title: Trellick Tower

text: By the time Trellick Tower opened, high-rise tower blocks were becoming unfashionable. The LCC had been replaced by the Greater London Council (GLC) by the time construction started, who put more stringent construction and financial constraints on the project. Shortly after its completion the building was transferred to the RBKC local council. Goldfinger had intended that tenants should be vetted for suitability and petitioned the GLC for the building to have proper security and a concierge, but the council declined his request. This meant that the building was open access and rough sleepers and drug criminals took up residence in its corridors. Drying rooms on the ground floor, designed by Goldfinger to stop tenants hanging laundry on the balconies, were vandalised before the tower block opened.


title: Trellick Tower

text: By the late 1970s Trellick Tower was a scene of crime and anti-social behaviour, and many tenants were very reluctant to move in. On one occasion vandals set off a fire extinguisher on the 12th floor, with water from the sprinkler system flooding the lifts and leaving the tower without electricity, heat or running water over the Christmas period. A pensioner was forced to use the stairs after all the lifts were out of order, and subsequently collapsed and died. On the 15th floor, a 27-year-old woman was dragged from one of the lifts and raped. The tower became nicknamed "The Tower of Terror" and residents attempted to be re-housed. The GLC spent more than £300,000 on an intercom system and wholesale electrical repairs, but reliability and management problems made them counterproductive.


title: Trellick Tower

text: In 1982 a man was killed after jumping off the top of Trellick Tower when his parachute failed to open. He was a member of a group of dangerous sports enthusiasts who were interested in BASE jumping. The action was condemned by the British Parachute Association.


title: Trellick Tower

text: With the introduction of the "right to buy" council homes, several of the flats were bought by their tenants. On 8 October 1984 a new residents' association was formed. As a result of pressure from the occupants, several security improvements including a door entry intercom system were installed, and a concierge was hired in 1987. In 1994 residents in the tower, along with other residents in Kensington & Chelsea council properties, elected to self-manage the properties, in order to avoid increased rents and the threat of eviction.


title: Trellick Tower

text: Four low-power television relay transmitters with aerials were added to the communications equipment on top of the lift tower in December 1989, to solve reception problems for some residents of adjacent districts, including Notting Hill and Westbourne Grove. The transmitter installation is referred to by the BBC and Ofcom as "Kensal Town".


title: Trellick Tower

text: In 1991, Sand Helsel, Professor of Architecture at RMIT, made a BBC documentary praising Trellick Tower, which helped to change public opinion in its favour. The tower subsequently became more respectable owing to its location in Notting Hill and the gentrification of Golborne Road. Property prices rose and flats in the tower came to be regarded as highly desirable residences; requests to sell flats began to be posted on the tower's communal noticeboard. By 1999 a flat in the tower could sell for £150,000 (£ as of ). In 2013 a three-bedroom end apartment (with views on three sides) was let for £2,600 pcm. The tower itself is a local landmark and was awarded a Grade II* listing in 1998, which included the main building and the adjacent row of shops and amenities. Also included is a doctor's surgery with the original shop front and layout. Most of the flats are still social housing, but a significant minority are now privately owned.


title: Trellick Tower

text: On 19 April 2017 the top floors of the tower caught fire, believed to have been started by a discarded cigarette. There were no injuries. The building's listed status meant that the concrete facade could not be covered over, which is thought to have prevented a far worse fire similar to Grenfell Tower which happened a few months later.


title: Trellick Tower

text: As of 2021, there are plans to demolish neighbouring buildings and to extensively alter the tower's immediate surroundings, including by adding a sixteen-storey block at an immediate right angle to the tower. The charity Open City described the plans as "the latest in an ongoing programme of incremental demolition of Goldfinger’s world renowned social housing estate which has already seen the neighbourhood’s Edenham Residential Care Home knocked down", adding the tower to its 'Buildings at Risk' list. The plans would also involve destroying a graffiti wall, and a campaign has been started to oppose the scheme.


title: Trellick Tower

text: In recent years, Trellick Tower has become a London icon, appearing on T-shirts, featuring in adverts, films, and songs, and attracting visitors. The tower was the filming location for "Shopping" (1994), written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson, is featured in the film "For Queen and Country" (1988), starring Denzel Washington. Additionally, it can be seen in the films "Withnail & I" (1987), "London Kills Me" (1991), "Never Let Me Go" (2010) and "Paddington"(2014).


title: Trellick Tower

text: The tower is believed to have been the inspiration behind J. G. Ballard's dystopian novel "High Rise" (1975) and its 2016 film adaptation directed by Ben Wheatley. The tower also features in Martin Amis' black comedy novel "London Fields". Several music videos have featured Trellick Tower, including releases from Blur (which refers to the tower in their song "Best Days").


title: Trellick Tower

text: Trellick Tower has appeared in several television adverts, including idents for the BBC's coverage of the 2012 Olympics. The whole of one side of the building's exterior was used for the credits for the BBC's children's television show "Incredible Games", starring David Walliams, in the early 1990s. The tower was used as a filming location (and a character's home) in "The Professionals" episode "The Madness Of Mickey Hamilton". Additionally, the tower was used as the location of game developer Colin Ritman's apartment in the "Black Mirror" interactive episode/film "". It was later featured on the cover for the "Meanwhile" EP produced by the band Gorillaz, after previously appearing in the music videos of both "Tomorrow Comes Today" and "Sleeping Powder".


title: Bixby letter

text: The Bixby letter is a brief, consoling message sent by President Abraham Lincoln in November 1864 to Lydia Parker Bixby, a widow living in Boston, Massachusetts, who was thought to have lost five sons in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Along with the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address, the letter has been praised as one of Lincoln's finest written works and is often reproduced in memorials, media, and print.


title: Bixby letter

text: Controversy surrounds the recipient, the fate of her sons, and the authorship of the letter. Bixby's character has been questioned (including rumored Confederate sympathies), at least two of her sons survived the war, and the letter was possibly written by Lincoln's assistant private secretary, John Hay.


title: Bixby letter

text: President Lincoln's letter of condolence was delivered to Lydia Bixby on November 25, 1864, and was printed in the "Boston Evening Transcript" and "Boston Evening Traveller" that afternoon. The following is the text of the letter as first published:


title: Bixby letter

text: Lydia Parker married shoemaker Cromwell Bixby on September 26, 1826, in Hopkinton, Massachusetts. The couple had at least six sons and three daughters before Cromwell's death in 1854. Some time before the Civil War, Bixby and her family settled in Boston.


title: Bixby letter

text: On September 24, 1864, Massachusetts Adjutant General William Schouler wrote to Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew about a discharge request sent to the governor by Otis Newhall, the father of five Union soldiers. In the letter, Schouler recalled how, two years prior, they had helped a poor widow named Lydia Bixby to visit a son who was a patient at an Army hospital. About ten days earlier, Bixby had come to Schouler's office claiming that five of her sons had died fighting for the Union. Governor Andrew forwarded Newhall's request to the U.S. War Department with a note requesting that the president honor Bixby with a letter.


title: Bixby letter

text: In response to a War Department request of October 1, Schouler sent a messenger to Bixby's home six days later, asking for the names and units of her sons. He sent a report to the War Department on October 12, which was delivered to President Lincoln by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton sometime after October 28.


title: Bixby letter

text: On November 21, both the "Boston Evening Traveller" and the "Boston Evening Transcript" published an appeal by Schouler for contributions to assist soldiers' families at Thanksgiving which mentioned a widow who had lost five sons in the war. Schouler had some of the donations given to Bixby and then visited her home on Thanksgiving, November 24. The letter from the President arrived at Schouler's office the next morning.


title: Bixby letter

text: Schouler's report to the War Department erroneously listed Edward as a member of the 22nd Massachusetts Infantry who had died of his wounds at Folly Island, South Carolina. Bixby may have been trying to conceal—possibly from embarrassment or hope of further financial aid—Edward's 1862 desertion. (She had been receiving a pension following Charles's death in 1863.)


title: Bixby letter

text: At the time of her September meeting with Schouler, Bixby's son George had been a prisoner of war for just over a month, and Henry was still hospitalized following his exchange. The War Department failed to use its own records to correct errors in the Schouler report.


title: Bixby letter

text: Lydia Bixby died in Boston on October 27, 1878, while a patient at Massachusetts General Hospital. In his initial letter to Governor Andrew, Schouler called Bixby "the best specimen of a true-hearted Union woman I have yet seen," but in the years following her death both her character and loyalty were questioned.


title: Bixby letter

text: Writing to her daughter in 1904, Boston socialite Sarah Cabot Wheelwright claimed she had met and had given charitable aid to Lydia Bixby during the war, hoping that one of her sons, in Boston on leave, might help deliver packages to Union prisoners of war; but she later heard gossip that Bixby "kept a house of ill-fame, was perfectly untrustworthy and as bad as she could be".


title: Bixby letter

text: In the 1920s, Lincoln scholar William E Barton interviewed the oldest residents of Hopkinton, Massachusetts for their memories of Bixby's family before she moved to Boston. They recalled her sons as being "tough" with "some of them too fond of drink". One son may have "served a jail sentence for some misdemeanor".


title: Bixby letter

text: On August 12, 1925, Elizabeth Towers, a daughter of Oliver Bixby, told the "Boston Herald" that her grandmother had "great sympathy for the South" and that her mother recalled that Bixby had been "highly indignant" about the letter with "little good to say of President Lincoln". In 1949, Towers' nephew, Arthur March Bixby, claimed that Lydia Bixby had moved to Massachusetts from Richmond, Virginia; though this assertion is contradicted by contemporary records which list her birthplace as Rhode Island.


title: Bixby letter

text: The fate of the original letter given to Bixby is unknown. William A. Bixby, a son of Oliver, told "The New York Times" in an August 9, 1925 interview that he did not know what happened to the letter after his grandmother received it, though he doubted it still survived. A few days later, William's sister, Elizabeth told the "Boston Herald" that she also did not know the letter's fate but speculated Bixby may have torn it up, resenting that it incorrectly said five of her sons had been killed. William's son, Arthur March Bixby, told the "New York Sun" in 1949 that he recalled his father telling him that she had angrily destroyed the letter after receiving it.


