title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Informal names for SSDI include Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) and Title II disability benefits. These names come from the chapter title of the governing section of the Social Security Act. The original Social Security Act of August 1935 did not include SSDI. Rather, SSDI was put into effect in July 1956 after two decades of policy debates.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: At the end of 2020, there were 9.7 million Americans receiving benefits from the SSDI program. This included 8.2 million disabled workers, 1.4 million children of disabled workers, and 0.1 million spouses of disabled workers. Children and spouses are sometimes referred to as auxiliary beneficiaries because they receive benefits based on their relationship to a disabled worker, not because they are necessarily disabled.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The number of beneficiaries grew rapidly between 1990 and 2010 before leveling off and then declining in recent years. Two schools of thought developed to explain the rapid growth in the program during the 1990s and early 2000s. According to David Autor and Mark Duggan, policy changes and earnings patterns were responsible for the growth. With regard to policy, Autor and Duggan argue an SSDI reform act loosened the disability screening process, leading to more SSDI awards and shifting their composition towards claimants with low-mortality disorders such as mental illness and back pain. With regard to earnings patterns, Autor and Duggan argue SSDI benefits rose in value relative to what recipients would have earned from employment, prompting greater numbers of individuals to seek benefits. The second school of thought on program growth in the 1990s and early 2000s emphasized demographic factors such as population growth, aging of the baby boom generation into their disability-prone years, growth in women's labor force participation, and the increase in Social Security's full retirement age from 65 to 66.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The number of disabled workers peaked in 2014 at 9.0 million and has declined in each year since, reaching 8.2 million individuals in 2020.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The rapid program growth in the 1990s and early 2000s prompted concerns that the Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Fund would be depleted in 2015. In response, Congress temporarily reallocated some payroll taxes dedicated to the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Trust Fund to the DI Trust Fund. Most recent analysis indicates that the DI Trust Fund is not projected to become depleted until 2057. - sooner than the projected depletion year of 2065 found in the 2020 report.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: In addition to disabled workers, the Social Security program also pays benefits to disabled widow(er)s and disabled adult children. These beneficiaries are often analyzed along with disabled workers because the same definition of disability is used in the eligibility process. However, disabled widow(er) benefits are paid out of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Trust Fund and disabled adult children may be paid out of the OASI or DI Trust Fund depending on whether the adult child qualifies because a parent is deceased or retired or whether a parent is disabled. In 2019, there were 1.14 million disabled adult children and 0.25 million disabled widow(er)s receiving benefits.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Social Security disability beneficiaries have high poverty rates relative to other Social Security beneficiaries. About 24 percent of disabled workers have family income below the official poverty level in the United States compared to only 7.1 percent of retired workers (the largest group of Social Security beneficiaries). About 31 percent of disabled widow(er) beneficiaries and 36 percent of disabled adult children are poor. In total, 2.4 million disabled worker, widow(er), and adult child beneficiaries are poor. In addition, about 38 percent of Social Security disability beneficiaries experience material hardship, defined as having low or very low food security or an inability to pay utility bills or housing costs.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: About 72 percent of Social Security disabled workers are between the ages of 50 and 66 and about 28 percent are under the age 50 (at Social Security's "full retirement age" (currently age 66), the Social Security Administration reclassifies disabled workers as retired workers). Twenty-four percent of disabled workers are African American.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: As expected from a program that is restricted to persons with severe disabilities, Social Security disability beneficiaries, relative to the general working age population in the United States, have very high rates of health problems and very high rates of hospitalization and medical visits.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The work capacity of Social Security disability beneficiaries has been the subject of several studies and policy debates. Some have argued, despite their impairments, many disabled beneficiaries could return to work whereas others have argued the work capacity of Social Security disability beneficiaries is very limited due to the wide distribution of severe health problems among the population.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: In 2019, the average monthly benefit amount paid to disabled workers was about $1,260. Approximately 36 percent of disabled workers received a monthly benefit that was under $1,000.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The monthly benefit amount a disabled worker receives depends on the person's earnings in Social Security covered employment prior to becoming disabled. For each disabled worker, a Primary Insurance Amount (PIA) is computed that depends on the worker's past earnings, wage growth in the economy prior to the worker's disability onset, and a benefit formula that gives greater relative weight to low earners. The disabled worker receives a benefit equal to 100 percent of the PIA. An eligible spouse or child can receive 50 percent of the PIA as a benefit amount but total payments to a family are subject to a maximum.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Monthly benefits in the Social Security program have three general features. They replace a larger share of past earnings for low earners and they are increased with price inflation once a person is on the benefit rolls. Initial benefits are computed using wage indexing, which allows for initial benefits to reflect wage growth in the economy that occurred during the worker's career.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Monthly benefit amounts for disabled adult children depend on the earnings in Social Security covered employment of the retired, disabled, or deceased parent and amounts for disabled widow(er)s depend on the earnings of the deceased spouse.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: An application must be filed with the Social Security Administration (SSA) before an individual can receive SSDI. Individuals can apply for SSDI by:


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: SSA will determine whether the applicant is "insured" for Social Security disability benefits. Generally, this depends on whether the applicant has worked "long enough – and recently enough - and paid Social Security taxes" on earnings. With regard to disabled widow(er) or disabled adult child Social Security benefits, however, the applicant does not have to be insured based on the individual's own employment history. Rather, in those cases, the deceased spouse or the parent of the disabled adult child must have worked in Social Security employment and achieved the required insured status.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: SSA will also determine whether the individual is performing substantial gainful activity, which means earning above certain levels. If the individual is performing substantial gainful activity, then the application for disability is denied.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: If the applicant is found to be insured for Social Security benefits and not performing substantial gainful activity, SSA will send the application to the Disability Determination Service (DDS) agency in the applicant's state. The state DDS, which is under contract with SSA, will make a determination of whether the individual is disabled or not. The state DDS must follow federal rules regarding the definition of disability under the Social Security Act when making this determination.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The decision about disability is based on a sequential evaluation of medical and other evidence. The sequence for adults is:


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Medical evidence that demonstrates the applicant's inability to work is required. The DDS may require the applicant to visit a third-party physician for medical documentation, often to supplement the evidence treating sources do not supply. The applicant may meet a SSA medical listing for their condition (step 3 of the sequential evaluation) and be awarded benefits. If their condition does not meet the requirements of a listing, their residual functional capacity (RFC) is considered, along with their age, past relevant work, and education, in determining their ability to perform either their past work, or other work generally available in the national economy. The RFC is an assessment of an individual's work capacity given their impairments.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Determination of RFC—made in step 4 of the sequential evaluation process—often constitutes the bulk of the SSDI application and appeal process. An RFC is assessed in accordance with Title 20 of the Code of Federal Regulations, part 404, section 1545 and is generally based upon the opinions of treating and examining physicians, if available.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: RFC is classified according to the five exertional levels of work defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, which are: Sedentary, Light, Medium, Heavy, and Very Heavy. For example, an individual's RFC may indicate, at most, the individual can perform medium work, given the individual's impairments. If the RFC of an individual equals or exceeds the job requirements of the individual's previous work, the claim is denied on the basis that the individual can return to former work. If the individual's RFC is less than the requirements of former work then the RFC is applied against a vocational grid that considers the individual's age, education and transferability of formerly learned and used skills. The vocational grid then guides whether an allowance or denial of benefits should occur.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: In fiscal year 2020, state DDSs denied 61 percent of initial claims. SSA provides for three levels of administrative appeal if an applicant is initially denied by a state DDS. At the first level, the applicant may request a reconsideration of the initial decision. In the reconsideration, a different DDS examiner will review the case. If the claim is denied at this stage, the applicant can request a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ). ALJs are not state employees but rather federal employees of the Social Security Administration. If the claim is denied at this stage, the applicant can request a review of the case by the Appeals Council of the Social Security Administration. Administrative appeals are non-adversarial and new evidence can be submitted by the applicant.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: After an applicant has exhausted the administrative appeals process, the individual may appeal the case to the federal courts. Federal court findings may pertain to the individual case, but may also result in required changes in SSA's policies and procedures if the court concludes those policies and procedures do not conform to federal law or the U.S. Constitution.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Applicants may hire a lawyer or non-attorney representative to help them apply or appeal. There are two primary types of organizations: companies with trained specialists experienced in handling SSDI applications and appeals in some or any local community across the country and law firms which specialize in disability-related cases.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Most SSDI applicants—about 90 percent according to the SSA—have a disability representative for their appeal. An August 2010 report by the Office of Inspector General for the Social Security Administration indicated that many people submitting an initial disability application for SSDI might benefit from using a third-party disability representative when they first apply for benefits. It indicated that having a disability representative earlier in the process significantly improves the chances of those with four major types of disabilities getting approved for SSDI.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The fee that a representative can charge for SSDI representation is set by law and is limited to 25 percent of the retroactive SSDI benefits awarded. While some representatives may charge fees for costs related to the claim, such as photocopy and medical record collection expenses, the vast majority of disability attorneys and representatives do not charge a fee unless they win the case. Prior to 1991, social security administration regulations required attorneys and representatives to submit a "Fee Petition" itemizing time spent on the matter. The SSDI applicant had the opportunity to agree or object to the fee requested, and the social security decision-maker often approved less than the full fee amount requested by the attorney/representative.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: In 1991 the social security administration implemented the "Fee Agreement" process. If the attorney/representative contract limited the fee to no more than $4000, a detailed review and approval of time spent on the case via the "Fee Petition" process was no longer required. Social security regulations require that the fee agreement conform to specific standards. This attorney fee cap for the "Fee Agreement" process was increased to $6000 effective June 22, 2009. Because of the reduced administrative burden afforded by the "fee Agreement" process, and the time delay for approving and disbursing fees under the "Fee Petition" process, the majority of disability lawyers and representative primarily use the "Fee Agreement" process.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: If an SSDI applicant is approved quickly and does not receive a retroactive award, the SSA must review and approve the fee a representative will charge the individual. Disability representatives do not charge a fee if they are unsuccessful in obtaining a claimant's disability benefit.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Representatives may decline to represent you if, after reviewing your situation, they do not believe you are likely to meet the requirements for SSDI. Most representatives will provide this screening at no cost to you. Typical reasons individuals do not meet the requirements are: their disability is not severe enough or the applicant does not have a sufficient work history (and did not pay enough into FICA - the Federal Insurance Contributions Act).


