title: Salman Yusuff Khan

text: In 2013, he debuted as an actor in the 3D dance-based film "", which was released on 8 February 2013, directed by Remo D'Souza co-starring Prabhu Deva, Dharmesh Yelande, Lauren Gottlieb and Punit Pathak.


title: Salman Yusuff Khan

text: He later participated in "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" first as a choreographer opposite Yana Gupta (Season 4), Isha Sharvani (Season 5) and became the winner with Drashti Dhami (Season 6) in 2013. In 2014, he was a participant of "". He was also choreographer in "Creature 3D", "Zid". Salman was a judge in the dance reality show Dance Dance Juniors.


title: Salman Yusuff Khan

text: In 2018, he starred in the Tamil dance film "Lakshmi", which was released on 24 August 2018, directed by A. L. Vijay co-starring Prabhu Deva, Ditya Bhande, and Aishwarya Rajesh. Later, he is the judge of dance reality show HIGH FEVER, and he also was a Choreographer in "Welcome to New York".


title: Salman Yusuff Khan

text: In 2020, he appeared in the dance film "Street Dancer 3D" which was released on 24 January 2020, directed by Remo D'Souza co-starring Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor, Prabhu Deva, Raghav Juyal, and Nora Fatehi.


title: The Pyramid (Antarctica)

text: The Pyramid () is a small but distinctive peak of Omak just south of Pyramid Trough, at the west side of the Koettlitz Glacier. The descriptive name appears to have been first used by the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910–1913.


title: Birthday effect

text: The birthday effect (sometimes called the birthday blues, especially when referring specifically to suicide) is a statistical phenomenon where an individual's likelihood of death appears to increase on or close to their birthday. The birthday effect has been seen in studies of general populations in England and Wales, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States, as well as in smaller populations such as Major League Baseball players. Studies do not consistently show this effect; some studies find that men's and women's mortality rates diverge in the run-up to the birthday, while others find no significant gender effect. Suggested mechanisms for the effect include alcohol consumption, psychological stress relating to the birthday, increased suicide risk, terminally ill patients attempting to hold on until their birthday, an increased mortality salience, or a physiological cycle that causes the body to weaken annually. It has also been suggested that it may be a statistical artifact, perhaps as a result of anomalies in reporting, but the birthday effect has also been seen in studies that control for known reporting anomalies.


title: Birthday effect

text: With the introduction of statistical software that can process large datasets easily, a number of state- or country-wide studies have been carried out to investigate whether birthdays have any effect on mortality. The first large-scale study used the records of 2,745,149 Californians who died between 1969 and 1990. After correcting for confounding factors such as seasonality in deaths, elective surgery, and people born on February 29, there was a significant increase in deaths in the week before the individual's birthday for men, and in the week after the birthday for women – in both cases, mortality did not peak on the birthday, but close to it. This effect was consistent across age and race cohorts.


title: Birthday effect

text: A similar study among 12,275,033 Swiss found the highest mortality on the actual birthday (17% greater than the expected value), and the effect was largest for those over 80; another study on Swiss data found a 13.8% excess and was able to link this to specific causes: heart attack and stroke (predominant in women) and suicides and accidents (predominant in men), as well as an increase in cancer deaths. Among 25 million Americans who died between 1998 and 2011, 6.7% more people than expected die on their birthday, and the effect was most pronounced at weekends and among the young – among 20 to 29 year olds, the excess was over 25%. An even greater excess was found in the population of Kiyv, where between 1990 and 2000 there were 44.4% more deaths than expected among men on their birthdays and 36.2% more than expected among women. Smaller biographical studies have also shown a birthday effect within subpopulations, such as among Major League Baseball (MLB) players and people with entries in the "Encyclopedia of American History".


title: Birthday effect

text: Focusing on suicide deaths alone, large studies have found evidence for a peak in suicides on or just after a birthday in Denmark and Hungary, but not in Bavaria or Taiwan.


title: Birthday effect

text: However, other studies have not found such a correlation. A study using the populations of Denmark and Austria (a total of 2,052,680 deaths over the time period) found that although people's life span tended to correlate with their month of birth, there was no consistent birthday effect, and people born in autumn or winter were more likely to die in the months further from their birthday. A study of all cancer deaths in Germany from 1995 to 2009 found no evidence of a birthday effect, although it did find a related Christmas effect. A small study by Leonard Zusne found birthday effects among both male and female cohorts, where women were more likely to die immediately before a birthday and men more likely to die immediately after, but that when averaged together there was no birthday effect among the population as a whole. The same was found for a study of mortality data in England and Wales, where there was a statistically significant birthday effect among each subgroup (men and women; never married, married, divorced and widowed) but it was not seen in the population as a whole.


title: Birthday effect

text: Birthday celebrations are often associated with large increases in alcohol consumption. Binge drinking can increase an individual's risk of death through alcohol intoxication, accidents and drunk driving, as well as by exacerbating existing conditions and increasing suicide risk. In the US where the legal minimum drinking age is 21, there is a very large mortality rate excess on the 21st birthday and the day immediately following, almost entirely attributable to an increase in accidents.


title: Birthday effect

text: Two mutually contradictory explanations have been put forward that rely on psychosomatic effects. On the one hand, a birthday provides a fixed date to focus on, allowing the terminally ill to hold on until the day itself. On the other hand, a birthday also reminds the individual of mortality and offers an occasion to look back on life. According to the terror management theory, this causes stress which can accelerate death. The uneven mortality rate distribution between men and women, and between more and less successful baseball players, suggests that both may play a role in the birthday effect: people who have focused on the public sphere of life (for example, career-driven people or professional athletes) might be reminded that their glory days have passed, while those who lived more in the private sphere (such as stay-at-home parents and amateur sports players) are more aware of what they will lose in death and try to hold on. Related is the "broken promise effect", whereby a person suffering suicidal ideation will wait until a birthday or other significant event to see whether their circumstances will improve.


title: Birthday effect

text: The psychosomatic/psychological model would also explain the similar increase in cancer deaths around holidays such as Christmas, and is supported by the fact that such phenomena appear to be dependent on culture – there is a Passover effect among the Jewish community (which moves with the festival), and a Mid-Autumn Festival effect among the Chinese.


title: Birthday effect

text: It has been suggested that, like the 24-hour circadian rhythm, the body also has a yearly "circannual" biological rhythm. Vaiserman et al. have suggested that the climatic conditions at birth act as a zeitgeber that triggers internal stress and increases the chance of death.


title: Birthday effect

text: It is possible when processing death certificates to confuse the date of birth and date of death fields, which would increase the apparent number of certificates in which these coincide. Additionally, where the exact date is not known, the 1st and 15th of the month are often used as placeholders. These will cause an excess of births and deaths recorded on these dates. However studies also find changes in the mortality rate in the days immediately before and after, which are unlikely to be caused by data processing anomalies, suggesting that statistical artifacts alone cannot explain the birthday effect.


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: If Beale Street Could Talk is a 1974 novel by American writer James Baldwin. His fifth novel (and 13th book overall), it is a love story set in Harlem in the early 1970s. The title is a reference to the 1916 W.C. Handy blues song "Beale Street Blues", named after Beale Street in Downtown Memphis, Tennessee.


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: It was adapted as a film of the same name, written and directed by Barry Jenkins, and it garnered an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Regina King. The film was released theatrically on December 14, 2018.


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: The book follows a relationship between a 19-year-old girl named Tish, whose given name is Clementine Rivers, and a 22-year-old sculptor named Fonny, whose given name is Alonzo Hunt. They grew up in the same neighborhood in New York City and are childhood friends. They fall in love and become engaged. But when Tish is 21, Fonny is falsely accused of raping a woman, and arrested and jailed awaiting his trial. Tish learns that she is pregnant after Fonny is incarcerated and must rely on her and Fonny's family for support. The failures of the criminal justice system keep Fonny incarcerated.


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: Beale Street is the first Baldwin novel to focus exclusively on a Black love story; it is also the only novel in his corpus narrated by a woman. Published at the tail end of the Black Arts Movement, it explores love within Black life, centering on the emotional bonds holding two African American families together.


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: Reviewing the novel in "The New York Times" in 1974, the novelist Joyce Carol Oates described the book as "a moving, painful story" but "ultimately optimistic. It stresses the communal bond between members of an oppressed minority, especially between members of a family," offering


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: "a quite moving and very traditional celebration of love. It affirms not only love between a man and a woman, but love of a type that is dealt with only rarely in contemporary fiction--that between members of a family, which may involve extremes of sacrifice."


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: Anatole Broyard, also writing for "The New York Times," was less sanguine. Deeming the novel a "sentimental love story," he writes,


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: I get the feeling that Mr. Baldwin doesn't worry overmuch about the authenticity of his books. He knows that, with all his faults, a sizable proportion of the American public will love him still. He is a brand name by now. In fact, he is so dated—I think even Richard Wright is more contemporary—that he might even qualify for our current nostalgia craze. An urbanized "Perils of Pauline," his book could make it equally well as a "gothic" novel, sending thrills of synthetic terror down the spine of that legendary old lady in Dubuque.


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: In 2015, Stacia L. Brown, writing in "Gawker", similarly found "Beale Street" "belong[ed] to a collection of literature that seeks to humanize black men, through their relationships with parents, lovers, siblings, and children. It swan-dives from optimism to bleakness and rises from the ash of dashed hopes."


