title: BLEU

text: In the above situation, however, the candidate string is too short. Instead of 3 appearances of formula_29 it contains only one, so we add a minimum function to correct for that:formula_30This count summation cannot be used to compare between sentences, since it is not normalized. If both the reference and the candidate sentences are long, the count could be big, even if the candidate is of very poor quality. So we normalize itformula_31The normalization is such that it is always a number in formula_32, allowing meaningful comparisons between corpuses.


title: BLEU

text: The modified n-gram precision unduly gives a high score for candidate strings that are "telegraphic", that is, containing all the n-grams of the reference strings, but for as few times as possible.


title: BLEU

text: In order to punish candidate strings that are too short, define the brevity penalty to beformula_33where formula_34 is the positive part of formula_35. When formula_36, the brevity penalty formula_37, meaning that we don't punish long candidates, and only punish short candidates.


title: BLEU

text: formula_38 is the length of the candidate corpus, that is,formula_39where formula_40 is the length of formula_18.


title: BLEU

text: formula_42 is the effective reference corpus length, that is,formula_43where formula_44, that is, the sentence from formula_45 whose length is as close to formula_46 as possible.


title: BLEU

text: There is not a single definition of BLEU, but a whole family of them, parametrized by the weighting vector formula_47. It is a probability distribution on formula_48, that is, formula_49, and formula_50.


title: BLEU

text: With a choice of formula_51, the BLEU score isformula_52In words, it is a weighted geometric mean of all the modified n-gram precisions, multiplied by the brevity penalty. We use the weighted geometric mean, rather than the weighted arithmetic mean, to strongly favor candidate corpuses that are simultaneously good according to multiple n-gram precisions.


title: BLEU

text: Of the seven words in the candidate translation, all of them appear in the reference translations. Thus the candidate text is given a unigram precision of,


title: BLEU

text: where formula_55 is number of words from the candidate that are found in the reference, and formula_56 is the total number of words in the candidate. This is a perfect score, despite the fact that the candidate translation above retains little of the content of either of the references.


title: BLEU

text: The modification that BLEU makes is fairly straightforward. For each word in the candidate translation, the algorithm takes its maximum total count, formula_57, in any of the reference translations. In the example above, the word "the" appears twice in reference 1, and once in reference 2. Thus formula_58.


title: BLEU

text: For the candidate translation, the count formula_59 of each word is clipped to a maximum of formula_60 for that word. In this case, "the" has formula_61 and formula_62, thus formula_63 is clipped to 2. These clipped countsformula_63 are then summed over all distinct words in the candidate.


title: BLEU

text: This sum is then divided by the total number of unigrams in the candidate translation. In the above example, the modified unigram precision score would be:


title: BLEU

text: In practice, however, using individual words as the unit of comparison is not optimal. Instead, BLEU computes the same modified precision metric using n-grams. The length which has the "highest correlation with monolingual human judgements" was found to be four. The unigram scores are found to account for the adequacy of the translation, how much information is retained. The longer -gram scores account for the fluency of the translation, or to what extent it reads like "good English".


title: BLEU

text: as the word 'the' and the word 'cat' appear once each in the candidate, and the total number of words is two. The modified bigram precision would be formula_67 as the bigram, "the cat" appears once in the candidate. It has been pointed out that precision is usually twinned with recall to overcome this problem , as the unigram recall of this example would be formula_68 or formula_69. The problem being that as there are multiple reference translations, a bad translation could easily have an inflated recall, such as a translation which consisted of all the words in each of the references.


title: BLEU

text: To produce a score for the whole corpus, the modified precision scores for the segments are combined using the geometric mean multiplied by a brevity penalty to prevent very short candidates from receiving too high a score. Let be the total length of the reference corpus, and the total length of the translation corpus. If formula_70, the brevity penalty applies, defined to be formula_71. (In the case of multiple reference sentences, is taken to be the sum of the lengths of the sentences whose lengths are closest to the lengths of the candidate sentences. However, in the version of the metric used by NIST evaluations prior to 2009, the shortest reference sentence had been used instead.)


title: BLEU

text: iBLEU is an interactive version of BLEU that allows a user to visually examine the BLEU scores obtained by the candidate translations. It also allows comparing two different systems in a visual and interactive manner which is useful for system development.


title: BLEU

text: BLEU has frequently been reported as correlating well with human judgement, and remains a benchmark for the assessment of any new evaluation metric. There are however a number of criticisms that have been voiced. It has been noted that, although in principle capable of evaluating translations of any language, BLEU cannot, in its present form, deal with languages lacking word boundaries.


title: BLEU

text: It has been argued that although BLEU has significant advantages, there is no guarantee that an increase in BLEU score is an indicator of improved translation quality.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Sadhu Sundar Singh (3 September 1889 — ?) was an Indian Christian missionary. He is believed to have died in the foothills of the Himalayas in 1929.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Sundar Singh was born into a Sikh family in the village of Rampur (near Doraha), Ludhiana district (Punjab state), in northern India. Sundar Singh's mother took him to sit at the feet of a Hindu sadhu, an ascetic holy man, who lived in the jungle some miles away, while also sending him to Ewing Christian High School, Ludhiana, to learn English. Sundar Singh's mother died when he was fourteen. In anger, he burned a Bible page by page while his friends watched. Sundar Singh was also taught the Bhagavad Gita at his home.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Sundar felt that his religious pursuits and the questioning of Christian priests left him without ultimate meaning. Sundar resolved to kill himself by throwing himself upon a railroad track. He asked that whosoever is the 'True God' would appear before him, or else he would kill himself; that very night he had a vision of Jesus. Sundar announced to his father, Sher Singh, that thenceforth he would get converted into the missionary work of Jesus Christ.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: His father officially rejected him, and his brother Rajender Singh attempted to poison him. He was poisoned not just once but a number of times. People of that area threw snakes into his house, but he was rescued from mistreatment with the help of a nearby British Christian.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: On his sixteenth birthday, he was publicly baptised as a Christian in the parish church in Simla, in the Himalayan foothills. Prior to this, he had been staying at the Christian Missionary Home at Sabathu, near Simla, serving the leprosy patients there.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In October 1906, he set out on his journey as a new Christian, wearing a saffron turban and the saffron robe of a sadhu, an ascetic devoted to spiritual practice. Singh propagated himself as a sadhu, albeit one within Christianity, because he realised Indians could not be converted unless it was in an Indian way.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: "I am not worthy to follow in the steps of my Lord", he said, "but, like Him, I want no home, no possessions. Like Him I will belong to the road, sharing the suffering of my people, eating with those who will give me shelter, and telling all men of the love of God."


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: After returning to his home village, where he was given an unexpectedly warm welcome, Sundar Singh traveled northward for his mission of converting through the Punjab, over the Bannihal Pass into Kashmir, and then back through Muslim Afghanistan and into the brigand-infested North-West Frontier and Baluchistan. He was referred to as "the apostle with the bleeding feet" by the Christian communities of the north. He suffered arrest and stoning for his beliefs, and experienced mystical encounters.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In 1908, he crossed the frontier of Tibet, where he was appalled by the living conditions. He was stoned as he bathed in cold water because it was believed that "holy men never washed."


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In 1908 he went to Bombay, hoping to board a ship to visit Palestine, but was refused a permit, and had to return to the north.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: He concluded during his stay in missions that Western civilisation had become the antithesis of original Christian values. He was disillusioned with the materialism and colonialism of Western society and tried to forge an Indian identity for the Indian church. He lamented that Indian Christians adopted British customs, literature and dress that had nothing to do with Christianity and Christ.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In December 1909, Singh began training for Christian ministry at the Anglican college in Lahore. According to his biographers, he did not form close relationships with fellow students, meeting them only at meal times and designated prayer sessions. He was ostracised for being "different".


