title: Warsaw Metro

text: The Metro was opened on 7 April 1995 with a total of 11 stations. The initial line, Line M1, has 21 stations over a route distance of .


title: Warsaw Metro

text: Initially, all of the trains were Russian-built. They first arrived in Warsaw in 1990 as a "gift" from the USSR, five years prior to the Metro's opening, from the Metrovagonmash plant in Mytishchi near Moscow (model 81-717.3/714.3 - 10 carriages). Subsequent trains arrived from Saint Petersburg's Yegorov Plant in 1994 (81-572/573 - 32 carriages) and an additional 18 81-572.1/573.1 carriages in 1997.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: In 1998, 108 new carriages were ordered from the French company Alstom. These were all delivered by 2005 (24 were produced in Barcelona and the remainder in Chorzów). In 2006, additional carriages were ordered from Russia, with deliveries taking place up to 2007.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: In February 2011, an order was signed with German manufacturer Siemens for 35 complete trains from their new Inspiro line. A large number of these were to be manufactured in Poland by Newag. The first 5 of these trains were put into service in 2013. However, in November 2013 a fire broke out in one of the carriages and for safety reasons all five trains were withdrawn from operation until the cause of the fire was determined. Once the investigation was completed the five new Inspiro trains were placed back into service in March 2014.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: In January 2020, Skoda Transportation was awarded with a new contract for 37 new, single-space trains. The first EMU arrived in Warsaw on April 25, 2022, in October the first unit entered regular passenger service on M1 line.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: A single depot is located south of the Kabaty station. There is a single-track connection between the depot and Warszawa-Okęcie station on the PKP rail network. This link is not electrified, and used only for an occasional rolling-stock transfer.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: The first line was a compromise between earlier route proposals further east and west (one of which belonged to the planned Line 4) and as such does not go to some important areas of the city. For example, it does not pass directly under the old town, Warsaws main tourist attraction, which has few public transport links, passing it about to the west. It also does not directly connect to the central railway station, with the nearest stop being over to the east (the second line also avoids it, with the closest station about to the north). Until the opening of the second line in March 2015, the Metro system was confined to the western bank of the Vistula river, thus doing nothing to ease traffic problems on Warsaw's bridges, a major bottleneck between the city center and the eastern Praga district. Plans for the third line to Warsaw Chopin Airport have been abandoned for the foreseeable future, with the airport served by a new railway station instead.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: Transport planners have suggested that the WKD, a light rail line that runs to the western suburbs, could be integrated with the city's tram system, or be more closely tied to the Metro and a future suburban rail network, or both. The first such plans were prepared in the late 1930s and the railway tunnel running below the city centre was to be shared by both the railways and the metro. In the mid-1990s the WKD, PKP and Warsaw Metro systems were temporarily integrated and Warsaw city travel cards were valid also in the suburban railways. This idea was, however, dropped in 1999 due to financial problems.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: On 11 March 2016, a 1 billion zł (€225 million) contract was awarded to the Italian company Astaldi to build the first phase of the North-East second subway line extension with of track and 3 stations: Szwedzka, Targówek and Trocka. On 30 April construction on Szwedzka station started, and on 2 May the other two stations started construction. Construction of this phase took 3 years and it opened on 15 September 2019. Initially, this extension was to be built at the same time as the west extension which was due to be completed in 2020. However, due to delays, it was decided that each extension will be built at its own pace.


title: Warsaw Metro

text: On 28 September 2022, the extension of M2 consisting of three new stations: Zacisze, Kondratowicza and Bródno was opened to the public.


title: Malay race

text: The concept of a Malay race was originally proposed by the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), and classified as a brown race. "Malay" is a loose term used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to describe the Austronesian peoples.


title: Malay race

text: Since Blumenbach, many anthropologists have rejected his theory of five races, citing the enormous complexity of classifying races. The concept of a "Malay race" differs with that of the ethnic Malays centered on Malaya and parts of the Malay Archipelago's islands of Sumatra and Borneo.


title: Malay race

text: The linguistic connections between Madagascar, Polynesia and Southeast Asia were recognized early in the colonial era by European authors, particularly the remarkable similarities between Malagasy, Malay, and Polynesian numerals. The first formal publications on these relationships was in 1708 by the Dutch Orientalist Adriaan Reland, who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia; although the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman also realized the linguistic links between Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago prior to Reland in 1603.


title: Malay race

text: The Spanish philologist Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro later devoted a large part of his "Idea dell' Universo" (1778–1787) to the establishment of a language family linking the Malayan Peninsula, the Maldives, Madagascar, the Sunda Islands, Moluccas, the Philippines, and the Pacific Islands eastward to Easter Island. Multiple other authors corroborated this classification (except for the erroneous inclusion of Maldivian), and the language family came to be known as "Malayo-Polynesian," first coined by the German linguist Franz Bopp in 1841 (German: "malayisch-polynesisch"). The connections between Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands were also noted by other European explorers, including the orientalist William Marsden and the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster.


title: Malay race

text: In his 1775 doctoral dissertation titled "De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa" (trans: "On the Natural Varieties of Mankind"), Blumenbach outlined Johann Friedrich Blumenbach main human races by skin color, geography, and skull measurements; namely "Caucasians" (white), "Ethiopians" (black), "Americans" (red), and the "Mongolians" (yellow). Blumenbach added Austronesians as the fifth category to his "varieties" of humans in the second edition of "De Generis" (1781). He initially grouped them by geography and thus called Austronesians the "people from the southern world." In the third edition published in 1795, he named Austronesians the "Malay race" or the "brown race," after studies done by Joseph Banks who was part of the first voyage of James Cook. Blumenbach used the term "Malay" due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the "Malay idiom" (i.e. the Austronesian languages), though he inadvertently caused the later confusion of his racial category with the Melayu people. Blumenbach's definition of the Malay race is largely identical to the modern distribution of the Austronesian peoples, including not only Islander Southeast Asians, but also the people of Madagascar and the Pacific Islands. Although Blumenbach's work was later used in scientific racism, Blumenbach was a monogenist and did not believe the human "varieties" were inherently inferior to each other. However he believed in the "degenerative hypothesis", and believed that the Malay race were a transitory form between Caucasians and Ethiopians.


title: Malay race

text: By the 19th century, however, scientific racism was favoring a classification of Austronesians as being a subset of the "Mongolian" race, as well as polygenism. The Australo-Melanesian populations of Southeast Asia and Melanesia (whom Blumenbach initially classified as a "subrace" of the "Malay" race) were also now being treated as a separate "Ethiopian" race by authors like Georges Cuvier, Conrad Malte-Brun, Julien-Joseph Virey, and René Lesson.


title: Malay race

text: The British naturalist James Cowles Prichard originally followed Blumenbach by treating Papuans and Native Australians as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. But by his third edition of "Researches into the Physical History of Man" (1836-1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence of polygenism. He classified the peoples of Austronesia into two groups: the "Malayo-Polynesians" (roughly equivalent to the Austronesian peoples) and the "Kelænonesians" (roughly equivalent to the Australo-Melanesians). He further subdivided the latter into the "Alfourous" (also "Haraforas" or "Alfoërs", the Native Australians), and the "Pelagian or Oceanic Negroes" (the Melanesians and western Polynesians). Despite this, he acknowledges that "Malayo-Polynesians" and "Pelagian Negroes" had "remarkable characters in common", particularly in terms of language and craniometry.


title: Malay race

text: In 1899, the Austrian linguist and ethnologist Wilhelm Schmidt coined the term "Austronesian" (German: "austronesisch", from Latin "auster", "south wind"; and Greek "νῆσος", "island") to refer to the language family. The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer the people who speak the languages of the Austronesian language family.


title: Malay race

text: The view of Malays held by Stamford Raffles had a significant influence on English-speakers, lasting to the present day. He is probably the most important voice who promoted the idea of a ‘Malay’ race or nation, not limited to the Malay ethnic group, but embracing the people of a large yet unspecified part of the South East Asian archipelago. Raffles formed a vision of Malays as a language-based 'nation', in line with the views of the English Romantic movement at the time, and in 1809 sent a literary essay on the topic to the Asiatic Society. After he mounted an expedition to the former Minangkabau seat of royalty in the Pagaruyung, he declared it was ‘the source of that power, the origin of that nation, so extensively scattered over the Eastern Archipelago’. In his later writings he moved the Malays from a nation to a race.


title: Malay race

text: In Brunei, "indigenous Malays" () refer to people who belong to one of the seven ethnic groups: Brunei Malay, Kedayan, Tutong, Dusun, Belait, Bisaya and Murut.


title: Malay race

text: In Indonesia, the term "Malay" () is more associated with ethnic Malay than 'Malay race'. Historically the term 'Malay race' was first coined by foreign scientists in colonial times. However during the Dutch East Indies era, all natives were grouped under the category "inlanders" or "pribumi" to describe native Indonesians in contrast to Eurasian Indo people and Asian immigrants (Chinese, Arab and Indian origin). Native Indonesian were diverse and included ethnicities that have their own culture, identity, traditions and languages that are very different from coastal Malay people. Thus, making Malay just as one of myriad Indonesian ethnicities, sharing common status with Javanese (including their sub-ethnic such as Osing and Tenggerese), Sundanese, Minangkabau, Batak tribes, Bugis, Dayak peoples, Acehnese, Balinese, Torajan, Moluccans and Papuans. Hence Indonesian nationalism and identity that manifested afterward was a civic nationalism rather than ethnic nationalism based on Malay race. This was expressed by Youth Pledge during 2nd Youth Congress in 1928 with the proclamation of a united motherland of Indonesia, united Indonesia nation or "bangsa Indonesia" rather than ethnic identities, and advocated the use of local Malay language dialect as Indonesian language.