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: When Baldwin spoke to Hugh Hebert of "The Guardian" upon the release of "Beale Street" in 1974, he said about his work: "Every poet is an optimist... But on the way to that optimism 'you have to reach a certain level of despair to deal with your life at all.'"


title: If Beale Street Could Talk

text: Barry Jenkins wrote and directed the film adaptation of the novel, starring KiKi Layne as Tish and Stephan James as Fonny, with Regina King (who won an Academy Award for her role). The adaptation was produced by Plan B Entertainment, and was screened at the St. Louis International Film Festival in November 2018. Annapurna Pictures released the film on December 14, 2018.


title: Jelena Jensen

text: Jelena Jensen (born October 7, 1981) is an American pornographic film actress, nude model, and webcam model.


title: Jelena Jensen

text: Jensen was born in Los Angeles, California. She is of German descent. She attended Chapman University in Orange County, California and graduated in May 2003 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in film and television production. Jensen had her start in the porn industry while in college, as a product and marketing manager for an adult DVD retail website.


title: Jelena Jensen

text: Jensen had her first photo shoot with Scott St. James, which was published in the August 2003 edition of "Club" magazine. Since then she has worked with many photographers, including Suze Randall, Holly Randall, and Ken Marcus; and with directors such as Andrew Blake and Bunny Luv. Originally only a "softcore" actress, in 2009 she began performing hardcore penetrative scenes for her website.


title: Jelena Jensen

text: Jensen has appeared in "Playboy", "Penthouse", and "Hustler". She had a recurring role in Digital Playground's "Jack's Playground" series, hosted Playboy TV's "Totally Busted", and had a cameo appearance in the dark comedy–horror film "Bad Biology" (2010).


title: Jelena Jensen

text: , Jensen runs her own website, manages other performers' sites, and hosts the Vivid Radio show "The J Spot".


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin () is a 1991 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film produced by Gulshan Kumar and directed by Mahesh Bhatt. The film starred Bhatt's daughter Pooja Bhatt in her first major lead female role, while the lead male role was played by Aamir Khan. Supporting roles were played by Anupam Kher, Sameer Chitre, and Tiku Talsania, while Deepak Tijori made a special appearance.


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin" is an unofficial remake of the 1934 Hollywood film "It Happened One Night" starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert, as well as the 1956 Hindi film "Chori Chori" starring Raj Kapoor and Nargis. In turn, "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin" was remade in Tamil as "Kadhal Rojavae" (2000). The Kannada movie "Hudugaata" (2007) was also inspired by the same American film.


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: The movie was a box office success and boosted the career of newcomer Pooja Bhatt while cementing Aamir Khan's status as a leading movie star. The film's soundtrack, with music by Nadeem–Shravan, was also praised.


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: Pooja Dharamchand is the daughter of a rich Bombay shipping tycoon, Seth Dharamchand. She is head-over-heels in love with movie star Deepak Kumar, but her father strongly disapproves of their courtship. One night, Pooja escapes from her father's yacht and hops onto a bus to Bangalore to be with Deepak, who is shooting for a film there. Meanwhile, Seth Dharamchand, realizing his daughter has run away, dispatches private detectives to locate her.


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: Aboard the bus, Pooja meets Raghu Jetley, a loud-mouth journalist who has just lost his job. He offers to help her in exchange for an exclusive story on her, which would revive his flagging career. Pooja is forced to agree to his demands, as he threatens to let her father know of her whereabouts should she not comply. After both of them happen to miss the bus, Raghu and Pooja go through various adventures together and find themselves falling in love with one another.


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: Raghu desires to marry Pooja, but knows that financially he is in no shape to do so. Pooja also falls for Raghu and she decides to go with him, but a misunderstanding leads her to believe that Raghu was just looking for a story and not her love.


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: She calls it quits, returns home and agrees to marry Deepak. However, her father learns about Raghu when he comes to him to take back his money, spent by Raghu on Pooja on his way to Bangalore. He realizes how Raghu has taken care of Pooja during the trip. Pooja misunderstands him and believes that he might have come for the reward announced by her rich father. At last her father tells Pooja that Raghu is the right man for her and that he has not come for the reward. On the wedding day she realizes that Raghu really loves her and then runs away from the marriage mandap (hall) to Raghu with her father's support.


title: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin

text: The soundtrack of the movie is composed by the music director duo Nadeem-Shravan. The song lyrics were written by Sameer, Faaiz Anwar, Rani Malik and Aziz Khan. All the songs are sung by Anuradha Paudwal, along with co-singers Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet, Babla Mehta and Debashish Dasgupta. On first release of audio, all the songs were originally voiced by Babla Mehta, but later was released with Kumar Sanu replacing Mehta, except "Galyat Sankali Sonyachi" sung by Mehta and "Dil Tujhpe Aa Gaya" sung by Abhijeet. The album became very popular in India with tracks like the title track and "Tu Pyaar Hai Kisi Aur Ka" being very successful tracks in the 90s, and still are iconic till date. It was the 5th highest-selling Bollywood soundtrack of 1991 with 2.5 million units sold


title: Presidential elections in France

text: Presidential elections in France determine who will serve as President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra for the French side for the next five years.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: Until 2002, the elections were held every seven years. They are always held on a Sunday. Since 1965 the president has been elected by direct popular vote. Candidates appear on the ballot after the Constitutional Council has validated their candidacy. Should no candidate receive over 50% of the vote in the first round, a second round is organised two weeks later with the top two contenders.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: Candidates in presidential elections in France have the right to visit French military bases on national soil and abroad to gain a better understanding of the French Armed Forces, although they are prohibited from using such visits for campaign events. Depending on their respective results in the election, they are eligible to different modalities of reimbursement of their campaign expenses by the state. The state also monitors appearances on television and radio programmes through its Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication (ARCOM) to ensure equal airtime between candidates during the campaign; each candidate has the right to a certain amount of time not to be exceeded per media platform.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: There was one presidential election in France during the government known as the Second Republic (1848–1851). It was held in 1848. The president was elected by direct popular vote.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: There were 15 presidential elections in France during the government known as the Third Republic (1870–1940).


title: Presidential elections in France

text: According to the Constitutional Laws of 1875, the President was elected by an absolute majority of votes by the two houses of the Parliament assembled at the National Assembly.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: There were two presidential elections in France during the republican government known as the Fourth Republic (1946–1958). They were held in 1947 and 1953.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: The president was elected by the Congress of the French Parliament, a joint meeting of both houses of the French Parliament (the National Assembly and the Council of the Republic).


title: Presidential elections in France

text: There have been twelve presidential elections in France since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: Originally the president was elected by an electoral college comprising the members of French Parliament, the general councils and the assemblies of the overseas territories, as well as the elected representatives of the municipal councils. This electoral college included around 80,000 departmental and municipal councillors (who had been elected locally).


title: Presidential elections in France

text: Following constitutional reform in November 1962 (the constitutional Act of 6 November), pushed by President Charles de Gaulle, the president has been directly elected by the people of France in a two-round election.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: Until a 24 September 2000 constitutional referendum, the president had been elected for a seven-year term since 1958. With the referendum being successful, the term was reduced to five years. Therefore once the winner of the 2002 election, Jacques Chirac, took office as president, the next election was scheduled for 2007 rather than 2009. The French constitutional law of 23 July 2008 proposed by President Nicolas Sarkozy following an election pledge introduced term limits. No president can be reelected to a third consecutive term; any president can however run for a third term after having left office.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: Currently, the President of the French Republic is elected to a five-year term in a two-round election under Article 7 of the Constitution: if no candidate secures an absolute majority (including blank and void ballots) of votes in the first round, a second round is held two weeks later between the two candidates who received the most votes. every election since the direct election system was introduced has gone to a second round.


title: Presidential elections in France

text: The most recent election took place in 2022, with the first round being held on 10 April and the second round on 24 April.


title: Village (United States)

text: In the United States, the meaning of village varies by geographic area and legal jurisdiction. In many areas, "village" is a term, sometimes informal, for a type of administrative division at the local government level. Since the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from legislating on local government, the states are free to have political subdivisions called "villages" or not to and to define the word in many ways. Typically, a village is a type of municipality, although it can also be a special district or an unincorporated area. It may or may not be recognized for governmental purposes.


title: Village (United States)

text: In informal usage, a U.S. village may be simply a relatively small clustered human settlement without formal legal existence. In colonial New England, a village typically formed around the meetinghouses that were located in the center of each town. Many of these colonial settlements still exist as town centers. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, industrial villages also sprang up around water-powered mills, mines, and factories. Because most New England villages were contained within the boundaries of legally established towns, many such villages were never separately incorporated as municipalities.


title: Village (United States)

text: A relatively small unincorporated community, similar to a hamlet in New York state, or even a relatively small community within an incorporated city or town, may be termed a village. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as an incorporated municipality and is similar to the usage of the term "unincorporated town" in states having town governments.


title: Village (United States)

text: States that formally recognize villages vary widely in the definition of the term. Most commonly, a village is either a special district or a municipality. As a municipality, a village may


title: Village (United States)

text: Under Article 10, Section 2 of the Alaska Constitution, as well as law enacted pursuant to the constitution, Alaska legally recognizes only cities and boroughs as municipal entities in Alaska. In Alaska, "village" is a colloquial term used to refer to small communities, which are mostly located in the rural areas of the state, often unconnected to the contiguous North American road system. Many of these communities are populated predominantly by Alaska Natives and are federally recognized as villages under the Indian Reorganization Act and/or the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. As voting membership in the Alaska Municipal League is on an equal footing, regardless of population, most villages are incorporated as second-class cities. In common usage, however, these communities are thought of more often as villages than as cities.


title: Village (United States)

text: Village districts are subordinate agencies of municipal governments rather than municipalities in their own right.


