised the direction of the picture and Matt Dillon's work, writing, "This is Matt Dillon's first film since "Drugstore Cowboy", and demonstrates again that he is one of the best actors working in movies. He possesses the secret of not giving too much, of not trying so hard that we're distracted by his performance... [and director] Dearden helps it work because he doesn't press his point."


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: "Rolling Stone"s Peter Travers was not as kind in his review of this film, especially when compared to the 1956 original. He blasts the screenplay and the direction of the film. He wrote: "Though Dearden gets the surface right – the movie looks sleek – he skimps on characterization... [and] Dearden's script fails to provide the raw material that would let him go beyond the stereotype... Dearden merely walks the cast through a gauntlet of film noir "cliches"."


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 31% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 13 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: A Kiss Before Dying (1991 film)

text: While leaving Corliss' character basically unchanged (other than renaming him Jonathan), the film drastically changed the story of the novel. In the film, Corliss fakes his own suicide after murdering Dorothy, and re-emerges as "Jay Faraday" to woo and marry Dorothy's sister, Ellen. In the novel, Corliss does not take on a new identity. Ellen's other sister, Marion, does not appear in either film version of the story. The "Gant" character in the novel was rewritten as a homicide detective who had investigated Dorothy's death. In this film, Corliss meets his end while attempting to kill Ellen after she discovers who he really is; while chasing her down, and for the sake of irony, he is run over by one of her father's trains.


title: Reference designator

text: A reference designator unambiguously identifies the location of an component within an electrical schematic or on a printed circuit board. The reference designator usually consists of one or two letters followed by a number, e.g. R13, C1002. The number is sometimes followed by a letter, indicating that components are grouped or matched with each other, e.g. R17A, R17B.


title: Reference designator

text: IEEE 315 contains a list of Class Designation Letters to use for electrical and electronic assemblies. For example, the letter R is a reference prefix for the resistors of an assembly, C for capacitors, K for relays.


title: Reference designator

text: IEEE 200-1975 or "Standard Reference Designations for Electrical and Electronics Parts and Equipments" is a standard that was used to define referencing naming systems for collections of electronic equipment. IEEE 200 was ratified in 1975. The IEEE renewed the standard in the 1990s, but withdrew it from active support shortly thereafter. This document also has an ANSI document number, ANSI Y32.16-1975.


title: Reference designator

text: This standard codified information from, among other sources, a United States military standard MIL-STD-16 which dates back to at least the 1950s in American industry.


title: Reference designator

text: To replace IEEE 200–1975, ASME, a standards body for mechanical engineers, initiated the new standard ASME Y14.44-2008. This standard, along with IEEE 315–1975, provide the electrical designer with guidance on how to properly reference and annotate everything from a single circuit board to a collection of complete enclosures.


title: Reference designator

text: ASME Y14.44-2008 and IEEE 315-1975 define how to reference and annotate components of electronic devices.


title: Reference designator

text: It breaks down a system into units, and then any number of sub-assemblies. The unit is the highest level of demarcation in a system and is always a numeral. Subsequent demarcation are called assemblies and always have the Class Letter "A" as a prefix following by a sequential number starting with 1. Any number of sub-assemblies may be defined until finally reaching the component. Note that IEEE-315-1975 defines separate class designation letters for "separable" assemblies (class designation 'A') and "inseparable" assemblies (class designation 'U'). Inseparable assemblies—i.e., "items which are ordinarily replaced as a single item of supply"—are typically treated as components in this referencing scheme.


title: Reference designator

text: Especially valuable is the method of referencing and annotating cables plus their connectors within and outside assemblies.


title: Reference designator

text: ASME Y14.44-2008 continues the convention of Plug P and Jack J when assigning references for electrical connectors in assemblies where a J (or jack) is the more fixed and P (or plug) is the less fixed of a connector pair, without regard to the gender of the connector contacts.


title: Reference designator

text: The construction of reference designators is covered by IEEE 200-1975/ANSI Y32.16-1975 (replaced by ASME Y14.44-2008) and IEEE-315-1975.


title: The Art of Loving

text: The Art of Loving is a 1956 book by psychoanalyst and social philosopher Erich Fromm. It was originally published as part of the "World Perspectives" series edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen. In this work, Fromm develops his perspective on human nature from his earlier works, "Escape from Freedom" and "Man for Himself" – principles which he revisits in many of his other major works.


title: The Art of Loving

text: In 1930, Fromm was recruited to the Frankfurt School by Max Horkheimer. Fromm played a central role in the early development of the school. He left the school in the late 1930's, following a "bitter and contentious" deterioration in his relationship with Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno. In 1956, the year "The Art of Loving" was released, Fromm's relationship with Herbert Marcuse, also a member of the Frankfurt School, also deteriorated. "Dissent" published a debate between the two, and though later scholars would come to view Marcuse's arguments as being weaker than Fromm's, Marcuse's were better received within their lifetimes, and Fromm's reputation in leftist circles was permanently damaged.


title: The Art of Loving

text: "The Art of Loving" is divided across four chapters and a preface; the chapter headings are "I. Is Love an Art?", "II. The Theory of Love", "III. Love and Its Disintegration in Contemporary Western Society", and "IV. The Practice of Love". An epigraph consisting of a quote from Paracelsus concerning the relationship between love and knowledge is included in the front matter.


title: The Art of Loving

text: In the preface, Fromm states that the book does not provide instruction in what he terms the "art of loving", but rather it argues that love, rather than a sentiment, is an artistic practice. Any attempt to love another is bound to fail if one does commit their total personality to learning and practicing loving. He states that "individual love cannot be attained without the capacity to love one's neighbour, without true humility, courage, faith and discipline." He also expresses that the ideas he expresses in "The Art of Loving" are similar to those he has already written about in "Escape from Freedom", "", and "The Sane Society".


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm opens the first chapter by critiquing the place of love in Western society. He says that though people think that love is important, they think that there is nothing for them to learn about love, an attitude which Fromm believes is misguided. For Fromm, a major factor in the development of this attitude is that the majority of people "see the problem of love primarily as that of "being loved", rather than that of "loving", of one's capacity to love." As a result, people become focused on being attractive rather than on loving others, and as a result, what is meant in Western society by "being lovable is essentially a mixture between being popular and having sex appeal".


title: The Art of Loving

text: The second problem Fromm identifies in people's attitudes towards love is that they think of the "problem of love" as that of an "object", rather than a skill. In other words, they believe that to love is simple, but to find the right person to love or be loved by is difficult. He believes that this results in a culture in which human relations of love resemble a labour market, whereby people seek a "bargain" of a romantic partner: one of high social value, who desires them in return, in consideration of the "limitations of their own exchange values."


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm also identifies a confusion between the initial experience of 'falling in love', and what he terms 'standing' in love, or the "permanent state of being in love". He says that falling in love is by its very nature not lasting, and so if people have not put in the work in order to stand in love together, as they get "well acquainted, their intimacy loses more and more of its miraculous character, until their antagonism, their disappointments, their mutual boredom kill whatever is left of their initial excitement." Furthermore, people consider the intensity of feeling upon falling in love with someone to be proof of the intensity of their love for each other, when for from, this "may only prove the degree of their preceding loneliness".


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm concludes the chapter by stating that there "is hardly any activity, any enterprise, which is started with such tremendous hope and expectations, and yet, which fails so regularly as love." Fromm contends that this is because of the above attitudes to love, and the neglect of love as an art form, which he states means that it consists of both theory and practice. To master love, however, requires more than learning the theory and implementing the practice, but that "the mastery of the art must be a matter of ultimate concern; there must be nothing else in the world more important than the art". He briefly states that though most people crave love, their desire for success, prestige, money, and power, as desired in capitalist society, relegate love to being of lesser importance to them, and that this is why most people fail to truly love others.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm opens this chapter by stating that "Any theory of love must begin with a theory of man, of human existence." From Fromm, a person's key trait is their ability to reason. Prior to humans developing the ability to reason, we were part of the animal kingdom and in a state of harmony. To recover this state of harmony it is impossible for us to regress to the idyll of the animal kingdom, but rather humanity must progress to a new harmony by developing their ability to reason. This ability to reason makes humanity ""life being aware of itself"", and separates us from all other creatures. This separation is, for Fromm, "the source of all anxiety". He says that by understanding the story of Adam and Eve, people can understand the barriers to loving connection. For Fromm, when man and woman develop awareness of their difference from each other, they remain strangers, and this is the source of shame, guilt, and anxiety, and it is reunion through love which allows people to overcome this feeling of difference.


title: The Art of Loving

text: For Fromm the fundamental question facing mankind is "the question of how to overcome separateness, how to achieve union, how to transcend one's own individual life and find at-onement". In other words, that people are fundamentally isolated, and seek union with others to overcome this feeling of isolation. He develops this idea, stating that different cultures and religions have had different techniques to achieve this, and gives five examples of how these unions are achieved. He describes ""orgiastic states"", in which "separateness" is abated by taking drugs, participating in sexual orgies, or both. For Fromm, the problem with this approach is that the feeling of unity is temporary and fleeting.


title: The Art of Loving

text: He proceeds to state that in modern capitalist society, people find union in conformity. The meaning of equality, for Fromm, has been changed from meaning ""oneness"" to meaning ""sameness"". The result of pursuing the Enlightenment concept of (literally, "the soul has no sex"), has resulted is the disappearance of the polarity of the sexes, and with it, erotic love. He criticises the effect that union by conformity has on people, turning them into "nine to fiver[s]", who sacrifice their fulfillment outside of work by their commitment to filling a labour role.


title: The Art of Loving

text: A third way that Fromm suggests people seek union is through what he terms ""Symbiotic union"", which he divides into sadism and masochism. In this paradigm, both the masochist and the sadist are dependent on the other, which he believes reduces the integrity of each.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm proposes that the most harmful wat people may find union is through domination, which is an extreme form of sadism. He provides the example of a child tearing apart a butterfly to understand how it functions.""