title: Bixby letter

text: In the early 20th century, it was sometimes claimed that the original letter could be found on display at Brasenose College at the University of Oxford along with other great works in the English language. Lincoln scholar F. Lauriston Bullard investigated this claim in 1925, discovering that it was untrue and the college had never heard of the Bixby letter.


title: Bixby letter

text: Christie's auction house receives many supposed original Bixby letters every year, including copies of a lithographic facsimile of the letter in widespread circulation. These first appeared in 1891, when New York City print dealer Michael F. Tobin applied for a copyright to sell souvenir copies of the letter with an engraving of Lincoln by John Chester Buttre for $2 each. Soon, Huber's Museum, a dime museum in Manhattan, began displaying a copy, "stained by coffee and exposure", of Tobin's facsimile as "the original Bixby letter" and selling their own copies for $1 each.


title: Bixby letter

text: Charles Hamilton, an autograph dealer and handwriting expert, examined the Tobin facsimile; concluding it had been copied from a poorly executed forgery originally written in pencil and retraced in ink to imitate Lincoln's handwriting, calling it "halting and awkward and makes his forceful hand appear like a child's scrawl".


title: Bixby letter

text: Tobin's facsimile also errs when compared to the original text of the letter published in Boston newspapers; adding the salutation "To Mrs Bixby, Boston Mass", misspelling the word "assuage" as "assauge", omitting the word "to" after the word "tendering", changing the plural "words" into "word", not capitalizing the words "freedom" and "republic", missing the recipient "Mrs. Bixby" on the bottom left, and combining the original three paragraphs into one. Huber's Museum corrected the spelling of "assuage" in their version of the facsimile.


title: Bixby letter

text: Scholars have debated whether the Bixby letter was written by Lincoln himself or by his assistant private secretary, John Hay. November 1864 was a busy month for Lincoln, possibly forcing him to delegate the task to Hay.


title: Bixby letter

text: Second- and third-hand recollections of acquaintances suggest Hay may have claimed to others that he wrote it, but his children could not recall him ever mentioning composing the letter. Writing to William E. Chandler in 1904, Hay said "the letter of Mr. Lincoln to Mrs. Bixby is genuine", but he may only have been referring to its text. In a 1917 letter to historian Isaac Markens, Robert Todd Lincoln said Hay had told him that he did not have "any special knowledge of the letter at the time" it was written.


title: Bixby letter

text: Historian Michael Burlingame, who believes Hay is the author, has pointed out that Hay's scrapbooks have two newspaper clippings of the letter while largely containing Hay's own writing. However, they also contain material written by Lincoln including the Gettysburg Address and the Second Inaugural.


title: Bixby letter

text: Scholars favoring Lincoln's authorship, including Edward Steers and Jason Emerson, note that the Gettysburg Address and the Farewell Address are similar examples of Lincoln's highly regarded style. Other scholars, such as Burlingame, have countered that Hay wrote pieces that compare favorably to the Bixby letter and note words and phrases in the letter that appear more frequently in Hay's writings than those of Lincoln. For instance, Burlingame notes the word "beguile" appears numerous times in the works of Hay and the phrase "I cannot refrain from tendering" is used by Hay in an 1864 letter to Quincy Gillmore, but neither appears once in the other collected works of Lincoln. However, the phrase "I cannot refrain from" is used by Lincoln in an 1859 letter to Salmon P. Chase.


title: Bixby letter

text: In 1988, at the request of investigator Joe Nickell, University of Kentucky professor of English Jean G. Pival studied the vocabulary, syntax, and other stylistic characteristics of the letter and concluded that it more closely resembled Lincoln's style of writing than Hay's.


title: Bixby letter

text: A computer analysis method, developed to address the difficulty in attribution of shorter texts, used in a 2018 study by researchers at Aston University's Centre for Forensic Linguistics identified Hay as the letter's author.


title: Bixby letter

text: The letter's passage "the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom" is inscribed on the base of the statue of Lady Columbia at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii.


title: Bixby letter

text: Discussions on the topic of siblings dying in war have frequently mentioned the letter; such as the Sullivan brothers, the Niland brothers, the Borgstrom brothers, and the Sole Survivor Policy of the United States military.


title: Bixby letter

text: In the 1998 war film "Saving Private Ryan", General George Marshall (played by Harve Presnell) reads the Bixby letter to his officers before giving the order to find and send home Private James Francis Ryan after Ryan's three brothers died in battle, setting in motion the eponymous story of the film. In a voiceover near the end of the film, Marshall quotes the Bixby letter in a letter to Mrs. Ryan.


title: Bixby letter

text: On September 11, 2011, former U.S. President George W. Bush read the Bixby letter during the memorial ceremony at the World Trade Center site on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo () is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language romantic action thriller film written and directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon. It was produced by Miryala Ravinder Reddy, under "Dwaraka Creations". The film stars Naga Chaitanya and Manjima Mohan. The plot follows a happy-go-lucky young man who is in love. However, in an unexpected turn of events, he and his dear ones are embroiled in a high-risk situation, which demands that he rise to the occasion and stand his ground against the odds. A Tamil version titled "Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada" was simultaneously shot, with a different cast. The film features music composed by A. R. Rahman.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: The film was released on 11 November 2016, two days after demonetisation, to mixed reviews from critics.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: The reel opens with the snapshots of Rajinikanth Muralidhar (Naga Chaitanya) in a small brawl with a mob which later reveals that he had been quarrelling with the men for talking bad about his sister Maithrei.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: Rajinikanth, who is hesitant to reveal his name, is an MBA student and bike enthusiast, accompanied by his close friends Mahesh, Shyam, Srikanth and auto driver Selvam. One evening Rajinikanth goes to a person who is torturing his sister to love him back, and a fight happens between them when Mahesh spends time with his girlfriend Divya in their area. Somehow all things falls, and a few days passed by, and Rajinikanth says that he is now confident to handle any situation that comes in his life, and he is ready to face them.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: Rajinikanth is now grown up a little, and he has 2 love stories that revolved around him in the past, one is Sukanya, and another is Mallika, and now he considers his new "Thunderbird" bike as his first love ever. At this moment, he comes to meet Leela (Manjima Mohan), a friend of his sister Maithrei who stays in Rajinikanth's house to complete their course, and Rajinikanth falls in love with her, they both speak for a long time in their house day and night, and Rajinikanth narrates his love story with Leela with his friends daily.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: Now Rajinikanth plans for a bike long trip to Kannyakumari along with his friend Mahesh, but eventually, he is accompanied by Leela instead of Mahesh, they go to Kannyakumari via Chennai, Salem and Trivandrum. On the trip, they go to a rural village and stay for a night where they are taking care of by a kind-hearted villager (Madurai Mohan). The next day they reach Kannyakumari and see the Sunrise, here Leela falls for Rajinikanth, and after the trip, Rajinikanth agrees to drop Leela to her home in Kolhapur. On the way to Maharastra in a busy highway, they meet with a terrible accident he injures and breaks his shoulder at the same day Leela's parents are attacked in Maharashtra.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: They feel something was wrong, and that wasn't an accident. The same day, Leela's parents were injured, and her Father doesn't seem to get alive again. They come to know that it was a plan to kill Leela, now Rajinikanth comes to the hospital, and his friend Mahesh accompanies him, now enters a violent action space in Rajinikanth's life, and he decides to save Leela and her family.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: However, things take a turn for the worse as they encounter something unexpected. The second half is a well furnished, racy, clearly dispenses the fearless-ness to destroy the corrupt Politician, Police Officer Kamat (Baba Sehgal) and a gangster Hiren (Daniel Balaji). Kamat is the one who does unwanted things to kill Raman and his wife. Also, Mahesh is killed in this process. Kamat now tries to trace out Rajinikanth even in Mahesh's funeral, and finally, he reaches Rajinikanth's house where he is revealed that he is Rajnikanth Muralidhar IPS, who attains his posting as the Deputy Commissioner of Police in the same Kolhapur, where Leela's parents were killed. Finally, he assassinates Kamat and goes on a trip to Kanyakumari again with Leela with a beautiful proposal.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: The soundtrack album consists of five songs composed by A. R. Rahman. His original compositions for the Tamil version were retained without any change in the Telugu version. The Telugu lyrics are penned by Ananta Sriram, Rakendu Mouli, Krishna Chaitanya, and Sreejo.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: "Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo" collected a total gross of ₹3.90 Crores and a share of ₹2.04 Crores worldwide on the first day of its release, its business was affected by Govt's ban on notes with the denomination of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: In the first weekend movie collected a total gross of ₹10 Crores and share of ₹5.15 Crores worldwide, and at US box office movie collected a total gross of $235,048.


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: "The Times of India" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating, "If you can survive an unusual narrative for a plot that will unfold only at the climax, Saahasam… could be a good pick. The story in itself is good, and the direction, cinematography and music add a great deal to it. It’s a movie you should watch for the feels".


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo is worth a watch for some terrific moments".


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: Suhas Yellapantula of "The New Indian Express" 3 out of 5 stars stating "A love story-turned-suspense thriller has a bit of everything in it.".


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" 3 out of 5 stars stating "A perfect mixture of romance and action. Gautam showcases his skills once again with a mix of romance and action. From then on wards, the movie is a typical Gautam Menon thriller.".


title: Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo

text: "IndiaGlitz" 3 out of 5 stars stating "A shoot-out drama and a love story, 'SSS' comes with a narration that makes for a good watch. It may not be gripping in the same degree throughout, but the believable stunts, characterizations, and the technical departments ensure you are not bored.".