title: Village (United States)

text: Municipalities in Delaware are called cities, towns, or villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes.


title: Village (United States)

text: Municipalities in Florida are called cities, towns, or villages. They are not differentiated for census purposes.


title: Village (United States)

text: All municipalities in Idaho are called cities, although the terms "town" and "village" are sometimes used in statutes.


title: Village (United States)

text: A village is a type of incorporated municipality in Illinois; the other two types are the city and the incorporated town. All incorporated municipalities, regardless of type, are independent of each other, and cannot overlap. Villages can be created by referendum under the general state law or by special state charter. The governing body is a board of six elected trustees and an elected village president, all of whom are usually elected at-large.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Maine, village corporations or village improvement corporations are special districts established in towns for limited purposes.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Maryland, a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or a special tax district. An example of the latter is the Village of Friendship Heights. The distinction is legally relevant to the level of police power that a village may exercise.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Michigan, villages differ from cities in that, whereas villages remain part of the townships in which they are formed, thereby reducing their home-rule powers, cities are not part of townships. Because of this, village governments are required to share some of the responsibilities to their residents with the township.


title: Village (United States)

text: Villages that existed in Minnesota as of January 1, 1974, became cities, which may operate under general municipal law ("statutory city") or adopt a charter for itself to become a charter city.


title: Village (United States)

text: The municipalities of Missouri are cities, towns, and villages. Unlike cities, villages have no minimum population requirement.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Nebraska, a village is a municipality of 100 through 800 inhabitants, whereas a city must have at least 800 inhabitants. In counties having townships, all villages, but only some cities, are within township areas. A city of the second class (800-5,000 inhabitants) may elect to revert to village status.


title: Village (United States)

text: In New Hampshire, a village district or precinct may be organized within a town. Such a village district or precinct is a special district with limited powers.


title: Village (United States)

text: A village in the context of New Jersey local government, refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government. Villages in New Jersey are of equal standing to other municipalities, such as cities, towns, boroughs, and townships


title: Village (United States)

text: The municipalities in New Mexico are cities, towns, and villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes.


title: Village (United States)

text: In New York, a village is an incorporated area that differs from a city in that a village is within the jurisdiction of one or more towns, whereas a city is independent of a town. Villages thus have less autonomy than cities.


title: Village (United States)

text: A village is usually, but not always, within a single town. A village may be coterminous with, and have a consolidated government with, a town. A village is a clearly defined municipality that provides the services closest to the residents, such as garbage collection, street and highway maintenance, street lighting and building codes. Some villages provide their own police and other optional services. Those municipal services not provided by the village are provided by the town or towns containing the village. As of the 2000 census, there are 553 villages in New York.


title: Village (United States)

text: There is no limit to the population of a village in New York; Hempstead, the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km²) in area. Present law requires a minimum of 500 residents to incorporate as a village.


title: Village (United States)

text: The municipalities in North Carolina are cities, towns, and villages. There are no significant differences in legal power or status.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Ohio, a village is an incorporated municipality with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, excluding residents of educational or correctional facilities. The minimum population for incorporation as a village is 1,600 inhabitants, but this was not always the case, resulting in many very small villages. If an existing village's population surpasses 5,000 at a federal census, or if a village comes to have more than 5,000 resident registered voters, it is automatically designated as a city. Cities or villages may be located within township areas; however, if a city or village becomes coterminous with a township, the township ceases to exist as a separate government (see Paper township).


title: Village (United States)

text: In Oregon, the municipal governments are cities, towns, and villages, although there is no significance in their legal powers or status. Also, one county — Clackamas County — permits the organization of unincorporated areas into villages and hamlets. The boards of such entities are advisory to the county.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Texas, villages may be Type B or Type C municipalities, but not Type A municipalities. The types differ in terms of population and in terms of the forms of government that they may adopt.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Vermont, villages are named communities located within the boundaries of a legally established town, unlike cities, which are outside of any town area. Villages may be incorporated or unincorporated.


title: Village (United States)

text: In West Virginia, towns and villages are Class IV municipalities, i.e., having 2,000 or fewer inhabitants.


title: Village (United States)

text: In Wisconsin, cities and villages are both outside the area of any town. Cities and villages differ in terms of the population and population density required for incorporation.


title: Tradecraft

text: Tradecraft, within the intelligence community, refers to the techniques, methods and technologies used in modern espionage (spying) and generally, as part of the activity of intelligence assessment. This includes general topics or techniques (dead drops, for example), or the specific techniques of a nation or organization (the particular form of encryption (encoding) used by the National Security Agency, for example).


title: Tradecraft

text: In the books of such authors as thriller writer Grant Blackwood, espionage writer Tom Clancy, and spy novelists Ian Fleming and John le Carré, characters frequently engage in tradecraft, e.g., making or retrieving items from "dead drops", "dry cleaning", and wiring, using, or sweeping for intelligence gathering devices, such as cameras or microphones hidden in the subjects' quarters, vehicles, clothing, or accessories.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Monrovia is a city located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 37,931 at the 2020 census. Monrovia has been used for filming TV shows, movies and commercials.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Monrovia is the fourth-oldest general-law city in Los Angeles County and the L.A. Basin (after Los Angeles, Santa Monica, and Pasadena, all now charter cities). Incorporated in 1887, Monrovia has grown from a sparse community of orange ranches to a residential community of over 37,000.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Around 500 BC, a band of Shoshonean-speaking Indians named the Tongva established settlements in what is now the San Gabriel Valley. They were called the Gabrieliño Indians by early Spanish missionaries, a tribe of Mission Indians. The Tongva were not farmers; they gathered wild seeds, berries, and plants along rivers and in marshlands. Abundant oaks in the Valley, such as Coast Live Oak and Interior Live Oak provided a staple of the Tongva diet: acorn mush made of boiled acorn flour.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In 1769, the Portolà expedition was the first recorded Spanish (or any European) land entry and exploration of present-day California, then the Spanish colonial "Las Californias Province" of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (colonial México). It had been claimed from sea by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542 for the King of Spain, Europeans first visited the San Gabriel Valley, including Monrovia. The expedition, led by Gaspar de Portolà, proceeded north from San Diego, passing through the area en route to Monterey Bay. Accompanying Portolà was Franciscan padre Juan Crespí, famed diarist of the expedition. Much of what is known of early California is from Crespi's detailed descriptions.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In 1771, the Franciscans established the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in the San Gabriel Valley. The mission continued after Mexican independence in 1822. In 1833, the Mexican Congress initiated secularization of the missions in Alta California, to begin seizure of mission properties for sale to private rancho grantees.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In 1841, Alta California Governor Juan Alvarado issued Mexican land grants for Rancho Azusa de Duarte to Andrés Duarte, a Mexican soldier; and for Rancho Santa Anita to Hugo Reid, a naturalized Mexican citizen of Scottish birth. Monrovia is made of parts of these two ranchos.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In the mid-19th century, most of Rancho Azusa de Duarte was subdivided and sold by Duarte to settle his debts. Some of those parcels became part of the ranch of William N. Monroe, Monrovia's eponym.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Rancho Santa Anita changed hands several times before the multimillionaire, silver baron and rancher, E.J. "Lucky" Baldwin acquired it in 1875. That same year his Los Angeles Investment Company began subdividing and selling parcels from many of his ranchos. In 1883, 240 acres (970,000 m) of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to Monroe for $30,000. Additional parcels of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to Edward F. Spence, John D. Bicknell, James F. Crank, and J.F. Falvey.


title: Monrovia, California

text: The completion of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad in 1887, later sold to the Santa Fe, (which would run through Monrovia), and Southern Pacific railroads to Southern California would bring new people looking for homes and investment opportunities. With this in mind, Monroe, Spence, Bicknell, Crank, and Falvey combined their land under the business name of the Monrovia Land and Water Company in 1886, centered at Orange (now Colorado Boulevard) and Myrtle Avenues; the first tract extended from Magnolia Avenue on the west to Charlotte Avenue (Canyon Boulevard) on the east, a half block south of Walnut on the south and a half block north of Lime on the north. The subdivision was subdivided into 600 by (1.84 acre) lots and sold.


title: Monrovia, California

text: The town was incorporated in 1887 under the leadership of prohibitionists who wished to control the arrival of an unwelcome saloon. The first order of business for the newly formed government was to pass a tippler's law, prohibiting the sale of alcohol.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In 1903, the "Monrovia News" was established. That same year, the Pacific Electric was opened, providing transportation to and from Los Angeles, making it possible for Monrovia homeowners to work in Los Angeles.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In 1905, Carnegie funds became available and with the help of the Board of Trade (forerunner to the Chamber of Commerce), and the Monrovia Women's Club, a bond issue was passed to purchase the Granite Bank Building to be used as a City Hall, and to acquire property for a public park. The Granite Building serves as the city hall, fire and police department facilities in 1961 and the fire department in 1974. In 1956, the old Carnegie library building was torn down and a new library was constructed. In March 2007, a new library was voted on by the people of Monrovia. It won with 70% yes votes. The library now has 190,000 books, a heritage room for historical documents, and areas for children, teens, and adults.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In 1930, the Monrovia Airport, also known as the Foothill Flying Club, was commercially established. The small airstrip claimed to have had 12,000 paying customers use the airfield in 1932 and on the 19th of May, 1938, the first airmail flight took off from the Monrovia Airport. Ownership of the airport changed hands several times during the time it was in operation but was remembered by pilots to be "the friendliest little airport in the country." Apart from usage by Riley Brothers, TWA Captain and former airshow pilot Kalman Irwin,


title: Monrovia, California

text: and, Pancho Barnes, the airfield is well known for its use as a movie-filming location. The first movie to be filmed at the Monrovia Airport was "The Fighting Pilot." Other films shot at the airfield included "20,000 Men a Year," "The Great Plane Robbery," and most notably, "The Big Noise," featuring Laurel and Hardy. The 35-acre airfield, used as a runway as well as an airplane repair and storage service, was eventually forced to close in 1953 after being sold to Consolidated Engineering Corporation for redevelopment as a result of increased land values.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Monrovia was the home to the precursor to McDonald's. In 1937, Patrick McDonald opened a food stand on Huntington Drive (Route 66) near the old Monrovia Airport called "The Airdrome" (hamburgers were ten cents, and all-you-can-drink orange juice was five cents); it remained there until 1940, when he and his two sons, Maurice and Richard, moved the building east to San Bernardino to the corner of West 14th Street and 1398 North E Street, renaming it "McDonald's".


