title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: Pope Francis visited Ireland in 2018 upon invitation extended to the Supreme Pontiff by Ireland's Catholic bishops to visit the country in August 2018 for the World Meeting of Families. This was only the second visit of a pope to the country, the first one having taken place in 1979 with John Paul II.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: After independence in 1922, the Church became more heavily involved in health care and education, raising money and managing institutions which were staffed by Catholic religious institutes, paid largely by government intervention and public donations and bequests. Its main political effect was to continue to gain power in the national primary schools where religious proselytisation in education was a major element. The hierarchy opposed the free public secondary schools service introduced in 1968 by Donogh O'Malley, in part because they ran almost all such schools. The church's strong efforts since the 1830s to continue the control of Catholic education was primarily an effort to guarantee a continuing source of candidates for the priesthood, as they would have years of training before entering a seminary.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: As Irish society has become more diverse and secular, Catholic control over primary education has become controversial, especially with regard to preference given to baptized Catholics when schools are oversubscribed. Virtually all state-funded primary schools – almost 97 percent – are under church control. Irish law allows schools under church control to consider religion the main factor in admissions. Oversubscribed schools often choose to admit Catholics over non-Catholics, a situation that has created difficulty for non-Catholic families. The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child in Geneva asked Ireland's minister for children, James Reilly, to explain the continuation of preferential access to state-funded schools on the basis of religion. He said that the laws probably needed to change, but noted it may take a referendum because the Irish constitution gives protections to religious institutions. The issue is most problematic in the Dublin area. A petition initiated by a Dublin barrister, Paddy Monahan, has received almost 20,000 signatures in favor of overturning the preference given to Catholic children. A recently formed advocacy group, Education Equality, is planning a legal challenge.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: From 1930, hospitals were funded by a sweepstake (lottery) with tickets frequently distributed or sold by nuns or priests. In 1950, the church opposed the Mother and Child Scheme.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: Less hospitals in Ireland are still run by Catholic religious institutes. For example, the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin is run by the Sisters of Mercy. In 2005, the hospital deferred trials of a lung cancer medication because female patients in the trial would be required to practise contraception contrary to Catholic teaching. Mater Hospital responded that its objection was that some pharmaceutical companies mandated that women of childbearing years use contraceptives during the drug trials: "The hospital said it was committed to meeting all of its legal requirements regarding clinical trials while at the same time upholding the principles and ethos of the hospital's mission", and "that individuals and couples have the right to decide themselves about how they avoid pregnancy."


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: Divorce allowing remarriage was banned in 1924 (though it had been rare), and selling artificial contraception was made illegal. The church's influence slipped somewhat after 1970, impacted partly by the media and the growing feminist movement as well as the sexual revolution. For instance, the Health (Family Planning) Act, 1979 showed the ability of the Catholic Church to influence the government to compromise over artificial contraception, though the church was unable to get the result it wanted—contraception could now be bought, but only with a prescription from a doctor and supplied only by registered chemists. A 1983 Amendment to the constitution introduced the constitutional prohibition of abortion, which the church supported, though abortion for social reasons had already been illegal under Irish statutory law. However, the church failed to influence the June 1996 removal of the constitutional prohibition of divorce. While the church opposed divorce allowing remarriage in civil law, its canon law allowed for a law of nullity and a limited divorce ""a mensa et thoro"", effectively a form of marital separation. The church helped reinforce public censorship and maintained its own list of banned literature until 1966, which influenced the State's list.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: In spite of objections from the Catholic hierarchy, voters in Ireland approved a referendum to legalise same-sex marriage in 2015 and abortion in 2018. In September 2010, an Irish Times/Behaviour Attitudes survey of 1,006 people showed that 67% felt that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. This majority extended across all age groups, with the exception of the over-65s, while 66% of Catholics were in favour of same-sex marriage. Only 25% disagreed that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry, opposition that was concentrated among older people and those in rural areas. In terms of same-sex adoption, 46% were in support of it and 38% opposed. However, a majority of females, 18- to 44-year-olds, and urban dwellers supported the idea. The survey also showed that 91% of people would not think less of someone who came out as homosexual, while 60% felt the recent civil partnership legislation was not an attack on marriage.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: War-time censorship by the government for security was strict and included the church; when bishops spoke on aspects of the war, they were censored and treated "with no more ceremony than any other citizen". While statements and pastoral letters issued from the pulpit were not interfered with, the quoting of them in the press was subject to the censor.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: Several reports detailing cases of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of thousands of children while in the pastoral care of dozens of priests have been published in 2005–2009. These include the Ferns Report and the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse, and have led on to much discussion in Ireland about what changes may be needed in the future within the church.


title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: Alongside the church itself, many Irish devotional traditions have continued for centuries as a part of the church's local culture. One such tradition, unbroken since ancient times, is of annual pilgrimages to sacred Celtic Christian places such as St Patrick's Purgatory and Croagh Patrick. Particular emphasis on mortification and offerings of sacrifices and prayers for the Holy Souls of Purgatory is another strong, long time cultural practice. The Leonine Prayers were said at the end of Low Mass for the deceased of the penal times. "Patterns" (processions) in honour of local saints also continue to this day. Marian Devotion is an element, focused on the shrine at Knock, an approved apparition of the Virgin Mary who appeared in 1879. Feasts and devotions such as the Immaculate Conception of Mary (1854) and the Sacred Heart of Jesus (1642), and the concepts of martyrology are very prominent elements. Respect for mortification of the flesh has led on to the veneration of Matt Talbot and Padre Pio.


title: Department for Education

text: The Department for Education (DfE) is a department of His Majesty's Government responsible for child protection, child services, education (compulsory, further and higher education), apprenticeships and wider skills in England.


title: Department for Education

text: A Department for Education previously existed between 1992, when the Department of Education and Science was renamed, and 1995 when it was merged with the Department for Employment to become the Department for Education and Employment.


title: Department for Education

text: The Secretary of State for Education is Rt Hon. Gillian Keegan MP. Susan Acland-Hood is the Permanent Secretary.


title: Department for Education

text: The expenditure, administration and policy of the Department for Education are scrutinised by the Education Select Committee.


title: Department for Education

text: The DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Coalition Government, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF).


title: Department for Education

text: In June 2012 the Department for Education committed a breach of the UK's Data Protection Act due to a security flaw on its website which made email addresses, passwords and comments of people responding to consultation documents available for download.


title: Department for Education

text: In July 2016, the department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.


title: Department for Education

text: The department is led by the Secretary of State for Education. The Permanent Secretary from December 2020 is Susan Acland-Hood. DfE is responsible for education, children's services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships, and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, DfE had reduced its workforce to the equivalent of 2,301 staff. In 2015–16, the DfE has a budget of £58.2bn, which includes £53.6bn resource spending and £4.6bn of capital investments.


title: Department for Education

text: The Education and Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) was formed on 1 April 2017 following the merger of the Education Funding Agency and the Skills Funding Agency. Previously the Education Funding Agency (EFA) was responsible for distributing funding for state education in England for 3- to 19-year-olds, as well as managing the estates of schools, and colleges and the Skills Funding Agency was responsible for funding skills training for further education in England and running the National Apprenticeship Service and the National Careers Service. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young People's Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools. The SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. David Withey is the agency's Chief Executive.


title: Department for Education

text: The Teaching Regulation Agency (TRA) is responsible for regulation of the teaching profession, including misconduct hearings. Its predecessors include the National College for Teaching and Leadership (to 2018), the Teaching Agency (to 2013) and the Training and Development Agency for Schools (from 1994).


title: Department for Education

text: The Standards and Testing Agency (STA) is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency. The STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual.


title: Department for Education

text: The Department for Education released a new National Curriculum for schools in England for September 2014, which included 'Computing'. Following Michael Gove's speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by commercial companies, to support non-specialist teachers, for example, '100 Computing Lessons' by Scholastic. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a 'Network of Teaching Excellence'to support schools with the new curriculum.


title: Department for Education

text: In 2015, the department announced a major restructuring of the further education sector, through 37 area reviews of post-16 provision. The


title: Department for Education

text: proposals were criticised by NUS Vice President for Further Education Shakira Martin for not sufficiently taking into account the impact on learners; the Sixth Form Colleges' Association similarly criticised the reviews for not directly including providers of post-16 education other than colleges, such as school and academy sixth forms and independent training providers.


title: Department for Education

text: In 2018, The Department for Education confirmed their commitment to forming positive relationships with the voluntary and community sector.


title: Department for Education

text: In 2020 the department began funding the National Tutoring Programme which employed private companies to deliver the tuition including at least one which uses children as tutors, paying them £1.57 per hour. Tutors received up to £25 of the between £72 and £84 per hour the government paid the companies.


title: Seemaraja

text: Seemaraja () is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Ponram and produced by R. D. Raja. The film stars Sivakarthikeyan in a double role with, Simran in Negative role along with Samantha, with a supporting cast including Soori, Napoleon, Lal and Keerthy Suresh in a cameo appearance. The film features music composed by D. Imman and cinematography by Balasubramaniam. The movie was released on 13 September 2018, coinciding with the festival of Vinayagar Chathurthi.


title: Seemaraja

text: Seema Raja is a king of Singampatti, born in a Zamindar family and he is grand son of Kadambavel Raja . All time He hangs around with his accountant Kannaku. The principal from a nearby school invites Seema Raja's father, Ariya Raja to the awards ceremony at the school. However, due to his father's busy schedule, Seema Raja offers to go instead. Here, he meets Suthanthira Selvi, a sports teacher and Silambam expert, and immediately falls in love with her.


