title: And Now for Something Completely Different

text: The film, released on 28 September 1971 in the United Kingdom and 22 August 1972 in the United States, consists of 90 minutes of sketches and animation sequences seen in the first two series of the television show. All of the sketches were recreated for the film without an audience, and were intended for an American audience which had not yet seen the series. The announcer (John Cleese) appears briefly between some sketches to deliver the line "and now for something completely different", in situations such as being roasted on a spit and lying on top of a desk in a small pink bikini, as well as the Colonel (Graham Chapman) interrupting them and deeming them "too silly".


text: "And Now for Something Completely Different" is the Pythons' first feature film, composed of some well-known sketches from the first two series of the Flying Circus, including the "Dead Parrot" sketch, "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", the "Nudge Nudge" sketch and others. The original sketches were recreated for the film with an extremely low budget, often slightly rewritten and edited. Financed by "Playboy"s UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended to help Monty Python break into the United States. Although the film was initially unsuccessful at achieving an American breakthrough, it did well financially in the United Kingdom, and later in the United States on the midnight movie circuit, after the Pythons achieved some success there following their first exposure on US television and the release of "Monty Python and the Holy Grail". The group did not consider this film a success, but it enjoys a cult following among Python fans today.


text: The film was the idea of entrepreneur Victor Lownes, head of Playboy UK, who convinced the group that a feature film would be the ideal way to introduce them to the US market. Lownes acted as executive producer. Production of the film did not go entirely smoothly. Lownes tried to exert considerably more control over the group than they had been used to at the BBC. In particular, he objected so strongly to one character—'Ken Shabby'—that his appearance was removed, although stills from both this and a further cut sketch, "Flying Sheep", were published in "Monty Python's Big Red Book". Terry Jones and Michael Palin later complained that the vast majority of the film was "nothing more than jokes behind desks."


text: Another argument with Lownes occurred when Terry Gilliam designed the opening credits for the film. Because the names of the Pythons were shown in blocks of stone, Lownes insisted that his own name be displayed in a similar manner. Initially, Gilliam refused but eventually he was forced to give in. Gilliam then created a different style of credit for the Pythons so that in the final version of the film, Lownes' credit is the only one that appears in that way.


text: The film's budget was £80,000, 40% of which came from Lownes. This is self-referentially acknowledged in the film's Killer Cars animation; the voiceover narration (done by Eric Idle) mentions "a scene of such spectacular proportions that it could never in your life be seen in a low-budget film like this... if you notice, my mouth isn't moving, either". The film was shot on location in England and inside an abandoned dairy (rather than on a more costly soundstage) during the final months of 1970. The budget was so low that some effects seen on the television series could not be repeated in the film.


text: The origin of the phrase is credited to Christopher Trace, founding presenter of the children's television programme "Blue Peter", who used it (in all seriousness) as a link between segments.


text: Many of the early episodes of "Monty Python's Flying Circus" feature a sensible-looking announcer (played by John Cleese) dressed in a black suit and sitting behind a wooden desk, which in turn is in some ridiculous location such as behind the bars of a zoo cage or in mid-air being held aloft by small attached propellers. The announcer would turn to the audience and announce "and now for something completely different", launching the show's opening credits starting with the second series of the show.


text: The phrase was also used as a transition within the show. Often it would be added to better explain the transition, for instance, "And now for something completely different: a man with a tape recorder up his "brother's" nose".


text: Reviews for American audiences were mixed (principally because British humour was unfamiliar to American viewers at that time) but mostly positive. When it was released on 22 August 1972, the film had little success at the box office and did not do well until a late 1974 re-release, which was after PBS began showing the original television episodes in the US. It currently has a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.93/10.


text: The film originally was on DVD in Region 1 from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment; in 2005, it was repacked in a new collector's pack called "And Now For Something Completely Hilarious!" which also features the films "Monty Python and the Holy Grail" and "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen".


title: Soul Mechanic

text: Soul Mechanic () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Shin Ha-kyun, Jung So-min, Tae In-ho and Park Ye-jin. It aired on KBS2 from May 6 to June 25, 2020.


title: Soul Mechanic

text: A team of psychiatrists who believe in "healing", and not just "treating" sick patients. Lee Shi-joon (Shin Ha-kyun) is happy to deal with living in a crazy world by being his eccentric self and leaning on humor to reach out to patients. He ends up being assigned a problem patient, Han Woo-joo (Jung So-min), a musical rising star with terrible anger management issues.


title: Immigration to France

text: According to the French national institute of statistics INSEE, the 2018 census counted nearly 9 million immigrants (foreign-born people) in France, representing 14.0% of the total population. Eurostat estimated the foreign-born population to be 9.1 million, corresponding to 14.1% of the French population as of January 2019.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2008, a previous INSEE census estimated that 7.8 million foreign-born immigrants and 7.5 million direct descendants of immigrants (born in France with at least one immigrant parent) lived in France, representing a total of 14.8 million people, or 25% of the total population in metropolitan France (62.1 million in 2008). Among them, about 5.5 million are of European origin (Portuguese, Spaniards, Italians, Britons and several people from Eastern European countries.), 6 million of North African (either Arab-Berber) origin, 2 million of Sub-Saharan African origin and 1 million of Turkish origin.


title: Immigration to France

text: The area with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Parisian urban area (Greater Paris), where almost 40% of immigrants lived in 2012. Other regions with important immigrant populations are Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Marseille).


title: Immigration to France

text: The Paris region is a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe. As of 2006, about 45% of people (6 million) living in the region were either immigrant (25%) or born to at least one immigrant parent (20%).


title: Immigration to France

text: Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010, 27.3% had one or both parents foreign-born, and about one quarter (23.9%) had one parent or both born outside of Europe. Including grandparents, about 22% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).


title: Immigration to France

text: France's population dynamics began to change in the middle of the 19th century, as France joined the Industrial Revolution. The pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European immigrants over the next century, with especially large numbers arriving from Poland, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain. In the wake of the First World War, in which France suffered six million casualties, significant numbers of workers from French colonies came. By 1930, the Paris region alone had a North African Muslim population of 70,000.


title: Immigration to France

text: Right after the Second World War, immigration to France significantly increased. During the period of reconstruction, France lacked labor, and as a result, the French government was eager to recruit immigrants coming from all over Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia.


title: Immigration to France

text: Although there was a presence of, Vietnamese in France since the late 19th century (mostly students and workers), a wave of Vietnamese migrated to the country after the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Accords, which granted Vietnam its independence from France in 1954. These migrants consisted of those who were loyal to the colonial government and those married to French colonists. Following the partition of Vietnam, students and professionals from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France. Although many initially returned to the country after a few years, as the Vietnam War situation worsened, a majority decided to remain in France and brought their families over as well.


title: Immigration to France

text: This period also saw a significant wave of immigrants from Algeria. As the Algerian War started in 1954, there were already 200,000 Algerian immigrants in France. However, because of the tension between the Algerians and the French, these immigrants were no longer welcome. This conflict between the two sides led to the Paris Massacre of 17 October 1961, when the police used force against an Algerian demonstration on the streets of Paris. After the war, after Algeria gained its independence, the free circulation between France and Algeria was once again allowed, and the number of Algerian immigrants started to increase drastically. From 1962 to 1975, the Algerian immigrant population increased from 350,000 to 700,000. Many of these immigrants were known as the "harkis," and the others were known as the "pieds-noirs." The "harkis" were Algerians who supported the French during the Algerian War; once the war was over, they were deeply resented by other Algerians, and thus had to flee to France. The "pieds-noirs" were Europeans settlers who moved to Algeria, but migrated back to France since 1962 when Algeria declared independence.


title: Immigration to France

text: Additionally, the number of Pakistani and Japanese immigrants also increased during this period. There was also a great number of students and workers from former French colonies in Africa.


title: Immigration to France

text: With this massive influx of immigrants, France became an asylum for refugees. According to the convention in Geneva, refugee status was granted to four out of five immigrant applicants. Many of these refugees came from countries in Eastern Europe (i.e. Hungary) and Latin America, because they feared the dictatorship in their home countries.


title: Immigration to France

text: Although the majority of immigrants at this time came from rural regions, only 6% of them were willing to work in agriculture. About two-thirds of the immigrants worked in mining, steel, construction, and automotive industries. Approximately 12% of male immigrants and the majority of female immigrants worked in domestic services, restoration, and commerce (as for French women, a woman working was subject to her husband's authorisation until 1965.) Minor and aged immigrants usually worked in craftsmanship and small scale trades.


title: Immigration to France

text: During the 1970s, France simultaneously faced economic crisis and allowed immigrants (mostly from the Muslim world) to permanently settle in France with their families and to acquire French citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims, especially to the larger cities, living in subsidized public housing and suffering from very high unemployment rates.Alongside this, France renounced its policy of assimilation, instead pursuing a policy of integration.


title: Immigration to France

text: According to an Ipsos poll in September 2019, 65% responded that accepting migrants did not improve the situation in France and 45% responded that accepting migrants deprived the French of social services.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2019, 46.5% of all immigrants were born in Africa, 35.3% were born in Europe, 14.7% in Asia and 5.4% in the Americas and Oceania. In 2020, non-EU citizens had employment rates less than 50% in the southern and southwestern regions of France and in the north and northeastern regions and was above 65% only in the Burgundy region.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2014 The National Institute of Statistics (INSEE, for its acronym in French) published a study reporting that the number of Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian immigrants in France between 2009 and 2012 has doubled.


title: Immigration to France

text: As determined by the French Institute, this increase resulting from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has pushed up the number of Europeans settled in France.


title: Immigration to France

text: Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people.


title: Immigration to France

text: Of the total of 229,000 new foreigners coming to France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, and Belgians 3%.