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: The David Lynch Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education and World Peace (or simply DLF) is a global charitable foundation with offices in New York City, Los Angeles, and Fairfield, Iowa. It was founded by film director and Transcendental Meditation (TM) practitioner David Lynch in 2005 to fund the teaching of TM in schools. Over the years it has expanded its focus to include other "at-risk" populations such as the homeless, U.S. military veterans, African war refugees and prison inmates.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: The Foundation is reported to have sponsored between 70,000 and 150,000 students in 350 schools throughout the U.S. and South America. The Foundation also sponsors research on the TM program.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: According to the DLF web site, David Lynch Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education is a non-profit organization, established to "fund the implementation of scientifically proven stress-reducing modalities" for "at-risk populations", including U.S. veterans and African war refugees with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), inner city students, American Indians, homeless and incarcerated men. The DLF also funds research to "assess the effects of the program on academic performance, ADHD and other learning disorders, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, and diabetes". In 2005, the DLF announced the long-term goal of raising $7 billion in order to establish seven affiliated "Universities of World Peace" in seven different countries, to train students to practice Transcendental Meditation and become "professional peacemakers". DLF.TV is the Foundation's production wing and online television channel that provides video content and web casts.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: The Foundation is governed by a board of directors consisting of: John Hagelin, Jeffrey S. Abramson, Rona Abramson, Ramani Ayer, Robert G. Brown, Joni Steele Kimberlin, Arthur Liebler, and Nancy Liebler. As of 2011, the Foundation's board of advisors included: Russell Simmons, Gary P. Kaplan, William R. Stixrud, Frank Staggers Jr., César Molina, George H. Rutherford, Carmen N’Namdi, Ralph Wolff, Ashley Deans, Linda Handy, and Sarina Grosswald. Charity Navigator "Your Guide To Intelligent Giving" evaluated "David Lynch Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: Concerned about school violence and increasing stress and problems for students, David Lynch founded the DLF in July 2005 "to provide the [TM] program to schools". That year, Lynch, DLF president John Hagelin, and Maharishi University of Management researcher Fred Travis went on a lecture tour titled "Consciousness, Creativity, and the Brain". Tour dates included the University of Southern California, UC Berkeley, the University of Oregon in Eugene, the University of Washington, Emerson College, Yale University, and Brown University. In 2005, Lynch offered to fund (for-credit) peace studies courses at several universities with TM instruction being included in each course.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: By 2006, six public schools in the U.S. had been awarded $25,000 by the David Lynch Foundation. "NEA Today" described the DLF as an organization "which provides funding for students in grades 4 to 12 to learn Transcendental Meditation" and reported that DLF had "helped approximately 500 students and 50 teachers learn how to meditate and "about 1,500 more" were scheduled to learn in the fall. In October the Foundation withdrew a $175,000 pledge to a San Rafael, California, high school after the anti-separation Pacific Justice Institute threatened to sue for violating the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. That year Lynch assigned all of his proceeds from the sale of his book "Catching the Big Fish" to the DLF and the Foundation sponsored a presentation on the benefits of TM in education at the Harvard Club of Boston.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: "Natural Health" magazine reported in 2007 that the DLF had given $3 million in sponsorship to 20 U.S. schools located in the city of Washington, D.C., and various states including Arizona, New York, California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Michigan.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: By 2008, the Foundation had funded TM courses for more than 2,000 students, faculty and parents at 21 universities and schools in the U.S., in addition to substantially higher numbers at schools overseas. That year DLF funded the TM program at two schools in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. A 2010 "Wall Street Journal" article reported that since 2005, Lynch had personally "donated half a million dollars to help finance scholarships for 150,000 students who are interested in learning transcendental meditation".


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: "The Jerusalem Post" reported in 2009 that the DLF had "provided scholarships to more than 60,000 people interested in practicing Transcendental Meditation throughout the United States, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa."


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In 2011 the press reported that DLF had "raised millions of dollars" to finance the teaching of the TM technique to "150,000 people, mostly students, worldwide", including a "handful" of San Francisco's public schools while an ABC News article reported the Foundation had sponsored "70,000 students for free in 350 schools around the world; 15 of them are in the United States."


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In 2012, "The New York Times" and other press reported that the DLF had expanded its programs to include other at-risk populations such as "veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and their families, homeless people and incarcerated juveniles and adults".


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In April 2013, Lynch released the film "Meditation, Creativity, Peace" which documents his 2007 speaking engagements at European and Middle Eastern film schools in 16 countries. According to Lynch, profits from the distribution of the film would benefit DLF's meditation instruction for students around the world. The film was described by one reviewer as a "fragmented, self-important film noir".


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In recent years, the David Lynch Foundation has opened branches in a number of other countries including The UK, France, Georgia and Australia.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In April 2022, Lynch announced an initiative to fund training in transcendental meditation for 30,000 international university students to "become advanced peace-creating meditation experts and build a legacy of lasting global peace." The initiative was created in partnership with the Global Union of Scientists for Peace and Maharishi International University. It will invest approximately $500 million in its first year. It will fund meditation training for 10,000 students at Maharishi International University, 10,000 students at its sister school in India, and 10,000 students at partner universities in 10 locations across the globe.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: With the goal of teaching TM to 1 million high risk youth, the Foundation sponsored the 2009 "Change Begins Within" benefit concert, held at Radio City Music Hall and hosted by Lynch and Laura Dern. Guest speakers and performers included Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Donovan, Moby, Eddie Vedder, Ben Harper, Paul Horn, Jim James, Bettye LaVette, Sheryl Crow, Angelo Badalamenti, Russell Simmons, Mike Love, Jerry Seinfeld and Howard Stern.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: The Foundation held its second "Change Begins Within" benefit event, titled "Operation Warrior Wellness", at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in December 2010. Participants included Lynch, actor Clint Eastwood, designer Donna Karan, comedian Russell Brand and several war veterans. In April 2011, the Foundation launched David Lynch Foundation Music with their "Download for Good" campaign through PledgeMusic. Items available for pledges included collector's items from Shepard Fairey and original vinyl art created by Daniel Edlen which was signed by the donating musicians. In July 2011 the DLF released a fund raising boxed set of music and film. The compilation featured 34 artists, including Ben Folds, Donovan, Moby, Iggy Pop, Peter Gabriel, Tom Waits, Maroon 5 and Alanis Morissette with bonus tracks by Sean Lennon and Julio Iglesias Jr. and included the documentary film, "Meditation, Creativity, Peace".


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In June 2012 Jerry Seinfeld hosted a DLF fundraiser called "A Night of Comedy" honoring George Shapiro which was held in Beverly Hills, California, US. Performers and guests included Russell Brand, Sarah Silverman, Garry Shandling, Jason Alexander, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Chris Rock, and Danny DeVito.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In January 2013 DLF sponsored a benefit jazz concert in New York City. The program featured comments by TV hosts Mehmet Oz and George Stephanopoulos, and actress Liv Tyler. Musical performances included Herbie Hancock, Corrine Bailey Rae and Wynton Marsalis. In February, it sponsored another Operation Warrior Wellness fund raiser at the New York Athletic Club in New York City.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In 2013 the DLF founded a "charity based music label" called Transcendental Music, to raise funds and awareness for its programs. In August, 2013 "The Independent" announced Russell Brand would raise funds for the David Lynch Foundation while on his "Messiah Complex" tour. In the fall, there were two fundraising events for New York City's first responders with post-traumatic stress disorder that featured celebrities Liv Tyler, Royston Langdon, Sean Lennon, and Hugh Jackman. Later that month, Jack White and Brendan Benson performed a charity concert for DLF at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In an event described by "Rolling Stone" as "otherworldly" artists supporting the work of the Foundation appeared at the Theatre at Ace Hotel in Los Angeles on 1 April 2015. The evening, entitled "The Music of David Lynch", launched the DLF's tenth anniversary celebrations, and helped to raise funds to teach Transcendental Meditation to 1,000 at-risk youth in Los Angeles. Performers included Angelo Badalamenti, Chrysta Bell, Donovan, Duran Duran, Jim James, Julee Cruise, Karen O, Tennis, Twin Peaks, Kinny Landrum, Lykke Li, Moby, Rebekah Del Rio, Rob Mathes, Sky Ferreira, Wayne Coyne and Steven Drozd of the Flaming Lips, and Zola Jesus.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: On 4 November 2015, the Foundation organised a benefit concert at New York City's Carnegie Hall, "Change Begins Within", "to provide Transcendental Meditation instruction to 10,000 at-risk New Yorkers at no cost". Performers included Katy Perry, Sting, Jerry Seinfeld, Angelique Kidjo, Jim James, and Sharon Isbin. "Rolling Stone" quoted Perry as telling the audience, "I started TMing about five years ago, and it's changed my life."