title: Seemaraja

text: Kaaleeshwari and Kathaadi Kannan are two antagonists of the film. Kannan used to be a butcher but then took on the opportunity to purchase vast swathes of land to create wind farms. His greedy plans begin to put agriculture at risk and thus puts him at loggerheads with Seema Raja. A fight between the two ensues with him kidnapping Selvi and imprisoning her at his house. Here, a flashback occurs showing that Selvi was Kannan's daughter with his first wife. He leaves his first wife for Kaaleeshwari, causing his ex-wife to commit suicide by falling into a well. Ariya Raja attempts to stop this rapid acquisition of land. however, the villagers insult him and mock him for not doing anything for the people when they were under his control. This causes him to die of a broken heart. A funeral is carried out for him. Whilst Seema Raja is mourning his death, and his grandfather chastises him for being so irresponsible. He begins to explain Seema Raja's ancestry, starting off with the brave Kadambavel and his wife Bhoomi. He narrates the stories of Kadambavel's fights against the foreigners, protecting his Tamil land. He explains how he exploited the Vallari, to his advantage to defeat the vast Muslim army, led by Malik Kafur. These stories of sheer chivalry motivate Seema Raja to take on his father's responsibility and become mature.


title: Seemaraja

text: Seema Raja remains unaware of Selvi's love for him. He goes to court and attempts to allow Selvi to leave the house. However, since she has been blackmailed by Kaaleshwari (if she said she was being held against her will, she would kill her sister), she replied, 'ask my father' to every question that the police asked. The police quashed Seema Raja's case, and he was devastated. However, understanding the double meaning behind it, Seema Raja goes to Selvi's foster father and asks him what Selvi meant by it. Here, he finds out about her love for him. Seema Raja first thwarts Kannan's plan for rapid acquisition by meeting and agreeing on a new deal with the Raj of Udaipur. The detail would enable them to construct a wind farm on their land, whilst also allowing them to farm on the land and receive rent for the land that the wind farm is present on, thus providing them with a sustainable income. At first, the villagers were hesitant, but then, they agreed. Kannan is furious. Seema Raja returns to the house to break out Selvi and run away. Kannan and Kaaleeshwari then realize this and begin to chase them. They again recapture her and prepare to kill her by hanging her from the wind turbine as an act of revenge for thwarting their business plans. Seema Raja arrives in time to save her, and a fight ensures, where Kaaleeshwari is crushed to death by the wind turbine, and Kannan is defeated. Seema Raja and Selvi then happily live together.


title: Seemaraja

text: On 17 August 2016, R. D. Raja announced that he would produce a film directed by Ponram starring Sivakarthikeyan in the lead role, with the film marking the third collaboration of the pair after the successful ventures of "Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam" (2013) and "Rajini Murugan" (2016). D Imman has composed the music score for the film which is being bankrolled by 24 AM Studios and slated to hit the screens on Vinayakar Chathurthi. Raja announced that the film would begin in early 2017 and be released for the Diwali season of 2017. Samantha was signed on to star in the film as the lead actress and Soori was also confirmed to be a part of the cast during mid-August 2016. Music composer D. Imman, cinematographer Balasubramaniem and editor Vivek Harshan were also retained to be a part of the project from the director's previous films. Meanwhile, T. Muthuraj was signed as an art director for this film, replacing G. Durairaj who earlier works for Ponram's earlier films. For her role in the film, Samantha began learning the art of silambam in late 2016. However, production on the film was postponed to allow Sivakarthikeyan to finish his commitments for Raja's two other ongoing ventures, "Remo" (2016) and "Velaikkaran" (2017). During the delay, Ponram also denied reports of it being a period film and revealed it would along the lines of his previous ventures.


title: Seemaraja

text: The film commenced with a launch event held on 16 June 2017, with Simran, Napoleon and Lal joining the cast. Simran was revealed to play a character with negative shades along with Lal, while Napoleon was signed to portray the father of Sivakarthikeyan. The first schedule started in Thenkasi on the following day, with scenes involving the lead cast shot. By late November 2017, the team revealed that "fifty five per cent" of the film's shoot was over, before starting the third schedule of the shoot. The film progressed untitled until February 2018 when the title of "Seema Raja" was announced to the public through a first look poster. In this film, actress Keerthy Suresh got the third chance to act with Sivakarthikeyan in a cameo role. Actor Soori is sporting a six pack for the film. This film shooting wrapped up on 19 June 2018. The film has some historical portion in which Sivakarthikeyan appears as a King, and Keerthy Suresh puts in a special appearance as Sivakarthikeyan's Queen.


title: Seemaraja

text: The distribution rights for "Seema Raja" in Poland were acquired by 7th Sense Cinematics. The film released on 13 September 2018. This film was sold by Sun TV.


title: Seemaraja

text: In 2016, during the announcement of the next venture of R. D. Raja's production company 24AM Studios, which was directed by Ponram, D. Imman was roped in to compose the soundtrack, which will be their third collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan-Ponram combo.


title: Seemaraja

text: The first single was released on 25 July 2018. The audio launch was held on 17 August 2018, at Madurai, featuring the cast and crew and all other celebrities in attendance. After the audio release, 24AM Studios and Think Music India teamed up with Can-Lah Studio, to organise a Karaoke Booth, for the film's promotional purposes. The first Karaoke Booth event held on 25 August 2018, at Phoenix Marketcity, Velachery, Chennai and another Karaoke Booth held on 30 August 2018, at Madurai and Coimbatore respectively.


title: Seemaraja

text: The soundtrack album features twelve songs composed by D. Imman, with four songs as Karaoke versions, and one instrumental version.


title: Seemaraja

text: The film was Sivakarthikeyan's biggest opening and collected at the opening weekend at the box office.


title: Seemaraja

text: "Seemaraja" received mostly negative reviews from critics. Janani.K of Indiatoday wrote "Director Ponram's Seema Raja starring Sivakarthikeyan and Samantha is a pointless rural drama that has nothing new in it. It is a brainless mass film."


title: Seemaraja

text: Srinivasa Ramanujam of The Hindu says "Director Ponram seems to have clearly missed a trick by trying out to put in too many commercial elements and excelling in none."


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino (; October 10, 1891 – July 19, 1974) was an Italian-born crime boss of the Buffalo crime family in western New York. His underworld influence stretched from Ohio to Southern Ontario and as far east as Montreal, Quebec. Known as "Don Stefano" to his friends and "The Undertaker" to others, he was also a charter member of the American Mafia's ruling council, The Commission.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino was born on October 10, 1891, in Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. In Castellammare del Golfo, Magaddino led a clan allied with Giuseppe "Peppe" Bonanno and his older brother and advisor, Stefano. During the 1900s, the clans feuded with Felice Buccellato, the boss of the Buccellato Mafia clan. After the murders of Stefano and Giuseppe, their younger brother, Salvatore, took revenge by killing members of the Buccellatos. In 1902, Magaddino arrived in New York and became a powerful member of the Castellammarese clan. Magaddino was the brother of Joseph Bonanno's maternal grandmother.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino married Carmella and the couple had four children. His son Peter A. Magaddino born on February 25, 1917, became a made member of Buffalo mafia family and married the niece of Buffalo mobster Charles Montana. The eldest daughter Josephine married Charles Montana, the nephew of Buffalo mobster John C. Montana. The next daughter Angelina married James V. DeLuca, who was a member of the Buffalo family. The last daughter Arcangela married Vincent Scro, a mobster in the Buffalo family.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino's brother Anthony "Nino" Magaddino and his brother's son Peter J. Magaddino both became members of the Buffalo family.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: In August 1921, a barber named Bartolo Fontana turned himself into the New York police, confessing to murdering Camillo Caiozzo a couple of weeks earlier in Avon, New Jersey. Fontana claimed he murdered Caiozzo at the behest of the "Good Killers", a group of mafiosi who hailed from Castellammare del Golfo, in retaliation for Caiozzo's involvement in the 1916 murder of Magaddino's brother, Pietro, back in Sicily. Fearing he might be murdered, Fontana agreed to help police set up a sting operation. Stefano Magaddino met Fontana at Grand Central Station to give Fontana $30 to help him flee the city. After the exchange, Magaddino was arrested by a group of undercover police. Vito Bonventre and four other gangsters were subsequently arrested for their involvement in the murder.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: New Jersey decided not to pursue conspiracy charges in the Caiozzo murder and the charges against Magaddino were dropped despite the New York police officers' testimony about the sting linking him to the murder.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Joseph Bonanno slipped back into the United States in 1924, by stowing away on a Cuban fishing boat bound for Tampa, Florida with Magaddino's son, Peter Magaddino. According to Bonanno, upon arriving at a train station in Jacksonville, Bonanno was detained by immigration officers and was later released under $1,000 bail. He was welcomed by Willie Moretti and an unidentified man, it was later revealed that Magaddino was responsible for bailing him out as a favour for Giovanni Bonventre, Bonanno's uncle.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Although he operated a legitimate funeral home business in Niagara Falls, New York, the Magaddino Memorial Chapel, with Prohibition in effect in the United States, Maggadino made his real money running a profitable bootlegging business by smuggling wine and spirits across the Niagara River into New York State, thereby supplying the needs of speakeasies located in Buffalo and the very "Honky-tonk" Niagara Falls. After Prohibition ended, Magaddino and his crime family made their money by means of loan sharking, illegal gambling, extortion, carjacking and labor racketeering as well as other legitimate lucrative businesses such as linen service businesses that served the needs of most of the hotels located throughout the region as well as taxicab companies and other service-oriented businesses.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino's crime family held power in the underworld territories of Upstate and Western New York, namely, Buffalo, New York, bordering Canada and situated on Lake Erie, Rochester and Utica, along the Mohawk River as far east as Amsterdam, New York; from Eastern Pennsylvania as far west as Youngstown, Ohio, and in Canada from Fort Erie (opposite Buffalo) to Toronto, Ontario and as far east as Montreal, Quebec. By the 1960s, it was reported that Magaddino's crime syndicate supplied drugs to the Canadian cities of Hamilton and Guelph, which in turn supplied drugs to Toronto.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino led his Buffalo family through its glory years and its most powerful and profitable era. He was an old-style boss who preferred to stay in the background and not draw any attention to himself or his criminal activities if possible. Due to his territory's remoteness yet the vast amount of it he controlled and being geographically insulated from the inter-family squabbles of the New York City-based families, he was held in high regard and was at times called upon to be an arbiter involving territorial disputes between crime families based there.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: For fifty years, Magaddino was a dominant presence in the Buffalo underworld. He was the longest tenured boss in the history of the American Mafia. Magaddino was also involved in national La Cosa Nostra affairs. Magaddino was a charter member of Charles "Lucky" Luciano's Mafia Commission and attended important underworld summits such as the 1946 Havana Conference and the 1957 Apalachin Conference.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: It is believed Magaddino, along with Antonio and Johnny Papalia, played a role in notorious Hamilton bootlegger Rocco Perri's disappearance in 1944 in order to gain more Canadian market control. After Perri's disappearance, three of his former lieutenants, in addition to Papalia and Giacomo Luppino, began answering to Magaddino in Buffalo: Tony Sylvestro, Calogero Bordonaro and Santo Scibetta, known as the "three dons".