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Although Singh had been baptised by an Anglican priest, he was ignorant of the ecclesiastical culture and conventions of Anglicanism. His inability to adapt hindered him from fitting in with the routines of academic study. Much in the college course seemed irrelevant to the gospel as India needed to hear it. After eight months in the college, Singh left in July 1910.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: It has been claimed by his biographers that Singh's withdrawal was due to stipulations laid down by Bishop Lefroy. As an Anglican priest, Singh was told to discard his sadhu's robe and wear "respectable" European clerical dress, use formal Anglican worship, sing English hymns and not preach outside his parish without permission. As an ardent devotee of Christ who was interested only in spreading his message, he rejected the mixing of Jesus Christ and British culture.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Stories from those years are astonishing and sometimes incredible and full of miracles which helped in conversion. Indeed, there were those who insisted that they were mystical rather than real happenings. That first year, 1912, he returned with an extraordinary account of finding a three-hundred-year-old hermit in a mountain cave—the Maharishi of Kailas, with whom he spent some weeks in deep fellowship.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: According to Singh, in a town called Rasar he had been thrown into a dry well full of bones and rotting flesh and left to die, but three days later he was rescued.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: The secret Missionaries group is alleged to have numbered around 24,000 members across India. The origins of this brotherhood were reputed to be linked to one of the Magi at Christ's nativity and then the second-century AD disciples of the apostle Thomas circulating in India. Nothing was heard of this evangelistic fellowship until William Carey began his missionary work in Serampore. The Maharishi of Kailas experienced ecstatic visions about the secret fellowship that he retold to Sundar Singh, and Singh himself built his spiritual life around visions.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Whether he won many continuing disciples on these hazardous Tibetan treks is not known. One reason why no one believed his version of this story was because Singh did not keep written records and he was unaccompanied by any other Christian disciples who might have witnessed the events.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: During his twenties, Sundar Singh's gospel work widened greatly, and long before he was thirty, his name and picture were familiar all over the Christian world. He described a struggle with Satan to retain his humility, but people described him as always human, approachable and humble, with a sense of fun and a love of nature. This character, with his illustrations from ordinary life, gave his addresses great impact. Many people said, "He not only looks like Jesus, he talks like Jesus must have talked." His talks and his personal speech were informed by his habitual early-morning meditation, especially on the gospels. In 1918 he made a long tour of South India and Ceylon, and the following year he was invited to Burma, Malaya, China and Japan.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Some of the stories from these tours were as strange as any of his Tibetan adventures. He claimed power over wild things. He claimed even to have power over disease and illness, though he never allowed his presumed healing gifts to be publicised.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: For a long time Sundar Singh had wanted to visit Britain, and the opportunity came when his father, Sher Singh, who was converted too, gave him the money for his fare to Britain. He visited the West twice, travelling to Britain, the United States and Australia in 1920, and to Europe again in 1922. He was welcomed by Christians of many traditions, and his words searched the hearts of people who now faced the aftermath of World War I and who seemed to evidence a shallow attitude to life. Singh was appalled by what he saw as the materialism, emptiness and irreligion he found throughout the West, contrasting it with Asia's awareness of God, no matter how limited that might be. Once back in India he continued his gospel-proclamation work, though it was clear that he was getting more physically frail.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In 1923, Singh made the last of his regular summer visits to Tibet and came back exhausted. His preaching days were apparently over and, in the following years, in his own home or those of his friends in the Simla hills, he gave himself to meditation, fellowship and writing some of the things he had lived to preach.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In 1929, against all his friends' advice, Singh wished to make one last journey to Tibet. He was last seen on 18 April 1929 setting off on this journey. In April he reached Kalka, a small town below Simla, a prematurely aged figure in his yellow robe among pilgrims and holy men who were beginning their own trek to one of Hinduism's holy places some miles away. Where he went after that is unknown. Whether he died of exhaustion or reached the mountains remains a mystery.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In the early 1940s, Bishop Augustine Peters, another converted missionary from South India, sought out Singh's brother Rajender, led him to the Christian faith and baptised him in Punjab. Rajender Singh referred to many reputed miracles performed by Singh and people converted to Christ under his ministry.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Singh is revered by many as a formative, towering figure in the missionary conversions of the Christian church in India.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Singh's apocalyptic prophecies about the fate of Romania are famous in that country, but are apocryphal, being written by a medium who said he was channeling Singh's spirit. These look more like warmongering propaganda than Christian theology and were probably written about 1939.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Singh is respected in the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church and the Coptic Church, although neither officially recognises him as a saint. He was invited to address the Mateer Memorial Congregation (now the Mateer Memorial CSI Church) when he arrived in Travancore on 12 February 1918.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: In 2022, Singh's story was dramatised as a two-part broadcast through Pacific Garden Mission's "Unshackled!" radio ministry, airing as programs 3725 and 3726.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Ken Anderson made "Journey to the Sky", a 1967 Christian drama film which starred Indian actor Manhar Desai (Malcolm Alfredo Desai) in the lead role of Sadhu Sundar Singh.


title: Sadhu Sundar Singh

text: Sundar Singh wrote eight books between 1922 and 1929. His manuscripts were written in Urdu, and later translated into English and other languages.


title: Fred Weller

text: Frederick Weller (born April 18, 1966) is an American actor known for portraying Johnny Sandowski on "Missing Persons," Shane Mungitt in "Take Me Out" and Marshall Mann on "In Plain Sight".


title: Fred Weller

text: Weller was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of lawyers Carole (died 2017) and Francis Weller (1922–2018). He is a 1984 graduate of Jesuit High School, a Catholic all-boys high school in New Orleans. He graduated "summa cum laude" from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1988. He then studied acting at The Juilliard School as a member of the Drama Division's (1988–1992).


title: Fred Weller

text: In 1993, Weller was one of the main regulars in the TV series "Missing Persons". He has made guest appearances in episodes of "Law & Order", "", "", "Monk" and "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles". He has also appeared in several well-received films, such as "Stonewall, The Business of Strangers", "The Shape of Things", and the 2000 drama/miniseries "" portraying the character Brian Wilson.


title: Fred Weller

text: He was initially successful as a stage actor, and stage acting is still his biggest passion. He has performed in Neil LaBute and David Mamet plays and films. He appeared on Broadway in 2003 in the Tony award-winning play "Take Me Out" in which he appeared completely nude, and in 2014 in the Terrence McNally play "Mothers and Sons". In 2018 he appeared on Broadway as Bob Ewell in Aaron Sorkin's "To Kill a Mockingbird", an adaptation of Harper Lee's novel.


title: Fred Weller

text: Weller has also played lead roles in many successful independent films, including Neil LaBute's "The Shape of Things" (with Paul Rudd, Rachel Weisz and Gretchen Mol), James Toback's "When Will I Be Loved" (opposite Neve Campbell) and "The Business of Strangers" (with Stockard Channing and Julia Stiles).


title: Fred Weller

text: He starred in the USA Network comedy-drama series "In Plain Sight" as Deputy U.S. Marshal Marshall Mann. He worked closely with Mary McCormack (Deputy U.S. Marshal Mary Shannon) during filming.


title: Fred Weller

text: Weller married actress Ali Marsh on September 6, 2003. They have two children, a daughter, Azalea, born in 2007, whose godmother is his "In Plain Sight" co-star Mary McCormack, and a son, Hank, born in 2010. He and his family live in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Boyd Tyrone Herndon (born May 2, 1962), known professionally as Ty Herndon, is an American country music singer and songwriter. His music career began in the 1980s as a member of the Tennessee River Boys, a predecessor to the country band Diamond Rio. Herndon quit the band early on and gained his first national exposure as a competitor on "Star Search". He then played at various honky-tonks in Texas. After signing to Epic Records in 1993, Herndon made his debut in 1995 with his number one single, "What Mattered Most". This was followed that same year by the release of his first album, also titled "What Mattered Most".


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon released three more studio albums and a compilation for Epic: "Living in a Moment" (1996), "Big Hopes" (1998), "Steam" (1999), and "" (2002). He recorded a Christmas album in 2002 before a recording hiatus. He returned with his fifth studio album, "Right About Now" (2007) for the Titan Pyramid label; his sixth studio release, "Journey On", followed in 2010. Herndon has charted a total of 17 singles on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts. This figure includes three number ones: "What Mattered Most", "Living in a Moment" and "It Must Be Love". His singles "I Want My Goodbye Back", "Loved Too Much", "A Man Holdin' On (To a Woman Lettin' Go)", and "Hands of a Working Man" all made top ten on the same chart.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon gained further media attention in 2014 after he came out as gay, becoming the first mainstream male country music singer to do so. His personal life has been the subject of mainstream media for other reasons, including his struggles with drug addiction and mental health. His musical style is defined by his singing voice and an emphasis on ballads.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Boyd Tyrone Herndon was born on May 2, 1962 in Meridian, Mississippi, to Boyd and Renee Herndon. He was raised just across the state line in Butler, Alabama. His grandmother played guitar and hosted her own radio show in Butler. He became involved in music in his youth. Herndon's first performance on a stage came during this period, when he won $75 at a talent show in Toxey, Alabama.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Shortly after graduating from Austin High School in Decatur, Alabama, Herndon moved to Nashville, to pursue a career in country music. At this point he also attended Belmont University. Herndon's first major role came in 1983 when he became lead vocalist of the Tennessee River Boys, a group that performed at the Opryland USA theme park in Nashville. This band was originally intended to perform a one-time show to promote the park, but became one of several regular performers there. Herndon left the band after only a year to become a contestant on the television talent show "Star Search". Following Herndon's departure, the Tennessee River Boys underwent a number of membership changes and became Diamond Rio. When his tenure on "Star Search" proved commercially unsuccessful, Herndon attempted to secure a recording contract in Nashville. He told "The Tennessean" in 1995 that multiple labels rejected him as they considered him a "pretty boy". Despite this, he found work singing jingles for Pepsi and Dodge, as well as demo tracks for other artists. He lost a significant amount of money due to an unfavorable management deal, which led to his mother having to sell her house in order to refinance the amount of money lost. In addition, Herndon's father died of a brain hemorrhage, putting further strain on both him and his family.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon then moved to Texas and found work performing in various honky-tonks across the state, in order to regain some of the money he had lost. His tenure in Texas included a stint with Louise Mandrell in 1987 at Billy Bob's Texas, a country music nightclub in Fort Worth. He competed on another television talent show titled "You Write the Songs" in 1987, but was unsuccessful. Herndon also appeared on "The Porter Wagoner Show", a musical variety show hosted by country singer Porter Wagoner. By 1989 he had formed a backing band called Bayou. This act opened for Little Texas in 1989 prior to that band's signing with Warner Records. In 1993, Herndon won a local music award called Texas Entertainer of the Year. At the awards ceremony, Herndon was discovered by a representative of Epic Records, and he signed with the label later in the year.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon began recording music for Epic in 1994. He made his debut in early 1995 with the single "What Mattered Most", a song written by Gary Burr and Vince Melamed. The song went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts in the United States and the former "RPM" country music charts in Canada. Follow-up single "I Want My Goodbye Back" reached a Hot Country Songs peak of number seven in 1995. Its b-side, a duet with Stephanie Bentley titled "Heart Half Empty", peaked at number 21 in early 1996. "In Your Face" was the last single from "What Mattered Most". This song was the least successful, charting for only two weeks and reaching number 63.