title: Monrovia, California

text: The Upton Sinclair House, home to activist and author Upton Sinclair, is located in Monrovia and is a National Historic Landmark. In 1995, Monrovia received the All America City Award from the National Civic League.


title: Monrovia, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (0.79%) is water.


title: Monrovia, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Monrovia had a population of 36,590. The population density was . The racial makeup of Monrovia was 21,932 (59.9%) White (41.1% Non-Hispanic White), 4,107 (11.2%) Asian, 2,500 (6.8%) African American, 279 (0.8%) Native American, 76 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 5,818 (15.9%) from other races, and 1,878 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14,043 persons (38.4%).


title: Monrovia, California

text: The census reported that 36,434 people (99.6% of the population) lived in households, 61 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 95 (0.3%) were institutionalized.


title: Monrovia, California

text: There were 13,762 households, out of which 4,725 (34.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 6,295 (45.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,073 (15.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 778 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 793 (5.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 131 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3,649 households (26.5%) were made up of individuals, and 1,276 (9.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65. There were 9,146 families (66.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.24.


title: Monrovia, California

text: The population was spread out, with 8,514 people (23.3%) under the age of 18, 3,084 people (8.4%) aged 18 to 24, 10,733 people (29.3%) aged 25 to 44, 10,018 people (27.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,241 people (11.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.


title: Monrovia, California

text: There were 14,473 housing units at an average density of , of which 6,809 (49.5%) were owner-occupied, and 6,953 (50.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.9%. 18,478 people (50.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 17,956 people (49.1%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Monrovia, California

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, Monrovia had a median household income of $71,768, with 9.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Monrovia, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 36,929 people, 13,502 households, and 9,086 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,686.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,037.0/km). There were 13,957 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 62.92% White, 8.67% African American, 7.02% Asian, 0.87% Native American, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 15.61% from other races, and 4.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 35.24% of the population.


title: Monrovia, California

text: There were 13,502 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.29.


title: Monrovia, California

text: In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27.4% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.


title: Monrovia, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $45,375, and the median income for a family was $49,703. Males had a median income of $41,039 versus $32,259 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,686. About 9.7% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.3% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Monrovia, California

text: The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Monrovia Health Center in Monrovia.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Monrovia High School was built in 1887. It was located where Monroe School now stands, and housed the entire elementary and high school student body. A new high school on the property now occupied by Clifton Middle School was erected in 1905, and in 1912 was greatly expanded by the addition of new buildings. In 1928 a high school to serve the communities of Monrovia, Arcadia and Duarte was built. The same structure now serves only Monrovia students, as the elementary and high school district were unified into one district in 1961. The district now has one high school, one continuation school, two middle schools and five elementary schools.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Lycée International de Los Angeles previously had its San Gabriel Valley campus in Monrovia. It opened in 1990 on the property of the United Methodist Church. Its area campus is now in Pasadena. It moved to Pasadena in July 2006.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Monrovia community news is provided by the "San Gabriel Valley Tribune" published by Digital First Media, and "Monrovia Weekly" which is a weekly community newspaper published by Beacon Media News. Both newspapers currently have offices in Monrovia. Public access television is provided by KGEM-TV, which is available primarily to cable viewers with some content available on the web.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Monrovia's main roads include Foothill Boulevard and Huntington Drive (historic Route 66). It is also served by the Foothill Freeway (I-210).


title: Monrovia, California

text: In 2016, Metro opened a new at-grade light rail station in Monrovia called Monrovia Station. It is located at the intersection of Myrtle Avenue and Duarte Road, and is served by the Metro L Line. It is at the same location of the former Santa Fe Depot, which still stands.


title: Monrovia, California

text: Original Tommy's, Trader Joe's, Green Dot and Naked Juice are based in Monrovia. Monrovia has a "Technology Corridor," primarily on Huntington Drive (old Route 66) east of Primrose Avenue, which includes AeroVironment, Tanner Research, Parasoft, Xencor, and ITT Deep Space Division.


title: Monrovia, California

text: According to the city's 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Kai Hansen

text: Kai Michael Hansen (born 17 January 1963) is a German musician who is the founder, lead guitarist and vocalist of power metal band Gamma Ray. He is also one of the co-founders of metal band Helloween, which he rejoined in 2016. He is a prominent figure in power metal and has sold millions of albums worldwide. He is regarded as "the godfather of power metal", having founded two seminal bands in the genre. In 2011, he joined the band Unisonic featuring former Helloween vocalist Michael Kiske. Hansen and Kiske reunited with Helloween in 2017 for a world tour with all current members, celebrating the 30-year anniversary of release of the albums "Keeper of the Seven Keys" Parts I and II.


title: Kai Hansen

text: Kai Hansen was born in Hamburg in 1963. At the age of ten, Kai got interested in music and started playing wash-drums. His parents however, didn't like the noise and bought him an acoustic guitar instead. He took a six-months course in classical guitar and following it, formed his first band with his classmates after he bought an electric guitar, a white Ibanez Les Paul.


title: Kai Hansen

text: Hansen's musical career started in 1978 in a band called Gentry, alongside Iron Savior's co-founder and producer Piet Sielck. In 1983, he and Michael Weikath founded Helloween, where he was guitarist and singer until Michael Kiske took over the microphone for the albums "" and "". Hansen left the band due to the extensive touring in 1988–89 and went on to form his own power metal band Gamma Ray. Hansen also joined Iron Savior as guitarist in 1997, but quit after a few years to focus his efforts on Gamma Ray. He has now forged a very successful career with Gamma Ray, releasing several albums and playing sold-out tours across the globe.


title: Kai Hansen

text: Hansen participated in a large number of other projects. He appeared as a guest vocalist on Blind Guardian's albums "Follow the Blind" and "Tales from the Twilight World". Around the same time, he and fellow Gamma Ray bandmate Dirk Schlächter collaborated on Angra's first full-length album "Angels Cry", both playing guitar solos in the song "Never Understand". He also collaborated on Angra's album "Temple of Shadows" released in 2004 doing vocals for the song "The Temple of Hate". With ANGRA He participated as a guest guitarist on Michael Kiske's debut solo album "Instant Clarity". Together with HammerFall he recorded a cover version of Helloween's "I Want Out".


title: Kai Hansen

text: Hansen played the role of Regrin the dwarf in Avantasia's Metal Opera albums by Tobias Sammet. Later he was featured in the album "The Scarecrow" playing guitar in the song "Shelter from the Rain". He was also one of the guest musicians in Avantasia's 2010 world tour, which have put him to play live together with fellow ex-bandmate Michael Kiske, after more than twenty years since he left Helloween. After this tour it was announced, via Michael Kiske's official website, that Hansen would join his new band Unisonic, as they "instantly felt the magic of Helloween years again and had a lot of fun together on and off stage".


title: Kai Hansen

text: In 2005, he toured with the young German power/Viking metal band Stormwarrior from his home town of Hamburg as lead singer, playing material from his classic Helloween debut album "Walls of Jericho" – the favorite album and greatest influence of Stormwarrior. "Stormwarrior featuring Kai Hansen" returned in 2007 to play at the Magic Circle Festival in Bad Arolsen and at the Wacken Open Air Festival.


title: Kai Hansen

text: In 2011, Hansen joined the hard-rock band Unisonic, as second guitarist and reunited with old friend and ex-Helloween vocalist Michael Kiske, who formed the band in 2009. The band released its debut album, "Unisonic" in 2012 and embarked on its first world tour. Hansen stated in an interview that despite being a member of Unisonic, he will not have less focus on Gamma Ray, and that the next Gamma Ray album should arrive in 2013. Unisonic's second album, "Light Of Dawn", was released in 2014 and a European and Japanese tour followed.


title: Kai Hansen

text: In 2015, following the Best of the Best Party Tour, Hansen hired Frank Beck as their second vocalist for the Gamma Ray.


title: Kai Hansen

text: In 2016, Hansen released his first solo album titled "XXX – Three Decades in Metal". The album was released via earMUSIC on September 16 of the same year.


title: Kai Hansen

text: In 2017 Kai Hansen played minitour - four shows in Slovakia and Czech republic with the band , with special set for Ravenclaw 15-Years Anniversary - Ravenclaw feat. Kai Hansen.


title: Kai Hansen

text: On November 14, 2016, was announced the Pumpkins United World Tour - a concert tour of the German power metal band Helloween. Former members Michael Kiske and Kai Hansen joined the current members for this tour for 2017, 2018 and 2019.


title: Kai Hansen

text: During his earlier years Hansen's singing style was reminiscent of many thrash metal vocalists. Rather than using a smooth and clear style (like his successor Kiske) Hansen sang with a raspy sound, interluded by high-pitched screams for dramatic effect. Kiske was brought in as a singer, originally because Hansen had trouble singing and playing the guitar simultaneously, though later in his career he seems to have overcome these problems.


