title: 1980 World Series

text: The Philadelphia Phillies won the National League East division by one game over the Montreal Expos, then defeated the Houston Astros three games to two to win the National League Championship Series. The Kansas City Royals won the American League West division by 14 games over the Oakland Athletics, then swept the New York Yankees for the American League pennant


title: 1980 World Series

text: Two first-year managers, Dallas Green of the Phillies and Jim Frey of the Royals, fought to win a first World Championship for their respective clubs. This was the first appearance for the Phillies since losing to the New York Yankees in and just their third overall, having lost also to the Boston Red Sox in .


title: 1980 World Series

text: The Royals entered the league as an expansion team in 1969. They had early success under the leadership of Whitey Herzog, winning their division from 1976 to 1978, but lost each year to the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series (ALCS), finally exacting revenge with a sweep of the Yankees in 1980. The Phillies had a strikingly similar run entering this Series, as they were also divisional winners from 1976 to 1978, but lost three straight NLCS: to the Cincinnati Reds in 1976, and the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1977 and 1978. In 1980, they finally triumphed, rallying on the road to eliminate the Houston Astros.


title: 1980 World Series

text: The Philadelphia Phillies entered the decade as the only one of the original National League teams not to have won a Fall Classic. Born in 1883, the franchise had gone 97 years without a championship, and it felt to Philadelphians as if the team had languished under a cruel curse for its entire existence. Unlike the Boston Red Sox and Chicago Cubs, the Phillies did not have a nickname for their curse, such as the Curse of the Bambino” or “Curse of the Billy Goat.”


title: 1980 World Series

text: For almost a full century, the Phightin’ Phils were simply a bad baseball team. Last place finishes piled up. They had made the postseason just five times in those 97 years, winning pennants in 1915 and 1950, along with three straight NL East titles in the mid-‘70s.


title: 1980 World Series

text: However, the Phillies seemed to have it all in 1980, including eventual Most Valuable Player, third-baseman Mike Schmidt (48 HR, 121 RBI, .286 BA), and Cy Young Award winner, lefty Steve Carlton (24–9, 2.34 ERA). This mostly veteran club finished between first and third in almost all offensive categories in the National League. Thirty-nine-year-old Pete Rose led the club in hits (185) and doubles (42), while speedsters center fielder Garry Maddox and utility outfielder Lonnie Smith combined for 68 steals. The pitching staff was just good enough, led by Carlton and 17-game-winner Dick Ruthven. In the bullpen was the ever-enthusiastic screwballer Tug McGraw, who was making his third trip to the Series, having ridden the bench the New York Mets, winning in and losing in .


title: 1980 World Series

text: The Kansas City Royals were a team that was formed by pharmaceutical executive Ewing Kauffman as a result of the move of the Athletics to Oakland, and began play in 1969. They quickly became competitive, achieving a winning record in their third season with an 85–76 win–loss record. By 1976, the young team was becoming the dominant force in the American League West, winning 90 or more games in four consecutive seasons from 1975 to 1978. Unfortunately, the Royals could not get over the hump of the New York Yankees, losing three straight ALCS to New York from 1976 to 1978.


title: 1980 World Series

text: The 1980 Royals had a Most Valuable Player of their own in the indomitable superstar, third-baseman George Brett, who flirted with the sacred .400 mark all summer with an average above .400 as late as September 19, before settling for a .390 batting average, with 24 homers and 118 RBI in 117 games. The unquestioned heart and soul of the Royals was surrounded by a solid corps of veterans: Amos Otis, super-designated-hitter Hal McRae, solid second-baseman Frank White, and switch-hitting leadoff man Willie Wilson, who finished the season with 230 hits and 79 stolen bases. Six KC pitchers had ten or more wins, led by 20-game-winner Dennis Leonard (20–11, 3.79) and left-hander Larry Gura (18–10, 2.95). Submariner closer Dan Quisenberry won 12 games out of the bullpen and accumulated 33 saves, tied for best in the American League with Rich Gossage. On their way to the World Series in 1980, the Royals would finally beat the New York Yankees in the ALCS.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Phillies' starter Bob Walk became the third rookie to start the first game of a World Series, the first since Joe Black of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1952. The Royals jumped on him early with a pair of two-run home runs: in the second, Amos Otis lifted one to left after a leadoff walk of Darrell Porter, and Willie Aikens went over right-center with two outs in the third, following Hal McRae's single up the middle and a called strikeout of George Brett. The K.C. threat continued until Porter was thrown out at home. In their half of the third, the Phils rallied off Dennis Leonard. Shortstop Larry Bowa singled with one out, stole second and scored on catcher Bob Boone's double. Lonnie Smith's RBI single then cut the Royals' lead to 4–2, but Smith was caught in a rundown heading back to first, which allowed Boone to score. With the bases clear and two outs, Pete Rose was hit on the calf and Mike Schmidt walked on five pitches. Bake McBride launched the first pitch to right-center for a three-run home run and the Phillies led 5–4; designated hitter Greg Luzinski fanned for the third out.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the fourth inning, Manny Trillo chopped a high bouncer over Leonard for an infield single, advanced to second on an errant pickoff throw, and to third as Bowa bounced to second for the second out. Ninth in the order and with a 3-1 count, Boone doubled again to score Trillo and knock Leonard out of the game. Reliever Renie Martin retired Smith on a flyout to right.


title: 1980 World Series

text: After loading the bases in the fifth with one out on a single, hit-by-pitch, and walk off Martin, Garry Maddox's sacrifice fly to left on full count scored Schmidt for a 7–4 lead. Trillo popped out to first to end the threat. Hitless Brett opened the eighth with a double to left-center off of Walk, and went to third on a wild pitch to Aikens, who hit another two-run home run to right-center to cut the lead to one. Closer Tug McGraw entered with the bases clear and no outs, faced the minimum in the final two innings for a 7–6 Phillies victory.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Prior to this victory, the Phillies had not won a World Series game since Game 1 in against the Boston Red Sox, when Grover Cleveland Alexander had pitched a shutout.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Game 2 was a pitchers' duel between left-handers Larry Gura and Steve Carlton. After a one-out single and subsequent double in the fifth, Manny Trillo's sacrifice fly and Larry Bowa's RBI single put the Phillies up 2–0. The Royals cut it to 2–1 when Amos Otis scored from second on Trillo's error on Willie Aikens's ground ball in the sixth. Carlton looked in control until, acting on a complaint from Kansas City manager Jim Frey that he was using a foreign substance on the ball; the umpires made Carlton wash his hands.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the seventh, Carlton loaded the bases on three walks, the last intentional, and Otis ripped a double into the left-field corner to drive in two, then John Wathan's sacrifice fly to center extended the Royals' lead to 4–2; questionably, Otis was caught in a rundown after also tagging up from second; Rose cut the ball and threw to Schmidt, who tagged him halfway back to second to end the inning.


title: 1980 World Series

text: The Phillies rallied in the eighth inning off closer Dan Quisenberry; after a leadoff walk to Bob Boone, pinch hitter Del Unser's RBI double to left-center cut the Royals' lead to 4–3. A groundout to first by Pete Rose advanced Unser to third, and a high-chopper single by Bake McBride over the drawn-in infield tied the score. Mike Schmidt drove in McBride to take the lead with a double off the wall in right-center, then scored on Keith Moreland's single up the middle to lead by two. Pinch hitter Greg Gross grounded into a 6-4-3 double play.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Ron Reed took over for Carlton in the ninth, struck out two, and held the Royals scoreless for the save as Philadelphia went up 2–0 heading to Kansas City.


title: 1980 World Series

text: K.C. got back in the series with a thrilling extra inning victory in Game 3. George Brett, having returned from minor surgery after Game 2, began the scoring with a Home Run into the right-field stands in the first off Dick Ruthven. The Phillies loaded the bases in the second off Rich Gale with one out on two singles and a walk, but only scored once on Lonnie Smith's groundout. In the fourth, Willie Aikens tripled with one out and scored on Hal McRae's single, but Mike Schmidt's home run in the fifth again tied the game and knocked Gale out of the game. Amos Otis gave the Royals a 3–2 lead in the seventh with a home run, but Pete Rose's RBI single with two on in the eighth off Renie Martin (who had relieved Gale) again tied the game. Ruthven pitched nine innings and was relieved in the tenth. The game headed into extra innings and in the bottom of the tenth, Willie Aikens drove in Willie Wilson with a single to left-center for the game-winning run off Tug McGraw.