title: Malay race

text: The concept of the Malay race as in Malaysia and to some degree, the Philippines, also influenced and might be shared by some Indonesians in the spirit of inclusivity and solidarity, commonly coined as "puak Melayu" or "rumpun Melayu". However, the idea and the degree of 'Malayness' also varies in Indonesia, from covering the vast area of Austronesian people to confining it only within the Jambi area where the name 'Malayu' was first recorded. Today, the common identity that binds Malay people together is their language (with variants of Indonesian language dialects that exist among them), their culture norms, and for some Islam.


title: Malay race

text: In Malaysia, the early colonial censuses listed separate ethnic groups, such as "Malays, Boyanese, Achinese, Javanese, Bugis, Manilamen (Filipino) and Siamese". The 1891 census merged these ethnic groups into the three racial categories used in modern Malaysia—Chinese, ‘Tamils and other natives of India’, and ‘Malays and other Natives of the Archipelago’. This was based upon the European view at the time that race was a biologically based scientific category. For the 1901 census, the government advised the word "race" should replace "nationality" wherever it occurs.


title: Malay race

text: After a period of generations of being classified in these groups, individual identities formed around the concept of "bangsa Melayu" (Malay race). For younger generations of people, they saw it as providing unity and solidarity against colonial powers, and non-Malay immigrants. The Malaysian nation was later formed with the "bangsa Melayu" having the central and defining position within the country.


title: Malay race

text: In the Philippines, many Filipinos consider the term "Malay" to refer to the indigenous population of the country as well as the indigenous populations of neighboring Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. This misconception is due in part to American anthropologist H. Otley Beyer, who had proposed that Filipinos were actually Malays who migrated north from what are now Malaysia and Indonesia. This idea was in turn propagated by Filipino historians and is still taught in many schools. However, the prevalent consensus among contemporary anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists actually proposes the reverse; namely that ancestors of the Austronesian peoples of the Sunda Islands, Madagascar, and Oceania had originally migrated south from the Philippines during the prehistoric period from an origin in Taiwan.


title: Malay race

text: Although Beyer's theory is now completely rejected by modern anthropologists, the misconception remains and most Filipinos still conflate Malay with Austronesian identity, almost always equating the two. Common usage of term "Malay" does not just refer to the ethnic Malays of other Southeast Asian countries. The academic term "Austronesian" remains unfamiliar to most Filipinos.


title: Malay race

text: In the United States, the racial classification "Malay race" was introduced in the early twentieth century into the anti-miscegenation laws of a number of western US states. Anti-miscegenation laws were state laws that prohibited marriage between European Americans and African Americans and in some states also other non-whites. After an influx of Filipino immigrants, these existing laws were amended in a number of western states to prohibit marriage between Caucasians and Filipinos, who were designated as members of the Malay race, and a number of Southern states committed to racial segregation followed suit. Eventually, nine states (Arizona, California, Georgia, Maryland, Nevada, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming) explicitly prohibited marriage between Caucasians and Filipinos. In California, there was some confusion over whether pre-existing state laws prohibiting marriage between whites and "Mongolians" also prohibited marriage between whites and Filipinos. A 1933 Supreme Court of California case "Roldan v. Los Angeles County" concluded that such marriages were legal as Filipinos were members of the "Malay race" and were not enumerated in the list of races for whom marriage with whites was illegal. The California legislature soon after amended the laws to extend the prohibition against interracial marriage to whites and Filipinos.


title: Malay race

text: Many anti-miscegenation laws were gradually repealed after the Second World War, starting with California in 1948. In 1967, all remaining bans against interracial marriage were judged to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in "Loving v. Virginia" and therefore repealed.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Jagiellonian dynasty (, ), otherwise the Jagiellon dynasty (), the House of Jagiellon (), or simply the Jagiellons (), was the name assumed by a cadet branch of the Lithuanian ducal dynasty of Gediminids upon reception by Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, of baptism as Władysław in 1386, which paved the way to his ensuing marriage to the Queen Regnant Jadwiga of Poland, resulting in his ascension to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło (initially ruling "jure uxoris" jointly with Hedwig until her death), and the effective promotion of his branch to a royal dynasty. The Jagiellons reigned in several Central European countries between the 14th and 16th centuries. Members of the dynasty were Kings of Poland (1386–1572), Grand Dukes of Lithuania (1377–1392 and 1440–1572), Kings of Hungary (1440–1444 and 1490–1526), and Kings of Bohemia and imperial electors (1471–1526).


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (converted in 1569 with the Treaty of Lublin into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) is the reason for the common appellation "Poland–Lithuania" in discussions about the area from the Late Middle Ages onward. One Jagiellon, Władysław III of Poland, briefly ruled both Poland and Hungary (1440–1444), and two others ruled both Bohemia and Hungary (1490–1526) and then continued in the distaff line as a branch of the House of Habsburg.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The name comes from Jogaila (), the first Grand Duke of Lithuania to become King of Poland. In Polish, the dynasty is known as and the patronymic form: ; in Lithuanian it is called , in Belarusian (), in Hungarian , and in Czech , as well as or in Latin. Etymologically, the name Jogaila means "strong rider," from the Lithuanian words (to ride) and (strong, powerful).