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm contrasts symbiotic union with mature love, the final way people may seek union, as union in which both partners respect the integrity of the other. Fromm states that "Love is an active power in a man", and that in the general sense, the active character of love is primarily that of ""giving"". He further delineates what he views as the four core tenets of love: care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge. He defines love as care by stating that ""Love is the active concern for the life and the growth of that which we love"", and gives an example of a mother and a baby, saying that nobody would believe the mother loved the baby, no matter what she said, if she neglected to feed it, bathe it, or comfort it.' He further says that "One loves that for which one labours, and one labours for that which one loves."'


title: The Art of Loving

text: The second principle of love, to Fromm, is responsibility. He contrasts his definition of responsibility with that of duty, stating that responsibility is the voluntary desire to respond to the needs of one's partner. Without his third principle of love, respect, Fromm warns that responsibility can devolve into exploitation. Fromm says that in a loving relationship, people have a responsibility not to exploit their partners.' He explains that (literally, "love is the child of liberty"), and that love must desire the growth of the partner as they are, not how one may want them to grow. As such, for Fromm, "respect is possible only if "I" have achieved independence".' According to Fromm, in order to respect someone we must know them, and so knowledge is his fourth principle of love."" For Fromm, attainment of these four attitudes are only possible in the mature person, one "who only wants to have that which he has worked for, who has given up narcissistic dreams of omniscience and omnipotence, who has acquired humility based on the inner strength which only genuine productive activity can give." He concludes the chapter by criticising Freud for not understanding sex well enough.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm opens this section by hypothesizing on love through the eyes of a baby in relation to its mother. In this dynamic, the child intuits that ""I am loved for what I am"", or rather ""I am loved because I am"". This love is unconditional: "it need not be acquired, it need not be deserved." The unconditional aspect of motherly love, a blessing if present, produces a problem of its own: if this love is absent, there is nothing the child can do to create it. Before growing to the age from eight and a half to ten, Fromm considers that children experience being loved, but do not themselves begin to love. At this point a child begins to practice love by giving a gift to one of their parents.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm states that it takes many years for this form of love to develop into mature love. He contrasts the difference, the primary one being that someone who loves maturely believes that loving is more pleasurable than receiving love. Through practicing love, and thus producing love, the individual overcomes the dependence on being loved, having to be "good" to deserve love. He contrasts the immature phrases ""I love because I am loved"" and ""I love you because I need you"" with mature expressions of love, ""I am loved because I love"", and ""I need you because I love you"."


title: The Art of Loving

text: He contrasts motherly love with fatherly love. Fromm contends that mothers and fathers represent opposite poles of human existence: the mother represent the natural world, while the father embodies the world of thought, man-made thing, and adventure. Unlike motherly love, fatherly love is conditional for Fromm, it can be earned. Fromm contends that in infancy, people care more about motherly love, while in later childhood they crave fatherly love. Upon reaching maturity, a well-adjusted individual reaches a synthesis of motherly and fatherly love within their own being; they become their own source for both. Fromm believes that receiving an inadequate balance of both motherly and fatherly love results in various forms of neurosis in adults.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm subdivides opens this section by stating that it is a fallacy to believe that loving one person and no others is a testament to the intensity of that love. He proposes that one can only truly love an individual if one is capable of loving anyone.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Brotherly love, for Fromm, is not love between siblings but rather the love one feels for their fellow man, originating in their common experiences of humanity. This is a love between equals, though "even as equals we are not always 'equal'; inasmuch as we are human, we are all in need of help. Today I, Tomorrow you." The beginning of brotherly love is described as love for the helpless, the poor, and the stranger. He compares brotherly love to Exodus 22:21, "You know the heart of the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt", adding ""therefore love the stranger!""


title: The Art of Loving

text: In this section Fromm expands his previous description of motherly love to include an element beyond the minimum care and responsibility required to support the child's life and growth. He says that a mother has a responsibility to instill a love for life in her children, and compares these two forms of responsibility to milk and honey. Here milk symbolises the first of the two, the responsibility of care and affirmation. Honey symbolizes the sweetness of life, a love and joy for the experience of living, which only a truly happy mother can instill in her children. Unlike brotherly love (and later, erotic love), motherly love is by its very nature not shared between equals. Fromm states that most mother succeed as showing motherly love when their children are infants, but the true test of motherly love, for Fromm, is to continue to love as the child grows, matures, and eventually detaches themselves from their reliance on the mother.


title: The Art of Loving

text: This section is concerned with romantic love shared between one man and one woman treating each other as equals. Erotic love, for Fromm, is the craving of complete fusion with one other person, and considers sexual union to be a vital part of this fusion. Sex, says Fromm, can be blend and be stimulated by any strong emotion, not only love. When two people who truly love each other have sex, however, the act is devoid of greediness, and is defined by tenderness. Because the notion of sexual desire is often conflated with love in western society, such desire is often mistakenly considered a sign of loving someone. Though having sex with someone can give the illusion of unity, absent of love this act will leave the participants just as much strangers to each other as before, and can induce feelings of shame or hatred for the other. Fromm criticizes the misinterpretation of the exclusive nature of erotic love as possessive attachment. He states that is common to find two people who consider themselves to be in love with each other but have no love for anyone else. Fromm considers this an "egotism "á deux"", as one should love all of mankind through the love of their romantic partner. Fromm concludes the section by criticizing views that love is either exclusively a feeling or exclusively an act of will, stating that is somewhere between the two.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm says that modern humans are alienated from each other and from nature, and we seek refuge from our lonesomeness in romantic love and marriage.


title: The Art of Loving

text: One of the book's concepts is self-love. According to Fromm, loving oneself is quite different from arrogance, conceit or egocentrism. Loving oneself means caring about oneself, taking responsibility for oneself, respecting oneself, and knowing oneself (e.g. being realistic and honest about one's strengths and weaknesses). In order to be able to truly love another person, one needs first to love oneself in this way.


title: The Art of Loving

text: The book includes explorations of the theories of brotherly love, motherly and fatherly love, erotic love, self-love, and the love of God, and an examination into love's disintegration in contemporary Western culture.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm explains what he calls "paradoxical logic"—the ability to reconcile opposing principles in one same instance. He highlights paradoxical logic in the chapters dedicated to the love of God and erotic love.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm calls the general idea of love in contemporary Western society "" – a relationship in which each person is entirely focused on the other, to the detriment of other people around them. The current belief is that a couple should be a well-assorted team, sexually and functionally, working towards a common aim. This is in contrast with Fromm's description of true erotic love and intimacy, which involves willful commitment directed toward a single unique individual. One cannot truly love another person if one does not love all of mankind including oneself.


title: The Art of Loving

text: Fromm begins the last chapter, "The Practice of Love", by saying: "[...] many readers of this book, expect to be given prescriptions of 'how to do it to yourself' [...]. I am afraid that anyone who approaches this last chapter in this spirit will be gravely disappointed". He says that in order to master the art of loving, one must practice discipline, concentration, and patience in every facet of one's life.