title: 1980 World Series

text: A beautiful Saturday afternoon was the setting for Game 4. The Royals jumped all over Phillies starter Larry Christenson in the bottom of the first. Willie Wilson doubled, George Brett tripled him in, and Willie Aikens smashed his third home run of the series. The onslaught continued when Amos Otis doubled in Hal McRae, who had also doubled, to give the Royals a 4–0 lead right out of the gate. Christenson would only last of an inning before being relieved. After the Phillies scored a run in the second on Larry Bowa's RBI single off Dennis Leonard, Aikens hit his second home run of the game in the bottom half and became the first player in World Series history to have a pair of two-home run games. The Phillies cut away at the Royals' lead on sacrifice flies by Bob Boone off Leonard in the seventh and Mike Schmidt off Dan Quisenberry in the eighth (the run charged to Leonard), but fell short as Leonard held them in check and Dan Quisenberry finished the game to help Leonard atone for his Game 1 loss. The Royals won 5–3 to tie the series. Despite the Royals victory, Game 4 is best remembered for Dickie Noles' fourth-inning brushback pitch under Brett's chin that ultimately prompted the umpires to issue warnings to each team. Brett told "Baseball Digest" in March 1998 that he had "no idea if that [brushback pitch by Noles] turned the Series around. All I know is we lost." Mike Schmidt, in his book "Clearing The Bases", called it "the greatest brushback in World Series history." Aikens later said that "he" had been expecting it to happen to him, in retaliation for his two home runs.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Played in the afternoon sun and shadows, pivotal Game Five was scoreless through the first three innings. In top of the fourth, Pete Rose laced a line drive off starter Larry Gura, but was thrown out by second baseman Frank White. Bake McBride dragged a bunt to Gura, but first baseman Willie Aikens' foot was not on the base. On a 2–2 count, Mike Schmidt homered to center to put the Phillies up 2–0. Greg Luzinski grounded out to third and Keith Moreland popped out to third.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the bottom of the fifth, U L Washington singled to center, and Willie Wilson hit a grounder between shortstop and third that was an infield single. After a sacrifice bunt from White that nearly went for a hit, George Brett's RBI groundout to second off Marty Bystrom cut the Phillies' lead to 2–1. Aikens walked, but Hal McRae flew out to the base of the right field foul pole to strand Wilson at third.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the Kansas City sixth, red-hot Amos Otis tied the game with a leadoff home run to left. After solid singles by Clint Hurdle and Darrell Porter put runners on the corners with no outs, Bystrom was relieved by Ron Reed, who allowed a sacrifice fly to left by Washington which put the Royals up 3–2. Wilson doubled to right, but Porter was thrown out at home by Manny Trillo's relay, and White fouled out to third.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the top of the seventh, Schmidt flew out to right, and Luzinski walked. Smith came in to run and Moreland singled, ending Gura's day. Closer Dan Quisenberry induced fielder's choice groundouts by Maddox and Trillo to end the threat. In the bottom half against closer Tug McGraw, Brett and Aikens struck out swinging, then McRae doubled to left. Otis was intentionally walked, and José Cardenal batted for Hurdle, but flew out to center on the first pitch.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the Phillies' eighth, Bowa nearly beat out a grounder out to second, then Bob Boone reached on a low throw by Brett and continued to second. Rose grounded out to second and Boone went to third but was stranded when McBride also grounded to second. In the bottom half, Porter grounded out to second, Washington fanned, and Wilson chopped a slow grounder towards third, but was thrown out by McGraw.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Down by a run, Schmidt led off the ninth inning with an infield single off of drawn-in third baseman Brett's glove. Pinch hitter Del Unser drove him home from first with a double that bounced over Aikens' glove and into the right-field corner. After a bunt down the first baseline by Moreland moved Unser to third, Garry Maddox grounded to third for the second out. On an 0–2 count, Trillo drove in the go-ahead run with a line shot that ricocheted off Quisenberry for an infield hit, almost thrown out by Brett. Bowa grounded to shortstop on a high hopper to end the inning.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the bottom of the ninth, White led off with a walk, Brett was caught looking, Aikens walked on four pitches, and was lifted for pinch-runner Onix Concepción. McRae hit a fly well down the line that was just foul, then grounded to shortstop for a fielder's choice. Otis walked on four pitches to load the bases, but McGraw silenced the crowd by striking out Cardenal with an inside fastball on a 1–2 count to end the game.


title: 1980 World Series

text: With a chance to close out the series at home in Game 6, Steve Carlton was the starter for Philadelphia. In the bottom of the third, Bob Boone walked, then was safe at second on Lonnie Smith's ground ball, as shortstop U L Washington was past the base when he caught the ball from the second baseman Frank White. Pete Rose then bunted for a single down the third-base line to load the bases. Mike Schmidt's single to right-center scored two, which ended Royals' starter Rich Gale's night. Renie Martin entered with runners at the corners and no outs and retired the side: Bake McBride fouled out, Greg Luzinski hit a soft liner to third, and Garry Maddox flew to right.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the fifth, Smith hustled to turn a routine single to left-center into a double, advanced to third on Rose's fly to left-center, and Schmidt walked on a full count. Lefthander Paul Splittorff relieved Martin, and McBride's slow groundout to shortstop moved up both runners to put the Phillies up 3–0. Luzinski also grounded out to shortstop. Next inning, Maddox singled to left, but Manny Trillo grounded back to Splittorff for 1-6-3 double play. On a 2–2 count, Larry Bowa doubled to left and scored on Boone's single to center, making it 4–0 Phillies. Smith flew out to right-center.


title: 1980 World Series

text: John Wathan walked on eight pitches to lead off the eighth and José Cardenal singled to left to end Carlton's night, relieved by closer Tug McGraw. White fouled out to first, Willie Wilson walked on five pitches to load the bases. Washington flew to left-center for a sacrifice fly, George Brett got an infield hit to reload the bases, but Hal McRae grounded out to second. In the bottom half, closer Dan Quisenberry set the Phillies down in order (Maddox, Trillo, Bowa).


title: 1980 World Series

text: In the top of the ninth, the City of Philadelphia deployed a police force ready to take the field with some officers mounted on horses and some armed with K-9 dogs. This action proved effective preventing fans from storming onto the field when the game ended. Royals leadoff batter Amos Otis was caught looking on a breaker, Willie Aikens drew a walk on a full count, and Onix Concepción came in to run. Wathan singled to right, and Cardenal singled to center to load the bases. White fouled out on the first pitch, bobbled by Boone, and caught by Rose in front of the Phillies' dugout. Wilson fell behind on an 0–2 count, took a pitch slightly high, then fanned on a fastball to end the Series.


title: 1980 World Series

text: It was the 12th time Wilson struck out in this Series, setting a new World Series record. The previous mark of 11 had been held jointly by Eddie Mathews and Wayne Garrett in and , respectively. It stood until , when Ryan Howard struck out 13 times, ironically on a Phillies team which lost to the New York Yankees. Boone's knees were so sore by the end of the World Series that he could barely make it to the mound after the final out was recorded.


title: 1980 World Series

text: When the World Series began in , the National and American Leagues each had eight teams. With their victory in 1980, the Phillies became the last of the "Original Sixteen" franchises to win a Series (although the St. Louis Browns never won a Series in St. Louis, waiting until , twelve years after becoming the Baltimore Orioles).


title: 1980 World Series

text: While third baseman Schmidt was the official MVP of the 1980 World Series, the Babe Ruth Award (another World Series MVP) was given to closer McGraw.


title: 1980 World Series

text: NBC broadcast the Series on television, with play-by-play announcer Joe Garagiola, color commentators Tony Kubek and Tom Seaver, and field reporter Merle Harmon. Bryant Gumbel anchored the pre- and post-game shows, while former pitching great Bob Gibson and umpire Ron Luciano also contributed to NBC's coverage.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Independent station WPHL-TV in Philadelphia, the Phillies' television rights holder, simulcasted NBC's broadcast to its local viewers. Phillies broadcasters Richie Ashburn, Harry Kalas, Tim McCarver, and Andy Musser hosted a locally produced pregame show prior to each of the six games.


title: 1980 World Series

text: CBS Radio also carried the Series nationally, with Vin Scully handling the play-by-play and Sparky Anderson the color commentary. Win Elliot anchored the pre-and post-game shows for the network.


title: 1980 World Series

text: At this time CBS Radio held total broadcast exclusivity for the World Series, including in each team's market. Thousands of Phillies fans were outraged that they could not hear their local team announcers call the games. They deluged the team, the networks, and the Commissioner's office with angry letters and petitions. The following year Major League Baseball changed its broadcast contract to allow the flagship radio stations for participating World Series teams to produce and air their own local Series broadcasts, beginning in . The CBS Radio feed could potentially be heard in those markets on another station which held CBS's rights. WPHL did a "re-creation" of the game with Harry Kalas, Richie Ashburn, and Andy Musser using the NBC video which aired in November along with the National League East division clinching game in Montreal and three games from the NLCS against Houston. When the Phillies next won a World Series, in , Kalas was able to make the call of the final out.


title: 1980 World Series

text: This Series is tied with the 1978 World Series for the highest overall television ratings to date, with the six games averaging a Nielsen rating of 32.8 and a share of 56.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Minutes after the final out, Pennsylvania Governor Dick Thornburgh issued a proclamation declaring the next day "Philadelphia Phillies Day" in the state. That day, a parade down Broad Street celebrated the Phillies win. About half a million attended the parade, the first ticker-tape parade down Broad Street since the Flyers won the Stanley Cup in 1975, as it made its way to John F. Kennedy Stadium. Another 800,000 gathered around the stadium. The parade was part of a day of statewide celebrations throughout Pennsylvania, per Thornburgh's proclamation.


title: 1980 World Series

text: In 1980, all four of Philadelphia's major professional sports teams played for the championship of their respective sports, but only the Phillies were victorious. The Sixers lost to the Los Angeles Lakers in mid-May, eight days later the Flyers lost to the New York Islanders, and the Eagles would lose to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in January 1981. In conjunction with championships won by two teams from Pittsburgh (the Pirates won the World Series a year before, and the Steelers won Super Bowls XIII and XIV), the state of Pennsylvania as a whole had three title teams in a span of two years.


title: 1980 World Series

text: Soon after the World Series, members of both teams played for a week on "Family Feud" with host Richard Dawson. The week of shows was billed as a World Series Rematch Week. The Royals won three out of the five games played, with all the money going to charity.