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The rule of Piasts, the earlier Polish ruling house (c. 962–1370) had ended with the death of King Casimir III the Great. Gediminids, the immediate predecessors of the first Jagiellonian, were rulers of medieval Lithuania with the title of "Grand Duke". Their realm, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was chiefly inhabited by Lithuanians and Ruthenians.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Jogaila, the eponymous first ruler of the Jagiellonian dynasty, started as the Grand Duke of Lithuania. As a result of the Union of Krewo he then converted to Christianity and married the 11-year-old Queen Jadwiga of Poland (daughter of King Louis I of Hungary from the Angevins Dynasty). Thereby he became jure uxoris King of Poland as her co-ruler and founded the dynasty. Angevin rulers were the second and Jagiellonian third dynasty of Polish Kings.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: In 1385 the Union of Krewo was signed between Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, the last pagan state in Europe. The act arranged for Jogaila's baptism (after which Jogaila was known in Poland by his baptismal name, Władysław, and the Polish version of his Lithuanian name, Jagiełło) (Zamoyski, the Polish Way) and for the couple's marriage and constituted the beginning of the Polish–Lithuanian union. The Union strengthened both nations in their shared opposition to the Teutonic Knights and the growing threat of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Uniquely in Europe, the union connected two states geographically located on the opposite sides of the great civilizational divide between the Western or Latin, and the Eastern or Byzantine worlds.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The intention of the Union was to create a common state under Władysław II Jagiełło, but the Polish ruling oligarchy's idea of incorporation of Lithuania into Poland turned out to be unrealistic. There would be territorial disputes and warfare between Poland and Lithuania or Lithuanian factions; the Lithuanians at times had even found it expedient to conspire with the Teutonic Knights against the Poles. Geographic consequences of the dynastic union and the preferences of the Jagiellonian kings accelerated the process of reorientation of Polish territorial priorities to the east. The political influence of the Jagiellonian kings was diminishing during this period, which was accompanied by the ever-increasing role in central government and national affairs of landed nobility. The royal dynasty, however, had a stabilizing effect on Poland's politics. The Jagiellonian Era is often regarded as a period of maximum political power, great prosperity, and in its later stage, the Golden Age of Polish culture.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Great War of 1409–1411, precipitated by the Lithuanian uprising in the Order controlled Samogitia, included the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), where the Polish and Lithuanian-Rus' armies completely defeated the Teutonic Knights. The offensive that followed lost its impact with the ineffective siege of Malbork (Marienburg). The failure to take the fortress and eliminate the Teutonic (later Prussian) state had for Poland dire historic consequences in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The Peace of Thorn (1411) had given Poland and Lithuania rather modest territorial adjustments, including Samogitia. Afterwards there were negotiations and peace deals that didn't hold, more military campaigns and arbitrations. One attempted, unresolved arbitration took place at the Council of Constance.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: During the Hussite Wars (1420–1434), Jagiełło, Vytautas and Sigismund Korybut were involved in political and military maneuvering concerning the Czech crown, offered by the Hussites first to Jagiełło in 1420. Zbigniew Oleśnicki became known as the leading opponent of a union with the Hussite Czech state.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Jagiellonian dynasty was not entitled to automatic hereditary succession, as each new king had to be approved by nobility consensus. Władysław Jagiełło had two sons late in life from his last wife, Sophia of Halshany. In 1430 the nobility agreed to the succession of the future Władysław III, only after the King gave in and guaranteed the satisfaction of their new demands. In 1434 the old monarch died and his minor son Władysław was crowned; the Royal Council led by Bishop Oleśnicki undertook the regency duties. In 1438 the Czech anti-Habsburg opposition, mainly Hussite factions, offered the Czech crown to Jagiełło's younger son Casimir IV. The idea, accepted in Poland over Oleśnicki's objections, resulted in two unsuccessful Polish military expeditions to Bohemia.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: After Vytautas' death in 1430 Lithuania became embroiled in internal wars and conflicts with Poland. Casimir IV, sent as a boy by Władysław III on a mission there in 1440, was surprisingly proclaimed by the Lithuanians as a Grand Duke of Lithuania, and he stayed in Lithuania.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Oleśnicki gained the upper hand again and pursued his long-term objective of Poland's union with Hungary. At that time the Ottoman Empire embarked on a new round of European conquests and threatened Hungary, which needed the powerful Polish–Lithuanian ally. In 1440 Władysław III assumed the Hungarian throne. Influenced by Julian Cesarini, the young king led the Hungarian army against the Ottomans in 1443 and again in 1444. Like Cesarini, Władysław III was killed at the Battle of Varna. Beginning toward the end of Jagiełło's life, Poland was practically governed by a magnate oligarchy led by Oleśnicki. The rule of the dignitaries was actively opposed by various "szlachta" groups. Their leader Spytek of Melsztyn was killed during an armed confrontation in 1439, which allowed Oleśnicki to purge Poland of the remaining Hussite sympathizers and pursue his other objectives without significant opposition.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: In 1445 Casimir, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, was asked to assume the Polish throne vacated by the death of his brother Władysław. Casimir was a tough negotiator and did not accept the Polish nobility's conditions for his election. Casimir Jagiellon was the third and youngest son of King Władysław II Jagiełło and his fourth wife, Sophia of Halshany. His father was already 65 at the time of Casimir's birth, and his brother Władysław III, three years his senior, was expected to become king before his majority. Strangely, little was done for his education; he was never taught Latin, nor was he trained for the responsibilities of office, despite the fact he was the only brother of the rightful sovereign. He often relied on his instinct and feelings and had little political knowledge, but shared a great interest in the diplomacy and economic affairs of the country. Throughout Casimir's youth, Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki was his mentor and tutor, however, the cleric felt a strong reluctance towards him, believing that he would be an unsuccessful monarch following Władysław's death.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The sudden death of Sigismund Kęstutaitis left the office of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania empty. The Voivode of Trakai, Jonas Goštautas, and other magnates of Lithuania, supported Casimir as a candidate to the throne. However many Polish noblemen hoped that the thirteen-year-old boy would become a Vice-regent for the Polish King in Lithuania. Casimir was invited by the Lithuanian magnates to Lithuania, and when he arrived in Vilnius in 1440, he was proclaimed as the Grand Duke of Lithuania on 29 June 1440 by the Council of Lords. Casimir succeeded his brother Władysław III (killed at the Battle of Varna in 1444) as King of Poland after a three-year interregnum on 25 June 1447. In 1454, he married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of the late King of the Romans Albert II of Habsburg by his late wife Elisabeth of Bohemia. Her distant relative Frederick of Habsburg became Holy Roman Emperor and reigned as Frederick III until after Casimir's own death. The marriage strengthened the ties between the house of Jagiellon and the sovereigns of Hungary-Bohemia and put Casimir at odds with the Holy Roman Emperor through internal Habsburg rivalry. Becoming a King of Poland Casimir also freed himself from the control the Lithuanian oligarchy had imposed on him; in the Vilnius Privilege of 1447 he declared the Lithuanian nobility having equal rights with Polish "szlachta". In time Kazimierz Jagiellończyk was able to remove from power Cardinal Oleśnicki and his group, basing his own power on the younger middle nobility camp instead. A conflict with the pope and the local Church hierarchy over the right to fill vacant bishop positions Casimir also resolved in his favor.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: That same year, Casimir was approached by the Prussian Confederation for aid against the Teutonic Order, which he promised, by making the separatist Prussian regions a protectorate of the Polish Kingdom. However, when the insurgent cities rebelled against the Order, it resisted and the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) ensued. Casimir and the Prussian Confederation defeated the Teutonic Order, taking over its capital at Marienburg (Malbork Castle). In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the Order recognized Polish sovereignty over the seceded western Prussian regions, Royal Prussia, and the Polish crown's overlordship over the remaining Teutonic Monastic State, transformed in 1525 into a duchy, Ducal Prussia. Poland regained Pomerelia and with it the all-important access to the Baltic Sea, as well as Warmia. In addition to land warfare, naval battles had taken place, where ships provided by the City of Danzig (Gdańsk) successfully fought Danish and Teutonic fleets.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Other 15th-century Polish territorial gains, or rather revindications, included the Duchy of Oświęcim and Duchy of Zator on Silesia's border with Lesser Poland, and there was notable progress regarding the incorporation of the Piast Masovian duchies into the Crown.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The influence of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Central Europe had been on the rise. In 1471 Casimir's son Władysław became a king of Bohemia, and in 1490 also of Hungary. The southern and eastern outskirts of Poland and Lithuania became threatened by Turkish invasions beginning in the late 15th century. Moldavia's involvement with Poland goes back to 1387, when Petru I, Hospodar of Moldavia, seeking protection against the Hungarians, paid Jagiełło homage in Lviv, which gave Poland access to the Black Sea ports. In 1485 King Casimir undertook an expedition into Moldavia, after its seaports were overtaken by the Ottoman Turks. The Turkish controlled Crimean Tatars raided the eastern territories in 1482 and 1487, until they were confronted by King Jan Olbracht (John Albert), Casimir's son and successor. Poland was attacked in 1487–1491 by remnants of the Golden Horde. They had invaded into Poland as far as Lublin before being beaten at Zaslavl. King John Albert in 1497 made an attempt to resolve the Turkish problem militarily, but his efforts were unsuccessful as he was unable to secure effective participation in the war by his brothers, King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and Alexander, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and because of the resistance on the part of Stephen the Great, the ruler of Moldavia. More Ottoman Empire-instigated destructive Tatar raids took place in 1498, 1499 and 1500. John Albert's diplomatic peace efforts that followed were finalized after the king's death in 1503, resulting in a territorial compromise and an unstable truce.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Grand Duke Alexander was elected King of Poland in 1501, after the death of John Albert. In 1506 he was succeeded by Sigismund I the Old ("Zygmunt I Stary") in both Poland and Lithuania, as the political realities were drawing the two states closer together. Prior to that Sigismund had been a Duke of Silesia by the authority of his brother Ladislaus II of Bohemia, but like other Jagiellon rulers before him, he had not pursued the Polish Crown's claim to Silesia.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: After the death of King Alexander I, Sigismund arrived in Vilnius, where he was elected by the Lithuanian Ducal Council on 13 September 1506 as Grand Duke of Lithuania, contrary to the Union of Mielnik, which involved a joint Polish-Lithuanian election of a monarch. On 8 December 1506 during the session of the Polish Senate in Piotrków, Sigismund was elected King of Poland. He arrived in Kraków on 20 January 1507 and was crowned four days later in Wawel Cathedral by Primate Andrzej Boryszewski. In 1518 Sigismund I married Bona Sforza d'Aragona, a young, strong-minded Italian princess. Bona's sway over the king and the magnates, her efforts to strengthen the monarch's political position, financial situation, and especially the measures she took to advance her personal and dynastic interests, including the forced royal election of the minor Sigismund Augustus in 1529 and his premature coronation in 1530, increased the discontent among "szlachta" activists.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Finally, the protesters criticised the role of Queen Bona, whom they blamed for the "bad education" of young Prince Sigismund Augustus (the future King Sigismund II Augustus), as well as for seeking to increase her power and influence in the state.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: From the outset of his reign, Sigismund came into collision with the country's nobility, who had already begun curtailing the power of the great families. The ostensible cause of the nobility's animosity to the King was his second marriage, secretly contracted before his accession to the throne, with (said to be beautiful) Lithuanian Calvinist, Barbara Radziwiłł, daughter of Hetman Jerzy Radziwiłł. The secret marriage was strongly opposed by his mother Bona and by the magnates of the Crown. Sigismund, who took over the reign after his father's death in 1548, overcame the resistance and had Barbara crowned in 1550; a few months later the new queen died. Bona, estranged from her son returned to Italy in 1556, where she died soon afterwards.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Sigismund II possessed to a high degree the tenacity and patience that seem to have characterized all the Jagiellons, and he added to these qualities a dexterity and diplomatic finesse. No other Polish king seems to have so thoroughly understood the nature of the Polish "sejm". Both the Austrian ambassadors and the papal legates testify to the care with which he controlled his nation. Everything went as he wished, they said, because he seemed to know everything in advance. He managed to get more money out of the "sejm" than his father ever could, and at one of his "sejm"s he won the hearts of the assembly by unexpectedly appearing before them in the simple grey coat of a Masovian lord. Like his father, a pro-Austrian by conviction, he contrived even in this respect to carry with him the nation, often distrustful of the Germans. He avoided serious complications with the powerful Turks.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Sigismund II mediated for twenty years between the Catholic Church and the Protestants. His most striking memorial may have been the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—the "Republic of the Two Nations" (Polish: "Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów", Lithuanian: "Abiejų Tautų Respublika"). Also, German-speaking Royal Prussia and Prussian cities were included. This achievement might well have been impossible without Sigismund.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk. As was the case with other European nations, the Renaissance inspiration came in the first place from Italy, a process accelerated to some degree by the marriage of Sigismund I to Bona Sforza. Many Poles traveled to Italy to study and to learn its culture. As imitating Italian ways became very trendy (the royal courts of the two kings provided the leadership and example for everybody else), many Italian artists and thinkers were coming to Poland, some settling and working there for many years. While the pioneering Polish humanists, greatly influenced by Erasmus of Rotterdam, accomplished the preliminary assimilation of the antiquity culture, the generation that followed was able to put greater emphasis on the development of native elements, and because of its social diversity, advanced the process of national integration. The Academy of Kraków and Sigismund II possessed well-stocked libraries; smaller collections were increasingly common at noble courts, schools and the households of townspeople. Illiteracy levels were falling, as by the end of the 16th century almost every parish ran a school.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: In 1515, during a congress in Vienna, a dynastic succession arrangement was agreed to between Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and the Jagiellon brothers, Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and Sigismund I of Poland and Lithuania. It was supposed to end the Emperor's support for Poland's enemies, the Teutonic and Russian states, but after the election of Charles V, Maximilian's successor in 1519, the relations with Sigismund had worsened.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Jagiellon rivalry with the House of Habsburg in central Europe was ultimately resolved to the Habsburgs' advantage. The decisive factor that damaged or weakened the monarchies of the last Jagiellons was the Ottoman Empire's Turkish expansion. Hungary's vulnerability greatly increased after Suleiman the Magnificent took the Belgrade fortress in 1521. To prevent Poland from extending military aid to Hungary, Suleiman had a Tatar-Turkish force raid southeastern Poland–Lithuania in 1524. The Hungarian army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács, where the young Louis II Jagiellon, son of Vladislas II, was killed. Subsequently, after a period of internal strife and external intervention, Hungary was partitioned between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Vladislaus was born on 1 March 1456, the oldest son of King Casimir IV of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, then the head of the ruling Jagiellon dynasty of Poland, and Elizabeth of Austria, daughter of Albert, King of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia. He was christened as the namesake of his grandfather, King Władysław Jagiełło of Poland and Lithuania, his maternal uncle King Ladislaus the Posthumous of Bohemia and his paternal uncle Władysław III of Poland, an earlier king of Hungary.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: He was proposed for the Bohemian throne by the widow of the previous king, George of Poděbrady, and was crowned King of Bohemia on 22 August 1471. The period after the death of George of Poděbrady was a time of conflict for the Bohemian throne (see Bohemian War (1468–1478)), and Vladislaus was unable to confront it. At the time of his arrival in Prague, he was only fifteen years old and significantly dominated by his advisers. The succession conflict was settled in 1479 in the Peace of Olomouc, which allowed both Vladislaus and Matthias Corvinus to use the title "King of Bohemia". Vladislaus would reign in Bohemia proper, while Matthias gained Moravia, Silesia, and the two Lusatias. The deal also stipulated that in case of Matthias' death, Vladislaus would pay 400,000 gulden for the entirety of the Bohemian lands. However, this payment was not made once Vladislaus became King of Hungary after the death of Matthias.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Great chaos overcame Hungary when the King Matthias Corvinus died without heir in 1490. His illegitimate son John Corvinus was not recognized by the Hungarian nobility, and after being forced to retreat, they called Vladislaus to Hungary, as his mother was the sister of the long ago deceased King Ladislaus and granddaughter of King Sigismund. Vladislaus was then crowned King of Hungary on 18 September 1490.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Vladislaus immediately moved to Hungary, and there he lived the rest of his life, having his court and all his children born in the palace of Buda. The Hungarian nobility reigned and took many important decisions in his name, and his role as monarch soon passed to be in a second plan. Stephen Zápolya, the archbishop Tamás Bakócz and George Szatmári continued with the Turkish war plans and tried then to maintain the Kingdom that fell in a severe economical crisis after Matthias's death. Vladislaus was a cheerful man, but after the death of his third wife, he fell into a severe depression and almost retired from all official issues. Then he gained the nickname of "Vladislaus Bene" (Polish: "Władysław Dobrze", Hungarian: "Dobzse László", Czech: "král Dobře") because to almost any request he answered, "Bene" (Latin for "(It is) well").