title: Ty Herndon

text: The album included backing vocals from several artists on Epic or sister label Columbia Records, including Patty Loveless, Joe Diffie, Ron Wallace, and Gibson/Miller Band member Blue Miller. Doug Johnson, then the vice-president of artists and repertoire (A&R) of Epic's Nashville branch, produced the album and co-wrote "I Want My Goodbye Back". In addition to the singles, "What Mattered Most" included a cover of Jim Croce's "You Don't Mess Around with Jim". Another track, the Vince Gill and Don Schlitz composition "You Just Get One", was later recorded by Jeff Wood on his 1997 album "Between the Earth and the Stars". Wood's rendition charted on Hot Country Songs that same year. "Heart Half Empty" later appeared on Bentley's 1996 album "Hopechest", also issued on Epic. The music video for "What Mattered Most" was aired on CMT and the former TNN (The Nashville Network). Herndon promoted the album further by starting a tour in 1995.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Michael McCall of "New Country" magazine rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, as he considered Herndon's vocal delivery "confident" but was more mixed toward the lyrical content of the songs. An uncredited review published by "Billboard" was favorable, stating, "With a rich, expressive voice that is equally suited to pensive ballads and rollicking, uptempo tunes, Herndon is one of country's most impressive newcomers." In early 1997, "What Mattered Most" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies. Executives of Sony Music Nashville, of which Epic was a division at the time, attributed the album's commercial success to a marketing strategy they employed at the time. Under this plan, albums by new artists were priced a dollar lower than the national average for sixty days after their release. These same executives also noted this strategy had been successful on albums by Wade Hayes and James House.


title: Ty Herndon

text: In 1996, Herndon won the Male Star of Tomorrow, a fan-voted award from the TNN Music City News awards (now known as CMT Music Awards). His second album "Living in a Moment" was released in August of the same year. The album's lead single "Living in a Moment" reached number one on the country charts in both the US and Canada. Three more singles charted from the album throughout 1997. The first was "She Wants to Be Wanted Again", which peaked at number 21 early in the year. This song had been recorded by Lee Greenwood, Restless Heart vocalist Larry Stewart, and Western Flyer prior to Herndon's rendition. After "She Wants to Be Wanted Again" came the number two hit "Loved Too Much" and the top-twenty "I Have to Surrender". Johnson co-wrote "Living in a Moment" and "I Have to Surrender", and once again served as producer. Stephanie Bentley, Blue Miller, and John Wesley Ryles were among the album's backing vocalists. Also contributing in this capacity were Doug Virden and Drew Womack, then recording on Epic in Sons of the Desert. Thom Owens of Allmusic wrote, "Although he is in fine voice throughout the album, Ty Herndon's "Living in a Moment" is bogged down by mediocre material that fails to given him a proper showcase for his talents." He considered the title track and "Don't Tell Mama" the strongest lyrically. Alanna Nash of "Entertainment Weekly" similarly thought "Don't Tell Mama" was the strongest track, but criticized the rest of the album as "formulaic". Colin Larkin of the "Virgin Encyclopedia of Country Music" thought this album had "a shortage of standout material". The album's closing track "I Know How the River Feels" was later a single in 1999 for Diamond Rio. "Living in a Moment" was also certified gold in 1997.


title: Ty Herndon

text: "Big Hopes", Herndon's third album, followed in 1998. Doug Johnson produced five of the tracks and Byron Gallimore, best known for his work with Tim McGraw, produced the other six. Herndon told the "Journal & Courier" that he considered Gallimore to have a more "understated" production style that put greater emphasis on his vocals than Johnson's production did. Lead single "A Man Holdin' On (To a Woman Lettin' Go)", one of the tracks produced by Gallimore, was a top-five country hit that same year. After it came Herndon's third and final number-one single "It Must Be Love", which also became his only top-40 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song featured uncredited backing vocals from Sons of the Desert. Jack Sundrud, formerly of Poco, had co-written "It Must Be Love" for Great Plains, another band he was a member of at the time. When they did not record the song, it became available for Herndon. "Hands of a Working Man" was also a top-five country hit from "Big Hopes". Walter Allread of Country Standard Time thought that the tracks produced by Gallimore, such as the title track, were stronger due to their "smaller" production style relative to those produced by Johnson. Thom Owens of AllMusic was mixed toward the album, as he thought that it had "filler" tracks and "glossy production", although he praised Herndon's singing on "A Man Holdin' On" and "Hands of a Working Man". Uncredited reviews of "A Man Holdin' On" and "Hands of a Working Man" in "Billboard" were both favorable. The former was praised for Gallimore's production and the "unique perspective...of men in difficult transitions", while the latter was described as being appealing to working class listeners due to its lyrical focus on a father's struggles.


title: Ty Herndon

text: In 1999, Epic released his next studio album "Steam". Herndon selected a new producer for this album, as he thought his previous albums did not reflect the energy of his live performances. He chose Joe Scaife because of that producer's work with K.T. Oslin, a 1980s country artist Herndon referred to as "one of [his] all-time favorites". Herndon selected the songs for the album by performing them in concert so he and Scaife could gauge the audience's reaction to each. In addition, Herndon recorded demos with his road band, which he then played for the album's session musicians to give them an idea of how he wanted each song to sound. Among the involved musicians were drummer Paul Leim, steel guitar player Dan Dugmore, and guitarist Chris Leuzinger of Garth Brooks' studio band The G-Men. The album also included a horn section fronted by Jim Horn, and a string section including members of the Nashville String Machine. "Steam", the album's title track, was also its lead single. It reached top twenty by the end of 1999, but was less successful than the lead singles of Herndon's previous albums. Two other singles, "No Mercy" and "A Love Like That", peaked even lower.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Also included on the album was a cover of Joe Cocker's "You Can Leave Your Hat On", which Herndon had sung in concert for many years prior. While not a single, the cover charted at number 72 on Hot Country Songs in 2000 due to unsolicited radio airplay. Herndon considered the album more "sexy" than his previous efforts, citing both this cover and the title track as examples. Dan MacIntosh of Country Standard Time considered Herndon "too darn polite" for such material, also criticizing the album for "by-the-numbers" arrangements. A more favorable review came from AllMusic, whose Maria Konicki Dinoia wrote, "With a new production team in tow, Herndon has played a bigger part in selecting the album's songs...and it's clear he sings from the heart, as he always has." Deborah Evans Price of "Billboard" found both "Steam" and "No Mercy" "equally sensuous" in a review of the latter.


title: Ty Herndon

text: In late 2001, Epic released the song "Heather's Wall", which was intended to be the lead single from Herndon's fifth album for the label. At the time, Herndon was considering exiting the music business to star in a Broadway theatre production of "Urban Cowboy", but decided against it. Paul Worley, the producer with whom he was working at the time, recommended "Heather's Wall" to him when the two were selecting songs. Herndon originally rejected the song as "too heavy", but decided to record it after the September 11 attacks inspired him to record music again. Although the song was well-received by fans, it was unsuccessful on the singles charts and his fifth Epic album was not released. Epic then released a greatest hits package titled "" before dropping him from the label. Herndon released a Christmas album, "A Not So Silent Night," in 2002 through his fan club and official website. A year later, the Christmas album was repackaged with additional content and released on the independent label Riviera/Liquid8 Records. Otherwise, he took a hiatus from recording at this point due to a number of personal issues that included weight gain, divorce, and drug and alcohol addiction.


title: Ty Herndon

text: He returned to touring and singing in 2004 when songwriter Darrell Brown invited him to perform at the Nashville nightclub Bluebird Café. This led to him signing with Titan Pyramid Records in 2006 and releasing the album "Right About Now" in early 2007. Brown and Herndon co-produced the album with songwriter Dennis Matkosky and session musician Jonathan Yudkin. Backing vocalists included Marcus Hummon, Joanna Cotten, Emily West, and Thompson Square. Thom Jurek of AllMusic reviewed the album favorably, stating that "Herndon's voice is not only unchanged from his missing years, it's stronger, his phrasing is tighter and more expressive, and his manner of handling a song is entirely his own." One track from this album, "You Still Own Me", was released as a single in late 2007 by Canadian country band Emerson Drive.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon's next album was "Journey On", released on the independent FUNL label in 2010. The album featured mostly contemporary Christian music songs, all of which Herndon wrote or co-wrote over the span of six months. Herndon said that he did not intend for the album to be a Christian project, but found that as he was writing, many of the songs tended toward reflecting his "spiritual growth". He also said that he found the album "fun" because of how much control he had over assembling musicians and recording compared to his previous releases. The album was nominated at the 53rd Grammy Awards for Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album. "Journey On" was selected by American football player Kevin Turner as the theme song for his Kevin Turner Foundation. This foundation is dedicated to research of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's Disease, which Turner had been recently diagnosed with at the time. After "Journey On", he released a non-album single titled "Stones", which was previously recorded for his unreleased Epic album in 2001. FUNL released the song to country radio without disclosing the artist's name, and held a contest with radio programmers to see if they could determine the singer.


title: Ty Herndon

text: The album "Lies I Told Myself" followed in 2013, also on FUNL. Prior to the album's release, Herndon had performed the title track in concert, and chose to make it the lead single due to its positive reception from fans. He also noted that the track "Beautiful Love Song" had been written eight years prior and rejected by other artists, but he chose to record it because he liked the sound of the song's demo. Another track on the album, "Sugar", was co-written by country singer Sara Evans's brother, Matt Evans. Herndon compared this track to "Steam", and cited it as an example of the more "modern" sound he wanted on "Lies I Told Myself". Herndon financed the album through a Kickstarter campaign, and supported it by touring with Jamie O'Neal and Andy Griggs. Matt Bjorke of Roughstock reviewed the album favorably, praising Herndon's vocals on the ballads in particular.


title: Ty Herndon

text: His next album was 2016's "House on Fire", which once again featured several songs he co-wrote. It was his first release on the BFD label, and he co-produced with Drew Davis and Erik Halbig, a guitarist in Herndon's road band. Herndon described the title track as autobiographical, while in comparison, "All Night Tonight" came from Davis and Halbig wanting to write a "beach song". This was followed in 2019 by "Got It Covered", which featured re-recordings of his hit singles along with cover songs. Among the songs covered were Marc Cohn's "Walking in Memphis", Carrie Underwood's "So Small", and Bonnie Raitt's "I Can't Make You Love Me". Herndon said that he had almost considered retiring from country music due to the lack of success of his last few albums until he heard "So Small" on the radio. When Underwood found that Herndon had covered the song, she spoke favorably about it on social media. In 2020, Herndon collaborated with Kristin Chenoweth and Paul Cardall on a single titled "Orphans of God".


