title: How to Read a Book

text: Adler spends a good deal of this first section explaining why he was compelled to write this book. He asserts that very few people can read a book for understanding, but that he believes that most are capable of it, given the right instruction and the will to do so. It is his intent to provide that instruction. He takes time to tell the reader about how he believes that the educational system has failed to teach students the art of reading well, up to and including undergraduate, university-level institutions. He concludes that, due to these shortcomings in formal education, it falls upon individuals to cultivate these abilities in themselves. Throughout this section, he relates anecdotes and summaries of his experience in education as support for these assertions.


title: How to Read a Book

text: In Part III, Adler briefly discusses the differences in approaching various kinds of literature and suggests reading several other books. He explains a method of approaching the Great Books – read the books that influenced a given author prior to reading works by that author – and gives several examples of that method.


title: How to Read a Book

text: The last part of the book covers the fourth level of reading: syntopical reading. At this stage, the reader broadens and deepens his or her knowledge on a given subjecte.g., love, war, particle physics, etc.by reading several books on that subject. In the final pages of this part, the author expounds on the philosophical benefits of reading: "growth of the mind", fuller experience as a conscious being...


title: Esox

text: Esox is a genus of freshwater fish commonly known as pike or pickerel. It is the type genus of the family Esocidae. The type species of the genus is "Esox lucius", the northern pike.


title: Esox

text: "Esox" has been present in Laurentia (which later became North America) and Eurasia since the Paleocene. Modern large pike species are native to the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, ranging across Northern America and from Western Europe to Siberia in North Asia.


title: Esox

text: Pikes have the elongated, torpedo-like shape typical of predatory fishes, with sharply pointed heads and sharp teeth. Their coloration is typically grey-green with a mottled or spotted appearance with stripes along their backs, providing camouflage among underwater weeds, and each individual pike marking patterns are unique like fingerprints. Pikes can grow to a maximum recorded length of , reaching a maximum recorded weight of .


title: Esox

text: The generic name "Esox" (pike fish) derives from the Greek ἴσοξ ("ee-soks", a large fish) and appears to be cognate with Celtic, Welsh "eog" and Irish Gaelic "iasc" (fish), as well as alpine Gaulic "*esosk" which is consistent with the original indoeuropean root for the common word for fish, "*pei(k)sk". Pliny uses the Latin form "Esox" in reference to a large fish in the Rhine normally identified with Salmonidae ("lax" or salmon). Carolus Linnæus attributes "Esox" to the pike fish which is of similar form and appearance but taxonomically different from the salmoniformes, whereas the first mention of "Esox" as a marine animal appears in the writings of Hesychius.


title: Esox

text: The English common name "pike" is an apparent shortening of "pike-fish", in reference to its pointed head, as the Old English word "píc" originally referring to a pickaxe. The plural of pike is also pike.


title: Esox

text: A Northern English and Lowland Scots name for the pike, "ged", similarly derives from Old Norse "gaddr" (spike) (cf. the modern Swedish name for the pike, "gädda", the Danish "gedde", the Norwegian "gjedde" and Scottish Gaelic: "geadais"). The Dutch name for the pike ("snoek") has been given to a wide variety of fish reminding sailors of the pike (see snoek, snook).


title: Esox

text: The English "pike" originally referred specifically to the adult fish, the diminutive form "pickerel" (now used to name some of the smaller pike species, e.g. "E. americanus" and "E. niger") referring to the young. The walleye ("Sander vitreus") is sometimes called a pickerel, but it is unrelated to the pike, being a member of the perch family (Percidae). Pike are not to be confused with the unrelated pikeminnows of genus "Ptychocheilus" (family Cyprinidae) or pikeperch ("Sander lucioperca") which is more akin to walleye than to pike. Pike are also called "jackfish" in North America and informally "slough shark" in Western Canada.


title: Esox

text: Hybrids between "Esox masquinongy" and "Esox lucius" are well-known and referred to as the tiger muskellunge.


title: Esox

text: The oldest fossil species of "Esox" is "Esox tiemani", from the late Paleocene aged Paskapoo Formation of Canada, which differs little from modern species. Other fossil species include "Esox kronneri", from the Eocene of the Green River formation, and "Esox nogaicus", is known from the Pleistocene of Ukraine, and species from the Miocene ("Esox sibiricus") and Pliocene ("Esox moldavicus") deposits from Ukraine, Poland, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Moldavia. Two additional fossil species, both from the Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, are placed in their own genera: "Estesesox foxi" (Santonian to Campanian), and "Oldmanesox canadensis" (Campanian to Maastrichtian).


title: Esox

text: Pike feed on a wide range of food sources, predominantly smaller shoal fish. Pike are also cannibalistic, sometimes preying upon smaller members of their own species. This can be seen clearly in the northern pike.


title: Esox

text: They will also prey on insects and amphibians such as newts or frogs in times when their usual food is scarce, and occasionally on small mammals like moles or mice when caught water-borne. Small birds such as ducklings may become a target for hungry pike. Pike are also known to prey on swimming snakes.


title: Esox

text: They are, however, undeserving of their reputation for being overly vicious predators. There are few substantiated incidents of pike "attacks" on people. Pike's further reputation as a pest seems to lie predominantly amongst a small handful of anglers and fishery managers who think, perhaps unfairly, that pike are a threat to native rough fish and also other sport fish.


title: Esox

text: Effective methods for catching this hard-fighting fish include dead baits, live baits, and lure fishing. Pike can easily be damaged when handled since they are not as robust as their reputation would suggest. Colour of lure can be influenced by water clarity and weather conditions. Since pike have numerous sharp teeth it is wise to take extreme care when unhooking them. The use of a wet leather gauntlet and surgical forceps to remove hooks is highly recommended on safety grounds. If practicing catch and release fishing, care for the pike should be the pike angler's utmost concern. The formerly recommended practice of grasping a pike by its eye sockets (misinterpreted as "its eyes") resulted in numerous released pike that quickly died from inability to see prey any longer.


title: Esox

text: The current recommended method of grasping pike is to close the hand firmly over the gill covers, and to make the period of handling as short as possible before release. Grabbing a pike by the gill covers is not feasible when a pike is very big, but it is easy to handle a pike by inserting the fingers at the bottom of the gill opening and grabbing the lower jaw. Big pike should also be supported at the belly. When a pike is held this way it is also easier to keep the mouth open to remove a hook. Some anglers now use special grips to grab the pike's front lower jaw, which can add to the safety of an anglers because of the danger imposed by the hooks of the lure or tackle and the pike's teeth. However these can cause serious damage to a pike's lower jaw. The Pike Anglers Club was formed in 1977 to campaign for the preservation of pike and the sport of pike fishing.


title: Esox

text: Pike are susceptible to "gut hooking" when fished for with natural bait. Upon taking the bait, the pike will hold it for a short time in its mouth as it moves off. The pike will then, usually, turn the bait in its mouth, so that it sits in alignment with its throat to ease swallowing. It is recommended that when pike fishing the process is not allowed to go this far and a strike is recommended as soon as a bite is indicated. Otherwise, what is known as "gut hooking" will result, which will normally kill or seriously injure the fish. Dutch research shows that cutting the line immediately when the fish is gut hooked will still give low mortality (14%). The hooks in the gut or stomach were either encapsulated or removed from the body. Placing hooks near the rear of the bait reduces the risk of deep hooking.


title: Esox

text: Other methods of catching and handing pike that are now frowned upon are the gaff and the gag. The gaff is a metal hook on the end of a pole used to hook through the fish's body in place of a more humane landing net. A gag is a device for holding open the pike's mouth whilst unhooking. These are now illegal in Scotland, as they put a huge amount of pressure on a pike's jaw, thus causing irreparable damage.


title: Esox

text: The taste of pike and pickerel is highly esteemed, but the "multitude of long, fine, forked bones" are problematic.


title: Esox

text: Two United States Navy submarines have been named "Pike" – SS-6 of 1903 and SS-173 of 1935 – and three – SS-22 of 1912, SS-177 of 1936, and SS-524 of 1944 – named "Pickerel". In addition, the Soviet submarines known to NATO as the Victor III class and Akula class are called the "Shchuka" (Щука, "pike") class in Russian. The Soviet Iosif Stalin tank (IS-3) was also nicknamed "Shchuka", in reference to its sharply pointed hull front.


title: Esox

text: Russian mythology holds that the pike is one of several forms assumed by evil water spirits called vodyanoy, and a ravenous mythical pike is traditionally blamed for decimating the fish population in the Sheksna River. Russian fairy tales, on the other hand, also tell about an old wise pike that can fulfil wishes of the one who catches it, if its catcher releases it back into its habitat.


title: Esox

text: In the Finnish "Kalevala", Väinämöinen creates a kantele (string instrument) from the jawbone of a pike.


title: Esox

text: In heraldry, the pike is called a lucy (English heraldry) or a ged (Scottish heraldry). It is usually blazoned either "naiant" (swimming), "embowed" (bowed) or "hauriant" (jumping), though pairs of lucies may appear "addorsed" (back to back), as in the arms of the Finnish town of Uusikaupunki ("Argent, two lucies addorsed azure").


title: Esox

text: In George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of epic fantasy novels, both the seat and the highborn bastards of the Iron Islands are named "Pyke", likely inspired by the pike fish since the islands are inhabited by Vikings-like seafaring warriors who frequently pirate ships and raid the coastal regions.


title: Anne de Gaulle

text: Anne de Gaulle (1 January 1928 – 6 February 1948) was the youngest daughter of General Charles de Gaulle and his wife, Yvonne. She was born in Trier, Germany, where her father was stationed with the Army of Occupation in the Rhineland.


title: Anne de Gaulle

text: She was born with Down syndrome and lived with her family until her death. De Gaulle's relatives all testified that the General, who was normally undemonstrative and stoic in his affections for his family, was more open and extroverted with Anne. De Gaulle would entertain her with songs, dances, and pantomimes.


title: Anne de Gaulle

text: In October 1945, Yvonne de Gaulle bought the Château de Vert-Cœur at Milon-la-Chapelle (Yvelines), where they installed a private hospital for disabled young girls: the "Fondation Anne de Gaulle".