title: The Art of Loving

text: "The Art of Loving" is Fromm's best-selling work, having sold millions of copies. The book enhanced the perception of Fromm as a populariser, a writer who over simplifies their work to appeal to a broader audience. At the time of its release, it initiated criticism within leftist circles as not being emancipatory in nature.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Elizaveta Sergeyevna Tuktamysheva ( ; ; born 17 December 1996) is a Russian figure skater. She is the 2015 World champion, the 2021 World silver medalist, the 2015 European champion, the 2014–15 Grand Prix Final champion, a 14-time medalist on the Grand Prix series, and the 2013 Russian national champion. On the junior level, she is the 2012 Youth Olympic champion, 2011 World Junior silver medalist, and 2010–11 JGP Final silver medalist. Tuktamysheva is currently the world's 3rd-highest ranked women's singles skater by the International Skating Union following the 2020–21 figure skating season.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2015 World Championships, she became the first female skater to land four triple jumps in a short program (triple Axel, triple Lutz, and a triple toe-triple toe combination). At the 2018–19 Grand Prix Final, she landed the maximum eight triple jumps cleanly in the free skate allowed under the Zayak rule, becoming the third woman to do so after Japanese Rika Kihira and American Mirai Nagasu. She therefore also became the first woman to land the maximum twelve triple jumps in one international competition, albeit with the triple Axel in her short program deemed under-rotated. In the final event of the 2018–19 season, the 2019 World Team Trophy, she successfully landed all twelve jumps cleanly, becoming the first woman to accomplish this feat in an official international competition.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva's career is notable for its consistency and longevity, especially in contrast with the young ages and high turnover of elite Russian women's skaters in her era. Throughout 15 different seasons, she competed in 63 international events, as well as 14 Russian Nationals and never finished off the top 10.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Elizaveta Sergeyevna Tuktamysheva (occasionally romanized Tuktamisheva) was born 17 December 1996 in Glazov, Udmurtia, Russia. Her mother teaches algebra and geometry and was her daughter's class teacher from the 5th to 9th grade. Her father, a former skier who later coached soccer, died in April 2011. Her sister, Evgenia, is seven years younger and has also taken up skating. The family moved from Glazov to Saint Petersburg in August 2011.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In July 2020, Tuktamysheva received her diploma from the Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health in Saint Petersburg. Tuktamysheva owns a Pomeranian dog named Kokosha.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva started skating at the age of four, after meeting girls interested in the sport at a summer camp. Her first coach was Svetlana Veretennikova in Glazov. Alexei Mishin observed Tuktamysheva at a competition in Belgorod but did not invite her into his group, considering her technique too incomplete. A year later he saw her again and changed his mind due to her ability to jump high, but she had to rework the technique on all of her jumps. Since her family could not afford to move to a big city, she remained in Glazov, continuing to train under Veretennikova, but regularly visited Mishin in Saint Petersburg, where she lived in a dormitory. The train journey from Glazov to Saint Petersburg took 27 hours. Until the summer of 2011, she would spend an average of one to two weeks in Saint Petersburg and the rest of the month in Glazov.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva was called a figure skating prodigy by the Russian media, because at the age of 12 she performed difficult jumps, such as the triple Axel in practice, but she did not attempt the triple Axel in competition until 2015. In 2008, she placed tenth at the Russian Championships. Mishin was criticized for allowing Tuktamysheva to participate in the senior Russian Championships (2008) at only 11 years old.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In 2009, Tuktamysheva won the silver medal at the Russian Championships, after placing fourth in the short program and first in the free skating. She placed second with a margin of 0.67 points behind champion Adelina Sotnikova, who is half a year older than Tuktamysheva. Mishin said his student was Russia's "main hope for the gold medal at the Sochi Olympics". Despite her medal, she was not sent to any ISU Championships, including Junior Worlds, because she was not old enough according to ISU rules.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2010 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva was tenth after the short program but earned 124.57 points in the free skate and was able to win a bronze medal. Her technical marks were higher than even those of male competitors. In March, she skated in the "Kings on Ice" ice show. During the summer, she took part in training camps in Estonia, Italy and Germany in preparation for the new season.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In the 2010–11 season, Tuktamysheva was old enough to compete in ISU Junior competitions. She won her Junior Grand Prix events in Germany and Romania and qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final. At the Final, she placed second in both programs to win silver behind Adelina Sotnikova. At the 2011 Russian Championships, she placed seventh in the short program and 3rd in the long, to win the bronze medal. She won the Russian Junior Championships by placing first in both programs. At the 2011 World Junior Championships, she won the silver medal behind teammate Adelina Sotnikova.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva settled with her family in Saint Petersburg in the summer of 2011. In preparation for the new season, she took part in Mishin's training camps in Jaca (Spain), Tartu (Estonia), and Pinzolo (Italy).


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: According to ISU age rules, Tuktamysheva was eligible for the senior Grand Prix circuit during the 2011–12 season, although not for senior ISU Championships. She was assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2011 Skate Canada International and 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard. Tuktamysheva replaced the injured Sarah Meier at the Japan Open in October and won the event. Tuktamysheva debuted on the senior Grand Prix circuit at Skate Canada International, where she won the gold medal with a combined personal best score of 177.38 points, becoming the youngest champion in the event since Tracey Wainman in 1981. She dedicated the win to her late father. Tuktamysheva then won gold at 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard to qualify for her first senior Grand Prix Final. She is the first ladies' skater to win her senior debut event and to win both events in her senior Grand Prix debut. At the Grand Prix Final, she finished fourth with a combined total of 174.51 points.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2012 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva was seventh in the short program and fourth in the free skate and finished sixth overall. She then competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics and won the gold medal. Tuktamysheva withdrew from the 2012 World Junior Championships in order to prepare for the following season, including working on the triple Axel.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In the summer before the 2012–13 season, Tuktamysheva sustained a knee injury. She was assigned to 2012 Skate Canada International and the 2012 Trophée Éric Bompard, entering both events as the defending champion. In October, Mishin said that her participation at Skate Canada International was uncertain due to injury and growth issues. Tuktamysheva did compete in Skate Canada International, placing sixth in the short program and third in the free skate. She finished fourth overall with a total score of 168.00, just 0.04 less than bronze medalist Kanako Murakami. At the 2012 Trophée Éric Bompard, Tuktamysheva was third in the short program and second in the free skate. She obtained a personal best free skating score, 121.36 points, and won the silver medal ahead of teammate Yulia Lipnitskaya. Tuktamysheva qualified for the Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia, where she was fifth in the short program and second in the long, finishing fifth overall. At the 2013 Russian Championships, also held in Sochi, she placed first in the short program but fell ill with a cold before the free skate. Mishin initially indicated that she would withdraw but later she and her team decided she would compete. Tuktamysheva said, "I might find myself in an even worse situation in the future. I have to know how to handle it, so we decided to skate." She finished first in the free skate and won her first senior national title.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2013 European Championships, Tuktamysheva placed fourth in the short program, first in the long program, and won the bronze medal overall. She and silver medalist Adelina Sotnikova were Russia's first medalists in the Europeans ladies' event since Irina Slutskaya won the title in 2006. At the 2013 World Championships, Tuktamysheva was fourteenth in the short program after falling from a sit spin and singling her double Axel. She placed eighth in the long program and finished tenth overall in her Worlds debut. At the 2013 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, she finished tenth individually while Team Russia was fourth overall.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva started her season at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy. Placing sixth in the short and second in the free, she won the bronze medal behind Akiko Suzuki and Yulia Lipnitskaya. At the 2013 Skate America, she placed ninth in the short and third in the free, finishing fourth overall with 176.75 points. Despite a back injury, she competed at her next event, the 2013 Rostelecom Cup, and finished fourth behind Mirai Nagasu. After taking the bronze medal at the 2013 Golden Spin of Zagreb behind Miki Ando, Tuktamysheva competed as the defending champion at the 2014 Russian Championships. She came in tenth after placing ninth in both segments. On 2 March 2014, she sustained an ankle injury at the Russian Cup Final – the preliminary diagnosis suggested a torn ankle ligament. Although she hoped to resume training at the end of March, her injury took longer to heal and she returned to the ice in mid-June.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva began her season by winning her first ISU Challenger Series (CS) event, the 2014 Nebelhorn Trophy, where she outscored teammate Alena Leonova by almost six points and American Gracie Gold by over ten points. She then won another CS title at the 2014 Finlandia Trophy, defeating American Samantha Cesario by more than 30 points. She also won CS title at the 2014 Warsaw Cup and with these results she later became the winner of the 2014–15 ISU Challenger Series.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva started her Grand Prix season at the 2014 Skate America; she placed first in the short and second in the free skate, taking the silver medal behind Elena Radionova. At her next event, the 2014 Cup of China, she won the gold medal, beating teammate Yulia Lipnitskaya. The results qualified her to the Grand Prix Final, which she won with a new personal best combined total of 203.58, ahead of Radionova and American Ashley Wagner. At the 2015 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva placed second in both programs, finishing with the silver behind Radionova. She subsequently won the 2015 European Championship by a slim margin of 0.86, finishing second in the short program and first in the free skate, posting personal bests in both segments.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, Tuktamysheva won the short program with a new personal best of 77.62, the third highest short program score under the ISU Judging System. She performed the triple Axel for the first time in major competition, becoming the sixth woman to complete the jump and the fourth to do so at the World Championships. She also completed a triple toe-triple toe combination and a triple Lutz, making her the first woman to land four triples in the short program. Tuktamysheva went on to win the free skate with a score of 132.74, for a total of 210.36. She decisively won the event, earning 16.76 points over silver medalist Satoko Miyahara, becoming the third Russian woman to win the World Championships (after Maria Butyrskaya in 1999 and Irina Slutskaya in 2002 and 2005).