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon's next single release was "Till You Get There" in June 2022 on Pivotal Records. This was the lead single to his next studio album "Jacob", released one month later. It included more songs that Herndon had written about his personal life. Country musicians Terri Clark, Emily West, and Shelly Fairchild provided guest vocals on individual tracks, as did jazz singer Wendy Moten. Herndon told "Spin" that the album's title came from the account of Jacob wrestling with the angel in the Book of Genesis. This was followed in late 2022 by another single titled "God or the Gun", which was accompanied by a music video.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon's singing voice has generally been met with critical favor. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote of Ty Herndon's musical style, "His earnest delivery was a good match for the kind of streamlined country he sangmusic that didn't shun tradition but was aligned with the anthemic, rock-influenced arena-country pioneered by Garth Brooks at the dawn of the '90s." In a review of "Lies I Told Myself", Matt Bjorke of Roughstock wrote that "Ty's always been at his best on the ballads" and "sings his ass off showcasing a vocal many of the 'young guns' could learn from". Thom Jurek of AllMusic wrote that "Herndon has soul and plenty of it. You can hear the gospel in his voice, his love of the old country songs, but his delivery is thoroughly contemporary." An article from "Music City News" magazine re-published in the "Asheville Citizen-Times" said of Herndon, "there is a passion in his ballads, and in the case of...'I Want My Goodbye Back', an edgy emotional twist that sends listeners careening along with him". Dan MacIntosh described Herndon as having "straight-with-no-frills singing". Walter Allread wrote of Herndon on the same site, "Country music now resembles early Sixties American pop, with producers the real artists and singers merely interchangeable faces on record sleeves. As long as Ty Herndon's nice voice and face can front a hit, he's good for another 100,000 miles of touring and audio tape."


title: Ty Herndon

text: The lyrical content of his Epic albums was met with mixed reception. Michael McCall of "New Country" found some of the tracks on "What Mattered Most" "shallow", such as "In Your Face" and "Heart Half Empty". Both "Entertainment Weekly" and AllMusic panned "Living in a Moment" for formulaic lyrics. In comparison, Herndon began writing songs in the 2010s; although he had not written previously, he thought that doing so would allow his albums to become more personal.


title: Ty Herndon

text: In June 1995, Herndon was arrested in Fort Worth, Texas, at Gateway Park by an undercover male police officer. This officer alleged that Herndon exposed himself. When taken into custody, Herndon was also discovered to be in possession of methamphetamine. Herndon filed a plea bargain and was sentenced to community service and drug rehabilitation, after which the charge of indecent exposure was dropped.


title: Ty Herndon

text: In 2002, Herndon underwent a series of personal setbacks. Early in the year, he was robbed at gunpoint in Los Angeles. He also had a lawsuit filed against him by a California dentist claiming that Herndon had not paid for emergency dental work and another lawsuit from a former manager for breach of contract. In addition, he relapsed into drug and alcohol addiction. This led to him experiencing depression and weight gain. After his friends noticed he had not left his apartment in several days, they flew him to Nashville, where he lived in his mother's basement for one month before re-entering rehabilitation. After completing this, he returned to performing in 2004. Herndon's addiction to methamphetamine resulted in a second relapse in 2020, at which point he was discovered in his apartment with both methamphetamine and Ambien in his possession. According to him, this was the result of trauma from his first experience with metamphetamines at age 20, at which point he was raped. This was an attempted suicide, and would later serve as the inspiration behind his song "God or the Gun". Herndon successfully underwent drug rehabilitation a second time in late 2020-early 2021. In addition to this, Herndon was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 2021. In August 2022, Herndon began a podcast called Soundboard with Ty Herndon, in which he discusses his personal life and mental health. Guests on the podcast have included singers LeAnn Rimes and Michael Ray.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon married Renee Posey on March 13, 1993. The couple lived in Dallas, Texas at the time, but held their wedding in Nashville. During the 1990s, Posey worked as a registered nurse. Following Herndon's 1995 arrest, his sexuality became a topic of interest within the country music industry, as many presumed Herndon to be gay. At the time, Herndon's manager told "The Advocate" he did not know Herndon's orientation, but thought country music "was ready" for an artist to come out as gay. The editors of "The Encyclopedia of Country Music" wrote of the exposure incident that it "raised sexuality questions" within the genre, and that Herndon's continued commercial success throughout the rest of the 1990s indicated an unprecedented level of tolerance within the fandom. Herndon and Posey divorced in 2002.


title: Ty Herndon

text: Herndon came out as gay in a 2014 interview with "People" magazine, thus becoming the first mainstream male country star to do so. He stated that he had been in a gay relationship for several years at this point, and that his ex-wife and several close family members already knew. Herndon was partnered with his boyfriend Matt Collum for eleven years before the two amicably separated in 2021. In relation to his coming out, Herndon re-issued "What Mattered Most" in June 2019 with the song's pronouns changed to reflect a gay relationship. This re-recording appeared on "Got It Covered", and Herndon commented that he wished he could have recorded the song in that fashion at the time of its original release. Many of the songs on "House on Fire", including the title track, are about the stigmas that Herndon felt he faced as a gay man in country music, typically a more conservative genre. He also credited conversations with country singer Chely Wright, who came out as a lesbian in 2010, with giving him the confidence to come out. Another inspiration to Herndon was hearing Carrie Underwood's "So Small" on radio. Herndon's announcement preceded the coming out of several other gay musicians in the genre, such as Billy Gilman. Herndon noted that his fan base was largely supportive of him after his announcement. Herndon and Wright have performed together at benefit concerts for GLAAD on multiple occasions. In 2016 and 2017, Herndon and CMT presenter Cody Alan hosted a Concert for Love and Acceptance to support LGBT youth in Nashville.


title: Patrick Süskind

text: Patrick Süskind (; born 26 March 1949) is a German writer and screenwriter, known best for his novel "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer", first published in 1985.


title: Patrick Süskind

text: Süskind was born in Ambach, Bavaria. His father was writer and journalist Wilhelm Emanuel Süskind, who worked for the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and is famous as the co-author of the well-known publication "Aus dem Wörterbuch des Unmenschen" ("From the Dictionary of an Inhuman"), a critical collection of essays concerning the language of the Nazi era. Patrick Süskind went to school in Holzhausen, a small Bavarian village. His mother worked as a sports trainer; his older brother Martin E. Süskind is also a journalist. Süskind has many relatives from the aristocracy in Württemberg, making him one of the descendants of the exegete Johann Albrecht Bengel and of the reformer Johannes Brenz.


title: Patrick Süskind

text: After his qualification testing for university and his mandatory community service, he studied medieval and modern history at the University of Munich and in Aix-en-Provence from 1968–1974, but never graduated. Funded by his parents, he relocated to Paris, where he wrote "mainly short, unpublished fiction and longer screenplays which were not made into films".


title: Patrick Süskind

text: During 1981, he had his first major success with the play "Der Kontrabaß" ("The Double Bass"), which was conceived originally as a radio play. During the theatrical season of 1984–85, the play was performed more than 500 times. The only role is that of a tragi-comical orchestra musician. During the 1980s, Süskind was also successful as a screenwriter for the television productions "Monaco Franze" (1983) and "Kir Royal" (1987), among others. For his screenplay of "", directed by Helmut Dietl, he won the Screenplay Prize of the German Department for Culture during 1996. He rejected other awards, like the FAZ-Literaturpreis, the Toucan Prize, and the Gutenbergpreis.


title: Patrick Süskind

text: His best-known work is the internationally acclaimed bestseller "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer" (1985). "Perfume" was on the bestselling list of the German weekly news magazine "Der Spiegel" for nine years. It was adapted into directed by Tom Tykwer. Süskind is also the author of a novella, "The Pigeon" (1988), "The Story of Mr Sommer" (1991, illustrated by French cartoonist Sempe), "Three Stories and a Reflection" (1996), and a collection of essays, "On Love and Death" (2006).


title: Patrick Süskind

text: Süskind lives as a recluse in Munich, in Seeheim (on Lake Starnberg), and in France at Montolieu. The public knows little about him; he has withdrawn from literary society and does not grant interviews or allow himself to be photographed.


title: Chaal Jeevi Laiye!

text: Chaal Jeevi Laiye! () is a 2019 Indian Gujarati-language comedy-drama road film written and directed by Vipul Mehta. Produced by Rashmin Majithia, the film stars Siddharth Randeria, Yash Soni and Aarohi Patel. The soundtrack was composed by Sachin–Jigar. The film was released in India on 1 February 2019. It became the highest-grossing film of Gujarati cinema, grossing over .


title: Chaal Jeevi Laiye!

text: Workaholic Aditya ignores his father Bipin and his advice regarding health. Next day, Aditya faints and brought to hospital where he recovers. On Dr. Vadia's advice, Bipin goes under health checkup and is diagnosed with Pontine Glioma, a terminal brain tumour. Bipin wishes to visit Kedarnath and holy Ganga river with him before his death so Aditya reluctantly agrees. After visiting Ganga river, they continued their journey to Chopta via jeep. They meet Ketki on road and Aditya develops romantic interest in her. They were robbed by goons and eventually regain their possessions. On way, the father-son bond grows as well as Aditya's romance develops further. Eventually they reach Kedarnath and complete the wish.


title: Chaal Jeevi Laiye!

text: In the end, it is revealed that it's not Bipin, but Aditya suffering from brain tumour, and his father wanted to have him good time before succumbing to death.


title: Chaal Jeevi Laiye!

text: The film was released in India on 1 February 2019. Following the success, it was released in Australia on 14 March 2019 and in New Zealand, and United Kingdom on 15 March 2019. The film was also released in Germany, Singapore, Canada and in some countries of Africa. The film completed 50 weeks in cinemas on 17 January 2020. It was re-released on 31 January 2020 with subtitles and some additional shots.


title: Chaal Jeevi Laiye!