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The amount of time it takes for an application to be approved or denied varies, depending on whether it is an initial decision or a decision based on an appeal. In fiscal year 2019, it took an average of 120 days for SSA to make an initial determination on a disability claim. The figure increased following the COVID-19 pandemic and, for months in fiscal year 2021, the average wait time for an initial decision is 165 days.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The high number of cases and long wait times for a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge has drawn significant attention from Congress in recent years. Congress provided additional funding for this workload and the number of cases and wait times have declined. In fiscal year 2020, the average wait time for a hearing was 386 days (down from 605 days in fiscal year 2017).


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: For some cases, SSA will expedite disability determinations. These include Quick Disability Determination (QDD) and Compassionate Allowance cases. These are cases where statistical models or medical diagnoses indicate the person has an extremely severe medical condition. These cases can often be processed in under 30 days. Additionally, many cases involving military veterans are expedited.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Congressional concern over wait times has focused, to some extent, on the number of individuals who die or become bankrupt while waiting for a disability determination. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2019, about 48,000 individuals filed for bankruptcy while awaiting a final decision on their disability appeal and, for fiscal year 2008 through fiscal year 2019, about 110,000 individuals died prior to receiving a final decision regarding their appeal.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Considering all levels of adjudication, about 4 in 10 SSDI applicants are awarded benefits. Slightly more than 50 percent of applicants who meet technical requirements of eligibility are determined to be medically eligible.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The number of cases and percentage allowed at each stage of adjudication for all types of disability cases in fiscal year 2020 are as follows:


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: One study found that 12.4 million Americans or about 6.2 percent of the U.S. population ages 18–66 are denied SSDI applicants. The study also found these individuals had high rates of health problems and a high rate of hospitalization compared to the general population. About 52 percent of denied applicants reported difficulty standing for one hour compared to about 5 percent for the general population. About 21 percent of denied applicants were hospitalized during the year compared to about 6 percent for the general population. Denied applicants had a high poverty rate (38 percent) and a high rate of material hardship (43 percent). Material hardship was measured as having low or very low food security or an inability to pay utility or housing costs.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: A baseline study of denied SSDI and SSI applicants who sought benefits on the basis of mental impairments found denied applicants had low-income and had "multiple mental health and general medical conditions, low quality of life, and low functional ability." The baseline population is composed of individuals who are part of the Social Security Administration's Supported Employment Demonstration. The goal of the demonstration is to test whether employment support and health interventions can improve outcomes for denied applicants.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Generally, the person qualifying for benefits is determined to be capable of managing their own financial affairs, and the benefits are disbursed directly to them. In the case of persons who have a diagnosed mental impairment which interferes with their ability to manage their own finances, the Social Security Administration may require that the person assign someone to be their representative payee. This person will receive the benefits on behalf of the disabled individual, and disburse them directly to payers such as landlords, or to the disabled person, while providing money management assistance (help with purchasing items, limiting spending money, etc.). The representative payee often does not charge a fee for this service, especially if it is a friend or relative. Social service agencies who are assigned as payee are not prohibited from charging a fee, although the maximum fee is set by Social Security. The fee is the same for ALL recipients, except it can be larger for those with severe substance abuse problems (Social Security determines when a higher fee can be charged, not the representative payee.) Some states and counties have representative payee agencies (also called substitute payee programs) which receive the benefits on behalf of the disabled person's social worker, and disburse the benefits per the social worker's instructions. A payee can be very helpful in the instance of homeless individuals who need assistance paying down debts (like utility bills) and saving for housing.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: About 10 percent of disabled worker beneficiaries have representative payees and about 5 percent of disabled widow(er)s have representative payees. The figure is much higher for disabled adult children, with about 73 percent of these Social Security beneficiaries having representative payees.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The "treating physician rule" gave "controlling weight" to determinations of the treating physicians. The rule was established in 1991 by the Social Security Administration (SSA) under the influence of federal courts and a law passed by Congress after the SSA was scrutinized in the 1980s for controversially relying largely on its own medical examiners. Prior to the codified rule, federal courts had imposed a similar rule through a common law, but it was inconsistent.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: On January 18, 2017, the Social Security Administration published final rules titled "Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence" regarding the "treating physician rule". These new rules regarding the assessment of medical opinions in a SSDI case apply to cases filed after March 27, 2017. While these new rules expand the definition of what SSA considers to be an "acceptable medical source" for disability claim medical opinions to include nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and others, they also have effectively abolished the "treating physician rule" by eliminating the requirement that a treating physician opinion be granted "controlling weight".


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: A regulation implemented by SSA in 2020 removed the inability to speak English as an educational factor to be considered in SSI and Social Security disability determination. The regulation is projected to "result in a reduction of about 6,500 OASDI [Social Security] beneficiary awards per year and 4,000 SSI recipient awards per year on average over the period FY 2019–28, with a corresponding reduction of $4.6 billion in OASDI benefit payments and $0.8 billion in Federal SSI payments over the same period." SSA argued communicating in English is no longer "a reliable indicator of an individual's educational attainment or the vocational impact of an individual's education." Disability advocates, however, questioned the validity of this argument and provided comments arguing against the regulation.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Regardless of a person's age, after receiving SSDI benefits for 24 months, they are eligible for Medicare, including Part A (hospital benefits), Part B (medical benefits), and Part D (drug benefits). The date of Medicare eligibility is measured from the date of eligibility for SSDI (generally 6 months after the start of disability), not the date when the first SSDI payment was received.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: Individuals receiving SSDI may qualify for Supplemental Security Income if they have limited income and resources. For example, a disabled individual who worked in Social Security covered employment and who has limited income and resources may receive a Social Security disability benefit (due to employment prior to disability) and a partial SSI benefit (due to limited income and resources). The Social Security Administration, which administers both SSDI and SSI, uses the same definition of disability for adults in each program.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) uses a different definition of disability than the Social Security program, but individuals may qualify for benefits under each program depending on the severity of the disability. While the Social Security Administration does not use VA disability ratings per se, it will examine VA medical records as part of the applicant's medical information. In addition, individuals who are rated 100 percent disabled by the VA will receive fast-track review of their cases by SSA if they apply for SSDI.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: The Ticket to Work program is administered by SSA and provides free employment support services to SSDI recipients seeking to return to the workforce.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: While not part of SSDI, some individuals hold disability insurance coverage obtained through an employer or through the private insurance markets. Five states (California, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Hawaii) operate programs that provide temporary disability benefits.


title: Social Security Disability Insurance

text: According to a 2021 study, which used variation induced by an age-based eligibility rule as a way to draw causal inferences, SSDI substantially reduced the financial distress of disabled individuals. The study finds that SSDI "reduces the likelihood of bankruptcy by 20 percent, foreclosure by 33 percent, and home sale by 15 percent."