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Louis II was the son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon and his third wife, Anne of Foix-Candale. In 1515 Louis II was married to Mary of Austria, granddaughter of Emperor Maximilian I, as stipulated by the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. His sister Anne was married to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, then a governor on behalf of his brother Charles V, and later Emperor Ferdinand I.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Following the accession to the throne of Suleiman I, the sultan sent an ambassador to Louis II to collect the annual tribute that Hungary had been subjected to. Louis refused to pay annual tribute and had the Ottoman ambassador executed and sent the head to the Sultan. Louis believed that the Papal States and other Christian States including Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor would help him. This event hastened the fall of Hungary. The Ottoman Empire declared war on the Kingdom of Hungary, Suleiman postponed his plan to besiege Rhodes and made an expedition to Belgrade. Louis failed to coordinate and gather his forces. At the same time, Hungary was unable to get assistance from other European states, which Louis had hoped for. Belgrade and many strategic castles in Serbia were captured by the Ottomans. This was disastrous for Louis' kingdom; without the strategically important cities of Belgrade and Šabac, Hungary, including Buda, was open to further Turkish conquests.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: After the siege of Rhodes, in 1526 Suleiman made a second expedition to subdue all of Hungary. Louis made a tactical error when he tried to stop the Ottoman army in an open field battle with a medieval army, insufficient firearms, and obsolete tactics. On 29 August 1526, Louis led his forces against Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire in the disastrous Battle of Mohács. In a pincer movement, the Hungarian army was surrounded by Ottoman cavalry, and in the center, the Hungarian heavy knights and infantry were repulsed and suffered heavy casualties, especially from the well-positioned Ottoman cannons and well-armed and trained Janissary musketeers.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Nearly the entire Hungarian Royal army was destroyed on the battlefield. During the retreat, the twenty-year-old king died in a marsh. As Louis had no legitimate children, Ferdinand was elected as his successor in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, but the Hungarian throne was contested by John Zápolya, who ruled the areas of the kingdom conquered by the Turks as an Ottoman client.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: Although Louis II's marriage remained childless, he probably had an illegitimate child with his mother's former lady-in-waiting, Angelitha Wass, before his marriage. This son was called John (János in Hungarian). This name appears in sources in Vienna as either János Wass or János Lanthos. The former surname is his mother's maiden name. The latter surname may refer to his occupation. "Lanthos" means "lutenist", or "bard". He received incomes from the Royal Treasury regularly. He had further offspring.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The Jagiellonians were the primary inheritors of the title of the Grand Duke of Lithuania following the deaths of Vytautas the Great, Sigismund Kęstutaitis (children of Grand Duke Kęstutis) as they remained as the most powerful branch of the Lithuanian Gediminids dynasty and were direct ancestors of Grand Duke Gediminas by the man's line.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: After Sigismund II Augustus, the dynasty underwent further changes. Sigismund II's heirs were his sisters Anna Jagiellon and Catherine Jagiellon. The latter had married Duke John of Finland, who thereby from 1569 became King John III of Sweden, and they had a son, Sigismund III Vasa; as a result, the Polish branch of the Jagiellonians merged with the House of Vasa, which ruled Poland from 1587 until 1668. During the interval, among others, Stephen Báthory, the husband of the childless Anna, reigned.


title: Jagiellonian dynasty

text: At one point, the Jagiellonians established dynastic control also over the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary (from 1490 onwards), with Vladislaus Jagiello whom several history books call Vladisla(u)s II. After being elected and crowned King of Hungary, Vladislaus moved his court to Hungary from where he ruled both countries and his children were born and raised. By Louis' sudden death in Battle of Mohács in 1526, that royal line was extinguished in male line.


title: Kigelia

text: Kigelia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. The genus consists of only one species, Kigelia africana, which occurs throughout tropical Africa. The so-called sausage tree grows a poisonous fruit that is up to long, weighs about , and resembles a sausage in a casing.


title: Kigelia

text: The genus name comes from the Mozambican Bantu name, "kigeli-keia", while the common names sausage tree and cucumber tree refer to the long, sausage-like fruit. Its name in Afrikaans "worsboom" also means sausage tree, and its Arabic name means "the father of kit-bags".


title: Kigelia

text: It is a tree growing up to tall and it typically has spreading branches. The bark is grey and smooth at first, peeling on older trees. It can be as thick as on a diameter branch. The wood is pale brown or yellowish, undifferentiated and not prone to cracking.


title: Kigelia

text: The tree is evergreen where rainfall occurs throughout the year, but deciduous where there is a long dry season. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three, long, pinnate, with six to ten oval leaflets up to long and in diameter,the terminal leaflet can be either present or absent.


title: Kigelia

text: The flowers (and later the fruit) hang down from branches on long flexible stems ( long). According to author/nature photographer Winston Williams, these stems, or peduncles can be up to in length. Flowers are produced in panicles; they are bell-shaped (similar to those of the African tulip tree but broader and much darker and more waxy), orange to maroon or purplish green, and about wide. Individual flowers do not hang down but are oriented horizontally.


title: Kigelia

text: The fruit is a woody berry from long and up to in diameter, but has been reported. Typically it weighs between but occasionally up to , and hangs down on long, rope-like peduncles. The fruit pulp is fibrous, containing many seeds.


title: Kigelia

text: Some birds are attracted to the flowers and the strong stems of each flower make ideal footholds. Their scent is most notable at night indicating that they are adapted to pollination by bats, which visit them for pollen and nectar. The flowers also remain open by day however, and are freely visited by many insect pollinators, particularly large species such as carpenter bees. The fruit are eaten by several species of mammals, including baboons, bushpigs, savannah elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, monkeys, and porcupines. The seeds are dispersed in their dung. The seeds are also eaten by brown parrots and brown-headed parrots, and the tree's foliage by elephants and greater kudu (Joffe 2003; del Hoyo et al. 1997). Introduced specimens in Australian parks are very popular with cockatoos.


title: Kigelia

text: The fresh fruit is poisonous to humans and strongly purgative; fruit are prepared for consumption by drying, roasting or fermentation (Joffe 2003; McBurney 2004). In Botswana, the timber is used for makoros, yokes and oars.


title: Kigelia

text: Extracts of the bark, flower and fruit of "Kigelia africana" have been increasingly used in skincare products due to the high level of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.


title: Kigelia

text: The hard shell (skin) of the fruit can be hollowed out, cleaned, and made into useful, durable containers of varying sizes.


title: Kigelia

text: The tree is widely grown as an ornamental tree in tropical regions for its decorative flowers and unusual fruit. Planting sites should be selected carefully, as the falling fruit can cause serious injury to people and damage vehicles parked under the trees.