text: According to Bookmyshow, an online ticket booking website, the film earned around on its first day and almost in first week. According to trade analyst Komal Nahta, the film became the highest-grossing film of Gujarati cinema. It had collected the gross of approximately and the netted approximately in India. In overseas market, according to Rentrak, the film earned $130,000 in US, $53,031 in United Kingdom, $81,814 in Australia, $13,159 in New Zealand and $25,000 elsewhere. The film grossed over approximately about $3,03,004 () in total in overseas market.


title: Chaal Jeevi Laiye!

text: The film received mostly positive reviews by the critics. Shruti Jambhekar of "The Times of India" rated it 4 out of 5 and praised the director for screenplay, editing, cinematography, music and performances. Saurabh Shah rated it 4 out of 5 and praised direction, music and performances but criticised the length of the climax. "Mid-day Gujarati" noted the trend of films based on the father-son relationships and gave a positive review. Tushar Dave writing for Sarjak.org praised the film for its message, cinematography, music and performances of lead actors but criticised some dialogues, melodrama, performance of Aruna Irani and length of the climax.


title: Farzand

text: Farzand () is a 2018 Indian Marathi-language historical drama War film directed by Digpal Lanjekar and produced by Anirban Sarkar under the banner of Swami Samarth Creations LLP. The film was co-produced by Sandip Jadhav, Mahesh Jaurkar and Swapnil Potdar. The film stars Prasad Oak, Ankit Mohan, Chinmay Mandlekar, Mrinal Kulkarni, Mrunmayee Deshpande, Neha Joshi and Sameer Dharmadhikari. It's the first of the series in an eight movie series on Maratha Empire. It was followed by the movie Fatteshikast.


title: Farzand

text: "Farzand" follows the story of warrior Kondaji Farzand, who along with 60 warriors defeated 2500 soldiers of the enemy to win the Panhala fort in just three and half hours in 1673. The film was released on 1 June 2018. The film received generally positive reviews and was declared a commercial success.


title: Farzand

text: The story begins with the fall of Tanaji Malusare (Ganesh Yadav), in capturing Kondana fort near Pune from a Mughal garrison in 1670. Three years later, when Shivaji's coronation to be held, Shivaji (Chinmay Mandlekar) wishes that he is crowned only when his kingdom and his people have peace and security. Panhala fort is still under the command of a cruel general, Beshak Khan, of the Adil Shah of Bijapur, whose forces harass the peasantry. The previous attempt to capture the fort in 1666, which he had held briefly in 1660 had failed. To recapture the fort, a mission is planned and Shivaji appoints Kondaji Farzand (Ankit Mohan) general for the mission. Farzand picks 60 soldiers for an assault on the fort defended by the 2500-strong garrison. Bahirji Naik (Prasad Oak), the spy, and an informer Kesar (Mrunmayee Deshpande) helped in defeating 2500 soldiers of the enemy to win the Panhala fort in just three and half hours.


title: Farzand

text: Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times of India" rated the film with three and a half stars out of five and praised the casting. She noted that it lent credibility to this Marathi period film. Mentioning Ankit Mohan, Chinmay Mandlekar, Prasad Oak, Mrunmayee Deshpande and Mrinal Kulkarni, she praised their acting. She felt that lack of scale and Visual effects, was made up by performances and intent. Concluding, she said, "Farzand turns out to be more informative than entertaining, but it does manage to fairly engage you, even more if you happen to be a history enthusiast, a vigilante or a rebel with a cause." Ganesh Matkari of "Pune Mirror" gave the film three stars out of five, concurring with Vyavahare he praised the ensemble. He criticized the clean approach to the film as he noted, "But as we see them entering the fort and even in the middle of a fight, there isn’t a spot of dirt on their bright uniforms." He concluded, "Farzand is an ambitious, but old-school film which promises an engrossing experience, if you are willing to adjust your expectations." "Lokmat" rated the film with three and half stars out of five. Abhay Salvi of "Marathi Stars" rated the film with three and half stars out of five and noted, "For all Maharaj devotees "Farzand" is the film they were waiting for! And for other Marathi audiences too for the first time you could experience a spirited historical epic that has great performances & which also shies away from too much jingoism."


title: Farzand

text: The life time collection of the "Farzand" was 10 crores, and the film was declared a commercial success.


title: Darren Grimes

text: Darren Grimes (born 22 July 1993) is a British right-wing political commentator and activist. A Liberal Democrat activist before dropping out of university, he then worked for a number of Brexit campaigns. He set up the website Reasoned in May 2020.


title: Darren Grimes

text: Grimes grew up in a single-parent household in Consett, County Durham, England. He is openly gay. He studied fashion and business studies at the University of Brighton but did not complete his degree.


title: Darren Grimes

text: While at university, Grimes was an activist for the Liberal Democrats, and worked for then-MP Norman Lamb's unsuccessful 2015 party leadership campaign. In summer 2015 he was interviewed by the BBC about his admiration for former Lib Dem leader Charles Kennedy, praising Kennedy's vocal pro-EU stance and saying it could have helped the Remain side in the forthcoming referendum: "He believed that in an increasingly globalised world, having Britain in Europe was the only way forward. And I think that's the message the party needs pushing."


title: Darren Grimes

text: However, by the following year Grimes' political stance had changed and he founded the pro-Brexit group BeLeave aimed at younger voters during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum campaign.


title: Darren Grimes

text: Grimes later dropped out of university, and between 2016 and 2018, he worked as a deputy editor for the political website BrexitCentral, founded by Matthew Elliott, the former Vote Leave chief executive. In 2018, he became the digital manager for the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), a free market think tank.


title: Darren Grimes

text: In 2019, he was amongst those associated with a newly launched right-wing youth organisation called Turning Point UK (TPUK), set up by Conservative Party donor and unsuccessful Brexit Party MEP candidate George Farmer. It is closely allied to Turning Point USA, a pro-Trump youth movement.


title: Darren Grimes

text: In May 2020 Grimes launched Reasoned, a website aimed at those "standing against the tide" who "hide [their] political views for fear of being called homophobic, a TERF, [or] racist". It is a rebranding of a previous conservative youth group called Reason, and is backed by the son of former Brexit Party MEP Lance Forman. According to the satirical magazine "Private Eye", a video was released in 2020 by Grimes on Reasoned that appeared to be a near word-for-word copy of a video released by the US right-wing platform PragerU. Facebook adverts for the group placed in 2018 were paid for by "Your Channel Media", a company owned and run by TPUK chief executive Oliver Anisfeld.


title: Darren Grimes

text: In July 2020, an interview with the historian David Starkey that Grimes published on his video platform sparked controversy. The historian remarked that "Slavery was not genocide, otherwise there wouldn't be so many damn blacks in Africa or in Britain, would there?" This prompted criticism, including condemnation by former Chancellor of the Exchequer Sajid Javid, and Grimes tweeted that "I reject in the strongest possible terms what Dr Starkey said in that clip and so very wish I'd caught it at the time." The Metropolitan Police opened an investigation into Grimes on the suspicion of stirring up racial hatred, and requested to interview Grimes. The former director of public prosecutions Ken Macdonald called the investigation "deeply threatening of free speech", a view which was echoed by some Conservative Party MPs. The investigation concluded without any charges being brought.


title: Darren Grimes

text: In July 2021, Grimes sent a tweet to Marcus Rashford following the England football team's defeat in the Euro 2020 Final at which Rashford missed a penalty kick. Grimes tweeted: "Honestly though @MarcusRashford, penalties not politics from now on, aye?", referring to Rashford's successful lobbying to extend the provision of free school meals. Grimes' comment was criticised by various people on social media as insensitive.


title: Darren Grimes

text: In 2018, Grimes was fined £20,000 by the Electoral Commission after it determined that there was evidence that BeLeave had spent more than £675,000 with the Canadian political consultancy firm AggregateIQ in coordination with the official Brexit campaign organisation Vote Leave in distribution targeted social media advertisements. The Commission argued that these actions violated electoral spending rules, and that both Grimes and Vote Leave official David Alan Halsall had made false declarations relating to the spending. Grimes appealed, claiming that his misstatements were unintentional. He won the appeal and his fine was overturned; Vote Leave, however, withdrew its appeal and paid fines totalling £61,000. Subsequently, in May 2020, the Metropolitan Police ended its investigation into Grimes and Halsall. In June 2021, the Chairman of the Electoral Commission apologised to Grimes in a "Sunday Telegraph" interview.


title: Darren Grimes

text: In 2022, Grimes began presenting his own weekend show on GB News called "Real Britain". The show was cancelled in November 2022.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels (London, British Library Cotton MS Nero D.IV) is an illuminated manuscript gospel book probably produced around the years 715–720 in the monastery at Lindisfarne, off the coast of Northumberland, which is now in the British Library in London. The manuscript is one of the finest works in the unique style of Hiberno-Saxon or Insular art, combining Mediterranean, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic elements.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels are presumed to be the work of a monk named Eadfrith, who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698 and died in 721. Current scholarship indicates a date around 715, and it is believed they were produced in honour of St. Cuthbert. However, some parts of the manuscript were left unfinished so it is likely that Eadfrith was still working on it at his time of death. It is also possible that he produced them prior to 698, in order to commemorate the elevation of Cuthbert's relics in that year, which is also thought to have been the occasion for which the St Cuthbert Gospel (also British Library) was produced. The Gospels are richly illustrated in the insular style and were originally encased in a fine leather treasure binding covered with jewels and metals made by Billfrith the Anchorite in the 8th century. During the Viking raids on Lindisfarne this jewelled cover was lost and a replacement was made in 1852. The text is written in insular script, and is the best documented and most complete insular manuscript of the period.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: An Old English translation of the Gospels was made in the 10th century: a word-for-word gloss of the Latin Vulgate text, inserted between the lines by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street. This is the oldest extant translation of the Gospels into the English language. The Gospels may have been taken from Durham Cathedral during the Dissolution of the Monasteries ordered by Henry VIII and were acquired in the early 17th century by Sir Robert Cotton from Robert Bowyer, Clerk of the Parliaments. Cotton's library came to the British Museum in the 18th century and went to the British Library in London when this was separated from the British Museum.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: Lindisfarne, also known as "Holy Island", is located off the coast of Northumberland in northern England (Chilvers 2004). In around 635 AD, the Irish missionary Aidan founded the Lindisfarne monastery on "a small outcrop of the land" on Lindisfarne. King Oswald of Northumbria sent Aidan from Iona to preach to and baptise the pagan Anglo-Saxons, following the conversion to Christianity of the Northumbrian monarchy in 627. By the time of Aidan's death in 651, the Christian faith was becoming well-established in the area. The Lindisfarne gospel book is associated with the Cult of St. Cuthbert. Cuthbert was an ascetic member of a monastic community in Lindisfarne, before his death in 687. The book was made as part of the preparations to translate Cuthbert's relics to a shrine in 698. Lindisfarne has a reputation as the probable place of genesis according to the Lindisfarne Gospels. Around 705 an anonymous monk of Lindisfarne wrote the "Life of St Cuthbert". His bishop, Eadfrith, swiftly commissioned the most famous scholar of the age, Bede, to help shape the cult to a new purpose.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: In the 10th century, about 250 years after the production of the book, Aldred, a priest of the monastery at Chester-le-Street, added an Old English translation between the lines of the Latin text. In his colophon he recorded the names of the four men who produced the Lindisfarne Gospels: Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne, was credited with writing the manuscript; Ethelwald, Bishop of the Lindisfarne islanders, was credited with binding it; Billfrith, an anchorite, was credited with ornamenting the manuscript; and finally, Aldred lists himself as the person who glossed it in Anglo-Saxon (Old English).