title: Kai Hansen

text: Beginning from 1995 onward, Hansen has provided the vocals for his current band Gamma Ray. Around that time, Hansen's vocal style became more melodic and slightly clearer, more in the traditional power metal sense, while still retaining the slight nasal tone and rasp of his early years.


title: Kai Hansen

text: For almost 20 years, Hansen has played ESP Guitars. He first started using them during his days with Helloween after hearing testimonials of ESP from artists such as George Lynch and Kirk Hammett of Metallica. Before Helloween, he had owned a white Ibanez guitar, and a Gibson Les Paul, then saved up for a Marshall amplifier by delivering newspapers. His main ESPs are red and pink ESP Custom guitars based on Jackson's Randy Rhoads model and two custom V models based on the classic Gibson Flying V shape.


title: Kai Hansen

text: During the early 1990s, Hansen had used Stratocaster models. On his autobiography on the Gamma Ray website, he claims his first electric guitar was a white Ibanez Les Paul copy On the recent tour with Gamma Ray he has been seen using a Korina Epiphone flying V with EMG pickups.


title: Dhruva

text: Dhruva (Sanskrit: ध्रुव, , lit. ""unshakeable, immovable, or fixed"") was an ascetic devotee of Vishnu mentioned in the Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavata Purana.


title: Dhruva

text: The Sanskrit term "dhruva nakshatra" (ध्रुव नक्षत्र, "polar star") has been used for Pole Star in the Mahabharata, personified as son of Uttānapāda and grandson of Manu, even though Polaris


title: Dhruva

text: at the likely period of the recension of the text of the Mahabharata was still several degrees away from the celestial pole.


title: Dhruva

text: Dhruva was born as son of the King Uttānapāda (the son of Svayambhuva Manu) and his wife Suniti. The king also had another son Uttama, born to his second queen Suruchi, who was the preferred object of his affection. Once, when Dhruva was a child of five years of age, he saw his younger brother, Uttama sitting on his father's lap at the King's throne. Suruchi, who was jealous of the older son from the first wife (since he - Dhruva - would be heir to throne, and not Suruchi's son), cruelly scolded young Dhruva for his efforts to sit on his father's lap. When Dhruva protested and asked if he could not be allowed to sit on his father's lap, Suruchi berated him saying, 'Go ask god to be born in my womb. Only then will you have the privilige'.


title: Dhruva

text: Suniti - being of gentle nature and now the lesser favorite wife - tried to console the distraught child, but Dhruva was determined to hear of his fate from the Lord himself. Seeing his firm resolve, his mother bade him farewell as he set out on a lonely journey to the forest. Dhruva was determined to seek for himself his rightful place, and noticing this resolve, the divine sage Narada appeared before him and tried to desist him from assuming a severe austerity upon himself at such an early age. But, Dhruva's fierce determination knew no bounds, and the astonished sage guided him towards his goal by teaching him the rituals and mantras to meditate on when seeking lord Vishnu. The one mantra which Narada taught and which was effectively used by Dhruva was Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya. Having been advised, Dhruva started his meditation, and went without food and water for six months. The austerity of his tapasya shook the heavens and Vishnu appeared before him, but the child would not open his eyes because he was still merged in his inner vision of Vishnu's form described to him by Narada. Vishnu had to adopt a strategy of causing that inner vision to disappear. Immediately Dhruva opened his eyes, and, seeing outside what he had been seeing all along in his mental vision, bowed down before Vishnu. But he could not utter a single word. Vishnu touched Dhruva's right cheek by his divine conch and that sparked off his speech. Out poured forth a beautiful poem praising Vishnu in 12 powerful verses, which together are called "Dhruva-stuti".


title: Dhruva

text: Vishnu Purana gives a slightly different account here. When Vishnu was pleased with Dhruva's "tapasya" (penance) and asked him to ask for a "varadāna" (grant of wishes), he asked for the varadāna of a knowledge of "stuti" (hymn). Other persons would have asked for worldly or heavenly pleasures, or for moksha at most, but Dhruva had no personal desire. Renunciation of all desires is regarded to be essential for eternal peace in Hinduism: this is the meaning of "Dhruva-pada". That was the reason why the Saptarshis decided to give Dhruva the most revered seat of a star - the Pole Star.


title: Dhruva

text: Having spent a long time in Vishnu's remembrance he even forgot the objective of his tapasya, and only asked for a life in memory of Vishnu. Pleased by his tapasya, Vishnu granted his wish and further decreed that he would attain "Dhruva-pada": the state where he would become a celestial body which would not even be touched by the Maha Pralaya.


title: Dhruva

text: Dhruva returned to his kingdom, to be warmly received by his family, and attained the crown at the age of six. He ruled for many decades in a fair and just manner.


title: Total factor productivity

text: In economics, total-factor productivity (TFP), also called multi-factor productivity, is usually measured as the ratio of aggregate output (e.g., GDP) to aggregate inputs. Under some simplifying assumptions about the production technology, growth in TFP becomes the portion of growth in output not explained by growth in traditionally measured inputs of labour and capital used in production. TFP is calculated by dividing output by the weighted geometric average of labour and capital input, with the standard weighting of 0.7 for labour and 0.3 for capital. Total factor productivity is a measure of productive efficiency in that it measures how much output can be produced from a certain amount of inputs. It accounts for part of the differences in cross-country per-capita income. For relatively small percentage changes, the rate of "TFP" growth can be estimated by subtracting growth rates of labor and capital inputs from the growth rate of output.


title: Total factor productivity

text: Technology growth and efficiency are regarded as two of the biggest sub-sections of total factor productivity, the former possessing "special" inherent features such as positive externalities and non-rivals which enhance its position as a driver of economic growth.


title: Total factor productivity

text: Total factor productivity (TFP) is often considered the primary contributor to GDP growth rate. Other contributing factors include labor inputs, human capital, and physical capital. Total factor productivity measures residual growth in total output of a firm, industry or national economy that cannot be explained by the accumulation of traditional inputs such as labor and capital. Since this cannot be measured directly the process of calculating derives TFP as the residual which accounts for effects on total output not caused by inputs.


title: Total factor productivity

text: It has been shown that there is a historical correlation between TFP and energy conversion efficiency. Also, it has been found that integration (among firms for example) has a causal positive impact on total factor productivity.


title: Total factor productivity

text: The equation below (in Cobb–Douglas form) is often used to represent total output (Y) as a function of total-factor productivity (A), capital input (K), labour input (L), and the two inputs' respective shares of output (α and β are the share of contribution for K and L respectively). As usual for equations of this form, an increase in either A, K or L will lead to an increase in output.


title: Total factor productivity

text: In 2001, William Easterly and Ross Levine estimated that for an average country the TFP accounts for 60 percent of growth of output per worker.


title: Total factor productivity

text: A 2005 study on human capital attempted to correct for weaknesses in estimations of the labour component of the equation, by refining estimates of the quality of labour. Specifically, years of schooling is often taken as a proxy for the quality of labour (and stock of human capital), which does not account for differences in schooling between countries. Using these re-estimations, the contribution of TFP was substantially lower.


title: Total factor productivity

text: Robert Ayres and Benjamin Warr have found that the model can be improved by using the efficiency of energy conversion, which roughly tracks "technological progress".


title: Total factor productivity

text: The word "total" suggests all inputs have been measured. Official statisticians tend to use the term "multifactor productivity" (MFP) instead of TFP because some inputs such as energy are usually not included. External costs including attributes of the workforce, public infrastructure such as highways and environmental sustainability costs such as mineral depletion and pollution are not traditionally included.


title: Total factor productivity

text: Growth accounting exercises and total factor productivity are open to the Cambridge critique. Therefore, some economists believe that the method and its results are invalid or need to be carefully interpreted and used along with other alternative approaches.


title: Total factor productivity

text: On the basis of dimensional analysis, TFP has been criticized as lacking meaningful units of measurement. The units of the quantities in the Cobb–Douglas equation are:


title: Total factor productivity

text: In this construction the units of "A" would not have a simple economic interpretation, and the concept of TFP appears to be a modeling artifact. Official statistics avoid measuring levels, instead constructing unitless growth rates of output and inputs and thus also for the residual.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: The murder of Tia Sharp (30 June 2000 – 2 or 3 August 2012) was a high-profile case of child murder in the United Kingdom. The victim was a 12-year-old girl, Tia Sharp, who was reported missing from and later found dead in the home of her grandmother in New Addington, London, in August 2012. After her body was discovered, police arrested her grandmother, Christine Bicknell, and Bicknell's then-boyfriend, Stuart Hazell, on suspicion of murder. Hazell was charged with Tia Sharp's murder on 12 August.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: Five days into his trial at the Old Bailey in May 2013, Hazell changed his plea from not guilty to guilty. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with the judge setting a minimum term of 38 years.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: Stuart Hazell told police that Tia Sharp had left the house on 3 August 2012 to travel to Croydon, five miles away, to buy shoes in the Whitgift Centre.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: On 7 August, Sharp's uncle, David Sharp, made a televised plea for her safe return. Fifty-five sightings were reported by members of the public, but none were substantiated. Eighty police officers were assigned to the search, and 800 hours of CCTV footage were collected. On 9 August, Hazell gave an interview to Mark Williams-Thomas for "ITV News", denying that he had done anything to Sharp and praying for her safe return.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: On 10 August, a body was discovered in a black bed sheet in a black bag in the loft of the home of Sharp's grandmother, after police visited it for the fourth time. Police launched a search for Hazell, and arrested him on suspicion of murder that evening at 8:25pm at Cannon Hill Common, Morden, after a tip-off from a member of the public. It was later announced that two further arrests had been made: Sharp's grandmother, Christine Bicknell, on suspicion of murder, and Bicknell's neighbour, Paul Meehan, on suspicion of assisting an offender.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: Bicknell and Meehan were subsequently bailed. Commander Neil Basu, the officer in charge of the investigation, apologised to Sharp's mother for the delay in finding her daughter's body. He blamed human error and said that a review would be undertaken "to ensure such a failing is not repeated". Shortly after Hazell's arrest, memory cards were recovered from Christine Bicknell's residence. One was particularly well hidden in a door frame on the ground floor of the property. Police were able to recover images and videos, some of which had been deleted. Some of the files portrayed Sharp in sexual positions, believed to have been taken post-mortem, whereas others were voyeuristic images of when Sharp was still alive, for example videos of her applying moisturiser to her legs, or of her asleep in her bedroom. Forensic psychologist Dr Keri Nixon suggested that Hazell may have kept these images for later sexual gratification.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: In the early hours of 12 August, Hazell was charged with the murder of Sharp. He appeared before Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court on 13 August via video-link. No plea was entered and the case was committed to the Old Bailey for trial, with a first appearance on 15 August, also via video-link, with a preliminary hearing set for 19 November and a provisional trial date set for 21 January 2013. He was remanded in custody to Belmarsh prison where he was kept in isolation for his own safety.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: A post-mortem on the body began on 10 August, and paused later that day. By 16 August, the post-mortem had still not been completed, but at an inquest into the death, which opened that day, it was confirmed that the body was that of Sharp. The post-mortem later concluded without establishing the cause of death. Experts told "This is Croydon Today" that the delay in finding the body made it much harder to establish the cause of death, and that without a cause of death the prosecution would find it much harder to build a case. However, detectives suspected, and it was widely reported, that Sharp was smothered, although this was not officially proven to be the cause of death. Nixon suggested that Hazell may have made sexual advances towards Tia, and murdered her when she rebuffed him and threatened to tell her mother.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: On 23 August police commissioner Bernard Hogan-Howe addressed his force's failure to find Sharp's body. He said the error could not be attributed to a single officer, and that he wanted to "understand what processes and management decisions we've made that led to that failure."


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: It was announced on 26 November 2012 that Hazell would face trial in May 2013. On 7 December, the Metropolitan Police announced that Christine Bicknell would not face charges.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: Hazell pleaded not guilty to murder when he appeared in court on 8 March 2013. The trial of Hazell began on 7 May 2013 before Mr Justice Nicol. On 13 May, Hazell changed his plea to guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment on 14 May with a minimum term of 38 years, meaning he will be 75 years old before he is eligible for parole.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: In June 2013, Sharp's biological father, Steven Carter, announced that he was going to be a father again, as his girlfriend was pregnant. In July 2013, Carter said he backed a plan for websites to be told to block certain search terms and warn people when they try to view illegal content.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: In June 2013, the home of Bicknell and Hazell, where Sharp was murdered, was demolished and in mid-2014, work began on new houses being built on the site.


title: Murder of Tia Sharp

text: In November 2013, partly in response to the murders of Sharp and April Jones, the search engines Google and Bing modified their systems to block results from searches aimed at producing child abuse images.


title: Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty

text: The Byzantine Empire underwent a revival during the reign of the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries, when it gained control over the Adriatic Sea, Southern Italy, and all of the territory of the Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria. The Macedonian dynasty was characterised by a cultural revival in spheres such as philosophy and the arts, and has been dubbed the "Golden Age" of Byzantium.


text: The cities of the empire expanded, and affluence spread across the provinces because of the newfound security. The population rose, and production increased, stimulating new demand for trade.


text: Culturally, there was considerable growth in education and learning (the "Macedonian Renaissance"). Ancient texts were preserved and recopied. Byzantine art flourished, and brilliant mosaics graced the interiors of the many new churches.


text: Though the empire was much smaller than during the reign of Justinian, it was stronger, as its territories were both less dispersed and more politically and culturally integrated.


text: Although tradition attributed the "Byzantine Renaissance" to Basil I (867–886), initiator of the Macedonian dynasty, some later scholars have credited the reforms of Basil's predecessor, Michael III (842–867) and of the erudite Theoktistos (died 855). The latter in particular favoured culture at the court, and, with a careful financial policy, steadily increased gold reserves. The rise of the Macedonian dynasty coincided with developments that strengthened the religious unity of the empire.


text: The iconoclast movement experienced a steep decline; this favoured its soft suppression by the emperors, and mitigation of the religious strife that had drained resources in previous centuries. Despite some tactical defeats, the administrative, legislative, cultural and economic situation continued to improve under Basil's successors, especially with Romanos I Lekapenos (920–944). The theme system reached its definitive form in this period. The Eastern Orthodox Church establishment began to support the imperial cause, and the state limited the power of the landowning class in favour of agricultural small-holders, who made up an important part of the military. These conditions contributed to the ability of the emperors to wage war against the Arabs.


text: By 867, the empire had stabilized its position in both the east and the west, while the success of its defensive military structure had enabled the emperors to begin planning wars of reconquest in the east.


text: The process of reconquest began with variable fortunes. The temporary reconquest of Crete (843) was followed by a crushing Byzantine defeat on the Bosporus, while the emperors were unable to prevent the ongoing Muslim conquest of Sicily (827–902). Using present-day Tunisia as their launching pad, the Muslims conquered Palermo in 831, Messina in 842, Enna in 859, Syracuse in 878, Catania in 900 and the final Greek stronghold, the fortress of Taormina, in 902.


text: These drawbacks were later counterbalanced by a victorious expedition against Damietta in Egypt (856), the defeat of the Emir of Melitene (863), the confirmation of the imperial authority over Dalmatia (867) and Basil I's offensives towards the Euphrates (870s).


text: The threat from the Arab Muslims was meanwhile reduced by inner struggles and by the rise of the Turks in the east. Muslims received assistance however from the Paulician sect, which had found a large following in the eastern provinces of the Empire and, facing persecution under the Byzantines, often fought under the Arab flag. It took several campaigns to subdue the Paulicians, who were eventually defeated by Basil I.


text: In 904, disaster struck the empire when its second city, Thessaloniki, was sacked by an Arab fleet led by a Byzantine renegade. The Byzantines responded by destroying an Arab fleet in 908, and sacking the city of Laodicea in Syria two years later. Despite this revenge, the Byzantines were still unable to strike a decisive blow against the Muslims, who inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial forces when they attempted to regain Crete in 911.


text: The situation on the border with the Arab territories remained fluid, with the Byzantines alternatively on the offensive or defensive. Kievan Rus', who appeared near Constantinople for the first time in 860, constituted another new challenge. In 941 they appeared on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, but this time they were crushed, showing the improvements in the Byzantine military position after 907, when only diplomacy had been able to push back the invaders. The vanquisher of the Rus' was the famous general John Kourkouas, who continued the offensive with other noteworthy victories in Mesopotamia (943): these culminated in the reconquest of Edessa (944), which was especially celebrated for the return to Constantinople of the venerated "Mandylion".


text: The soldier emperors Nikephoros II Phokas (reigned 963–69) and John I Tzimiskes (969–76) expanded the empire well into Syria, defeating the emirs of north-west Iraq and reconquering Crete and Cyprus. At one point under John, the empire's armies even threatened Jerusalem, far to the south. The emirate of Aleppo and its neighbors became vassals of the empire in the east, where the greatest threat to the empire was the Egyptian Fatimid kingdom.


text: The traditional struggle with the See of Rome continued, spurred by the question of religious supremacy over the newly Christianized Bulgaria. This prompted an invasion by the mighty Tsar Simeon I in 894, but this was pushed back by Byzantine diplomacy, which called on the help of the Hungarians. The Byzantines were in turn defeated, however, at the Battle of Bulgarophygon (896), and obliged to pay annual subsidies to the Bulgarians. Later (912) Simeon even had the Byzantines grant him the crown of "basileus" of Bulgaria and had the young emperor Constantine VII marry one of his daughters. When a revolt in Constantinople halted his dynastic project, he again invaded Thrace and conquered Adrianople.


text: A great imperial expedition under Leo Phokas and Romanos Lekapenos ended again with a crushing Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Anchialus (917). The following year the Bulgarians ravaged modern-day northern Greece south to Corinth. Adrianople was captured again in 923 and in 924 the Bulgarian army laid siege to Constantinople. Pressure from the North was alleviated only after Simeon's death in 927.


text: Under the emperor Basil II (reigned 976–1025), Bulgaria became the target of annual campaigns by the Byzantine army. The war was to drag on for nearly twenty years, but eventually, at the Battle of Kleidon the Bulgarian forces were completely defeated. and captured. According to medieval legends, 99 out of every 100 Bulgarian soldiers were blinded and the hundredth remaining man was left with one eye so as to lead his compatriots home; reportedly when the aging Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria saw the remains of his once formidable army, he died of a heart attack. In 1018 Bulgaria surrendered and became part of the Byzantine Empire thus restoring the Danube frontier, which had not been held since the days of Heraclius.


text: During this period the Byzantine princess Theophanu, wife of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, served as regent of the Holy Roman Empire, paving the way for the westward spread of Byzantine culture.


text: Between 800 and 1100, the empire developed a mixed relationship with the new state of Kievan Rus' that emerged to the north across the Black Sea.