title: Kigelia

text: Around Mount Kenya, especially among the Kikuyu, Embu and the Akamba, the dried fruits are used to make an alcoholic beverage ("muratina" in Kikuyu, Aembu and "kaluvu" in Kamba), which is a core component in cultural events in central Kenya. The fruit is harvested, split into two along the grain, before being dried in the sun. The dried fruits are then inserted into a fermentation vessel with older, in-use "muratina" ("prural") to activate and inoculate the new ones with yeast. The more the cultures are used, the more potent they become in converting sugars from sugarcane juice and honey to carbon dioxide and alcohol. The alcoholic drink is usually reserved for special occasions like weddings, dowry and burial ceremonies.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: Synchrony and diachrony are two complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis. A "synchronic" approach (from "together" and "time") considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, often the present. In contrast, a "diachronic" (from "through" and "time") approach, as in historical linguistics, considers the development and evolution of a language through history.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: For example, the study of Middle English—when the subject is temporally limited to a sufficiently homogenous form—is synchronic focusing on understanding how a given stage in the history of English functions as a whole. The diachronic approach, by contrast, studies language change by comparing the different stages. The terms synchrony and diachrony are often associated with historical linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who considered the synchronic perspective as systematic but argued that language change is too unpredictable to be considered a system.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: The concepts were theorized by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, professor of general linguistics in Geneva from 1896 to 1911, and appeared in writing in his posthumous "Course in General Linguistics" published in 1916.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: Saussure's teachers in historical-comparative and reconstructive linguistics such as Georg Curtius advocated the neo-grammarian manifesto according to which linguistic change is based on absolute laws. Thus, it was argued that ancient languages without surviving data could be reconstructed limitlessly after the discovery of such laws. In contradiction to his predecessors, Saussure demonstrated with multiple examples in his "Course" that such alleged laws are too unreliable to allow reconstructions far beyond the empirical data. Therefore, in Saussure's view, language change (diachrony) does not form a system. By contrast, each synchronic stage is held together by a systemic equilibrium based on the interconnectedness of meaning and form. To understand why a language has the forms it has at a given stage, both the diachronic and the synchronic dimension must be considered.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: Saussure likewise rejected the idea of the Darwinian linguists August Schleicher and Max Müller, who considered languages as living organisms arguing that linguistics belongs to life sciences. Saussure illustrates the historical development of languages by way of his distinction between the synchronic and the diachronic perspective employing a metaphor of moving pictures. Even though objects on film appear to be moving, at a closer inspection, this turns out to be an illusion because each picture is static ('synchronic') and there is nothing between the pictures except a lifeless frame. In a similar manner, the "life" of language—simply language change—consists of a series of static points, which are physically independent of the previous stage. In such a context, Saussure warns against the confusion of synchrony and diachrony expressing his concern that these could be not studied simultaneously.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: Following the posthumous publication of Saussure's "Course," the separation of synchronic and diachronic linguistics became controversial and was rejected by structural linguists including Roman Jakobson and André Martinet, but was well-received by the generative grammarians, who considered Saussure's statement as an overall rejection of the historical-comparative method. In American linguistics, Saussure became regarded as an opponent of historical linguistics. In 1979, Joseph Greenberg stated


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: By contrast, Mark Aronoff argues that Saussure rooted linguistic theory in synchronic states rather than diachrony breaking a 19th-century tradition of evolutionary explanation in linguistics.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: A dualistic opposition between synchrony and diachrony has been carried over into philosophy and sociology, for instance by Roland Barthes and Jean-Paul Sartre. Jacques Lacan also used it for psychoanalysis. Prior to de Saussure, many similar concepts were also developed independently by Polish linguists Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and Mikołaj Kruszewski of the Kazan School, who used the terms statics and dynamics of language.


title: Diachrony and synchrony

text: In 1970 Eugenio Coșeriu, revisiting De Saussure's synchrony and diachrony distinction in the description of language, coined the terms diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic to describe linguistic variation.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Gabriel Antoine Obertan (born 26 February 1989) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for USL League One side Charlotte Independence.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: A former attendee of the famous Clairefontaine academy, Obertan began his professional career playing for Bordeaux in France. He then joined Manchester United in July 2009 for an undisclosed fee, before signing for Newcastle United for another undisclosed fee in August 2011. Obertan was released by Newcastle in May 2016.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan and began his career playing for his local club Paris-Pantin before moving to a higher level joining Paris FC in 2002. After spending a year there, he did what most youths at Paris FC often do and joined Paris-Saint Germain. Following another year of training, he moved to the famed Clairefontaine academy in order to further his development. It was here where he was first spotted by Bordeaux scouts and after one year at Clairefontaine, he moved to Bordeaux to begin training with them.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: After spending only a year in the reserves, in the 2006–07 season Obertan signed his first professional contract where he was given the number 26 shirt for the senior squad, signing a three-year contract. On 30 September 2006, at the age of 17 he made his professional debut, playing the last 15 minutes of a 2–0 defeat to Valenciennes and made his Champions League debut a month later, in a 3–0 loss against Liverpool. He scored his first goal on 22 April 2007 against Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 away league victory, netting during injury time to seal the win. He made 17 league appearances and a total of 23 matches scoring one goal during his debut season.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: The following season, he signed a contract extension and his playing time increased to 37 matches and three goals, though he was still limited to mostly substitute appearances. For the first half of the 2008–09 season, his play was limited again, though he impressed as he scored a brace in Bordeaux's 4–2 win over Guingamp in the Coupe de la Ligue on 11 November 2008. With Bordeaux contending for a title and Obertan not likely to receive playing time, Blanc decided to loan him out to fellow Ligue 1 side Lorient for the rest of the season, where Blanc believed the player would receive more playing time. Bordeaux went on to win the 2008–09 Ligue 1 title in Obertan's absence, though he had already contributed 11 league appearances before he departed on loan.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan scored his first goal for Lorient on 24 January 2009, netting the first in a 2–1 home win over Tours in the Coupe de France campaign. Obertan netted his only league goal for Lorient in a 3–1 away win over Grenoble on 4 April. During his loan spell at Lorient, Obertan made a total of 17 appearances scoring two goals.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: On 6 July 2009, French newspaper L'Equipe announced that Bordeaux president Jean-Louis Triaud had reached an agreement with English club Manchester United for the transfer of Obertan with Triaud stating that an agreement had been reached several weeks ago and that the player had agreed contract terms. The following day, Obertan successfully passed his medical in Manchester and, on 8 July, signed his contract officially making him a Manchester United player. The transfer fee was undisclosed, but is believed to be in the region of £3 million, with Obertan joining the club on a four-year deal.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: However, at the start of the 2009–10 season, Obertan suffered a setback when he suffered a spinal problem that kept him on the sidelines for a month. Following three games for the Manchester United reserve team, including a 3–0 win over Oldham Athletic on his debut, Obertan made his senior debut in the club's 2–0 away win over Barnsley in the League Cup fourth round on 27 October. He made his Premier League debut for Manchester United on 31 October, coming on as a substitute in the 2–0 win over Blackburn Rovers at Old Trafford. His Champions League debut came that same week, replacing Federico Macheda in the 82nd minute in the 3–3 home draw against CSKA Moscow on 3 November 2009. On 8 December, Obertan set up the second of Michael Owen's hat-trick in a 3–1 away victory at Wolfsburg in the Champions League, taking on 3 players before teeing Owen up for a simple tap-in. On 15 December, Obertan made his first league start for United, being replaced in the 71st minute by Danny Welbeck in a 3–0 home win over Wolves. In his first season at Manchester United, Obertan made 13 appearances in all competitions.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan scored his first goal for United in a 1–0 win over Philadelphia Union on 21 July 2010 on the club's pre-season tour of North America. Just one week later Obertan was forced to miss the start of the new season as he was injured midway through the first half during United's 5–2 victory in the 2010 MLS All-Star Game. On 22 September, Obertan made his return from injury, replacing Javier Hernández in the 68th minute of United's 5–2 away League Cup win over Scunthorpe United. Obertan's first official goal for United came on 2 November, netting the second of a 3–0 away win over Bursaspor in the Champions League, this also being Obertan's first European goal. With Manchester United finished the 2010–11 season as Champions, Obertan made six appearance for the club, which