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: Some scholars have argued that Eadfrith and Ethelwald did not produce the manuscript but commissioned someone else to do so. However, Janet Backhouse argues for the validity of the statement by pointing out that "there is no reason to doubt [Aldred's] statement" because he was "recording a well-established tradition". Eadfrith and Ethelwald were both bishops at the monastery of Lindisfarne where the manuscript was produced. As Alan Thacker notes, the Lindisfarne Gospels are "undoubtedly the work of a single hand", and Eadfrith remains regarded as "the scribe and painter of the Lindisfarne Gospels".


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels is a Christian manuscript, containing the four gospels recounting the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The manuscript was used for ceremonial purposes to promote and celebrate the Christian religion and the word of God. Because the body of Cuthbert was buried there, Lindisfarne became an important pilgrimage destination in the 7th and 8th centuries, and the Lindisfarne Gospels would have contributed to the cult of St Cuthbert. The gospels used techniques reminiscent of elite metalwork to impress a Northumbrian audience, most of whom could not read, and certainly not understand the Latin text.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: According to Aldred's colophon, the Lindisfarne Gospels were made in honour of God and Saint Cuthbert, a Bishop of the Lindisfarne monastery who was becoming "Northern England's most popular Saint". Scholars think that the manuscript was written sometime between Cuthbert's death in 687 and Eadfrith's death in 721. There is a significant amount of information known about Cuthbert thanks to two accounts of his life that were written shortly after his death, the first by an anonymous monk from Lindisfarne, and the second by Bede, a famous monk, historian, and theologian.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: Cuthbert entered into the monastery of Melrose, now in lowland Scotland but then in Northumbria, in the late 7th century, and after being ordained a priest he began to travel throughout Northumbria, "rapidly acquiring a reputation for holiness and for the possession of miraculous powers". The Synod of Whitby in 664 pitted the Hiberno-Celtic church against the Roman church regarding the calculation of the date of Easter. The dispute was adjudged by King Oswiu of Northumbria in favour of the Roman church, but many of the leading monks at Lindisfarne then returned to Iona and Ireland, leaving only a residue of monks affiliated to the Roman church at Lindisfarne. Due to increasingly slack religious practice in Lindisfarne, Cuthbert was sent to Lindisfarne to reform the religious community. In Lindisfarne Cuthbert began to adopt a solitary lifestyle, eventually moving to Inner Farne Island, where he built a hermitage. Cuthbert agreed to become bishop at the request of King Ecgfrith in 684, but within about two years he returned to his hermitage in Farne as he felt death approaching. Cuthbert died on 20 March 687 and was buried in Lindisfarne. As a venerated saint, his tomb attracted many pilgrims to Lindisfarne.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels manuscript was produced in a scriptorium in the monastery of Lindisfarne. It took approximately 10 years to create. Its pages are vellum, and evidence from the manuscript reveals that the vellum was made using roughly 150 calf skins. The book is 516 pages long. The text is written "in a dense, dark brown ink, often almost black, which contains particles of carbon from soot or lamp black". The pens used for the manuscript could have been cut from either quills or reeds, and there is also evidence to suggest that the trace marks (seen under oblique light) were made by an early equivalent of a modern pencil. Lavish jewellery, now lost, was added to the binding of the manuscript later in the 8th century. Eadfrith manufactured 90 of his own colours with "only six local minerals and vegetable extracts".


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: There is a huge range of individual pigments used in the manuscript. The colours are derived from animal, vegetable and mineral sources. Gold is used in only a couple of small details. While some colours were obtained from local sources, others were imported from the Mediterranean. The blue was long thought to be ultramarine from Afghanistan, but analysis with Raman microscopy in the 2000s revealed it to be indigo. The medium used to bind the colours was primarily egg white, with fish glue perhaps used in a few places. Backhouse emphasizes that "all Eadfrith's colours are applied with great skill and accuracy, but ... we have no means of knowing exactly what implements he used".


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: Professor Brown added that Eadfrith "knew about lapis lazuli [a semi-precious stone with a blue tint] from the Himalayas but could not get hold of it, so made his own [substitute]".


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The pages were arranged into gatherings of eight. Once the sheets had been folded together, the highest-numbered page was carefully marked out by pricking with a stylus or a small knife. Holes were pricked through each gathering of eight leaves, and then individual pages were separately ruled for writing with a sharp, dry, and discrete point.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels are impeccably designed, and as Backhouse points out, vellum would have been too expensive for "practice runs" for the pages, and so preliminary designs may have been done on wax tablets (hollowed-out wood or bone with a layer of wax). These would have been an inexpensive medium for a first draft; once a sketch had been transferred to the manuscript, the wax could be remelted and a new design or outline inscribed.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: As a result of Viking raids, the monastic community left Lindisfarne around 875, taking with them Cuthbert's body, relics, and books, including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the St Cuthbert Gospel. It is estimated that after around seven years the Lindisfarne community settled in the Priory at Chester-le-Street in Durham, where they stayed until 995 (and where Aldred would have done his interlinear translation of the text). After Henry VIII ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, the manuscript was separated from the priory. In the early 17th century the Gospels were owned by Sir Robert Cotton (1571–1631), and in 1753 they became part of the founding collections of the British Museum.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels are in remarkable condition and the text is complete and undamaged. However, the original binding of the manuscript was destroyed. In March 1852 a new binding was commissioned by bishop Edward Maltby; Smith, Nicholson and Co. (silversmiths) made the binding with the intention of recreating motifs in Eadfrith's work.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: In "The Illuminated Manuscript", Backhouse states that "The Lindisfarne Gospels is one of the first and greatest masterpieces of medieval European book painting". The Lindisfarne Gospels is described as Insular or Hiberno-Saxon art, a general term for manuscripts produced in the British Isles between 500 and 900 AD.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: As a part of Anglo-Saxon art the manuscript reveals a love of riddles and surprise, shown through the pattern and interlace in the meticulously designed pages. Many of the patterns used for the Lindisfarne Gospels date back before the Christian period. There is a strong presence of Celtic, Germanic, and Irish art styles. The spiral style and "knot work" evident in the formation of the designed pages are influenced by Celtic art.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: One of the most characteristic styles in the manuscript is the zoomorphic style (adopted from Germanic art) and is revealed through the extensive use of interlaced animal and bird patterns throughout the book. The birds that appear in the manuscript may also have been from Eadfrith's own observations of wildlife in Lindisfarne. The geometric design motifs are also Germanic influence, and appear throughout the manuscript.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The carpet pages (pages of pure decoration) exemplify Eadfrith's use of geometrical ornamentation. Another notable aspect of the Gospels is the tiny drops of red lead, which create backgrounds, outlines, and patterns, but never appear on the carpet pages. The red dots appear in early Irish manuscripts, revealing their influence in the design of the Lindisfarne Gospels. Thacker points out that Eadfrith acquired knowledge from, and was influenced by, other artistic styles, showing that he had "eclectic taste". While there are many non-Christian artistic influences in the manuscript, the patterns were used to produce religious motifs and ideas.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels are not an example of "isolated genius... in an otherwise dark age": there were other Gospel books produced in the same time period and geographic area that have similar qualities to the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Lindisfarne monastery not only produced the Lindisfarne gospels, but the Durham Gospels and Echternach Gospels as well. These gospel books were credited to "the 'Durnham-Echternach Calligrapher', thought to be the oldest member of the Lindisfarne Scriptorium". The Echternach gospels might have been made during the creation of the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Durham Gospels came after, but in an old-fashioned style. The Lichfield Gospels (Lichfield Cathedral, Chapter Library) employ a very similar style to the Lindisfarne Gospels, and it is even speculated that the artist was attempting to emulate Eadfrith's work. Surviving pages from the Lichfield Gospels also have a cross-carpet page and animal and bird interlace, but the designs do not achieve the same perfection, and are seen as looser and heavier than Eadfrith's.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The design of the Lindisfarne Gospels has also been related to the Tara Brooch (National Museum of Ireland, Dublin), displaying animal interlace, curvilinear patterns, and borders of bird interlace, but unfortunately the origin of the brooch is unknown. The Durham Gospels (Durham Cathedral Library) are suspected as having been created slightly earlier than the Lindisfarne Gospels, and while they have the bird interlace, the birds are less natural and real than Eadfrith's birds in the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Book of Durrow (Trinity College, Dublin) is also thought of as an earlier insular manuscript, as the style of the manuscript is simpler and less developed than that of the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Book of Kells (Trinity College, Dublin, MS A. I.6 (58)) employs decorative patterns that are similar to other insular art pieces of the period, but is thought to have been produced much later than the Lindisfarne Gospels.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: The Lindisfarne Gospels is a manuscript that contains the Gospels of the four Evangelists Mark, John, Luke, and Matthew. The Lindisfarne Gospels begins with a carpet page in the form of a cross and a major initial page, introducing the letter of St. Jerome and Pope Damasus I. There are sixteen pages of arcaded canon tables, where parallel passages of the four Evangelists are laid out. A portrait of the appropriate Evangelist, a carpet page and a decorated initial page precedes each Gospel. There is an additional major initial of the Christmas narrative of Matthew.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: Bede explains how each of the four Evangelists was represented by their own symbol: Matthew was the man, representing the human Christ; Mark was the lion, symbolising the triumphant Christ of the Resurrection; Luke was the calf, symbolising the sacrificial victim of the Crucifixion; and John was the eagle, symbolising Christ's second coming. A collective term for the symbols of the four Evangelists is the Tetramorphs. Each of the four Evangelists is accompanied by their respective symbol in their miniature portraits in the manuscript. In these portraits, Matthew, Mark, and Luke are shown writing, while John looks straight ahead at the reader holding his scroll. The Evangelists also represent the dual nature of Christ. Mark and John are shown as young men, symbolising the divine nature of Christ, and Matthew and Luke appear older and bearded, representing Christ's mortal nature.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: A manuscript so richly decorated reveals that the Lindisfarne Gospels not only had a practical ceremonial use, but also attempted to symbolize the Word of God in missionary expeditions. Backhouse points out that the clergy was not unaware of the profound impression a book such as the Lindisfarne Gospels made on other congregations. The opening words of the Gospel (the incipits) are highly decorated, revealing Roman capitals, Greek and Germanic letters, filled with interlaced birds and beasts, representing the splendour of God's creation. On one page alone, there are 10,600 decorative red dots. Different kinds of pigment are used throughout the manuscript. Red lead and gold were also used for decoration.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: Each carpet page contains a different image of a cross (called a cross-carpet page), emphasising the importance of the Christian religion and of ecumenical relationships between churches. The pages of ornamentation have motifs familiar from metalwork and jewellery that pair alongside bird and animal decoration.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: A campaign exists to have the gospels housed in the North East of England. Supporters include the Bishop of Durham, Viz creator Simon Donald, and the Northumbrian Association. The move is vigorously opposed by the British Library. Several possible locations have been mooted, including Durham Cathedral, Lindisfarne itself or one of the museums in Newcastle upon Tyne or Sunderland. In 1971 professor Suzanne Kaufman of Rockford, Illinois, presented a facsimile copy of the Gospels to the clergy of the Island.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: Between September and 3 December 2022 the manuscript is being exhibited in the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne.