text: The Byzantine Empire quickly became the main trading and cultural partner for Kyiv. After Christianizing, Rus' Vladimir the Great employed many architects and artists to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus', expanding the Byzantine influence even further.


text: Kievan Rus' princes were often married into the Byzantine imperial family and Constantinople often employed princes' armies; most notably, Vladimir the Great presented Byzantium with the famous Varangian Guard – an army of vicious Scandinavian mercenaries. Some believe that this was in exchange for the marriage of Basil's sister Anna to Vladimir. However, the Primary Chronicle states the marriage was in exchange for the Rus' conversion to orthodoxy; the Varangian Guard was a by-product (although a significant one) of this exchange.


text: The relationship was not always friendly. During this three-hundred-year interval Constantinople and other Byzantine cities were attacked several times by the armies of Kievan Rus' (see Rus'-Byzantine Wars). Kyiv never went far enough to actually endanger the empire; the wars were primarily a tool to force the Byzantines to sign increasingly favorable trade treaties, the texts of which are recorded in the Primary Chronicle (Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907))<ref name="http://www.dur.ac.uk/a.k.harrington/olegcamp.html">"Prince Oleg's Campaign Against Constantinople"</ref> and other historical documents. Constantinople at the same time constantly pitted Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, and Poland against each other.


text: The Byzantine influence on Kievan Rus' cannot be overstated. Byzantine-style writing became a standard for the adopted from Bulgaria Cyrillic alphabet, Byzantine architecture dominated in Kyiv, and as the main trading partner the Byzantine Empire played a critical role in the establishment, rise, and fall of Kievan Rus'.


text: The Byzantine Empire now stretched to Armenia in the east, to Calabria in Southern Italy in the west. Many successes had been achieved, ranging from the conquest of Bulgaria, to the annexation of parts of Georgia and Armenia, to the total annihilation of an invading force of Egyptians outside Antioch. Yet even these victories were not enough; Basil considered the continued Arab occupation of Sicily to be an outrage. Accordingly, he planned to reconquer the island, which had belonged to the empire for over three hundred years (c. 550 – c. 900). However, his death in 1025 put an end to the project.


text: The 11th century was also momentous for its religious events. In 1054, relations between Greek and Slavic-speaking Eastern and Latin-speaking Western Christian traditions reached a terminal crisis. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on July 16, when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of ex-communication on the altar, the so-called Great Schism was a culmination of centuries of gradual separation. Although the schism was brought about by doctrinal disputes (in particular, Eastern refusal to accept the Western Church doctrine of the "filioque", or double procession of the Holy Spirit), disputes over administration and political issues had simmered for centuries. The formal separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Western Catholic Church would have wide-ranging consequences for the future of Europe and Christianity.


title: Saul Gone

text: "Saul Gone" is the series finale of "Better Call Saul", the spin-off television series of "Breaking Bad". It is the thirteenth and final episode of the sixth season and the 63rd episode of the series overall. Written and directed by Peter Gould, who co-created the series with Vince Gilligan, the episode aired on AMC and AMC+ on August 15, 2022, before debuting online in certain territories on Netflix the following day.


title: Saul Gone

text: "Saul Gone" continues directly from the previous episode. It deals with Jimmy McGill facing the consequences of the conflicts caused by his three identities: the actions he made throughout the series under his birth name, the federal crimes he committed on "Breaking Bad" as Saul Goodman, and the schemes he ran in Omaha, Nebraska, as Gene Takavic. The episode also sees Jimmy and Kim Wexler coming face-to-face for the first time in six years. Several characters from "Better Call Saul" and "Breaking Bad" returned for guest appearances.


title: Saul Gone

text: An estimated 1.80 million viewers saw the episode during its first broadcast on AMC. "Saul Gone" received critical acclaim, with many critics praising Jimmy's character development and his reconciliation with Kim. The finale was universally considered to be a "masterful" conclusion to the series.


title: Saul Gone

text: Flashbacks show conversations Jimmy McGill / Saul Goodman had with Mike Ehrmantraut, Walter White, and his brother, Chuck McGill. In the first two, he asks Mike and Walter what they would do if they could travel back in time. Mike initially says he would travel back to the day his son died but then says he would stop himself from taking his first bribe, while Walter says he would have stayed at Gray Matter Technologies. Jimmy tells Mike he would have invested in Berkshire Hathaway, and tells Walter he regrets injuring his knee during a scam. Walter chastises Jimmy for being shallow and having inherent criminal traits. In another flashback, Chuck suggests that Jimmy consider a career other than law, but Jimmy counters that Chuck never did. Chuck invites Jimmy to consult with him about his new legal clients, but Jimmy brushes him off. As he leaves, Chuck picks up a copy of "The Time Machine" by H. G. Wells.


title: Saul Gone

text: In 2010, Jimmy as Gene Takavic evades police until he is apprehended while hiding in a dumpster, then hires Bill Oakley to defend him. Facing a life sentence plus 190 years, Oakley negotiates a plea bargain that includes a 30 year sentence. Marie Schrader objects and accuses Saul of being complicit in Hank Schrader's death. Saul convinces the lead Assistant U.S. Attorney that he could influence a jury into a deadlock by portraying himself as Walter's victim, resulting in a plea bargain that includes seven and a half years in prison. Saul attempts to get his sentence reduced further by offering information about Howard Hamlin's death, unaware that Kim Wexler had already done so. Saul learns that Howard's widow Cheryl may file a civil lawsuit against Kim. In the U.S. Marshal's presence, he tells Bill he will testify against Kim.


title: Saul Gone

text: District Attorney Suzanne Ericsen warns Kim that Saul's testimony could affect her. Kim attends the sentencing in Albuquerque, where Saul admits he lied so she would be present in person. He confesses to participating in Walter's schemes and admits his role in Chuck's suicide. He is sentenced to 86 years in prison, where he is revered by fellow inmates who recognize him as Saul. Kim visits him and they share a cigarette. As she departs, he goes to the prison yard to see her off and "shoots" her finger guns. Kim acknowledges the gesture and leaves.


title: Saul Gone

text: "Saul Gone" is the series finale for "Better Call Saul", and was written and directed by series co-creator and showrunner Peter Gould. Gould wrote the "Breaking Bad" episode "Better Call Saul", which introduced the character Saul Goodman, and co-created the spin-off with Vince Gilligan. Gould and Gilligan initially served as co-showrunners before Gilligan left the writers room to focus on other projects, resulting in Gould becoming the sole showrunner.


title: Saul Gone

text: In the week leading up to the finale, Gilligan stated that the episode would likely be the last entry in the "Breaking Bad" franchise, as he and Gould were both ready to move on to new stories. Gould later acknowledged that by the premiere of "Breaking Bad"s finale, he and Gilligan were already developing the spin-off, but when "Better Call Saul"s finale aired the two were working separately on new projects.


title: Saul Gone

text: Bob Odenkirk, Jonathan Banks, and Rhea Seehorn are the only cast members listed in the starring credits. Gould considered the finale a mix of the world of "Better Call Saul" and "Breaking Bad" characters, as the episode featured several returning actors from both series. This included Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut and guest stars Bryan Cranston as Walter White, Michael McKean as Chuck McGill, and Betsy Brandt as Marie Schrader. The episode also marked the first appearance of Steven Gomez's wife Blanca, portrayed by Marisilda Garcia, who was referenced multiple times but unseen in "Breaking Bad". Gould wanted to bring back other "Better Call Saul" actors, such as Patrick Fabian, Giancarlo Esposito, and Michael Mando, as well as others that appeared on "Breaking Bad", including Anna Gunn, RJ Mitte, and Dean Norris. However, wanting to avoid an "overstuffed epic", he and the writing staff were unable to incorporate them into the finale.


title: Saul Gone

text: Banks, Cranston and McKean's characters appeared in flashbacks, whereas Brandt's character appeared in the present timeline. Gould compared the scenes with Mike, Walter and Chuck to the three ghosts of "A Christmas Carol", each showing Saul repeating the same cycle in his life. He also felt Chuck's cameo brought the show back to its beginning, and suggested Chuck having a copy of "The Time Machine" implied that he too was experiencing regrets around this period. McKean filmed his scene before traveling to the United Kingdom for another project, Cranston's appearance was filmed months before principal photography for the finale occurred to accommodate his schedule, while Brandt spent a relatively longer time in Albuquerque due to having more scenes to film than the other guest stars.


title: Saul Gone

text: The episode, season, and series ended with Gene Takavic getting caught by the authorities and, under his legal name of Saul Goodman, getting sentenced to prison for the crimes he committed in "Breaking Bad". Gould and the writing staff knew by the time the fifth season finale aired two years prior that this was the right ending for the series. They realized that Saul spent his career making a mockery of the justice system, so it was fitting to them that he ended the series as a part of it, only this time as a prisoner. Gould further elaborated that in the finale, Saul had gone from someone who ran the courtroom to becoming the subject of one. The title of the episode is a play on the words "S'all gone!", as well as Saul Goodman's name which itself is a play on "It's all good, man".


title: Saul Gone

text: Gould and the writing staff felt strongly to end "Better Call Saul" differently than "Breaking Bad" and its sequel film "" (2019). Comparing the fates of the three works' main protagonists, Gould explained that Walter White achieved his ambitions but ended up dead, Jesse Pinkman suffered greatly but found freedom, while Saul Goodman chose long-term incarceration but regained his soul. Saul's fate was nearly assigned to Jesse, as Gilligan had toyed with the idea of ending "El Camino" with Jesse residing in a jail cell, imprisoned yet at peace. However, when Gilligan pitched this idea to "Better Call Saul" writing staff years prior, they advised against it on the grounds that Jesse had suffered too much to be incarcerated, while Gould also felt this was a more appropriate ending for Saul. When comparing the finale of "Breaking Bad" to the finale of "Better Call Saul", Gould said he felt that Walter dealt death to people, so his series ended "in a blaze of glory"; in contrast, Gould believed Saul was a man of words, and that his ending needed to be more dialogue-focused. Odenkirk described the ending as being "more psychological and quieter and slower. It's deeply about character".