title: Anne de Gaulle

text: Anne died of pneumonia on 6 February 1948, aged 20, at Colombey-les-Deux-Églises. She could only say one word clearly: "Papa". Upon her death, her father said: "Now, she is like the others." (""Maintenant, elle est comme les autres."")


title: Anne de Gaulle

text: On 22 August 1962, Charles de Gaulle was the victim of an attempted assassination at Petit-Clamart. He later said that the potentially fatal bullet had been stopped by the frame of the photograph of Anne that he always carried with him; placed this particular day on the rear shelf of his car. When he died in 1970, he was buried in the cemetery of Colombey beside his beloved daughter.


title: Cow urine

text: Cow urine or Gomutra is a liquid by-product of metabolism in cows. Cow urine is used as medicine in some places of India, Myanmar, and Nigeria. While cow urine and cow dung have benefits as fertilizers, the proponents' claims about its curing diseases and cancer have no scientific backing.


title: Cow urine

text: Some Hindus claim that cow urine has a special significance as a medicinal drink. The sprinkling of cow urine is said to have a spiritual cleansing effect as well.


title: Cow urine

text: Cow urine is used for attempted therapeutic purposes in ancient Ayurvedic medicine. Urine of a pregnant cow is considered special; it is claimed to contain special hormones and minerals.


title: Cow urine

text: According to ayurvedas, "Gomutra" (cow urine) can cure leprosy, fevers, peptic ulcers, liver ailments, kidney disorders, asthma, certain allergies, psoriasis, anaemia and even cancer. One of India's largest Ayurvedic companies, Patanjali Ayurved, sells urine-based products.


title: Cow urine

text: Cow urine is also used in Myanmar and Nigeria as a folk medicine. In Nigeria, a concoction of leaves of tobacco, garlic and lemon basil juice, rock salt and cow urine is used in an attempt to treat convulsions in children. This has resulted in the death of several children from respiratory depression.


title: Cow urine

text: A floor-cleaning fluid called Gaunyle is marketed by an organisation called Holy Cow Foundation. Maneka Gandhi, Women and Child Development Minister, has proposed that Gaunyle be used instead of Phenyl in government offices. In May 2015, Rajendra Singh Rathore, Medical and Health Minister of Rajasthan, inaugurated a cow-urine refinery in Jalore. The refinery was set up by Parthvimeda Gau Pharma Pvt. Ltd. which produces a floor cleaner called Gocleaner.


title: Cow urine

text: Gomutra is used as a manure for production of rice. "Jeevamrutha" is a fertilizer made from a mixture of cow urine, cow dung, jaggery, pulse flour and rhizosphere soil.


title: Cow urine

text: Cow urine has also been used in various researches for the preparation of emulsified diesel. The results found with such a newly synthesized emulsion were quite satisfactory for diesel exhaust emissions and engine efficiency.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: In social psychology, reciprocity is a social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kind actions. As a social construct, reciprocity means that in response to friendly actions, people are frequently much nicer and much more cooperative than predicted by the self-interest model; conversely, in response to hostile actions they are frequently much more nasty and even brutal.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Reciprocity makes it possible to build continuing relationships and exchanges. Francis Fukuyama states that “If the institutions of democracy and capitalism are to work properly, they must coexist within certain premodern cultural habits that ensure their proper functioning” (p. 11). He goes on to say “Law, contract, and economic rationality and prosperity…. must as well be leavened with reciprocity, moral obligation, duty toward community, and trust…. The latter are not anachronisms in a modern society but rather the sine qua non of the latter’s success” (p. 11) According to the sociologist Alvin Gouldner (1960), this norm is nearly universal, and only a few members of society—the very young, the sick, or the old—are exempt from it.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Reciprocal actions differ from altruistic actions in that reciprocal actions only follow from others' initial actions, while altruism is the unconditional act of social gift-giving without any hope or expectation of future positive responses. Some distinguish between ideal altruism (giving with no expectation of future reward) and reciprocal altruism (giving with limited expectation or the potential for expectation of future reward). For more information on this idea, see altruism or altruism (ethics).


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Reciprocity dates as far back as the time of Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750 BC). Hammurabi's code, a collection of 282 laws and standards, lists crimes and their various punishments as well as guidelines for citizens' conduct. The code was formalized example that demanded the individual act in terms of the public interest. The "eye for an eye" principles in which the laws were written mirror the idea of direct reciprocity. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would be put to death:


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Law #196: "If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one gold mina. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price."


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Reciprocity was also a cornerstone of ancient Greece. In Homeric Greece, citizens relied on reciprocity as a form of transaction as there was no formal system of government or trade. In Homer's "Iliad", he illustrates several instances of reciprocal transactions in the form of gift giving. For example, in Book VI of the Iliad, Glaucus and Diomedes exchange armor when they discover that their grandfathers were friends. However, there were times when direct reciprocity was not possible, specifically in times of great need when a citizen had nothing to give for repayment. Thus, deferred reciprocity was also prevalent in Greek culture at this time. Deferred reciprocity refers to giving a person gifts or favors with the understanding that they will repay this favor at another time when the initial giver is in great need. This form of reciprocity was used extensively by travelers, particularly in the Odyssey. Odysseus often had to rely on the kindness of human strangers and other mythological creatures to secure resources along his journey.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: In the classical Greek "polis", large-scale projects such as construction of temples, building of warships and financing of choruses were carried out as gifts from individual donors. In Rome, wealthy elite were linked with their dependents in a cycle of reciprocal gift giving. As these examples suggest, reciprocity enjoyed a cultural prestige among ancient aristocracies for whom it was advantageous.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin attribute the very nature of humans to reciprocity. They claim humans survived because our ancestors learned to share goods and services "in an honored network of obligation". Thus, the idea that humans are indebted to repay gifts and favors is a unique aspect of human culture. Cultural anthropologists support this idea in what they call the "web of indebtedness" where reciprocity is viewed as an adaptive mechanism to enhance survival. Within this approach, reciprocity creates an interdependent environment where labor is divided so that humans may be more efficient. For example, if one member of the group cares for the children while another member hunts for food for the group, each member has provided a service and received one in return. Each member can devote more time and attention to his or her allotted task and the whole group benefits. This meant that individuals could give away resources without actually giving them away. Through the rule of reciprocity, sophisticated systems of aid and trade were possible bringing immense benefits to the societies that utilized them. Given the benefits of reciprocity at the societal level, it is not surprising that the norm has persisted and dictates our present cognition and behavior.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Reciprocity is not only a strong determining factor of human behavior; it is a powerful method for gaining one's compliance with a request. The rule of reciprocity has the power to trigger feelings of indebtedness even when faced with an uninvited favor and irrespective of liking the person who executed the favor. In 1971, Dennis Regan tested the strength of these two aspects of reciprocity in a study where participants believed they were in an art appreciation experiment with a partner, Joe, who was really Regan's assistant. During the experiment, Joe would disappear and bring back a soft drink for the participant. After this phase of the experiment was over, Joe would ask the participant to buy raffle tickets from him. The more the participants liked Joe, the more likely they were to buy raffle tickets from him. However, when Joe had given them a soda and thus indebted them to reciprocate, it made no difference whether the participants liked Joe or not, the rule of reciprocity overpowered liking. Thus, individuals who we might not even like have the power to greatly increase our chances of doing them a favor simply by providing us with a small gift or favor prior to their request. Furthermore, we are obliged to receive these gifts and favors which reduces our ability to choose to whom we wish to be indebted.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: In 1976, Phillip Kunz demonstrated the automatic nature of reciprocity in an experiment using Christmas cards. In this experiment, Kunz sent out holiday cards with pictures of his family and a brief note to a group of complete strangers. While he expected some reaction, holiday cards came pouring back to him from people who had never met nor heard of him and who expressed no desire to get to know him any better. The majority of these individuals who responded never inquired into Kunz's identity, they were merely responding to his initial gesture with a reciprocal action.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Politics is another area where the power of reciprocity is evident. While politicians often claim autonomy from the feelings of obligation associated with gifts and favors that influence everyone else, they are also susceptible. In the 2002 election, U.S. Congress Representatives who received the most money from special interest groups were over seven times more likely to vote in favor of the group that had contributed the most money to their campaigns.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Fehr and Gächter (2000) showed that, when acting within reciprocal frameworks, individuals are more likely to deviate from purely self-interested behavior than when acting in other social contexts. Magnanimity is often repaid with disproportionate amounts of kindness and cooperation, and treachery with disproportionate amounts of hostility and vengeance, which can significantly surpass amounts determined or predicted by conventional economic models of rational self-interest. Moreover, reciprocal tendencies are frequently observed in situations wherein transaction costs associated with specific reciprocal actions are high and present or future material rewards are not expected. Whether self-interested or reciprocal action dominates the aggregate outcome is particularly dependent on context; in markets or market-like scenarios characterized by competitiveness and incomplete contracts, reciprocity tends to win out over self-interest.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Positive reciprocity occurs when an action committed by one individual that has a positive effect on someone else is returned with an action that has an approximately equal positive effect. For example, if someone takes care of another person's dog, the person who received this favor should then return this action with another favor such as with a small gift. However, the reciprocated action should be approximately equal to the first action in terms of positive value, otherwise this can result in an uncomfortable social situation. If someone takes care of another person's dog and that person returns the favor by buying that individual a car, the reciprocated gift is inappropriate because it does not equal the initial gesture. Individuals expect actions to be reciprocated by actions that are approximately equal in value.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: One example of positive reciprocity is that waitresses who smile broadly receive more tips than waitresses who present a minimal smile. Also, free samples are not merely opportunities to taste a product but rather invitations to engage in the rule of reciprocity. Many people find it difficult to accept the free sample and walk away. Instead, they buy some of the product even when they did not find it that enjoyable.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: Negative reciprocity occurs when an action that has a negative effect on someone is returned with an action that has an approximately equal negative effect. For example, if an individual commits a violent act against a person, it is expected that person would return with a similar act of violence. If, however, the reaction to the initial negative action is not approximately equal in negative value, this violates the norm of reciprocity and what is prescribed as allowable. Retaliatory aspects i.e. the aspects of trying to get back and cause harm, are known as negative reciprocity. This definition of negative reciprocity is distinct from the way negative reciprocity is defined in other domains. In cultural anthropology, negative reciprocity refers to an attempt to get something for nothing. It is often referred to as "bartering" or "haggling" (see reciprocity (cultural anthropology) for more information).