title: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: From July to September 2013 the Lindisfarne Gospels were displayed in Palace Green Library, Durham. Nearly 100,000 visitors saw the exhibition. The manuscript exhibition also included items from the Staffordshire Hoard, the Yates Thompson 26 "Life of Cuthbert", and the gold Taplow belt buckle. Also included was the closely related St Cuthbert Gospel, which was bought by the British Library in 2012. This returned to Durham in 2014 (1 March to 31 December) for an exhibition of bookbindings at the library. Alongside the Lindisfarne Gospels Exhibition was a festival of more than 500 events, exhibitions and performances across the North East and Cumbria.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Where the Boys Are is a 1960 American CinemaScope comedy film directed by Henry Levin and starring Connie Francis, Dolores Hart, Paula Prentiss, George Hamilton, Yvette Mimieux, Jim Hutton, and Frank Gorshin. It was written by George Wells based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Glendon Swarthout. The screenplay concerns four college co-eds who spend spring break in Fort Lauderdale. The title song "Where the Boys Are" was sung by Connie Francis, who also co-starred in a supporting role.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: "Where the Boys Are" was one of the first teen films to explore adolescent sexuality and the changing sexual morals and attitudes among American college youth. Aimed at the teen market, it inspired many American college students to head to Fort Lauderdale for their annual spring break. It won Laurel Awards for Best Comedy of the Year and Best Comedy Actress (Paula Prentiss).


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The film mainly focuses on the "coming of age" of four girl students at a midwestern university during spring vacation. In a class discussion, smart, down-to-earth Merritt Andrews suggests that premarital sex might be something young women should experience. Melanie Tolman, a magnet for young men, loses her virginity on her first date, soon after the young women arrive in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Tuggle Carpenter seeks to be a "baby-making machine", lacking only a man to join her in marriage. The athletic Angie, who is clueless about romance, rounds out the group.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The girls find their attitudes challenged. Merritt, a freshman, meets suave, darkly handsome Ryder Smith, a senior at Brown University, and realizes she is not ready for sex. Melanie discovers that Franklin, a boy from Yale University whom she thought loved her, was only using her for sex. Tuggle quickly fixes her attention on goofy "TV" Thompson, a junior at Michigan State University, but becomes disillusioned when he becomes infatuated with performer Lola Fandango, a "mermaid" swimmer/dancer in a local nightclub. Angie stumbles into a relationship with eccentric jazz musician Basil.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The relationship angst of Merritt, Tuggle, and Angie evaporates when they discover Melanie is distraught after going to meet Franklin at a motel and instead finding there another of the "Yalies", Dill, who raped her. Franklin had moved on to another girl, but told Dill that Melanie was "easy" and set up the ambush. Melanie, her dress torn, walks into traffic. Just as her friends arrive, she is sideswiped by a car and is rushed to the hospital.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Ultimately, the girls resolve to act more maturely and responsibly. Melanie recovers in the hospital, with Merritt looking after her. Merritt promises Ryder she will continue their long-distance relationship. He then drives them back to college.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Joe Pasternak bought the film rights to the novel, which originally was known as "Unholy Spring", even before it was published. He assigned George Wells to write the script.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: "There isn't a gat, knife, or marijuana cigarette in the whole thing", said Pasternak. "These are good students. We'll use our young contract players, such as George Hamilton, Joe Cronin, Denny Miller, Alfredo Sadel, Bill Smith, Russ Tamblyn, Luana Patten, Maggie Pierce, Carmen Phillips, and Nancy Walters; then get one star to head the cast." Natalie Wood, who had just made "All the Fine Young Cannibals" for MGM, was mentioned as a possible star at one stage.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: MGM eventually persuaded the book's author to change the title from "Unholy Spring" to "Where the Boys Are".


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Henry Levin was signed to direct. The first two stars confirmed for the movie were George Hamilton and Yvette Mimieux. Paula Prentiss was cast despite never having made a movie before. Connie Francis also made her movie debut (although she had previously done voice work in Jamboree! and Rock Rock Rock!) . Strangely enough, this marked the first of three films starring Francis which featured "boys" in the title. The other two were Follow The Boys and When The Boys Meet The Girls. Coincidentally, Hamilton, Prentiss and star Dolores Hart were all born the same year, and 22 at the time of filming. The youngest of the principal cast was Yvette Mimieux, who was only 19 years old during filming.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The novel contained a section where the students help raise money to ship arms to Fidel Castro for his revolution in Cuba. Pasternak decided to remove this. "The author was very sympathetic to Castro", said Pasternak. "Politics does not belong in entertainment. As actors or writers or movie makers of any sort, we have a right to our political preferences. But that is why we have secret ballots... We felt that the only revolution these youngsters should be involved in was their personal revolution."


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Hamilton claims to have improvised the scene in which he wrote a question mark in the sand next to Dolores Hart. He firmly believed he was making a "little nothing of a film" and did not enjoy the shoot. The film also featured the screen debut, in an unaccredited role, by former Miss Ohio and Elvis Presley consort Kathy Gabriel.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The opening sequence was narrated by veteran voice-over artist Paul Frees. Frees is best known for his work on Disneyland attractions, such as The Haunted Mansion and Pirates Of The Caribbean.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The kind of cool modern jazz (or west coast jazz) popularized by such acts as Dave Brubeck, Gerry Mulligan, and Chico Hamilton, then in the vanguard of the college music market, features in a number of scenes with Basil. Called "dialectic jazz" in the film, the original compositions were by Pete Rugolo.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: MGM had bolstered the film's success potential by giving a large role to Connie Francis, the top American female recording star and a member of the MGM Records roster. Francis had solicited the services of Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield, who had written hit songs for her, to write original material for her to perform on the film's soundtrack including a "Where the Boys Are" title song. Sedaka and Greenfield wrote two potential title songs for the film, but producer Joe Pasternak passed over the song Francis and the songwriting duo preferred in favor of a lush 1950s style movie theme. Francis recorded the song on October 18, 1960 in a New York City recording session with Stan Applebaum arranging and conducting.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The theme song, "Where the Boys Are", peaked at No. 4 in the U.S. and became Connie Francis's signature tune. It was covered by many other artists.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Besides the theme song, Francis sang "Turn on the Sunshine", another Sedaka-Greenfield composition, in the film.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: The film's soundtrack also features "Have You Met Miss Fandango?", sung by co-star Barbara Nichols and featured music by Victor Young and lyrics by Stella Unger.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: American humanities professor Camille Paglia has praised "Where the Boys Are" for its accurate depiction of courtship and sexuality, illustrating once-common wisdom that she contends has been obscured by second-wave feminism:


title: Where the Boys Are

text: In 1960, it was announced Pasternak would make a follow up titled "Where the Girls Are", starring George Hamilton. It was meant to be an entirely different story rather than a sequel. But this was never produced.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Pasternak also announced plans to reunite Hamilton, Prentiss, Hutton and Mimieux in a romantic comedy titled "Only a Paper Moon" from a story by George Bradshaw, "Image of a Starlet". This became "A Ticklish Affair", and was made, but without any of those actors.