title: Immigration to France

text: With the increase of Spanish, Portuguese and Italians in France, the weight of European immigrants arrived in 2012 to 46 percent, while this percentage for African reached 30%, with a presence in Morocco (7%), Algeria (7%) and Tunisia (3%).


title: Immigration to France

text: Meanwhile, 14 percent of all immigrants who settled in France that year were from Asian countries - 3% of China and 2% in Turkey, while in America and Oceania constitute 10% of Americans and Brazilians accounted for higher percentage, 2 percent each.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2008, according to The National Institute of Statistics (INSEE, for its acronym in French), there were 12 million immigrants and their direct descendants (2nd generation) making up about 20% of the population. with an immigrant defined as a foreign born person without French citizenship at birth. Without considering citizenship at birth, people not born in metropolitan France and their direct descendants made up 30% of the population aged 18–50 in metropolitan France in 2008.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2008, there were 5.3 million immigrants corresponding to 8.5% of the total population in France (63.9 million in 2008). 42% were from Africa (30% from Maghreb and 12% from Sub-Saharan Africa), 38% from Europe (mainly from Portugal, Italy and Spain), 14% from Asia and 5% from the Americas and Oceania. Of this total, 40% have assumed French citizenship. In addition, 1.8 million people born in foreign countries (including 1 million in Maghreb) with French citizenship at birth were not included in this total.


title: Immigration to France

text: There were also 6.7 million direct descendants of immigrants (born in France with at least one immigrant parent) living in France in 2008, corresponding to 11% of the total population in France. Immigrants aged 18–50 count for 2.7 million (10% of population aged 18–50) and 5.3 million for all ages (8% of population). 2nd Generation aged 18–50 make up 3.1 million (12% of 18–50) and 6.5 million for all ages (11% of population). The regions with the largest proportion of immigrants and direct descendants of immigrants are the Île-de-France and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur/Languedoc-Roussillon, where more than one third and one quarter of the inhabitants respectively were either immigrants or direct descendants of immigrants.


title: Immigration to France

text: The table shows immigrants and 2nd generation immigrants by origin in 2008. 3rd generation immigrants, illegal immigrants, as well as ethnic minorities like black people from the French overseas territories residing in metropolitan France (800,000), Roms (500,000) or people born in Maghreb with French citizenship at birth (about 4 million Maghrebi Jews, Harkis and Pied-Noir including their descendants live in France) were not taken into account.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2005, 18.1% of young people under 18 were of foreign origin (at least one immigrant parent) in France including 13.5% of non-European origin. Ile-de-France has the highest proportion at about 37%.


title: Immigration to France

text: People under 18 of Maghrebi, Sub-saharian and Turkish origin became a majority in several cities of Ile-de-France (Clichy-sous-Bois, Mantes-la-Jolie, Grigny, Saint-Denis, Les Mureaux, Saint-Ouen, Sarcelles, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Garges-lès-Gonesse, Aubervilliers, Stains, Gennevilliers et Épinay-sur-Seine) and in several arrondissements of Marseilles. In Grigny, 31% of young people are of Sub-saharian origin.


title: Immigration to France

text: Between 2006 and 2008 about 22% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in Maghreb and 3% born in another region of the world). In 2010, 27.3% of the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent. About one quarter (24%) of all the newborns had at least one parent born outside of Europe including about 17% from Africa (11% from Maghreb and 6% from Subsaharan Africa).


title: Immigration to France

text: Regarding the country of origin of "posted workers", the same document states the origin of the posted workers: Poles represent the largest contingent of employees posted to France (18% of the total), followed by the Portuguese (15%) and Romania (13%). The majority of these employees, about 60% comes from the historical countries of the European Union, but the share from the new Member States "EU" is growing very rapidly, and the nationals of countries outside "EU "also increases.


title: Immigration to France

text: In France, the three largest cities (Paris, Lyon and Marseille) also attract the largest share of immigrants to the country. According to a study of the INSEE, in France, Immigrants are more concentrated in urban areas than the native population. 90.1% of the immigrant population is located in urban areas which is significantly more than the proportion for the native population, 81.9% of them living in urban areas. In 2012, 38.2% of the total immigrant population lived in the Parisian urban area compared to 4.1% and 3.1% respectively for Lyon and Marseille.


title: Immigration to France

text: The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Île-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. According to INSEE, French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, responsible for the production and analysis of official statistics in France, about 35% of people (4 million) living in Île-de-France, are either immigrant (17%) or born to at least one immigrant parent (18%) in 2006.


title: Immigration to France

text: In the city of Paris, 20% of people living are immigrants and 41.3% of people under 20 have at least one immigrant parent. Among the young people under 18, 12.1% are of Maghrebi origin, 9.9% of Subsaharan African origin (not including blacks from French West Indies) and 4.0% of South European origin.


title: Immigration to France

text: Reading: 436 576 immigrants live in Paris, representing 20% of Parisians and 22.4% of immigrants in Ile-de-France.


title: Immigration to France

text: 162 635 children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent live in Paris, representing 41.3% of the total of children under 20 in Paris


title: Immigration to France

text: Citizens of the United States of America total more than 100,000 permanent residents in France, Canadians 11,931, followed by Latin Americans are a growing sub-group the most numerous are the Brazilians 44,622, followed by Venezuelans 30,000, Peruvians 22,002, Chileans (esp. arrived in the 1970s) 15,782, and Argentineans 11,899 (or up to 15,000). Latin Americans are increasingly emigrating to France for economic reasons, study, work, family, and sometimes political asylum.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2014 The National Institute of Statistics (INSEE, for its acronym in French) published a study on Thursday, according to which has doubled the number of Italian, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants in France between 2009 and 2012.


title: Immigration to France

text: According to the French Institute, this increase resulting from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has pushed up the number of Europeans installed in France.


title: Immigration to France

text: Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people.


title: Immigration to France

text: Of the total of 229,000 foreigners arriving to France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, and Belgians 3%.


title: Immigration to France

text: With the increase of Italian, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants to France, the weight of European immigrants arrived in 2012 to 46 percent, while this percentage for African reached 30%, with a presence in Morocco (7%), Algeria (7%) and Tunisia (3%).


title: Immigration to France

text: Meanwhile, 14 percent of all immigrants who settled in France that year were from Asian countries—3% of China and 2% in Turkey, while in America and Oceania constitute 10% of Americans and Brazilians accounted for higher percentage, 2 percent each.


title: Immigration to France

text: French of Maghrebi (either Arabs or Berbers) origin in France form the largest ethnic group after French of European origin.


title: Immigration to France

text: According to Michèle Tribalat, a researcher at INED, there were 3.5 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7 million in 2005). Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the Paris region. Many famous French people like Edith Piaf, Isabelle Adjani, Arnaud Montebourg, Alain Bashung, Dany Boon, Zinedine Zidane and Karim Benzema have Maghrebi ancestry.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) were about 7% in Metropolitan France, 12% in Greater Paris, 13% in Lyon, 21% in Perpignan, 22% in French département of Seine-Saint-Denis, 37% in 18th arrondissement of Paris and 40% in several arrondissements of Marseilles.


title: Immigration to France

text: According to other sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebi origin live in France corresponding to about 7-9% of the total French metropolitan population.


title: Immigration to France

text: Illegal immigration to France has developed as the country's immigration policy has become more rigid. In 2006, The French Ministry of the Interior estimated clandestine immigrants ("sans-papiers ") in France numbered anywhere between 200,000 and 400,000, also expecting between 80,000 and 100,000 people to enter the country illegally each year.


title: Immigration to France

text: In 2011, 28,000 illegal immigrants were expelled from France. The French government set a goal of 35,000 for 2012.


title: Immigration to France

text: As of 2016, many undocumented immigrants tried to jump the fences at Calais and board a train or truck heading for Britain. The Home Office has agents working alongside French police and immigration agents to prevent unauthorized people from entering the British border zone.


title: Immigration to France

text: Children born in France to foreign parents are automatically granted French citizenship upon reaching the age of 18. People born abroad and living in France can acquire French citizenship if they satisfy certain conditions. In 2009 the number of naturalised persons was 135,000, mainly from Maghreb (41.2%). People who have worked in the French military can also get French citizenship.


title: Immigration to France

text: According to Eurostat 47.3 million people lived in the European Union in 2010 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state.


title: Punit Pathak

text: Punit Jayesh Pathak (born 1 November 1986), is an Indian dancer, choreographer and actor. In 2019, he participated in Colors TV's "" and emerged as the winner.


title: Punit Pathak

text: Pathak was born on 1 November 1986. Initially, he dreamt of becoming a cricketer or a filmmaker. During his college days, he developed an interest in dancing. His father was against his decision as he wanted Pathak to look after his company, Punit Yarn Agency Private Limited. There were many fights between Pathak and his father. But his younger brother sacrificed his dream of becoming a dancer and took the responsibility of the business. On 26 August 2020, Pathak got engaged to his long time girlfriend Nidhi Moony Singh and they married on 11 December 2020.


title: Punit Pathak

text: In 2013, he debuted as an actor in the 3D dance-based film "" co-starring Dharmesh Yelande, Prabhu Deva and Salman Yusuff Khan. Later, he appeared in the dance reality show "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" as a choreographer. He was the judge of "Dance India Dance 5" on Zee TV.


title: Punit Pathak

text: In 2015, he starred in the film, "ABCD 2", directed by Remo D'Souza, co-starring Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor, Prabhu Deva and Raghav Juyal. Later, he became a mentor on the dance reality show "Dance Plus". He was also a choreographer in "Dance Champions".


title: Punit Pathak

text: In 2018, he starred in the romantic comedy film "Nawabzaade", which was released on 27 July 2018, directed by Jayesh Pradhan and produced by Lizelle D'Souza and Matur K. Barot, co-starring Raghav Juyal, Dharmesh Yelande and Isha Rikhi.


title: Punit Pathak

text: In 2019, he participated in Colors TV's stunt-based reality show "" and emerged as the winner. His team also performed in Isha Ambani's sangeet ceremony. He also choreographed the finale performance of the "IPL" (2019). He was later called as a guest on "Khatra Khatra Khatra".


title: Punit Pathak

text: In 2020, he appeared in the dance film "Street Dancer 3D" which was released on 24 January 2020, directed by Remo D'Souza, co-starring Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor, Prabhu Deva, Nora Fatehi and Raghav Juyal.


The Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces (Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ; ) is a lavish Russian Patriarchal cathedral in honour of the Resurrection of Christ and "dedicated to the 75th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War, as well as the military feats of the Russian people in all wars", built in the Patriot Park in the Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast. The cathedral was built with donations and budget funds from the Moscow city government and the Moscow Oblast. It was consecrated as part of the celebration of the 75th anniversary of Soviet victory on the Eastern Front of World War II. An exhibition dedicated to the history of the Russian state and its armed forces will be located on-site.


title: Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The construction of the cathedral was completed on 9 May 2020, on the annual Victory Day. It was consecrated on 14 June. It was opened on 22 June 2020, on the Day of Remembrance and Sorrow by the head of the Russian Orthodox Synod’s new Armed Forces Liaison Department, Father Oleg Ovcharov.


text: According to the official website, "the church was designed in a monumental Russian style, organically incorporating modern architectural approaches and innovations unique to the Orthodox church creation". The façades of the building are finished with metal, the arches are glazed. The walls of the church, decorated with murals, include battle scenes from Russian military history and Bible scripture texts. The decoration of the lower (small) church is made of ceramics and is decorated with Gzhel painting, with pieces of glass smalt used in the manufacture of the mosaic panels. The central apse dedicated to the Resurrection of Christ is metal relief. The decor of the church, the icon, the iconostasis (icon wall), and the marching military icons are made of copper with enamels. The image of the Saviour-Not-Made-by-Hands in the central dome of the church is the largest image of Christ's face executed in mosaic.


text: Stained glass mosaics in the cathedral's vault feature various Red Army orders, accompanied by their respected ribbons that denote their class. Many of these orders display the faces of prominent military leaders from the Imperial Russian Army. The Soviet Union's brief wave of nationalism during the Great Patriotic War prompted the inclusion of the most revered Orthodox Christian saints who had served in the historical armies of Russia.


text: On September 5, 1943, a historical meeting in the Moscow Kremlin took place between Metropolitan Alexius and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. After the meeting, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union permitted the Orthodox Church to legally function and operate after nearly two decades of severe oppression. Many churches began to reopen across the Soviet Union.


text: The following orders are depicted in the mosaics: The Order of Alexander Nevsky (First Class), Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (First Class), Order of Ushakov (First Class), Order of Nakhimov (First Class), Order of Suvorov (First Class), Order of Kutuzov (First Class), Order of Victory, Order of the Red Banner, Order of the Red Star, and the Order of the Patriotic War (First Class).


text: Some of the sizes are symbolic. The height of the church along with the cross is 95 metres. The diameter of the drum of the main dome is 19.45 metres, symbolising the year when the Great Patriotic War ended – 1945. The height of the belfry is 75 metres, a reference to the 75 years that passed in 2020 since the end of World War II. The height of the small dome is 14.18 metres – open conflict between Nazi Germany and the USSR lasted 1418 days and nights. The area of the church complex is 11,000 m. The capacity of the interior of the church is up to 6,000 people.


text: The bells were made at the Voronezh Foundry. The decoration of the bells repeats ornaments decorating the cathedral. The bells reflect the theme of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, icons of patrons of the Russian Army. The main bell-evangelist was decorated with bas-reliefs depicting key events of the Great Patriotic War. Work on the manufacture of the bells was carried out for six months. The ensemble weighs more than 20 tonnes, which includes 18 bells, the largest of which weighs 10 tonnes. 17 of the 18 bells are dedicated to the types and arms of the troops. On one side a military emblem is applied to the bell, on the other, the image of the patron saint. On 23 August 2019 the bells were installed on the belfry of the cathedral.


text: On 15 November 2019, an 80-tonne central dome was erected on the cathedral, the height and diameter of which are 12 metres. In total, the cathedral has six domes, four of which are identical, each of which weighs 34 tonnes, the central one is the largest, and one is on the belfry. The design has a high alloy steel frame with a strength factor from 300 to 1500 years.


text: The floors of the cathedral are metal. The metal is from melted-down Nazi trophies, such as weapons and tanks that were seized from Wehrmacht forces. Thus, the act of walking on the floors of the cathedral is intended to symbolise "delivering a blow to the fascist enemy”.


text: The central icon of the Main Church of the Russian Armed Forces is the "Holy Saviour" in the main dome. The Icon of the Saviour Not Made by Hands is a canonical image of the Holy Face of Jesus Christ, miraculously imprinted on a piece of material and transmitted by the Saviour himself to King Abgar V of Osroene. The central image is surrounded by smaller icons of the Most Holy Mother of God of Kazan, of Vladimir, of Smolensk and of Tikhvin, placed on artistic reliefs that depict significant events in the history of the Russian state. In the ark, which always accompanies the icon, there are eight particles of other saints important to Russia and its military: the great martyr George the Victorious, St. Andrew the First-Called, St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, St. Sergius of Radonezh, the great martyr Barbara, the apostle Peter, the great martyr Panteleimon the Healer, and also Fyodor Ushakov, the righteous commander of the Black Sea Fleet and one of the most revered saints in the fleet.


text: The image of the Savior is placed in a bronze fold and weighs about 100 kg. The icon itself without a fold has dimensions of about 98 × 84 × 10 cm.


text: In April 2020 photos were leaked showing a partially completed mosaic of Russian President Vladimir Putin, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu and other high-ranking Russian officials, as well as Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The Russian Orthodox Church initially explained the presence of mosaics featuring Putin and Stalin according to the tradition of depicting historical events – in this case, the 2014 annexation of Crimea to Russia and the Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War (World War II). However, later it was reported that the cathedral would not have any mosaics of either Putin or Stalin. The Russian Orthodox Church explained that this decision was made taking into account the President's own opinion.


text: The church, and the imagery within it, have been linked to the 'Russkiy Mir' or 'Russian World' theology which some Orthodox Christian Churches outside Russia have described as a heresy. This ideology has been described in the Financial Times as "Putin’s creation of an ideology that fuses respect for Russia’s Tsarist, Orthodox past with reverence for the Soviet defeat of fascism in the Second World War. This is epitomised in the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces, 40 miles west of Moscow, opened in 2020." During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the church has come to be seen as a symbol of Russian militarism when Russian operations in Ukraine were viewed as holy.


text: The cathedral is also said to contain items from Nazi Germany such as Hitler's cap and personal clothes, which were described as religious relics by Russian Deputy Minister of Defense.


title: Nicknames of New York City

text: During its four-century history, New York (commonly known as New York City) has been known by a variety of alternative names and euphemisms, both officially and unofficially. Frequently shortened to simply "NY" or "NYC", New York is also known as "The City" in some parts of the Eastern United States, in particular, New York State and surrounding U.S. states. New Yorkers may also use "The City" to refer specifically to the borough of Manhattan.


title: Nicknames of New York City

text: Names by which the parts of New York City in lower Manhattan were officially deemed during the 17th century were:


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: In the United States Army, soldiers may wear insignia to denote membership in a particular area of military specialism and series of functional areas. Army branch insignia is similar to the line officer and staff corps officer devices of the U.S. Navy as well as to the Navy enlisted rating badges. The Medical, Nurse, Dental, Veterinary, Medical Service, Medical Specialist, Chaplains, and Judge Advocate General's Corps are considered "special branches", while the others are "basic branches".