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: A free demo version of "Hatoful" made with the FamousWriter engine was released later that year, followed by a full commercial version released on 30 October 2011 at , and an English version released in February 2012. An international remake by developer Mediatonic and publisher Devolver Digital, dubbed "Hatoful Boyfriend HD" in Japan, was released on 4 September 2014 for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux and for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on 21 July 2015 in North America, and on 22 July 2015 in Europe, respectively. A port for iOS was released on 25 May 2016.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: "Hatoful Boyfriend" received generally positive reception; reviewers praised the game's replay value as well as its writing and characterization, while repetitive gameplay and the accessibility of the game's "Bad Boys Love" mode received a more mixed response. A sequel, "Hatoful Boyfriend: Holiday Star", was released on 29 December 2011, with an English version being released on Christmas Day the following year. In addition to the main games in the series, "Hatoful Boyfriend" has made transitions into other media: a monthly webcomic was serialized in the anthology "Manga Life WIN+", several supplementary materials and official dōjin works have been released, and four drama CDs based on the series have been made. An episodic web series began in 2014.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: "Hatoful Boyfriend" is an interactive text-based visual novel that follows a branching plot line, with the player's decisions determining which of the game's multiple endings they receive. The title is a pun on the "wasei-eigo" word , and the Japanese word , as the game features pigeons and other birds as major characters. The game is set in a version of Earth populated by sapient birds, and its main story follows the player character and protagonist—the only human attending St. PigeoNation's Institute, an elite school for birds—as she finds love among her avian acquaintances.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: "Bad Boys Love", a hidden alternate story mode, opens with the discovery of the protagonist's corpse, after which the player follows her best friend Ryouta Kawara as he investigates the circumstances of her death and unravels darker conspiracies surrounding the school.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Gameplay in "Hatoful Boyfriend" is similar to most other visual novels for the PC, with the controls limited to the mouse and the only interactions being clicking to forward the game's narrative or to choose between multiple plot choices. The keyboard can also be used instead of the mouse, with the 'enter' key serving the same purpose as clicking. The save button can be employed at any point during the game, which also features several pages of save slots, allowing gameplay to be easily picked up from prior to a choice the player made. An arrow button in the upper right corner also allows the player to skip dialogue and interactions they have already experienced.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: The player assumes control of the protagonist, a teenage human girl. As the game follows a branching plot line with multiple endings, at various points during gameplay the player is allowed to make choices that determine which character's romance route the player will encounter. On weekdays, the player can also choose which classes to attend, which changes one of the protagonist's three stats depending on the activity chosen. Having certain stat values are required to obtain the good endings for each love interest and to otherwise advance along certain routes. There are thirteen (fourteen in the 2014 remake) endings in total: one ending for each of the main love interests, three extended endings for three of the love interests based on stat values, one ending for the "gaiden"-esque Torimi Café storyline, and one ending attained if the player fails to romance any character.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: When routes are completed, documents are unlocked that provide insights into the game's overarching storyline. These documents can be viewed at any time in the game's archive feature, which is accessed from the title screen. After obtaining the four specific endings required to trigger it, the player is given a new prompt to either "fulfill the promise" or live "a normal life" upon starting a new game. Choosing to live a normal life will result in a normal playthrough, while choosing to fulfill the promise locks the player into the true route or scenario "Bad Boys Love", or "BBL" (also known as "Hurtful Boyfriend"), which explores the full extent of the underlying plot alluded to by the documents and various points of foreshadowing in the dating simulation portion of the game. If the player chooses to fulfill the promise, aside from several dream sequences, gameplay at first appears to continue normally until the in-game date is 2 September. The player's perspective then switches from the protagonist to the protagonist's best friend, and the events of the scenario begin regardless of any other choices made by the player up to that point. If the player obtains all other possible endings prior to starting "Bad Boys Love", an extended epilogue plays after the game's credits upon completion of the scenario. In a departure from the generally lighthearted romantic routes, "Bad Boys Love" is presented as a murder mystery psychological thriller, and is significantly longer than any other route in "Hatoful Boyfriend", making up most of the game's actual length.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: There are several changes to gameplay and the way text is displayed during "Bad Boys Love" in the original version of the game: saving is disabled except at certain points in the story, the function to skip dialogue and interactions is removed, and plot-important dialogue and narrative are highlighted with colored text; usually yellow, though text of particularly critical importance is highlighted in red. In the 2014 remake however, the option to save is available at all times, the skip function is retained, and text is no longer highlighted. In both versions, the game's interface and controls change from that of a standard visual novel to similar to that of a '90s-era turn-based role-playing game during certain segments of the narrative.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: "Hatoful Boyfriend" is set in an alternate version of Earth in which sapient birds have seemingly taken the place of humans in society for reasons that are hinted at, but not fully explained in the dating simulation portion of the game. In "Bad Boys Love", it is revealed that "Hatoful" is set in a post-apocalyptic, dystopian future—in which a pandemic of a deadly, mutated strain of the H5N1 virus, or bird flu, nearly wipes out mankind in the year 2068. The release of a counter-virus, cultivated to destroy the virus' avian carriers in a desperate attempt to stop the spread of the disease, ends up backfiring as birds who resisted the counter-virus instead developed human-level intelligence. War soon breaks out between the newly uplifted birds and the remnants of humanity, resulting in birds emerging as the planet's new dominant lifeforms as humans continued to succumb to the disease. Following several terrorist attacks by a human insurgency, all remaining humans have been forced to live in the wilderness away from civilization in a form of apartheid-like segregation.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: The game's story takes place primarily at the fictional —a bird-only high school located in the fictional Japanese town of —long after open warfare between humans and birds has ended. Society has adjusted to the avian conquest, though with minor bird-related cultural changes—for example, while some holidays such as Christmas and Tanabata are celebrated much as they are in the present day, a major event in the game is Legumentine's Day, an amalgamation of the traditions of Valentine's Day and Setsubun. In a more grim case, the terms war dove and war hawk have been re-purposed as labels for two opposing political factions divided over the ongoing mutual hostility between birds and the human minority: the altruistic Dove Party, who advocate for cooperation and peace between the two groups, and the militant Hawk Party, whose goal is to exterminate humanity altogether. By the time "Hatoful Boyfriend"s narrative begins, the Dove Party, the Hawk Party, and their respective schools of thought dominate much of the world's politics.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: The primary playable character in "Hatoful Boyfriend" is the human protagonist, a boisterous hunter-gatherer who lives in a cave in the wilderness. Her eight potential love interests in the original version of the game, who together form the rest of the main cast, are:


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: While most of the characters are normally represented in-game with pictures of birds, if the player toggles on the ICPSS (Intra-Cerebral Playback Synchro System) feature at the start of the game, or in Japan, each of the possible love interests is shown with a version of what they would look like as a human when first introduced. Although the ICPSS feature also lists voice credits for each of the main love interests in the original version of the game, the game itself is unvoiced; however most of the voice actors who were credited later signed on to actually voice their respective characters in the drama CDs based on the series.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: The events of "Hatoful Boyfriend" begin in the year 2188, when the protagonist, a teenage human girl invited to attend the prestigious bird-only St. PigeoNation's Institute, starts her second year of high school. After a hectic and surreal freshman year of attendance at St. PigeoNation's, the protagonist has grown accustomed to the confusion of being the only human in a school full of birds, and is looking forward to her sophomore year. The story of the dating simulation portion of the game follows the protagonist, and the inter-species love and hijinks—of both the mundane high school and quasi-anthropomorphic bird-specific varieties—that ensue as she draws the attention of and attempts to romance one of a number of eligible birds she comes in contact with over the course of the year.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Should the player choose to go down this route, the protagonist begins her sophomore year at St. PigeoNation's largely as normal, but with one exception—she begins to have recurring dreams of her younger self and Ryouta, and her parents lying dead in front of an unfamiliar house. A mysterious man approaches them, promising to grant any wish that they make. On 2 September, she decides to check on Ryouta, who had gone to the infirmary earlier that day; the next morning, she fails to show up for class. Kazuaki asks Ryouta to retrieve their class' box of print handouts, and upon retrieving it, blood is discovered leaking from a corner of the box. Ryouta opens the lid, and it is revealed that the box contains the protagonist's severed head. A siren sounds and there is an order to evacuate to the gymnasium, where Ryouta overhears other students mention that more pieces of a human corpse were found in the other print boxes. Doubting the headmaster's explanation of a natural disaster occurring, Sakuya and Ryouta resolve to figure out the identity of the protagonist's killer and leave the gymnasium, discovering a large metal dome surrounding the school. Upon returning to their classroom and finding the box empty, Yuuya explains that the protagonist's body had been gathered in the chemistry lab, where Shuu performs an autopsy concluding that the protagonist died of asphyxiation caused by illness or poison with the dismemberment occurring afterwards.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Assisted by the school janitor Mister One, and pursued by a grotesque scarecrow-like being named Labor 9 who suddenly appears on the school grounds, Ryouta and Sakuya begin investigating the dome and the murder. They visit the lab and compare alibis; Shuu, who Ryouta distrusts, asks if Ryouta has forgotten anything important, to which he replies that he hasn't. Upon investigating the headmaster's office, they discover the headmaster had likewise been poisoned to death, what they saw earlier being merely pre-recorded footage; they also find a computer and a pair of documents, one titled "The Human Representative" and a torn, unreadable one titled "Operation Hatoful". "The Human Representative" reveals that if the protagonist, a symbol of humanity, were to die, the campus would be sealed off and the birds inside handed over to humans as sacrifices—something confirmed when the computer is used to open a small hatch in the dome and students are shot dead as they attempt to flee—when the dome is lifted twelve hours after her death is reported.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: In trying to find a way to escape before the dome rises, Ryouta and Sakuya uncover records in the library mentioning a medical center that was shut down due to a fire, and that the ghostly Nageki, who Ryouta previously encountered, died in that fire. Sakuya deduces that an unused building on campus was the medical center and after investigating, they find its basement blocked off. They also encounter Anghel, who recalls the protagonist going into the infirmary the day before, contradicting Yuuya and Shuu's shared alibi. As Ryouta searches the infirmary for clues, he finds medical records for himself, the protagonist, Nageki, and Sakuya, but is knocked out immediately after. When he regains consciousness, he discovers the protagonist's bloody student ID—now with concrete evidence, Ryouta prepares to confront the doctor and Yuuya, only to find that Sakuya had left to do so alone. Ryouta returns to the infirmary as Yuuya shields Sakuya from Shuu's attempts to kill him; the doctor tells Ryouta that he will be waiting for him in the medical center's basement before escaping with Labor 9. Yuuya apologizes, affirming that while neither he nor Shuu killed the protagonist, they were the ones who dismembered her, and asks to speak to Sakuya alone. He reveals that they are full-blooded siblings, with Shuu using knowledge of Sakuya's true heritage to blackmail Yuuya into assisting him. Yuuya seemingly dies, Shuu's scalpel having been laced with the same neurotoxin that killed the headmaster, leaving Sakuya in a state of shock.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Ryouta, searching for a way into the medical center basement, seeks out Nageki, a ghost, in the library to ask him about his death. Upon discovering documents revealing that Operation Hatoful was a Hawk Party project into developing biological weapons for use against humans using the school as an experimental facility—with a focus on a strain of H5N1 almost immediately lethal to humans dubbed the Charon virus—Nageki recalls that the fire was caused by his committing suicide by self-immolation after months of forced experimentation in order to destroy and remove any trace of the virus, which was isolated in his body, and that researchers often went in through the chemistry preparation room. Ryouta, Kazuaki, and Anghel make their way into the medical center's basement through the chemistry lab and encounter Labor 9, electrocuting it using a stun gun given to Ryouta earlier by Mister One. They confront Shuu, who imprisons Kazuaki and Anghel, leaving them to die of poison gas before leading Ryouta away. Meanwhile, San comforts Sakuya, and the two of them arrive to break Anghel and Kazuaki out of the prison.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Alone with Shuu, Ryouta finally remembers what he had forgotten due to the traumatic nature of the events: he recognizes the doctor as a man who promised to grant his wish for peace between birds and humans after he and the protagonist witnessed a human terrorist incident at a bird orphanage in which the protagonist's parents, crisis negotiators, were killed, and that the protagonist died when she visited him in the infirmary. It is revealed that she died by Charon virus after coming in contact with Ryouta, as Shuu had induced the virus into Ryouta's body though grafts from Nageki's remains for the purpose of using him to exterminate humanity—since there can be no more fighting between two factions if one is wiped out, this would grant Ryouta's wish. Shuu then remarks that Labor 9 was powered by the protagonist's now irreversibly damaged brain. A broken Ryouta submits to Shuu's offer of becoming a living weapon of mass destruction after these revelations, and a struggle ensues during which the protagonist's spirit intervenes. Ryouta then asks Shuu why he decided to grant his wish, to which it is implied that Shuu's affection towards Ryouta's deceased father, Ryuuji, was greater than Shuu himself would like to admit, and that he was motivated by Ryuuji's dying request: to do something for his son.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Shuu admits defeat and offers to lead them out of the school through a safe passage, but Kazuaki pulls out a gun and shoots him as the group prepares to escape. Shuu then recalls that Nageki's only relative—his adoptive brother—was, like Kazuaki, a quail. The terrorist incident occurred at Kazuaki and Nageki's orphanage and left them as the only survivors; witnessing Nageki's subsequent suicide drove Kazuaki insane, leading him to fake his own death, assume a new identity, and join the school's faculty to take revenge against Shuu, the head of Operation Hatoful. Ryouta, channeling Nageki, eases Kazuaki's guilt and convinces him to move on.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: They reunite with the other characters and exit the school along with the other students and faculty brought there by Mister One; however Ryouta, now thoroughly infected by the Charon virus, elects to stay behind in cryonic storage until a cure is found. The scenario ends with Sakuya vowing to come back for Ryouta, and Ryouta offering to recap the day's events to the protagonist's spirit, within the remnants of Labor 9, as the door to the storage facility closes. If the extended epilogue is unlocked, it is revealed that Yuuya survived being poisoned long enough to receive an antidote, and the game's closing lines imply that with Shuu's cooperation, a cure for the Charon virus has been developed.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: "Hatoful Boyfriend" is the first game developed by manga artist and writer Hato Moa—author of the series "Vairocana" and a former Dengeki Comic Grand Prix honoree—under her dōjin circle PigeoNation Inc. As she had no experience with game development prior to "Hatoful", Hato initially wanted to start with a visual novel, as she believed it was an easier game type for amateur developers to make; the format also allowed visuals to easily accompany her stories, something that she, as a manga artist, was accustomed to and viewed as being necessary in her work. She first came up with the concept for "Hatoful" as a 2011 April Fools' Day joke: despite her lack of familiarity with the genre, she initially intended to create a parody of otome game stereotypes. Birds in particular were used as a theme due to Hato's fondness for pigeons; however, this was also partially due to Hato's prioritization of writing over illustrating, as the use of bird photographs instead of hand-drawn sprites allowed her more freedom to focus on the script. The first incarnation of the game was created over the course of half a day and posted as a browser game made with Adobe Flash; but due to strong word of mouth from social media it was taken down after immense traffic caused the web server it was hosted on to crash on two separate occasions. Following the unexpected popularity of the Flash game, development began on a longer visual novel using the FamousWriter game engine.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Most of the technical aspects of development—game direction, scripting, and programming—were handled by Hato alone, with fellow artist Damurushi assisting with some minor aspects of the script and art direction. Despite this, most of the roughly seven-month period Hato spent developing "Hatoful" from a one-off April Fools' gag to the finished product was dedicated to the construction of the narrative. Hato's approach towards the game's writing was "to create something that seems ridiculous and crazy at first glance, but that once you look into the world, you would fall into the depth"; however, resolving the darker elements of the plot, particularly the "Bad Boys Love" scenario, with facts established in the quickly conceived and largely comedic pilot proved to be difficult for her, with inconsistencies in the overall timeline becoming a major concern. During the writing process, Hato admitted that she was critical of the scenarios she had written and constantly doubted whether the final product "turned out well", later remarking in a postscript written for the game's official guidebook:


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Most of the background images and photography used for the characters' sprites in the original games and associated media are taken from royalty-free sources or fan submissions, though in some cases pictures of birds and backgrounds used are Hato's own artwork or photography—the character San Oko is depicted by and based on her real life pet bird Okosan, and several of the sprites featured in "Hatoful Boyfriend" were derived from pictures she had taken of birds kept at the Kobe Animal Kingdom or the Torimi Café, also located in Kobe. All of the music tracks and sound effects used in "Hatoful" are also similarly taken from royalty-free sources.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: The title of the game is a multi-layered pun; the "wasei-eigo" word means "heartful", however it is also phonetically identical to the Japanese pronunciation of the English word "hurtful". This is referenced in an alternate name for the "Bad Boys Love" route, "Hurtful Boyfriend", as well as in the subtitle for the full release of the original game, "Hatoful Boyfriend: Hurtful Complete Edition".


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Additionally, the official English transliteration of the title also incorporates the Japanese word , which means "pigeon" or "dove," and is also one of the names of the game's creator, Hato Moa. Similarly, the names of several characters are puns on the Japanese names of their respective species of bird: for example, Ryouta Kawara is a rock dove, or ; Nageki Fujishiro is a mourning dove, or ; Shuu Iwamine is a chukar partridge, or ; and Kazuaki Nanaki is a button quail, or —the character being present in his last name, .