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: According to the DLF website, the Foundation's sponsorship encompasses programs for schools, military, homeless shelters, prisons and global outreach.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: The Foundation's web site says it focuses on school-wide instruction in Transcendental Meditation with the aim of improving educational and health outcomes. Its school programs, dubbed "Quiet Time", are voluntary, and require parental permission. According to the Foundation, the programs are offered to students and faculty at no cost to the parents or school. The Foundation has reportedly funded school programs in the U.S. cities of Washington, D.C; New York City; Hartford, Connecticut; Detroit, Michigan; San Francisco, California; and in the countries of Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Vietnam, Nepal, Northern Ireland, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa and Israel. In 2007, DLF began sponsoring Quiet Time at Visitacion Valley Middle School, providing an annual grant that covers most of the $175,000 cost of dedicated staff to run the program, as well as supporting three other schools in San Francisco. As of 2007 another ten schools in the same San Francisco district were waiting to start the program. After studying the program, Carlos Garcia, school district superintendent, concluded that Quiet Time was a secular program that calms students and allows them to learn.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: DLF funded Transcendental Meditation courses for students at the Lowell Whiteman Primary School in Boulder, Colorado in 2008. In 2009, "Church and State" magazine reported that the Americans United for the Separation of Church and State had characterized the David Lynch Foundation's funding of Transcendental Meditation for public school students as undermining the constitutional separation of church and state. In 2011, music mogul Russell Simmons announced plans to provide financial support to the David Lynch Foundation to teach TM at Hillhouse High School in New Haven, Connecticut. In 2009 the DLF provided $120,000 to fund a Transcendental Meditation Club at the Tucson Magnet High School in Arizona, U.S. which had offered TM courses to 160 students, staff, and faculty as of 2010.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: In 2006 Lynch made a personal donation of $100,000 and the DLF inaugurated Operation Warrior Wellness (a DLF national initiative) whose goal is to teach the TM technique to 10,000 veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and other war related ailments. Since 2010 DLF has contributed almost $1 million to sponsor TM courses for veterans and their families. The Transcendental Meditation technique's effect on post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) is the topic of research at the University of Colorado and was the topic of a study published in "Military Medicine" in 2011. Other initiatives to teach the TM technique to war veterans who are at risk for PTSD are ongoing. The DLF sponsored TM technique instruction for students at Norwich University, a private military academy, as part of a long-term study on meditation and military performance. The DLF raises funds to cover the $500 per person cost of TM training for military personnel. According to Bob Roth, executive director of the David Lynch Foundation, the US Department of Defense is examining potential advantages of TM for veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. In order to procure support from the US government, the Foundation is striving to teach 10,000 veterans, active soldiers, trainees, and their families.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: Recent research shows that regular practice of Transcendental Meditation technique enables some active duty service members battling post-traumatic stress disorder to reduce or even eliminate their psychotropic medication and get better control of their often-debilitating symptoms, researchers report in the journal Military Medicine. Transcendental Meditation technique shows marked efficacy in treating anxiety disorders says a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, "TM practice is more effective than treatment as usual and most alternative treatments, with greatest effects observed in individuals with high anxiety."


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: A meta-analysis says: "Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. Effect sizes for the different treatments (e.g., Progressive Relaxation, EMG Biofeedback, various forms of meditation, etc.) were calculated. Most of the treatments produced similar effect sizes except that Transcendental Meditation had significantly larger effect size (p less than .005)"


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: The DLF began a program in 2010, at a Van Nuys, California, youth shelter called Children of the Night. The David Lynch Foundation also produced the video "Saving the Disposable Ones", about the work of Father Gabriel Mejia and the Fundación Hogares Claret, dedicated to rescuing and rehabilitating homeless children in Colombia. According to the DLF web site, Father Mejia has founded 47 shelters for homeless children where thousands of young people practice the Transcendental Meditation technique. The Foundation now teaches TM to prisoners.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: DLF has donated for research on the effects of TM at the University of Connecticut and the University of Michigan. By 2008 the DLF had donated $5 million to research on the TM program.


title: David Lynch Foundation

text: According to a 2009 press release on PsychCentral, DLF made plans that year to provide a $2 million grant to fund research on the "effects of the [TM] technique on ADHD and other learning disorders". In 2015 the David Lynch Foundation collaborated with Seleni Institute on the Seleni Research Award to create the Perinatal Mental Health Research Award, in support of research on Transcendental Meditation in treating perinatal anxiety.


title: Kraft paper

text: Kraft paper or kraft is paper or paperboard (cardboard) produced from chemical pulp produced in the kraft process.


title: Kraft paper

text: Sack kraft paper (or just sack paper) is a porous kraft paper with high elasticity and high tear resistance, designed for packaging products with high demands for strength and durability.


title: Kraft paper

text: Pulp produced by the kraft process is stronger than that made by other pulping processes; acidic sulfite processes degrade cellulose more, leading to weaker fibers, and mechanical pulping processes leave most of the lignin with the fibers, whereas kraft pulping removes most of the lignin present originally in the wood. Low lignin is important to the resulting strength of the paper, as the hydrophobic nature of lignin interferes with the formation of the hydrogen bonds between cellulose (and hemicellulose) in the fibers.


title: Kraft paper

text: Kraft pulp is darker than other wood pulps, but it can be bleached to make very white pulp. Fully bleached kraft pulp is used to make high quality paper where strength, whiteness, and resistance to yellowing are important.


title: Kraft paper

text: Wood pulp for sack paper is made from softwood by the kraft process. The long fibers provide the paper its strength and wet strength chemicals are added to even further improve the strength. Both white and brown grades are made. Sack paper is then produced on a paper machine from the wood pulp. The paper is microcrepped to give porosity and elasticity. Microcrepping is done by drying with loose draws allowing it to shrink. This causes the paper to elongate 4% in the machine direction and 10% in the cross direction without breaking. Machine direction elongation can be further improved by pressing between very elastic cylinders causing more microcrepping. The paper may be coated with polyethylene (PE) to ensure an effective barrier against moisture, grease and bacteria, although recyclability is hindered. Zein coatings are also water resistant but allow better recyclability.


title: Kraft paper

text: Kraft paper is produced on paper machines with moderate machine speeds. The raw material is normally softwood pulp from the kraft process.


title: Kraft paper

text: Maintaining a high effective sulfur ratio or sulfidity is important for the highest possible strength using the kraft process.


title: Kraft paper

text: The kraft process can use a wider range of fiber sources than most other pulping processes. All types of wood, including very resinous types like southern pine, and non-wood species like bamboo and kenaf can be used in the kraft process.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: HM Prison Pentonville (informally "The Ville") is an English Category B men's prison, operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. Pentonville Prison is not in Pentonville, but is located further north, on the Caledonian Road in the Barnsbury area of the London Borough of Islington, north London. In 2015 the justice secretary, Michael Gove, described Pentonville as "the most dramatic example of failure" within the prisons estate.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Pentonville is a local prison, holding Category B/C adult males remanded by local magistrates' courts and the Crown Court, and those serving short sentences or beginning longer sentences. The prison is divided into these main wings:


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: There are problems with drugs and weapons being thrown into the prison. Following the 2016 prison escape, Camilla Poulton of Pentonville Prison Independent Monitoring Board (IMB), said:


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: In 2017, it was reported that the IMB described Pentonville as squalid and inhumane. Blocked toilets and leaking sewage were found, broken facilities meant prisoners going without clean clothes, showers and hot food. Prisoners were regularly confined two to a cell 12 foot by 8 foot. The report stated, "The prison struggles to ensure the basics of decency largely due to the outsourced provider responsible for maintenance: Carillion. The contract is working neither for Pentonville nor the taxpayer". The report noted improvements, including uniformed staff using body-worn cameras and anti-drone technology. There was concern about the frequency of assaults on staff, which at that time averaged about 10 a month.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: The first modern prison in London, Millbank, opened in 1816. It had separate cells for 860 prisoners and proved satisfactory to the authorities who started building prisons to deal with the rapid increase in numbers occasioned by the ending of capital punishment for many crimes and a steady reduction in transportation.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Two Acts of Parliament allowed for the building of Pentonville prison, designed by Captain Joshua Jebb, Royal Engineers, for the detention of convicts sentenced to imprisonment or awaiting transportation. Construction started on 10 April 1840 and was completed in 1842. The cost was £84,186 12s 2d.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: It had a central hall with four radiating wings, all visible to staff at the centre. This design, intended to keep prisoners isolated – the "separate system" first used at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia – was not, as is often thought, a panopticon. Officers had no view into individual cells from their central position. Pentonville was designed to hold 520 prisoners under the separate system, each having his own cell, long, wide and high with little windows on the outside walls and opening on to narrow landings in the galleries.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: They were "admirably ventilated", a visitor wrote, and had a water closet, though these were replaced by communal, foul-smelling recesses because they were constantly blocked and the pipes were used for communication. The cost of keeping a prisoner at Pentonville was about 15 shillings a week in the 1840s.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Prisoners were forbidden to speak to each other and when out on exercise would tramp in silent rows, wearing brown cloth masks. In chapel, which they had to attend every day, they sat in cubicles, or "coffins" as the prisoners referred to them, their heads visible to the warder but hidden from each other. The chaplains were very influential, making individual cell visitations, urging the convicts to reform, and supervising the work of the schoolmasters.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Mental disturbances were common. An official report admitted that "for every sixty thousand persons imprisoned in Pentonville there were 220 cases of insanity, 210 cases of delusion, and forty suicides". However, conditions were better and healthier than at Newgate and similar older prisons, and each prisoner was made to do work such as picking oakum (tarred rope) and weaving. The work lasted from six in the morning until seven at night. The food ration was a breakfast of 10 ounces of bread and three-quarters of a pint of cocoa; dinner was half a pint of soup (or four ounces of meat), five ounces of bread, and one pound of potatoes; supper a pint of gruel and five ounces of bread.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Pentonville became the model for British prisons; a further 54 were built to similar designs over six years and hundreds throughout the British Empire. For instance, Pentonville was used as a model for the eventual construction of Corradino prison in Rahal Gdid, Malta by W. Lamb Arrowsmith in 1842.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Prisoners under sentence of death were not housed at Pentonville Prison until the closure of Newgate in 1902 when Pentonville took over executions in north London. Condemned cells were added and an execution room built to house Newgate's gallows. At the same time, Pentonville took over from Newgate the function of being the training location for future executioners.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Irish revolutionary Roger Casement was hanged there on 3 August 1916 and his remains interred at the site until 1965. Udham Singh, the Indian revolutionary, who shot and killed Sir Michael O'Dwyer (Governor of the Punjab during the Amritsar Massacre), was also held in custody and hanged at Pentonville (1940); Karl Hultén involved in the Cleft chin murder was executed 8 March 1945.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: Between 1902 and 1961 a total of 120 men were executed at Pentonville including Dr. Crippen and John Christie. All the executed were buried in unmarked graves, in the prison cemetery located at . The final execution took place on 6 July 1961 when Edwin Bush, aged 21, was hanged.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: In May 2003, an inspection report from the Chief Inspector of Prisons blamed overcrowding for poor standards at HMP Pentonville. The inspection found that basic requirements for inmates such as telephones, showers and clean clothes were not being provided regularly enough. The report also noted a lack of access to education for inmates and inadequate specialised procedures for vulnerable prisoners. The inspection report also praised a number of areas of the prison including the healthcare department, the prison drugs strategy and programmes for reducing offending behaviour.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: A new hospital wing, built at a cost of £15 million, was opened at Pentonville Prison in early 2005. Months later inspectors reported that despite the new facilities, primary care for prisoners such as clinical supervision of nurses and drug dispensing practices were inadequate. A year later, 14 prison officers at Pentonville were suspended after allegations of trafficking and "inappropriate relations" with inmates.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: In August 2007, a report from the Pentonville's Independent Monitoring Board stated that the prison was infested with rats and cockroaches and had insufficient levels of staff. The report also criticised the detention conditions for mentally ill inmates, the reception facilities for new prisoners and the library provision at the jail.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: In October 2009, gross misconduct charges were brought against managers of Pentonville Prison after an investigation found that inmates had been temporarily transferred to HMP Wandsworth before inspections. The transfers, which included vulnerable prisoners, were in order to manipulate prison population figures.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: In February 2014, a report by HM Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Hardwick said there are "huge challenges" at Pentonville and that it will not have a "viable future" without a major refurbishment and extra staff.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: A further report released in June 2015 indicated that Pentonville had "deteriorated even further" since the previous inspection. The report highlighted that many inmates were left without basic provisions, including pillows and utensils, that there were "mounds of rubbish" on the floors and cockroach infestations. Frances Cook, chief executive for the Howard League for Penal Reform, commented "when a prison is asked to hold 350 more prisoners than it is designed for, we should not be surprised when it fails".