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: After her victory, Tuktamysheva ended her season skating for team Russia at the 2015 World Team Trophy. She placed second in the short program, 0.33 points behind Gracie Gold, earning 11 points. She then won the free program with a score of 134.21 (including a triple Axel), winning 12 points, which greatly aided Team Russia in winning the silver medal.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In the spring of 2015, Tuktamysheva went to Switzerland to work with Stéphane Lambiel on new programs and spent time training with Carolina Kostner while she was there. Lambiel choreographed Peer Gynt, her free program, and I Put a Spell on You, intended as her short program but which she decided to use as her exhibition. Benoît Richaud created her new short program, Carmina Burana.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva began her season by placing third in the individual competition of the Japan Open before winning the gold medal at the 2015 International Cup of Nice. Turning to the Grand Prix series, she won silver at Skate Canada International behind Ashley Wagner after placing seventh in the short program but winning the free skate. At the Trophée Éric Bompard in Bordeaux, France, she placed fifth in the short program after falling on a triple Axel. Due to the cancellation of the free skate following the November 2015 Paris attacks, the short program standings were accepted as final. As a result, she finished as the second alternate for the 2015–16 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final and was unable to defend her title. Tuktamysheva finished first in the 2015–16 ISU Challenger Series standings after winning gold medals at the 2015 Warsaw Cup and at the 2015 Golden Spin of Zagreb with a season's best score of 201.33 points. After the Warsaw Cup, Tuktamysheva decided to switch back to her Boléro short program from the previous season. At the 2016 Russian Championships, she finished eighth after placing ninth in the short and sixth in the free skate. She was named as an alternate for the 2016 European Championships.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva began her season competing at the 2016 CS Nebelhorn Trophy where she won the silver medal, after placing first in the short and second in the free skate. She then competed at the 2016 CS Finlandia Trophy where she placed fourth. In her Grand Prix events, she placed third at 2016 Cup of China and fourth at 2016 Skate Canada International. After her Grand Prix events she competed at one more Challenger event, 2016 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, where she won the silver medal.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2017 Russian Championships Tuktamysheva finished 8th. In February 2017 she competed at the 2017 Winter Universiade where she placed fourth.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva started her season by competing in two Challenger events. First she competed at the 2017 CS Lombardia Trophy where she placed sixth and then she skated at the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy where she won the bronze medal. In her Grand Prix events, she placed 7th at the 2017 Cup of China and ninth at the 2017 Internationaux de France. After the Grand Prix events she skated her third Challenger event of the season, at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb where she won the bronze medal.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In the summer before the start of the 2018–19 season, Tuktamysheva began training both the triple Axel and the triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination again with the intention of adding both components back into her programs in competition. She started her season in September at the 2018 Lombardia Trophy where she won the gold medal by a margin of over 21 points over the silver medalist, her training mate Sofia Samodurova, after placing first in both the short program and the free skate. During her free skate, she landed a fully rotated triple Axel but stepped out of the landing and received negative GOE for the jump. Nevertheless, Tuktamysheva's final score of 206.07 was her best result since the 2014-2015 season.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2018 Finlandia Trophy, Tuktamysheva again won gold after placing first in both segments. She attempted the triple Axel in her free skate, as well as in her short program for the first time in competition. Both attempts were ratified as fully rotated, but received negative grades of execution (GOE) due to three-turns out of the landings of both jumps.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva competed at her first Grand Prix assignment, 2018 Skate Canada International at the end of October. She won the competition by a narrow margin of just 0.26 points over silver medalist Mako Yamashita after a costly fall on her triple Axel in the free skate opened the door for the rest of field. She placed first in the short program with a new season's best of 74.22, landing her triple Axel cleanly for the first time this season, and third in free skate behind Yamashita and Russian teammate Evgenia Medvedeva. During the gala exhibition portion of the competition, Tuktamysheva performed a controversial program to Toxic by Britney Spears, where she stripped down to her bra partway through the performance. The program was received with a combination of shock and fanfare.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In early November, Tuktamysheva competed at her second Grand Prix assignment, 2018 NHK Trophy, where she won the bronze medal behind Japanese skaters Rika Kihira and Satoko Miyahara. She scored personal bests in both the free skate (142.85) and overall, with a score of 219.02 points. She ranked first in the short program, but dropped to third in the free skate. Though she landed fully rotated triple Axels in both programs, she had to do a three-turn out of her landing in the free skate and received negative GOE for the jump. With her gold and bronze Grand Prix medals, and a total of 26 qualification points, she qualified to the 2018–19 Grand Prix Final. At the Final, Tuktamysheva returned to the podium with a bronze medal, landing all of her elements cleanly except for the triple Axel in her short program which was judged underrotated. She expressed satisfaction with having successfully increased her program difficulty in press conferences at the event.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: On 12 December 2018, in the week before the 2019 Russian Championships, Tuktamysheva was forced to withdraw from the competition after being hospitalized with pneumonia. Russian media outlet TASS reported that her recovery would take two weeks. After Russian Nationals, she was named to the 2019 Winter Universiade team and as first alternate to the 2019 European Figure Skating Championships team.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In February 2019, Tuktamysheva competed at the Russian Cup Final, going head-to-head with countrywomen Evgenia Medvedeva and Stanislava Konstantinova to earn a spot on the Russian 2019 World Figure Skating Championships team. Though she won the free skate, Tuktamysheva placed second overall behind Medvedeva. After several days of deliberation, the Russian Figure Skating Federation's board of coaches named Medvedeva to the team along with Alina Zagitova and Tuktamysheva's training mate Sofia Samodurova. Tuktamysheva was named first alternate. This decision was controversial, with some feeling that Tuktamysheva should have been selected based on the strong season she had had. The skater herself posted on Twitter afterward: "Inside myself still was a little girl who naively believed. You’ve killed her. But I’m a fighter and will return."


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: On 26 March 2019, Tuktamysheva was named to the Russian team for the 2019 World Team Trophy alongside training mate Sofia Samodurova. At the competition, she set new personal best scores in both programs as well as overall after skating both of her programs cleanly for the first time all season. With both programs cleanly performed, she became the first woman to land twelve clean triple jumps in one international competition. Tuktamysheva finished first overall in the ladies event and earned a bronze medal for Team Russia's collective efforts.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva began training a quad toe loop with the hope of incorporating it into competition at some point in the season. She initially had a short program from Canadian choreographer Shae-Lynn Bourne to Florence + the Machine's "Drumming Song", but decided to change the music whilst aiming to retain much of the original choreography before the beginning of the season, instead using Astor Piazzolla's tango "Oblivion". She began her season at the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy where she placed first in the short program and second in the free skate to earn a second-place finish overall behind Russian teammate Anna Shcherbakova. At this event, Tuktamysheva landed three triple Axels for the first time in one competition, incorporating one in her short program and two in her free skate. Tuktamysheva subsequently returned to the "Drumming Song" music for the short program for her next competition, 2019 CS Finlandia Trophy, where she placed second, behind Alena Kostornaia.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Beginning the Grand Prix at 2019 Skate America, Tuktamysheva landed her triple Axel in the short program, but made errors on both other jumping passes, as well as receiving low spin levels. She was fifth in that segment. She rose to the bronze medal position after the free skate. At the 2019 Cup of China, Tuktamysheva fell on the triple Axel in her short program and performed only a double toe loop as the second part of her combination, placing fourth in that segment. She revived her previous season's free program for the free skate, placing second in that segment, and taking a second bronze medal overall. Despite her two bronze medals on the Grand Prix circuit, Tuktamysheva was only the third alternate to the 2019-20 Grand Prix Final behind Satoko Miyahara and Mariah Bell.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: On 27 November 2019, Tuktamysheva posted an Instagram video of herself landing a quad toe loop. After winning the Golden Spin event, she skated at the 2020 Russian Championships, placing fourth in the short program despite turning out of her triple Axel and making a spin error. She attempted the quad toe loop in competition for the first time, but under-rotated and fell on it, in addition to other jump errors that had her place ninth in that segment, but remained in fourth overall. The oldest ladies' skater in the field, Tuktamysheva was named first alternate for the European and World Championships behind a trio of first year seniors (Anna Shcherbakova, Alena Kostornaia, and Alexandra Trusova).