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Several locations and personalities featured in the game directly correspond to real life venues and people—for example, blogger Brian Pigeon is mentioned as one of the "Hatoful" world's most influential writers. Likewise, some aspects of "Hatoful"s narrative reference real world events, media, or people: the deadly H5N1 pandemic forming the basis of the game's post-apocalyptic setting was inspired by historical outbreaks of disease, most prominently the 1918 flu pandemic; depictions of Hitchcock's Winter, the in-universe war between humans and birds, bear several similarities to Alfred Hitchcock's film "The Birds"; and Operation Carneades—the codename given to the human countermeasure against H5N1 that instead granted intelligence to birds in the "Hatoful" universe—was named after Greek philosopher Carneades and one of his thought experiments, the Plank of Carneades.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: "Hatoful Boyfriend" first release in its current visual novel format was a freeware demo released as a downloadable application on 31 July 2011. The demo version contains basic routes for seven of the love interests, and also functions as a benchmark for players to assess if the full game will run on their computer before purchasing it. The first commercial variant of the game, "Hatoful Boyfriend: Plus", introducing Anghel as a love interest, was released on 14 August 2011. "Plus", a precursor of the full game used as a debugging site for new content and additional scenes intended for the final release, was discontinued on 28 October 2011 when it was patched with the finalized full version. The completed full game itself, "Hatoful Boyfriend: Hurtful Complete Edition", was released at on 30 October 2011, and includes all content in previous versions of the game as well as the Torimi Café and "Bad Boys Love" scenarios. In Japan, "Plus" and "Hurtful Complete Edition" were initially available only as physical CD-ROMs; a downloadable version of the full game in Japanese was eventually released three years later on 13 April 2014, where the "Hurtful Complete Edition" was renamed to simply "Full version". Due to limitations of the FamousWriter game engine, the demo, "Plus", and "Hurtful Complete Edition" versions of "Hatoful Boyfriend" are only supported on computers running Windows XP or OS X 10.1-10.5, but are playable—though unsupported—on computers running Windows Vista, Windows 7, or OS X 10.6 with Rosetta.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Plans to remake the original game in high-definition first began to form when Ed Fear, a writer and creative producer at game developer Mediatonic, contacted Hato Moa about the possibility of translating any projects she was involved in to English. According to the remake's creative director Jeff Tanton, the decision was made to remake the game following several e-mail conversations between Fear and Hato, with Fear's positive experience with the Japanese version of the game and the incompatibility of FamousWriter-made games with newer operating systems—which had rendered the original game effectively unplayable on newer PCs—being major factors in the decision. An international remake of "Hatoful" developed by Mediatonic and published by Devolver Digital made using the Unity game engine—allowing the game to be fully compatible with computers that run Windows Vista, Windows 7 or OS X 10.6, and playable for the first time on those that run Linux or OS X 10.7 or newer—was first revealed to be in development on 6 June 2014, with a formal announcement coming shortly afterwards at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: The remake, known as "Hatoful Boyfriend HD" in Japan, was originally slated for release via Steam on 21 August 2014; however release was later postponed to 4 September 2014 to allow for final adjustments to the Japanese version. The remake includes a new route for Azami, full screen capability, and redrawn backgrounds. A collector's edition of the remake titled "Hatoful Boyfriend Summer of Dove Collector's Edition" was released for pre-order along with the normal edition, and bundles together the remake, the original "Hatoful Boyfriend: Hurtful Complete Edition", a digital version of the game's soundtrack, a new comic illustrated by Hato, exclusive wallpapers of Okosan, and a St. PigeoNation's Class of 2014 yearbook. The remake was also included in the Humble Bundle pack for Valentine's Day 2015, which exclusively featured dating sim games, along with a "Hatoful Boyfriend" pillowcase for the highest price point option. A port of the remake for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita was released on 21 July 2015. And one to for iOS on 25 May 2016.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: On 22 November 2011, freelance translator Nazerine released a fan translation patch of the free demo version of the game. The initial project involved Nazerine translating, writing, and revising the game text, while another person hacked the game so that the translated text displayed properly on the game screen. This English patch launched the first wave of western interest in the game, with several video game publications reporting on it due to the game's unusual concept. The success of this translation attracted the attention of Hato Moa herself, who then offered Nazerine the opportunity to translate the full game—and later its sequel, "Holiday Star"—for an official English release. The translation process of the full game was also a solo effort by Nazerine; however, Hato removed the need for hacking by directly supervising the translation, adjusting images in the game for English sentences. As the demo's English patch was made before Nazerine had access to the full version of the game, several lines of dialogue were translated differently to reflect context revealed in "Bad Boys Love"; for example, third-person pronouns from Kazuaki Nanaki's route implying that he had a female lover in the fan translation were replaced with gender-neutral ones in the official translation. Few dramatic changes were made, though several jokes were added in Nazerine's translations of the game that were not present in the original Japanese text. The official English version of the game was released for download on 15 February 2012. The 2014 remake has also been confirmed to have used Nazerine's translation.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Several official dōjin works and supplemental materials illustrated by Hato Moa and Damurushi have been released alongside the games. An official guidebook with extra information regarding the game's setting and characters was released at 29 December 2011 at Comiket 81. The second edition of the guidebook, re-branded as a "fanbook" (), and "Absolute ZERO", an anthology about the fantasy universe perceived by Anghel Higure, were both released on 11 August 2012 at Comiket 82; an English version of "Absolute ZERO" was later released for Amazon Kindle on 27 August 2014. , featuring an alternate universe retelling of events discussed in "Holiday Star", was released in Japanese at on 7 October 2012, and on 23 December 2013 for Kindle in English. , an anthology featuring the Hawk Party researchers, was released in Japanese at Comiket 84 on 12 August 2013, and on 29 May 2014 for Kindle in English. , a side story featuring the Kobe Animal Kingdom and written as part of a fundraising event for the venue, was released on 1 February 2014. , a collection of haiku poems written from the perspective of the original Kazuaki Nanaki, was released on 15 August 2014 at Comiket 86.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: A webcomic based on the series, written and illustrated by Hato Moa, was serialized in publisher Takeshobo's webcomic anthology "" from 8 June 2012 until the anthology's discontinuation, containing sixteen chapters. Each chapter is composed of several four-panel comic strips, followed by a short story in which the characters are depicted in their human forms. The first twelve chapters have since been collected in one "tankōbon" volume (), which was released on 10 August 2013. The volume also contains a feature where the series' characters answered questions sent in by fans. A subsequent dōjin anthology containing chapters thirteen to sixteen plus a bonus ten-page comic, , was released on 30 December 2013 at Comiket 85 in Japanese, and on Kindle in English.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Four drama CDs by Frontier Works based on the series have been released. The first CD, titled had a preliminary release on 29 December 2011 at Comiket 81, and was released for general distribution on 25 January 2012. The second CD, titled "Primal Feather", was released on 25 April 2012, followed by a third CD, titled "Summer Vacation", on 10 August 2012 at Comiket 82, which had a general release on 12 September 2012. A fourth CD with a Legumentine's Day theme, titled , was released on 14 February 2013.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: An internet radio show for the series titled was broadcast from 24 December 2011 to 25 January 2012 on the Animate TV website, with the voice cast from the drama CDs reprising their respective roles. The show was hosted by Shintarō Asanuma, who played Ryouta Kawara in the drama CDs, and Hirofumi Nojima, who played Kazuaki Nanaki. Each episode consisted of four segments: , a normal talk corner, , in which various questions regarding life as birds were answered, , in which lines from the game were read, and , a question and answer corner where the voice actors answered any questions from viewers in-character.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: A trailer for the web series was released in Japanese on 20 October 2013, with an English-language translation of the trailer being released on 23 May 2014. The first episode, titled , was released on 19 May 2014. The series is released in visual novel format on the Adobe AIR platform, and takes place in a different universe than the game series.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: On 3 November 2015, Erick Scarecrow of Esc-Toy Ltd. launched an official Kickstarter campaign, together with Hato Moa and Devolver Digital, with a set goal of $25,000 to create a production line of three characters from the "Hatoful Boyfriend" universe, namely, Shuu, Ryouta and Okosan. During the campaign, all stretch goals were reached, the last ending at $75,000, adding seven more characters to the production line. The campaign ended on 6 December 2015, with a total of $145,015 pledged by 2,514 backers.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Another official campaign was launched a year later featuring a second series of characters manufactured as limited edition plush. The $50,000 goal was met by 459 backers whom altogether pledged a total of $54,455 by the campaigns end on 6 December 2016.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: As a dōjin soft title, "Hatoful Boyfriend" was created on a limited budget and had even more limited promotion; however, due to strong word of mouth on Twitter and other social media "Hatoful" has enjoyed a degree of commercial success, especially considering its minimal production costs—with "" reporting that the game was a "popular title" whose physical CD-ROM copies "consistently sold out at dōjin markets and wherever it became available for purchase", and "4Gamer.net" noting that the game disk was difficult to purchase due to overwhelming demand. Outside Japan, where it is only available by download, the English release of the game is dōjin soft distributor DLsite English's best-selling title with 7,000 separate purchases as of 2014.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: "Hatoful Boyfriend" has received generally favorable reception, with reviewers focusing on the surprising depth of the game's writing and storyline. In a weekly game spotlight, Kouichi Kirishima from "" recommends the game to "not just pigeon-lovers, but anyone who enjoys visual novels", remarking that the game is "at times surprisingly serious and emotionally involved". On the other side of the Pacific, Julian Murdoch comments in a "Gamers With Jobs" analysis of the game that the scenarios featured in "Hatoful" are "elaborate and multifaceted", and that Hato Moa herself "isn’t just a storyteller, she’s actually a good storyteller". "Hatoful Boyfriend" was also named the best PC game of 2012 by "GameCola"; Paul Franzen explains the game's inclusion among higher budget and more technically sophisticated titles as being due to the strength of its storytelling and pathos, stating that ""Hatoful Boyfriend" isn't "just" a weird game about heathen human-animal relationships [...] there’s an actual, serious, emotional game here, too". In an article discussing the E3 announcement of the 2014 remake, Carly Smith for "The Escapist" remarks that "Hatoful Boyfriend" is "absolutely hilarious", but recommends that players "start the game for a laugh, but stick with it for a ride you wouldn't have expected by looking at the cover".


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Reviewers also praised the game's varied scenarios and replayability. Dora from "Jay Is Games" praised the game, saying that "with a huge amount of replay value, creativity to burn, and some of the most shocking plot lines you could ever hope to encounter, "Hatoful Boyfriend" is a fascinating and surprising text adventure well worth checking out", though she also observes that "the delayed payoff and the abruptness of some of the endings combined with the oddball concept may not appeal to every fan of the visual novel genre". Alexa Ray Corriea's "Polygon" review of the remake gave it an 8 out of 10, concluding that the "witty dialogue and absolutely bonkers scenarios are genuinely fun to discover, and the handful of different storylines make repeated playthroughs worthwhile". Some critics however expressed concerns over the presence of some repetitive aspects of gameplay—noted as being especially apparent when attempting multiple playthroughs—as well as the accessibility of the game's "Bad Boys Love" scenario to casual players: in his review of the remake for "PC Gamer", Julian Murdoch states that "I suspect few will have the patience to ride the fast forward button and suss out the romantic proclivities of each cast member to get to the extended ending—really a second half—of the game".


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: Much attention was drawn to "Hatoful Boyfriend"s surreal concept in both its native Japan as well as overseas. Mentions of the game's "bird romance" spread through Japanese social media, leading several news agencies and publications to report on "Hatoful" and the "newness" of its premise. As translations began to make the game accessible to an English speaking audience, western media reacted similarly: Alec Meer for "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" commented on "Hatoful"s premise, citing it as being "reason enough to play it"; also for "Rock, Paper, Shotgun", Craig Pearson stated that the game "could only be better if it was a secret game from Valve and BioWare". One of the main spurs to the game's popularity was a playthrough recorded by Angie Gallant on the "Quarter to Three" forums. In a retrospect, Jeffrey Matulef for "Eurogamer" remarks that "Hatoful Boyfriend"s "outlandish premise caught on and the English speaking world demanded it not be left out of this surreal creation", while Robert Fenner of "RPGFan" compared it favorably to Hiroki Azuma's writings on database consumption, praising the game as a "fierce deconstruction as well as a tender celebration of dating sims". Several Japanese commentators have also noted the game's overseas success, especially following the E3 announcement of the remake by British developer Mediatonic and American publisher Devolver Digital.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: A sequel titled "", was released in Japan on 29 December 2011, with an official English patch being released a year later on Christmas Day. The game is an episodic followup set around the holiday season and takes place in a separate universe from the first game, in which the events of "Bad Boys Love" do not occur. On 8 December 2015, it was announced that a remake would be released on 15 December 2015 for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, and on 22 December 2015 for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita.


title: Hatoful Boyfriend

text: In 2018, Hato Moa made a blog post announcing the development of a third "Hatoful" game, titled "Hatoful Boyfriend: MIRROR." This game would be set in an alternate universe where most of the main characters are alive, and where the events of the preceding two games did not occur. As of August, 2019, the game was still in development.


title: 2004 in video games

text: 2004 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as "Doom 3", "Dragon Quest VIII", "Gran Turismo 4", "", "Half-Life 2", "Halo 2, ," "Ninja Gaiden", "Pokémon FireRed/LeafGreen/Emerald", "Everybody's Golf 4" ("Hot Shots Golf Fore!"), "", and "World of Warcraft". New intellectual properties included "Fable", "Far Cry", "FlatOut", "Killzone", "Katamari Damacy", "Monster Hunter", "N", "Red Dead Revolver", "SingStar", and "Sacred". The Nintendo DS was also launched that year.