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino had survived several assassination attempts. In 1936, rival gangsters attempted to kill Magaddino with a bomb, killing his sister instead. In 1958, an assassin tossed a hand grenade through his kitchen window, which failed to explode.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: In 1963, Joseph Bonanno made plans to assassinate several rivals on the Mafia Commission—bosses Tommy Lucchese, Carlo Gambino, Magaddino, as well as Frank DeSimone. Bonanno sought Profaci crime family boss Joseph Magliocco's support, and Magliocco readily agreed due to his bitterness from being denied a seat on the Commission previously. Bonanno's audacious goal was to take over the Commission and make Magliocco his right hand man. Magliocco was assigned the task of killing Lucchese and Gambino, and gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Joseph Colombo. However, the opportunistic Colombo revealed the plot to its targets. The other bosses quickly realized that Magliocco could not have planned this himself. Remembering how close Bonanno was with Magliocco (and before him, Joe Profaci), as well as their close ties through marriages, the other bosses concluded Bonanno was the real mastermind. The Commission summoned Bonanno and Magliocco to explain themselves. Fearing for his life, Bonanno fled to Canada, leaving Magliocco to deal with the Commission, but was deported back to the United States.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: In October 1964, Bonanno returned to Manhattan, but on October 20, 1964, the day before Bonanno was scheduled to testify to a grand jury inquiry, his lawyers said that after having dinner with them, Bonanno was kidnapped, allegedly by Magaddino's men, as he entered the apartment house where one of his lawyers lived on Park Avenue and East 36th Street.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino's empire began to crumble in 1968, when police found $500,000 stashed away in Magaddino's funeral home and his son's attic. Retired FBI agent Donald Hartnett said, "At that time, Magaddino had been telling his underlings that money was tight, and he could not afford to pay them Christmas bonuses... People began to stop trusting him when we found all that money."


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino died of a heart attack on July 19, 1974, at age 82, at Mount Saint Mary's Hospital in Lewiston, New York. His funeral was held at St. Joseph's Catholic Church. He was buried at St. Joseph's Cemetery on Pine Avenue in Niagara Falls.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: "Mob Boss", written by Mike Hudson, is a book about Magaddino's life as a mob boss. Magaddino is also mentioned in "Niagara Falls Confidential", also written by Mike Hudson. He also gets a passing mention in "The Valachi Papers" by Peter Maas.


title: Stefano Magaddino

text: Magaddino, as head of the Buffalo/Niagara Falls crime family, is a subject throughout the two-volume history, DiCarlo: Buffalo's First Family of Crime (Vol. I through 1937, Vol. II 1938 through 2012) by Thos. Hunt & Michael A. Tona (2013).


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is a solar thermal power project with an installed capacity of 110 megawatt (MW) and 1.1 gigawatt-hours of energy storage located near Tonopah, about northwest of Las Vegas.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Crescent Dunes is the first commercial concentrated solar power (CSP) plant with a central receiver tower and advanced molten salt energy storage technology, following the experimental Solar Two.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Startup energy venture company SolarReserve, created via seed funding US Renewables Group and United Technologies, was the original owner of Tonopah Solar Energy LLC, the owner and operator of the Crescent Dunes plant. The Crescent Dunes project was subsequently backed by a $737 million in U.S. government loan guarantees and by Tonopah partnering with Cobra Thermosolar Plants, Inc. The overall venture had a projected cost of less than $1 billion.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: The plant suffered several design, construction and technical problems and, having not produced power since April 2019, its sole customer, NV Energy, subsequently terminated their contract. Bloomberg reported that NV Energy wasn’t allowed to sever its agreement with the plant until after the DoE took over the shuttered plant in August 2019.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Since the initial failure of the Crescent Dunes project, SolarReserve took down their website and is believed to have permanently ceased operations. Upon the developer's silence as the involved parties sought legal recourse, the plant's exact status was publicly unknown for some time and was left to conjecture.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: While proceeding through its subsequent bankruptcy proceedings, Tonopah Solar Energy stated that it had hopes for a restart of the Crescent Dunes plant by the end of 2020. According to court documents, Tonopah is owned by SolarReserve, Cobra Energy Investment LLC, a division of Spanish construction company ACS Group and Banco Santander, S.A. On September 11, 2020, the bankruptcy court approved Tonopah Solar Energy's disclosure statement. On December 3, 2020 the Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization plan was confirmed by the court. As one result of this plan's confirmation, Cobra now has operational control of the plant. In July 2021, the project restarted production for NV Energy.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: In late September 2011 Tonopah Solar Energy received a $737 million loan guarantee from the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the right to build on public land. The capital stack included $170,000,000 in EB-5 investment through SolarReserve/ACS Cobra partner CMB Regional Centers.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Under a power purchase agreement (PPA) between SolarReserve and NV Energy, all power generated by the Crescent Dunes project in the next 25 years would have been sold to NV Energy for $0.135 per kilowatt-hour.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Construction terminated at the end of 2013, followed by several months of testing the plant systems. The project entered commissioning phase in February 2014 following completion of construction.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: It began operation in September 2015, but went off-line in October 2016 due to a leak in a molten salt tank. The owners warned the EPC about flaws in the salt tank foundations (and other matters) with formal comments lodged on the record in March 2012 progress meeting with DOE and its engineer present (the lender did not voice any objection).


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: The plant having last produced power in April 2019, NV Energy—the project's sole customer—terminated its contract in October 2019 on the basis of the project having "failed to produce." Alleging a takeover of Tonopah Solar Energy by the DOE, SolarReserve then raised the possibility of the project filing for bankruptcy, which subsequently happened. SolarReserve also filed a lawsuit, claiming that the Department of Energy was looking to appoint two new members to Tonopah Solar Energy’s board of managers, giving the appearance of the Energy Department in complete control of Tonopah directors which comprise the entirety of the Tonopah Board of Managers. An interim outcome in this regard was that SolarReserve took down their website and was believed to have ceased operations permanently.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Tonopah Solar Energy filed for bankruptcy on July 30, 2020. Pending the approval of the bankruptcy court, a $200 million settlement with the remaining debtors — Tonopah Solar Energy LLC and ACS Cobra — for the return of taxpayer dollars was also announced at the end of July 2020. The amount is less than half of what taxpayers are owed on the outstanding $425 million of public debt. Under the settlement agreement and as a function of subsequent repairs, restoration of the plant to power production and acquisition of new long-term customers, ACS Cobra is liable for an additional $100 million in otherwise suspended debt.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: The project's EPC Contractor was ACS Cobra, which carried out the engineering design, procured the equipment and materials necessary, and then constructed and delivered the facility to Tonopah Solar Energy. The project includes 10,347 heliostats that collect and focus the sun's thermal energy to heat molten salt flowing through an approximately tall solar power tower. Each heliostat is made up of 35 6× mirror facets, yielding a heliostat overall usable area of . Total solar field aperture adds up to . The molten salt circulates from the tower to a storage tank, where it is then used to produce steam and generate electricity.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Excess thermal energy is stored in the molten salt and could be used to generate power for up to ten hours, including during the evening hours and when direct sunlight is not available. The storage technology thus eliminated the need for any backup fossil fuels, such as natural gas. Melting about of salt took two months. Once melted, the salt stays melted for the life of the plant and is cycled through the receiver for reheating.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: Crescent Dunes began operation in September 2015, but went off-line in October 2016 due to a leak in a molten salt tank. It returned to operation in July 2017. While its average monthly production was expected to exceed 40,000 MWh, as of May 2019 it never reached that value and only exceeded half of it during 9 months.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: The commissioning of a new thermal plant requires up to four years to achieve 100% operating level, from the first grid connection to full production. As an example the Edwardsport production data, whose progression, skipping first partial year, is a 40% output the first full year, 57% the second full year, the next year the progression was stopped by a problem in October, but resumes with a 73% the fourth and next year. At Crescent Dunes, it was to be expected a similar progression, but the failure of the storage tanks in 2016, froze the commissioning. Following that, first full production year was delayed to 2018, starting with a 40% (200 over 500) output.