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva appeared at the senior Russian test skates. She opened her tenth senior season at the third stage of the domestic Russian Cup series, the qualifying competition series to the national championships in Sochi in late October. She controversially placed third in the short program behind Daria Usacheva and Anna Shcherbakova despite executing a clean triple axel and in light of a mistake from Shcherbakova on her combination. She remained third in the free program after an imperfect skate to earn the bronze medal overall.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In preparation for the 2020 Rostelecom Cup, Tuktamysheva restored her quadruple toe-loop, which she last performed unsuccessfully at the 2020 Russian Championships. She posted a new video of herself performing the jump on her Instagram account on 17 November 2020 and executed the jump in practices, but did not perform it in competition. At the event, Tuktamysheva placed second in the short program behind Alena Kostornaia after executing a clean triple Axel, but stepping out of the first jump in her intended combination and only performing a triple Lutz-double toeloop as a result. In the free skate, she executed two clean triple Axels, one in combination, to win the segment and the competition overall, in what was considered a significant upset victory over both Kostornaia and Alexandra Trusova. With the victory, she became only the third woman to win a medal at all 6 Grand Prix events and the Grand Prix Final.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: On 3 December, it was announced that Tuktamysheva had to withdraw from the fifth stage of the Russian Cup because she contracted COVID-19.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: After recovering from the coronavirus, Tuktamysheva competed at the 2021 Russian Championships. In the short program she stepped out of her triple Axel but cleanly executed her other jumps, placing fifth in that segment. She was tenth in the free after making errors on both triple Axels and doubling a planned triple loop, finishing in seventh overall.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: In February of 2021, Tuktamysheva competed at the 2021 Channel One Trophy, a domestic made-for-television team competition which split the Russian national team in half to compete against one another in two teams led by captains Alina Zagitova and Evgenia Medvedeva respectively. Tuktamysheva was chosen to represent Medvedeva's team, alongside Alexandra Trusova and Maiia Khromykh, in the ladies event. She debuted a new short program to Billie Eilish and Khalid's "Lovely" and placed sixth of six in the short after popping a planned triple Axel into a single. In the free skate, she overtook Khromykh to finish fifth overall.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva next competed at the Russian Cup Final, which was widely assumed to be a contest between her and Kostornaia for the third berth on the Russian ladies' delegation for the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm. She placed third in the short program despite turning out of her triple Axel attempt, seven points ahead of Kostornaia, who popped the second half of her combination to a double. In the free skate Tuktamysheva dropped to fourth place overall, but was the highest-ranked skater eligible for international senior events, sixteen points ahead of Kostornaia in sixth place. As a result, Tuktamysheva was named to the Russian World team on 1 March — her first scheduled trip back to Worlds since winning the title in 2015. She was considered a serious contender for the podium alongside her fellow Russian skaters and Japan's Rika Kihira.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the World Championships, Tuktamysheva cleanly performed her short program to place third in the segment, behind Anna Shcherbakova and Rika Kihira. In the free skate, Tuktamysheva landed both of her triple Axel attempts cleanly, but fell on a triple flip later in the program. Despite the mistake and placing only third in the free program, she was able to claim second place overall due to mistakes from Kihira, and Alexandra Trusova coming back from a major deficit after the short program. She took the silver medal in between countrywomen Shcherbakova with the gold, and Trusova with the bronze. This was the second time, after the United States with Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan and Kristi Yamaguchi in 1991, that a single country swept the ladies' podium at the World Championships. Tuktamysheva's placement, combined with Shcherbakova's, qualified three berths for Russian ladies at the 2022 Winter Olympic Games in Beijing.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva was subsequently named, alongside Shcherbakova, to compete for Russia in the ladies' segment at the 2021 World Team Trophy. On 8 April, she was named as Team Captain. She competed as part of the Russian team for the 2021 World Team Trophy with a second place performance of the short program on the opening day within one point behind Russian teammate Anna Shcherbakova. She finished in third place following the free skate with her combined scores.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva debuted her new programs for the Olympic season at the Russian test skate event in September, and officially opened her competitive season in October at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy. At Finlandia, Tuktamysheva cleanly skated her short program to score a new personal best and win the segment ahead of Russian teammates Alena Kostornaia and Kamila Valieva. In the free skate, Tuktamysheva again skated a clean program but, unable to match Valieva's technical elements score, fell to second in the segment and second overall.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: On the Grand Prix, Tuktamysheva won the silver medal at the 2021 Skate Canada International behind Valieva and ahead of Kostornaia, in a repeat of the podium at Finlandia. At her second assignment, the 2021 Rostelecom Cup, Tuktamysheva again placed second behind Valieva, and due to her placements at both of her events, qualified to the 2021–22 Grand Prix Final seeded third. She said afterward that she was not training a quad at that time, focusing on delivering her triple jump content cleanly. The Final was subsequently cancelled due to restrictions prompted by the Omicron variant.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2022 Russian Championships in December, Tuktamysheva fell on the triple Axel in her short program for the first time all season, and doubled the triple toe loop in her intended jump combination, leaving her initially in seventh place. She climbed to sixth in the free program with a clean skate, but still ultimately finished seventh overall, and fourth of the skaters age-eligible to compete at the 2022 Winter Olympics and the season's remaining ISU Championship events. Speaking after the free skate, she said "I did what I could do, now I want some rest."


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Tuktamysheva was named as the first alternate to the Russian women's team for the 2022 Winter Olympics on 20 January, missing Olympic qualification for the third time in her career.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: As a student of Alexei Mishin, Tuktamysheva is known for her solid jumping technique and technical difficulty within her programs. She is also known for her consistency, particularly with jumps like the triple axel.


title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia () is a 1974 Mexican-American neo-Western film directed by Sam Peckinpah, co-written by Peckinpah and Gordon Dawson from a story by Peckinpah and Frank Kowalski, and starring Warren Oates and Isela Vega, with Robert Webber, Gig Young, Helmut Dantine, Emilio Fernández and Kris Kristofferson in supporting roles.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Made in Mexico on a low budget after the commercial failure of "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid" (1973), "Alfredo García" was, so Peckinpah claimed, the only one of his films released as he had intended. The film was a critical and commercial failure at the time, but has gained a new following and stature in the decades since.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Teresa, the pregnant teenage daughter of a powerful Mexican crime lord known only as (), is summoned before her father and interrogated as to the identity of her unborn child's father. Under torture, she identifies the father as Alfredo Garcia, whom El Jefe had been grooming to be his successor. Infuriated, El Jefe offers a $1 million bounty to whoever will "bring me the head of Alfredo Garcia".


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: The search progresses for two months. In Mexico City, a pair of business suit-clad, dispassionate hit men, Sappensly and Quill, enter a saloon and encounter Bennie, a retired U.S. Army officer who makes a meagre living as a piano player and bar manager. The men ask about Garcia, believing they will have more luck getting answers out of a fellow American. Bennie plays dumb, saying the name is familiar but he doesn't know who Garcia is.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: It turns out that everyone in the bar knows who Garcia is; they simply don't know where he is. Bennie goes to meet his girlfriend, Elita, a maid at a ghetto motel. Elita admits to having cheated on Bennie with Garcia, who had professed his love for her, something Bennie refuses to do. Elita tells him that Garcia died in a drunk-driving accident the previous week.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Bennie goes to Sappensly and Quill in the hotel room of the man who hired them, El Jefe's business associate Max, and makes a deal for $10,000 for Garcia's head, plus a $200 advance for expenses. Bennie convinces Elita to go on a road trip with him to visit Garcia's grave, claiming that he only wants proof that Garcia is in fact dead and no longer a threat to their relationship.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Bennie proposes to Elita, promising that their future will soon change and she can retire from her cleaning job. Elita warns Bennie against trying to upset their status quo. While having a picnic, Bennie and Elita are accosted by two bikers who pull guns on the couple. Elita agrees to have sex with the bikers if they spare Bennie's life, then goes off with one of them. He rips off her shirt, lets her slap him twice, slaps her back, then walks away; she follows. Bennie knocks the second biker unconscious and takes his gun. Finding Elita about to have sex with the first biker, Bennie shoots him dead and then kills the second biker as well.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Bennie confesses to Elita his plan to decapitate Garcia's corpse and sell the head for money. A disgusted Elita, still shaken from what has just happened, begs Bennie to give up this quest and return to Mexico City. Bennie again refuses, although he agrees to marry Elita in the church of the town where Garcia is buried. They find Garcia's grave, but when he opens the coffin, Bennie is struck from behind by an unseen assailant and knocked unconscious. He wakes up to find himself half-buried in the grave, and Elita is dead. Garcia's corpse has been decapitated.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Bennie learns from villagers that his assailants are driving a station wagon. He catches up with the men after they blow out a tire. Bennie shoots them, searches their car, and claims Garcia's head. Stopping at a roadside restaurant, he packs the sack containing the head with ice to preserve it for the journey home. Bennie talks to the head as if Garcia were still alive, first blaming Alfredo for Elita's death and then conceding that both of them probably loved her equally.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Bennie is ambushed by members of Garcia's family. They reclaim the head and are about to kill Bennie when they are interrupted by the arrival of Sappensly and Quill. The hit men pretend to ask for directions. Quill produces a sub-machine gun and murders most of the family, but is fatally shot by one of them. As Sappensly sorrowfully looks at Quill's corpse, Bennie asks: "Do I get paid?" Sappensly turns to shoot, but Bennie kills him. Bennie returns to Mexico City, "arguing" with Garcia's head all the while.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: At his apartment Bennie gives Garcia's head a shower and then brings it to Max's hotel room. Feigning willingness to surrender the head for his $10,000, Bennie reveals he is no longer motivated by money; he says Alfredo was a friend of his and demands to know why Max and the others want his head so badly. He also blames Elita's death on the bounty. Several men pull guns but Bennie evades their fire and kills them all. He takes a business card from the desk with El Jefe's address on it.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: After attending the baptism for his new grandchild, El Jefe greets Bennie as a hero in his hacienda, and gives him a briefcase containing the million-dollar bounty. Bennie calmly relates how many people died for Garcia's head, including his beloved. El Jefe tells Bennie to take his money and throw the head to the pigs on the way out. Infuriated that the object responsible for Elita's death is viewed as nothing more than garbage, Bennie guns down all of El Jefe's bodyguards.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Teresa enters with her newborn son, causing Bennie to hesitate shooting El Jefe. She urges Bennie to kill her father. Bennie obliges and leaves El Jefe's hacienda with Teresa, taking along Garcia's head. They approach the entrance gate and Bennie says goodbye to Teresa, departing the scene with the words: "You take care of the boy. And I'll take care of the father". Bennie drives away, only to be killed by El Jefe's men, their machine guns tearing him to pieces.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Director Sam Peckinpah was working on "The Ballad of Cable Hogue" when screenwriter and long-time friend Frank Kowalski told him an idea for a film: "I got a great title: "Bring Me the Head of"...,' - and he had some other name - 'and the hook is that the guy is already dead'." Peckinpah loved it, and began writing on it then and also in England while making "Straw Dogs". He went on to write the shooting screenplay with Gordon Dawson. Producer Martin Baum had formed his own independent production company, Optimus Productions, and had a deal with United Artists. Peckinpah approached him with 25 pages of the film's script. Baum read it and liked it. United Artists agreed to pay Peckinpah to write the script but he told Baum that he did not want any money for it because he owed him one. Peckinpah told Baum that if United Artists liked the script then they could pay him.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Peckinpah started pre-production in mid-August 1973 in Mexico City. With the exception of a few key people, the crew was entirely Mexicans. He hired director of photography Alex Phillips, Jr., one of Mexico's premiere cameramen. They bonded over a dislike for wide-angle lenses, an admiration for zooms and multiple camera setups. Peckinpah told him, "I make very few takes, but I shoot a lot of film because I like to change angles. I shoot with editing in the back of my mind". While scouting locations, he relied extensively on his gut instinct and desire to portray a gritty, realistic vision he had of Mexico. He spent a lot of time searching for the right bar that would be Bennie's workplace. Peckinpah finally discovered a place in the Plaza Garibaldi known as "Tlaque-Paque". He looked around and said, "this is dressed. This is for real". Mexican members of the crew told him that the bar's owner had an infamous reputation and it was rumored that he once killed a woman there, serving very little jail time because he bribed the right people in positions of power.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia" went into production in late September 1973, and Peckinpah was quoted in an October issue of "Variety" magazine as saying, "For me, Hollywood no longer exists. It's past history. I've decided to stay in Mexico because I believe I can make my pictures with greater freedom from here". This upset the Motion Picture and Television Unions and they openly censured the director for his statement at their National Conference in Detroit. They also threatened "Alfredo Garcia" with union boycotts upon its release, labeling it a "runaway" production. In his defense, Peckinpah claimed that he was misquoted. Before the film was to be released, the unions relented on their boycott threat.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: As principal photography continued into the month of December, the demands—both physical and mental—were taking their toll on the cast and crew. To help relieve the tension, Peckinpah and the producers bought out a local bar and threw a surprise party. Principal photography ended three days before Christmas, and the director took a week off before supervising the editing of the film.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: On its release in 1974, "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo García" was savaged by many critics and bombed at the box office. Nora Sayre of "The New York Times" wrote that the film started off well but "disentegrates rapidly," explaining: "Without Garcia as a victim, the plot has almost nowhere to go. Therefore, random episodes are slung into the narrative, including one of the silliest near-rape scenes I've ever seen ... But even this gratuitous garbage can't prevent the movie from dragging." Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" panned the film as "turgid melodrama at its worst ... Considering the vast carnage, it is a measure of the film's nothing impact that the bloodletting fails to stir much emotional reaction." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" stated, "For all the violence, the movie is a very, very long two hours. The bodies shot at close quarters crumple in slow motion, but the motion is slow even when it isn't." Michael Sragow of "New York" magazine called it "a catastrophe so huge that those who once ranked Peckinpah with Hemingway may now invoke Mickey Spillane". John Simon called "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia" "a all-out preposterous horror horror, except for a fine performance by Isele Vega and the clever way in which the protagonist is sneaked into our consciousness".