title: 2004 in video games

text: The year has been retrospectively considered one of the best and most important in video game history due to the release of numerous critically acclaimed, commercially successful and influential titles across all platforms and genres at the time. The year's best-selling video game was "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas". The year's most critically acclaimed titles were "Dragon Quest VIII" and "Gran Turismo 4" in Japan, and "Half-Life 2" and "San Andreas" in the West.


title: 2004 in video games

text: In 2004, the total U.S. sales of video game hardware, software and accessories was $9.9 billion compared with $10 billion in 2003. Total software sales rose 8 percent over the previous year to $6.2 billion. Additionally, sales of portable software titles exceeded $1 billion for the first time. Hardware sales were down 27 percent for the year due in part to shortages during the holiday season and price reductions from all systems.


title: 2004 in video games

text: Additionally, Nokia released an updated version of their original N-Gage, called the N-Gage QD. Nintendo released the Nintendo DS on November 21 in the United States. In Japan Sony released the PlayStation Portable on December 12.


title: 2004 in video games

text: In Japan, the following video game releases in 2004 entered "Famitsu" magazine's "Platinum Hall of Fame" and received Famitsu scores of at least 36 out of 40.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: The internal jugular vein is a paired jugular vein that collects blood from the brain and the superficial parts of the face and neck. This vein runs in the carotid sheath with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: It begins in the posterior compartment of the jugular foramen, at the base of the skull. It is somewhat dilated at its origin, which is called the "superior bulb".


title: Internal jugular vein

text: This vein also has a common trunk into which drains the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein, the facial vein, and the lingual vein.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: It runs down the side of the neck in a vertical direction, being at one end lateral to the internal carotid artery, and then lateral to the common carotid artery, and at the root of the neck, it unites with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein (innominate vein); a little above its termination is a second dilation, the "inferior bulb".


title: Internal jugular vein

text: Above, it lies upon the rectus capitis lateralis, behind the internal carotid artery and the nerves passing through the jugular foramen. Lower down, the vein and artery lie upon the same plane, the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves passing forward between them. The vagus nerve descends between and behind the vein and the artery in the same sheath (the carotid sheath), and the accessory runs obliquely backward, superficial or deep to the vein.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: At the root of the neck, the "right internal jugular vein" is a little distance from the common carotid artery, and crosses the first part of the subclavian artery, while the "left internal jugular vein" usually overlaps the common carotid artery.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: The left vein is generally smaller than the right, and each contains a pair of valves, which exist about 2.5 cm above the termination of the vessel.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: In 9–12% of the Western population, the size, shape or course of the internal jugular vein is abnormal. Variants identified including veins markedly smaller, or not functionally present. The mean diameter is 10 mm, but may range between 5 and 35 mm.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: The jugular veins are relatively superficial and not protected by tissues such as bone or cartilage. This makes them susceptible to damage. Due to the large volumes of blood that flow through the jugular veins, damage to the jugulars can quickly cause significant blood loss, which can lead to hypovolæmic shock and then death if not treated.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: As there is one pair of valves between the right atrium of the heart and the internal jugular, blood can flow back into the internal jugular when the pressure in the atrium is sufficiently high. This can be seen from the outside, and allows one to estimate the pressure in the atrium. The pulsation seen is called the jugular venous pressure, or JVP. This is normally viewed with the patient at 45 degrees turning his/her head slightly away from the observer. The JVP can be raised in a number of conditions:


title: Internal jugular vein

text: The JVP can also be artificially raised by applying pressure to the liver (the hepatojugular reflux). This method is used to locate the JVP and distinguish it from the carotid pulse. Unlike the carotid pulse, the JVP is impalpable.


title: Internal jugular vein

text: As the internal jugular is large, central and relatively superficial, it is often used to place central venous lines. Such a line may be inserted for several reasons, such as to accurately measure the central venous pressure or to administer fluids when a line in a peripheral vein would be unsuitable (such as during resuscitation when peripheral veins are hard to locate).


title: Internal jugular vein

text: Because the internal jugular rarely varies in its location, it is easier to find than other veins. However, sometimes when a line is inserted the jugular is missed and other structures such as the carotid artery, lung or the vagus nerve (CN X) are punctured, and damage is caused to these structures.


title: Visakh Subramaniam

text: Visakh Subramaniam is an Indian film producer, distributor and exhibitor who works in the Malayalam film industry. He is the grandson of P. Subramaniam who founded Merryland Studio, the second film studio in Kerala. He currently owns Merryland Cinemas and is a partner of the production company Funtastic Films along with actors Aju Varghese and Dhyan Sreenivasan. He also owns a theater chain in Thiruvananthapuram comprising Sree Kumar, Sree Visakh, Sree Padmanabha, Devipriya and New theatres. Visakh began his career as a film producer in 2019 with "Love Action Drama" directed by Dhyan Sreenivasan and starring Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara. The film grossed ₹50 crore (US$7.2 million) at the box office and completed 100 days in Kerala. He produced the Vineeth Sreenivasan directorial "Hridayam" starring Pranav Mohanlal and Kalyani Priyadarshan under his banner Merryland Cinemas.


title: Visakh Subramaniam

text: Visakh made his entry as a film exhibitor in 2011, the same time when Vineeth Sreenivasan, Aju Varghese and Dhyan Sreenivasan made their debuts. He started to manage the theaters Sree Kumar, Sree Visakh and New situated in Thiruvananthapuram, which were formerly owned by his father S. Murugan. While screening films like "Salt N' Pepper", "22 Female Kottayam", "Diamond Necklace" and "Thattathin Marayathu" in his own theater, he felt that they were bringing in new filmmakers with fresh thoughts and ideas. It was during that time he first met Vineeth Sreenivasan and Aju Varghese who were part of "Thattathin Marayathu" (2012). With time he also met Dhyan Sreenivasan and their bond strengthened leading to collaboration plans.


title: Visakh Subramaniam

text: On the release day of Vineeth's directorial "Jacobinte Swargarajyam" (2016), Dhyan narrated the script of "Love Action Drama" to Visakh. Aju Varghese was the film's sole producer then. Later Dhyan asked Visakh if he was interested in producing the film along with Aju, upon which he agreed. It was then Funtastic Films was formed and Visakh considers it as the boldest decision of his life. His debut production "Love Action Drama" starring Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara released on 5 September 2019 and opened to positive reports. The film grossed ₹50 crore (US$7.2 million) at the box office and completed 100 days in Kerala. He then ventured into film distribution and distributed "Helen" under his banner Funtastic Films. In 2020, he was involved in the distribution of "Gauthamante Radham" starring Neeraj Madhav. In 2021, he produced "Saajan Bakery Since 1962" starring Aju Varghese and currently is producing "Hridayam" starring Pranav Mohanlal and Kalyani Priyadarshan. "Hridayam" directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan also marks the return of Merryland Studio through Visakh. The studio founded by his grandfather P. Subramaniam makes a comeback after a hiatus of 40 years. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India, Visakh also produced a part of the comedy series "Mom and Son" featuring YouTuber Kaarthik Sankar and Aju Varghese on YouTube.


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: A golden age is a period considered the apotheosis in the history of a country or people, a time period when the greatest achievements were made. The term originated from early Greek and Roman poets, who used it to refer to a time when mankind lived in a better time and was pure (see Golden Age).


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: The ancient Greek philosopher Hesiod introduced the term in his "Works and Days", when referring to the period when the "Golden Race" of man lived. This was part of fivefold division of Ages of Man, starting with the Golden age, then the Silver Age, the Bronze Age, the Age of Heroes (including the Trojan War), and finally, the current Iron Age. The concept was further refined by Ovid, in his "Metamorphoses", into the four "metal ages" (golden, silver, bronze, and iron).


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: The Golden age as described by Hesiod was an age where all humans were created directly by the Olympian gods. They did not have women in their ranks but once Dianne and Kevin met they lived happily ever after. They lived long lives in peace and harmony, and were oblivious of death. The "Golden race" were however mortals, but would die peacefully and in their sleep unmarked by sickness and age. Ovid emphasizes the justice and peace that defined the Golden Age. He described it as a time before man learned the art of navigation, and as a pre-agricultural society. The idea of a Golden age lingered in literature and historical understanding throughout the Greek and Roman periods. It was partly replaced by the Christian Six Ages of the World based on the biblical chronology in the early Middle Ages.


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: The term "Golden age" has always had a metaphoric element. A few centuries after Hesiod, Plato pointed out that the "Golden race" were not made from gold as such, but that the term should be understood metaphorically. The classical idea of the "metal ages" as actual historical periods held sway throughout the Greek and Roman periods. While supplemented by St. Augustine's "Six Ages of the World", the classical ideas were never entirely eradicated, and it resurfaced to form the basis of division of time in early archaeology.


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: At the birth of modern archaeology in the 18th century, the "Golden age" was associated with a pre-agricultural society. However, already in the 16th century, the term "Golden age" was replaced by "Stone Age" in the three-age system. Still, Rousseau used the term for a loosely defined historical period characterized by the "State of nature" as late as the late 18th century. While the concept of an Iron and Bronze Age are still used by historians and archaeologists, the "Golden age" of Hesiod was a purely mythical period, and has come to signify any period in history where the state of affairs for a specific phenomenon appear to have been on their height, better than in the periods proceeding it and following the "Golden Age". It is sometimes still employed for the hunter-gatherer tribal societies of the Mesolithic, but only as a metaphor.


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: A society's Golden Age marks that period in its history having a heightened output of art, science, literature, and philosophy.