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Army branch insignia is separate from Army qualification badges in that qualification badges require completion of a training course or school, whereas branch insignia is issued to a service member upon assignment to a particular area of the Army.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: The first use of Army branch insignia was just prior to the American Civil War in 1859 for use on the black felt hat. A system of branch colors, indicated by piping on uniforms of foot soldiers and lace for mounted troops, was first authorized in the 1851 uniform regulations, with Prussian blue denoting infantry, scarlet for artillery, orange for dragoons, green for mounted rifles, and black for staff. When the U.S. Army began developing a series of colored rank epaulets for wear by officers of various Army branches, the scheme included yellow for cavalry officers, red for artillery officers, and light blue or white for infantry officers. General officers wore dark blue epaulets, whilst doctors wore green.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: By the start of the 20th century, Army personnel began wearing various branch insignia on the stand-up collars of the Army dress uniform. Branch insignia was also worn by officers on the wool uniform shirt when worn as outerwear. Enlisted soldiers wore a version enclosed in a brass disk while officers wore a full sized version not enclosed. This has continued to the modern age.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Members of Infantry, Armor (including Cavalry), Special Forces, Aviation, Engineer, Field Artillery and Air Defense Artillery regiments may wear a version of the insignia in which the regimental number is included in the insignia. For Air Defense Artillery and Aviation, the number is mounted on the center of the face. For Infantry, Cavalry, Special Forces and Field Artillery, the number is placed immediately above, but not covering, the intersection of the crossed rifles, sabres, arrows, or cannon, respectively. For Armor, the number is placed immediately above the tank.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Branch insignia for Soldiers not affiliated with an infantry, armor, field artillery, air defense artillery, cavalry, special forces, or aviation regiment, generally wear their assigned basic branch insignia; however, as an option, Soldiers who are not affiliated with one of the above regiments, but who are assigned to a color-bearing regiment or separate operational battalion of their branch, may wear their branch insignia with the numerical designation of the battalion or regiment affixed, when approved by the Army command (ACOM) commander, Army service component command commander, or Army direct reporting unit commander. Officers and enlisted personnel assigned to cavalry regiments, cavalry squadrons, or separate cavalry troops are authorized to wear cavalry collar insignia in lieu of the branch insignia, when approved by the ACOM commander.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Certain special assignment insignia is worn in place of branch insignia to denote the officer's or NCO's particular responsibility. The enlisted versions of these are borne on a golden disk in the same manner as their customary branch device. Officers so assigned continue to wear their basic branch colors on the epaulets of the blue Army Service Uniform and the Army Blue Mess uniform.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: From 1920, warrant officers, being appointed into the Army "at large", wore the warrant officer device rather than branch insignia on their lapels and a larger warrant officer device on the service cap. Likewise, they wore brown as a branch color no matter their basic specialty. In 2004, warrant officers adopted the insignia and colors of the branch corresponding to their specialty and began wearing the officer insignia on the service cap.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Aside from Army custom, the Army Chief of Staff, former Chiefs of Staff, and generals of the Army (five-star) may prescribe their branch insignia. All other general officers may wear branch insignia at their option. If they choose this option, general officers will wear the branch insignia for the position to which they are appointed, or for their duty assignment. Army custom is that general officers wear no branch insignia, as they deal with echelons far above the basic branch level. Exceptions, however exist, as with the commandants of the various branches retain the respective insignia and Dean of the U.S. Military Academy wears the Professor, USMA insignia.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: The 21st century Army displays branch insignia on the blue Army Service Uniform coats; it was similarly worn on the Army Green uniform coat until that uniform was withdrawn from wear in 2015. Branch insignia was also similarly worn on rarely seen Army White uniform coat prior to that uniform being declared obsolete and unauthorized in 2006. Enlisted soldiers wear the branch insignia disk on the wearer's left coat collar, opposite the "U.S." insignia disk. All officers, apart from most general officers, wear branch insignia on both lapels, beneath the "U.S." insignia on both coat lapels. Most general officers wear only the "U.S." insignia on both coat lapels, and no branch insignia; chaplains, judge advocates, and senior branch chiefs such as the Chief Engineer and the Quartermaster General are exceptions to this custom, and wear branch insignia in the same manner as typical officers. Other branch chiefs (i.e.: Chief of Infantry, Chief of Artillery, Chief of Intelligence, etc.) may at their option wear the insignia of their branch as other officers; similarly, the Inspector General and Deputy Inspector General wear the inspector general insignia on their lapels in the same manner as other officers serving on inspector general tours.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Branch insignia is also worn by commissioned and warrant officers on the left collar of the hospital duty uniform and the arctic fatigues; rank is worn on the right collar. Chaplains wear branch insignia above the right breast pocket of Class B shirts; no other personnel wear branch insignia on Class B uniforms. Similarly, chaplains are the only soldiers who wear branch insignia on the Army Combat Uniform; chaplains also wear branch insignia on helmets and patrol caps in the place of rank insignia.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Although not considered a branch of service, U.S. Army officers assigned as aides to flag or equivalent grade officers replace their branch of service insignia for a special aide-de-camp insignia that denote the grade or position of the officer the aide supports. Because these collar insignia are branch immaterial, officers continue to wear their original branch of service colors and Army Regimental System insignia.


title: United States Army branch insignia

text: Army Command Sergeants Major holding the rank/position of Sergeant Major of the Army and Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff replace their Command Sergeant Major/Branch Immaterial insignia with a unique insignia that replicates the shield of the Aide-de-camp insignia to the Army Chief of Staff and Aide-de-camp insignia to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff respectively. These shields are superimposed on top of a gold disk, which is traditional for all enlisted branch of service insignia.


title: Louis Hynes

text: Louis Oliver Hynes (born 9 October 2001) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Klaus Baudelaire in the Netflix series "A Series of Unfortunate Events", which ran from 2017 to 2019 and as Vlad in the first season of Hulu series "The Great" in 2020.


title: Louis Hynes

text: Louis Hynes was born and raised in Oxford, England, the middle of three children. Hynes plays bass guitar when he is not acting. He lives with his parents, Andrew and Lisa Hynes, his elder brother Milo, and younger sister Lara just outside Oxford. In March 2020 he shaved his head live on Instagram to raise money for The Trussell Trust, a network of foodbanks in the UK.


title: Louis Hynes

text: Hynes began his career in an acclaimed performance as Franzl in "Intermezzo" produced by Bruno Ravella at Garsington Opera. He played Young Alaric in the History Channel's series "Barbarians Rising". From 2017 to 2019 he starred as Klaus Baudelaire in three seasons of the Netflix mystery-drama "A Series of Unfortunate Events". In July 2017 he appeared in a new adaptation of "The Saint" which was released on Netflix. He played the role of the young Simon Templar. It was filmed in 2013. In 2019 Louis was nominated for a Young Artist Award. In 2020 he appeared in the Hulu series "The Great". Along with the main cast of "The Great", he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2021.


title: Louis Hynes

text: During the COVID-19 quarantine he started a podcast called "Louis' Lockdown Lowdown". Guests have included Amybeth McNulty, Declan McKenna and Elle Fanning.


title: Lizard Squad

text: Lizard Squad was a black hat hacking group, mainly known for their claims of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks primarily to disrupt gaming-related services.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On September 3, 2014, Lizard Squad seemingly announced that it had disbanded only to return later on, claiming responsibility for a variety of attacks on prominent websites. The organization at one point participated in the Darkode hacking forums and shared hosting with them.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On April 30, 2016, Cloudflare published a blogpost detailing how cyber criminals using this group's name were issuing random threats of carrying out DDoS attacks. Despite these threats, Cloudflare claim they failed to carry through with a single attack. As a result of this, the British National Fraud Intelligence Bureau issued an alert warning businesses not to comply with ransom messages threatening DDoS attacks.


title: Lizard Squad

text: A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack occurs when numerous systems flood the bandwidth or resources of a targeted system, usually one or more web servers. Such an attack is often the result of multiple systems (for example a botnet) flooding the targeted system with traffic. When a server is overloaded with connections, new connections can no longer be accepted.


title: Lizard Squad

text: Lizard Squad has claimed responsibility for launching a string of DDoS attacks against high-profile game-related services over the course of a few months in late 2014. On August 18, 2014, servers of the game "League of Legends" were taken offline with a DDoS attack; this was claimed as Lizard Squad's first attack. Days later, on August 24, the PlayStation Network was disrupted via a DDoS attack. On November 23, the group claimed they attacked "Destiny" servers with a DDoS attack. On December 1, Xbox Live was apparently attacked by Lizard Squad: users attempting to connect to use the service would be given the 80151909 error code. On December 2, Lizard Squad defaced Machinima.com, replacing their front page with ASCII art of their logo. A week after, on December 8, Lizard Squad claimed responsibility for another PlayStation Network DDoS attack. On December 22, though not game-related, Internet in North Korea was taken offline by a DDoS attack. Lizard Squad claimed responsibility for the attack and linked to an IP address located in North Korea. North Korean Internet services were restored on 23 December 2014.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On December 25, 2014 (Christmas Day), Lizard Squad claimed to have performed a DDoS attack on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live. On December 26, 2014, at 2:00 AM, Lizard Squad appeared to stop attacking PlayStation Network and Xbox Live. Gizmodo reported that the attacks may have ceased after Kim Dotcom offered Lizard Squad 3000 accounts on his upload service MEGA.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On December 26, 2014, a Sybil attack involving more than 3000 relays was attempted against the Tor network. Nodes with names beginning with "LizardNSA" began appearing, Lizard Squad claimed responsibility for this attack.


title: Lizard Squad

text: The relevance of the attack was questioned. According to Tor relay node operator Thomas White, the consensus system made that Lizard Squad only managed to control "0.2743% of the network, equivalent of a tiny VPS".


title: Lizard Squad

text: On January 26, 2015, the website of Malaysia Airlines was attacked, apparently by Lizard Squad, calling itself a "cyber caliphate". Users were redirected to another page bearing an image of a tuxedo-wearing lizard, and reading "Hacked by Cyber Caliphate". Underneath this was text reading "follow the cyber caliphate on twitter" after which were the Twitter accounts of the owner of UMG, "@UMGRobert" and CEO of UMG, "@UMG_Chris". The page also carried the headline "404 - Plane Not Found", an apparent reference to the airline's loss of flight MH370 the previous year. Malaysia Airlines assured customers and clients that customer data had not been compromised.


title: Lizard Squad

text: Media reports around the world said versions of the takeover in some regions included the wording "ISIS will prevail", which listed concerns of Lizard Squad's association with the Islamic State.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On July 9, 2015, game servers operated by Daybreak Game Company, including those of "H1Z1" and "PlanetSide 2", were disrupted by a DDoS attack that Lizard Squad claimed responsibility for. The attack was performed in retaliation to legal threats John Smedley, the company's CEO, had made after being targeted by the hacking group.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On August 24, 2014, Lizard Squad claimed that a plane on which the president of Sony Online Entertainment, John Smedley, was flying (American Airlines Flight 362), had explosives on board. The flight from Dallas to San Diego made an unscheduled landing in Phoenix, Arizona. Sony Online Entertainment announced that the FBI was investigating the incident.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On January 26, 2015, several social media services including Facebook and Instagram were unavailable to users. Tinder and HipChat were also affected. Lizard Squad claimed responsibility for the attacks, via a posting on a Twitter account previously used by the group. The outage, originally speculated to be a distributed denial-of-service attack, lasted a little under an hour before services were restored.


title: Lizard Squad

text: Facebook later released a statement saying its own engineers were to blame, and that the disruption to its services was not the result of a third-party attack, but instead occurred after they introduced a change that affected their configuration systems.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On January 27, 2015, Lizard Squad claimed to have compromised Taylor Swift's Twitter and Instagram accounts. Once they claimed to have access, they threatened to release nude photos in exchange for bitcoins. Taylor Swift, however, retorted that "there were no naked pics" and told the offenders to "have fun" finding any.