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: A prisoner, Jamal Mahmoud was stabbed to death on 18 October 2016 and there were six other stabbings in the following weeks up to 8 November.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: In 2018 monitors found Pentonville was dilapidated, overcrowded and porous to drugs, mobile phones and weapons. Windows noted as insecure in 2016 are still insecure, vermin is rife and many prisoners go for weeks without exercise in fresh air. Gang-related incidents during prayer meetings have increased. Staff are energetic and committed but there were too few staff most of the time. Wings were shut down for three or four half days a week, activities and association time were limited. At the end of July 2018 the prison held 1,215 men. The IMB singled out for praise a social enterprise set up to reduce recidivism by training prisoners in cooking and entrepreneurship, Liberty Kitchen.


title: HM Prison Pentonville

text: The Prison Officers Association said that the escape of Baker and Whitlock followed years of underinvestment and staff cuts. Steve Gillan of the POA said, "The reality of the situation is the focus should be on Government and their budget cuts that have created this situation. The basics of security aren't getting done simply because there is not enough staff to deal with the daily tasks."<ref name="BBC8/11/2016"></ref> The prison's independent inspection watchdog described Pentonville as a "soft target" through the "dilapidated" state of the Victorian building. Emily Thornberry MP called the escape the "final straw" and urged that the prison should be closed. "People don't seem to be safe inside Pentonville and now it transpires inmates can escape. (...) If they don't have control of the place, what is the point of it being there? This was built in 1842 and is totally inappropriate for modern needs."


title: Katsudon

text: The dish takes its name from the Japanese words "tonkatsu" (for pork cutlet) and "donburi" (for "rice bowl dish").


title: Katsudon

text: It has become a modern tradition for Japanese students to eat katsudon the night before taking a major test or school entrance exam. This is because "katsu" is a homophone of the verb , meaning "to win" or "to be victorious". It is also a trope in Japanese police films: that suspects will speak the truth with tears when they have eaten katsudon and are asked, "Did you ever think about how your mother feels about this?" Even nowadays, the gag of "We must eat katsudon while interrogating" is popular in Japanese films. However, , police will never actually feed suspects during interrogation.


title: Katsudon

text: The tonkatsu for the katsudon dish is prepared by dipping the cutlet in flour, followed by egg, then dipping in panko breadcrumbs, and deep-frying. Next, into a boiling broth of dashi, soy sauce and onions, the sliced tonkatsu and a beaten egg is cooked.


title: Katsudon

text: Other bowls, made of cutlet and rice but without eggs or stock, may also be called "katsudon". Such dishes include:


title: Katsudon

text: If pork is substituted with beef, it will be "gyū-katsu-don". A variation made with chicken katsu and egg is called "oyako katsudon", which is distinguished from "oyakodon" where the meat in the latter is not fried.


title: Peng (mythology)

text: The Chinese logograms for "peng" and "kun" exemplify common radical-phonetic characters. "Peng" (鵬) combines the "bird radical" (鳥) with a "peng" (朋 "friend") phonetic, and "kun" combines the "fish radical" (魚) with a "kun" (昆 "progeny; insect") phonetic.


title: Peng (mythology)

text: Both the mythic Chinese "Peng" and "Kun" names involve word play. "Peng" () was anciently a variant Chinese character for "feng" () in "fenghuang" (鳳凰 "Chinese phoenix" ca. 100 CE "Shuowen Jiezi"); "Kun" originally meant "fish roe; fry; spawn" (ca. 200 BCE "Erya").


title: Peng (mythology)

text: Synonyms of Peng include Dapeng (大鵬 "Big Peng", "Great Peng") and Dapengniao (大鵬鳥 "Great Peng Bird"). Dapeng is also a place name for a few places in greater China, most notably in Shenzhen and Taiwan.


title: Peng (mythology)

text: After recent fossil discoveries in northeast China, Chinese paleontologists used Peng to name the enantiornithine bird "Pengornis" and the wukongopterid pterosaur "Kunpengopterus".


title: Peng (mythology)

text: In Chinese literature, the Daoist classic "Zhuangzi" has the oldest record of the Kun Peng myth. The first chapter ("Free and Easy Wandering" 逍遙遊 pinyin "xiāoyáoyóu") begins with three versions of this parable; the lead paragraph, a quote from the "Qixie" (齊諧 "Universal Harmony", probably invented by Zhuangzi), and a quote from the "Tang zhi wen Ji" (湯之問棘 "Questions of Tang to Ji", cf. "Liezi" chapter 5, "Tang wen" 湯問). The first account contrasts the giant Peng bird with a small "tiao" (蜩 "cicada") and "jiu" (鳩 "pigeon; turtledove") and the third with a "yan" (鴳 or 鷃 "quail"). The Peng fish-bird transformation is not only the beginning myth in "Zhuangzi", but Robert Allinson claims, "the central myth".


title: Peng (mythology)

text: Many "Zhuangzi" scholars have debated the Peng story. Lian Xinda calls it "arguably the most controversial image in the text, which has been inviting conflicting interpretations for the past seventeen centuries."


title: Peng (mythology)

text: In traditional Chinese scholarship, the standard Peng interpretation was the "equality theory" of Guo Xiang (d. 312 CE), who redacted and annotated the received "Zhuangzi" text. Guo's commentary said,


title: Peng (mythology)

text: Some Chinese scholars gave alternate interpretations. The Buddhist monk Zhi Dun (314-366 CE) associated the Peng's flight with the highest satisfaction achieved by the "zhiren" (至人 "perfect person; sage; saint", cf. "zhenren").


title: Peng (mythology)

text: The Chan Buddhist master Hanshan Deqing (憨山德清, 1546–1623) also declares the Peng is the image of the Daoist sage, and suggests the bird's flight does not result from the piling up of wind but from the deep piling up of "de" "virtue; power".


title: Peng (mythology)

text: In modern scholarship, some scholars reject Guo's "equality theory" construal. Lian differentiates contemporary interpretations between whether Zhuangzi was a radical skeptic and/or a relativist.


title: Peng (mythology)

text: Julian Pas concurs that "the true sage is compared to the enormous bird." Angus Charles Graham sees the Peng as "soaring above the restricted viewpoints of the worldly." Allinson finds it "very clear and very explicit that the standpoint of the big bird and the standpoint of the cicada and the dove are not seen as possessing equal value." Karen Carr and Philip J. Ivanhoe find "positive ideals" in the Peng symbolizing the "mythical creature that rises above the more mundane concerns of the word. Brian Lundberg says Zhuangzi uses the image to urge us to "go beyond restricted "small" points of views." Eric Schwitzgebel interprets, "Being small creatures, we cannot understand great things like the Peng (and the rest of the "Zhuangzi"?)." Steve Coutinho describes the Peng as a "recluse who wanders beyond the realm of the recognizable", in contrast the tiny birds that "cannot begin to understand what lies so utterly beyond the confines of their mundane experience." Scott Cook writes, "We are, at first, led by Zhuangzi almost imperceptibly into an unreflective infatuation with the bird." Lian concludes the Peng is "An inspiring example of soaring up and going beyond, the image is used to broaden the outlook of the small mind; its function is thus more therapeutic than instructional." Bryan W. Van Norden suggests, "The likely effect of this passage on the reader is a combination of awe and disorientation."


title: Peng (mythology)

text: Zhuangzi's Peng bird became a famous literary metaphor. Two early examples were the "Shen yi jing" (神異經 "Classic of Divine Marvels") by Dongfang Shuo (154 BCE – 93 CE) and the "Commentary on the Water Classic" (水經注).


title: Peng (mythology)

text: In comparative mythology of giant creatures, Peng is similar to the Roc or Garuda and Kun to the Leviathan.


title: Peng (mythology)

text: "Peng" linguistically symbolizes "greatness; great promise; great accomplishments"; for instance, the idiom "péng chéng wàn lǐ" (鵬程萬里, literally, the Peng journeys 10,000 "li") means "have a bright/unlimited future". This character is commonly used in Chinese given names and several important mainland Chinese, Hong Kong and Taiwanese politicians have "Peng" in their given names. In contrast, the character "Kun" (鯤/鲲) is seldom used.