title: 1980 World Series

text: The 1980 World Series was the first of numerous World Series that journeyman outfielder Lonnie Smith (then with the Phillies) participated in. He was also a part of the 1982 World Series (as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals), 1985 World Series (as a member of the Kansas City Royals), and the and 1992 World Series as a member of the Atlanta Braves. The two Braves seasons were the only years in which he played for the losing team in the Series.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Josh Addo-Carr (born 28 July 1995) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a er for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the National Rugby League (NRL) and Australia at international level.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: He began his career with the Wests Tigers in the NRL. Addo-Carr won the 2017 and the 2020 NRL Premiership with the Storm. At representative level he has played for the Indigenous All Stars, NSW City and helped New South Wales win the 2018 State of Origin in his Origin debut series. He is known as one of the fastest players in the NRL.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Addo-Carr was born in Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia, and is of Aboriginal descent: from Gunggandji, Birrbay & Wiradjuri people.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Addo-Carr first picked up a football playing for the Doonside Roos as a three-year-old, before his family moved to Earlwood, New South Wales, where he began playing rugby league for the Earlwood Saints.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Addo-Carr attended Matraville Sports High School as a teenager and played his junior rugby league for the La Perouse Panthers and Moore Park. In 2012, Addo-Carr played with the South Sydney Rabbitohs SG Ball team before being released due to an off-field incident. He was then signed by the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In 2014 and 2015, Addo-Carr played for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks' National Youth Competition team where he scored 28 tries in 44 matches. On 23 September 2015, he signed a one-year contract with the Wests Tigers starting in 2016.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In Round 7, Addo-Carr made his NRL debut for the Wests Tigers against the Melbourne Storm, scoring a try. Coincidentally, Suliasi Vunivalu made his debut on that same day opposite Addo-Carr for the Storm, also scoring a try on debut, Vunivalu would go on to be Addo-Carr's wing partner during his tenure at the Melbourne-based club.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Addo-Carr made his Melbourne Storm debut in round 1 of the season against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs at Belmore Sports Ground. In Round 3 against the Brisbane Broncos, Addo-Carr scored his first club try for Melbourne in the final minutes to win the match 14–12 at AAMI Park. On 7 May, he represented City Origin against Country Origin, playing on the wing in the 20–10 win at Mudgee. In round 25 against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Addo-Carr scored his first career hat-trick of tries in the 64–6 win at AAMI Park. On 31 August 2017, Addo-Carr extended his contract with Melbourne to the end of the 2021 season. He went on to play in 2017 NRL Grand Final and scored two tries to help seal the premiership for the Storm.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In 2018, Addo-Carr was selected to play for New South Wales in the 2018 State of Origin series. He played in all three games as New South Wales won their first origin shield since 2014. In the 2018 NRL Grand Final, Carr scored an 85-metre intercept try in the 21–6 loss to the Sydney Roosters, bringing his year tally to 18 tries from 25 games.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Before the start of the 2019 State of Origin series, Addo-Carr was one of the New South Wales players who declared they would not sing the Australian National Anthem. He played in all 3 games as New South Wales won 2–1 and retained the shield for the first time since 2005. At club level, Addo-Carr made 23 appearances and scored 16 tries as Melbourne finished as minor premiers. Melbourne would go on to reach the preliminary final against the Sydney Roosters but were defeated 14–6.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: On 7 October 2019, Addo-Carr Made his international debut for Australia Kangaroos in squads for both the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s and Oceania Cup fixtures.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: On 27 April, Addo-Carr was fined $1000 by the NRL and placed under investigation after he broke strict lockdown protocols with fellow player Latrell Mitchell by going on a weekend camping trip during the Coronavirus pandemic. He was also placed in further scrutiny for use of a firearm after he posed with and fired a gun in a video posted on his Instagram page. The next day, he was fined an additional $50,000 by the NRL for breaching strict self isolation protocols and for bringing the game into disrepute.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: At club level, he went on to win the 2020 NRL Grand Final at Melbourne, finishing his season with 16 tries in 21 appearances. He was later on selected on the wing to represent NSW in the 2020 State of Origin series, scoring two tries in their 14–18 loss in game 1, and two tries in the 34–10 victory in game 2. NSW would end up losing the series 2–1 after defeat to Queensland in Game 3. On 16 December 2020, he signed a four-year deal to join Canterbury-Bankstown from 2022 onwards.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In round 9 of the 2021 NRL season, Addo-Carr scored six tries in Melbourne's 50–0 win over the South Sydney Rabbitohs. In scoring six tries in a single game, Addo-Carr set a new Melbourne Storm club record and became the first player in Australia in 71 years to do so; the last was Jack Troy in 1950 while playing for Newtown.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: On 30 May, he was selected for game one of the 2021 State of Origin series. In game two of the series, he scored two tries as New South Wales defeated Queensland 26-0. Addo-Carr played a total of 22 games for Melbourne in the 2021 NRL season and scored 23 tries as the club won 19 matches in a row and claimed the Minor Premiership. He played in the preliminary final where Melbourne suffered a shock 10-6 loss against eventual premiers Penrith.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In round 1 of the 2022 NRL season, Addo-Carr made his club debut for Canterbury in their 6–4 victory against North Queensland at the Queensland Country Bank Stadium.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In round 8, Addo-Carr captained the Canterbury side and scored two tries in their upset 16–12 victory over the Sydney Roosters.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: On 29 May 2022, Addo-Carr was not selected by New South Wales coach Brad Fittler for game one of the 2022 State of Origin series.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In round 13, Addo-Carr scored two tries for Canterbury in a 30–18 loss against a depleted Penrith side.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: On 19 June, Addo-Carr was not selected for game two of the State of Origin series despite his good form at club level with coach Brad Fittler opting to retain the out of form Daniel Tupou.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Addo-Carr was selected in the 24-man squad for the Australian Kangaroos by Mal Meninga to travel to England to compete in the 2021 Rugby League World Cup. He proved the critics wrong, as journalist Paul Crawley said in response to Brad Fittler's controversial decision to not select him for the 2022 State of Origin series: "so from a Canterbury recruitment perspective and Gus is talking about having all this money that is available in 2024, what rep player or future rep player with half a clue would want to go to the Bulldogs knowing it could be the end of your representative career if you go there?" He was accompanied by Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs five-eighth Matt Burton, both representing the Belmore-based club.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: Addo-Carr played on the wing against Fiji Bati at Emerald Headingley Stadium in Leeds scoring a double as the Kangaroos won 42-8. Addo-Carr's first try was a spectacular 98 metre run beating Fiji fullback Sunia Turuva. For the second, Addo-Carr in a roaming role picked up a grubber kick from Harry Grant to score next to the posts. After the game, the media posed serious questions to Fittler for making the call not to pick Addo-Carr for the Blues in 2022, in a series they would ultimately lose.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: After scoring four tries against Scotland including a "world class" try in the final minute, the "Foxx" was labelled a star, unstoppable and a "freaky man".


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In the quarter final of the 2021 Rugby League World Cup, Addo-Carr scored five tries for Australia in a 48–4 victory over Lebanon.


title: Josh Addo-Carr

text: In the semi final of the 2021 Rugby League World cup, Addo-Carr scored one try against the New Zealand Kiwis in a 16-14 win. The try was a cross-field kick by hooker Ben Hunt that was picked up by Addo-Carr and put down on the left side of the field, which equalled the World Cup record of most tries scored in one tournament, set by Valentine Holmes in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County , officially the County of Henrico, is located in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 334,389 making it the fifth-most populous county in Virginia. Henrico County is included in the Greater Richmond Region. There is no incorporated community within Henrico County; therefore, there is no incorporated county seat either. Laurel, an unincorporated CDP, serves this function.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Named after the settlement of Henricus, Henrico was first incorporated as the City of Henrico. In 1634, Henrico was reorganized as Henrico Shire, one of the eight original Shires of Virginia. It is one of the United States' oldest counties. The City of Richmond was officially part of Henrico County until 1842, when it became a fully independent city.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The present-day Henrico County curves around the City of Richmond, surrounding it to the west, the north, and the east. The county is bounded by the Chickahominy River to the north and the James River and Richmond to the south.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Richmond International Airport is located in the eastern portion of Henrico County in Sandston. Top private employers in the county include Capital One, Bon Secours Richmond Health System, and Anthem.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In 1611, Thomas Dale founded the Citie of Henricus on a peninsula in the James River that is now called Farrar's Island. Henricus was named for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, but it was destroyed during the Indian massacre of 1622, during which local Native American warriors of the Powhatan confederacy attacked the English settlers to drive them from the area.In 1634, Henrico Shire was one of the eight original Shires of Virginia established in the Virginia Colony. Since then, 10 counties and three independent cities have been formed from the original territory of Henrico Shire.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In 1776, Richard Adams and Nathaniel Wilkenson participated in the Fifth Virginia Convention, which voted to send delegates to the Continental Congress to propose separation from the British. That proposal led to the Declaration of Independence.During the Revolutionary War, when Benedict Arnold’s invading army occupied Richmond in January 1781, the Henrico militia was called to active duty. During the brief British occupation of Richmond, many Henrico court records were destroyed. Three months later when Arnold’s men, now part of British forces led by General William Phillips, approached Richmond for a second time, the British were stopped by the sight of local militiamen and American Continental troops led by a young Frenchman, the Marquis de Lafayette. Outnumbered, Lafayette abandoned Richmond when General Charles Cornwallis occupied the town in June 1781. Cornwallis then retired to Williamsburg and later to Yorktown. After being surrounded there by General George Washington and his French allies, Cornwallis surrendered, effectively ending the American Revolution.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Since becoming independent in 1842, the City of Richmond has successfully annexed portions of Henrico five times. Chesterfield County annexed the site of Henricus in 1922.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico was badly hurt in the Civil War. During the Reconstruction era, Virginia Estelle Randolph was a pioneer educator and humanitarian who lived from 1874 to 1958. She opened the old Mountain Road School in 1892 and was named the first Jeanes Supervisor Industrial Teacher in Henrico County Schools in 1908. She conducted the first Arbor Day program in Virginia.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The USS Henrico was a Bayfield-class attack transport involved in World War Two and subsequent conflicts.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Richmond attempted to completely merge with Henrico in 1961, but 61% of the votes in a referendum in Henrico county voted against the merger. In 1965, Richmond attempted to annex 145 square miles of Henrico County. However, after a lengthy court battle, the city was given permission to annex only 17 square miles. Since the city would have had to reimburse Henrico a hefty $55 million, Richmond opted against annexing the 17 square miles.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In 1981, the Virginia General Assembly placed a moratorium on all annexations throughout the state. Henrico's borders have not changed since Richmond's 1942 annexation.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The original county seat was at Varina, at the Varina Farms plantation across the James River from Henricus. Colonist John Rolfe built this plantation, where he lived with his wife, Pocahontas. Henrico's government was located at Varina from around 1640 until 1752.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In 1752, Henrico relocated its seat to a more central location inside the city of Richmond, between Church Hill and what is now Tobacco Row. The county seat remained at 22nd and Main St in Richmond even after the city's government became fully independent of the county in 1842. It was not until 1974 when the county moved out of the Henrico County Courthouse to a complex in the western portion of the county at the intersection of Parham Road and Hungary Springs Road in Laurel.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In addition to the 1974 complex, in 1988 the county opened its Eastern Government Center to be more convenient to county residents in the eastern portion of the county. It is located on Nine Mile Road.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: During the Civil War, in 1862 Henrico County was the site of numerous battles during the Peninsula Campaign, including:


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Additional significant battles took place in 1864 during the Overland Campaign prior to and during the Siege of Petersburg, which led to the fall of Richmond. Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart was mortally wounded in Henrico County at the Battle of Yellow Tavern on May 12, 1864.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County is one of only two counties in Virginia that maintains its own roads, with the other being Arlington County. This special status was due to the existence of county highway departments prior to the creation in 1927 of the state agency that is now VDOT; and the assumption by that agency in 1932 of local roads in most counties. (Henrico and Arlington were grandfathered and allowed to continue pre-existing arrangements.) The control of the roads system is considered a powerful advantage for community urban planners, who can require developers to contribute to funding needed for road needs serving the planners' and developers' projects.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County is the site of Richmond International Airport. It hosts an Amtrak rail passenger station. It purchases public bus route services from Greater Richmond Transit Company, an FTA-funded public service company that is owned equally by the City of Richmond and neighboring Chesterfield County.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Some old roads continue to be in use today, such as Horsepen Road, Three Chopt Road, and Quiocassin Road.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (4.6%) is water.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County is located within the humid subtropical climate zone and has hot and humid summers with moderately cold winters. Henrico County on average has 8 snow days. Henrico County has 88 days when the low falls below freezing, 50 days when the high exceeds 90 degrees, and 8 days when the high does not exceed freezing.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 306,935 people, 127,111 households, and 69,846 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,252 people per square mile (487/km). As of 2019, there were 139,274 housing units at an average density of 568 per square mile (183/km). In 2018, the racial makeup of the county was 57% (185,772) White, 29.5% (96,112) Black or African American, 0.2% (728) Native American, 8.2% (26,557) Asian, 0.03% (95) Pacific Islander, 0.98% (3,106) from other races, and 3.1% (10,232) from two or more races. About 5.5% (17,959) of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The largest ancestry groups in Henrico County are: Black or African American (25%), English American (14%), German (11%), Irish (10%) and Italian (4%)


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In 2000, there were 108,121 households, out of which 31.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.30% were married couples living together, 13.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.40% were non-families. 28.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.97.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 19, 7.80% from 20 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.5 years. For every 100 females there were 90.11 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.60 males.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: In 2019, the median income for a household in the county was $68,024, and the median income for a family was $91,956. The per capita income for the county was $40,222. 9% of the population were below the poverty line.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County is managed by an appointed county manager who answers directly to the Board of Supervisors. The current county manager is John A. Vithoulkas.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: From the 1950s until the 2000s, Henrico County was solidly Republican in presidential elections, and was considered a classic bastion of suburban conservatism. However, Barack Obama won the county in 2008, becoming the first Democrat to do so since Harry Truman in 1948, and it has voted for the Democratic nominee in every subsequent presidential election. Mirroring the shift towards Democrats seen in many affluent suburban counties across the country, Joe Biden won Henrico County by nearly 30 points in 2020.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The Henrico County Sheriff's Office and Henrico County Police are Henrico County's county-level law enforcement agencies. Thomas Dale led the county militia and was the first law enforcement officer in the county: the Sheriff's department considers him the first Sheriff of Henrico County. The county police were founded in 1915. In 1938, the board of supervisors put the police under the direct control of the county manager, rather than under the Sheriff.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The elected Sheriff's primary duties are managing the jail, court security, and the service of civil process. In 1880, the first courthouse and jail was constructed and housed the Sheriff's Office and Jail until 1980. In 1980, in the need for a more technological advanced and more spacious area, the Jail West at the Henrico County Government Complex was constructed. In 1996, Henrico's Sheriff's Office opened Jail East in New Kent County.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The Henrico County Police Division is fully accredited by the Commission for Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies and Virginia Law Enforcement Professional Standards Commission.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The Division of Fire is responsible for fire suppression, emergency medical services, hazardous materials response, technical rescue, water rescue, fire prevention, fire investigation, public education, disaster preparedness and emergency management. The Henrico County Fire Department includes 548 members, of whom 526 are sworn firefighters. The division operates 68 fire apparatus at 20 community fire stations. The division is rated ISO class 1.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Additionally, the department encompasses several specialized units, including a Water Rescue Team, Technical Rescue Team, Hazardous Incident Team, and special events resources. In 2014, the Division of Fire responded to 41,759 emergency incidents.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Altria Group (formerly Philip Morris) had its corporate headquarters in an unincorporated area in Henrico County. In 2003 Philip Morris announced that it would move its headquarters from New York City to Virginia. The company said that it planned to keep around 750 employees in its former headquarters. Brendan McCormick, a spokesperson for Philip Morris, said that the company estimated that the move would save the company over $60 million each year. This relocation was made with the help of the Henrico County Economic Development Authority and the Greater Richmond Partnership, regional economic development organizations who also helped locate Aditya Birla Minacs, Alfa Laval, Genworth Financial, and Blue Bell Ice Cream to the county.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: According to the County's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the county are:


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: The school division known as Henrico County Public Schools consists of 45 elementary schools, 13 middle schools, 10 high schools and two technical centers within one school division. In 2001, HCPS began distributing Apple iBooks to every high school student. In 2003, they extended the program to middle schools. In 2005, the HCPS School Board decided to replace the iBooks with Dell's Inspiron 600M at the high school level. In 2006, the HCPS School Board decided to continue using Apple iBooks at the middle school level, purchasing nearly 13,000 laptops in a contract worth $15.8 million. In 2010, HCPS School Board opened a new middle school, Holman Middle School, and opened a new high school, Glen Allen High School.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: There are no existing incorporated towns, and no new municipalities can be created within the county. Henrico was the third Virginia county (after Arlington and Fairfax counties) to be affected by a state law that prohibits the creation of any new towns or cities within the boundaries of a county with a population density of 1,000 or more per square mile.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Prior to 1870, the Town and later City of Richmond was located within Henrico County. Under a new Virginia state constitution in 1870, and as further clarified by rewritten one in 1902, Richmond became an independent city.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: At the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, several small incorporated towns were chartered by Acts of Assembly, primarily in areas of the county near to, but outside of, the city limits. As listed by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, these included:


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: For many years, the United States Postal Service considered most of Henrico County to be unincorporated Richmond, and the majority of locations in the county had a Richmond address. However, in 2008 county residents won the right to recognize Henrico County as the locality to which they pay the majority of their taxes. As of October 1, 2008, the primary mailing address for the majority of the county was officially changed to Henrico. It was estimated that the county would recover $5 million in misdirected tax dollars due to the address change. This move has set a precedent causing many other localities in Virginia who are officially recognized by the United States Postal Service as the nearest major city to consider petitioning the United States Postal Service for their own official mailing address bearing the name of the locality to which residents actually pay their taxes.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County is the location of Richmond Raceway, which is home to Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races twice a year.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County is the county that handles hazardous material spills and related problems (with three HAZMAT Teams) for the entire Central Virginia Region. Partly because of this, Central Virginia has total interoperability of Emergency Communications (Police, Fire, Recreation and Parks, Volunteer Rescue Squads, etc.) between the cities and more than ten counties.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County has the highest bond rating (Triple, triple-A) from the three bond rating agencies in the United States, which means Henrico is known nationwide for its solid fiscal responsibility.


title: Henrico County, Virginia

text: Henrico County residents are served by the Henrico Area Mental Health and Developmental Services, which has a CARF three-year accreditation. All fees for services rendered are based on financial need, providing mental health and recovery support services to thousands who otherwise would not be able to afford this due to their own limited financial resources. Nobody is denied service due to an inability to pay.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, official symbol HMGCR) is the rate-controlling enzyme (NADH-dependent, ; NADPH-dependent, ) of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids. HMGCR catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, a necessary step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Normally in mammalian cells this enzyme is competitively suppressed so that its effect is controlled. This enzyme is the target of the widely available cholesterol-lowering drugs known collectively as the statins, which help treat dyslipidemia.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: HMG-CoA reductase is anchored in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, and was long regarded as having seven transmembrane domains, with the active site located in a long carboxyl terminal domain in the cytosol. More recent evidence shows it to contain eight transmembrane domains.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: In humans, the gene for HMG-CoA reductase (NADPH) is located on the long arm of the fifth chromosome (5q13.3-14). Related enzymes having the same function are also present in other animals, plants and bacteria.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: The main isoform (isoform 1) of HMG-CoA reductase in humans is 888 amino acids long. It is a polytopic transmembrane protein (meaning it possesses many alpha helical transmembrane segments). It contains two main domains:


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Isoform 2 is 835 amino acids long. This variant is shorter because it lacks an exon in the middle region (amino acids 522–574). This does not affect any of the aforementioned domains.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: HMGCR catalyses the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, a necessary step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol:


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Normally in mammalian cells this enzyme is competitively suppressed by cholesterol derived from the internalization and degradation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) via the LDL receptor as well as oxidized species of cholesterol. Competitive inhibitors of the reductase induce the expression of LDL receptors in the liver, which in turn increases the catabolism of plasma LDL and lowers the plasma concentration of cholesterol, which is considered, by those who accept the standard lipid hypothesis, an important determinant of atherosclerosis. This enzyme is thus the target of the widely available cholesterol-lowering drugs known collectively as the statins (see "Drugs" section for more).