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Ahead of the 2011–12 season, with his first team place increasingly limited, Newcastle United confirmed their interest in signing Obertan as a direct replacement for Joey Barton, as Manchester United planned a rebuild of their squad.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan signed for Premier League club Newcastle United on a five-year contract on 9 August 2011, for an undisclosed fee believed to be approximately £3 million.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: He made his debut on 13 August as a half-time substitute at home to Arsenal. Obertan provided an assist for Demba Ba, before being substituted in the 65th minute, in a 3–1 win over Stoke City on 31 October 2011. After the match, it was revealed that Obertan had an infection in his toe and was sidelined for some weeks. On 26 November 2011, Obertan returned to Old Trafford with Newcastle in a fixture against Manchester United in a 1–1 draw. Obertan later came under criticism from Newcastle United supporters as he failed to make a significant impression in the first half of the season. He lost his place in the starting 11 to fellow Frenchman Hatem Ben Arfa. He scored his first goal for Newcastle on 1 February 2012 in the 2–0 victory against Blackburn Rovers after coming on as a sub just four minutes before. Obertan provided an assist for Ben Afra, in a 2–1 loss against Arsenal on 12 March 2012. However, Obertan was once again injured when he suffered ankle injury that kept him out for a month. He made his return to the first team coming on as a late substitute in a 2–0 win over Chelsea on 2 May 2012. Obertan finished the 2011–12 season, making 23 appearances and scoring once.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Ahead of the 2012–13 season, manager Alan Pardew expected Obertan to make an impact, which Obertan hoping to reproduce his same form in the previous season. Obertan scored his first goal of the 2012–13 season with a low drive against Belgian side Club Brugge in the Europa League on 25 October. However, Obertan failed to make an impact once again, due to unused substitute, absent from the squad and was often sent to the reserve. After making his return against QPR, Obertan provided an assist in each of Newcastle's first two games after Christmas, against Manchester United and Arsenal, though both finished in defeats. Obertan later finished the season, making 14 appearances.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: In the 2013–14 season saw Obertan's first team opportunities limited further and made his first appearance of the season on 25 September 2013, in a 2–0 win over Leeds United in the third round of League Cup, where he played for 30 minutes. After the match, manager Pardew stated Obertan still has a future at the club After his hopes of being loaned out to Ligue 1 side Evian was never materialised, Obertan suffered knocks, which soon kept him out for months. Despite this, Obertan finished the season, making three appearances.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: In the 2014–15 season, Obertan was among several players to be available for transfers and expected to leave, but stayed, as no suitors came forward to sign him over his wages. In the pre-season, Obertan made an impressive display and scored in a 3–1 loss against Málaga on 2 August 2014. This prompted Pardew to respond, who praised Obertan's performance. Obertan then made his first league appearance in almost a year, playing 27 minutes, in a 2–0 loss against Manchester City in the opening game of the season. Obertan scored his first Newcastle United goal in two years, at St James' Park, with a 1–0 win over Leicester City on 18 October 2014. In a match against Liverpool on 1 November 2014, Obertan sustained a thigh injury that kept him out between 3–4 months. After returning to training in January, Obertan made his return to the first team, playing 21 minutes, in a 1–1 draw against Stoke City on 8 February 2015. Obertan later finished the 2014–15 season, making 13 appearances and scoring once.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: In the 2015–16 season, Obertan expressed his desire to stay at the club under the new management of Steve McClaren after the talks between the pair went well. In the opening game of the season, Obertan provided an assist for newly signing Georginio Wijnaldum to score, in a 2–2 draw against Southampton. His last outing for Newcastle United was on 26 September 2015 in a 2–2 draw at home to Chelsea, appearing as a 54th-minute substitute replacing the injured Jack Colback. However, Obertan suffered a hamstring injury in training and after undergoing a surgery, it was announced that Obertan would be sidelined for three months. Up until late-March, Obertan remained on the sidelines and soon made his return to training.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: On 5 May 2016, Newcastle United announced that Obertan and team-mate Sylvain Marveaux had been released.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: On 24 August 2016, he signed a two-year contract with the Russian side Anzhi Makhachkala. Reflecting to his move to Anzhi Makhachkala, Obertan revealed that Lassana Diarra, who used to play for Anzhi, helped him with a move to Russia and vowed to help the club to win trophies.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan made his Anzhi Makhackala debut, where he played 63 minutes before being substituted for Lorenzo Ebecilio, in a 2–0 loss against Spartak Moscow on 28 August 2016. Three weeks later on 17 September 2016, Obertan scored his first Anzhi Makhackala goal, in a 1–0 away win over Ural Yekaterinburg. However, Obertan soon suffered an injury after sustaining a meniscus injury that kept him out for a month. At the end of 2016, Anzhi was sold to a different owner who significantly reduced club's spending and Obertan was released from his contract by mutual consent.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: On 31 January 2017, Obertan returned to England, signing with Wigan Athletic. He scored his first goal for Wigan in a 3–2 win over Rotherham United on 8 April 2017. Following relegation to EFL League One, Obertan was one of four players released by the club.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: On 20 July 2017, Obertan signed a two-year contract with Bulgarian club Levski Sofia and was given the number 32 shirt. He made his debut on 30 July, coming on as a substitute in the 2–0 win over Vitosha Bistritsa at Georgi Asparuhov Stadium. He scored his first goal for Levski on 15 September in the 2–0 victory against Septemvri Sofia. Obertan finished the 2017–18 season, making 31 appearances and scoring four goals.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: In July 2018, Obertan was announced as the 3rd captain. He captained Levski for the first time in a 2–2 home draw against Cherno More Varna on 30 July 2018. Obertan signed a new two-year contract in October 2018 to keep him at Levski until 2021.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: On 31 January 2019, Obertan was sold to Turkish Süper Lig side Erzurumspor. He signed for two-and-a-half years.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: On 19 August 2021, Obertan signed with US side Charlotte Independence who played in the second-tier USL Championship in 2021. On 16 June 2022, Obertan re-signed with the Independence for the remainder of the 2022 season.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan has been active with France on the youth level. He has received caps with the under-16s, under-17s, under-18s, and the under-19s. With the under-16s, Obertan made 10 appearances scoring only one goal. The following season, he played with the under-17s making 12 appearances and scoring three goals. Obertan and the team failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, due to their second-place finish in the Elite Round. With the under-18s, Obertan made nine total appearances, but failed to get on the scoresheet. He rarely played with the under-19 team making just two appearances and scoring his lone goal against Sweden in a 2–1 victory during the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship elite qualification round.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan earned his first cap with the under-21 team on 11 February 2009 against Tunisia. On 31 March 2009, he scored his first under-21 goal against the England under-21s in a friendly at the City Ground in Nottingham.


title: Gabriel Obertan

text: Obertan was born in Paris. He decided to become a footballer after watching the World Cup final, which saw France beat Brazil 3–0. While growing up, his father worked at IKEA and his mother worked for the organisation in Environmental Research. Obertan is of Guadeloupean descent through his father.


title: Oriental riff

text: The Oriental riff, also known as the East Asian riff and the Chinaman lick, is a musical riff or phrase that has often been used in Western culture as a trope to represent the idea of China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam or a generic East Asian theme. It has also been used to represent generic Southeast Asian themes like those from Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and the Philippines. The riff is sometimes accompanied by the sound of a gong.


title: Oriental riff

text: The Oriental riff is a Western creation. The first known example of a precursor, showing similar rhythm if not yet melody, is the "Aladdin Quick Step", composed around 1847 and used in an "Aladdin" stage show named "The Grand Chinese Spectacle of Aladdin or The Wonderful Lamp". Later related tunes included "Mama's China Twins (Oriental Lullaby)" from 1900. In the 1930s, a couple of cartoons used a version of the tune specifically to accompany insulting animated stereotypes of East Asians.


title: Oriental riff

text: The notes used in the riff are part of a pentatonic scale and often harmonized with parallel open fourths, which makes the riff sound like East Asian music to the casual Western listener..


title: Oriental riff

text: The Oriental riff and interpretations of it have been included as part of numerous musical works in Western music. Examples of its use include Poetic Moods () (1889) by Antonin Dvořák, "Limehouse Blues" by Carl Ambrose and his Orchestra (1935), "Kung Fu Fighting" by Carl Douglas (1974), "Japanese Boy" by Aneka (1981), The Vapors' "Turning Japanese" (1980), "Chinese Laundry Blues" by George Formby (1932), Rush's "A Passage to Bangkok" (1976), and as part of the whistling refrain in "Young Folks" by Peter Bjorn and John (2006).


title: Oriental riff

text: The Oriental riff has also come to be used in many Japanese compositions as well, particularly in video games; these include "Yie Ar Kung-Fu"s main theme, the Chai Kingdom theme in "Super Mario Land", Dragon Chan and Hoy Quarlow’s theme in Super Punch-Out!!, Min Min's theme in "ARMS", the Team China stage in "Super Dodge Ball", the song "Shao Pai Long" in "The Super Dimension Fortress Macross", the fighting theme of the Kung-Fu chapter in "Live A Live", and the track "Oriental Rush" in "". Unlike the Western use of it seen in cases such as "Turning Japanese", works produced in Japan often use it to give an impression of China.


title: Judy Gold

text: Judy Gold (born November 15, 1962) is an American stand-up comedian, actress, podcaster, television writer, author and producer. She won two Daytime Emmy Awards for her work as a writer and producer on "The Rosie O'Donnell Show".


title: Judy Gold

text: She was born on November 15, 1962, in Newark, New Jersey. She first did stand-up on a dare when she was a music student at Rutgers University. She is a lesbian who shared a relationship with Sharon Callahan, her former partner, for almost 20 years. She has two children (Henry, 1996, and Ben, 2001), facts she frequently referenced on the show "Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn". Gold is very active in both LGBT and Jewish communities. She was active in support of the 2004 and 2008 Democratic presidential campaign. In an interview with Marc Maron, Gold revealed her comedic influences to be Joan Rivers, Phyllis Diller, and Totie Fields.


title: Judy Gold

text: Her one-woman show "25 Questions for a Jewish Mother", co-written with Kate Moira Ryan, is based on a series of interviews with more than 50 Jewish mothers in the United States. Their stories are interspersed with anecdotes about her own mother and her life as a lesbian mother of two sons. It ran at the Ars Nova Theater in New York City in early 2006 and reopened on October 12, 2006, at St. Luke's Theater. Judy Gold also appears as a commentator on truTV's "". In 2007, she was featured in the film "Making Trouble", a tribute to female Jewish comedians, produced by the Jewish Women's Archive. In 2011, Gold was named a Givenik Ambassador. In 2015, she appeared off-Broadway as Eleanor Roosevelt in the satiric musical "" at New World Stages.


title: Judy Gold

text: On June 30, 2011, "The Judy Gold Show: My Life as a Sitcom", began previews at Off-Broadway's DR2 Theatre in New York City. This one-woman show is an homage to the classic sitcoms of Gold's youth. The show is written by Gold and Kate Moira Ryan and directed by Amanda Charlton.


title: Judy Gold

text: The show officially opened on July 6, 2011, to positive reviews. "The New York Times" called the show "highly entertaining." The "New York Post" called the show "gleefully self-deprecating". The show subsequently opened in Los Angeles June 18, 2013, and had a one-month run at the Geffen Playhouse.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: Sort Of is a Canadian television sitcom, released on CBC Television in 2021. Created by Bilal Baig and Fab Filippo, the series stars Baig as Sabi Mehboob, a non-binary millennial trying to balance their roles as a child of Pakistani immigrant parents, a bartender at an LGBTQ bookstore and café, and a caregiver to the young children of a professional couple.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: In February 2022, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on November 15 on CBC Television and CBC Gem in Canada and on HBO Max in the US on December 1. In December 2022, the series was renewed for a third season.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: "Sort Of" was written by Baig, Filippo, Jenn Engels, Nelu Handa and Ian Iqbal Rashid, and directed by Filippo and Renuka Jeyapalan. Ian Iqbal Rashid and Jenn Engels were also co-executive producers.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: The bookstore where Sabi works was inspired by Toronto's Glad Day Bookshop, an LGBTQ bookstore and café in the Church and Wellesley village, although the bookstore scenes in the series were filmed in a vacant space on Queen Street West.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: The series launched on CBC Gem on 5 October 2021, in advance of its television premiere on 9 November. In advance of the CBC Gem launch, selected episodes received a preview screening in the Primetime program at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival. In the United States, HBO Max picked up the series and premiered on 18 November 2021. The series has also been picked up by Sky Comedy in the United Kingdom, Stan in Australia (available from October 5), and M6 in France.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 100% based on 8 reviews with an average rating of 8.8/10.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: "Sort Of" was nominated for the Outstanding New TV Series category for the 33rd GLAAD Media Awards in 2022.


title: Sort Of (TV series)

text: It was the most-nominated television series at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022, with 13 nominations. It won the award for Best Comedy Series. It was also shortlisted for the fan-voted Audience Choice Award.