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: There are more subtle ways of initiating the reciprocity rule than merely doing something nice for someone so you may expect something in return. One form of this more subtle form of reciprocity is the idea of reciprocal concessions in which the requester lowers his/her initial request, making the respondent more likely to agree to a second request. Under the rule of reciprocity, we are obligated to concede to someone who has made a concession to us. That is, if an individual starts off by requesting something large and you refuse, you feel obligated to consent to their smaller request even though you might not be interested in either of the things they are offering. Robert Cialdini illustrates an example of this phenomenon by telling a story of a boy who asks him to buy five-dollar circus tickets and, when Cialdini refuses, asks him to buy some one dollar chocolate bars. Cialdini feels obligated to return the favor and consents to buying some of the chocolate bars.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: The rule of reciprocity operates in reciprocal concessions in two ways. First, an individual is pressured to reciprocate one concession for another by nature of the rule itself. Second, because the individual who initially concedes can expect to have the other person concede in return, this person is free to make the concession in the first place. If there were no social pressure to return the concession, an individual runs the risk of giving up something and getting nothing in return. Mutual concession is a procedure that can promote compromise in a group so that individuals can refocus their efforts toward achieving a common goal. Reciprocal concessions promote compromise in a group so that the initial and incompatible desires of individuals can be set aside for the benefit of social cooperation.


title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: The door in the face technique, otherwise known as the rejection-then-retreat technique, involves making an outrageous request that someone will almost certainly turn down, and then make the smaller request that was the favor of interest all along. If done skillfully, the second request is seen as a concession so compliance with the second request is obtained. However, one must proceed with caution when using this technique. If the first request is so big that it is seen as unreasonable, the door in the face technique proves useless as the concession made after is not perceived as genuine. The door in the face technique is not to be confused with the foot in the door technique where individuals getting a person to agree with a large request by first getting them to agree to a moderate request.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar is a city, municipal corporation and administrative headquarters of Hisar district of Hisar division in the state of Haryana in northwestern India. It is located 161.2 km (100.16 mi) to the west of New Delhi, India's capital, and has been identified as a counter-magnet city for the National Capital Region to develop as an alternative centre of growth to Delhi.


title: Hisar (city)

text: The city was founded in 1354 AD, as "Hisar-e-Firoza" by Firoz Shah Tughlaq, the Sultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388. The word Hisar means fort or castle in Persian. The city was ruled by several major powers, including the Tughlaqs in the 14th century, the Mughals in the 16th century, and the British in the 19th century. After India achieved independence, it was unified


title: Hisar (city)

text: Archeological excavations at nearby locations of Rakhigarhi (7000 BCE), Siswal (4000 BCE), and Lohari Ragho suggest the presence of human habitation from pre-Harappan period. Later, Aryan people settled around Drsadvati River. The Jain literature Uttaradhayana Sutra ((599/540 - 527/468 BCE) mentions a town Isukara in the Kuru (c. 1200 – c. 900 BCE) country which is believed to be the earlier name of Hisar. The kingdom of Hisar, with its capital at Agroha, possibly assisted Chandragupta Maurya (reign: 321–297 BCE) in his war against the Greeks. The kingdom was then included in the Mauryan Empire, as evidenced by the discovery of Ashokan pillars in the vicinity of the city. The city later came under the Kushan Empire (127 - 375 CE) and the Gupta Empire (250 - 550 CE). The area was sacked by Mahmud of Ghazni during his campaigns. In the 12th century, the Chauhan king Prithviraj Chauhan made Hansi, located in the present day Hisar district, his capital and built a fort. It remained a strategic place for Chauhan Empire until Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in the Second Battle of Tarain by the invading Ghurid ruler Muhammad Ghori.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar was founded in 1354 AD, as 'Hisar-e-Firoza' by Firoz Shah Tughlaq, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388. He built a walled fort with four gates, the Delhi Gate and Mori Gate to the east, the Nagori Gate to the south, and the Talaqi Gate to the west. The construction of the fort started in 1354 AD and was completed in 1356 AD. In the middle of the fort stood the Firoz Shah Palace. Apart from its several underground apartments, the complex had different buildings such as Baradari, Lat ki Masjid, Diwan-e-Aam, and Shahi Darwaza. Near the palace was the Gujri Mahal built by the emperor for his wife name Gujri. The city was named as Hisar-e-Firoza, which means Fort of Firoz in Persian. Timur invaded the city in 1398 AD and his soldiers set fire to the fort.


title: Hisar (city)

text: The city later came under the rule of Sayyid dynasty and Lodi dynasty before Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat.


title: Hisar (city)

text: When Babur invaded India in 1524–1526, Hisar was part of Ibrahim Lodi's empire. In the battle of Panipat in 1526, Babur sent prince Humayun, who succeeded in defeating the army of Ibrahim Lodi. Babur handed over the city of Hisar to Humayun as a reward for his success on his first military expedition. In 1540, Hisar came under the control of Sher Shah Suri when he defeated Humayun but Humayun took it back in 1555 and assigned it to Akbar. During Akbar's reign (1556–1605) Hisar became once more a place of considerable importance. The city remained under the rule of Mughals until 1760.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar was occupied by George Thomas, an Irish adventurer, in 1798. The arrangement continued until 1801 when Thomas was driven out by the Maratha confederacy. A French officer, Lt. Bourquian, controlled these areas on behalf of Marathas. He is said to have rebuilt the towns of Tohana and Hissar. The region came under the rule of British East India Company in 1803 and remained a part until the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when Muhammad Azim and Rao Tula Ram conquered it away for a short period. The company sent forces under General Van Cortlandt, who defeated Azim and Tula Ram on 16 November 1857. Between 1803 and 1879, the British constructed a 4,000-km-long Great Hedge of India, for levying the customs duty on salt and sugar, that ran through Hisar and Hansi. Hisar became a municipality in 1867.


title: Hisar (city)

text: For their participation in first war of independence, the Chaudharys and Lambardars of villages who participated in rebellion were also deprived of their land and property, including 368 people of Hisar and Gurugram were hanged or transported for life. The city remained as a major center of the Indian independence movement from the rebellion of 1857 until the independence, as many national leaders visited the city during the movement such as Lala Lajpat Rai in 1886, Subhas Chandra Bose in 1938, and Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar is located at in western Haryana. It has an average elevation of above mean sea level. The region is part of the alluvial Ghaggar-Yamuna plain and its southern and western portions mark a gradual transition to the desert. The Ghaggar and the Drishadvati rivers once flowed through the city. According to tectonic map, the district lies on Delhi-Lahore Ridge which is bounded by thrusts and no earthquake of any significance has originated in the zone in the past. Only one instance has been recorded of a famine occurring in the city in 1837–38.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar has a continental climate, with very hot summers and relatively cool winters. The main characteristics of climate in Hisar are dryness, extremes of temperature, and scanty rainfall. The maximum daytime temperature during the summer varies between . During winter, its ranges between 1.5 °C and 4 °C. Maximum temperature recorded is in May 1944, whereas the minimum temperature recorded is in January 1929. Annual average maximum and minimum temperature is and , respectively. Relative humidity varies from 5 to 100%.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar is located on the outer margins of the south-west monsoon region. The average annual rainfall is around , most of which occurs during July and August. The annual highest rainfall of was recorded in 1976 and the lowest of in 2000. Dew is observed in December and January. Hot winds, locally known as "loo", are strong and frequent from May to July. Occasionally, dust storms are experienced during summer and hail storms during February to April. Fog prevails generally in December and January. Thunderstorms also occur during the post-monsoon season and summer.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar became a municipality in 1867. It was made the headquarters of the Hisar district in 1832. The Municipal Corporation of Hisar, consisting of 20 wards, is headed by a mayor. Law and order in the city are maintained by Haryana Police, which is headed by Superintendent of Police. The city also serves as headquarters of the Hisar Range of Haryana Police which covers Sirsa, Jind, Bhiwani, and Hisar and is headed by Inspector General of Police. District court was set up at Hisar in 1832 and was upgraded as a Sessions Division in 1915. It is headed by Chief Judicial Magistrate. The district court has a bar association which was founded in 1870.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar elects its member to the legislative assembly for Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) and a member to the parliament for Hisar Lok Sabha constituency. It serves as the headquarters of 33rd Battalion of Border Security Force and 3rd Battalion of Haryana Armed Police. The 33rd Armoured Division of Indian Army is stationed at Hisar and is a part of I Corps. In 1996, Brigade of the Guards arrived here for conversion to mechanized profile and the unit is now a fully mechanized battalion.


title: Hisar (city)

text: The city has a large steel industry and is known as the 'City of Steel'. As of June 2012, Hisar is India's largest manufacturer of galvanized iron. Textile and automobile industry is also a major contributor to the economy of the city. It also has a large number of livestock farms with the Central Livestock Farm, established in 1809 being one of the Asia's largest cattle farms. The Jindal Group headed by Savitri Jindal, the 10th-wealthiest woman in the world is based in Hisar. Jindal Stainless Steel is also the world's largest producer of Stainless Steel strips for razor blades and India's largest producer of coin blanks. The city has been identified as a counter-magnet city for the National Capital Region to attract migrants and develop as an alternative center of growth to Delhi. Subhash Chandra, founding owner chairman of Essel Group & Zee Entertainment Enterprises is from Hisar.