title: Where the Boys Are

text: Nonetheless there were a number of unofficial follow-ups. MGM liked Paula Prentiss and Jim Hutton as a team so much they put them together in three more movies: "Bachelor in Paradise", "The Honeymoon Machine" and "The Horizontal Lieutenant". MGM also made a number of other romantic comedies in the style of "Where the Boys Are", including "Come Fly with Me" and "Follow the Boys".


title: Where the Boys Are

text: It also inspired a number of imitations from other studios, including the "Beach Party" series and "Palm Springs Weekend".


title: Where the Boys Are

text: "Where the Boys Are '84" was released in 1984 by TriStar Pictures. While it bears the distinction of being the first film released by TriStar, the film was a critical and commercial failure. Although it was touted as a remake, Roger Ebert reported that "It isn't a sequel and isn't a remake and isn't, in fact, much of anything."


title: Suresh Productions

text: Suresh Productions (also known as Suresh Movies, Vijaya Suresh Combines) is an Indian film production and distribution company known for its works in Telugu cinema. It is established in 1964 by D. Ramanaidu. It is one of India's largest film production companies with over 50 years of experience. The production house is located in Ramanaidu Studios, Hyderabad.


title: Suresh Productions

text: Suresh Productions has produced more than 150 films in 13 Indian languages, majority of them in the Telugu language. The first film produced by the company was "Ramudu Bheemudu" with NTR in 1964. Suresh Productions launched the careers of directors such as B. Gopal, Jayanth C. Paranjee, Muppalaneni Shiva, Tirupathi Swamy, and Uday Shankar and four music directors.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Gopinath Pandurang Munde (12 December 1949 – 3 June 2014) was an Indian politician from Maharashtra. A popular Leader in Maharashtra called a Lokneta. He was a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Union Minister for Rural and Panchayati Raj in Narendra Modi's Cabinet. He is well known for being the mastermind behind the finish of the underworld in Mumbai, as deputy chief minister and home minister of Maharashtra in 1995-1999. He is a chief architect who introduced the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act in assembly which was ratified by the supreme court of India.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde (POS) was born in Parali, Maharashtra, on 12 December 1949, to Pandurang and Limbabai Munde in a middle class farmer's family.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: His primary education was in the village that did not have a school building. The "school" was held under the shade of a tree. He was an average student; not very bright, not a dullard either.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: He moved on to tehsil town Parali for the secondary education in the Zilla Parishad School. He used to go to Arya Samaj Mandir everyday to read newspapers and books and listen to discourses given by men of wisdom. After matriculation, he joined the college in Ambejogai for graduation in Commerce. He did not have political background in his family, yet he was drawn to the students' movement in the college. He became a kingmaker of sorts, ensuring victory of members of his group though he did not win an election even once during those four memorable years.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde attended a government primary school, in Nathra village, Beed district where classes were conducted "under a tree". He later attended the Zilla Parishad high school in Parali. He obtained a B.Com. from college in Ambejogai. Subsequently, he studied at the ILS College in Pune.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: After Gopinath Munde became Minister of Rural Development in 2014, controversy erupted over his educational qualification. According to the affidavit submitted to Election Commission by Munde for the Lok Sabha elections, he graduated from New Law College, Pune in 1976 but the college was established in 1978. Later it was confirmed that the degree was issued by the Pune University and not by the college. He has done a BCom and a BGL. he did an LLB for two years from the ILS College. However, it isn't the college that issues the degree certificate, it's Pune University.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: He was a member of Maharashtra's Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Renapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency) for five terms during 1980–1985 and 1990–2009. He was also the leader of opposition in the Assembly during 1992–1995.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde was elected to Lok Sabha in 2009 and 2014, and served as the deputy leader of the BJP in the Lok Sabha. He was appointed in Modi's cabinet and took the oath on 26 May, but died in New Delhi a week later on 3 June 2014. As per media reports he died in a road accident. However, on 21 Jan 2019, a US hacker claimed that Mr. Munde was murdered. He is the shortest served Cabinet minister ever in Indian history.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde got involved in politics when he met Pramod Mahajan, a friend and colleague in the college. As a member of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, he took part in the agitation against the state of emergency imposed by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He was incarcerated in the Nashik central jail until the Emergency was lifted.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: In 1971, he associated with the campaign of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh candidate in the Lok Sabha election in the Beed constituency. He attended the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's Shiksha Varga (Training Camp) held in Pune that year. He soon became the Sambhajinagar Mandal Karyavah, looking after half a dozen shakhas of the RSS, and subsequently, the in-charge of its Pune City Students' Cell. Later, he was made a member of the executive committee of the city RSS. The Janata Party by this time had split, and the Bharatiya Janata Party, founded by the leaders the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh had come into existence. Munde was made President of the Maharashtra unit of the BJP's youth wing, the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: When munde was deputy chief minister of Maharashtra state, he worked against gang wars and underworld Don's.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: After 1993 Mumbai attacks munde took over the home ministry of Maharashtra state and started war against underworld Don's and their supporters.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: He contested election from Parli (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in 1978 but lost. He was first elected to Vidhan Sabha from Renapur in 1980 as BJP candidate and later represented the seat again in 1995, 1999 and 2004.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: He was the Leader of Opposition in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha from 12 December 1991 to 14 March 1995. Munde was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra when Manohar Joshi-led government took over the reins of the state on 14 March 1995.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde defeated Rameshrao Baburao Kokate (Adaskar) an NCP Candidate. In 2014, Munde again won the Lok sabha election from Beed Constituency by margin of 140,000 votes. Subsequently, on 26 May 2014, he was appointed as Minister of Rural Development in the cabinet of Prime minister Narendra Modi. Within a few days, he was involved in a car accident and died within a few minutes of the mishap.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde's father Pandurangrao and mother Limbabai struggled against heavy odds and did not spare any efforts to provide for his education. After the death of his father in 1969, his brothers took care of his education. He was the third child in the family. His wife Pradnya is a graduate and a housewife. He met her during his college days at Ambajogai. Her elder brother Pramod Mahajan was Information and Broadcasting Minister in the Atal Behari Vajpayee government.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde has three daughters, named Pankaja, Preetam and Yashashri. Pankaja Munde, the eldest daughter, was a minister in Maharashtra Government from 2014 to 2019. Pritam Munde, his second daughter, is a member of Lok Sabha since 2014, first elected from her father's seat which fell vacant after his sudden death. His nephew, Dhananjay Munde, is a member of Nationalist Congress Party, and a cabinet minister in Maharashtra government since 2019.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: As per media reports, Munde met with a road accident in the early morning of 3 June 2014, while on his way to Delhi airport. He was going for his first official meeting after taking the post. The accident took place between Safdarjung Road and Prithviraj Road, New Delhi where his car was hit by a speeding cab. He was immediately rushed to the AIIMS hospital but later went into cardiac arrest. He was administered CPR but could not be resuscitated and was declared dead at 7:20 a.m.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: Munde suffered cervical fractures due to which supply of oxygen to his brain was cut off. Further, his liver was ruptured due to impact of accident


title: Gopinath Munde

text: According to the preliminary post mortem report, his liver ruptured due to the accident leading to cardiac arrest.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: His funeral was held at 2pm on 4 June 2014 at his native place Parali Vaijenath near Beed. Pankaja Munde, Gopinath Munde's daughter performed the last rites to her father.


title: Gopinath Munde

text: The accident as a reason behind his death was questioned and raised speculations in media when on 21 Jan 2019 a US hacker claimed that Munde was murdered. Followed after this claim a statement was issued by Union Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, saying Munde's death was caused by neck injury when in the post mortem report it was mentioned that he died because of liver rupture. Amidst the speculations, Munde's nephew Dhananjay Munde also had asked for probe into his death.


title: Lewis Capaldi discography

text: This is the discography of Scottish singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi. He achieved global mainstream success in 2019 with his breakthrough single "Someone You Loved", which charted in over 29 countries and spent seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. His debut album "Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent" followed in May, which became the best selling album in the UK in five years, spending five weeks at number one in its first six weeks of release. The album was also certified gold in the UK only two weeks after release. At the 2019 Brit Awards, Capaldi was nominated for the Brit Critics' Choice Award, but lost to Sam Fender.


title: Lewis Capaldi discography

text: Capaldi also became the first artist to sell out an arena tour before the release of an album. The shows sold out in one second upon tickets becoming available and saw Capaldi play to over 250,000 people in March 2020.


title: McCollough effect

text: The McCollough effect is a phenomenon of human visual perception in which colorless gratings appear colored contingent on the orientation of the gratings. It is an aftereffect requiring a period of induction to produce it. For example, if someone alternately looks at a red horizontal grating and a green vertical grating for a few minutes, a black-and-white horizontal grating will then look greenish and a black-and-white vertical grating will then look pinkish. The effect is remarkable because, although it diminishes rapidly with repeated testing, it has been reported to last up to 2.8 months when exposure to testing is limited.


title: McCollough effect

text: The effect is inducted by looking at a "test" image similar to that below. It contains oppositely-oriented gratings of lines, horizontal and vertical. Next, the subject stares alternately at two "induction" images similar to the ones directly beneath the top image. One image should show one orientation of grating (here horizontal) with a colored background (red) and the other should show the other orientation of grating (here vertical) with a different, preferably oppositely colored background (green). Each image should be gazed at by the subject for several seconds at a time, and the two images should be gazed at for a total of several minutes for the effect to become visible. The subject should stare approximately at the center of each image, allowing the eyes to move around a little. After several minutes, the subject should look back to the test image; the gratings should appear tinted by the opposite color to that of the induction gratings (i.e., horizontal should appear greenish and vertical pinkish).


title: McCollough effect

text: McCollough originally reported that these aftereffects may last for an hour or more. Jones and Holding (1975) found that with repeated testing of the effect, the effect itself diminishes; subjects inducted for 15 minutes and then tested several times over the course of a few days lost the effect within 5 days, but those inducted for the same time but not exposed to testing until 85 days later retained the effect.