title: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project

text: The first three months of 2019 (January, February and March) showed good progression, topping all previous monthly data, but in April the plant was shut down because the project's sole buyer, NV Energy, terminated the Power Purchase Agreement for failure to produce the contracted power production. The power generated also cost NV Energy about $135 per megawatt-hour, compared with less than $30 per MWh available from a new Nevada photovoltaic solar farm. But to compare fairly, it must be taken into account that the Tonopah solar project power is dispatchable whilst photovoltaic power is intermittent. Truly levelized cost comparisons must include the capacity payments for generating capacity available to supply power during peak hours. By doing so, low-to-high hourly wholesale electricity prices have been shown to vary by up to four orders of magnitude.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: Abderrazak "Abdo" Hamdallah (; born 17 December 1990) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi Professional League club Al-Ittihad and the Morocco national team.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: He started his professional career playing for Olympic Club de Safi in Morocco, later transferring to Aalesunds in Norway. After one season with them, he joined Chinese club Guangzhou R&F. In 2015, he transferred to El Jaish, where he won the 2016 Qatar Cup. Soon later he signed with Qatari club Al-Rayyan. He felt in terms with Al-Rayyan and joined Saudi Al Nassr. In the season, 2018–19 Saudi Professional League he scored a league record of 34 goals in one season, and was the world's leading goalscorer during the 2019 calendar year with 57 goals overall. He won the 2018–19 Saudi Professional League and two Saudi Super Cup.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: A full international for Morocco since 2012, Hamdallah has represented his country at the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: Born in Safi, Morocco, Hamdallah was the youngest of seven children of the family. Hamadallah spoke about his childhood, stating:I started playing football in the street with other children of the city where I was born, Safi. As a teenager, I enrolled in a club in town. I was playing almost every day after school and all weekend. My older brother always supported me. He encouraged me to work hard.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: Hamdallah received his initial football formation at Nejm Shabab Safi club, before moving to the first team, Olympic Club de Safi, where his professional career began since the 2010–11 Botola, during which he played his first match in the Moroccan championship. He managed to score his first goal for the team against Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi. Hamdallah scored twice for Olympic Club de Safi in his first appearance in the Moroccan Throne Cup against Raja CA, the match ended in a 3–2 victory. The 2011–12 Botola marked the real start of Hamdallah at the scoring level, as he finished the season by scoring 15 goals, occupying the second row, two goals ahead of the Chadian new striker Karl Max Barthélémy. In the 2012–13 season, Hamdallah scored 15 goals in the first two-thirds of the tournament before joining, during March 2013, to professionally with the Norwegian club Ålesund. He scored his first hat-trick for the team against Wydad de Fès. The financial value of Hamdallah's transfer to Olesund Club amounted to one million US dollars.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 14 February 2013, it was confirmed that Hamdallah had joined Tippeliga club Aalesund. The transfer fee was in the region of €1 million or 7.4 million Norwegian Krone and the player signed a three-year contract, his first European contract. The transfer fee was the highest Aalesund has paid for a player ever.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: Hamdallah spoke about the first time he arrived at Norway, stating: ""It was a difficult experience because I arrived in a country that's very cold, but through an effort of will, I overcame every obstacle. I was the first player from the Moroccan championship to come to Norway, and my signing generated a lot of attention in the newspapers. In the end, I was able to silence my critics by finishing as one of the leading scorers in the league.""


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: Hamdallah made his debut on 1 April 2013 as a substitute in the 1–0 away win of Sandnes Ulf and then scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–0 win over Sarpsborg 08 on 14 April 2013. Then on 13 May 2013, Hamdallah scored his first hat-trick for Aalesund in a 7–1 win over Lillestrøm SK, which he helped the club into second place after nine games. After scoring ten goals so far this season, Hamadallah scored his second hat-trick of the season, in a 3–1 win over Viking on 25 October 2013. In his first season with the club, Hamdallah scored 15 times in 27 appearances and was included in the Team of the Year. Also, it left Hamdallah as the club's top scorer, though he was the second in the league behind Frode Johnsen.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: In February 2014, Hamdallah joined Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F. Upon the move, Hamdallah will be coached by Sven-Göran Eriksson for a record fee of €4.5 million or 33,3 million Norwegian Krone. His departure from Aalesund left the club very affected, due to his goal-scoring form, something the club struggled with after Hamdallah left Norway for China.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: After making two appearances at the start of the season, Hamdallah scored his first hat-trick of the season, in a 3–1 win over Shanghai Shenxin on 22 March 2014. In the next game against Hangzhou Greentown, he scored another hat-trick in a 6–2 win. He scored again in the next match against Henan Jianye, which he scored twice in a 4–0 win. After a week out over a leg injury, Hamdallah scored the winning goal, in a 1–0 win over against reigning champion, Guangzhou Evergrande. In his first season at Guangzhou R&F, Hamdallah made twenty-two appearances and scoring twenty-two times.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: Despite making a good start in the first four matches and scoring three times against Hangzhou Greentown, Shanghai SIPG and Guizhou Renhe. Hamdallah also scored in the group-stage of AFC Champions League match against Gamba Osaka. However, Hamdallah suffered leg injury and then continuously suffered from injuries. Not only that, his attitude caused a stir from manager Cosmin Contra and the pair fell out. It was announced on 3 July 2015 that Hamdallah would leave the club.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 24 July 2015, Hamdallah joined El Jaish in the Qatar Stars League on a two-year contract with an option of extending for a third year. As part of the move, Aalesund received 25 percent of the transfer fee paid to Guangzhou. Hamdallah had missed half of the season of 2016 due to a knee injury. His scoring has dropped this season due to absence of half of the games in this season. On 25 April 2016, Hamdallah scored in the semi-final in a 3–2 win against Al Sadd SC. They defeated Al-Duhail SC in the final. On 20 January 2017, Hamdallah signed a contract until 2019 with Al-Rayyan SC. On 23 August 2018, Hamdallah terminnated his contract with Al-Rayyan.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 23 August 2018, Hamdallah joined Al Nassr in the Saudi Professional League. He made his debut against Al Qadsiah FC and made two assists. In his second match, he scored his first goal for the club against Al Taawoun FC. By April 2019 he had scored 100 league goals, a record since the league became professional in 2007. Despite the bad start due to a previous ankle injury Hamadallah was able to end his first season in the Saudi Professional League as the top scorer after impressively scoring 68 goals. In the 2018–19 Season he won league title with his team. He scored a record of 34 goals with his teammate Nordin Amrabat. He scored in the final match against Al Batin. On 3 January 2019, Hamdallah scored a hat-trick against Al Jandal SC in Round of 64 in the 2019 King Cup. 10 days later, he scored a super hat-trick against Al Ansar FC. He scored another super hat-trick against Al-Fayha FC in the Round of 16. On 27 April 2019, Hamdallah scored a double in a 4–2 loss in the semi-final against Al Ittihad of the 2019 King Cup. By the end of 2019, Hamdallah managed to beat several stars such as Robert Lewandowski and Lionel Messi as the world's top scorer after reaching 57 goals.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 4 January 2020, Hamdallah scored in a 1–1 draw against Al Taawoun FC to win the 2019 Saudi Super Cup. On 30 January 2021, Hamdallah scored in a 3–0 victory against Al Hilal SFC to win the 2020 Saudi Super Cup. In the 2020 AFC Champions League, Hamdallah had a great impact on his team. He scored in a 2–2 draw against Al Sadd SC and scored a double in a 2–0 win against Sepahan S.C. In the quarter finals he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory against Al Taawoun FC. They lost in the semi-finals in after a penalty shootout against Persepolis F.C. On 23 November, Al Nassr FC officially terminated its contract with Hamdallah. Hamdallah played his final match for the club in a 1–0 loss against Ettifaq FC.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 16 December 2021, Hamdallah joined Al Ittihad FC in the Saudi Professional League. On 14 January 2022, he scored his first goal for the club in a Friendlies against Newcastle United. He scored his first league goal against Al Raed FC. On 26 February 2022, Hamdallah scored a hattrick in a 4–3 victory over Al Ahli in the Jeddah Derby. Thus becoming the first footballer to score a hattrick in the Jeddah Derby since the league became professional in 2007. On 2 August 2022, Hamdallah was suspended for by the Saudi football committee for four months with a 80 thousand dollar fine after a complaint by his former club. On 7 September the suspension has been uplifted making Hamdallah eligible to play the upcoming games.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 22 December 2009, Hamdallah was called up to the Morocco national under-23 football team for a week long training camp. On 13 December 2010, Hamdallah scored a goal against Libya's Under-23 team in the first game for Morocco in the 2010 UNAF U-23 Tournament, as Morocco went on to win the game 4–0. On 18 December 2010, Hamdallah scored in a 2–1 victory against Cameroon's Under-23 team.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 9 June 2013, Hamdallah scored his first goal for the Morocco national football team. He retired from international duty in November 2019. On 14 February, Hamdallah announced his readiness to carry the Moroccan national team shirt without any conditions. On 6 November 2022, Hamdallah apologized to the Moroccan public for his behavior that got him terminated from representing the national team.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: Hamdallah is described as an "unstoppable phenomenon", and is considered a prolific goalscorer. He is a technical player, with excellent movement, great heading technique, and deadly last touches. Hamdallah can score with both feet, and also capable of providing assists due to his vision. He has been criticized of his pace though. He is nicknamed "the Executioner" for his goalscoring ability.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 6 February 2022, Hamdallah built a house for Rayan's parents after the Death of Rayan Aourram. and asked all the celebrities to donate.