title: Hisar (city)

text: In 1843, Hisar city had an estimated population of 7,000 people. According to the 2011 census of India, Hisar has a population of 301,249 and is currently the 141st-most populated city in India. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%, with 844 females per thousand males. Hisar has an average literacy rate of 81.04%, higher than the national average: male literacy is 86.13% and female literacy is 75.00%. In Hisar, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age and the child sex ratio is 860 girls per thousand boys. Although Hisar city has population of 301,249, its urban population is 306,893, of which 166,623 are males and 140,270 are females. The decadal growth rate was 27.06%.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Over 97% of the city's population are followers of Hinduism. The remaining 3% are followers of Sikhism, Jainism, Islam, and Christianity. The city had a major Muslim population before Indian Independence in 1947, following which most Muslims migrated to Pakistan during the Partition of India. It was also a major centre of learning for Digambara Jains and was once the seat of Bhattaraka, head of Digambara Jain institutions.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated in the city including Diwali, Dussehra, Ram Navami, Janamashtami, Shivratri, Lohri, Gugga Navami, Holi, Basant Panchami, Teej and Makar Sankranti. Haryali Teej, Sankranti, Sanjhi, Govardhan Puja, Phag and Kartik Snan are special festivals of the district. The festivals of Jains, Christians, Sikhs and Muslims are also celebrated. Sweets are popular, with Hansi ka Peda being the most popular amongst them. Ghoomar is the primary folk dance performed by people during festivals and other occasions and Saang is the folk-theatre of the region. Classical Indian vocalist Jasraj and poet Vishnu Prabhakar belong to Hisar.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Signs of pre-Harappan settlements have been found at Siswal, Lohari Ragho and Mingni khera in Hisar district. One of the four pre-Harappan phases has been named Sothi-Siswal period (3200–2600 BC) on this site. Harappa settlements can be found as well in Rakhigarhi. The site covers 2180 hectares, making it the largest Harappan site known in India and the second-biggest overall after Mohenjodaro. All the sites are maintained by Archaeological Survey of India. Agroha is another place of historical importance. It is situated about 24 km from the city and was once the capital of king Agrasena, who is believed to have lived during the last stages of Dvapara Yuga in the Mahabharat era. Remains of his capital have been excavated, known as Agroha Mound or locally as "Ther", and belong to around 3000 BC. The city was also a major centre during the Mauryan period as Buddhist and Jain temples have also been revealed in the excavations.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Firoz Shah Palace Complex is another prominent historical site located inside the city. It was built by Firuz Shah Tughlaq in 1354. Asigarh Fort, a centrally protected monument, was built in 1304–1305. Historical places from the British era include St. Thomas Church and Jahaj Kothi Museum, a Jain temple converted to a museum.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Balsamand, Siswal, Banawali, Kanwari, and Rakhigarhi are some of the sites of Indus Valley civilisation of now lost ancient Drishadvati river flowing through Hisar, Drishadvati river was a tributary of ancient Sarasvati River which still flows as remnant Ghaggar-Hakra River. Historic Agroha Mound and Agroha Dham is a prominent religious place located on the outskirts of the city about 22 km away on Fatehabad-Sirsa-Bhatinda road. A local deity Banbhori is worshipped by local people. Delhi Sultanate era Firoz Shah Palace Complex and Pranpir Badshah tomb are located in the city.


title: Hisar (city)

text: The oldest park located in the city is the Krantiman Park, located across the historic St. Thomas Church. The park was built in the 19th century and was then known as Company Bagh. Other parks include Madhuban Park, Town Park, and O. P. Jindal Knowledge Center. The O. P. Jindal Knowledge Centre, inaugurated in 2009 a museum, library, park and houses a 25-storied, 282-ft- high steel tower (which is one of the tallest structure in Hisar City) modeled on the Space Needle in Seattle. Haryana Rural Antique Museum, which is maintained by CCS HAU in its Gandhi Bhawan, exhibits evolution of agriculture and vanishing antiques. Jahaj Kothi Museum, named after George Thomas, is located inside Firoz Shah Palace Complex and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum is located at Rakhigarhi, which is an Indus Valley Civilisation site 60 km away.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Blue Bird Lake, an artificial lake and tourist complex maintained by the Haryana Tourism, offers boating and watersports, birding, picnicking, and recreation. The deer park and Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park are located at the outskirts of the city and maintained by the Haryana State Forest Department. It was established in 1971 and endangered species such as blackbuck, chital, sambar, and nilgai can be found here. Hisar Police Lines Golf Course is located near the Hisar Airport.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Doordarshan Kendra was set up in 2002. Besides Doordarshan, local cable operators broadcast channels in the city. An All India Radio station is located at Hisar. Private FM stations operating in Hisar are BIG FM, My FM, Radio Mantra, Radio Dhamaal and Radio Tarang. CCS HAU community radio station was started in 2011.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Before independence of India, monsoon or groundwater were the main sources of irrigation. The main source of water now is Balsamand branch of Western Yamuna Canal. Municipal Corporation of Hisar supplies potable water to the city. The city first got electricity in 1936. Power is distributed by Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) provides landline and broadband services. Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. The planning of the city is done by Haryana Urban Development Authority.


title: Hisar (city)

text: People from Punjab and Rajasthan come to Hisar for medical treatment. The district Red Cross Society caters to specially abled people. Civil Hospital at Hisar is a multispeciality hospital and a premier cancer hospital that provide cancer therapy to the economically weaker section of the society.


title: Hisar (city)

text: The city lies on National Highway 9 and National Highway 52. National Highway 9 from Pithoragarh to Malout connects it to Rohtak and Sirsa and National Highway 52 from Sangrur to Ankola connects it to Narwana and Jaipur and connected to Kaithal . The state highways of Haryana that pass through Hisar are State Highways 10, 13, and 20. Besides, there are district roads, village link roads and canal inspection roads. In 1947, the total metalled road length in the city was which increased to in 1978.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Bus service is the major means of transport in the town. Bus services are provided by Haryana Roadways and other private operators. Hisar bus depot was established on 11 August 1969 and has a sub depot at Hansi. As of 2012, the depot has a total of 198 buses with daily ridership of 73,500. All the 290 villages of Hisar district are connected to the city through either public transport provided by Haryana Roadways or through private buses. Auto rickshaws are a major means of transport for travelling within the city. In August 2012, city bus service was started in the city. The city is a part of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project which aims at developing strong road and rail connections between the cities lying on it and develop them as an industrial area.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar is a railway junction station, and it falls under Bikaner division of North Western Railway Zone. The first railway line to the city was laid down in 1883 when Delhi Rewari Railway was extended to Bhatinda. Currently, four broad gauge railway lines are at the station. The railway station is a part of Western Dedicated Rail Freight Corridor according to which the city is to be developed as an export-oriented industrial unit. The city is well connected to the neighboring states through rail links.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar Airport is located on the outskirts of the city and is currently in development. In August 2012, the DGCA approved the Haryana state government's plan to develop the airport to operate domestic passenger services. Its runway will be extended to to accommodate air service.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Before the British Raj, indigenous schools provided elementary education. Till 1892, the city had only one middle school. The first private school, CAV High School, was set up by Arya Samaj in 1918. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities was the first university established in Hisar, in 1971. Other universities located in the city are Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Shanti Niketan Vidyapeeth, Hisar. Commercial and private pilot license training is provided by the Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation (HICA) from Hisar Airport built in 1965.


title: Hisar (city)

text: A few agricultural and veterinary research centers are also situated in the city such as National Research Centre on Equines, Central Sheep Breeding Farm, Government Livestock Farm, Hisar Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Regional Fodder Station, Hisar and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes. In 1988, the city hosted the 2nd World Buffalo Congress. The major library in the city is Nehru Library. It also has a Government Polytechnic with courses in Textiles, Fashion, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electrical Engineering and computer science.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Mahabir Stadium, Haryana Agricultural University Stadium and HAU Giri Centre host state sponsored sports academies.


title: Hisar (city)

text: Hisar hosted the 51st National Boxing Championship in 2004, and 22nd Haryana State Women Sports Festival in 2008. The 9th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship 2019 was also hosted in 2019.


title: Hisar (city)

text: It has a sports center run by Sports Authority of India at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University which has a synthetic track of international standard apart from other facilities. Other major sporting venue in Hisar is Mahabir Stadium for multiple sports which was completed in the year 1972, run by District Olympic Association .


title: Hisar (city)

text: Sports persons from Hisar include Chandgi Ram, Geetika Jakhar in wrestling, Krishna Poonia in discus throw, Manvinder Bisla in cricket, Nirmala Devi in wrestling, Udey Chand, Vikas Krishan Yadav, Pinki Jangra in boxing and Manandeep Singh in football. In April 2012, 18-year-old Ajay Kumar from Hisar qualified for 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Ladon (mythology)

text: Ladon (; Ancient Greek: Λάδων; gen.: Λάδωνος "Ladonos") was a monster in Greek mythology, the dragon that guarded the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides.


title: Ladon (mythology)

text: According to Hesiod's "Theogony", Ladon was the last of the progeny of Phorcys and Ceto. A scholion on Apollonius of Rhodes' "Argonautica", however, cites Hesiod as calling him the son of Typhon, and the same scholion on Apollonius of Rhodes claims that one "Peisandros" called Ladon born of the earth. The mythographer Apollodorus calls Ladon the offspring of the monstrous Typhon and Echidna, a parentage repeated by Hyginus and Pherecydes; similarly, Ladon is called the son of Typhon in Tzetzes' "Chiliades".


title: Ladon (mythology)

text: According to Ptolemy Hephaestion's "New History", as recorded by Photius in his "Bibliotheca", Ladon was the brother of the Nemean lion.


title: Ladon (mythology)

text: Ladon was the serpent-like dragon that twined and twisted around the tree in the Garden of the Hesperides and guarded the golden apples. In pursuance of his , Heracles killed Ladon with a bow and arrow and carried the apples away. The following day, Jason and the Argonauts passed by on their chthonic return journey from Colchis, hearing the lament of "shining" Aegle, one of the four Hesperides, and viewing the still-twitching Ladon. In an alternate version of the myth, Ladon is never slain, and Heracles instead gets the Titan god Atlas to retrieve the apples. At the same time, Heracles takes Atlas’ place, holding up the sky.


title: Ladon (mythology)

text: The dragon (Ladon) image coiled around the tree, originally adopted by the Hellenes from Near Eastern and Minoan sources, is familiar from surviving Greek vase-painting. In the 2nd century CE, Pausanias saw among the treasuries at Olympia an archaic cult image in cedar-wood of Heracles and the apple-tree of the Hesperides with the snake coiled around it.


title: Ladon (mythology)

text: Diodorus Siculus gives an euhemerist interpretation of Ladon, as a human shepherd guarding a flock of golden-fleeced sheep, adding, "But with regards to such matters it will be every man's privilege to form such opinions as accord with his own belief."