title: Lizard Squad

text: On January 4, 2021, American lawyer and conspiracy theorist Lin Wood tweeted out baseless claims that a group of hackers named "the lizard squad" have evidence of a global sex ring involving several high-profile Americans, similar to the discredited conspiracy theory Qanon. There seems to be no relation between the "lizard squad" mentioned by Wood and the black-hat hacking group Lizard Squad, and Vinnie Omari, a member of the Lizard Squad, denies any claim that his group may have information on a global sex-trafficking organization.


title: Lizard Squad

text: Vinnie Omari is a member of the Lizard Squad who was arrested and bailed under the alleged offences of "Enter into/concerned in acquisition/retention/use or control criminal property, Fraud by false representation - Fraud Act 2006, Conspire to steal from another, unauthorized computer access with intent to commit other offences". He was used as a public face on television and as a spokesperson for the news to represent LizardSquad.


title: Lizard Squad

text: Julius Kivimäki (zeekill) is a Finnish member of Lizard Squad convicted in July 2015 on over 50,000 counts of computer crime.


title: Lizard Squad

text: 19-year-old Zachary Buchta (fbiarelosers) from Maryland, has been charged with computer crimes associated with a series of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, stolen credit cards and selling DDoS-for-hire services. He was one of the members behind LizardSquad and also the Co-Group "PoodleCorp" which launched distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks against multiple networks, YouTubers and gaming services. Buchta was hiding behind the Twitter alias @fbiarelosers, @xotehpoodle, and the online aliases "pein" and "lizard".


title: Lizard Squad

text: 19-year-old Bradley Jan Willem van Rooy (UchihaLS) from the Netherlands, has been charged with computer crimes associated with a series of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, stolen credit cards and selling DDoS-for-hire services.


title: Lizard Squad

text: He was one of the members behind LizardSquad who was mainly responsible for launching the DDoS-attacks announced by the group. Also he was one of the two managers behind the Twitter account @LizardLands which is the main Twitter account of LizardSquad since January 2015. He was normally hiding behind his Twitter alias @UchihaLS (which stands for Uchiha LizardSquad) and the online aliases "UchihaLS", "Uchiha" and "Dragon".


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The Chittagong Hill Tracts (), often shortened to simply the Hill Tracts and abbreviated to CHT, are group of districts within the Chittagong Division in southeastern Bangladesh, bordering India and Myanmar (Burma). Covering , they formed a single district until 1984, when they were divided into three districts: Khagrachari District, Rangamati Hill District, and Bandarban District.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: Topographically, the Hill Tracts are the only extensively hilly area in Bangladesh. It was historically settled by many tribal refugees from Burma Arakan in 16th century and now it is settled by the Jumma people. Today, it remains one of the least developed parts of Bangladesh.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The Chittagong Hill Tracts along with Ladakh, Sikkim, Tawang, Darjeeling, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, constitute some of the remaining abodes of Buddhism in South Asia.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), the only extensive hilly area in Bangladesh, lie in the southeastern part of the country (210 25' N to 230 45' N latitude and 910 54' E to 920 50' E longitude) bordering Myanmar on the southeast, the Indian state of Tripura on the north, Mizoram on the east and Chittagong district on the west. The area of the Chittagong Hill Tracts is about 13, 184 km, which is approximately one-tenth of the total area of Bangladesh. The Chittagong Hill Tracts combine three hilly districts of Bangladesh: Rangamati, Khagrachhari and Bandarban districts.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The mountainous rugged terrain with deep forests, lakes and falls gives it a different character from the rest of Bangladesh.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: According to the census of 2022, the population was 18,42,815 of whom 9,20,217 were tribal people and the rest were from the Bengali (Muslim and Hindu) community. The tribal populations include the Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Tanchangya, Assamese, Keot (Kaibarta), Chak, Pankho, Mro, Murang, Bom, Lushei, Khyang, and Khumi, and differ markedly from the Bengali majority of Bangladesh in language, culture, physical appearance, religion, dress and farming methods.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The population of the three districts ("zilas") totalled 1,598,000 in the provisional returns of the census of 2011, making the population density roughly 120 per km. About 49.94% of the population are tribal people and mainly followers of Theravada Buddhism (41.74%); 50.06% of the inhabitants are Bengalis (44% Muslims and 6.06% Hindus) and Bengalis are the largest ethnic group. Muslim population in three districts are Bandarban 52.68%, Khagrachari 46.56% and Rangamati 36.22%.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: During the 15th century it was controlled by the Twipra Kingdom. It was the warzone between the Arakan Kingdom and the Twipra Kingdom. Under British control, the British East India Company appointed chiefs to collect taxes from people. This was done in regional areas known as Chakma Circle, Mong Circle, and Bohmong Circle.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The early history of the Chittagong Hill Tracts is a record of constantly recurring raids by the eastern hill tribes (Mizo or Lushai) and of the operations undertaken to repress them. In the early 16th century the Chakma people came from Arakan (Burma) due to repression and hostility by Rakhaine people. The Chakma are the single largest tribe, comprising half of the tribal population. The Marma people are the second largest tribe. They came from Burma when Arakan was conquered by Burmese king Bodawpaya. The tribal peoples that emigrated from Burma due to repression by the Burmese king settled in the Hill Tracts with the consent of Subedar of Bengal, who was the representative of the Mughal emperor.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: Mughal and early British records name the region "Jum Bungoo", "Jum mahal" or "Kapas mahal". In 1787, the East India Company made the region its tributary after battling tribal leaders.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The use of the name "Chittagong" for this area dates to the 1860 British annexation of the region, bringing it under the direct control of British India. Situated beyond the inland hills, Chittagong proper is a coastal area in the plains where the British were based. As colonial influence grew, "Chittagong" enlarged as well, expanding eastwards to subsume the Hill Tracts under its revenue-collection territory.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The recorded population increased from 69,607 in 1872 to 101,597 in 1881, to 107,286 in 1891, and to 124,762 in 1901. The census of 1872 was, however, very imperfect, and the actual population growth probably did not exceed what might be expected in a sparsely inhabited but fairly healthy tract.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: When the 1901 census was taken there were no towns, and 211 of the villages had populations of less than 500 apiece; only one exceeded 2,000. The population density, excluding the area of uninhabited forest (1,385 square miles), was 33 persons per square mile. There was a little immigration from Chittagong, and a few persons had emigrated to Tripura. The proportion of females to every 100 males was only 90 in the district-born, and 83 in the total population. Buddhists numbered 83,000, Hindus 36,000, and Muslims 5,000.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The Chittagong Hill Tracts, combining three hilly districts of Bangladesh, were once known as Korpos Mohol, the name used until 1860. In 1860 it was annexed by the British and was made an administrative district of Bengal. Administratively, the Chittagong Hill Tracts were divided into three circles, namely the Chakma Circle, the Bohmong Circle, and the Mong Circle, each presided over by a hereditary chief from the Chakma and Marma peoples. As of today, it is a semi-autonomous region within Bangladesh comprising the districts of Chengmi (Khagrachari District), Gongkabor (Rangamati Hill District), and Arvumi (Bandarban District).


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The last viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, who considered the grant of independence to India as his act of crowning glory, was ambitious to achieve this "superhuman" task in record time. He said that before accepting the post of viceroy, he had told George VI, who was his cousin: "I am prepared to accept the job only on one condition. India must be granted independence by July, 1948 and I will not stay there a day longer". Mountbatten came to India in March 1947 and this left him just about sixteen months to complete such a gigantic task. In reality, he achieved it in five months, on 15 August 1947, for which he was given much credit, despite intense violence.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The Boundary Commission's award was originally been to be made public on 13 August. But Mountbatten was reluctant to make this public. According to Philip Ziegler, the author of Mountbatten's official biography, the case of the Chittagong Hill Tracts was uppermost in Mountbatten's mind. Mountbatten "foresaw an Independence Day marred by rancour, Nehru boycotting the ceremonies, India born in an atmosphere not of euphoria but of angry resentment." So Mountbatten decided to announce the award only on 16 August when the celebrations were over. As Zeigler writes, "India's indignation at the award of the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Pakistan may have been a factor in making up Mountbatten's mind to keep the reports to himself till after independence".


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: Mountbatten was himself surprised by the ferocity of Vallabhbhai Patel's reaction to the issue. In his memoirs he wrote, "The one man I had regarded as a real statesman with both his feet firmly on the ground, and a man of honour whose word was his bond, had turned out to be as hysterical as the rest. Candidly I was amazed that such a terrific crisis should have blown up over so small a matter. However, I have been long enough in India to realise that major crises are by no means confined to big matters." Leonard Mosley in his book "The Last Days of the British Raj" puts it as "a matter for Mountbatten's conscience".