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, known collectively as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (or "statins"), are used to lower serum cholesterol as a means of reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: These drugs include rosuvastatin (CRESTOR), lovastatin (Mevacor), atorvastatin (Lipitor), pravastatin (Pravachol), fluvastatin (Lescol), pitavastatin (Livalo), and simvastatin (Zocor). Red yeast rice extract, one of the fungal sources from which the statins were discovered, contains several naturally occurring cholesterol-lowering molecules known as monacolins. The most active of these is monacolin K, or lovastatin (previously sold under the trade name Mevacor, and now available as generic lovastatin).


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Vytorin is drug that combines the use simvastatin and ezetimibe, which slows the formation of cholesterol by every cell in the body, along with ezetimibe reducing absorption of cholesterol, typically by about 53%, from the intestines.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are competent in lowering cholesterol levels and reducing cardiac-related diseases. However, there have been controversies surrounding the potential of statins increasing the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NOD). Experiments have demonstrated that glucose and cholesterol homeostasis are regulated by statins. The HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), converts HMG-CoA into mevalonic acid. Thus, when HMGCR activities are reduced, the cell associated cholesterols are also reduced. This results in the activation of SREBP-2-mediated signaling pathways. SREBP-2 activation for cholesterol homeostasis is crucial for the upregulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR). The removal of LDL particles from blood circulation is enhanced when the number of LDLR on hepatocytes increases. Due to the removal of atherogenic lipoprotein particles, such as LDLs and intermediate density lipoproteins, HMGCR inhibitors have been proven to be efficient in reducing cardiovascular diseases from the blood circulation, which is represented by the reduction of LDL-cholesterol levels. In many studies, lipophilic statins are shown as more diabetogenic, possibly due to the fact that they can easily diffuse into cells and inhibit the production of isoprenoids which become more potent. Additionally, statins have been shown to change glucose levels as well.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: HMG-CoA reductase is active when blood glucose is high. The basic functions of insulin and glucagon are to maintain glucose homeostasis. Thus, in controlling blood sugar levels, they indirectly affect the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, but a decrease in activity of the enzyme is caused by AMP-activated protein kinase, which responds to an increase in AMP concentration, and also to leptin.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Since the reaction catalysed by HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis, this enzyme represents the sole major drug target for contemporary cholesterol-lowering drugs in humans. The medical significance of HMG-CoA reductase has continued to expand beyond its direct role in cholesterol synthesis following the discovery that statins can offer cardiovascular health benefits independent of cholesterol reduction. Statins have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, most likely as a result of their ability to limit production of key downstream isoprenoids that are required for portions of the inflammatory response. It can be noted that blocking of isoprenoid synthesis by statins has shown promise in treating a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory autoimmune disease.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statins is lessened in patients with type 2 diabetes, which results in lessened inhibition of coronary atheromatous plaque, development.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: HMG-CoA reductase is an important developmental enzyme. Inhibition of its activity and the concomitant lack of isoprenoids that yields can lead to germ cell migration defects as well as intracerebral hemorrhage.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase is achieved at several levels: transcription, translation, degradation and phosphorylation.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Transcription of the reductase gene is enhanced by the "sterol regulatory element binding protein" (SREBP). This protein binds to the "sterol regulatory element" (SRE), located on the 5' end of the reductase gene after controlled proteolytic processing. When SREBP is inactive, it is bound to the ER or nuclear membrane with another protein called SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). SCAP senses low cholesterol concentration and transports SREBP to the Golgi membrane where a consecutive proteolysis by S1P and S2P cleaves SREBP into an active nuclear form, nSREBP. nSREBPs migrate to the nucleus and activate transcription of SRE-containing genes. The nSREBP transcription factor is short-lived. When cholesterol levels rise, Insigs retains the SCAP-SREBP complex in the ER membrane by preventing its incorporation into COPII vesicles.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Translation of mRNA is inhibited by a mevalonate derivative, which has been reported to be the isoprenoid farnesol, although this role has been disputed.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Rising levels of sterols increase the susceptibility of the reductase enzyme to ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and proteolysis. Helices 2-6 (total of 8) of the HMG-CoA reductase transmembrane domain are thought to sense increased cholesterol levels (direct sterol binding to the SSD of HMG-CoA reductase has not been demonstrated). Lysine residues 89 and 248 can become ubiquinated by ER-resident E3 ligases. The identity of the multiple E3 ligases involved in HMG-CoA degradation is controversial, with suggested candidates being AMFR, Trc8, and RNF145 The involvement of AMFR and Trc8 has been contested.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Short-term regulation of HMG-CoA reductase is achieved by inhibition by phosphorylation (of Serine 872, in humans). Decades ago it was believed that a cascade of enzymes controls the activity of HMG-CoA reductase: an HMG-CoA reductase kinase was thought to inactivate the enzyme, and the kinase in turn was held to be activated via phosphorylation by HMG-CoA reductase kinase kinase. An excellent review on regulation of the mevalonate pathway by Nobel Laureates Joseph Goldstein and Michael Brown adds specifics: HMG-CoA reductase is phosphorylated and inactivated by an AMP-activated protein kinase, which also phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, both pathways utilizing acetyl-CoA for lipid synthesis are inactivated when energy charge is low in the cell, and concentrations of AMP rise. There has been a great deal of research on the identity of upstream kinases that phosphorylate and activate the AMP-activated protein kinase.


title: HMG-CoA reductase

text: Fairly recently, LKB1 has been identified as a likely AMP kinase kinase, which appears to involve calcium/calmodulin signaling. This pathway likely transduces signals from leptin, adiponectin, and other signaling molecules.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), also known as negative emissions, is a process in which carbon dioxide gas () is removed from the atmosphere and sequestered for long periods of time. Similarly, greenhouse gas removal (GGR) or negative greenhouse gas emissions is the removal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere by deliberate human activities, i.e., in addition to the removal that would occur via natural carbon cycle or atmospheric chemistry processes. In the context of net zero greenhouse gas emissions targets, CDR is increasingly integrated into climate policy, as a new element of mitigation strategies. CDR and GGR methods are also known as negative emissions technologies (NET), and may be cheaper than preventing some agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: CDR methods include afforestation, agricultural practices that sequester carbon in soils, bio-energy with carbon capture and storage, ocean fertilization, enhanced weathering, and direct air capture when combined with storage. To assess whether net negative emissions are achieved by a particular process, comprehensive life cycle analysis of the process must be performed.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: A 2019 consensus report by the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) concluded that using existing CDR methods at scales that can be safely and economically deployed, there is potential to remove and sequester up to 10 gigatons of carbon dioxide per year. This would offset greenhouse gas emissions at about a fifth of the rate at which they are being produced.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: All emission pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 °C or 2 °C by the year 2100 assume the use of CDR approaches in combination with emission reductions.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: The same definition is commonly used for "net negative greenhouse gas emissions", "net zero CO2 emissions" and "net zero greenhouse gas emissions".


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: The concept of deliberately reducing the amount of in the atmosphere is often mistakenly grouped with solar radiation management under the umbrella term "climate engineering." When CDR is framed as a form of "climate engineering", people tend to view it as intrinsically risky. In fact, CDR addresses the root cause of climate change and is part of strategies to reduce net emissions and manage risks related to elevated atmospheric CO levels.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: CDR can be confused with carbon capture and storage (CCS), a process in which carbon dioxide is collected from point-sources such as gas-fired power plants, whose smokestacks emit in a concentrated stream. The is then compressed and sequestered or utilized. When used to sequester the carbon from a gas-fired power plant, CCS reduces emissions from continued use of the point source, but does not reduce the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: The likely need for CDR (carbon dioxide removal) as an element of climate change mitigation has been publicly expressed by a range of individuals and organizations involved with climate change issues, including IPCC chief Dr. Hoesung Lee, the UNFCCC executive secretary Christiana Figueres, and the World Watch Institute. Institutions with major programs focusing on CDR include the Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy at the Earth Institute, Columbia University, and the Climate Decision Making Center, an international collaboration operated out of Carnegie-Mellon University's Department of Engineering and Public Policy.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Using CDR in parallel with other efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as deploying renewable energy, is likely to be less expensive and disruptive than using other efforts alone. A 2019 consensus study report by NASEM assessed the potential of all forms of CDR other than ocean fertilization that could be deployed safely and economically using current technologies, and estimated that they could remove up to 10 gigatons of per year if fully deployed worldwide. This is one-fifth of the 50 gigatons of emitted per year by human activities. In 2018, all analyzed mitigation pathways that would prevent more than 1.5 °C of warming included CDR measures.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Some mitigation pathways propose achieving higher rates of CDR through massive deployment of one technology, however these pathways assume that hundreds of millions of hectares of cropland are converted to growing biofuel crops. Further research in the areas of direct air capture, geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide, and carbon mineralization could potentially yield technological advancements that make higher rates of CDR economically feasible.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Reliance on large-scale deployment of CDR was regarded in 2018 as a "major risk" to achieving the goal of less than 1.5 °C of warming, given the uncertainties in how quickly CDR can be deployed at scale. Strategies for mitigating climate change that rely less on CDR and more on sustainable use of energy carry less of this risk. The possibility of large-scale future CDR deployment has been described as a moral hazard, as it could lead to a reduction in near-term efforts to mitigate climate change. The 2019 NASEM report concludes:


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature: "Halting the loss and degradation of natural systems and promoting their restoration have the potential to contribute over one-third of the total climate change mitigation scientists say is required by 2030."