title: Ladon (mythology)

text: According to the "Astronomy" attributed to Hyginus, Ladon is the constellation Draco which was placed among the stars by Zeus. Ladon is the Greek version of the West Semitic serpent Lotan, or the Hurrian serpent Illuyanka. He might be given multiple heads, a hundred in Aristophanes' "The Frogs" (a passing remark in line 475), which might speak with different voices.


title: Arg max

text: In mathematics, the arguments of the maxima (abbreviated arg max or argmax) are the points, or elements, of the domain of some function at which the function values are maximized. In contrast to global maxima, which refers to the largest "outputs" of a function, arg max refers to the "inputs", or arguments, at which the function outputs are as large as possible.


title: Arg max

text: Given an arbitrary set a totally ordered set and a function, the formula_1 over some subset formula_2 of formula_3 is defined by


title: Arg max

text: If formula_5 or formula_2 is clear from the context, then formula_2 is often left out, as in formula_8 In other words, formula_1 is the set of points formula_10 for which formula_11 attains the function's largest value (if it exists). formula_12 may be the empty set, a singleton, or contain multiple elements.


title: Arg max

text: In the fields of convex analysis and variational analysis, a slightly different definition is used in the special case where formula_13 are the extended real numbers. In this case, if formula_14 is identically equal to formula_15 on formula_2 then formula_17 (that is, formula_18) and otherwise formula_19 is defined as above, where in this case formula_19 can also be written as:


title: Arg max

text: where it is emphasized that this equality involving formula_22 holds when formula_14 is not identically formula_15 on


title: Arg max

text: The notion of formula_25 (or formula_26), which stands for argument of the minimum, is defined analogously. For instance,


title: Arg max

text: are points formula_10 for which formula_11 attains its smallest value. It is the complementary operator of


title: Arg max

text: In the special case where formula_30 are the extended real numbers, if formula_14 is identically equal to formula_32 on formula_2 then formula_34 (that is, formula_35) and otherwise formula_36 is defined as above and moreover, in this case (of formula_14 not identically equal to formula_32) it also satisfies:


title: Arg max

text: For example, if formula_11 is formula_41 then formula_14 attains its maximum value of formula_43 only at the point formula_44 Thus


title: Arg max

text: The formula_1 operator is different from the formula_47 operator. The formula_47 operator, when given the same function, returns the of the function instead of the that cause that function to reach that value; in other words


title: Arg max

text: Like formula_51 max may be the empty set (in which case the maximum is undefined) or a singleton, but unlike formula_51 formula_53 may not contain multiple elements: for example, if formula_11 is formula_55 then formula_56 but formula_57 because the function attains the same value at every element of formula_58


title: Arg max

text: Equivalently, if formula_59 is the maximum of formula_60 then the formula_1 is the level set of the maximum:


title: Arg max

text: If the maximum is reached at a single point then this point is often referred to as formula_51 and formula_1 is considered a point, not a set of points. So, for example,


title: Arg max

text: (rather than the singleton set formula_67), since the maximum value of formula_68 is formula_69 which occurs for formula_70 However, in case the maximum is reached at many points, formula_1 needs to be considered a of points.


title: Arg max

text: because the maximum value of formula_73 is formula_74 which occurs on this interval for formula_75 or formula_76 On the whole real line


title: Arg max

text: Functions need not in general attain a maximum value, and hence the formula_1 is sometimes the empty set; for example, formula_79 since formula_80 is unbounded on the real line. As another example, formula_81 although formula_82 is bounded by formula_83 However, by the extreme value theorem, a continuous real-valued function on a closed interval has a maximum, and thus a nonempty formula_58


title: Kasamh Se

text: Kasamh Se (English title: The Promise) was an Indian soap opera produced by Ekta Kapoor of Balaji Telefilms. The show aired on Zee TV from 16 January 2006 to 12 March 2009. The story is about three sisters: Bani, Piya and Rano. It was remade in Malayalam as "Vrindavanam". Initially the show was launched on May 7, 2012 on Asianet in its prime time slot. the show was moved to another Malayalam TV channel and a rival of Asianet and Surya TV. Vrindavanam is currently aired on Surya TV every weekday i.e., from Monday to Friday. It was originally named "Vrindavanam" when it used to be aired in Asianet. But its name was changed from "Vrindavanam" to "Nandanam", and its telecasting had been shifted from Asianet to Surya TV.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Three Dixit sisters; Bani, Pia and Rano are different but are close to each other. They live in Mount Abu. After their father's death, the three sisters go to Mumbai to live with Jai Udai Walia, a ruthless business tycoon who knew their parents. Jai falls for Pia, but she loves Jai's employee Pushkar Shukla and is more interested in Jai's wealth. Their marriage is arranged but on the wedding day, Pia elopes with Pushkar. To save the Dixit family's honor and mostly persuaded by Jai's cunning sister Jigyasa, Bani takes Pia's place at the altar and marries Jai. Jai is initially furious, but slowly comes to fall for Bani. They kiss after a family function arranged by Jai’s friend Roshni. Jai's younger nephew and Jigyasa's younger son Sahil falls for Rano and they get married.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Though Pia is married to Pushkar, after an argument with Pushkar she becomes interested in Jai's wealth and tries to steal him from Bani. Once Jai goes on a business trip, Pia follows him, spikes his drink, and sexually assaults him. This leaves Jai shaken.


title: Kasamh Se

text: On Bani and Jai's one-year anniversary, it is revealed that Pia is pregnant with Jai's child. Bani goes into trauma but later forgives them. Pia gives birth to a son, Veer while Rano gives birth a son, Varun. Sahil is killed and Pia frames Bani for Sahil's death and blackmails Jai: he can either let Bani spend life in jail or testify that she is mentally ill and she can spend only five years in a mental hospital. Jai, who is left with no option, rules that Bani is mentally ill and she is sent to a mental hospital.


title: Kasamh Se

text: At the hospital, she gives birth to twins Krishna and Atharva but they are taken away by Jai. Bani escapes from the hospital and is rescued by a man named Aparajit Deb who takes her under his wing. He takes an interest in her. He offers her to come with him abroad so she can get away from her past. Bani agrees but promises that she will return for her children.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Krishna and Atharva are now five years old. Pia does not take care of them. Bani, who has adopted the name Durga Dasgupta, returns to take her children and exposes Pia for what she has done and take revenge against Jai. Later she learns that Jai has done nothing and he testified against her only to save her. Pia is thrown out of the house. Pia meets with an accident and is left in a wheelchair. Bani and Rano forgive her and help her.


title: Kasamh Se

text: It is revealed that Bani had a twin sister Anamika and she is dead. Her husband Daksh Randheria became mentally unstable after that. He only acts normal when he is with Bani. Krishna and Atharva are kidnapped and murdered in front of Bani and Jai. Struck by the loss of his children and instigation by Jigyasa, Jai kicks Bani out of the house. Jai's aunt supports Bani and leaves the house. Bani, feeling like she has nothing left, tries to kill herself but is saved. She is revealed to be pregnant and finds hope in her life again. Daksh is cured.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Bani lives by the name of Maithili with Jai's aunt and her 5-year-old daughter Ganga in Meerut. Daksh is helping Bani. Jai has moved on and made his business flourish. He has remarried to Meera Khandelwal. Jai meets Ganga and has a good connection with her, not knowing that Ganga is his daughter. Later he learns that Ganga is his daughter. Ganga is revealed to have blood cancer and the only way she can survive is by a bone marrow transplant that can only be donated by family. This makes Jai and Bani come together to save Ganga. Jai learns the truth that Bani was never having an affair with Daksh and apologizes to her. Jigyasa is revealed to have gotten the Walia twins kidnapped. Jai sends Jigyasa to jail but Bani does not believe that Jigyasa killed them. Jigyasa is taking the blame for the murder because the actual killer has blackmailed her that they would kill Jigyasa's elder son Ranbir if she didn't take the blame.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Bani gives birth to another set of twins, who are named after Krishna and Atharva. Ganga undergoes surgery and is cured. Daksh finds out who killed the twins but before he can reveal it, he is murdered. The family takes a trip to Bani's maternal home in Mount Abu. Pia is revealed to be fine and had been pretending to be handicapped to save Bani because the real killer is one of their family members. Pushkar takes Pia and Veer with him. It is revealed that Krishna and Atharva's killer is Meera. Meera confesses her crimes to Bani and sets Bani on fire. Bani falls off a cliff, burning, into the lake. She is declared dead, which leaves Jai and the family devastated.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Bani is revealed to be alive. She is saved by a man named Partho Mitra. She loses her memory and her face is severely damaged. She gets a new face with plastic surgery. Partho adopts her and moves to Kolkata with her.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Bani and Jai's children, Krishna and Ganga are grown up. Bani lives as Pronita Mitra and has hazy nightmares of the night Meera tried to kill her. Soon, she meets Jai in Mount Abu but Jai does not recognize her because of her new face. She also completes Ganga's painting in a painting exhibition. Bani is invited to a party at the Walia mansion where she sees Meera and regains her memory. She vows to take down Meera. She learns that Meera has spoilt her children and her own son. She exposes Meera in front of Jai. Meera accepts all the allegations and tells Jai the truth that she spoilt his children because Ganga and Krishna are Bani's daughters and if he divorced her she will claim her share in the property. Jai and Bani decide to teach her a lesson. Jai pretends to apologize to Meera and asks for their second marriage. Jai and Bani trick Meera into signing divorce papers and Bani sits in the mandap and they marry. They also teach their children a lesson. Jai and Meera's son also learns about Meera's truth and disowns her. It is revealed that Partho had been working with Jigyasa and Jigyasa was the one who saved her when Meera tried to kill her 16 years ago.