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: I Am > I Was (pronounced "I am greater than I was") is the second studio album by rapper 21 Savage, released on December 21, 2018. "I Am > I Was" features vocals by J. Cole, City Girls, Offset, Post Malone, Gunna, Lil Baby, Schoolboy Q, Project Pat, Childish Gambino, and Savage's cousin Young Nudy. The deluxe edition was released three days later, featuring one more song, which features an additional guest appearance from Travis Scott.


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: "I Am > I Was" was supported by two singles, "A Lot" and "Monster". The album received widespread acclaim from critics and performed well commercially, debuting atop the US "Billboard" 200 with 131,000 album-equivalent units, of which 18,000 were pure sales. It was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2020 Grammy Awards.


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: 21 Savage tweeted "12-7-18" in November, which led to speculation that the album would be released on that date. The tracklist was leaked by record producer Louis Bell via his Instagram story on December 13, 2018. 21 Savage later stated in his Instagram story that he was "sorry" because he "forgot" to release the album, but a later video stated it would be released on December 21.


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: 21 Savage posted the cover art on Instagram on December 6, which features a blurred out image of himself, captioning the image with a number of goat emojis. "Billboard" called the cover art "cryptic".


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: The album's lead single, "A Lot", was released to rhythmic and urban contemporary radio on January 8, 2019. The album's second single, "Monster", was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on May 7, 2019.


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: "I Am > I Was" was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 81, based on six reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.2 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: Reviewing the album for "Variety", A. D. Amorosi stated: "Despite all the high-profile guests, it's actually on the soulfully inventive "Ball w/o You", "Gun Smoke" and the sensual "Out for the Night"—which all feature 21 Savage on his own—that "i am > i was" is at its best and most dynamic." Eric Diep of "HipHopDX" said, "At 15 songs and 51 minutes long, it's an enjoyable listen with good pacing, filled with the right amount of vulnerability, heartache, menace, and savagery". Ben Beaumont-Thomas of "The Guardian" saying "There is a slight uptick in vocal musicality compared with his previous work. ... He has plenty of average lines—almost as offensive as the rightly controversial "Jewish money" lyric in ASMR is the weakness of "you get burned like toast" as a simile—but his catchy flows always make him magnetic, especially when paired with universally brilliant production from Metro Boomin, Kid Hazel and others".


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: Paul A. Thompson from "Pitchfork" stated, ""i am > i was" shatters the notion of 21 Savage as a specialist with a narrow purview and audience, and recasts him as a star in waiting, all without forcing him into unflattering contortions. It also cements him as a far more original stylist than other hopefuls from Atlanta". "Consequence" critic Michael Pementel said, "21 Savage's ability to express a variety of feelings allows the music to stand out at times and become more than a generic gangsta rap presentation. It's unfortunate, then, that the record finds itself held back by unfeeling and monotonous takes on issues like gun violence. Overall, "i am > i was" is a mixed bag of experience that offers enough solid tracks to keep fans latched on".


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: "I Am > I Was" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 in the first chart issue of 2019, earning 131,000 album-equivalent units (including 18,000 pure album sales) in its first week, becoming 21 Savage's first US number-one album. In its second week, the album remained at number one, earning 65,000 units, down 51 percent from its debut week. In its third week, the album fell down to number two with 56,000 units (down 14 percent). A Boogie wit da Hoodie's "Hoodie SZN" surpassed him with 58,000 equivalent album units in the United States in the week ending January 10, 2019. On January 8, 2020, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over a million units in the United States.


title: I Am Greater than I Was

text: Following the release of "I Am > I Was", nine songs debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It was led by "A Lot", which peaked at number 12 in its seventh week.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: Sidney Thomas "Tommy" Boyce (September 29, 1939 – November 23, 1994) and Bobby Hart (born Robert Luke Harshman; February 18, 1939) were a prolific American duo of singer-songwriters. In addition to three top-40 hits as artists, the duo is well known for its songwriting for The Monkees.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: Hart's father was a church minister and he himself served in the Army after leaving high school. Upon discharge, he travelled to Los Angeles seeking a career as a singer. Boyce was separately pursuing a career as a songwriter. After being rejected numerous times, Boyce took his father's suggestion to write a song called "Be My Guest" for rock and roll star Fats Domino. He waited six hours at Domino's hotel room to present him with the demo, and got Domino to promise to listen to the song. The song hit No. 8 in the US and No. 11 in the UK, becoming Domino's biggest hit there in several years, and sold over a million copies. Boyce also found success as the co-writer, with Curtis Lee, of Lee's 1961 hits "Pretty Little Angel Eyes" and "Under the Moon of Love".


title: Boyce and Hart

text: Boyce met Hart in 1959, and the following year played guitar on Hart's single "Girl in the Window", which flopped, but marked the first time he used the name Bobby Hart, since his manager shortened his surname from Harshman to fit the label. Their partnership made a breakthrough with a song recorded by Chubby Checker, "Lazy Elsie Molly", in 1964. They went on to write hits for Jay & the Americans ("Come a Little Bit Closer"), Paul Revere and the Raiders ("(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone"), and The Leaves ("Words"). The latter two songs provided the Monkees with hit B-sides in 1967. The duo also wrote the theme song of the daytime soap "Days of Our Lives". At one point in this period, Hart also co-wrote "Hurt So Bad" for Little Anthony & the Imperials with Teddy Randazzo and his regular songwriting partner, Bobby Weinstein. Boyce co-wrote the song "Hello Pretty Girl", which was a minor hit for singer Ronnie Dove, with Wes Farrell. Boyce also co-wrote the hit "Peaches 'N' Cream" by the Ikettes.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: In late 1965, they wrote, produced and performed the soundtrack of the pilot for "The Monkees", including singing lead vocals (which were later replaced, once the show was cast). In 1966, despite some conflicts with Don Kirshner, who was the show's musical supervisor, they were retained in essentially the same role. It was Boyce and Hart who wrote, produced and recorded, accompanied by their backing band, the Candy Store Prophets, backing tracks for a large portion of the first season of "The Monkees", and the band's accompanying debut album.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: The Monkees themselves re-recorded their vocals over Boyce and Hart's when it came time to release the songs, including both "(Theme from) The Monkees" and "Last Train to Clarksville", the latter being a huge hit. Kirshner suddenly relieved Boyce and Hart as producers, by claiming they were using studio time booked for Monkees songs to record tracks for their own solo project.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: After their departure from the Monkees, and the negative publicity that erupted when word got out that the band hadn't played the instruments on their early records, Boyce and Hart were unsure how the Monkees felt about them personally. Attending one of their concerts, though, the duo were spotted in the audience, and singer Davy Jones invited them onstage to introduce them: "These are the fellows who wrote our great hits — Tommy and Bobby!" Every original Monkees album (except for the "Head" soundtrack and 1996's "Justus") included Boyce and Hart songs.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: While working with The Monkees, Boyce and Hart embarked on a successful career as recording artists in their own right, releasing three albums on A&M Records: "Test Patterns", "I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight", and "It's All Happening on the Inside" (released in Canada as "Which One's Boyce and Which One's Hart?"). The duo also had five charting singles; the most well-known of these was "I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight", which reached No. 8 in early 1968. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. "Out & About" (#39) and "Alice Long" (#27) were their other Top 40 hits.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: The duo also performed "I'll Blow You a Kiss in the Wind" on the television show "Bewitched", in one of several TV series appearances that included guest spots on "The Flying Nun" and "I Dream of Jeannie" ("Jeannie the Hip Hippie"). All of these shows were produced by Screen Gems, the television subsidiary of Columbia Pictures. Each of the three sitcom guest appearances featured their music, including two unreleased covers they performed on "The Flying Nun".


title: Boyce and Hart

text: Boyce and Hart were involved in producing music for Columbia Pictures' motion pictures during the mid-late 1960s, including two Matt Helm movies ("The Ambushers" and "Murderers' Row"), "Winter A-Go-Go" and "Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows". They also provided the music score for a TV movie called "Three's a Crowd" starring Larry Hagman and Jessica Walter.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: Boyce and Hart did promos for the U.S. Army Reserve and Coca-Cola. This included the creation of two Coca-Cola commercial jingles, one being a powerful psychedelic song, "Wake Up Girl", while the other was their single "Smilin'" with totally different lyrics.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: In 1971 a sitcom named "Getting Together" appeared on ABC-TV, starring Bobby Sherman and Wes Stern as two struggling songwriters, who were friends of The Partridge Family (and were introduced on their show in the last episode of the show's first season). The series was reportedly based loosely on Boyce and Hart's partnership. At this point, they decided to work on various solo projects. Hart co-wrote the 1974 Helen Reddy hit "Keep On Singing" with Danny Janssen.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: In the mid-1970s, Boyce and Hart reunited with Davy Jones and Micky Dolenz, performing the songs Boyce and Hart had written for The Monkees a decade before. Legally prohibited from using the Monkees name, they called themselves Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart. The group toured amusement parks and other venues throughout America, Japan and other locations from July 4, 1975, to early 1977, also becoming the first American band to play in Thailand. Signed to Capitol Records by Al Coury, the group released an album of new material in 1976. (A live album was also recorded in Japan, but was not released in the United States until the mid-1990s.) The tours coincided with the syndication of "The Monkees" TV series, and helped boost sales of Arista's "The Monkees Greatest Hits".