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Forests are vital for human society, animals and plant species. This is because trees keep air clean, regulate the local climate and provide a habitat for numerous species. Trees and plants convert carbon dioxide back into oxygen, using photosynthesis. They are important for regulating levels in the air, as they remove and store carbon from the air. Without them, the atmosphere would heat up quickly and destabilise the climate.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Biosequestration is the capture and storage of the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by continual or enhanced biological processes. This form of carbon sequestration occurs through increased rates of photosynthesis via land-use practices such as reforestation, sustainable forest management, and genetic engineering. The SALK Harnessing Plants Initiative led by Joanne Chory is an example of an enhanced photosynthesis initiative Carbon sequestration through biological processes affects the global carbon cycle.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Biochar is created by the pyrolysis of biomass, and is under investigation as a method of carbon sequestration.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Biochar is a charcoal that is used for agricultural purposes which also aids in carbon sequestration, the capture or hold of carbon. It is created using a process called pyrolysis, which is basically the act of high temperature heating biomass in an environment with low oxygen levels. What remains is a material known as char, similar to charcoal but is made through a sustainable process, thus the use of biomass. Biomass is organic matter produced by living organisms or recently living organisms, most commonly plants or plant based material. A study done by the UK Biochar Research Center has stated that, on a conservative level, biochar can store 1 gigaton of carbon per year. With greater effort in marketing and acceptance of biochar, the benefit could be the storage of 5–9 gigatons per year of carbon in biochar soils.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Enhanced weathering is a chemical approach to remove carbon dioxide involving land- or ocean-based techniques. One example of a land-based enhanced weathering technique is in-situ carbonation of silicates. Ultramafic rock, for example, has the potential to store from hundreds to thousands of years' worth of CO emissions, according to estimates. Ocean-based techniques involve alkalinity enhancement, such as grinding, dispersing, and dissolving olivine, limestone, silicates, or calcium hydroxide to address ocean acidification and CO sequestration. One example of a research project on the feasibility of enhanced weathering is the CarbFix project in Iceland.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Direct air capture (DAC) is the use of chemical or physical processes to extract directly from the ambient air. If the extracted is then sequestered in safe long-term storage, the overall process will achieve carbon dioxide removal. As of 2002, it has yet to be profitable because the cost of using DAC to sequester carbon dioxide is several times the carbon price.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: The replacement of carbonate in cement allows for the potential absorption of carbon dioxide over concrete lifecycle. However, lifecycle amounts are not yet fully understood.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: The cost of CDR differs substantially depending on the maturity of the technology employed as well as the economics of both voluntary carbon removal markets and the physical output; for example, the pyrolysis of biomass produces biochar that has various commercial applications, including soil regeneration and wastewater treatment. In 2021 DAC cost from $250 to $600 per ton, compared to $100 for biochar and less than $50 for nature-based solutions, such as reforestation and afforestation. The fact that biochar commands a higher price in the carbon removal market than nature-based solutions reflects the fact that it is a more durable sink with carbon being sequestered for hundreds or even thousands of years while nature-based solutions represent a more volatile form of storage, which risks related to forest fires, pests, economic pressures and changing political priorities. The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting states that to be compatible with the Paris Agreement: "...organizations must commit to gradually increase the percentage of carbon removal offsets they procure with the view of exclusively sourcing carbon removals by mid-century." These initiatives along with the development of new industry standards for engineered carbon removal, such as the Puro Standard, will help to support the growth of the carbon removal market.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Forests can be used to create carbon credits, often involving the use of geospatial analytical systems to calculate carbon offsets by conserving a forest area or a reforestation initiative. REDD+ is an example of a carbon credit initiative. Individuals and businesses can purchase carbon credits through verified retailers such as ACT4.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: In 2021, businessman Elon Musk announced he was donating $100m for a prize for best carbon capture technology.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Although CDR is not covered by the EU Allowance as of 2021, the European Commission is preparing for carbon removal certification and considering carbon contracts for difference. CDR might also in future be added to the UK Emissions Trading Scheme. As of end 2021 carbon prices for both these cap-and-trade schemes currently based on carbon reductions, as opposed to carbon removals, remained below $100.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: In April 2022, a private sector alliance led by Stripe with prominent members including Meta, Google and Shopify, revealed a nearly $1 billion dollar fund to reward companies able to permanently capture & store carbon. According to senior Stripe employee Nan Ransohoff, the new fund "is roughly 30 times the carbon-removal market that existed in 2021. But it’s still 1,000 times short of the market we need by 2050."


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: According to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, some of these "negative-emission technologies" are already being used on a large scale. Congress passed the 45Q tax, which gives companies a $50 credit for every ton of carbon dioxide they fix and store. So the study proposes some CO2 fixation technologies that cost between $20 and $100 per ton.


title: Carbon dioxide removal

text: Although some researchers have suggested methods for removing methane, others say that nitrous oxide would be a better subject for research due to its longer lifetime in the atmosphere.


title: Clyde Kusatsu

text: Clyde Kusatsu (born September 13, 1948) is an American actor and trade union leader of Japanese descent. Since 2013, he has served as the National Vice President of SAG-AFTRA Los Angeles Local.


title: Clyde Kusatsu

text: Clyde Kusatsu was born in Hawaii and attended Iolani School where he began acting and in Honolulu summer stock. After graduating with a theatre degree from Northwestern University, he got his first TV role on "Kung Fu" where was in four episodes. On "M*A*S*H" he played three roles in four episodes. Kusatsu also played Rev. Chong on several episodes of "All in the Family". During this period Kusatsu was also a member of East West Players, the oldest Asian-American theatre company in Los Angeles.


title: Clyde Kusatsu

text: Kusatsu has been a regular on several television series, beginning with "Bring 'Em Back Alive" on CBS (1982–83) and the Hawaii-set medical drama "Island Son" on CBS(1989–90), playing the Richard Chamberlain character's best friend, Dr. Kenji Fushida. His many television movies have included the film adaptation of "Farewell to Manzanar" (1976) about Japanese-American internment during World War II. (Kusatsu also guest-starred on an episode of "Lou Grant" about Japanese internment in the U.S.). Other television films and mini-series have been "And The Sea Will Tell", and "American Tragedy" playing Judge Lance Ito. He was in the "Baa Baa Black Sheep" episode "Prisoners of War" as a downed Japanese fighter pilot in the Pacific (1976); "Golden Land" (1988), a Hollywood-set drama based on a William Faulkner story; and the AIDS docudrama "And the Band Played On" (1993). Kusatsu also had a recurring role as Vice Admiral Nakamura on "". In comedy he also portrayed Principal Shimata in several episodes of the 1990s ABC situation comedy "Family Matters", the usual foil of that series' main protagonist Steve Urkel. He later was in Margaret Cho's short-lived ABC series "All American Girl" (1994–1995), the first Asian-American family sitcom in the U.S., as Cho's character's father.


title: Clyde Kusatsu

text: In films he has worked with Toshiro Mifune in "Midway" (1976) and again in John Frankenheimer's "Black Sunday" (1977) and "The Challenge" (1981). Kusatsu had roles in "" (1993), "In the Line of Fire" (1993), and in "American Pie" (1999). Other films include "Shopgirl" as Mr. Agasa, and in Sydney Pollack's "The Interpreter" (2005) as Lee Wu, chief of security for the United Nations Headquarters. He also had a role opposite Glenn Close in Bruce Beresford's World War II drama "Paradise Road" (1997).


title: Clyde Kusatsu

text: In soap operas he had the recurring role of Dr. Dennis Okamura on "The Young and the Restless" on CBS as well as guest appearances on "The Bold and the Beautiful", "General Hospital", and "Days of Our Lives". He also appeared as four different characters on "Magnum, P.I.", including the Vietnamese Colonel Ki character who severely wounds Thomas Magnum (Tom Selleck), and in another two episodes he played HPD Detective Gordon Katsumoto. In the CBS Movie of the Week, he was the original Wong in "Dr. Strange" (1978).


title: Clyde Kusatsu

text: In 2012 the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Actors (AFTRA), the two labor unions for actors, merged into SAG-AFTRA, and in 2013 Kusatsu became the first elected President of the new SAG-AFTRA Local in Los Angeles. He was also elected the first National Vice President Los Angeles and was re-elected to that office four times. His roles in this period include a part in "The Grinder" and the father-in-law of Ken Jeong's character in "Dr. Ken", as well as in film, commercials, and voice-over animation, such as The Grocer in "Curious George", Netflix "Blue Eye Samurai"and "Phaeton" on AMC+. Kusatsu guest-starred on the second season of "Dirty John: The Betty Broderick Story". He was Grandpa Ted in Season 2 of Netflix "Never Have I Ever", and was in episodes of "Young Rock," "Days Of Our Lives," and "The United States of Al".