title: Kasamh Se

text: Meera tries to ruin Ganga's life by having her marry Pratyush Mittal. Mittals are bankrupt and Pratyush is pretending to be in love with Ganga. Bani learns about it and with the help of Ganga's friend Rishi Tyagi and her hired actress Sonali expose Pratyush and Mittal family on the day of marriage. The Mittal family is arrested and Rishi who had fallen in love with Ganga makes a proposal in front of Walia family of marrying Ganga. Ganga initially refuses but later agrees. They then marry. Bani tries to scare Meera pretending to be Bani's ghost/spirit/soul. Meera learns that Bani is alive and tries to kill her. Bani is saved by Jigyasa. Jai stops Meera from attacking Jigyasa. He is so furious that he tries to kill Meera but he is stopped by Walia family. Meera is exposed and sent to jail. Jigyasa reunites with her family. Jigyasa lies to Walia family that she had hired Pronita to expose Meera. Rano and Pia come to know that Pronita is actually Bani and with help of Pushkar prove that Pronita is actually Bani. Ganga falls in love with Rishi. Jai and Pia's son Veer comes to Mumbai. He is unaware of Jai, Bani, Pia's past because he is raised by Pia and Pushkar. He thinks Pushkar is his father. When he learns about Jai, Bani, and Pia's past, he, after Jigyasa's instigation, starts planning and plotting against Bani. Jigyasa then creates a rift between Jai and Meera's son Vicky and Ganga, and due to this stress, Jai has a heart attack and is paralyzed. The Walia family then make peace and Jigyasa apologizes to Bani for everything.


title: Kasamh Se

text: The family has relocated to Mount Abu, Bani and Jai come to their family during the festival of Holi and they celebrate with the whole family. Jai is completely well. The three sisters talk about how they started their journey here in Mount Abu, they are happy together with their family and all ends well.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: Javier Manquillo Gaitán (born 5 May 1994) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Premier League club Newcastle United.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: Developed at Atlético Madrid, he played only 17 matches with the first team, signing with Liverpool in 2014. He went on to spend several seasons more in the Premier League, with Sunderland and Newcastle United.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: Born in Madrid, Manquillo started playing football with hometown's Real Madrid alongside his twin brother Víctor, a forward. However, in mid-2007, the club decided to release the latter and the former followed suit, with both signing for neighbouring Atlético Madrid 48 hours later.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: On 8 December 2011, Manquillo made his competitive debut for the first team, starting in a 2–1 away loss against Albacete Balompié in the Copa del Rey (3–1 on aggregate). He was subsequently an unused substitute in the matches against Real Sociedad and Málaga.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: On 28 November 2012, again in the domestic cup, Manquillo appeared in his second game with Atlético's main squad, featuring 63 minutes in a 3–0 victory at Real Jaén. On 6 December, he featured in the 1–0 away defeat to Viktoria Plzeň in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. His debut in La Liga came on 9 December, coming on for Filipe Luís late into the second half of a 6–0 home win over Deportivo La Coruña. On 3 September 2013, he signed a contract extension, keeping him at the Vicente Calderón Stadium until June 2018.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: On 11 February 2014, in the first half of the Spanish Cup semi-final clash against Real Madrid, Manquillo was involved in two incidents with Cristiano Ronaldo: in the early minutes, he conceded a penalty which the Portuguese converted in the first goal of an eventual 2–0 win (5–0 aggregate). Later, after both went for an aerial challenge, he fell headfirst to the ground, going on to be sidelined for more than one month with a neck injury.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: Manquillo joined Premier League club Liverpool on 6 August 2014 on a two-year loan with an option to buy after his first season. He made his debut 11 days later, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Southampton. On 16 September, he won a 93rd-minute penalty in the UEFA Champions League tie against Ludogorets Razgrad, which Steven Gerrard converted to make the score 2–1 and win the match. The following week, in the third round of the Football League Cup, he converted his penalty shoot-out attempt against Middlesbrough as his team prevailed 14–13 following a 2–2 draw. After featuring in 16 matches during the first part of the season, he played just three times in 2015, never in the domestic league, and Atlético Madrid subsequently confirmed that the loan deal had been terminated.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: On 27 July 2015, Manquillo joined Ligue 1 club Marseille on loan for the 2015–16 season, with an option to buy. On 25 August 2016, he signed on loan with Premier League club Sunderland for the 2016–17 season.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: On 21 July 2017, Manquillo signed for Premier League club Newcastle United on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He scored his first goal on 11 September 2021, in a 4–1 league loss away to Manchester United.


title: Javier Manquillo

text: Manquillo earned 25 caps for Spain at youth level, including seven for the under-21s. He made his debut at that level on 4 September 2014, starting in a 1–0 win away to Hungary in 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification.


title: SS Arctic

text: SS "Arctic" was a 2,856-ton paddle steamer, one of the Collins Line, which operated a transatlantic passenger and mail steamship service during the 1850s. It was the largest of a fleet of four, built with the aid of U.S. government subsidies to challenge the transatlantic supremacy of the British-backed Cunard Line. During its four-year period of service, the ship was renowned both for its speed and for the luxury of its accommodation.


title: SS Arctic

text: On September 27, 1854, while on passage to New York from Liverpool, "Arctic" collided in fog with the French steamer off the coast of Newfoundland, and sank four hours later. "Arctic's" lifeboat capacity was around 180, enough for fewer than half those on board; the boats were launched in an atmosphere of panic and disorder, and the principle of "women and children first" was ignored. From around 400 on board (250 passengers, 150 crew), 24 male passengers and 61 crew survived; all the women and children died. No one was called to account for the disaster, and no official enquiry was held. Lifeboat provision on passenger-carrying ships remained inadequate until well into the 20th century.


title: SS Arctic

text: The first shipping line to begin regular transatlantic steamer services was the British-backed Cunard Line, which began operating on July 4, 1840, with the departure from Liverpool of RMS "Britannia", bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Boston. As the principal transatlantic mail carrier, the Cunard Line received subsidies from the British government and from the United States Post Office Department; many Americans, however, thought that an American line should benefit from these subsidies. Thus, in 1845, the United States Postmaster General asked shipowners to tender for the right to operate a subsidized passenger and mail service between the U.S. to Europe. The successful bidder, announced on March 3, 1847, was Edward Knight Collins. On the basis of the mail contract Collins founded the New York and Liverpool United States' Mail Steamship Company, familiarly known as the Collins Line, and begin an ambitious steamship construction program.


title: SS Arctic

text: The William H. Brown and the Jacob Bell shipyards were each contracted to build two large wooden paddle steamers, for use by Collins in a regular twice-monthly transatlantic mail service. The Collins line would receive an annual subsidy, initially of $385,000 a year, from the U.S. government. Part of the government's interest in the project lay in the potential of these ships for use in times of war; they were constructed in a manner that facilitated rapid conversion to warships should the need arise. "Arctic", built at Brown's shipyard and designed by George Steers, was the third of the four ships to be launched, following SS "Atlantic" and , and was marginally the largest of the four. She was in length, and measured at 2,856 tonnage by the U.S. Custom House measurement then in use. Her two side-lever steam engines, which accounted for $250,000 of the total construction cost of $700,000, were built and fitted by Stillman, Allan and Company. Each generated 1,000 horsepower, turning the paddle wheels at 16 revolutions a minute at full speed. Like her sister ships, "Arctic" was built to a luxurious standard; a contemporary description refers to her furnishings and fittings as giving "an air of almost Oriental magnificence." The ladies' saloon was described as a "gorgeous yet beautiful apartment, brilliant with light [presenting] as cheerful a scene as the heart could crave."


title: SS Arctic

text: "Arctic" was launched on January 28, 1850, from Brown's yard on New York's East River, before a large crowd. According to a press account, she was "the most stupendous vessel ever constructed in the United States, or the world, since the patriarchal days of Noah." The "New York Herald"s reporter described the crowd's reaction as the ship slid into the water: "Men waved their hats, ladies their handkerchiefs, in admiration of the glad event ... the thousands who witnessed her launch [stood] for nearly half an hour, contemplating the splendid vessel."


title: SS Arctic

text: Under her captain, James F. Luce, "Arctic", now fully fitted out, underwent her sea trials during October 18–19, 1850, in preparation for entering regular transatlantic service on October 26. That first voyage, to Liverpool, passed without incident. In the years that followed, "Arctic" established a reputation as one of the fastest of ocean liners, regularly completing the crossing in ten days and sometimes less; in February 1852 she reached Liverpool in nine days, seventeen hours, considered an exceptional time for a winter crossing. She became the most celebrated of the Collins ships, and was known as the "clipper of the sea." On 23 November 1853, "Arctic" ran aground on the Burbo Bank, in Liverpool Bay whilst on a voyage from New York to Liverpool. She was refloated and taken in to Liverpool. On 18 May 1854, "Arctic" struck the Black Rock, off the coast of the Saltee Islands, County Wexford whilst on a voyage from Liverpool to New York. She was refloated and put back to Liverpool. In July 1854, "Arctic"s engines were adapted, in the hopes of reducing the heavy fuel costs that were helping to undermine the ship's profitability. The "Baltimore Sun" reported that the modifications were an invention of a Baltimore firm, Wethered Bros, and if successful, would reduce fuel costs by half. The powerful engines fitted to "Arctic" and her sisters strained their wooden hulls, and the line incurred large expenses in maintaining the vessels.


title: SS Arctic

text: On September 27, 1854, while en route to New York from Liverpool, the "Arctic" collided with , a much smaller fishing vessel, 50 miles off the coast of Newfoundland. There were roughly 400 persons on board "Arctic" – approximately 250 passengers and 150 crew. Captain Luce's first thought was to give assistance to the stricken "Vesta", which appeared in danger of sinking, but when he was told that his own ship was holed beneath the waterline, he decided to make for the nearest land. As attempts to plug the leaks failed, "Arctic"s hull steadily filled with sea water. The boiler fires were gradually extinguished and the engines slowed and stopped, still far from land.


title: SS Arctic

text: In accordance with the maritime regulations then in force, "Arctic" carried six lifeboats, the total capacity of which was around 180. Luce ordered these launched, but a breakdown in discipline among the crew meant that most places in the boats were taken by members of the crew or by the more able-bodied passengers; one of which was the French ambassador, the duc de Gramont who was observed jumping from the ship into one of the last lifeboats.


title: SS Arctic

text: The rest were left with makeshift rafts, or were unable to leave the ship and went down with her when she sank, four hours after the collision. Captain Luce, himself, unlike his crew, went down with his ship, although he survived. Meanwhile, "Vesta", which appeared to have sustained mortal damage, was saved from sinking by her watertight bulkheads, and was able to gain the harbour at St. Johns, Newfoundland.