title: Abderrazak Hamdallah

text: On 25 October 2022, Fahd Barbaa, Hamdallah's lawyer announced that his client had won his case against his former club Al Nassr FC, which was before the International Football Association Board.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Nandhini is an Indian Tamil- Kannada Bilingual Supernatural fantasy thriller drama series that aired on Sun TV, and the latter in Udaya TV and was produced by Sundar C under Avni Telemedia. It starred Nithya Ram in a dual role, as a title protagonist "Nandini" and "Ganga", Malavika Wales, Adhitri Guruvayurappan in lead roles along with Rahul Ravi and Kushboo Sundar in pivotal roles.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: The story of the serial starts as a man named, Rathnavel falls in love with a mysterious girl, who is a shapeshifting snake named, Parvathy and they both get married. She gave birth to two twin girls- "Nandini" and "Ganga". Nandini inherited the snake quality and Ganga inherited human quality. In order to save her husband, Parvathy transforms him into a transgender called so that her clans wouldn't kill him and gives Ganga to him. Later rathnavel forgets everything and gives Ganga to the housemaid of the palace, Manickam who doesn't have a children and thinks that Ganga is his daughter and Ganga grows up in the palace. Then rathnavel changes his name to "Seyanayagi" and continues to live for the god Karuppar.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Parvathy and Nandhini were living a peaceful life as devotees of Kaatu Amman with Muniappa and his family until when Rajashekar and his group arrives to acquire the "Kala Chakras" for profit. One day Rajashekar and his friends namely Namboothiri, Vichu, Kumar, and Madhavi deceived Parvathy and kills her and Muniappa's family and takes the three kaal chakras. Parvathy asks Nandhini to kill all the murderers and their whole family. Namboodhiri and Madhavi (magicians) locked Nandhini in a puthu in Rajashekar palace where Ganga is there.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Arun Rajashekar, son of Rajashekar, falls in love with Janaki, a village girl and marries her. Janaki's friend Kavitha loved Arun too but she dies as she was heartbroken because of Janaki and Arun's marriage. Bhairavi, Kavitha's sister vows to avenge her sister's death. Arun soon went to Malaysia and his wife Janaki was living in his palace .Then after months she got a labour pain and gives birth to a baby. But she was killed by Dharmaraj who wants his daughter to marry Arun. Janaki becomes a spirit to protect her family.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Ganga, after grown up to a beautiful, gorgeous girl continues to live for the puthu as she do pujas for the past 14 years without knowing that her own sister is locked there.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Rajashekar wants Ganga to marry Arun, so she agrees to marry him and be a good mother to Devasena, Arun and Janaki's daughter.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: On the previous night of Ganga marriage, she did poojha to the puthu and when her blood had fallen on Nandhini she comes out after 20 YEARS and enters into ganga's body to avenge her mother's death. Ganga marries Arun and she starts avenging. She planned to kill Arun and Devasena to show the feeling of death to Rajashekar but fails in that as Janaki spirit saves them. So when Kumar (one of the murderer) comes to the palace, she terrifically kills him and tries to take the kala chakras but it goes missing. In order to escape from without seeing, Nandhini leaves Ganga body and Ganga told the police that she had killed Kumar and went to jail so that Nandhini wouldn't enter into her body. But namboodhiri understood and made Ganga out of jail. Then Ganga knows about what had happened to Nandhini and fights with Rajashekar and asks him to give the kaal chakras but he denies and kills Ganga .But Seyanayagi goes and saves Ganga. So Ganga is under treatment for months.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: On One Full Moon Day, Nandhini took girl shape and she looks exactly like Ganga. Meanwhile, Rajashekar asks bhairavi(magician who needs kaal chakras) to transform into Ganga and come to palace.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: After which Nandhini kills Namboodhiri and Vichu and traps Bhairavi and enters into Palace as Ganga to search kaal chakras .


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Madhavi comes back from her tapasya and plans to kill Nandhini. But Ganga returns and Rajashekar asks for forgiveness. Soon they come to know that Nandhini looks like Ganga.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: After few days Nandhini kills Rajashekar, this made Ganga to misunderstand Nandhini. But Seyanayagi tells the truth that Nandhini and Ganga are his daughters. So they join hands. But fate plays a role that they got fight again and again and soon all the three kaal chakras are taken by Madhavi and she gives life to Namboodhiri. They both traps Nandhini and enters into the temple . But their plan fails as Ganga gives the three kaal chakras to Nandhini .


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Nandhini then kills Madhavi and Namboodhiri and she wins. Then Nandhini becomes stone as she didn't kill the Rajashekar family as said by pathathy. So once again Nandhini and Ganga are separated which leaves Ganga in tears. Afterwards Ganga is pregnant and the whole family lives peacefully. But the sister bond of Nandhini and Ganga leaves us in tears in the last episode as they are separated and Nandhini-Ganga bond can't be beat up by anyone


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: 25 years after Ganga and Arun's death, Janani, the daughter of Ganga and Arun along with Devasena decide to save kalachalras from evil. After Janani's death, Nandini comes back to end the evil Namboothiri and Madhavi forever.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: The first season of the show was a huge hit in all languages. In week 42 of 2017 and the following week, it was at first position. In week 52 of 2018, it was at first position with 15.47 million impressions.


title: Nandini (TV series)

text: Jothi was a 2021 Indian Supernatural fantasy thriller Tamil language television series, which aired on Sun TV on 29 May 2021 in every weekends. It was produced by Sundar C under the studio of Avni Telemedia. It starred Meghashree portrayed the titular role, along with Chandhana Shetty and Vishnu Unnikrishnan in the lead roles. This show was a sequel of "Nandini".


title: Deborah Mailman

text: Deborah Jane Mailman (born 14 July 1972) is an Australian television and film actress, and singer. Mailman played the character Kelly Lewis on the Australian television series "The Secret Life of Us" and Cherie Butterfield in the Australian comedy/drama series "Offspring". She portrayed the role of Lorraine in the Australian TV series "Redfern Now" and Aunt Linda in the television program "Cleverman". Mailman is the main character in the Australian TV series "Total Control".


title: Deborah Mailman

text: Mailman was the first Aboriginal actress to win the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and has gone on to win four more both in television and film. She first gained recognition in the 1998 film "Radiance" for which she won her first AFI award. She has had roles in "Rabbit-Proof Fence", "Bran Nue Dae", "Oddball", "The Sapphires", "Paper Planes", "Mental", "Blinky Bill the Movie", "Combat Wombat", "H Is for Happiness", and "The Book of Revelation".


title: Deborah Mailman

text: Deborah Jane Mailman was born and grew up in Mount Isa in north-west Queensland. She is one of five children. She has both Aboriginal (Bidjara) and Māori (Ngāti Porou and Te Arawa) heritage. In 1992, she graduated from Queensland University of Technology Academy of the Arts with a Bachelor of Arts majoring in performing arts. She is married with two children.


title: Deborah Mailman

text: Mailman played the role of Kate in a La Boite Theatre production of Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew" in 1994. Other early stage roles include solo show "The Seven Stages of Grieving" (which she co-wrote with Wesley Enoch) for Kooemba Jdarra, Queensland Theatre Company's 1997 revival of Louis Nowra's play "Radiance", and Cordelia in "King Lear" for Bell Shakespeare in 1998.


title: Deborah Mailman

text: In 1998, Mailman made her film debut as Nona in the Australian independent film "Radiance" (based on the play), for which she won the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. She had a role in "The Secret Life of Us", for which she was twice awarded Most Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series at the Logies (2002 and 2004).


title: Deborah Mailman

text: Mailman was part of the Leah Purcell documentary "Black Chicks Talking" (2001), where she discussed her Aboriginal heritage. In 2006, she took part in a four-part television documentary series with Cathy Freeman called "Going Bush", where the pair set off on a journey from Broome to Arnhem Land spending time with Indigenous communities along the way.


title: Deborah Mailman

text: She appeared in the "Play School" TV series and was part of The Actors Company for the Sydney Theatre Company (2006–2007). She was a presenter on the ABC Television show "Message Stick".


title: Deborah Mailman

text: She appeared in the film "Rabbit-Proof Fence". She played a lead role in the 2010 musical film "Bran Nue Dae". In the play "The Sapphires" and the subsequent film of the same name she played the role of singer Gail McCrae.


title: Deborah Mailman

text: She was awarded an Inside Film Award for her short film "Ralph", which starred Madeleine Madden. From 2010 to 2014, she played the role of Cherie Butterfield in Channel Ten's "Offspring" drama series.


title: Deborah Mailman

text: Mailman started as Maureen Prescott in "Paper Planes", released 15 January 2015. She then appeared as Mayor Lake in "Oddball" and the voice of Blinky Bill's mother in "Blinky Bill the Movie".


title: Deborah Mailman

text: In 2019, she starred as politician Alex Irving in the series "Total Control", produced by Blackfella Films and screened on the ABC.


title: Deborah Mailman

text: In 2017, Mailman won the Chauvel Award, which acknowledges significant contribution to the Australian screen industry.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden is an area in South West London, England. It is located mainly within the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames and the London Borough of Merton, and is from Charing Cross. Neighbouring localities include Kingston, Norbiton, Raynes Park, Surbiton, Tolworth, Wimbledon and Worcester Park. Prior to the creation of Greater London in 1965, New Malden was in the administrative county of Surrey.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden was established entirely as a result of the arrival of the railway, when what is now called New Malden railway station was opened on 1 December 1846 on the main line from London Waterloo.


title: New Malden

text: Building started slowly in the area just to the north of the station, gathering pace in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with two- and three-bedroom terraced houses. Further out towards Coombe Hill are larger detached and semi-detached houses from the 1930s. The name of the road which leads up the hill to Coombe, Traps Lane, is thought to derive from a farm owned by a Mrs Trap. Following the opening of the Kingston bypass in 1927, the farms to its south progressively gave way to suburban development.


title: New Malden

text: Two miles (3 km) to the south is the former village of Old Malden (from which New Malden gets its name) whose origins go back to Anglo-Saxon times, the name being Old English for "Mæl" + "duna" = "the cross on the hill".


title: New Malden

text: Under the District Councils Act 1895, The Maldens & Coombe Urban District Council was created (the plural relating to Old Malden and New Malden). In 1936 Malden and Coombe was granted full Borough status, with its own Mayor, and had the rare distinction of a civic mace bearing the royal insignia of King Edward VIII.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden suffered damage from German bombing during the Second World War. The first attack took place on 16 August 1940, killing about 50 people and damaging about 1,300 homes. After dropping approximately 150 bombs, German pilots reportedly flew over the railway station at low altitude and machine-gunned passengers as they got off a train that had just arrived at the railway station. Unexploded munitions from this period are still found on occasion.