title: Boyce and Hart

text: Dolenz, Jones, Boyce and Hart also starred in their own TV special called "The Great Golden Hits of the Monkees Show", which appeared in syndication. It featured a medley of other Boyce and Hart songs, as well as the songs they had produced for the Monkees. It did not include any songs from their new album.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: Boyce released an album under the pseudonym Christopher Cloud in 1973. He produced several hit records UK rock n roll revival group Darts including, "Daddy Cool/The Girl Can't Help It", "Come Back My Love" and "It's Raining". In 1979, he formed his own band, called The Tommy Band, and toured the UK as support for Andrew Matheson (ex-Hollywood Brats). The tour was largely ignored by the public, especially in Middlesbrough where reportedly just one person paid to watch the show. Boyce and Hart reunited during the 1980s resurgence of the Monkees, and performed live.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: During that same year, "The First Bobby Hart Solo Album" was released in Europe on WEA. The group included: Bobby Hart on keyboard and vocals, Victor Vanacore on keyboards, Larry Taylor on bass, Vince Megna on guitar, John Hoke on drums, and "Blue Jay" Patton on saxophone. Five years later, in 1983, Hart was nominated for an Oscar for his song "Over You", written for the film "Tender Mercies".


title: Boyce and Hart

text: After a stint living in the UK, Boyce returned to live in Memphis, Tennessee, where he taught songwriting on Beale Street, and Nashville, Tennessee. But he struggled with depression, and later had a brain aneurysm. On November 23, 1994, he committed suicide by gunshot.


title: Boyce and Hart

text: According to the "Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll", Boyce and Hart wrote more than 300 songs, and sold more than 42 million records as a partnership.


title: 2022 California elections

text: The 2022 California elections took place on November 8, 2022. The Statewide Direct Primary Election was held on June 7, 2022.


title: 2022 California elections

text: California voters elected all of California's seats to the United States House of Representatives, one seat to the United States Senate, all of the seats of the California State Assembly, all even-numbered seats of the California State Senate, and the Governor of California and various statewide offices.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Pursuant to Proposition 14 passed in 2010, California uses a nonpartisan blanket primary for its races. All the candidates for the same elected office, regardless of respective political party, run against each other at once during the primary. The candidates receiving the most and second-most votes in the primary election then become the contestants in the general election.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic senator Alex Padilla was appointed to the seat in 2021 after his predecessor Kamala Harris resigned to become Vice President of the United States. He intended to run for election to a full term. Harris was first elected in 2016 with 61.6% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: There were two elections on the ballot for the same Class 3 seat: a special election for the remainder of Harris's term expiring on January 3, 2023, and a general election for the full term ending on January 3, 2029.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Due to results of the 2020 United States Census, California will have 52 seats in the United States House of Representatives up for election, a loss of one seat. This is the first time the state will lose a congressional delegation in its history.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic governor Gavin Newsom ran for re-election. Newsom was first elected in 2018 with 61.9% of the vote. He faced a recall election in 2021 in which he prevailed.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic lieutenant governor Eleni Kounalakis ran for re-election. She was first elected in 2018 with 56.6% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic Attorney General Rob Bonta was appointed in 2021 after his predecessor Xavier Becerra resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services. He intended to run for election to a full term. Becerra won election to a full term in 2018 with 63.6% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic Secretary of State Shirley Weber was appointed in 2021 after her predecessor Alex Padilla resigned to become a U.S. Senator. She intended to run for election to a full term. Padilla was re-elected in 2018 with 64.5% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic Treasurer Fiona Ma ran for re-election. She was first elected in 2018 with 64.1% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic Controller Betty Yee was term-limited and cannot run for re-election. She had been re-elected in 2018 with 65.5% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara ran for re-election. He was first elected in 2018 with 52.9% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democratic Superintendent Tony Thurmond ran for re-election. He was first elected in 2018 with 50.9% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: All four seats on the California State Board of Equalization were up for election, with all four incumbents eligible for re-election.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Republican Ted Gaines ran for re-election. He was first elected in 2018 with 51.4% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Malia Cohen retired to run for state controller. She was first elected in 2018 with 72.8% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Tony Vazquez ran for re-election. He was first elected in 2018 with 69.9% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Mike Schaefer ran for re-election. He was first elected in 2018 with 52.2% of the vote.


title: 2022 California elections

text: In 2022, state propositions only appeared on the general election ballot. Pursuant to a November 2011 law, only propositions placed on the ballot by the state legislature may appear on the primary ballot, and the legislative body did not do so in 2022.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: Sudurpashchim Province (, "Sudurpashchim Province") ("Far-West Province") is one of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal which was adopted on 20 September 2015. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Karnali Province and Lumbini Province to the east, and the India's Kumaon to the west and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The province covers an area of 19,539 km - about 13.22% of the country's total area. Initially known as Province No. 7, the newly elected Provincial Assembly adopted Sudurpashchim Province as the permanent name for the province in September 2018.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The province is coterminous with the former Far-Western Development Region, Nepal. The three major cities in terms of population and economy are Dhangadhi, Bhimdutta (Mahendranagar), and Tikapur.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: Doti was an ancient kingdom in the far western region of Kumaon which was formed after the disintegration of the Katyuri Kingdom of Kumaon around the 13th century. Doti was one of eight different princely states the Katyuri Kingdom was divided into eight for their eight prince's and became different independent kingdoms; Baijnath-Katyuri, Dwarahat, Doti, Baramandal, Askot, Sira, Sora, Sui (Kali Kumaon). Later on, the whole land between Ramganga on the west (Uttarakhand) and the Karnali on the east (which divides the far western region from other parts of Nepal), came under the Raikas after the origin of Raikas of Katyuris in Doti. "Brahma Dev Mandi" at Kanchanpur District of Mahakali Zone was established by Katyuri king Brahma Dev.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: Before the announcement of new provinces in Nepal, the area of this province was known as Far-Western development region of Nepal. There were no changes made in this province when this province was made.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: Niranjan Malla Dev was the founder of Khas Doti Kingdom around the 13th century after the fall of the Katyuri Kingdom. He was the son of Last Katyuris of united Katyuris kingdom.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: Kings of Doti were called Raikas (also Rainka Maharaj). Later on Raikas, after defeating the Khas Malla of Karnali Zone, were able to establish the strong Raikas Kingdom in Far Western Region and Kumaon which was Doti.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: During the period of Akbar's rule in the 16th century, the Mughals had attacked the Raikas of Doti. They invaded Ajemeru, the capital of the Raika Kingdom. Ajemeru is now in Dadeldhura District of the far western region of Nepal. Hussain Khan, army chief of Akbar residing in Lucknow had led the attack. According to `Abd al-Qadir Badayuni (c. 1540 - 1615), Indo-Persian historian during Mughal Empire, Mughal Army chief of Lucknow, Hussian Khan, lured by the wealth and treasures of the kingdom of the Raikas, wanted to plunder the region, this being the motive behind the assault, but they did not succeed.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The historic place of war between the Khas Doti Kingdom and Nepal (Khas Gorkha kingdom) during the period of Gorkha/Khas Expansion in 1790, according to the history of Nepal, is Nari-Dang, on the bank of the Seti River. The Dumrakot was the base of the Khas Doti Kingdom for fighting against the Own Khas Gorkhalis.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: Raja Deep Shahi was expelled from Nepal in 1790 A.D and on arriving at Terai of Oudh (now Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh of India) he established Khairgarh-Singhai State in Khairigarh under British India. Kanchanpur Praganna (present Kanchanpur and Kailali districts) was also the parts of his State or "Zamindari". He succeeded in defeating the Banjaras rural of Khairigarh and establishing himself in that Pargana and in parts of Bhur. His state was merged with India In 1947 after Indian Independence.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The Governor acts as the head of the province while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Dipayal High Court is the head of the judiciary. The present Governor, Chief Minister and Chief Judge are Ganga Prasad Yadav (governor), Trilochan Bhatta (chief minister) and Yagya Prasad Basyal. The province has 53 provincial assembly constituencies and 16 House of Representative constituencies.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: Sudurpashchim Province has a unicameral legislature, like all of the other provinces in Nepal. The term length of the provincial assembly is five years. The Provincial Assembly of Sudurpashchim Province is temporarily housed at the District Coordination Committee Hall in Dhangadhi.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The province is divided into nine districts, which are listed below. A district is administrated by the head of the District Coordination Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further divided into municipalities or rural municipalities. The municipalities include one sub-metropolitan city and 33 municipalities. There are 54 rural municipalities in the province.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The province has a population of 2,552,517 which is 9.63% of the total population of Nepal. The population density is about 130 persons per square kilometer. The province has a population growth rate of 1.53%. The sex ratio is 912 males for 1000 females, with a total of 1,217,887 males and 1,334,630 females recorded in 2011. The urban population of the region is 1,504,279 (58.9%) and the rural population is 1,048,238 (41.1%).


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The Khas/Chhetri are the largest Indigenous group, making up 44.09% of the population. The Tharu are the second largest, making up 17.15%. Other Khas groups including Hill Brahmin, Kami, Thakuri, Damai, Sarki, Lohar and Sanyasi make up 11.90%, 7.22%, 4.40%, 2.56%, 1.67%, 1.17% and 1.01% of the population. There are some Magars (2.18%) as well.