title: SS Arctic

text: Two of the six lifeboats that left "Arctic" safely reached the Newfoundland shore, and another was picked by a passing steamer which also rescued a few survivors from improvised rafts. Among these was Captain Luce, who had regained the surface after initially going down with the ship. He was rescued after clinging to wreckage of the paddle-wheel box for two days. The other three boats disappeared without trace.


title: SS Arctic

text: In all, more than 300 people died; the 85 survivors included 61 of the crew and 24 male passengers. All the women and children on board perished. Among those lost were the wife of Edward Collins and two of his children. Other victims included several members of the Brown family, whose bank, Brown Brothers, had helped to finance the Collins Line. Also lost was Frederick Catherwood, the English architect and painter whose name was mysteriously left off the official casualty lists for weeks until a concerted effort by his friends and colleagues resulted in a belated inclusion by the authorities and newspapers. In addition to the tragic loss of human life, a rare copy of William Shakespeare's First Folio that New York lawyer and Shakespeare collector Aldon W. Griswold had purchased and shipped from Liverpool, was lost. Among the lost as well were Mahlon Day, prominent New York publisher of children's books and business publications, with his wife and daughter.


title: SS Arctic

text: The limited telegraph communications of the time meant that news of "Arctic"s loss did not reach New York until two weeks after the sinking. As the full story emerged, initial public sorrow at the ship's loss quickly turned to condemnation of the perceived cowardice of the crew, and their failure of duty towards their passengers. Although some newspapers demanded an inquiry into the disaster, none was held, and nobody was called to account for their actions. Proposals that lifeboat capacity on passenger-carrying vessels should be increased, to provide a place for every person on board, were not acted on. Captain Luce, who was generally exonerated from blame by the public, retired from the sea, and some of the surviving crew chose not to return to the US. The Collins Line continued its transatlantic service, until further maritime losses and insolvency led to its closure in 1858.


title: SS Arctic

text: James Brown, president of both Brown Brothers bank and the Collins Line, erected a grand monument in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York, to the six members of his family lost in the "Arctic" disaster. It incorporates a sculpture of the ship, half-submerged by the waves. The names of those who died are inscribed on the pedestal.


title: 1962 Indian general election

text: General elections were held in India between 19 and 25 February 1962 to elect members of the 3rd Lok Sabha. Unlike the previous two elections, each constituency elected a single member.


title: 1962 Indian general election

text: Jawaharlal Nehru won another landslide victory in his third and final election campaign. The Indian National Congress received 44.7% of the vote and won 361 of the 494 elected seats. This was only slightly lower than in the previous two elections and they still held over 70% of the seats in the Lok Sabha.


title: 1962 Indian general election

text: In 1963, a by-election was held for the Bilaspur Lok Sabha seat, which was at the time in Madhya Pradesh. The election was won by the Indian National Congress candidate C. Singh, with votes, against M. L. Shukla of Jana Sangh with votes. This by-election was needed because the original election for this seat was declared void by the Madhya Pradesh High Court, which judged that the nomination papers of one of the candidates, Bashir Ahmed Qureshi, "was improperly and illegally rejected by the Returning Officer".


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Patriot is the name of four superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. These include the Golden Age hero Jeffrey Mace and the modern-day characters Eli Bradley and Rayshaun Lucas.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: All three incarnations have made appearances in Marvel-related media, with Jeffrey Mace and Eli Bradley appearing in live-action television series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Jason O'Mara in "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and Elijah Richardson in "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier" respectively.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: The first Patriot, Jeffrey Mace, created by writer Ray Gill and artist Bill Everett, debuted in "The Human Torch" # 4 (Spring 1941; numbered #3 on cover). He was a reporter who became a costumed adventurer after seeing Captain America in action, and was later a member of the World War II superhero team the Liberty Legion. The Patriot himself became the third Captain America.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: The second Marvel Universe character to use the name Patriot debuted in "Young Avengers" #1 (April 2005): Eli Bradley, grandson of Isaiah Bradley, who took up the mantle of Captain America following the disappearance of Steve Rogers in World War II. Isaiah had received his powers in the limited series "" as part of an early Super-Soldier Serum experiment tested on African American men in an attempt to reproduce the formula lost after being used to turn Steve Rogers into Captain America. Eli's mother was conceived before Isaiah's involvement with the experiment, however, so Eli could not have inherited his grandfather's powers genetically.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: When Iron Lad began his search for the next generation of Avengers, he came to the Bradley household in search of Isaiah's son, Josiah. However, Josiah had been missing for several months, and Iron Lad met Eli instead. Eli claimed to have gained superpowers through an emergency blood transfusion from his grandfather, but this was untrue. He later gained his powers artificially with Mutant Growth Hormone (MGH), an illegal street drug that causes brief periods of superhuman abilities. MGH has been demonstrated to promote irritability in individuals. Writer Allan Heinberg has stated that Bradley's drug usage is based on his own history, stating


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Patriot became a founding member of the Young Avengers. The public believed his costume resembled that of Captain America's 1940s sidekick, Bucky, but he revealed that his costume is a redesign of his grandfather's. He has an adversarial relationship with teammate Hawkeye, who nonetheless gave him Captain America's original star-spangled triangular shield.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: When the truth about Eli's lack of superpowers was revealed, Eli quit the team. He returned after the Hulkling was kidnapped by the Super-Skrull, and the other Young Avengers convinced him that he was the only one of them capable of leading the team, even without his powers. Patriot was later gravely wounded by a Kree warrior when he jumped in front of a blast meant for Captain America, and received a blood transfusion from his grandfather, Isaiah, which granted him the abilities afforded by the Super-Soldier Serum.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Eli joins Captain America's Secret Avengers during the 2006 - 2007 "Civil War" storyline. Patriot leads his team to assist the Runaways after they were attacked by the government. The Young Avengers and the Runaways worked together when two of their members were captured, and the Runaways decided to stay out of the mix in the war. Patriot managed to keep most of his team together, but Stature decided to join Iron Man's side.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Eli later seeks out the Winter Soldier, whom he had earlier met during the "Civil War" storyline, to discuss the nature of patriotism at a time when he disagrees with the Superhero Registration Act, and much of the way America is being governed. The two have a heartfelt chat about America as an idea and about the original Patriot, Jeffrey Mace.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: During the 2008 "Secret Invasion" storyline, Eli and the other Young Avengers are the first team to respond to the Skrull invasion of Manhattan. Despite their valiant efforts, and the aid of the Initiative cadets, they are all defeated. However, they are saved by the timely arrival of Nick Fury and the Secret Warriors, and help Earth's heroes defeat the Skrull invaders.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: During the 2008 - 2009 "Dark Reign" storyline, Eli is outraged when Norman Osborn formed his "official" team of Avengers and even more so when he announces . Eli's Young Avengers confront the latter and demand that they either join the first team of Young Avengers, or find another name for themselves. Near the end of the issue, Hawkeye (Kate Bishop) admits her love for Eli after he breaks his hand, to which he responds 'I may break my hand everyday', making their relationship clear after a few months of dating.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Eli appears alongside the other Young Avengers in "Avengers: Children's Crusade". He ultimately leaves the group at the end of the story, feeling guilty for preventing the Scarlet Witch from undoing the near-extinction of mutantkind that she had previously caused in the 2005 "Decimation" storyline.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Eli is later mentioned in Gillen's volume 2 of "Young Avengers" when Tommy Shepherd confirms the Not-Patriot is an impostor.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: During the 2020 "Empyre" storyline, Eli makes a cameo at the wedding of his former teammates Wiccan and Hulkling following the defeat of the Cotati.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Throughout "Young Avengers" Vol. 2, written by Kieron Gillen, and launched in January 2013 as part of the Marvel NOW! rebranding campaign, the titular team is haunted by a new multiversal Patriot, who captures Speed. At the story's conclusion, Prodigy correctly surmises that this Patriot is a member of the team who has been transformed into a non-human entity in some future magical event, and is now echoing backward along the timeline in order to ensure this future comes to pass. Guessing that this person may well be himself, he kisses the Patriot, causing the Patriot to vanish and Speed to reappear in his place.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: In March 2017, Marvel announced that it would be introducing a new Patriot during the 2017 "Secret Empire" storyline. The new Patriot is Rayshaun Lucas, a teen activist who idolizes Sam Wilson. Lucas is living in Brooklyn with his mother when Sam Wilson releases footage showing that Rage has been wrongfully accused of burglary, and savagely beaten by Keane Industries' private security personnel, the Americops. Following Rage unjust conviction, Shaun painted his face to resemble Rage's mask and then slipped out to firebomb a local bank, before participating in the subsequent riots in New York City.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: After Sam Wilson resigns as Captain America, Shaun washes the Rage mask from his face and began to draw designs for a costume that he calls the Patriot.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: After the Black Widow finds a notebook with a Patriot suit drawn on it in the backpack of Rayshaun Lucas when he arrives at the secret Hydra resistance base known as "the Mount," she gives the notebook to the Tony Stark A.I. associated with Riri Williams, who in turn builds the suit. After trying to stop a group of bullies from taking an iPad from a little girl, Rayshaun gets beaten. Afterwards, the Tony Stark A.I. calls Rayshaun and gives him the suit that he made for him, explaining that Rayshaun gave him hope again and that the suit is a way to thank him for that. Rayshaun trains with an A.I. version of the Black Widow that the Tony Stark A.I. made and eventually confronts the bullies while he wears the suit and defeats them, giving the little girl her iPad back. Miles Morales and Joaquin Torres tell Rayshaun that they heard about him and that they are looking forward to having him on their team.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Patriot later appears in the desert, where he overhears a discussion between Sam Wilson and Misty Knight. He then tells Sam about the people who need his help and support him, despite what the HYDRA government says. This conversation inspires Sam to reassume his mantle of Captain America.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: After HYDRA's attack on Las Vegas, Nevada, the Patriot helps the Champions in their search for survivors. When the Champions are expressing frustration over their failure, the Patriot arrives with a baby, the sole survivor of the attack, which inspires the team to continue fighting HYDRA.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: The Patriot later becomes the Falcon's sidekick, and together, they deal with the gang violence in Chicago, unaware that Blackheart is posing as the Mayor of that city.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: While secretly using his specially concocted MGH formula, Eli Bradley possesses agility, strength, speed, endurance, and reaction-time superior to that of normal Super-Soldiers like his grandfather and Captain America, but at a heavy physical and mental cost. After receiving a blood transfusion from his grandfather, Eli develops genuine Super-Soldier abilities, which include superhuman strength, stamina, speed, reflexes, agility, and senses. He also possesses a degree of resistance to injury that makes his skin bulletproof, as well as a healing factor. In "Civil War" #2, Eli appears to possess the full physical abilities of a Super-Soldier. He is able to outrun a helicopter, shrug off a hail of tranquilizer darts, jump 100 feet through the air, and survive a massive explosion. The Patriot carries a replica of Captain America's original, star-spangled, heater shield, similar to the unpainted one originally carried into battle by his grandfather Isaiah. He also carries white metallic throwing stars patterned after those on the American flag.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: Rayshaun Lucas is an expert at hand-to-hand combat ever since he trained with an A.I. version of Black Widow. He also wields a shield created by the Tony Stark A.I. that triples as a glider and a drone.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: In "Exiles: Days of Then and Now", the Patriot was seen as a member of Quentin Quire's surviving team of heroes fighting against the Annihilation Wave.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: In "Avengers: The Children's Crusade", Eli Bradley briefly appears in a possible future timeline as part of a new group of Avengers seen in the "" event. By this time, he has succeeded Steve Rogers to become the new Captain America and fights crime alongside his wife Samantha, the new Falcon. Their son Steve is also a member of the Avengers as the new Bucky.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: The Rayshaun Lucas incarnation of the Patriot appears in "", voiced by Kamil McFadden. This version is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent partnered with Daisy Johnson.