title: New Malden

text: In 1965, the London Government Act 1963 came into force merging the boroughs of Malden & Coombe and Surbiton with Kingston upon Thames to form the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden is home to the offices of several large organisations, including Nestlé Purina Pet Foods (before 1997 Spillers Pet Foods) - until 2012 when Nestlé moved its UK headquarters to Gatwick, and Northrop Grumman.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden is bounded to the north by the affluent Coombe Hill and to the south and east by Raynes Park, Worcester Park and Tolworth. New Malden includes Motspur Park, home to the training ground of Fulham FC, and also the King's College London sports ground, home to the training ground of AFC Wimbledon.


title: New Malden

text: The busy A3 trunk road runs through part of New Malden. A minor tributary of the River Thames, Beverley Brook, flows through the east of the town, while its western boundary is along the Hogsmill, another Thames tributary.


title: New Malden

text: The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames has one of the largest expatriate communities of South Koreans in Europe, and is said to be one of the most densely populated areas of Koreans outside South Korea. According to different sources, as of 2014 there were about 10,000 ethnic Koreans in New Malden proper, and as of the same year the Korean population in the area around New Malden is around 20,000, including about 600 originating from North Korea, giving it the largest group of North Koreans in Europe. In the 2001 census, some small areas of New Malden had "Other Asian" (i.e., other than of Indian sub-continental origin, which also included Chinese) populations of "over 25%", though no whole ward reached over 20%. Many of the Koreans living in New Malden work for Korean companies, and they are either permanently settled and formerly expatriate, or they are still expatriates.


title: New Malden

text: The New Malden area has Korean language churches and nursery schools as well as restaurants and shops with Korean clientele. New Malden functions as the shopping and cultural centre for a Korean population spread more widely across South-West London and the neighbouring counties. The area has Korean supermarkets, about 20 Korean restaurants and cafes, including those serving bulgogi. It also has a noraebang (Karaoke bar), and many other shops. The Korean language is visible on several shop signs. The original Embassy of South Korea was in New Malden, before moving to 60 Buckingham Gate in Westminster.


title: New Malden

text: Some factors cited in "The Daily Telegraph" as reasons why the Korean community formed in New Malden included a 1950s joint venture partnership between a chaebol and Racal Avionics (formerly Decca), Lord Chancellor's Walk in Coombe Lane West previously serving as the residence of the Ambassador of South Korea to the United Kingdom, and Samsung Electronics having its UK offices in New Malden until they moved to their current location in Chertsey, Surrey in 2005. Many Koreans settled in New Malden in the 1970s due to the ambassador's location.


title: New Malden

text: There is a Hindu Temple in the eastern part of Burlington Road with a notable community of predominantly Sri Lankan Tamils living in the area. In 2016 New Malden gained twin city status with Jaffna, Sri Lanka and a permanent plaque was erected to celebrate this.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden has its own sports centre, the Malden Centre, which includes a swimming pool, gym and community facilities. It also runs several adult learning courses.


title: New Malden

text: Beverley Park provides a football pitch, tennis courts, children's playground, allotments and open space.


title: New Malden

text: Tudor Williams Ltd, established in 1913 but closed in 2019, was a family run department store in the High Street. The company also has shops in Cobham and Dorking and expanded by acquiring department stores Elphicks of Farnham in October 2004, and Knights of Reigate in September 2006. A branch of Waitrose is one of a number of other well known stores in the High Street.


title: New Malden

text: The local newspapers are the "Surrey Comet" which has been in print since 1854, "Coombe Monthly", and the "Kingston Guardian".


title: New Malden

text: A monthly publication, The Village Voice, covers local history, news, topical articles and advertisements for businesses serving the community.


title: New Malden

text: There is an annual Malden Fortnight, which includes a parade showcasing all the local schools and community groups and various other activities.


title: New Malden

text: Each Christmas the High Street is festooned with Christmas lights with its own switching-on ceremony. The choir from Christ Church School, in New Malden sing Christmas carols to the townsfolk.


title: New Malden

text: For a small town it is more than proportionately blessed with winners of the Victoria Cross. Research recently published in the Village Voice revealed the existence of a previously unknown third medal winner – see Notable Residents below.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden has its own youth theatre, the Green Theatre Company, established in 1986 in a converted cricket pavilion at Barton Green. Green Theatre Company


title: New Malden

text: The area's last surviving cinema, the Odeon at Shannon Corner on the A3 was replaced by a large retail area including several large stores. The other cinema in the High Street (corner of Sussex Road) burnt down on Boxing Day 1936. There was also a silent cinema on Coombe Road by the station, which became the New Malden Gentlemen's Club in 1923; this closed in August 2010, and is now a Korean karaoke and pool bar.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden also has its own "Dino-Golf" course, 18 holes of dinosaur themed crazy golf overlooking the A3, as well as a floodlit golf driving range.


title: New Malden

text: In recent times New Malden played host to the biggest B&Q, Tesco and Currys. This Currys is the biggest electrical store in London. These are situated away from the High Street, which focuses more on smaller, more upmarket shops and restaurants.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden is home to the playing fields of both King's College London and the London School of Economics, which are available for hire when not in use by university teams.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden railway station has services provided by South Western Railway to London Waterloo, Hampton Court, Kingston, Richmond and Shepperton. It is in London Zone 4. The Old Malden area is well served by trains from Malden Manor railway station, travelling north to London Waterloo and south to Chessington. Motspur Park railway station on the New Malden/Raynes Park borders also has rail connections to Chessington South, Epsom, Leatherhead and Dorking.


title: New Malden

text: There are many routes of London Buses going through New Malden, including route 213 route going from Kingston towards Sutton, routes 131 and N87 going through Kingston Town Centre and Tooting Broadway (and Aldwych for the night bus) along with the X26 express bus to Croydon and Heathrow Airport, route 152 from New Malden towards Pollards Hill and route 265 towards Tolworth, Roehampton and Putney. The town also has a series of local bus routes, including K1 which goes to Kingston and New Malden station and K5 to Ham and Morden.


title: New Malden

text: New Malden also has links to a third recipient of the Victoria Cross, Humphrey Osbaldston Brooke Firman VC, whose parents lived in Coombe at the time of his death. A plaque bearing his name was unveiled on the war memorial in the High Street during April 2008 and a road in a new housing development near the High Street has been named Firman Close.


title: Music of the Heart

text: Music of the Heart is a 1999 American biographical musical drama film directed by Wes Craven and written by Pamela Gray, based on the 1995 documentary "Small Wonders". The film is a dramatization of the true story of Roberta Guaspari, portrayed by Meryl Streep, who co-founded the Opus 118 Harlem School of Music and fought for music education funding in New York City public schools. The film also stars Aidan Quinn, Gloria Estefan (in her film debut), and Angela Bassett. It was director Craven's first and only mainstream cinematic film not in the horror or thriller genre, and also his only film to receive Oscar nominations.


title: Music of the Heart

text: In 1981 New York City, Roberta Guaspari, a recently divorced violinist, lives with her two sons, Alexi and Nicholas Tzavaras, and her mother, Assunta Guaspari. With Assunta's encouragement, Guaspari attempts to rebuild her life and is recommended to the head teacher of East Harlem's Central Park East School. Despite having little experience in actual music teaching, she accepts a substitute violin teaching position at Central Park East. With a combination of her toughness and determination, she inspires a group of children, and their initially skeptical parents. The program slowly develops and attracts publicity, eventually expanding to Central Park East II and River East Schools.


title: Music of the Heart

text: Ten years later, the Central Park East, Central Park East II and River East School string programs work with the New York City Board of Education to help eliminate funding for the programs, which leads to Guaspari's early dismissal. Determined to fight the budget cuts, she enlists the support of former pupils, parents and teachers and plans a benefit concert, Fiddlefest, to raise money so that the program can continue. But with a few weeks to go and all participants furiously rehearsing, they lose the venue. However, Arnold Steinhardt, the husband of a publicist friend, is a violinist in the Guarneri Quartet, and he enlists the support of other well-known musicians, including Isaac Stern and Itzhak Perlman. They arrange for the concert to be mounted at Carnegie Hall.


title: Music of the Heart

text: On the day of Fiddlefest, Guaspari and her students perform with Perlman, Steinhardt, Stern, Mark O'Connor, Michael Tree, Charles Veal Jr., Karen Briggs, Sandra Park, Diane Monroe, and Joshua Bell, increasing donations and making the event a massive success.


title: Music of the Heart

text: In the epilogue, descriptions show Guaspari and the Opus 118 program's activities after the events in 1991.


title: Music of the Heart

text: Itzhak Perlman, Arnold Steinhardt, Isaac Stern, Mark O'Connor, Michael Tree, Charles Veal Jr., Karen Briggs, Sandra Park, Diane Monroe, and Joshua Bell all cameo as themselves in the film's recreation of the Carnegie Hall benefit concert (at which all were actually present).


title: Music of the Heart

text: Roberta Guaspari and the Opus 118 Harlem School of Music was featured in the 1995 documentary film "Small Wonders", which was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. After seeing "Small Wonders", Wes Craven, known for his work on horror films, was inspired to make a full-length film about Guaspari. Madonna was originally signed to play the role of Guaspari, but left the project before filming began, citing "creative differences" with Craven. When she left, Madonna had already studied for many months to play the violin. Streep learned to play Bach's Concerto for 2 Violins for the film.


title: Music of the Heart

text: The film received mixed reception, though many reviews tended to be slightly positive. Most critics applauded Meryl Streep's portrayal of Roberta Guaspari. The film had a 64% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes. CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade. Critic Eleanor Ringel Gillespie of the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution" concluded that "There are more challenging movies around. More original ones, too. But "Music of the Heart" gets the job done, efficiently and entertainingly." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and wrote that "Meryl Streep is known for her mastery of accents; she may be the most versatile speaker in the movies. Here you might think she has no accent, unless you've heard her real speaking voice; then you realize that Guaspari's speaking style is no less a particular achievement than Streep's other accents. This is not Streep's voice, but someone else's - with a certain flat quality, as if later education and refinement came after a somewhat unsophisticated childhood." Steve Rosen said that "The key to Meryl Streep's fine performance is that she makes Guaspari unheroically ordinary. Ultimately that makes her even more extraordinary."