title: Saul Gone

text: However, Gould considered "Better Call Saul"s ending an optimistic one, not just for Saul Goodman, but for Kim Wexler as well. With the two characters finally confessing their misdeeds, Gould felt both chose to end their cycles of self-destructive tendencies and would refrain from making the same mistakes again. He further acknowledged the challenging circumstances that awaited the two characters, with Saul spending his life in prison and Kim potentially facing a civil lawsuit, but Gould believed that in cleaning their conscience, both regained a part of their humanity and could begin living more honest lives.


title: Saul Gone

text: The writers room discussed the idea of having the prison room scene be the last shot of the series. However, Gould did not want the show to end with Saul and Kim together in the same frame, feeling it more honest to finish with the two of them apart. He instead chose to end the series with the two parting in the prison yard to deal with the likely truth that Saul will be incarcerated for the rest of his life. Gould also said that whether Kim would return to visit Saul again was up to the audience to decide.


title: Saul Gone

text: When filming the opening scene in the desert, Gould mentioned the location's cold weather conditions strongly contrasted with the blazing heat that occurred when shooting the episode "Bagman", which took place in the same setting. The very first two shots of the rocks and Jimmy's car in the desert came from unused footage from previous episodes. For the courtroom scene, production staff initially struggled to find a location, but were eventually granted permission by the New Mexico Supreme Court to film on the top floor of their building. The location was only available on weekends, resulting in the entire crew shifting their working week to Wednesday through Sunday. Filming lasted three days on the scene; Odenkirk mentioned asking to reshoot the scene after initially completing it. To help film Chuck's flashback scene, production designer Denise Pizzini had to rebuild the set for Chuck's house on stage, as it was previously destroyed during the fourth season.


title: Saul Gone

text: Saul and Kim sharing a cigarette while leaning against a prison room wall was the last scene filmed during principal photography for the series. Gould considered the moment, which itself was an homage to the first episode, as the two characters relating to one another without speaking. Odenkirk detailed the scene as being a "big deal for us, and it felt incredibly organic and natural, the feelings of acceptance and love at a level they've never shared before", furthermore describing the two characters as "bigger people than they had shown themselves to be, and that scene grants them that intelligence as well as the bravery to do that – to own their shortcomings". While the scene was filmed in black-and-white, as with all other parts of the Gene timeline, a brief use of color on the cigarette and lighter flame was included. Gould said this use of color was a sign of Gene recalling his fondness for his relationship with Kim. The scene's music was reused from the first episode, which was Dave Porter's first composition for "Better Call Saul".


title: Saul Gone

text: During the final scene in the prison yard, many viewers noticed Kim's right hand subtly gesturing a gun in response to Saul shooting finger guns at her. Odenkirk and Seehorn said an alternate take was filmed of Kim returning Saul's gesture by fully shooting finger guns back at him, but Gould felt that this could be interpreted as Kim going back to her old ways. As a result, the scene that made it to air used the take of Kim merely looking at Saul instead. Seehorn described the overall scene as being "about the acknowledgement of their bond that is still there, and the part of their relationship that was true".


title: Saul Gone

text: "Saul Gone" received universal acclaim from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the episode received an approval rating of 100% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 10/10. The critical consensus reads, "The lawyer who broke bad finally comes clean in 'Saul Gone,' an emotionally powerful and thematically fitting conclusion to one of television's great dramas." The episode was considered by critics to be a "masterful" conclusion to the series, and "TVLine" ranked it as one of the best series finales of all time. Many critics highlighted Jimmy's character development, his redemption, and reconciliation with Kim, in addition to the motif of time machines in the episode.


title: Saul Gone

text: Giving the episode an A grade, Kimberly Potts of "The A.V. Club" called it a "supremely satisfying sendoff" with "blasts from the past and one last twist". At "IGN", Rafael Motamayor gave the episode a 10 out of 10 rating, describing it as a "subtler character study, exploring regrets and change in its protagonist". He also noted the episode title and complimented it for being "a thematic bookend on a show that was never really about Saul Goodman" and highlighted the motif of time machines. Similarly, "Vulture"'s Jen Chaney also discussed the motif of time machines in the episode, and commended it for offering more depth and context to "Breaking Bad", and felt the series was superior to "Breaking Bad", as it "dared to widen its scope and go bigger than "Breaking Bad" ever did". In addition, the website's Scott Tobias gave it a 5 out of 5 rating and wrote, "'Saul Gone' [...] finds an ending for Jimmy that's hopeful and authentic without feeling rosy or unearned."


title: Saul Gone

text: Miles Surrey of "The Ringer" discussed the scene in which Jimmy testifies before court, and highlighted the inner conflict between his Jimmy McGill and Saul Goodman personae, ultimately feeling Jimmy won, as he had realized "the prospect of reconciling with [Kim] takes him on a new path—one toward redemption". He praised Jimmy's characterization in the episode, and felt that the series "showed that it's never too late to stop breaking bad for the ones you love". At "Variety", Daniel D'Addario highlighted Odenkirk's performance in the court scene, and felt the episode was "meticulous" and commended Gould's writing and narrative structure. He felt that the episode was superior to "Breaking Bad"'s series finale, "Felina". James Osborne of "The A.V. Club" commended the return of Betsy Brandt as Marie Schrader, saying that despite audiences sympathizing with Jimmy over the course of "Better Call Saul"s six seasons, Marie's appearance served as a reminder of how his actions on "Breaking Bad" directly affect her and as to why he was in the courtroom in the first place. Meanwhile, David Segal of "The New York Times" felt Saul's discussions with Mike, Walter, and Chuck about time machines helped "riff on the theme of regret and second chances", and also noted Jimmy's internal struggle in the episode, and thought his Goodman persona would win "in part because the rapacious side of Jimmy and Saul kept getting highlighted. Especially in this episode". He also observed a "symmetry" in his character, opining that Jimmy became the "toxic version of Saul" and "morally fastidious version of Jimmy" due to Kim.


title: Saul Gone

text: An estimated 1.80 million viewers watched "Saul Gone" during its first broadcast on AMC on August 15, 2022. This made the finale the series' most-watched episode since third season finale "Lantern", which aired five years prior. Including delayed viewing totals gave the final tally a total of 2.7 million viewers on AMC.


title: Saul Gone

text: Upon the episode's initial release on AMC+, the network's streaming platform, the app experienced an outage, causing many users to be logged out. AMC later reported that first-day viewing numbers for the finale on AMC+ was four times as big as the season premiere, and called the final season of "Better Call Saul" the highest acquisition driver in the history of the streaming service.


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: VSDC Free Video Editor is a non-linear editing (NLE) application developed by Flash-Integro LLC. The program is capable of processing high-resolution footage including 4K UHD, 3D and VR 360-degree videos. VSDC allows for applying post production effects, live color correction, and motion tracking. It supports VirtualDub plug-ins as well as the ability to capture video from screen, record voice, save multimedia files to numerous formats including those pre-configured for publishing on Facebook, Vimeo, YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter.


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: recorded on smartphones, action cameras, professional cameras, drones, and can be used for all common video editing tasks necessary for producing broadcast-quality, high-definition video.


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: Motion tracking—the software allows for tracking the movement of any element in a video and attaching a title, an icon, an image, or a mask to the resulted trajectory. With this feature, users can apply a censorship mask to a moving object, and make a title follow the object it's attached to.


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: Apart from the standard tools of automatic contrast, brightness, and temperature adjustment, VSDC offers color correction solutions:


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: Movement and Time remapping – the objects on the scene can move following a chosen trajectory with the speed set by keyframes


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: Animation – illusion of motion and change of any static objects in the scene by means of the rapid display of a sequence of these objects


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: Chroma Key – 3 modes for removing any color from the video (typically used for replacing green background): HSL, YUV, and "By Chroma Key mask"


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: AI Art Generator - the feature that allows for producing artistic interpretations of images and videos.


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: Face Landmarks - the AI-powered tool that allows for placing a stylized motion-tracked mask on a face of a person in the video.


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: Charts and diagrams - 3D charts including Pie, Radar, Bar, Spline, Step Line, Spline area, Funnel, Pyramid, etc. for optimized display of any complex data.


title: VSDC Free Video Editor

text: VSDC allows for splitting a video into audio and video layers and editing them as separate elements: as waveforms and video tracks.


title: Married at First Sight (Australian season 7)

text: The seventh season of "Married at First Sight" premiered on 3 February 2020 on the Nine Network. Relationship experts John Aiken, Mel Schilling and Trisha Stratford all returned from the previous season to match 11 brides and 9 grooms together. The show cast their first same-sex couple since marriage equality laws were passed in Australia. Halfway through the experiment, the experts matched another 2 brides and 2 grooms together, including Elizabeth Sobinoff who previously appeared in season 6.


text: Having discovered that his partner had cheated on him with another groom, David Cannon used wife Hayley Vernon's toothbrush to clean their toilet. The incident caused production to be shut down for a short time while producers dealt with both scandals. At the following commitment ceremony, the experts decided to remove Hayley and David from the experiment due to their toxic behaviour towards each other.