title: Peng (mythology)

text: The Chinese character "peng" is pronounced "hō" in Japanese, as seen in the sumo ring names Taihō Kōki (大鵬幸喜), Hakuhō Shō (白鵬翔), Enhō Akira (炎鵬晃), Daishōhō Kiyohiro (大翔鵬 清洋), Tokushinhō Motohisa (德真鵬 元久), Wakanohō Toshinori (若ノ鵬 寿則), Kyokutenhō Masaru (旭天鵬 勝) and so on. It is also used in company names, such as Taiho Pharmaceutical (大鵬薬品工業).


title: Guarding Tess

text: Guarding Tess is a 1994 American comedy-drama film starring Shirley MacLaine and Nicolas Cage, directed by Hugh Wilson. MacLaine plays a fictional former First Lady protected by an entourage of Secret Service agents led by one she continually exasperates (Cage).


title: Guarding Tess

text: The film is set in Somersville, Ohio (in reality Parkton, Maryland) and was nominated for a Golden Globe award in 1995 (Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical: Shirley MacLaine).


title: Guarding Tess

text: Doug Chesnic is a Secret Service agent who takes great pride in his job, performing his duties with the utmost professionalism. His assignment for the last three years has been a severe test of his patience. Doug is in charge of a team stationed in Ohio to protect Tess Carlisle, the widow of a former U.S. President.


title: Guarding Tess

text: Tess is well known for her diplomatic and philanthropic work, but seems to regard Doug less as a security officer and more as a domestic servant—not unlike her chauffeur, Earl, or her nurse, Frederick.


title: Guarding Tess

text: Doug's assignment with Tess comes to an end, so he is eager to be given a more exciting and challenging assignment. Tess decides that she wants him to stay, and Doug's assignment is extended.


title: Guarding Tess

text: Doug regards it as beneath his professional dignity to perform little chores around the house or bring Tess her breakfast in bed. Tess orders him to do so, even to fetch her ball during a round of golf. When Doug defies her, Tess contacts a close friend—the current President of the United States—to express her displeasure. The annoyed President—under the impression Doug is substandard—chastises him by phone.


title: Guarding Tess

text: The bickering between Doug and Tess continues, even in the car. While alone with Earl, Tess orders him to drive off, stranding her bodyguards. A humiliated Doug must phone the local sheriff—not for the first time—to be on the lookout for her. He fires Earl when they return, but Tess countermands that decision.


title: Guarding Tess

text: After returning from a hospital checkup, Tess watches old television footage of her husband's funeral, concentrating on a momentary glimpse of Doug among the mourners, overcome with grief. She makes an effort to get on his good side, sharing a drink and a late-night conversation. She explains that she is not close to her children, in part due to the awkward upbringing they had as a political family. Morale for the agents improves when Tess tells them that the President will be visiting her late husband's presidential library, but his subsequent cancellation lowers her spirits.


title: Guarding Tess

text: During a day out, Tess and Earl take off again without Doug on another apparent joy ride. When they don't return that night, Doug and his security detail realize Tess was likely kidnapped and contact the FBI. The FBI's investigation reveals Tess' recent dizzy spells were caused by an inoperable brain tumor (which she had indirectly told Doug about) and eventually, the car is found with an unconscious Earl but no Tess. Earl is found with small crescent-shaped burns on the back of his neck which Doug soon suspects was caused by Tess, fighting back with the car's cigarette lighter.


title: Guarding Tess

text: In Earl's hospital room, Doug and FBI agent Schaeffer question the chauffeur. He gets nervous and defensive when he sees Doug holding the lighter and attempts to frame him for the kidnapping. Furious, Doug threatens to shoot off the chauffeur's toes, one by one, until he confesses to them where Tess is being held, even going so far as to shoot one toe. Earl admits that Tess is being held captive by his sister and her husband.


title: Guarding Tess

text: The FBI and Secret Service raid the kidnappers' home and arrest them. When they find Tess buried, but alive, beneath the floor of the farmhouse, Doug and his agents volunteer to do the digging. Tess then insists that her Secret Service detail accompany her to the hospital.


title: Guarding Tess

text: Upon being released from the hospital, Tess refuses to obey the hospital rule that patients must be discharged in a wheelchair. Doug tells her, using her first name for the first time, "Tess, get in the God damn chair." After a brief pause, Tess complies, pats Doug's hand and says, "Very good, Douglas. You're going to be all right."


title: Guarding Tess

text: "Guarding Tess" received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 57% rating based on 35 reviews. "The Washington Post" described it as derivative of other recent films "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), "The Bodyguard" (1992), and "In the Line of Fire" (1993), and decries "the melodramatic turnaround that sabotages the last section of the movie", but describes "the comic tension between MacLaine and Cage" as being "so well done, it doesn't matter how dumb things get".


title: Guarding Tess

text: The film grossed $27 million in the United States and Canada but only $3.8 million internationally for a worldwide total of $30.8 million.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Rambler is an automobile brand name that was first used by the Thomas B. Jeffery Company between 1900 and 1914.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Charles W. Nash bought Jeffery in 1916, and the name was reintroduced to the automobile marketplace by Nash Motors from 1950 to 1954. The "Rambler" trademark registration for use on automobiles and parts was issued on 9 March 1954 for Nash-Kelvinator.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Nash merged with the Hudson Motor Car Company to form American Motors Corporation (AMC) and the Rambler line of cars continued through the 1969 model year in the United States and 1983 in international markets.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Rambler cars were often nicknamed the "Kenosha Cadillac" after the original location and the largest place of manufacture in the city of Kenosha, Wisconsin.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: The first use of the name Rambler for an American-made automobile dates to 1897 when Thomas B. Jeffery of Chicago, Illinois and builder of the Rambler bicycle constructed his first prototype automobile.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: After receiving positive reviews at the 1899 Chicago International Exhibition & Tournament and the first National Automobile Show in New York City, Jeffery decided to enter the automobile business. Following the sudden death of his Rambler partner, R. Philip Gormully, Jeffery sold their bicycle business to the American Bicycle Company, but retained rights to the Rambler name. In 1900, he bought the old Sterling Bicycle Co. factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and set up shop.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Thomas Jeffery and his son Charles, experimented with such early technical innovations as a steering wheel (as opposed to a tiller), left-hand driving and the engine placement under a hood instead of under the seat, but it was decided that such features were too advanced for the motoring public of the day. The first Ramblers were tiller-steered, right-hand drive and the single-cylinder engine was placed under the seat. Rambler innovated various design features and was the first to equip cars with a spare wheel-and-tire assembly. This allowed the driver, when experiencing a flat tire, to exchange the spare wheel and tire for the flat one, rather than patching.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Jeffery started commercially mass-producing automobiles in 1902 and by the end of the year had produced 1,500 motor cars, priced at $750 (), one-sixth of all cars that were manufactured in the U.S. during that year. The Thomas B. Jeffery Company was the second largest auto manufacturer at that time, behind Oldsmobile.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1904 Jeffery built 2,342 Ramblers. Higher-powered two-cylinder versions with front-mounted engines and steering wheels where now available. In 1905 the single-cylinder was discontinued and three larger two-cylinder models priced from $1,200 to $3,000 were offered. A Rambler four-cylinder was introduced in 1906.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: New employee Edward S, Jordan, who would later become Jeffery's secretary and general manager, provided advertisement copy such as "The Right Car at the Right Price," and “June Time Is Rambler Time” and other evocative phrases. By 1906, Rambler was considered an industry leader with one of the best equipped automobile factories. Thomas Jeffery was not interested in major mass production and settled in a pattern of producing 2,500 Ramblers a year.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1910 all Ramblers were now four-cylinder medium priced cars. While on vacation in 1910, Thomas B. Jeffery died of a heart attack and his son Charles took over the newly incorporated Thomas B. Jeffery Company. Charles increased annual production by about 500 cars and for 1912 introduced new Ned Jordan model names such as Cross Country, Country Club, Knickerbocker and Valkyrie. For 1913 the last Rambler branded models were the Cross Country roadster and touring car, an Inside Drive coupe and the Gotham Limousine, priced from $1,650 () to $2,750, .


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1914, Charles T. Jeffery, Thomas B. Jeffery's son, replaced the Rambler brand name with Jeffery in honor of his now-deceased father.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1916, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company was purchased by Charles W. Nash and became Nash Motors Company in 1917. The Jeffery brand name was dropped at the time of the sale and the manufacture of Nash branded automobiles commenced. In 1937, the concern became the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation through a merger with the major appliance maker.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Under the direction of Charles Nash's successor George W. Mason, Nash-Kelvinator Corporation began the development of a small car that could be produced inexpensively for the post-World War II economy. However, steel shortages limited the amount of raw materials that Nash could obtain, so Mason turned the compact, now designated the Rambler, into a two-door sedan with a convertible top. The cars were equipped with many standard features that were typically options, to maximize profits for the company.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: When introduced, the Rambler was an immediate success for Nash. As steel quotas related to the Korean War eased, the Rambler line was broadened in both its model types, first a station wagon and 2-door hardtop dubbed "Country Club", and later a 2-door sedan. A further expansion of the line for 1954 included a four-door sedan and station wagon called "Cross Country" on a stretched wheelbase, which proved to be as successful as the first generation of two-door sedan convertibles.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: The first generation of modern Ramblers carried a modified version of Nash's "Airflyte" styling, which included closed wheel openings. While the wheel openings of any car are a major source of wind resistance, the design was rather primarily an engineering design to increase the strength of the car for impact resistance. Many people surmised that the skirted fenders limited the turning radius of the wheels, but they were not an actual handicap for having a comparatively narrow front track. Ramblers continued to use this styling until 1955, when the front wheels were revealed by a periodic design update.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1954 the Rambler offered the first combination heating and air conditioning unit available on American cars. The unit could be an add-on or could be installed at the factory for $395, which at that time was about the lowest-cost unit available in an American car.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1954, American Motors Corporation (AMC) was formed from the merger of Nash-Kelvinator and the Hudson Motor Car Company. Following the merger, 1955 and 1956 Ramblers were badged as both Nashes and Hudsons, with no visible difference between the two. Rambler became a marque in its own right for the 1957 model year. The Nash and Hudson makes were continued as a "senior" model only through 1957, after which all of AMC's offerings were marketed as Ramblers, with the exception of the imported 1958–1962 Metropolitan.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: At the start of the 1960s George Romney made a marketing decision that more fully unified the various Rambler model names under the Rambler brand. In 1962, the Ambassador, a top-trim level model, was officially brought under the Rambler name (it had previously been named the "Ambassador by Rambler"), and the former Rambler Six and Rambler Rebel V8 were renamed the Rambler Classic. (Note: while the top-line models for 1958-1961 were advertised as the "Ambassador V-8 by Rambler", on the cars themselves, the nomenclature was "Rambler Ambassador".)