title: Music of the Heart

text: In 2014, the movie was one of several discussed by Keli Goff in "The Daily Beast" in an article concerning white savior narratives in film.


title: Special Correspondents

text: Special Correspondents is a 2016 satirical comedy film written, directed by and starring Ricky Gervais. The film stars Gervais, Eric Bana, Vera Farmiga, Kelly Macdonald, Kevin Pollak, Benjamin Bratt, America Ferrera and Raúl Castillo. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 22 April 2016 and was released worldwide by Netflix on 29 April 2016. The film follows two radio journalists who concoct a scheme to fake their kidnappings in South America.


title: Special Correspondents

text: News radio journalist Frank Bonneville (Eric Bana) enters a murder scene posing as a cop. Getting the details of the crime, he is removed from the premises and, immediately reports the story live on the radio. Upon returning to the station, he is applauded by colleagues on getting the story first, but his boss Geoffrey Mallard (Kevin Pollak) warns that if he breaks the law one more time, he'll be fired.


title: Special Correspondents

text: That night, everyman Ian Finch (Ricky Gervais), also Frank's sound technician, takes his wife Eleanor (Vera Farmiga) to the station's annual ball, but must leave for a stake-out with co-worker Claire Maddox (Kelly Macdonald). Eleanor then meets Frank, who sleeps with her, unaware she is Finch's wife. The next day, Mallard puts Frank (and Finch) on a story about an uprising in Ecuador.


title: Special Correspondents

text: At first, Finch declines because he needs to try to save his marriage, but he later changes his mind. At the airport, they realize Finch has accidentally thrown their passports and plane tickets in a garbage truck. They return to the city and hide out at a café owned by Spanish couple Brigida and Domingo (America Ferrera and Raúl Castillo), located across from the radio station. With their help, Frank and Finch fake the war reports in their spare room.


title: Special Correspondents

text: After Finch and Frank decide the story needs to be bigger, they invent a man named Emilio Santiago Alvarez, who is elusive and closely linked to the war. The report alerts Washington, who now fear that Frank and Finch are targets for Alvarez's men. Meanwhile, Frank and Finch watch as other media outlets report on Alvarez, including their TV rival John Baker (Benjamin Bratt). Mallard calls Frank, telling them to go to the U.S. embassy in Quito, to be flown home. Panicking that they'll be found out, Frank and Finch destroy their SIM cards to not be traced.


title: Special Correspondents

text: The next morning, Frank fails to check in with Mallard, worrying the station. The media begins reporting on their 'disappearance'. Claire visits Eleanor to offer sympathy, but she seems more interested in getting her story out. Frank and Finch stage a hostage situation, and send a message to the President, demanding a ransom or they will be killed. Later, Frank and Finch watch as Eleanor appears on TV, so Frank finally realises she's Finch's wife. She then performs a song, "Dollar for a Hero", calling for their safe return.


title: Special Correspondents

text: Eleanor subsequently becomes a national sensation, setting up a charity for Finch and Frank. Mallard asks Claire to get to know her, who is using her husband's plight to start a singing career. Finch accepts Eleanor's selfishness, saying he's no longer upset she left him. On his birthday, he admits he can't keep up the charade any longer. Finch and Frank stop off at his apartment to take some of the donated money, but are caught by Eleanor. The three decide to split the cash so everyone can get what they want. The men drive, then sail illegally to Ecuador. They hitch a ride to Quito from a local, stopping first at a rundown bar. There, they are kidnapped and taken to a small village, where they are locked up. Thinking they're going to die, Frank admits he slept with Eleanor.


title: Special Correspondents

text: The next morning, the captors demand ransom from Eleanor but she refuses, telling them to kill Frank and Finch. When a captor returns, planning for them to fight to the death, Frank steals his gun and Finch shoots him. They escape stealing a car, make it to the U.S. embassy, and are flown home by private jet. On their return, they are greeted by the Secretary of State, press, friends and family. Frank makes a speech, and Finch bypasses Eleanor to greet Domingo and Brigida. Eleanor then speaks to the press about her upcoming album, as Finch takes off his wedding ring. He approaches Claire, who he realizes likes him for who he is. The pair happily walk off towards the city together.


title: Special Correspondents

text: In late October 2014, it was reported that Ricky Gervais would be directing a film titled "Special Correspondents", from his own screenplay. It was also announced that Eric Bana and Gervais would star in the film as a struggling radio journalist and his sidekick, respectively. In early May, it was reported that Kevin Pollak would have a supporting role in the film. On 27 May, it was revealed that Benjamin Bratt had been cast in the role of Bana's nemesis. On 30 May, Kelly Macdonald was reported to have joined the cast of the film. The following day, Vera Farmiga announced her involvement in the project; she was later confirmed to be portraying the role of Gervais' ruthless wife. Raúl Castillo was reported to have joined the cast on 3 June. A picture of the complete cast was revealed by TheWrap on 5 June, confirming the casting of America Ferrera.


title: Special Correspondents

text: Filming began for "Special Correspondents" on 19 May 2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Production moved from Toronto to New York City on 27 June. Principal photography was completed in New York on 2 July 2015.


title: Special Correspondents

text: Gervais stated when he had picture locked the film, "Even though it would certainly be billed as a comedy, it's not a big broad loud obvious one...It's a bit satirical. A bit dramatic. A bit romantic." In September 2015, Gervais posted on his blog they had begun recording and writing the score for the film. On 6 November 2015, Gervais announced that he had finished post-production on the film. In February 2016, it was announced that Dickon Hinchliffe had composed the score.


title: Special Correspondents

text: On the same day as the film's release date was announced, four stills from "Special Correspondents" were released, featuring the characters of Eric Bana, Ricky Gervais, Vera Farmiga, Kelly Macdonald, America Ferrera, and Raúl Castillo. Gervais debuted the first official trailer on his Twitter account on 23 March 2016. A second trailer was released on 12 April 2016.


title: Special Correspondents

text: In November 2014, it was reported that Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions had purchased the rights to the film for territories including the UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Latin America. In April 2015, it was announced that Netflix had pre-bought the global distribution rights to the film for roughly $12 million. "Special Correspondents" received its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 22 April 2016, followed by an audience discussion with Gervais, Bana and additional cast members. The film was released worldwide on 29 April 2016.


title: Special Correspondents

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Feeble writing and two-dimensional characters make "Special Correspondents" an unsuccessful, embarrassing endeavor for creator Ricky Gervais." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Special Correspondents

text: Nick Schager of "Variety" gave the film a negative review, writing, "Ricky Gervais has yet to find another role as perfectly suited to his caustic sensibilities as "The Office" boss David Brent – or, for that matter, the impishly nasty, trash-talking persona he assumes for his Golden Globes hosting gigs. "Special Correspondents" doesn't halt that streak, affording him a loser-makes-good part that's as toothless as the rest of the film, about a cocky New York City news radio reporter and meek sound technician who unwittingly fake their way into the national spotlight."


title: John Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn was born on August 10, 1958, in Los Angeles, California, the son of producer Samuel Goldwyn Jr., and his wife, film and stage actress Jennifer Howard. He has two brothers: film director and actor Tony Goldwyn and Francis Goldwyn. Goldwyn has produced a total of eight films, according to the Internet Movie Database, and the television series "Dexter".


title: John Goldwyn

text: His paternal grandparents were Oscar-winning producer Samuel Goldwyn and actress Frances Howard. His maternal grandparents were Sidney Howard, screenwriter of "Gone with the Wind" and 70 other films, and Clare Eames, an actress. Goldwyn and his former wife Colleen Camp have one daughter, Emily Goldwyn, who appeared in the 2005 film "Elizabethtown" as Star Basketball Player. On April 30, 2011, Goldwyn and hotelier Jeffrey Michael Klein celebrated their life partnership in a ceremony in Marshall, California. Goldwyn's daughter Emily led the couple in the exchange of vows and rings.


title: John Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn was an Executive Producer/Consultant for scripted content at Discovery Channel. In September 2016, Discovery aired the limited series Harley & The Davidsons, which Goldwyn produced in association with RAW UK. He then produced Manhunt: Unabomber, the first installment of Discovery's master criminal anthology series. In 2017, he signed a first look deal with Lionsgate.


title: John Goldwyn

text: John Goldwyn's most recent credits include the Hulu miniseries Dopesick (miniseries) released in October of 2021 and revival of Dexter (TV series), set to be released in November of 2021.


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: Pyrrharctia isabella, the isabella tiger moth, whose larval form is called the banded woolly bear, woolly bear, or woolly worm, occurs in the United States and southern Canada. It was first formally named by James Edward Smith in 1797.


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: The thirteen-segment larvae are usually covered with brown hair in their mid-regions and black hair in their anterior and posterior areas. In direct sunlight, the brown hair looks bright reddish brown. Adults are generally dull yellowish through orangish and have robust, scaly thoraces; small heads; and bright reddish-orange forelegs. Wings have sparse black spotting.


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: The isabella tiger moth can be found in many cold regions, including the Arctic. The banded woolly bear larva emerges from the egg in the fall and overwinters in its caterpillar form, when it literally freezes solid. First its heart stops beating, then its gut freezes, then its blood, followed by the rest of the body. It survives being frozen by producing a cryoprotectant in its tissues. In the spring it thaws.


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: Larval setae do not inject venom and are not urticant; they do not typically cause irritation, injury, inflammation, or swelling. Handling larvae is discouraged, however, because their sharp, spiny hairs may cause dermatitis in some people.