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: A golden age is often ascribed to the years immediately following some technological innovation. During this time writers and artists ply their skills in this new medium. Therefore, there are Golden Ages of both radio and television. During such a nascent phase the technology allows new ideas to be expressed, as new art-forms flower quickly into new areas:


title: Golden age (metaphor)

text: Technology and creativity spawn new genres or new surges in the production of literature and the arts. The onset (or dominance or heyday) of a new genre/movement, in popular parlance, becomes its "Golden Age". For example:


title: Peter McRobbie

text: Peter McRobbie (born 31 January 1943) is a Scottish-born American character actor, best known for his roles as John C. Twist in the 2005 romantic drama film "Brokeback Mountain", Mike Sheenan in the 2006 action film "16 Blocks", Pop Pop Jamison in the 2015 horror film "The Visit" and Father Paul Lantom in "Daredevil", as well as recurring roles in the TNT series "The Alienist" and as Judge Walter Bradley in the "Law & Order" franchise.


title: Peter McRobbie

text: McRobbie was born in Hawick, Scottish Borders, Scotland, the son of Mary Fleming (née Heigh), a writer, and William McRobbie, a storekeeper. In the early 1950s, he moved with his parents to the United States, where he became an American citizen.


title: Peter McRobbie

text: He attended Yale Drama School, from which he graduated in 1966. He then studied in graduate school at the University of Tulsa for one year and studied acting with German-American actress Uta Hagen and actor James Saito at HB Studios in New York City.


title: Peter McRobbie

text: From 1966 to 1968, McRobbie served in the United States Army and was stationed at Fort Sill, Oklahoma and became a Specialist 5.


title: Peter McRobbie

text: In 1969, he moved to New York City to pursue an acting career, but was unable to find work. He supported himself as an advertiser throughout the early 1970s, and actually pitched the original idea for the "Jell-O Pudding Cup". By the summer of 1975, he had found stage work with John Astin and Patty Duke in California. However, he moved back to the East Coast after the production ended.


title: Peter McRobbie

text: McRobbie has appeared in more than 60 movies and television series to his credit. The movies include "Spider-Man 2", "Find Me Guilty", "World Trade Center", "16 Blocks", "Big", "Shaft", "Sleepers", and "Bullets over Broadway". He had a recurring role on the TV series "" and the original "Law & Order" series. It was on these two shows that McRobbie has played perhaps his most famous role to date, Judge Walter Bradley. In 2000, he played the role of Father Felix in "From Where to Eternity", the 9th episode of the second season of "The Sopranos", and again in 2001 in "Proshai, Livushka" the second episode of the third season of the HBO hit series. McRobbie also garnered wide attention for his portrayal of John C. Twist in the motion picture "Brokeback Mountain" (2005).


title: Peter McRobbie

text: From 2010 to 2013 McRobbie played the role of FBI Supervisor Frederick Elliot in 9 episodes of the HBO hit series "Boardwalk Empire". McRobbie plays George H. Pendleton in "Lincoln" (2012), as Lincoln's most virulent and snarling opponent in the House of Representatives in relation to the constitutional amendment outlawing slavery. He also appeared in the film "Inherent Vice" (2014), M. Night Shyamalan's movie "The Visit" (2015), and Steven Spielberg's "Bridge of Spies" (2015). From 2015 to 2018, McRobbie also portrayed Father Paul Lantom in the Netflix series "Daredevil".


title: Peter McRobbie

text: On 10 September 1977, McRobbie married actress Charlotte McRobbie (née Bova) and he has two children.


title: Dalmia Group

text: Dalmia Bharat Group, (DBG) is an Indian conglomerate company, which trace their origin to the businesses established by Ramkrishna Dalmia and Jaidayal Dalmia. The Dalmia brothers established a business conglomerate in eastern India, in the first half of the 20th century. In the 1930s, the group merged with the businesses of the Sahu Jain Family to form the Dalmia-Jain Group. In 1948, the two families decided to split the businesses; the Dalmia businesses were further divided between Ramkrishna and Jaidayal.


title: Dalmia Group

text: Today, a number of companies and conglomerates trace their origin to the original Dalmia businesses; these include Dalmia Brothers, which is now managed by Vishnu Hari Dalmia's sons, Sanjay Dalmia and Anurag Dalmia; Dalmia Bharat Group, which is managed by Gautam Dalmia & Puneet Dalmia; Renaissance Group; and their subsidiaries.


title: Dalmia Group

text: The Dalmia Group of companies traces its origins to Ramkrishna Dalmia and Jaidayal Dalmia. The two brothers were born in the present-day Rajasthan in Agarwal family,the name "Dalmia" comes from the name of their ancestral village in present-day Haryana. The Dalmias established a group of businesses in East India during the first half of the 20th century. These businesses included a sugar mill in Danapur and a commodity trading business in Calcutta. In 1932, Ramkrishna Dalmia's daughter married Shanti Prasad Jain of the wealthy Sahu Jain Family. Subsequently, Shanti Prasad and the Dalmia brothers worked together to expand the business, resulting in the formation of the Dalmia-Jain Group. By the end of 1940, the group was operating several sugar mills, cement plants, chemical factories, engineering plants and a paper mill.


title: Dalmia Group

text: The Dalmia-Jain Group challenged ACC's monopoly in the Indian cement industry by setting up cement factories all over India (including the present-day Pakistan). The Group also ventured into other businesses; its subsidiaries included Bharat Bank, Bharat Fire and General Insurance, Lahore Electric, Govan group of companies, two cotton mills, a dairy, and three Andrew Yule jute mills. In 1946, Ramkrishna Dalmia bought out Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., the publisher of "The Times of India"; which was later sold to the Jains after a split in the Dalmia-Jain Group.


title: Dalmia Group

text: By 1948, differences had developed between the Dalmias and the Jains. On 12 May 1948, the two families worked out the details of a split at the family house of the Jains in Mussoorie. On 31 May 1948, the Dalmia-Jain Group was dissolved, splitting into what were colloquially known as Dalmia Group (divided between Ramkrishna and his brother Jaidayal) and Sahu Jain Group. However, this split was not official: there was no legal document to this effect. Vivian Bose remarked that the Dalmia-Jain Group's affairs "were so interlocked and complex because of black money and secret, undisclosed assets and undetermined income tax liabilities, that this (dissolution or partition) was not found to be easy".


title: Dalmia Group

text: After the split, Jaidayal Dalmia gained control of Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd., established in 1939 and Orissa Cement Ltd., established in 1949. Later, his sons Jai Hari Dalmia and Yadu Hari Dalmia took control of Dalmia Cement. Three other sons - Ajay Hari Dalmia, Mridu Hari Dalmia and Raghu Hari Dalmia - took over the Orissa Cement business. In 1999, Ajay Hari Dalmia separated from Orissa Cement, and started his own line of businesses under the name Renaissance Group.


title: Dalmia Group

text: In 1956, the Government of India set up a Commission of Inquiry to investigate alleged malpractices of the Dalmia-Jain Group of companies. The Commission was headed by Justice S. R. Tendolkar (and after his death, by Justice Vivian Bose). In 1962, Ramkrishna Dalmia was jailed for tax evasion, perjury and criminal misappropriation of funds. By the time he died in 1978, he had 17 children from 6 wives. These heirs fought several court cases for control of the various businesses owned by him. In 1983, these businesses were divided among his seven sons.


title: Dalmia Group

text: The Dalmia Bharat Group is engaged in cement, sugar, refractories, renewable energy and other businesses. The Group traces its origin to Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Limited, established in 1939. After the Dalmia-Jain Group's split, it was controlled by Jaidayal, and later by his sons Jai Hari Dalmia and Yadu Hari Dalmia and now by their sons Gautam Dalmia and Puneet Dalmia. The Dalmia Bharat Group was officially incorporated on 10 February 2006 as "Sri Kesava Mines & Minerals Limited", with its office in Dalmiapuram, Tamil Nadu. On 19 February 2010, the name was changed to "DCB Renewable Energy and Industries Limited". On 25 March 2010, the name was changed; this time, to "Dalmia Bharat Enterprises Limited". The present name, "Dalmia Bharat Ltd" was adopted in 2012. Puneet Dalmia is controlling the business of DCBL and OCL


title: Dalmia Group

text: OCL (, ) traces its origin to the cement plant set up by Jaidayal Dalmia at Rajgangpur, Orissa Province during 1950-51. Originally named Orissa Cement Limited, the company was incorporated on 11 October 1949, and the plan started operating in 1952. On 15 January 1996, the company changed its name to OCL India to reflect its non-cement ventures, including steel and iron. After Jaidayal Dalmia's death, OCL was controlled by his sons Ajay Hari Dalmia, Mridu Hari Dalmia and Raghu Hari Dalmia; Ajay Hari separated in 1999, to start his own venture under the name Renaissance Group. OCL is now a part of the Dalmia Bharat Group.


title: Dalmia Group

text: Dalmia Bros. Pvt. Ltd. originated from the businesses controlled by Jaidayal Dalmia's son Vishnu Hari Dalmia. This group of companies is now managed by his sons Sanjay Dalmia (Chairman) and Anurag Dalmia. The group's businesses include:


title: Dalmia Group

text: Dalmia Industries () is a part of the Sanjay Dalmia Group. It descends from a company that was incorporated in 1937, in Bihar. The original company manufactured dairy products, including powdered milk and ghee, under the "Sapan" brand. It also traded in peanut candy, mustard oil and crash helmets. In the late 1960s, Dalmiapuram-based manufacturing and refractory plants were taken over on lease by Dalmia Industries. The business was carried out under the name Dalmia Ceramic Industries. Dalmia Industries also set up a plant at Bharatpur (Rajasthan) for manufacturing powdered milk and ghee. The company name was changed from Dalmia Dairy Industries Limited to Dalmia Industries Limited in 1989.


title: Dalmia Group

text: Hari Machines was established in 1971 as a manufacturing division of the Dalmia Group. Marathwada Refractories Ltd () is controlled by Mridu Hari Dalmia's family.