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1958, AMC introduced America's first "compact car," the Rambler American. This car was essentially the 1950 Nash Rambler, slightly restyled and modernized for the late 1950s. However, the car was an instant success and lost sales only after the "Big Three" (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) each introduced compact cars of their own (GM "X" body, Ford Falcon, and Chrysler A platform).


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Romney also put into play his plan to slash production costs, which involved more common parts sharing between the Ambassador and Classic models. Beginning in 1962, all "senior" Rambler models would share the same automobile platform with identical wheelbase and body parts, but the engines, trims, and equipment levels distinguished the Classic from the Ambassador. The Rambler's compact size (by US standards) also made it an international competitor, and between 1961 and 1965 AMC opened thirteen foreign assembly plants, from Costa Rica to the Philippines.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: In 1963, the entire Rambler line received the "Motor Trend" Car of the Year award. However, Romney's departure to become Michigan governor opened the door for his successor, Roy Abernethy, to redirect the company towards a strategy of competing head to head with the Big Three (General Motors, Chrysler Corporation, and Ford Motor Company) with a variety of bodies and automobile platforms. This new plan also included marketing the various models apart from the Rambler brand name, which Abernethy felt would be a hindrance in the market segments he hoped to pursue.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: One of the first moves in that direction was the creation of the 1965 line of Ramblers, which split the Classic from the Ambassador visually, while still sharing a significant number of parts. Once again the Ambassador had a unique, extended wheelbase. In addition, AMC introduced the Marlin, a hardtop fastback intended to enter AMC in the youth and personal luxury market segments as well as also positioning it as a "halo" vehicle.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: AMC chief stylist Richard Teague introduced a totally restyled and attractive Rambler American in 1964, which was a sales success. This basic body remained in its original shape through 1969.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Backed by marketing reports, Abernethy next made a persuasive argument to the AMC board that the Rambler name had not only acquired a stodgy image and was a hindrance to increasing sales, but that consumers associated it with compact cars. In what hindsight would show to be an ill-conceived decision, American Motors began to phase it out in favor of an AMC marque beginning in 1966, as it attempted to become a multiplatform automobile manufacturer. Retention of the well-known Rambler brand name and its association with compact economy models could have served AMC well in the 1970s.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: By 1968, the only vehicle produced by AMC to carry the Rambler marque was the compact Rambler American. Although designed as a "basic" economy car, the American spawned the audacious SC/Rambler, developed with Hurst Performance. While AMC planned to produce only 500 for the 1969 model year, the ""Scrambler"" proved popular so two more groups of about 500 each were built. All featured the same V8, four-barrel carburetor, and close-ratio four-speed transmission of the AMX, plus Hurst shifter, Twin-Grip (limited slip) differential, and cold air hood.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: For the final year in 1969, the models were simply called Rambler. The 1969 Rambler (and Chevrolet Corvair and Dodge Dart) were the only U.S. compact cars available that year in a two-door hardtop body style; Ford compacts were only available as sedans.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: The last U.S.-built Rambler, of over 4.2 million cars that carried the Rambler name that rolled off the assembly line in Kenosha, was produced on 30 June 1969.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: The Rambler marque was continued in all international markets after it was dropped in the United States. AMC vehicles were badged as “Rambler" in Argentina, Australia, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Venezuela, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. In Argentina, a special model based on the third generation Rambler American became the IKA Torino in 1967. It later was named the Renault Torino and was offered until 1981. The Rambler nameplate was last used on automobiles in 1983 by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) in Mexico.


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: Companies that undertook the production of Rambler vehicles outside of the United States either by local assembly or full import included the following:


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: American Motors had stopped producing cars using the Rambler trademark in 1970. In 1973, Action Age Incorporated wanted to register "Scrambler" for an off-highway vehicle and in a case before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board contended that the trademark Rambler had been abandoned. This registration was opposed by AMC and the court determined that even though the manufacturing of Ramblers ended, the trademark was not abandoned because AMC continued to have commercial activities such as parts with the Rambler name on the boxes as well as franchising dealers that retained Rambler in their name or marketed used cars under the Rambler trademark./


title: Rambler (automobile)

text: The Rambler trademark registration expired on 12 December 1994, because Chrysler (the company that acquired AMC in 1987) did not file an affidavit of continued use. However, it was claimed by Chrysler as a retro or heritage mark that "had built an affinity and emotional connection with the consumer as a result of the original product that was in the marketplace, and continues to have nostalgia appeal with consumers who are still interested in acquiring product that is built around the mark’s core values and replicates the markets and the mark itself." In a 2008 case before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, the United States Patent and Trademark Office determined that Chrysler continued to have products licensed in connection with the Rambler mark for automobiles and thus sufficiently related to automobiles so that consumers would ascribe a single source to the products. Chrysler, as the successor company, was able to "prove nonabandonment by demonstrating that there were many Rambler autos (and related supplies) bearing the mark still in use. The board ruled that Chrysler "has priority of use, at the very least with respect to key rings, calendars, decals, specification sheets and owner's manuals, all relating to Rambler automobiles."


title: Alice Ball

text: Alice Augusta Ball was born on July 24, 1892, in Seattle, Washington, to James Presley and Laura Louise (Howard) Ball. She was one of four children, with two older brothers, William and Robert, and a younger sister, Addie. Her family was middle-class and well off, as Ball's father was a newspaper editor of "The Colored Citizen", photographer, and lawyer. Her mother also worked as a photographer. Her grandfather, James Ball Sr., was a photographer, and one of the first Black Americans to make use of daguerreotype, the process of printing photographs onto metal plates. Some researchers have suggested that her parents' and grandfather's love for photography may have played a role in her love for chemistry, as they worked with mercury vapors and iodine sensitized silver plates to develop photos. Despite being prominent members and advocates of the African American community, both of Ball's parents are listed as "White" on her birth certificate. This may have been an attempt to reduce the prejudice and racism their daughter would face and help her "pass" in white society.


title: Alice Ball

text: Alice Ball and her family moved from Seattle to Honolulu in 1903 in hopes that the warm weather would relieve her grandfather's arthritis. He died shortly after the move and in 1905 they relocated back to Seattle after only a year in Hawaii. After returning to Seattle, Ball attended Seattle High School and achieved top grades in the sciences. She graduated from Seattle High School in 1910.


title: Alice Ball

text: Ball went on to study chemistry at the University of Washington, earning a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry in 1912 and a second bachelor's degree in the science of pharmacy two years later in 1914. Alongside her pharmacy instructor, Williams Dehn, she published a 10-page article, "Benzoylations in Ether Solution", in the "Journal of the American Chemical Society". Publishing an article in a respected scientific journal was an uncommon accomplishment for a woman and especially for a Black woman at this time.


title: Alice Ball

text: After graduating, Ball was offered many scholarships. She received an offer from the University of California Berkeley, as well as the College of Hawaii (now the University of Hawaii), where she decided to study for a master's degree in chemistry. At the College of Hawaii, her master's thesis involved studying the chemical properties of the Kava plant species. Because of this research and her understanding of the chemical makeup of plants, she was later approached by Harry T. Hollmann, who was an Acting Assistant Surgeon at the Leprosy Investigation Station of the U. S. Public Health Service in Hawaii, to study chaulmoogra oil and its chemical properties. Chaulmoogra oil had been the best treatment available for leprosy for hundreds of years, and Ball developed a much more effective injectable form. In 1915 she became the first woman and first Black American to graduate with a master's degree from the College of Hawaii. She was also the first African American "research chemist and instructor" in the College of Hawaii's chemistry department.


title: Alice Ball

text: At the University of Hawaii, Ball investigated the chemical makeup and active principle of "Piper methysticum" (kava) for her master's thesis. Because of this work, she was contacted by Dr. Harry T. Hollmann at Kalihi Hospital in Hawaii, who needed an assistant for his research into the treatment of leprosy.


title: Alice Ball

text: At the time, leprosy or Hansen's Disease was a highly stigmatized disease with virtually no chance of recovery. People diagnosed with leprosy were exiled to the Hawaiian island of Molokai with the expectation that they would die there. The best treatment available was chaulmoogra oil, from the seeds of the "Hydnocarpus wightianus" tree from the Indian subcontinent, which had been used medicinally from as early as the 1300s. But the treatment was not very effective, and every method of application had problems. It was too sticky to be effectively used topically, and as an injection the oil's viscous consistency caused it to clump under the skin and form blisters rather than being absorbed. These blisters formed in perfect rows and made it look "as if the patient's skin had been replaced by bubble wrap". Ingesting the oil was not effective either because it had an acrid taste that usually made patients vomit it up.


title: Alice Ball

text: At age 23, Ball developed a technique to make the oil injectable and absorbable by the body. Her technique involved isolating ester compounds from the oil and chemically modifying them, producing a substance that retained the oil's therapeutic properties and was absorbed by the body when injected. Ball was unable to publish her revolutionary findings before her untimely death. Arthur L. Dean, a chemist and Ball's graduate study advisor, dean of the college, and later president of the university, was privy to details of the process she developed. After Ball's death, Dean undertook further trials and by 1919, a college chemistry laboratory was producing large quantities of the injectable chaulmoogra extract. Dean published details of the work and the findings without acknowledging Ball as the originator, or crediting her work. Her name is not mentioned in any of Dean's published works on the chaulmoogra extract, while the name "the Dean method" is appended to the technique. A University of Hawai'i academic, Paul Wermager, in 2004, quoted a 1921 newspaper interview with Dean, in which he emphasizes the importance of the work of his predecessors in the development of the extract. Despite this, according to Wermager, the "Paradise of the Pacific" report goes on to mention Hollmann and other colleagues, but not Ball.