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts dates back to when Bangladesh was the eastern wing of Pakistan. Widespread resentment occurred over the displacement of as many as 100,000 native people due to the construction of the Kaptai Dam in 1962. The displaced did not receive compensation from the government and many thousands fled to India.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: After The Liberation War, a convoy of Bangladesh army was ambushed by Shanti Bahini militants from the Hill Tracts. More than 90+ soldiers were killed and several of them were heavily injured. This was the first bloodshed in the Hill Tracts. After this massacre, Bangladesh deployed an army there. After some days, the Shanti Bahini started killing civilians in the Tracts. Many soldiers of the Bangladesh army were killed or injured by them.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: Following years of unrest, an agreement was formed between the government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders which granted a limited level of autonomy to the elected council of the three hill districts.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The 1997 Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord signed between the then-government of Sheikh Hasina and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti was opposed by opposition parties as well as a fraction of the tribal rebels. Opposition parties argued that the autonomy granted in the treaty ignored the Bengali community. The succeeding Khaleda Zia government promised to implement the peace treaty, despite their opposition to it during the previous government's term. According to the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs, a peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and Parbattya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti was signed on 2 December 1997.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: Tobacco cultivation is damaging the ecology of the area, with loss of indigenous trees such as "Chukrasia tabularis" (Indian mahogany), and soil fertility. Many of the farmers of Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachhari districts of Bangladesh have been losing their interests in cultivating indigenous crops like paddy, banana, maize, sesame, cotton, potato, pumpkin etc. as they became defaulters of loans provided by tobacco companies, they said.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: Like other mountainous areas in South and Southeast Asia, the Chittagong Hill Tracts are undergoing deforestation and land degradation arising from environmentally unsuitable activities such as tobacco cultivation in sloping land, shifting cultivation and logging. Shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture or swidden cultivation, embraces a large variety of primitive forms of agriculture. It is a special stage in the evolution from hunting and food gathering to sedentary farming. Mankind began to change its mode of life from food gatherer to food producer about 7000 B.C. by adopting shifting cultivation. Some form of shifting cultivation has been practised in most parts of the world, but more intensive forms of agriculture have subsequently replaced it.


title: Chittagong Hill Tracts

text: The present shifting cultivation system with short fallow period in the Chittagong Hill Tracts has accelerated erosion, land degradation, deforestation, and impoverishment of tribal people in CHT. If the present state of degradation is continued, most of the areas under shifting cultivation will be severely degraded and future generations will face more difficulties in eking out their livelihoods on further degraded land, although there is some scope for shifting cultivators to leave the degraded fields and move to other areas. It is estimated that on average eight hectares of land is necessary for the sustenance of a family in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. If this ratio is adopted, 1, 240, 000 ha land is required to sustain the present population; however, the total land available, excluding the reserve forest, is 928, 000 ha. Shifting cultivation, therefore, cannot fulfill even the subsistence requirements of the people. In such a situation, either large non-farm employment opportunities need to be created or more productive land-use systems need to be developed and adopted. Given the sluggish growth of the economy, there is limited scope for generating adequate non-farming employment opportunities in the near future. It is, therefore, imperative to replace the present shifting cultivation system with more productive and sustainable land use systems to enable people to secure their livelihoods.


title: Arkansas State University

text: Arkansas State University (A-State or ASU) is a public research university in Jonesboro, Arkansas. It is the flagship campus of the Arkansas State University System and the second largest university in the state. The university was founded in 1909 and is located atop on Crowley's Ridge.


title: Arkansas State University

text: A-State was founded as the First District Agricultural School in Jonesboro in 1909 by the Arkansas Legislature as a regional agricultural training school. Robert W. Glover, a Missionary Baptist pastor who served in both houses of the Arkansas Legislature from Sheridan (1905–1912), introduced in 1909 the resolution calling for the establishment of four state agricultural colleges, including the future ASU.


title: Arkansas State University

text: In 1918, ASU began offering a two-year college program. In 1925, it became First District Agricultural and Mechanical College. A four-year degree program was begun in 1930. A & M College became Arkansas State College in 1933. In 1967, the Arkansas Legislature elevated the college to university status and changed the name to Arkansas State University.


title: Arkansas State University

text: In the fall of 2014, A-State welcomed its most academically prepared freshman class. The result of several years of growing both admission standards and increasing on-campus housing, A-State's incoming first-year first-time student composite ACT was 23.9 with an average high school GPA of 3.47. This was the third consecutive year of improvement for the ACT/GPA freshman classes for Arkansas State. The Arkansas State Honors College has grown 59% since 2009. The university also posted back-to-back high graduate counts in spring 2012 and spring 2013, producing the most graduates in a two-year period in school history. The university contains the largest library in the state of Arkansas, the Dean B. Ellis Library.


title: Arkansas State University

text: Master's degree graduate programs were initiated in 1955, and ASU began offering its first doctoral degree, in educational leadership, in the fall of 1992. A second doctoral program, in environmental science, was begun in the fall of 1997, and the doctoral program in heritage studies began in the fall of 2001. Newer doctoral programs are in environmental science, molecular biosciences, and physical therapy. In the fall of 2016, Arkansas State enrolled the first class of approximately 115 students to its branch of the New York Institute of Technology's medical school. The medical school is located on campus in the historic Wilson Hall.


title: Arkansas State University

text: In 2018, Arkansas State was classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university nevertheless maintains a focus on undergraduate instruction and small class sizes, with a student-faculty ratio of 16:1, ranked #76 in undergraduate teaching nationwide .


title: Arkansas State University

text: Today, the institution has more than 100,000 alumni. Programs at the doctorate, specialist's, master's, bachelor's, and associate degree levels are available through the various colleges: Agriculture, Engineering & Technology, Business, Education & Behavioral Science, Liberal Arts & Communication, Nursing & Health Professions, Sciences & Mathematics, and Undergraduate Studies.


title: Arkansas State University

text: A-State's journalism program reorganized into the College of Media and Communication for fall 2013. The College of Media and Communication is home to three student-led media outlets and a NPR affiliate radio station. "The Herald", a weekly student newspaper, was founded in 1921 and has a circulation of 5,000. "ASU-TV", a program under the Department of Radio-Television, gives students hands-on experience in the field of television broadcasting. Starting in fall 2013, an Internet-based student radio station, "Red Wolf Radio", was added to the student media. Arkansas State is also home to "KASU", a 100,000-watt FM station, which is the oldest NPR affiliate west of the Mississippi River.


title: Arkansas State University

text: Arkansas State participates as a member of the NCAA Division I Sun Belt Conference. The athletic teams, previously known as the Indians, are now known as the Red Wolves.


title: Arkansas State University

text: In 2012, the Red Wolves football team became Sun Belt Conference champions for a second straight year, finishing the regular season with a 9–3 record, and capped off its successful season with its first bowl game victory since becoming a Division I-A (FBS) program with a 17–13 victory over Kent State in the GoDaddy.com Bowl, as well as earning its first win over a ranked opponent since joining the FBS in 1992.


title: Arkansas State University

text: In 2013, the football team became the Sun Belt Conference champions for a third straight year, finishing with a 7-5 regular season record and won a second consecutive GoDaddy Bowl with a 23–20 victory over then 10-2 Ball State.


title: Arkansas State University

text: Approximately 15% of ASU's undergraduate students are members of one of the 21 Greek organizations located on the campus.


title: Kensuke Ushio

text: He is a member of Japanese rock band Lama. Together with Lama, he released two full-length studio records: "New!" in 2011 and "Modanica" a year later. Both albums charted on the Japanese Albums Chart.


title: Kensuke Ushio

text: As an EBM musician, he released three albums, all of which peaked in the Japanese Albums Chart. He wrote and composed soundtracks for several anime television series and movies, such as "A Silent Voice", "Space Dandy", "Devilman Crybaby", "Boogiepop and Others", "Ping Pong", "Liz and the Blue Bird" and "Chainsaw Man".


title: Kensuke Ushio

text: As a child, Ushio learned playing piano. He studied arts and music at university. At the same time, he learned the usage of the audio editor software Pro Tools. At the age of 20, Ushio got his first contact with electronic music, such as techno. He started his solo career in 2007 under the moniker "Agraph" and began creating electronic music. His debut album "A Day, Phases", which was produced by Takkyu Ishino, was released in December 2008. Two years later, his second album "Equal" was released, which ranked in the Japanese Albums Charts. In 2011, Ushio and some former musicians of bands like Supercar and Number Girl formed a rock band called Lama. The band released two albums, which both ranked on the official Albums Charts of Japan.


title: Kensuke Ushio

text: Due to his involvement in Lama, Ushio's third album named "The Shader" was released in 2016, six years after his second album. Ushio works as composer of film music as well, with a particular focus on animated projects. Among his film and television credits are music composition for "Space Dandy" (2014), "A Silent Voice" (2016), "Liz and the Blue Bird" (2018), and "Boogiepop and Others" (2019). He is a frequent collaborator of directors Masaaki Yuasa and Naoko Yamada, as well as the animation studio Science Saru, for which he has composed the scores of "Ping Pong the Animation" (2014), "Devilman Crybaby" (2018), "Japan Sinks: 2020" (2020), and "The Heike Story" (2021). In December 2021, Ushio has been confirmed to be the composer for MAPPA's anime adaptation of Tatsuki Fujimoto's manga series "Chainsaw Man", which premiered on October 12, 2022 on TV Tokyo and other networks. He also arranged music for the Distant Future chapter of the "Live a Live" remake, originally composed by Yoko Shimomura, which released on July 22, 2022.


title: Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd

text: Janet Jennings Auchincloss Rutherfurd (June 13, 1945 – March 13, 1985) was an American socialite. She was the half sister of the former First Lady of the United States, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and socialite Lee Radziwill.


title: Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd

text: Auchincloss was born in New York City, the daughter of stockbroker Hugh D., Jr. and socialite Janet Auchincloss (née Lee). She was named after her mother (and was referred to as "Janet, Jr" by friends and family) while her middle name was in honor of her paternal grandmother, Emma Jennings. She had a younger brother, James Lee (known as "Jamie", born in 1947). In addition to elder half-sisters Jacqueline and Caroline (known as "Lee"), from her mother's first marriage to stockbroker John "Black Jack" Bouvier III, she had three elder half-siblings from her father's previous marriages: Hugh III (known as "Yusha", 1927–2015), Nina, and Thomas "Tommy" Auchincloss (born 1937). In the winter of 1945, Auchincloss was christened at the St. John Episcopal Church in The Plains, Virginia, and was raised in the faith.


title: Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd

text: She was educated at the Potomac School in McLean, Virginia, and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, the alma mater of her half-sisters Jacqueline and Lee. She went on to study music history at Sarah Lawrence College before leaving in 1966 to marry. Before meeting her future husband, Auchincloss briefly dated future Secretary of State John Kerry.