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: This species is a generalist feeder, consuming many plant species, including herbs and trees. Based on the caterpillars' wide range of food plants, this moth could be found almost anywhere that plants grow.


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: Singer et al. showed that the larvae of a related moth, "Grammia incorrupta" (whose larvae are also called "woollybears"), consume alkaloid-laden leaves that help fight off internal parasitic fly larvae. This phenomenon has been proposed to be "the first clear demonstration of self-medication among insects." Within the same family, the larvae of the garden tiger moth ("Arctia caja") are also known as woollybear caterpillars and consume an alkaloid diet similar to "Grammia incorrupta".


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: Canadian and U.S. folklore holds that the relative amounts of brown and black hair on a larva indicate the severity of the coming winter. It is believed that if a "Pyrrharctia isabella" brown band is wide, winter weather will be mild, and if the brown band is narrow, the winter will be severe. In a variation of this story, the color of stripes predicts the winter weather, with darker stripes indicating a harsher winter. In reality, hatchlings from the same clutch of eggs can display considerable variation in their color banding, and a larva's brown band tends to widen with age as it molts.


title: Pyrrharctia isabella

text: Another version of this belief is that the direction in which a "Pyrrharctia isabella" crawls indicates the winter weather, with the caterpillar crawling south to escape colder weather. There is no scientific evidence for winter weather prediction by "Pyrrharctia isabella".


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: The Bride of Frankenstein is a fictional character first introduced in Mary Shelley's 1818 novel "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus" and later in the 1935 film "Bride of Frankenstein". In the film, the Bride is played by Elsa Lanchester. The character's design in the film features a conical hairdo with white lightning-trace streaks on each side, which has become an iconic symbol of both the character and the film.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: In Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus", Victor Frankenstein is tempted by his monster's proposal to create a female creature so that the monster can have a wife: "'Shall each man,' cried he, 'find a wife for his bosom, and each beast have his mate, and I be alone?'" The monster promises that if Victor grants his request, he and his mate will vanish into the wilderness of South America, never to reappear. Fearing for his family, Victor reluctantly agrees and travels to the Orkney Islands to begin his work on the creature's mate. He is plagued by premonitions of what his work might wreak, particularly the idea that creating a bride for the monster might lead to the breeding of an entire race of creatures that could plague mankind. After seeing his first creation looking in the window, Frankenstein destroys the unfinished bride. The monster witnesses this and vows to be with Victor on his upcoming wedding night. True to his word, the monster murders Frankenstein's new wife Elizabeth.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: In "Bride of Frankenstein", Henry Frankenstein's (Colin Clive) mentor Doctor Septimus Pretorius (Ernest Thesiger) proposes to Henry that together they create a mate for his monster (Boris Karloff), with Henry creating the body and Pretorius supplying an artificially-grown brain. Henry initially balks at the idea, but Pretorius threatens to expose him to the authorities as the creator of the monster. Henry eventually agrees to help his mentor when the monster kidnaps Henry's wife Elizabeth (Valerie Hobson). Henry returns to his tower laboratory where in spite of himself, he grows excited by his work. After being assured of Elizabeth's safety, Henry completes the Bride's body from parts gathered by Pretorius and his hired help Karl and Ludwig. While Pretorius has grown an artificial brain that awaits to be brought out of its dormant state, Karl had obtained a fresh heart from a passerby woman while claiming that he did Pretorius' orders of accessing the recently deceased bodies while bribing the gendarmerie.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: A storm rages as final preparations are made to bring the Bride to life. Her bandage-wrapped body is raised through the roof. Lightning strikes a kite sending electricity through the Bride. They remove her bandages and help her to stand. Pretorius then declares it "The Bride of Frankenstein!" The excited Monster sees his mate and reaches out to her while saying "Friend". Upon seeing the monster, the Bride screams in horror. When the monster tries to touch her, the Bride screams again. Heartbroken, the monster says "She hate me. Like all the others." As Elizabeth races to Henry's side, the monster rampages through the laboratory and finds a lever that will destroy the castle. The monster tells Henry and Elizabeth to leave, but orders Pretorius and the Bride to stay, saying "We belong dead." While Henry and Elizabeth flee, the monster sheds a tear as the Bride hisses and he then pulls the lever, triggering the destruction of the laboratory and tower.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: The following film "Son of Frankenstein" (1939) reveals that the monster survived the explosion while Pretorius and the Bride presumably died.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: In the Dark Horse "Universal's Monsters" novel "The Bride of Frankenstein: Pandora's Bride", Pretorius and the Bride survive the explosion. They escape to Germany where he teaches her to become her own woman.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: Early in production, James Whale decided that the same actress cast to play the Bride should also play Mary Shelley in the film's prologue, to represent how the story — and horror in general — springs from the dark side of the imagination. He considered Brigitte Helm and Phyllis Brooks before deciding on Elsa Lanchester. Lanchester, who had accompanied husband Charles Laughton to Hollywood, had met with only moderate success at that point. Lanchester had returned alone to London when Whale contacted her to offer her the dual role. Lanchester modeled the Bride's hissing on the hissing of swans. She gave herself a sore throat while filming the hissing sequence, which Whale shot from multiple angles.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: The Bride of Frankenstein was portrayed as Eva in "The Bride" played by Jennifer Beals, opposite of Clancy Brown as the monster Viktor. She was created by Baron Charles Frankenstein and his assistant Paulus. When she sees Viktor, she is revolted. Later on in the film, Eva falls in love with Viktor when he discovers her in the monastery outside of Frankenstein's castle.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: A version of the character appears in the 1994 film "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein", played by Helena Bonham Carter. In this version, Victor attempts to revive his wife Elizabeth after she is killed by the Monster by placing her head on the intact body of his hanged servant Justine. He succeeds, but the Monster interrupts their reunion claiming Elizabeth as his own Bride. The transformed and apparently amnesic Elizabeth feels drawn to the Monster and caresses his face. After realizing she has the same scars as he, she understands what Victor did to her. Victor and the Monster fight for Elizabeth, but she feels disgusted with herself. She rejects both men with guttural cries and commits suicide by setting herself on fire.


title: Bride of Frankenstein (character)

text: Since the original film, characters based on the Bride of Frankenstein have been featured in different media. Unlike the original, most of these later incarnations of the Bride depict her as reciprocating the Monster's affection for her:


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: Gallo-Roman culture was a consequence of the Romanization of Gauls under the rule of the Roman Empire. It was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman culture, language, morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context. The well-studied meld of cultures in Gaul gives historians a model against which to compare and contrast parallel developments of Romanization in other, less-studied Roman provinces.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: "Interpretatio romana" offered Roman names for Gaulish deities such as the smith-god Gobannus, but of Celtic deities only the horse-patroness Epona penetrated Romanized cultures beyond the confines of Gaul.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: The barbarian invasions beginning in the late third century forced upon Gallo-Roman culture fundamental changes in politics, in the economic underpinning, in military organization. The Gothic settlement of 418 offered a double loyalty, as Western Roman authority disintegrated at Rome. The plight of the highly Romanized governing class is examined by R.W. Mathisen, the struggles of bishop Hilary of Arles by M. Heinzelmann.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: Into the seventh century, Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of Gallia Narbonensis that developed into Occitania, Cisalpine Gaul, Orléanais, and to a lesser degree, Gallia Aquitania. The formerly Romanized north of Gaul, once it had been occupied by the Franks, would develop into Merovingian culture instead. Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the "res publica" and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in 418. Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the Silva Carbonaria that formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and east, and in the northwest to the lower valley of the Loire, where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like Tours and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals, Gregory of Tours. Based upon mutual intelligibility, David Dalby counts seven languages descended from Gallo-Romance: Gallo-Wallon, French, Franco-Provençal (Arpitan), Romansh, Ladin, Friulian, and Lombard. However, other definitions are far broader, variously encompassing the Rhaeto-Romance languages, Occitano-Romance languages, and Gallo-Italic languages.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: Gaul was divided by Roman administration into three provinces, which were sub-divided in the later third century reorganization under Diocletian, and divided between two dioceses, Galliae and Viennensis, under the Praetorian prefecture of Galliae. On the local level, it was composed of "civitates" which preserved, broadly speaking, the boundaries of the formerly independent Gaulish tribes, which had been organised in large part on village structures that retained some features in the Roman civic formulas that overlaid them.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: Over the course of the Roman period, an ever-increasing proportion of Gauls gained Roman citizenship. In 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana extended citizenship to all free-born men in the Roman Empire.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: During the Crisis of the Third Century, from 260 to 274, Gaul was subject to Alamannic raids during the civil war. In reaction to local problems the Gallo-Romans appointed their own emperor, Postumus. The rule over Gaul, Britannia, and Hispania by Postumus and his successors is usually called "The Gallic Empire" although it was just one set of many usurpers who took over parts of the Roman Empire and tried to become emperor. The capital was Trier, which was often used as the northern capital of the Roman Empire by many emperors. The Gallic Empire ended when Aurelian decisively defeated Tetricus I at Chalons.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: The pre-Christian religious practices of Roman Gaul were characterized by syncretism of Graeco-Roman deities with their native Celtic, Basque or Germanic counterparts, many of which were of strictly local significance. Assimilation was eased by interpreting indigenous gods in Roman terms, such as with Lenus Mars or Apollo Grannus. Otherwise, a Roman god might be paired with a native goddess, as with Mercury and Rosmerta. In at least one case – that of the equine goddess Epona – a native Gallic goddess was also adopted by Rome.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: Eastern mystery religions penetrated Gaul early on. These included the cults of Orpheus, Mithras, Cybele, and Isis.


title: Gallo-Roman culture

text: The imperial cult, centred primarily on the "numen" of Augustus, came to play a prominent role in public religion in Gaul, most dramatically at the pan-Gaulish ceremony venerating Rome and Augustus at the Condate Altar near Lugdunum annually on 1 August.