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Conversely, Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" awarded his highest grade of four stars and called it "some kind of bizarre masterpiece," concluding that "'Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia' is Sam Peckinpah making movies flat out, giving us a desperate character he clearly loves, and asking us to somehow see past the horror and the blood to the sad poem he's trying to write about the human condition." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three stars out of four and wrote that although Peckinpah's films were noted for their violence, "What Peckinpah does much better, and what distinguishes his film "The Ballad of Cable Hogue" as his best work, is to portray a lyrical mood between society's outcasts. A hooker and a prospector hook up in 'Cable Hogue,' the pairing of Bennie and Elita in 'Alfredo Garcia' is equally affecting. Peckinpah is also effective in portraying present-day Mexico as a place of wild contrasts; seedy bars and modern airports, peasants in rags and streamlined tour buses." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" declared, "For better and worse, no other filmmaker on earth could have conjured up this strange, obsessive, uniquely flawed yet uniquely fascinating picture." Tom Milne of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote, "The hints of Gothic horror and romantic tenderness fitfully apparent in Peckinpah's earlier work here bloom in superb union."


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia" was listed in the 1978 book "The Fifty Worst Films of All Time".


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Despite the film's harsh reception at the time of release, it has since found a contemporary audience, maintaining a 78% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 32 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.3/10. The critical consensus reads: ""Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia" adds a quirky -- but still thoroughly entertaining -- outlier to Sam Peckinpah's pulpy filmography."


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In the comedy film "Fletch" (1985), Chevy Chase (after fainting in an operating room) asks a nurse, "do you have the Beatles' White Album? Never mind, just get me a cup of hot fat. And bring me the head of Alfredo Garcia while you're out there." In his 1993 stand-up special "No Cure for Cancer", Denis Leary says the line "Here's ten bucks, bring me the head of Barry Manilow". In the film "Demolition Man" (1993), the police officer played by Benjamin Bratt is called Alfredo Garcia in reference to the film.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Jim Reardon's cartoon "Bring Me the Head of Charlie Brown" (1986) parodies both the title and Peckinpah's violent slow-motion style. Similarly, the made-for-TV movie "Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis" (1988), reuniting the cast of the 1960s television sitcom "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis", is titled as such in reference to this film.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Cinematographer Roger Deakins cited "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia" as a visual inspiration for "No Country for Old Men", among other Peckinpah films.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In the "Sandman Slim" series of novels by the author Richard Kadrey, protagonist Stark gives his reluctant sidekick, a severed but still-alive head, the nickname "Alfredo Garcia" and makes many references to the character throughout the series.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: English space rock band Hawkwind released a 1985 live album entitled "Bring Me the Head of Yuri Gagarin", referencing both the film and the famed Soviet cosmonaut.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: Iron Prostate released a 7" single on Vital Music Records, "Bring Me the Head of Jerry Garcia" (1991). The song was also intended for inclusion on their second album, produced by Jim Steinman. But the band "dissolved in the midst of rancorous sessions with, of all people, Meat Loaf producer Jim Steinman". The demo of "Jerry Garcia" is available through guitarist George Tabb's website.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In the "Film Club" round of the popular long-running BBC Radio 4 panel comedy "I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue", regular reference is made to this film—usually by Graeme Garden—with one or more words changed to satisfy that week's theme of comedy film titles.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: "Bring Me the Head of Light Entertainment" was a British comedy panel game which ran on Channel 5 between 1999 and 2003.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In "Gilmore Girls" episode 115 "Welcome to the Doll House" (2005), Rory says, "You did it. You brought me the head of Alfredo Garcia", in reference to the film.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In "House" episode 78 "You Don’t Want to Know" (2007), House issues the contest objective: to "bring me the thong of Lisa Cuddy".


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In "Futurama" episode 113 "Overclockwise" (2011), Mom tells the Hoverfish "Bring me the clock of Bender Rodriguez" in reference to the film.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: "Kaijudo" episode 42 "Bring Me the Head of Tatsurion the Unchained" (2013) is a reference to the title of this film.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: "" season 1 episode 23b "Bring Me the Head of Ranginald Bagel!" (2014) references and parodies the title and plot of the film.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In "True Detective’s" season 2 finale ("Omega Station", 2015), a scene in a set photographer's home features a poster for the movie.


title: Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia

text: In an out-of-office email reply Ryan Reynolds apologized to "The Head of Alfredo Garcia" after the sale of Aviation American Gin.


Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) (, also known as MGIMO University) is an institute of higher education under the umbrella of the Russian Federation Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2022, the university was ranked #362 in the world in the QS World University Rankings.


title: Moscow State Institute of International Relations

text: MGIMO offers educational programs in 18 fields of study, including international relations and regional studies, politics, governance, diplomacy, world economy, law, journalism, foreign trade and management, energy affairs, linguistics, and environmental studies. It offers MBA and Executive MBA programs, and pre-university tutorials. According to the "Guinness Book of Records", MGIMO in 2019 taught 54 full time languages during every academic term, the most in any academic institution. The university pays special attention to distance learning and digital technologies. Since 2016, MGIMO has been recording and publishing its distance courses at Coursera. As of 2020, Coursera contained 20 courses by MGIMO professors. MGIMO has integrated an LMS (Electronic Learning Management System) in the educational process. Moodle and Stepik (Russia) platforms are used as well. MGIMO has three campuses – in Moscow, in the Moscow Region (Odintsovo) and in Tashkent (Uzbekistan) as well as an educational centre for law studies in Geneva, Switzerland.


text: MGIMO is a centre for the Russian-French Trianon Dialogue, the Russian-Czech Discussion Forum, the Russian-Austrian forum Sochi Dialogue, ASEAN Centre.


text: MGIMO was founded on 14 October 1944 by a special decree of the Soviet Government on the basis of the recently established School of International Relations of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The first 200 students were veterans who had fought in the Second World War.


text: By early 1950s, MGIMO comprised three schools, since its ancestor, the School of History and International Relations was added by the School of International Law and the School of International Economic Relations. In 1954 the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, the successor of the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages created in 1815, was integrated into MGIMO. In 1958, MGIMO incorporated one more university – of Foreign Trade. In 1969 the School of Journalism and the School of Law were added. In 1989, admission on a commercial basis started and first students from Western countries began to arrive. In the late 1980s, MGIMO became the first national university to establish its own business school that later in 2012 emerged as the School of Business and International Proficiency. 1992 saw the creation of the School of International Business and Business Administration. In 1994 MGIMO was granted university status but traditionally contains the word "institute" in its name. The same year saw the creation of the International Institute of Administration. The same year a Department of Politics was introduced within the School of International Relations and evolved into the separate School of Political Science in 1998.