title: Alice Ball

text: In 1920, a Hawaii physician reported in the "Journal of the American Medical Association" that 78 patients had been discharged from Kalihi Hospital by the board of health examiners after treatment with injections of Ball's modified chaulmoogra oil. In Ball's Method, ethyl esters of the fatty acids found in chaulmoogra oil were prepared into a form suitable for injection and absorption into the circulation. While not curative or able to fully halt the disease's progress indefinitely, the isolated ethyl ester remained the only available, effective treatment for leprosy until sulfonamide drugs were developed in the 1940s.


title: Alice Ball

text: Ball's colleague Hollmann attempted to correct the mistaken impression of the extract's development. He published a paper in 1922 giving credit to Ball, calling the injectable form of the oil the "Ball method" throughout the article. Hollmann discusses techniques developed elsewhere and reports progress in related leprosy treatments. Although Dean had contended that his later work was a refinement of Ball's method, producing an "advanced specific", Hollmann compares Dean's and Ball's techniques in the article, in a section titled "Ball's Method of Making Ethyl Esters of the Fatty Acids of Chaulmoogra Oil", and rejects this. He describes Dean's method and writes of it:


title: Alice Ball

text: Ball nevertheless remained largely forgotten in the scientific record. In the 1970s, Kathryn Takara and Stanley Ali, professors at the University of Hawai'i, found records of Ball's research and made efforts to ensure her achievement was recognized.


title: Alice Ball

text: Ball died on December 31, 1916, at age 24. She had become ill during her research and returned to Seattle for treatment a few months before her death. A 1917 "Pacific Commercial Advertiser" article suggested that the cause may have been chlorine poisoning due to exposure while teaching in the laboratory. It was reported that she was giving a demonstration on how to properly use a gas mask in preparation for an attack, as World War I was raging in Europe. But the cause of her death is unknown, as her original death certificate was altered to cite tuberculosis.


title: Alice Ball

text: The first recognition of Ball's work came six years after her death when, in 1922, she was briefly mentioned in a medical journal, with her method being called the "Ball Method". After the work of many historians at the University of Hawaii including Kathryn Takara and Stanley Ali, the University of Hawaii finally honored Ball in 2000 by dedicating a plaque to her on the school's only chaulmoogra tree behind Bachman Hall. On the same day, the former Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, Mazie Hirono, declared February 29 "Alice Ball Day," which is now celebrated every four years. In 2007, the University Board of Regents honored Ball with a Medal of Distinction, the school's highest honor. In March 2016, "Hawai'i Magazine" placed Ball on its list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history. In 2018, a new park in Seattle's Greenwood neighborhood was named after Ball. In 2019, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine added her name to the frieze atop its main building, along with Florence Nightingale and Marie Curie, in recognition of their contributions to science and global health research. In February 2020, a short film, "The Ball Method" will premiere at the Pan African Film Festival. University of Hawaii students have asked whether more should be done to resolve the wrongful actions of former President Dean, including proposals to rename Dean Hall after Ball instead. On November 6, 2020, a satellite named after her (ÑuSat 9 or "Alice", COSPAR 2020-079A) was launched into space.


title: Alice Ball

text: On February 28, 2022, Hawaii Governor David Ige signed a proclamation declaring February 28 "Alice Augusta Ball Day" in Hawaii at a special recognition ceremony on the University of Hawaii at Mānoa campus. The ceremony took place next to Bachman Hall in the shade of a Chaulmoogra tree planted in Ball’s honor. A bronze plaque is displayed there in her memory. More than 100 people attended, including First Lady Dawn Ige and UH President David Lassner.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: Brigadoon is a 1954 American Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical film made in CinemaScope and Metrocolor based on the 1947 Broadway musical of the same name by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe. The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli and stars Gene Kelly, Van Johnson, and Cyd Charisse. "Brigadoon" has been broadcast on American television and is available in VHS, DVD and Blu-ray formats.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: Americans Tommy Albright (Gene Kelly) and Jeff Douglas (Van Johnson) are on a hunting trip in Scotland and become lost in the woodlands. They happen upon Brigadoon, a miraculously blessed village that rises out of the mists every hundred years for only a day. (This was done so that the village would never be changed or destroyed by the outside world.) Tommy falls in love with village lass Fiona Campbell (Cyd Charisse), whose younger sister Jean (Virginia Bosler), is about to be married to Charlie Dalrymple (Jimmy Thompson). When Tommy and Jeff happen upon clues about the village and its people that make no sense, Fiona takes them to see Mr. Lundie (Barry Jones), the village schoolmaster, who tells them the story of Brigadoon and the miracle. If any villager ever leaves Brigadoon, the spell will be broken and the village will vanish forever. Furthermore, Lundie tells them, any outsider who wishes to stay must love someone in the village strongly enough to accept the loss of everything he or she knew in the outside world. That evening, Mr. Lundie officiates at the wedding of Jean and Charlie, which Tommy and Fiona attend. Interrupting the wedding, the jealous Harry Beaton (Hugh Laing) announces he is leaving Brigadoon to make everything disappear, since the girl he loves, Jean, is marrying another man. Harry's words cause mass chaos among the townspeople and they all rush to stop him. Harry almost crosses the bridge but is stopped short by Tommy. They scuffle and Tommy is knocked unconscious. With men closing in on him, Harry climbs up a tree to hide but is accidentally gunned down by Jeff, who skipped the wedding to go hunting. Harry falls dead to the ground and is soon found by the men. Fiona frantically searches for and finds Tommy. Confessing their love for each other, they decide to marry, allowing Tommy to stay in Brigadoon for good. But while Fiona goes off to find Mr. Lundie, Tommy tells Jeff about his plan. Jeff, drunk and remorseful of accidentally killing Harry, tells Tommy he can't just leave everything in the real world behind for this girl he's only known a day. Fiona returns with Mr. Lundie, but Tommy confesses that he cannot stay. Fiona says she understands but is heartbroken and they say good-bye before Brigadoon completely disappears. Tommy and Jeff cross the bridge and walk away.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: Back in New York City, Tommy can think only of Fiona. Unable even to talk with his fiancée, Tommy ends his relationship with her and calls Jeff, telling him to get the first flight back to Scotland. He and Jeff return to the same spot where they were lost, though Jeff reminds him again the village will not be there. But suddenly Tommy sees lights start to appear through the mist and runs toward them. Brigadoon reappears and Tommy gets to the foot of the bridge to see Mr. Lundie half-awake on the other side saying: "Tommy, lad, you! My, my, you must really love her. You woke me up." Tommy seems stunned that Brigadoon has been brought back, but Mr. Lundie reminds him: "I told ye, if you love someone deeply enough, anything is possible ... even miracles."


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: Producer J. Arthur Rank acquired the rights of the official play in February 1951. According to the press, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "paid a fortune" for the rights, and Gene Kelly and Kathryn Grayson were named in the leads a month later. By the time they were cast, a script was not written yet, although it was reported that Alan Jay Lerner was expected to start on the script a week later. Furthermore, Alec Guinness was also set for a role and David Wayne, Moira Shearer and Donald O'Connor were under consideration for one. Judy Garland was attached to the film at one point in production.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: According to the film's director, Vincente Minnelli, O'Connor competed with Steve Allen and Bill Hayes for the role of 'Jeff'. Cyd Charisse replaced Grayson in March 1953. Elaine Stewart was cast in the fourth lead in November 1953, and it was reported that she was more enthusiastic about working with Minnelli than with Kelly.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: Because of Kelly's commitments to other film projects, production was delayed for a while, and it did not begin until 1953. Initially, Minnelli and Kelly wanted to film on location in Scotland. Unfortunately, an unpredictable climate and higher location production costs (the latter not compatible with MGM President Dore Schary's thriftiness), forced them to change course. Kelly and producer Arthur Freed traveled to Scotland to confirm for themselves if the weather was too unreliable, and they agreed with the studio. In Kelly's biography it was stated that "the weather was so bad that we had to agree with the studio. So we came back to the United States and started looking for locations here. We found some highlands above Monterey [in Big Sur] that looked like Scotland. But then the studio had an economy wave, and they clamped the lid on that idea." Much to the disappointment of the cast and crew and the delight of Dore Schary, filming had to take place on the sound stages at MGM instead.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: Dancer-actor James Mitchell had originated the part of Harry Beaton in the original 1947 Broadway production of "Brigadoon" and scored a great success. When the film began shooting in 1953, Mitchell was already under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and had just completed work on the Fred Astaire musical film "The Band Wagon" which was directed by Vincente Minnelli and co-starred Cyd Charisse. However, rather than have Mitchell reprise his stage role, the studio instead cast New York City Ballet dancer Hugh Laing as Harry Beaton. In December 1954, a few months after the release of "Brigadoon", Mitchell and Charisse made a cameo appearance dancing with each other to the song "One Alone" in the M-G-M Sigmund Romberg musical biography film "Deep in My Heart".


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: In addition, rather than being filmed in the expensive original three-strip Technicolor process with the 1.33:1 square-frame aspect ratio, the film was shot in single-strip Metrocolor and utilized CinemaScope, the newly patented 20th Century Fox 2.55:1 anamorphic widescreen process.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: Complete sound and picture footage of three of the deleted musical numbers has survived, and it is included in the latest DVD release of the film.


title: Brigadoon (film)

text: The 1954 original motion picture soundtrack was originally incomplete, but was re-released with deleted songs, alternative takes, and undubbed vocals.