title: Patriot (comics)

text: The Eli Bradley incarnation of the Patriot appears in "Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2", voiced by Ogie Banks. This version is a supporter of the Anti-Registration campaign and appears as a boss for the Pro-Registration campaign.


title: James Sie

text: James Sie is a Chinese-American actor and author. He was the voice of an animated Jackie Chan and several other characters in "Jackie Chan Adventures", Master Monkey in "", taking over for Chan, and Eddy Raja in the "Uncharted" series. His debut novel, "Still Life Las Vegas", was published in August 2015.


title: James Sie

text: He is known as a "Jackie Chan impersonator" as his voice bears a strong resemblance to Chan especially in the Kids' WB animated television series "Jackie Chan Adventures". He also voices Shendu in the same series. He is the voice of Master Monkey for Nickelodeon's "", replacing Jackie Chan from the movies (Sie voiced Monkey in all of the video games). Other popular roles include Chinese American footballer Kwan in "Danny Phantom", Chen Lin in "W.I.T.C.H.", Fin Fang Foom and Radioactive Man in "" and Eddy Raja in "", Sie did several voices for "", guest-voiced as an Asian scientist named Jimmy in "Regular Show" and also voices Lord Taran Zhu in "". He had a brief role as a Buddhist Lama in the 2021 "The Simpsons" episode "Wad Goals".


title: James Sie

text: He starred on-camera, opposite Suzy Nakamura in "Strawberry Fields". He also had roles in "Chain Reaction". Sie wrote and performed the autobiographical one-person stage show, "Talking With My Hands" in 1999, about growing up in a Chinese/Italian household. His play, "Island of the Blue Dolphins" at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago, Illinois was awarded the 1995 Joseph Jefferson Award Citation for New Work. James has also garnered two Jeff Citation nominations for his Lifeline adaptations of "Dracula and a Wrinkle in Time", which was produced at Lincoln Center Institute in New York. He has received an After Dark Award for "The Road to Graceland". His other adaptations include Randy Shilts' "Talking AIDS to Death" and Daniel Pinkwater's "The Snarkout Boys" and the "Avocado of Death", which was also broadcast on WFMT's "Chicago Theatres on the Air".


title: James Sie

text: He is gay and has been married to singer-songwriter Douglas Wood since 2008. They have one child, Benjamin, whom they adopted from Vietnam.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: ' (The Knight of the Rose or The Rose-Bearer""'), Op. 59, is a comic opera in three acts by Richard Strauss to an original German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It is loosely adapted from the novel "Les amours du chevalier de Faublas" by Louvet de Couvrai and Molière's comedy "Monsieur de Pourceaugnac". It was first performed at the Königliches Opernhaus in Dresden on 26 January 1911 under the direction of Max Reinhardt, Ernst von Schuch conducting. Until the premiere, the working title was "Ochs auf Lerchenau". (The choice of the name Ochs is not accidental, for in German "Ochs" means "ox", which describes the character of the Baron throughout the opera.)


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The opera has four main characters: the aristocratic Marschallin; her very young lover, Count Octavian Rofrano; her brutish cousin Baron Ochs; and Ochs' prospective fiancée, Sophie von Faninal, the daughter of a rich bourgeois. At the Marschallin's suggestion, Octavian acts as Ochs' "Rosenkavalier" by presenting a ceremonial silver rose to Sophie. However, the young people fall in love on the spot, and soon devise a comic intrigue to extricate Sophie from her engagement. They accomplish this with help from the Marschallin, who then yields Octavian to the younger woman. Though a comic opera, the work incorporates some weighty themes (particularly through the Marschallin's character arc), including infidelity, aging, sexual predation, and selflessness in love (or the lack thereof).


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: "Der Rosenkavalier" is notable for its showcasing of the female voice, as its protagonists (light lyric soprano Sophie, mezzo-soprano Octavian, and the mature dramatic soprano Marschallin) are written to be portrayed by women, who share several duets as well as a trio at the opera's emotional climax. Some singers have performed two or even all three of these roles over the course of their careers.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: "Der Rosenkavalier" premiered 26 January 1911 in Dresden conducted by Ernst von Schuch, who had previously conducted the premieres of Strauss's "Feuersnot", "Salome" and "Elektra"; Georg Toller was originally slated to produce the opera, but he backed out and was replaced by Max Reinhardt. Soprano Margarethe Siems (Strauss's first Chrysothemis) sang the Marschallin, in a turn that would represent the pinnacle of her career, while Minnie Nast portrayed Sophie and Eva von der Osten sang the breeches role of Octavian.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: From the start, "Der Rosenkavalier" was nothing short of a triumph: tickets to the premiere reportedly sold out almost immediately, resulting in a financial boom for the house. Though some critics took issue with Strauss' anachronistic use of waltz music, the public embraced the opera unconditionally. "Rosenkavalier" became Strauss' most popular opera during his lifetime and remains a staple of operatic repertoire today.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Within two months of its premiere, the work was translated into Italian and performed at La Scala. The Italian cast, led by conductor Tullio Serafin, included Lucrezia Bori as Octavian, Ines Maria Ferraris as Sophie, and Pavel Ludikar as Baron Ochs. The opera's Austrian premiere was given by the Vienna Court Opera on the following 8 April, under Franz Schalk's baton, with Lucie Weidt as Marschallin, Gertrude Förstel as Sophie substituting for Selma Kurz, Marie Gutheil-Schoder as Octavian and Richard Mayr as Baron Ochs. The work reached the Teatro Costanzi in Rome seven months later on 14 November with Egisto Tango conducting Hariclea Darclée as the Marschallin and Conchita Supervía as Octavian.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The United Kingdom premiere of "Der Rosenkavalier" occurred at the Royal Opera House in London on 29 January 1913. Thomas Beecham conducted the performance and the cast included Margarethe Siems as the Marschallin and Caroline Hatchard as Sophie. The United States premiere took place at the Metropolitan Opera on the following 9 December in a production conducted by Alfred Hertz. The cast included Frieda Hempel as the Marschallin, Margarethe Arndt-Ober as Octavian, and Anna Case as Sophie. A number of Italian theatres produced the work for the first time in the 1920s, including the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi (1921), Teatro Regio di Torino (1923), Teatro di San Carlo (1925), and the Teatro Carlo Felice (1926).


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: "Der Rosenkavalier" reached Monaco on 21 March 1926 when it was performed by the Opéra de Monte-Carlo at the Salle Garnier in a French translation. The performance starred Gabrielle Ritter-Ciampi as the Marschallin and Vanni Marcoux as Faninal. 1926 also saw the premiere of a film of the opera. The French premiere of the opera itself came in 1927 at the Palais Garnier in Paris on 11 February 1927 with conductor Philippe Gaubert. The cast included Germaine Lubin as Octavian. Brussels heard the work for the first time at La Monnaie on 15 December 1927 with Clara Clairbert as Sophie.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The Salzburg Festival mounted "Der Rosenkavalier" for the first time on 12 August 1929 in a production conducted by Clemens Krauss. The cast included Lotte Lehmann as the Marschallin and Marta Fuchs as Annina. Other first productions at notable houses, opera festivals, and music ensembles include: Teatro Massimo (5 March 1932), Philadelphia Orchestra (30 November 1934), San Francisco Opera (16 October 1940), Philadelphia Opera Company (2 December 1941), Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (2 May 1942), La Fenice (20 April 1943), Festival dei Due Mondi (19 June 1964), Teatro Comunale di Bologna (19 November 1965), Lyric Opera of Chicago (25 September 1970), and the New York City Opera (19 November 1973) among many others. It was first presented in Australia as a radio broadcast on 7 January 1936, featuring Florence Austral; however, the first Australian stage production was not until 1972, by the Australian Opera in Melbourne, conducted by Sir Edward Downes. The first New Zealand performance was at the International Festival of the Arts in Wellington in 2002.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The opera's 'Einleitung' (Introduction) depicts a night of lovemaking between Princess Marie Therese von Werdenberg (known as the Marschallin, the title given to a Field Marshal's wife) and her much younger lover, Count Octavian Rofrano. The curtain rises to show them lounging in bed together just before daybreak ("Wie du warst! Wie du bist"). Loud voices are soon heard outside, and the Marschallin has Octavian hide, believing that her husband has returned early from a hunting trip. Octavian emerges in a skirt and bonnet ("Befehl'n fürstli' Gnad'n, i bin halt noch nit recht...") and tries to sneak away, but the Marschallin's country cousin, Baron Ochs auf Lerchenau, bursts in through the same door.