text: In 2000, two educational divisions were established - Institute of Energy Policy and Diplomacy and School of Applied Economics and Commerce. In 2005, the European Studies Institute was opened on MGIMO basis. In 2011, the Institute for Foreign Economic Relations was transformed into the School of Applied Economics and Commerce. In 2013 The School of Governance and Global Affairs was launched as the first Russian school to train international students in English at bachelor's level. In 2016, MGIMO opened the Odintsovo Branch – its first campus located in the Moscow suburban area. The campus is also a home for MGIMO Gorchakov Lyceum. In 2017, the International Institute of Administration and the School of Political Science merged into the School of Governance and Politics.


text: According to CNN, 1,200 students, faculty, and staff of the university signed an open letter in protest of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In March 2022, Anatoly Torkunov, MGIMO University rector, was suspended from the European University Association (EUA) following support for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Union of Rectors (RUR). Several Western universities also suspended academic collaboration agreements with MGIMO.


text: In Russia, MGIMO is the school that offers the best salaries to its graduates, above any other Russian university.


text: In recognition of its international education and research, MGIMO has been awarded «5 Stars» in the QS Stars Audit, thus becoming the first university in Russia, Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia and amongst BRICS countries to be bestowed with this accolade. In 2020, MGIMO ranked 1st in Russia and 348th in the QS World University Rankings.


text: In the same year, the Global Go To Think Tank Index Report 2019 ranked MGIMO 8th in the world in Best University Affiliated Think Tanks index, 33rd - Think Tanks with the Most Significant Impact on Public Policy, 16th - Top Think Tanks in Central and Eastern Europe.


text: MGIMO comprises three campuses (Moscow, Moscow Region and Tashkent, Uzbekistan), an educational platform in Geneva for law studies, ten schools, three institutes and one business school.


text: MGIMO became one of the first Russian universities to establish their own business school. In 2019 the advisory board of the MBA Association (AMBA) accredited the MBA and Executive MBA programs of the MGIMO Business School. The same year MGIMO joined European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD).


text: There are 19 corporate departments at MGIMO, e.g. of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, of such companies as Rosneft, Transneft, ADV Group. MGIMO cooperates as well with other Russian universities - Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Stavropol and Kuban State Agrarian Universities:


text: A priority of MGIMO international policy is the development of bilateral and multilateral international relations, and the promotion of educational and scientific exchange. In 2019 it had cooperation agreements with more than 170 foreign partners from 57 countries – universities, diplomatic academies, institutes, and research centers. The university had more than 30 dual/triple degree programs with universities of Europe and America, undergraduate and postgraduate programs in English, French, Italian, German and Chinese.


text: After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Fletcher School at Tufts University announced it will break off its academic relationship with the school. Similarly, Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po Paris), the University of Reading and the University of St Andrews among others, announced suspending all academic collaboration with MGIMO.


text: The university faculty represents professors and teachers. Each year MGIMO has had special courses by foreign visiting professors, among them Robert Legvold and William Wohlforth.


text: MGIMO has granted honorary doctorate degrees to foreign politicians, public experts, diplomats and scholars, working in the field of international relations and foreign policy among which President of France (2007–12) Nikolas Sarkozy, President of the European Commission (1999–2004) Romano Prodi, President of the French Institute of International Affairs Thierry de Montbrial, Prince of Monaco Albert II, President of Chile Veronica Michelle Bachelet Jeria and others.


text: The Institute of International Studies of MGIMO comprises 12 research centers and accumulates the scientific and intellectual output of the university. Early the research structures were presented by Problem Research Laboratory for System Analysis of International Relations (1976-1990), Center for International Studies (1990-2004), and the Research Coordination Council for International Studies (2004–09). These 12 centers now cover a range of international issues ranging from developments in the post-Soviet space to disarmament and conflict settlement, from the Asia Pacific to Middle East.


text: MGIMO contributes to the Russian Political Science Association, the United Nations Association of Russia (RISA), a number of Russian foundations and non-governmental organizations, as well as leading global think tanks.


text: MGIMO provides a choice of opportunities for students’ social life. The Cultural Center provides creative classes and events, in Ballroom Dance, Modern Dance, the choir (PROXENOS)Proxenos. MGIMO Choir., the orchestra (SYMPHONY), a Literary and Poetry Club, the MGIMO Theatre, and a Painting Club.


text: The Volunteer Center, established in 2011, provides training for students to practice their skills at large international events. MGIMO volunteers have worked at the FIFA World Cup 2018, the XXII Olympic Games and the XI Paralympic Games. MGIMO foreign students organize national clubs inside the International Students Association.


text: There is a number of other student clubs including Student Union, Moscow International Model United Nations (MIMUN) (in 2017 was named after Vitaly Churkin), Student Science Society (includes Business Club, Debate Club, Germanic Studies Club, etc.), Russian Association of Public Relations Students


text: Business personalities in Russia, who studied at MGIMO, include billionaires Alisher Usmanov, Dmitry Mazepin, Patokh Chodiev and Vladimir Potanin.


text: In 1991, MGIMO Alumni Association was founded to support the community of MGIMO graduates. In 2006, the MGIMO Board of Trustees was established with Sergey Lavrov, Minister of Foreign Affairs, as its chairman. The trustees are Russian high-ranking officials and public figures, mostly MGIMO alumni, as well as Russian and foreign leaders of business and philanthropic community (such as Ingvar Kamprad, the IKEA founder, and Frederik Paulsen, chairman of the board of directors of Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Honorary Consul of the Russian Federation in Lausanne). MGIMO was the first university in Russia to establish an Endowment Fund. MGIMO Endowment today is the biggest university foundation in Russia. It provides support to students projects and their foreign internships.


title: Nigger Head

text: Nigger Head was the name of a small island in the northern part of Shelburne Bay in far north Queensland, Australia about 30 km north of Cape Grenville, Cape York Peninsula in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Queensland, Australia. It was named so because it is an isolated coral outcrop; such outcrops were known as niggerheads by British sailors.


title: Nigger Head

text: In August 2017 it was announced that the name Nigger Head would no longer be used by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines which is responsible for naming places in Queensland. In September 2017 the Queensland government stated that a new name would be chosen for the island, although a new name was never selected and the island remains officially unnamed.


title: Jim Ryun

text: James Ronald Ryun (born April 29, 1947) is an American former Republican politician and Olympic track and field athlete, who at his peak was widely considered the world's top middle-distance runner. He won a silver medal in the 1500 m at the 1968 Summer Olympics, and was the first high school athlete to run a mile in under four minutes. He is the last American to hold the world record in the mile run. Ryun later served in the United States House of Representatives from 1996 to 2007, representing Kansas's 2nd congressional district.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 1964, as a high school junior at Wichita East High School, Ryun became the first high school athlete to run a mile in under 4 minutes in the time of 3:59.0, when he took 8th place at the 1964 California Relays, the last under four minutes in a historic mass finish under 4:00.


title: Jim Ryun

text: His time of 3:55.3, set winning the 1965 AAU Championship race ahead of Olympic gold medalist and former WR holder Peter Snell, was a high school record that stood for 36 years. Ryun ran five sub-four minute miles while in high school including the first sub-four minute mile run in a high school event, a 3:58.3, at the 1965 Kansas HS state meet. As a high school senior he was voted the fourth best miler in the world by "Track & Field News". ESPN.com named him the best high school athlete of all time, beating out people such as Tiger Woods and LeBron James. He was "Track and Field News" "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1965.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 1966, at age nineteen, Ryun set two world records, first in the half-mile (1:44.9) then the mile (3:51.3). He received numerous awards, including "Sports Illustrated" magazine's "Sportsman of the Year" award, the James E. Sullivan Award as the nation's top amateur athlete, the ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year award, and the Track & Field News' Athlete of the Year award as the world's best track & field athlete.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 1967, Ryun set a world record in the indoor half mile (1:48.3) and the outdoor mile from (3:51.1), a record that stood for almost eight years. That same year he set the world record for the 1,500 meters (3:33.1).


title: Jim Ryun

text: In NCAA competition, Ryun was the 1967 NCAA outdoor mile champion. He was also the NCAA indoor mile champion in 1967, 1968, and 1969.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun still holds the American junior (19 and under) records at one mile (3:51.3) and two miles (8:25.1). His American junior record in the 1,500 meters of 3:36.1 was broken by Hobbs Kessler on May 29, 2021, awaiting ratification by USA Track and Field. His American junior record in the 800 meters lasted exactly 50 years. In all, he broke the American record for the mile four times: once as a high school senior (3:55.3 on June 27, 1965), twice as a college freshman (3:53.7 on June 4, 1966 and 3:51.3 on July 17, 1966), and once as a college sophomore (3:51.1 on June 23, 1967).