title: Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd

text: On August 17, 1963, Auchincloss was formally presented to society at a ball held at Hammersmith Farm, her childhood home in Newport, Rhode Island.


title: Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd

text: On July 30, 1966, she married Lewis Polk Rutherfurd, a recent graduate of Princeton University and future financier. Lewis was the son of Winthrop Rutherfurd, Jr. of New York and Fishers Island, the grandson of Frank L. Polk, Under Secretary of State in Woodrow Wilson's cabinet, and the great-grandson of Levi P. Morton, the former Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States under Benjamin Harrison.


title: Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd

text: In 1966, the Rutherfurds moved to Hong Kong where Auchincloss Rutherfurd taught French at Chinese University of Hong Kong for two years. She also served as an adviser and stockholder for the venture capital firm her husband co-founded and managed, Inter-Asia Venture Management. She later founded an overseas chapter of the League of Women Voters.


title: Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd

text: Despite undergoing aggressive treatments, the cancer spread to her brain and pancreas. On March 13, 1985, she died at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston at the age of 39. Her private funeral was held on March 19 at the Trinity Church in Newport, Rhode Island, after which she was buried at Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Islam is the second largest religion in Assam. The Muslim population was approximately 10.68 million, constituting over 34.22% of the total population of the state as of the 2011 census, though some projections have estimated it as up to 14 million in 2021 (~40% of the state population), giving Assam the second-largest Muslim percentage in the country after Kashmir Reaching the region in the 13th century, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Assam. Muslims are a majority in almost eleven districts of Assam and highly concentrated in four districts.


title: Islam in Assam

text: One of the most important factors contributing to the arrival and spread of Islam in Assam in the pre-colonial times was repeated invasions by Muslim rulers and generals. Though none of these invasions succeeded in establishing a rule it created a small but thriving Muslim population, aided by local rulers. Later Ahom kings encouraged a small Muslim immigration and even introduced Islamic prayers in court. In the colonial and post-colonial period, the Muslim population exploded in Assam primarily due to immigration.


title: Islam in Assam

text: One of the first conversions in Assam to Islam was Ali Mech, a Mech chieftain. A Delhi Sultanate general Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji appeared on the borders of Assam in 1206 and converted Ali Mech who guided him on his expedition to capture Tibet. Khalji had arrived with a force of 10–12,000 horsemen at the Kamrup region, but he was defeated at the Chumbi Valley and was forced to retreat back to Bengal with his army annihilated, where he died in the same year. This expedition resulted in Assam's first Muslim population.


title: Islam in Assam

text: The first immigrant settlement occurred in the middle of the 13th century when Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak in 1257 occupied some regions of Assam briefly. He introduced "khutbah" and Friday services. However he was soon defeated by Sandhya, the Rai of Kamarupa, who captured and executed him. In circa 1360, the Sultan of Bengal Sikandar Shah raided the Kamata kingdom and heavily weakened King Indranarayan's authority. However, Sikandar was forced to retreat to Bengal, in order to suppress the invasion of Firuz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi.


title: Islam in Assam

text: In 1498, Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah dispatched military general Shah Ismail Ghazi with 24,000 soldiers and a flotilla to conquer Kamata. The conquest was instigated by Sachipatra, a Brahmin whose son was executed by Nilambar for his promiscuity with the queen. Successfully imprisoning King Nilambar of the Khen dynasty, the Bengal Sultanate began issuing coins bearing the Sultan as the ""Conqueror of Kamru and Kamta"" and publicly inscribed the victory at a stone in Malda. The Sultan appointed his son, Prince Daniyal, as the governor of the newly conquered region; that reached up to Hajo and intended to expand to Central Assam.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Ghiasuddin Aulia was a Sufi from Baghdad who arrived after the conquest of Kamata kingdom by Alauddin Husain Shah. He established a khanqah atop the Garurachala Hills in Hajo. Claiming to have brought a lump of soil from Makkah with him, the building came to be known as the Barmaqam Powa-Makkah. Ghiyathuddin died and a mazar (mausoleum) was built there.


title: Islam in Assam

text: A Baro-Bhuyan confederation led by Gandharva Rai's descendant Harup Narayan was successful in removing the Sultanate influence, but the Baro-Bhuyans themselves were removed by Vishwa Singha who established the Koch dynasty in 1515. The Sultanate rule lasted for about 15 years.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Turko-Afghan soldiers who were taken as prisoners of wars by the Ahom kingdom in the 16th were later assimilated by the local population, but maintained a semblance of their Islamic beliefs and worked as brass metal workers.


title: Islam in Assam

text: In 1613, the Mughal emperor Jahangir appointed Muhammad Zaman Karori of Tehran as the Amil of Sylhet. Zaman took part in Islam Khan I's Assam expedition and was instrumental to the capture of Koch Hajo. The Mughals also ruled Goalpara (as a part of their Bengal Subah), but could not subdue the other parts of Assam. The Mughals established four sarkars in the newly acquired land---among which were Dhekeri (between Sankosh and Manas) and Kamrup (between Manas and Barnadi). Kamrup was also renamed as Shujabad, after Shah Shuja, the Subahdar of Bengal.


title: Islam in Assam

text: In 1630, a Muslim saint from Baghdad popularly known as Azan Faqir settled in Sivasagar. He preached to the local population about Islam and as a result, many converted and became his disciples. His mausoleum is present in Saraguri Chapori.


title: Islam in Assam

text: There were a number of Muslim rulers of Kamrup during this period and they were referred to as the "Faujdars of Shujabad". The sixth faujdar, Lutfullah Shirazi, built a hilltop mosque in Koch Hajo in 1657. The mosque contained the mazar (mausoleum) of Prince Ghiyath ad-Din Awliya of Iraq, who is commonly credited for introducing Islam to the region. The Mughals lost Kamrup forever in 1682 after the Battle of Itakhuli.


title: Islam in Assam

text: When Assam came under colonial rule, the British brought with them a number of immigrant Bengali settlers (mostly Muslims). These immigrants encouraged other Bengalis to settle in Assam for economic and social reasons. The fertile land of Assam and its vast expanse was inhabited by indigenous populace at that time( that is, vast lands and forests were present but fewer people) which then attracted a large number of landless immigrant peasants from Bengal presidency, nearly 85% of whom were Muslims. The tea planters and immigrant Marwari businessmen, who needed workers, also welcomed the migrants.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Early establishments of these immigrant Bengalis were in the Goalpara district, mostly in the "char" (riverine) lands and reserved forests. Most of these Muslim immigrants were known as "Miyas". Since many of them came from the Northeast part of Rangpur and very few of them came from Mymensingh, they were sometimes referred to as "Bongya" or Bongali meaning Outsider.


title: Islam in Assam

text: After the Government of India Act 1935, a Legislative Assembly was established in Assam in 1937. The Muslim League, led by Muhammed Saadulah, formed a minority government in the state and he again encouraged large scale immigration from then Bengal.


title: Islam in Assam

text: After the Sylhet referendum in 1947, the Muslim-majority Sylhet region went to East Pakistan while some Muslim-majority areas such as the Karimganj district went to Assam, India.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Assam has some indigenous Muslims like the Gauria, Maria and Deshi, though they are very few as compared to the large-scale Bengal-originating immigrants. Thus, there have been concerns that illegal immigration from neighbouring East Pakistan in India has contributed to a sharp rise in the Muslim population of Assam and has slowly destabilized the native inhabitants of Assam. This fear of "demographic invasion" by East Pakistani has been a political issue in Assam since the days of the Assam Movement (1979–1985). In 2001, there were 6 Muslim-majority districts in the state of Assam. By 2011, this number had increased to 9. However, some have stated these numbers have declined in recent years, though there is no concrete proof.


title: Islam in Assam

text: The Assam Movement or the Assam Agitation (1979-1985) led by All Assam Students Union (AASU) and the ‘All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad’ (AAGSP) was a popular uprising to drive out the illegal immigrants from Bengal/Bihar etc. The movement ended with the signing of the Assam Accord by leaders of AASU-AAGSP and the Government of India under PM Rajiv Gandhi. During this period of six long years of the historic movement, reportedly, 855 people (later on 860 according to AASU reports) sacrificed their lives in the hope of an "infiltration free Assam" in the 1979-1985 Assam agitation. In addition, the infamous Nellie and Khoirabari massacre also took place during this time claiming the lives of 2,191 and 100-500 respectively.


title: Islam in Assam

text: The Assam Accord (1985) was a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement for the indigenous ethnic groups in New Delhi on 15 August 1985. The fundamental aspect of the Assam Accord was: foreigners who came to Assam on or after 25 March 1971, shall continue to be detected; deleted and practical steps shall be taken to expel such foreigners. The indigenous people of Assam (by meaning indigenous is for those who are living since ages even before colonization took place in 1826 as per UN definition of the indigenous people). Further details are available on public domain which can be referred to, for detailed information.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Post 1985, Assam witnessed a multiple change of governments; from the Indian National Congress to the Asom Gana Parishad and finally the BJP's maiden entry in 2016 with CM Sarbananda Sonowal at the helm, an erstwhile member of AASU who also signed the Assam Accord.


title: Islam in Assam

text: The Assam state has passed a law converting state-run Islamic schools into regular schools, saying they provided sub-standard education.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Opposition parties criticised the move and stated it reflected the government's anti-Muslim attitude in the Hindu-majority country.


title: Islam in Assam

text: More than 700 of the Islamic religious schools, known as madrasas, in Assam will be shut by April, the state's education minister Himanta Biswa Sarma told the local assembly.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Assamese is the official language of the state and the most widely spoken, and so it serves as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Bengali, which is an official language in Assam's Barak Valley, is also a popular common language among certain communities.