title: Drowning Girl

text: Drowning Girl (also known as Secret Hearts or I Don't Care! I'd Rather Sink) is a 1963 American painting in oil and synthetic polymer paint on canvas by Roy Lichtenstein, based on original art by Tony Abruzzo. The painting is considered among Lichtenstein's most significant works, perhaps on a par with his acclaimed 1963 diptych "Whaam!". One of the most representative paintings of the pop art movement, "Drowning Girl" was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art in 1971.


title: Drowning Girl

text: The painting has been described as a "masterpiece of melodrama", and is one of the artist's earliest images depicting women in tragic situations, a theme to which he often returned in the mid-1960s. It shows a teary-eyed woman on a turbulent sea. She is emotionally distressed, seemingly from a romance. Using the conventions of comic book art, a thought bubble reads: "I Don't Care! I'd Rather Sink — Than Call Brad For Help!" This narrative element highlights the clichéd melodrama, while its graphics — including Ben-Day dots that echo the effect of the printing process — reiterate Lichtenstein's theme of painterly work that imitates mechanized reproduction. The work is derived from a 1962 DC Comics panel; both the graphical and narrative elements of the work are cropped from the source image. It also borrows from Hokusai's "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" and from elements of modernist artists Jean Arp and Joan Miró. It is one of several Lichtenstein works that mention a character named Brad who is absent from the picture.


title: Drowning Girl

text: During the late 1950s and early 1960s a number of American painters began to adapt the imagery and motifs of comic strips. Roy Lichtenstein made drawings of comic strip characters in 1958. Andy Warhol produced his earliest paintings in the style in 1960. Lichtenstein, unaware of Warhol's work, produced "Look Mickey" and "Popeye" in 1961. Although Warhol had produced silkscreens of comic strips and of other pop art subjects, he supposedly relegated himself to "Campbell's Soup Cans" as a subject at the time to avoid competing with the more finished style of comics by Lichtenstein. He once said "I've got to do something that really will have a lot of impact that will be different enough from Lichtenstein and James Rosenquist, that will be very personal, that won't look like I'm doing exactly what they're doing."


title: Drowning Girl

text: "Drowning Girl" depicted the advancement of Lichtenstein's cartoon work, which represented his 1961 departure from his abstract expressionism period, from animated cartoons to more serious themes such as romance and wartime armed forces. Lichtenstein said that, at the time, "I was very excited about, and very interested in, the highly emotional content yet detached impersonal handling of love, hate, war, etc., in these cartoon images." Lichtenstein parodied four Picassos between 1962 and 1963. Picasso's depictions of weeping women may have influenced Lichtenstein to produce portrayals of vulnerable teary-eyed women, such as the subjects of "Hopeless" and "Drowning Girl". Another possible influence on his emphasis on depicting distressed women in the early- to mid-1960s was that his first marriage was dissolving at the time. Lichtenstein's first marriage to Isabel Wilson, which resulted in two sons, lasted from 1949 to 1965; the couple separated in 1963.


title: Drowning Girl

text: When Lichtenstein made his transition to comic-based work, he began to mimic the style while adapting the subject matter. He applied simplified color schemes and commercial printing-like techniques. The style he adopted was "simple, well-framed images solid fields of bold color often bounded by thick, stark border lines." The borrowed technique was "representing tonal variations with patterns of colored circles that imitated the half-tone screens of Ben-Day dots used in newspaper printing". PBS asserts that this is an adaptation of the ligne claire style associated with Hergé. Lichtenstein once said of his technique: "I take a cliche and try to organize its forms to make it monumental."


title: Drowning Girl

text: The subject of "Drowning Girl" is an example of Lichtenstein's post-1963 comics-based women who "look hard, crisp, brittle, and uniformly modish in appearance, as if they all came out of the same pot of makeup." In the early 1960s, Lichtenstein produced several "fantasy drama" paintings of women in love affairs with domineering men causing women to be miserable, such as "Drowning Girl", "Hopeless" and "In the Car". These works served as prelude to 1964 paintings of innocent "girls next door" in a variety of tenuous emotional states. "In "Hopeless" and "Drowning Girl", for example, the heroines appear as victims of unhappy love affairs, with one displaying helplessness ... and the other defiance (she would rather drown than ask for her lover's help)." "Drowning Girl", the aforementioned works and "Oh, Jeff...I Love You, Too...But..." are among those tragedies that make the author a popular draw at museums.


title: Drowning Girl

text: "Drowning Girl" is derived from the splash page from "Run for Love!", illustrated by Tony Abruzzo and lettered by Ira Schnapp, in "Secret Hearts" #83 (November 1962), DC Comics. This is the same comic book issue that inspired "Hopeless".


title: Drowning Girl

text: In 1963, Lichtenstein was parodying various types of sources such as commercial illustrations, comic imagery and even modern masterpieces. The masterpieces represented what could have been dubbed the "canon" of art and was thought of as "high art," while the "low-art" subject matter included comic strip images. His masterworks sources included the likes of Cézanne, Mondrian and Picasso. During this time in his career, Lichtenstein noted that "the things that I have apparently parodied I actually admire." At the time, Lichtenstein was exploring the theme of "industrialization of emotion". In Lichtenstein's obituary, "Los Angeles Times" critic Christopher Knight said the work was "a witty rejoinder to De Kooning's famously brushy paintings of women". His comic romances often depicted stereotypical representations of thwarted passions. Although the Lichtenstein Foundation website claims that Lichtenstein did not begin using his opaque projector technique until the fall of 1963, Lichtenstein described his process for producing comics based art, including "Drowning Girl":


title: Drowning Girl

text: When Lichtenstein had his first solo show at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City in February 1962, it sold out before the opening. In addition to "Drowning Girl", the exhibition included "Look Mickey", "Engagement Ring", "Blam" and "The Refrigerator". The show ran from February 10 through March 3, 1962. According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website, "Drowning Girl" was part of Lichtenstein's first exhibition at Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles from April 1 – April 27, 1963, featuring "Masterpiece", "Portrait of Madame Cézanne" and other works from 1962 and 1963. It was also part of his second solo exhibition at the Leo Castelli Gallery from September 28 – October 24, 1963 that included "Torpedo...Los!", "Baseball Manager", "In the Car", "Conversation", and "Whaam!". Marketing materials for the show included the lithograph "Crak!" The Museum of Modern Art acquired "Drowning Girl" in 1971, and their webpage for this work credits Philip Johnson and Mr. and Mrs. Bagley Wright for the acquisition.


title: Drowning Girl

text: Some sources describe the subjects of Lichtenstein's tragic girls series as heroines (in the sense that they are the counterparts to the heroes), and others do not (in the sense that they are not heroic). "Drowning Girl" is a painting of a female subject who would prefer to give in to the power of the ocean than call for aid. Lichtenstein's version of the scene eliminates everything but the sea and a few body parts of the subject: her head, shoulder and hand, which are barely above the water. As her face is presented her eyes are shut with drops of what appear to be tears flowing from them. Because Lichtenstein only presents a single frame, the viewer does not know what happened before this moment and what is going to happen after it. Furthermore, the viewer has no way to know who Brad is and why she is so reluctant to call him.


title: Drowning Girl

text: According to "The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art", the most important element of Lichtenstein's procedure in the early 1960s was "the enlargement and unification of his source material". Although, according to some sources, the changes made to produce "Drowning Girl" are not regarded as significant, Lichtenstein made several notable changes from the original source: "In the original illustration, the drowning girl's boyfriend appears in the background, clinging to a capsized boat. Lichtenstein cropped the image dramatically, showing the girl alone and encircled by a threatening wave. He changed the caption from 'I don't care if I have a cramp!' to 'I don't care!' and the boyfriend's name from Mal to Brad." With the former narrative change, Lichtenstein removed evidence that the drowning girl has a cramp in her leg. With the latter narrative change, Lichtenstein attempted to change the perception of the boyfriend. When discussing another work ("I Know...Brad"), Lichtenstein stated that the name Brad sounded heroic to him and was used with the aim of clichéd oversimplification.


title: Drowning Girl

text: Lichtenstein's method entailed "strengthening of the formal aspects of the composition, a stylization of motif, and a 'freezing' of both emotion and actions". Although comic-book panels depict a moment in time, "Drowning Girl" is borrowed from an example of a comic-book panel depiction of a moment relatively more "pregnant" with past- and future-dependent drama than most moments. This work also marks a phase in Lichtenstein's career when many of his works were given present-participial titles such as "Sleeping Girl", "Crying Girl" and "Blonde Waiting", which accentuates the works' "relation to process and action." According to "The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art", during this phase of Lichtenstein's career "a constant if restrained and a gentle sense of humor contribute just as much to the cheerful lightness of Lichtenstein's work as the balanced, completely harmonious composition."


title: Drowning Girl

text: Narrative content was in the forefront of much of Lichtenstein's work as a means to engage the viewer. Measuring 171.6 cm × 169.5 cm (67.625 in × 66.75 in), "Drowning Girl" presents "a young woman who seems to have cried herself a river ... literally drowning in emotion," according to Janis Hendrickson. The melodrama makes it clear that she has been hurt by a "Brad", the name given to several of Lichtenstein's heroes. Vian Shamounki Borchert says that the caption makes it clear that the subject is practically "drowning in a sea of tears".


title: Drowning Girl

text: In typical Lichtenstein fashion, the tragic female is presented "in a suspended state of distress." According to Janis Hendrickson, the subject's head appears to rest on a wave as if it were a pillow and lies in the water as if it were a bed, creating a blend of "eroticism and final resting place". The waters of the sea swirl around the subject's waves of hair creating the perception of a whirlpool. The painting is representative of Lichtenstein's affinity for single-frame drama that reduces the viewer's ability to identify with it and that abstracts emotion. His use of industrial and mechanical appearance further trivialize the sentiments, although the painterly touches add to its simplification.