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun participated in the 1964, 1968, and 1972 Summer Olympics. At age 17 years, 137 days in 1964, he remains the youngest American male track athlete to ever qualify for the Olympics. In 1968, he won the silver medal in the 1,500 meters in Mexico City, losing to Kip Keino from Kenya, whose remarkable race remained the Olympic 1,500-meter record for 16 years. Before the race, Ryun had thought that a time of 3:39 would be good enough to win in the high altitude of Mexico City. He ended up running faster than that with a 3:37.8, but half-way through the race Keino had moved into the first position at world record pace. Ryun continued to move up during the last two laps from eighth to second but was never closer than about 30 yards from Keino, who finished in 3:34.91, an Olympic record that would stand until 1984, despite the altitude. Years later, in 1981, he told Tex Maule in an interview for "The Runner" magazine, "We had thought that 3:39 would win and I ran under that. I considered it like winning a gold medal; I had done my very best and I still believe I would have won at sea level." Ryun was attacked by some writers who believed he had let his nation down. "Some even said I had let down the whole world. I didn't get any credit for running my best and no one seemed to realize that Keino had performed brilliantly." In the 1972 Munich, Germany, Games, he was tripped and fell down during a 1,500-meter qualifying heat. Although the International Olympic Committee (IOC) acknowledged that a foul had occurred, U.S. appeals to have Ryun reinstated in the competition were denied by the IOC.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun's 1,500-meter world record, run in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum during the United States vs. British Commonwealth meet in July 1967, was one of Ryun's greatest running performances. "Track and Field News" reported that "after 220 yards of dawdling, a record seemed out of the question." However, after 440 yards, which Ryun, in third, passed in 60.9 seconds, Kip Keino took the lead and ran the next lap in 56 seconds (the fastest second lap ever run at the time). Ryun, just behind, passed the 880-yard mark in 1:57.0. At 1,320 yards the two were side by side in 2:55.0. Ryun pulled away to finish in 3:33.1, a record that stood for seven years. With a last 440 yards of 53.9, a last 880 yards of 1:51.3, and the final 1320 yards in 2:47.4, Cordner Nelson of "Track and Field News" called it "the mightiest finishing drive ever seen," and said of Ryun's performance, "This was most certainly his greatest race."


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun's final season as an amateur was in 1972, and included the third-best mile of his career (at the time, the third fastest in history: a 3:52.8 at Toronto, Canada on July 29): a 5,000-meter career best (13:38.2 at Bakersfield, CA on May 20), and a win in the 1,500 meters at the U.S. Olympic Trials. He left amateur athletics after 1972 and for the next two years ran professionally on the International Track Association circuit.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 1980, Ryun was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame and in 2003 into the National Distance Running Hall of Fame.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun was born in Wichita, Kansas. He now lives in Lawrence, though he was listed in the House roll as "R-Topeka." He also owns a farm in Jefferson County.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun met his wife, Anne, when she asked him for an autograph after he broke the world record for the mile in Berkeley. They married in 1969 and have two sons, Ned and Drew Ryun, and seven grandchildren. He and his sons, Ned and Drew, have co-authored three books: "Heroes Among Us", "The Courage to Run", and " In Quest of Gold – The Jim Ryun Story."


title: Jim Ryun

text: After graduating from the University of Kansas in 1970 with a degree in photojournalism, Ryun moved to Eugene, Oregon; looking for a good training situation to continue his track career. Six months later, he moved to Santa Barbara, California, where he and his family remained for nine years. He and his family moved back to Lawrence in 1981.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Raised in the Church of Christ, Ryun and his wife are members of Grace Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Lawrence.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Before being elected to the House of Representatives in 1996, Ryun had operated Jim Ryun Sports, a company that ran sports camps, and worked as a motivational speaker at meetings of corporations and Christian groups around the country. Among his projects, Ryun, who has a 50% hearing loss, helped the ReSound Hearing Aid Company develop a program called Sounds of Success, aimed at helping children with hearing loss. Since 1973, Ryun and his family have hosted running camps every summer for promising high school aged runners.


title: Jim Ryun

text: According to Ryun, he was interested in politics but did not have plans to run for Congress until Todd Tiahrt told him during the 1996 Summer Olympics torch relay that the Topeka-based 2nd District would have a vacancy and suggested that he run.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun was first elected in 1996 to fill a seat vacated by Republican Sam Brownback. He won the three-person Republican primary with 62 percent of the vote, defeating former Topeka mayor Doug Wright and Cheryl Brown Henderson, the daughter of the plaintiff in the historic "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka" desegregation case. In the general campaign, Ryun was in a tight race with Democrat John Frieden, a prominent Topeka trial attorney, who outspent Ryun $750,000 to $400,000. Ryun won that contest with 52 percent of the vote. He would not face another contest nearly that close for almost a decade; he was reelected three times with at least 60 percent of the vote.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 2004, Democrat Nancy Boyda, a former moderate Republican, ran a campaign with spending near that of Ryun's, $1,105,838 (compared to Ryun's $1,136,464). Ryun defeated her by a margin of 55% to 42%, mainly due to the presence of George W. Bush atop the ticket.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In the 2006 election, Boyda was again the Democratic nominee, with Roger Tucker of the Reform Party of the United States of America also on the ballot. Initially expected to win, Ryun found his campaign faltering as internal polling for both his campaign and Boyda's revealed Boyda was ahead. In response, Ryun's campaign recruited both President Bush and Vice President Cheney to visit Topeka to campaign and raise campaign funds for Ryun. Ryun was defeated in an upset by Boyda, 51% to 47%.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In March 2007, Ryun confirmed that he would run for his old seat. In the Republican primary, he faced Kansas State Treasurer Lynn Jenkins, a slightly more moderate Republican who served two terms as State Treasurer, a partial term in the Kansas Senate and two years in the Kansas House. Ryun lost to Jenkins, who went on to win the seat in the general election, 51% to 46%.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun served on the Armed Services, Budget and Financial Services committees. He tallied a mostly conservative voting record.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun generally supported George W. Bush's legislative agenda, voting to support it 89% of the time, average for a House member who was from the same party as the sitting President. In 2003, he voted against the $373 billion end-of-session spending bill because he considered it to be too costly and had come to Congress to support fiscal restraint.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun broke with the President over two major initiatives, No Child Left Behind and Medicare reform legislation that included a prescription drug benefit. In voting against No Child Left Behind, Ryun said he believed states should have more control over their own education system. In opposing the Medicare bill, Ryun said the bill didn't provide enough reform to keep future costs from soaring.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 2006, the "National Journal" rated Ryun as the nation's most conservative member of Congress. He was a member of the Republican Study Committee, a caucus of 103 fiscally and socially conservative House Republicans.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 2005, Ryun scored 0 percent on the Republicans for Environmental Protection ("REP") scorecard. There were 12 issues that were considered by the REP to be critical environmental issues. Jim Ryun voted with what the REP would consider pro-environment on none of the issues voted upon. These issues consisted of the drilling of oil and natural gas, Congressman Richard Pombo's bill designed to weaken the Endangered Species Act of 1973, an amendment to the Energy Policy Act of 2005, by Congresswoman Lois Capps to remove section 1502, a provision that would provide liability protection for manufacturers of the gasoline additive MTBE, and the movement to increase fuel economy standards.


title: Jim Ryun

text: Ryun also scored a 0 on League of Conservation Voters's ("LCV") scorecard. Many of REP's critical issues were present on the scorecard.


title: Jim Ryun

text: In 2006, Ryun improved his REP scorecard when he voted pro-environment on 2 of 7 critical issues. This earned him a 17 percent. He voted to help reduce the impact the Army Corps of Engineers had on the environment. The issues in which he voted against the REP were ones involving oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, renewable resource programs, and the movement to end debate and accept the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act.


title: Jim Ryun

text: On December 15, 2000, Ryun bought a townhouse in the District of Columbia from U.S. Family Network for $410,000. The townhouse had been purchased about two years earlier, for $429,000, to house Ed Buckham's consulting firm Alexander Strategy Group and Tom DeLay's ARMPAC.


title: Jim Ryun

text: After questions were raised as to the purchase of Ryun's townhouse, his office released official documents showing that Ryun paid $80,000 more than the tax assessed value of the house, that he put another $50,000 into house repairs and that another home on the same block was sold for $409,000 on the same day he bought his home. According to property records, the other home does not have a garage or a back patio and is on a land area about half the size of Ryun's. It was assessed in 2006 as worth $528,000, compared to $764,000 for Ryun's home. In contrast, homes across the street from Ryun's were sold for over $900,000.


title: Jim Ryun

text: After Rep. Mark Foley resigned in October 2006, following revelations he had sent sexually explicit e-mails to teenage congressional pages, Ryun contended that he barely knew Foley, had never spent time with him and was unaware that they lived directly across the street from each other in Washington, D.C. "I know that [we were neighbors] only because somebody has mentioned that, too, already," he told reporters at the time. However, it was later revealed that Ryun and Foley had hosted a joint fundraiser on their street on May 18, 2006, called the "D Street Block Party." An invitation to the fundraiser included side-by-side pictures of Ryun and Foley. Ryun's campaign manager later said that Ryun had always known he was Foley's neighbor.


title: The New York Times crossword puzzle

text: "The New York Times" crossword puzzle is a daily crossword puzzle published in "The New York Times", online on the newspaper's website, syndicated to more than 300 other newspapers and journals, and on mobile apps.