title: Dalmia Group

text: Jaidayal Dalmia's son Ajay Hari Dalmia established Renaissance Group, which holds stakes in Revathi Equipment Limited, Rajratan Global Wires Ltd., Shogun Organics Ltd., Monarch Catalyst Pvt. Ltd. and Semac Consultants Pvt. Ltd.


title: Dalmia Group

text: Dalmia Continental Privated Limited (DCPL) and Sunshine Tourism were established by Vidyanidhi "VN" Dalmia, son of Ramkrishna Dalmia.


title: Dalmia Group

text: Dalmia Cement Bharat Limited established an annual award, the "Young Achievers Award," in 2014 for young people in northeast India with exceptional talents in any walk of life. Padma Vibhushan laureate boxer Mary Kom is the ambassador. Recipients include physically disabled but internationally certified tennis official, Madhurya Saikia. The youngest reccipient is a four-year-old internet singing sensation, Esther Hnamte.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad Ali (25 December 1919 – 5 May 2006) was an Indian music director for Hindi films. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest and foremost music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is particularly known for popularising the use of classical music in films.


title: Naushad

text: His first film as an independent music director was "Prem Nagar" in 1940. His first musically successful film was "Rattan" (1944), followed by 35 silver jubilee hits, 12 golden jubilee and 3 diamond jubilee mega successes. Naushad was conferred the Dadasaheb Phalke Award and the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and 1992 respectively for his contribution to the Hindi film industry.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad Ali was born and raised in Lucknow, a city with a long tradition as a centre of Indian Muslim culture. His father, Wahid Ali, was a munshi (court clerk). As a child, Naushad would visit the annual fair at the Deva Sharif in Barabanki, 25 km from Lucknow, where all the great qawwals and musicians of those days would perform before the devotees. He studied Hindustani music there under Ustad Ghurbat Ali, Ustad Yusuf Ali, Ustad Babban Saheb and others. He also repaired harmoniums.


title: Naushad

text: As a lad, he joined a junior theatrical club and was appointed the club's music maestro for their theatrical presentations. He used to watch silent films at the Royal theatre in Lucknow. Theatre owners would hire a team of musicians to play the tabla, harmonium, sitar and violin. The musicians would watch the film first, make notes, finalize the scales required. When the show began in the evening, they would sit in front of the screen and play music for the scenes. This was a great way to be entertained and learn music at the same time. It made him grasp the nuances required in composing a film's background music score.


title: Naushad

text: In time Naushad formed his own Windsor Music Entertainers or just Windsor Entertainers, so named because he had seen the word "Windsor" around Lucknow and liked its ring. It led to the Indian Star Theatrical Company in a theatre at Golaganj colony in Lucknow. He was trained under Laddan Khan until he became capable of working independently as a composer. There he also developed the sense to pick rare musical jewels from the folk tradition of Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Saurashtra during the company's sojourns in those regions. The travelling players got as far as Viramgam in Gujarat, where they discovered penury, even after selling off theatrical props and musical instruments. The company limped back to Lucknow through the kindness of one of Naushad's friends.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad had already become a cinema fan in the silent era and then, in 1931, Indian cinema got voice and music that further fascinated the 13-year-old boy. He learnt classical and folk music against the wishes of his father. He moved to Mumbai in late 1937 for a career as a musician.


title: Naushad

text: In Mumbai, he initially stayed with an acquaintance from Lucknow (U.P.) at Colaba and after a while, shifted to Dadar opposite the Broadway theatre where he would sleep on the footpath. He assisted music director Ustad Jhande Khan who was at the peak of his success those days, at a monthly salary of Rs 40.


title: Naushad

text: Then he worked on a film with a Russian producer with the studio located at Chembur. This film could not be completed. Naushad was a piano player so he worked as a pianist in composer Ustad Mushtaq Hussain's orchestra. He then polished off an unfinished film score and got a credit as assistant to Mushtaq Hussain. Then the film company collapsed. Composer Khemchand Prakash took him on as his assistant for the film "Kanchan" at Ranjit Studios at a salary of Rs 60 per month, for which Naushad remained extremely grateful and in interviews, he had called Khemchand his guru.


title: Naushad

text: His friend, lyricist D. N. Madhok, trusted Naushad's unusual talent for composing music and introduced him to various film producers. Chandulal Shah, the owner of Ranjit Studios, offered to sign Naushad for one of his forthcoming films. Naushad composed a thumri for this film, "Bata de koi kaun gali gaye Shyam", but the film never went into production. He was assistant music director for the Punjabi film "Mirza Sahib" (1939).


title: Naushad

text: He composed for his first independent film "Prem Nagar" in 1940 that had a story set in Kutch for which he did a lot of research into the folk music of the area. With A.R. Kardar's film "Nayi Duniya" (1942), he got first credit as "music director" and he began to work regularly for Kardar Productions. He, however, had a flexibility that he could work outside Kardar Productions and this arrangement continued throughout his career. He first got noticed with A.R. Kardar's film "Sharda" (1942) wherein 13-year-old Suraiya debuted with the song "Panchhi Ja" for the playback for heroine Mehtab. It was Rattan (1944) that took Naushad right to the top and enabled him to charge Rs 25,000 a film during those days.


title: Naushad

text: Film expert and author Rajesh Subramanian opines that Kardar productions spent Rupees seventy five thousand in 1944 to make "Rattan". The music by Naushad saheb was such a phenomenal hit that the company earned Rs 3 lacs as royalty from gramophone sales in the first year.


title: Naushad

text: But his Lucknow-based family remained against music and Naushad had to hide from his family the fact that he composed music. When Naushad got married, the band was playing the tunes of the super hit songs of Naushad's film 'Rattan'. While Naushad's father and father-in-law were condemning the musician who had composed these songs, Naushad dared not tell them that it was he who had composed the music. Naushad understood Hindu and Muslim culture and the languages of those cultures.


title: Naushad

text: From 1942 until the late 1960s, he was one of the top music directors in Hindi films. While he did 65 films during his lifetime, 26 of those films celebrated Silver jubilees (25 weeks run) – 8 celebrated golden jubilees (50 weeks run) and 4 celebrated diamond jubilees (60 weeks run) – (inclusive count – a diamond jubilee film also celebrates Silver and Golden jubilees).


title: Naushad

text: Naushad worked with several lyricists, including Shakeel Badayuni, Majrooh Sultanpuri, D. N. Madhok, Zia Sarhadi, Yusufali Kechery and Khumar Barabankvi.


title: Naushad

text: Mother India (1957), for which he had composed music, was the first Indian film that got nominated for an Oscar award.


title: Naushad

text: In 1981, Naushad was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.


title: Naushad

text: The songs Naushad composed for the 1988 Malayalam film Dhwani which were sung by P. Suseela & K. J. Yesudas are evergreen superhits that Malayalis do repeatedly listen to even after 3 decades.


title: Naushad

text: Five films have been made on his life and work. Biographical books published are Dastaan-E-Naushad (Marathi) by Shashikant Kinikar; Aaj Gaawat Man Mero (Gujarati); Hindi and Urdu biographical sketches in Shama & Sushma Magazines respectively, titled "Naushad Ki Kahani, Naushad Ki Zubani"; the last one was translated into Marathi by Shashikant Kinikar. Kinikar also came up with a book titled "Notes of Naushad" which puts together some interesting anecdotes of Naushad's life.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad also composed background music for the TV serial "Akbar The Great" telecast in 1988 which was directed by Akbar Khan, brother of Hindi film stars Sanjay Khan and Feroze Khan as was also The Sword of Tipu Sultan produced and directed by Sanjay Khan and Akbar Khan which was telecast in 1990 and became very popular.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad died on 5 May 2006 in Mumbai due to cardiac arrest at age 86. He was buried at the Juhu Muslim cemetery.


title: Naushad

text: He is survived by six daughters Zubeda, Fehmida, Farida, Sayeeda, Rashida, and Waheeda and three sons Rehman Naushad, Raju Naushad & Iqbal Naushad. Rehman Naushad being the eldest of all assisted him in some of his films. Also, Naushad composed music for two movies directed by Rahman Naushad, "My Friend" (1974) and "Teri Payal Mere Geet" (1989).


title: Naushad

text: Naushad was ranked as one of the most respected and successful music directors of Indian Film Industry.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad had requested the Maharashtra State Government to sanction a plot for an institution for promoting Hindustani music. This was sanctioned during his lifetime and the 'Naushad Academy of Hindustani Sangeet' was formed.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad was also a respected and published poet and formally launched his book of Urdu poetry entitled Aathwaan Sur ("The Eighth Note") and the Navras label's album titled "Aathwan Sur – The Other Side of Naushad" having 8 ghazals as part of Hounslow's book fair and festival "Bookmela" in November 1998. The album has lyrics and composition by Naushad, arranged by Uttam Singh.


title: Naushad

text: Naushad gave a new trend to popular film music by basing his tunes on classical music ragas and folk music. Naushad was known for his skillful adaptation of the classical musical tradition for movie songs. For some movies like "Baiju Bawra", he composed all scores in classical raga modes and arranged for the well-known vocalist Amir Khan to be a music consultant for this film. Naushad could easily work with Western instruments, including the clarinet, the mandolin and the accordion. He could incorporate Western musical idioms in his compositions and compose for Western-style orchestras.


title: Naushad

text: During the early 1940s, recordings were done in quiet parks and gardens after midnight because the studios did not have sound-proof recording rooms. In the gardens, there would be no echo and disturbances, unlike the studios where the sound reverberated because of the tin roofs.


title: Naushad

text: For films like 'Uran Khatola' and 'Amar', he recorded the voice of a particular artiste on a scale of 90, then recorded it on 70, then on 50 and so on. After the complete recording, it was played for the scene and the impact it created was terrific.