title: Islam in Assam

text: The Assamese Muslims are often divided into four subgroups; "Deshi", "Maria", "Gauria" and Syeds. Some of these people are descendants of defeated Mughal soldiers, captured in Ahom–Mughal conflicts, who eventually married native Assamese women and adopted Assamese language and culture. Their population totals to roughly 4 million, comprising 12.8% of state population. The Syeds claim to be descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.


title: Islam in Assam

text: The "Deshi" or "Zula" are descendants of indigenous converts to Islam from the Koch, Mech, Rabha, Boro. They consider Ali Mech, the 13th-century chief, as their founding father. This group mainly converses in Goalpariya and Rajbanshi, as opposed to Boro and Rabha. They are mainly found in the western districts of Goalpara, Kokrajhar, Dhubri and South Salmara-Mankachar (i.e. Lower Assam).


title: Islam in Assam

text: The "Maria" are descended from captured Muslim soldiers who were part of Bakhtiyar Khalji's army in 1206. They are named as such because they were engaged in the bell-metal and smithy industry, the word "Maria" meaning "one who hits metals". On the other hand, the "Gauria" are descendants of Muslim soldiers who accompanied Turbak Khan during his conquest of Assam in 1532. This army hailed from Gaur in Bengal, so are referred to as "Gauria". The "Mariya" and "Gauria" are minority groups and can be found in Sivasagar, Jorhat, Tinsukia, Golaghat, Kamrup and some other districts in Assam. They speak Assamese language as their own mother tongue.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Muslims from Bengal are the largest majority group in Assam. The Barak Valley is home to native Sylheti speakers. The valley's Karimganj district was historically a part of the District of Sylhet but was separated from it during the Partition of India in 1947. The other two districts of the Barak Valley; Cachar and Hailakandi, were historically a part of the Dimasa Kingdom which also hosted a large Sylheti Muslim population. There also a number of Sylhet-origin Muslims inhabiting the Hojai district. The Miya people are descended from Muslim immigrants from the modern-day Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Rangpur and Rajshahi. They are concentrated in the central and lower Assam districts such as Dhubri, Morigaon, Goalpara, Hojai, Kamrup, Darrang, Nagaon, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Hailakandi, Karimganj, South Salmara district, Nalbari, Chirang and Bodoland. Their population is around 10.49 million, comprising about 30% of the state population, out of 40% of the Assam's total Muslim population as of 2021 year estimation report.


title: Islam in Assam

text: The third group are the descendants of Muslim migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, who speak Hindustani. Their population is about 1.25 lakhs in Assam, comprising 0.4% of state population as of 2011. They are mainly found in Brahmaputra valley.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Bengali Muslims in Assam have faced repeated and increased attacks. In 1983, around 3000 Bengali Muslims were killed in the Nellie massacre, (unofficial figures run at more than 10,000).


title: Islam in Assam

text: During the 2012 Assam violence there was communal riot between Bengal origin Muslim and indigenous Bodo people. Almost 80 people were killed, most of whom were Bengali Muslims and some Bodos. Nearly, 400,000 people were displaced to migrant camps, most being Muslims. Indian nationalist politicians have accused Bangladesh of trying to expand its territory by ostensibly promoting illegal immigration. However, Indian government census reports note a decline in immigration from Bangladesh between 1971 and 2011.


title: Islam in Assam

text: In Baksa district of Assam, from the night of 1 May 2014 until the early morning hours of 3 May a series of attacks occurred on the Bengali Muslims in Assam, a north-eastern state of India. The perpetrator is unknown, but is suspected to be the National Democratic Front of Bodoland's Songbijit faction. Speculated to be revenge for not voting for the National Democratic Front in the Lok Sabha elections, the death toll reached 32, mostly Muslims.


title: Islam in Assam

text: On 7 June 2019, 82 families comprising more than 1,000 people — all Muslims — have been evicted from the Rajanikhal forest village under the Haiwaithang range, which interestingly falls inside Barak valley's Forest Minister Parimal Suklabaidya's home constituency Dholai.


title: Islam in Assam

text: On 10 June 2021, nearly 100 families of about 500 Bengali-speaking Muslims were rendered homeless through land eviction, leaving them with no option but to take shelter near a road. A similar drive was also carried out on 17 May at Jamugurihat in North Assam's Sonitpur district which have evicted 25 Muslim families, all belonging to the Bengali speaking groups. The district administration officials said they had illegally occupied government land and did not vacate it despite several warnings in the past.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Many Bengali speaking Muslims in Assam are victim of NRC which, they claim, directly declared them under D voter category. Citing the statistics, the letter alleged that the numbers suggest there was pressure from State authorities to declare more persons as foreigners as far as possible. Between 1985 and 2016, out of 468,934 referrals, 80,194 Bengali speaking Muslims were declared as foreigners. In 2017, 13,434 persons from the same community were declared foreigners. Assam last NRC which was conducted on 2019 year, have found that 1.9 million people names were out of the list, of which nearly around 5 lakhs Bengali speaking Muslims names were excluded.


title: Islam in Assam

text: On 21 September 2021, Assam government have evicted around 5,000 illegal Bengali speaking Muslims in Darrang district and the reason of their eviction is that they have illegal encroached the government lands without any legal documents. It has been also reported that two mosques and a Madrassa were also demolished during the drive. As per as media report, two Muslims (including a kid) were shot to death by the police firing.


title: Islam in Assam

text: <nowiki>•</nowiki> Variation for two decades (1971–1991). In 1981, census was not conducted in Assam due to disturbed conditions resulting from insurgency. Muslims in Assam have recorded the most dramatic decline in fertility since NFHS-3, which was conducted 14 years earlier. The number of children who would be born per woman — or the total fertility rate (TFR) — of the Muslim community in Assam is at 2.4 which is higher than the 1.6 for Hindus as of 2019-20 research by the fifth National Family Health Survey. The reduction in fertility among Muslims has been from 3.6 in 2005–06 to 2.4 in 2019–20, a drop of 1.3 compared to 0.4 among Hindus in the same period, although from a lower base. Muslim percentage have increased from 12.4% in 1901 to 34.22% in 2011 (which is a sharp rise of 21.82% for past 120 years). In 2021, some estimates have placed Assam's Muslim population at about 14 million out of 36.54 million total population, making up about 40% of the state population.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Below is a breakdown of the Muslim population by district in the Indian state of Assam according to the 2011 Census of India:


title: Islam in Assam

text: Islam was first introduced in Assam by Azan Faqir who have came from Baghdad in 17th century (1601-1700) during the reign of Ahom king Pratap Singha. He preach Islam to local indigenous assamese tribes in various parts of Assam. He played a vital role in unifying the people of the Brahmaputra Valley. He is considered as a legendary Sufi saint who composed many spiritual songs related to Allah in Assamese language. Thousands of devotees from all over the country visit his Dargah at Sivasagar to pay their homage to this great reformer who had done a lot for the people of Assam.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Muslim population of undivided Assam was 24% in 1951, which increased after Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal and Mizoram were separated from Assam.respectively. As far as for upcoming 2021 census, it has been estimated that present Muslim population in Assam is over 40%, which have gone up from 35% in comparison to the previous decade of 2011 census respectively. Assam's prominent Professor D.C Nath and B.k Nath have stated that Assam would become a Muslim majority state by 2040. Another Study by Prof. Indrajeet Barua of Guwahati University has also stated that by 2047, Assam would be an absolute Muslim majority state. As per as India facts, Assam will have a Muslim majority by 2061.


title: Islam in Assam

text: Recently on 5 June 2022 Assam Government did cabinet decision, indigenous Assamese Muslims only five different sections namely Goria,Moria,Desi,Jalah and Syed,


title: Islam in Assam

text: Census of India between (2001-2011) have shown that Bengali Muslim population grows 5-7% in Assam specially in the bordering districts over the past decade. In February 2020, the Assam Minority Development Board announced plans to segregate illegal Bengali Muslim immigrants from the indigenous Muslims of the state, though some have expressed problems in identifying an indigenous Muslim person. According to the board, there are 1.4 crore (14 million) Muslims in the state, of which 10 million are of Bengali origin, and rest are Indian origin indigenous Assamese. Allegedly that the number of 'illegal Bangladeshis' in Assam of all religions is about 1 crore (10 million) and are scattered across the length and breadth of the state. A report reveals that out of total 33 districts in Assam, Bangladeshis dominate almost 15 districts of Assam. Several people reveal that "Bangladeshi roumers" made them specially Muslims victimized of "D" voters. This is even more problematic when names have been left out even after included on draft NRC by providing proper legacy papers.


title: Sega Genesis Collection

text: Sega Genesis Collection (Sega Mega Drive Collection in PAL regions) is a compilation of video games developed by Digital Eclipse and published by Sega for PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. The collection includes twenty-eight Sega Genesis games from a variety of genres, as well as unlockable classic Sega arcade games, with different sets of arcade games for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions. A sequel was released in 2009 called "Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection" for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.


title: Sega Genesis Collection

text: This collection also features more than thirty-five minutes of unlockable interviews from Sega of Japan, a "museum" with facts about the games, strategy tips and box art for each game, as well as a "Sega Cheat Sheet" that consists of cheat codes for most games, and a set of unlockable arcade games, (some of which are from the early Sega/Gremlin era). The collection also contains unlockable trailers for "Phantasy Star Universe" and "Virtua Fighter 5".


title: Sega Genesis Collection

text: "Sega Genesis Collection" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: MOPP (protective gear)

text: MOPP (an acronym for "Mission Oriented Protective Posture"; pronounced "mop") is protective gear used by U.S. military personnel in a toxic environment, e.g., during a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) strike:


title: MOPP (protective gear)

text: Each MOPP level corresponds to an increasing level of protection. The readiness level will usually be dictated by the in-theatre commander.