title: Drowning Girl

text: In the early 1960s Lichtenstein's theme of comics-based work was hotly debated. In a 1963 article in "The New York Times", Brian O'Doherty wrote that Lichtenstein's work was not art, saying Lichtenstein was "one of the worst artists in America" who "briskly went about making a sow's ear out of a sow's ear." This was part of a widespread debate about the merits of Lichtenstein's comic blow-ups as true art. In January 1964 "Life" ran a story under the title "Is He the Worst Artist in the U.S.?" on this controversy. Later reviews were much kinder. Todd Brewster noted that this may have been motivated by popular demand; he told "Life" in 1986 that "Those cartoon blowups may have disturbed the critics, but collectors, tired of the solemnity of abstract expressionism, were ready for some comic relief. Why couldn't the funny pages be fine art?" His work is now widely accepted, although some criticize him for borrowing from comics without attributing the original creators, paying royalties, or seeking permission from copyright holders. David Barsalou has dedicated decades to identifying all of Lichtenstein's source materials and has posted more than 1,000 images on Flickr detailing Lichtenstein's unrecognized sources.


title: Drowning Girl

text: Some critics question Lichtenstein's artistic skills. Everett Kinstler said that despite Lichtenstein's association with romance comics, in his day "no comics publisher would have hired Lichtenstein—he wasn't good enough." Kinstler said Lichtenstein lacked the ability to portray the emotional range of the story through facial expressions and body language independently.


title: Drowning Girl

text: "Drowning Girl" was painted at the apex of Lichtenstein's use of enlarged dots, cropping, and magnification of the original source. In 1993, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum curator Diane Waldman noted that Lichtenstein made "Drowning Girl" a cornerstone of his career because of "his extraordinary sense of organization, his ability to use a sweeping curve and manipulate it into an allover pattern". According to the 2007 edition of "The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists", the work is "a mix of cliché, melodrama, pathos, and absurdity ..." In 1995, art scholar Jonathan Fineberg called it "a remarkably impassive style". The image is typical of Lichtenstein's depiction of comic subjects responding to a situation in a clichéd manner.


title: Drowning Girl

text: Lichtenstein's tinkering with the source material resulted in a recomposition with sharper focus after he eliminated several elements that distract from the depiction of the woman, such as the capsized boat, troubled male subject and the general seascape. The result, Lanchner wrote, was swirling, swooping waves and "animate white foam" that envelope the subject with a "pictorial buoyancy" that form an "aquatic continuum".


title: Drowning Girl

text: "Drowning Girl" presents an "unmistakeable acknowledgement to the flamboyant linearism of Art Nouveau". The waves are intended to "recall Hokusai as well as the biomorphic forms of Arp and Miró;" just as the source comics may have intended to. Lichtenstein has claimed a strong relation between the original comic book source panel and Hokusai's "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", making this work a bridge between the two. The adaptation of the wave print is said to add a decorative look and feel to the painting, without which the work might be much more alarming to the viewer. Lichtenstein even made the connection between "Drowning Girl"'s arabesque waves and "the Art Nouveau aesthetic". Regarding this work, Lichtenstein stated:


title: Drowning Girl

text: Tøjner describes the work as "Lichtenstein's finest formulation of a counter-image to the many explosions in his universe", noting that the drama is past its peak although it may seem to be at a crescendo. He also notes that "the tears are drawn with classic Lichtenstein waxy fullness" despite the surrounding water, which must be significant since "naturalistic justification" is absent. A November 1963 "Art Magazine" review stated that this was one of the "broad and powerful paintings" of the 1963 exhibition at Castelli's Gallery. Nonetheless, the name of the work was not universally known. In "Art Magazine's" review of his 1964 Castelli Gallery show, Lichtenstein was referred to as the author of "I Don't Care, I'd Rather Sink" ("Drowning Girl"). In 2005, Gary Garrels of the Museum of Modern Art wrote that the work is a "poetics of the utterly banal, of displaced ordinariness" resulting in an "image frozen in time and space", making it "iconic". Comparing this to the source, Garrels says it is a rendering "in a simplified vocabulary" produced while Lichtenstein put aside his mechanical objectivity. According to "The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art", extreme examples of his formalization become "virtual abstraction" when the viewer recalls that the motif is an element of a larger work. Thus, Lichtenstein reinforced a non-realist view of comic strips and advertisements, presenting them as artificial images with minimalistic graphic techniques. Lichtenstein's magnification of his source material stressed the plainness of his motifs as an equivalent to mechanical commercial drawing, leading to implications about his statements on modern industrial America. Nonetheless, Lichtenstein appears to have accepted the American capitalist industrial culture.


title: Drowning Girl

text: In 2003, Sarah Rich and Joyce Henri Robinson contrasted Lichtenstein's Ben-Day dots use in "Drowning Girl" with another artist's work, noting that the work "satirizes the melodrama of soap operas and serial comics, turning the drama of the title figure's potential suicide into a high camp performance".


title: Drowning Girl

text: In 2009, Lanchner wrote of how Lichtenstein's translation of a "highly charged" content with coolly handled presentation intensified the contrast between the two.


title: Drowning Girl

text: Many sources describe "Whaam!" and "Drowning Girl" as Lichtenstein's most famous works. It is also regarded as one of his most influential works along with "Whaam!" and "Look Mickey". John Elderfield, Museum of Modern Art chief curator noted that the 2004 "MoMA in Berlin" exhibition held during the Museum's renovation was a "synoptic overview of 20th-century art". Highlights from the 212-piece exhibition according to various publications such as "The New York Times" and artnet were van Gogh's "The Starry Night", Matisse's "Dance" and Lichtenstein's "Drowning Girl", all of which were touring outside the United States for the first time.


title: Drowning Girl

text: "Drowning Girl" was part of the largest-ever retrospective of Lichtenstein, which visited the Art Institute of Chicago in 2012, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., in 2012 and 2013, the Tate Modern in London in 2013, and the Centre Pompidou in 2013. During the 2012–13 retrospective, "The Huffington Post" described "Drowning Girl" as Lichtenstein's "masterpiece of melodrama". Danish art critic and Louisiana Museum of Modern Art director Poul Erik Tøjner called the work an example of Lichtenstein's "post-coital perdition" pieces, describing it as the "star witness" of this genre of his works. He notes that the subject is reaching far-flung depths as she acts out of pride. Tøjner perceived eroticism in this painting, likening the open mouth to a vaginal feature and noting the singularity of Lichtenstein using an open mouth. With that in mind, he compares the tears to ejaculate residue.


title: Prayaga Martin

text: Prayaga Rose Martin (born 18 May 1995) is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema. In 2012, she made her cinematic debut in the Malayalam film, Ustad Hotel.


title: Prayaga Martin

text: Director Mysskin cast Prayaga Martin for her first lead role in Pissasu. In 2016, Prayaga played her second lead role as Parvathy in the movie, Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya, opposite Unni Mukundan. The film was well received by Malayalam moviegoers. In the same year, she replaced Madonna Sebastian in Siddhique's "Fukri". She also played the female lead, alongside Dileep and Radhika Sarathkumar, in the political thriller "Ramaleela". She made her debut in Kannada in a Ganesh starrer, Geetha. She has acted as judge of several TV shows like Midukki, Thakarppan Comedy , Star Magic and Comedy Stars Season 3.


title: Kulintang

text: is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor, Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West, making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles.


title: Kulintang

text: Technically, "kulintang" is the Ternate, Mollucas, Maguindanaon, Lumad and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages, the "kulintang" is also called "kolintang" by the people of Sulawesi and the Maranao, "totobuang" by those in central Maluku, "kulintangan" and "gulintangan" by those in Brunei, Sabah, North Kalimantan and the Sulu Archipelago. Gulintangan or gulingtangan literally means rolling hands in Brunei, Sabah and Sulu


title: Kulintang

text: By the twentieth century, the term "kulintang" had a come to denote an entire Maguindanao ensemble of five to six instruments. Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is "basalen" or "palabunibunyan", the latter term meaning “an ensemble of loud instruments” or “music-making” or in this case “music-making using a kulintang.”


title: Kulintang

text: Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of “knobbed gong-chime culture” prevalent in Southeast Asia. It is considered one of the region's three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. Like the other two, kulintang music is primarily orchestral with several rhythmic parts orderly stacked one upon another. It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. However, kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music, primarily in the way the latter constructs melodies within a framework of skeletal tones and prescribed time interval of entry for each instruments. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.


title: Kulintang

text: Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. Along with it begin called kulintang, it is also called kolintang, kolintan, kulintangan, kwintangan, k’lintang, gong sembilan, gong duablas, momo, totobuang, nekara, engkromong, kromong/enkromong and recently kakula/kakula nuada. Kulintang-like instruments are played by the Maguindanaon; the Maranao, Iranun, Kalagan, Kalibugan, Tboli, Blaan, Subanon, and other Lumad tribes of Mindanao, the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, Yakan and the Sangir/Sangil of the Sulu archipelago; the Ambon, Banda, Seram, Ternate, Tidore, and Kei of Maluku; and the Bajau, Suluk, Murut, Kadazan-Dusun, Kadayah and Paitanic Peoples of Sabah, the Malays of Brunei, the Bidayuh and Iban/Sea Dayak of Sarawak, the Bolaang Mongondow and Kailinese/Toli-Toli of Sulawesi and other groups in Banjarmasin and Tanjung in Kalimantan and Timor.


title: Kulintang

text: Kulintang music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and the West. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong music attained by Filipinos and in North Maluku, it is said to have existed for centuries.