text: "Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country" was released digitally as a part of the game's expansion pass on September 14, 2018, and physically at retail on September 21.


title: Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country

text: Yasunori Mitsuda and the other music composers returned to write music, a total of eleven new tracks, for the DLC. According to Takahashi, the arrangers deliberately used acoustic instruments to match the more somber and mature tones of the story. Jen Bird also returned to perform the ending theme, titled "A Moment of Eternity". A digital soundtrack was released on December 14, 2018.


text: The game was released on September 14, 2018. It was available digitally as part of the "Xenoblade Chronicles 2" DLC season pass and can be accessed through the in-game menu after purchasing and downloading the expansion. One week later, on September 21, 2018, it was also released as a standalone physical Nintendo Switch game cartridge. The physical edition also included a code for the original game's DLC season pass, which included "Helpful Items Pack", "New Quest Pack", "New Rare Blade Pack", and "New Challenge Mode Pack".


text: Upon its announcement, "Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country" was positively received, with some critics expressing enthusiasm for the story expansion. Others cited endearing, relatable characters, interesting story, and an improved battle system. The game holds an 80/100 rating on Metacritic, a video game review aggregator, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


text: As of November 2020, combined sales of the original game and "Torna – The Golden Country" had exceeded 2.05 million. Monolith Software's executive director Tetsuya Takahashi stated that "It's still early days for the Torna DLC, but from what we've seen in Japan, the sales of the Torna DLC are exceeding our expectations as well."


title: Daryl Katz

text: Daryl Allan Katz (born May 31, 1961) is a Canadian billionaire businessman and philanthropist. Katz is founder and chairman of the Katz Group of Companies, one of Canada's largest privately-owned enterprises, with pharmacy, sports & entertainment, and real estate development businesses. Katz Group owns the Edmonton Oilers, and led the development of Rogers Place and the Ice District. Katz is a former lawyer, and resides in Edmonton.


title: Daryl Katz

text: Daryl Katz was born in 1961 in Edmonton, Alberta. His father was a pharmacist who founded Value Drug Mart in Edmonton in the 1970s. Katz attended the Jewish day school, the Edmonton Talmud Torah during his elementary years and then graduated from Jasper Place High School. He then attended the University of Alberta, graduating with an arts degree in 1982 and with a law degree in 1985.


title: Daryl Katz

text: After school, he worked for a time at the law firm, Shoctor, Mousseau and Starkman, and then started his own practice focusing on corporate and franchise law. In 1991, in a partnership with his father, Katz paid $300,000 for the Canadian rights to the U.S.-based Medicine Shoppe drugstore franchise which had over 1,000 stores in the USA. In 1992, they opened the first Medicine Shoppe store and Katz founded the Katz Group of Companies which was to become the holding company for the group. In 1996, Katz purchased the storied but fading Rexall drugstore chain in Canada which at the time, only consisted of several dozen stores. The business grew and by 1998, the Katz Group consisted of 80 Rexall stores, 30 Medicine Shoppe outlets, and a few smaller independent retailers. In 1997, he purchased the Ontario-based, 143-store Pharma Plus drug store chain from the supermarket operator Oshawa Group for $100 million. Katz reportedly retains a small circle of highly paid executives who run Katz Group. Rexall Pharmacy is run from Ontario, while other subsidiaries of Katz Group maintain private headquarters separate from Katz Group itself.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In 1999 he ventured into the U.S. with the purchase of the money-losing, $300 million in sales, Minnesota-based Snyders Drug Store chain; in 2001, he purchased the U.S.-based Drug Emporium big-box discount chain. His foray into the U.S. was not without failure: the Snyder's chain filed for bankruptcy in 2003 and its 25 stores were sold to Walgreens. In 2004, Katz purchased the naming rights for ten years to the new $45-million Rexall Centre, a 12,500-seat tennis and entertainment complex on the campus of York University. In January 2012, he sold Drug Trading Co. and Medicine Shoppe Canada to the U.S.-based drug distributor McKesson Corporation for $1.2 billion. Katz Group sold its network of approximately 460 outlets to McKesson Corporation in 2016 for C$3 billion.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In May 2007, Katz made a $145-million bid to buy the Edmonton Oilers franchise, which the owners of the team, the Edmonton Investors Group (EIG), quickly rejected, stating the team was not for sale.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In July 2007, he made another bid for the Oilers of $185-million, which EIG turned down on August 7, 2007. On December 12, 2007, Katz made an offer of $188-million to the EIG. The Board of the EIG announced in January 2008 that it would again recommend to its shareholders to reject this latest bid.


title: Daryl Katz

text: On January 28, 2008, Katz increased his offer to $200 million and extended the acceptance deadline to February 5, 2008, at which time Katz was notified by the EIG that all its members agreed to sell the Oilers to him, pending league and financial approval. On June 18, 2008, Daryl Katz received the final OK from the National Hockey League to purchase the Edmonton Oilers, and then on July 2, 2008, he was officially announced as the owner of the Edmonton Oilers during a Press Conference at Rexall Place, where he was presented with an Edmonton Oilers Jersey with the number "08" and his last name patched onto the back.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In June 2014, Katz Group announced that Bob Nicholson would join the organization as Vice-Chairman of Oilers Entertainment Group (OEG), a new sports and entertainment company that would manage the Katz Group's growing family of sports and entertainment assets, and operate Rogers Place, the new home of the Edmonton Oilers.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In addition to the Oilers, OEG owns and operates the Edmonton Oil Kings (WHL), and Bakersfield Condors (AHL) as well as Aquila Productions (film & production company). Nicholson was named CEO of OEG in April 2015 and given responsibility for both business and hockey operations.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In April 2015, Katz announced a partnership with Joel Silver to create Silver Pictures Entertainment – a new company that will develop, produce and provide or arrange financing for feature films, television and digital projects. Katz’ interests in the company fall under the OEG umbrella. The partnership was dissolved in 2019 and Silver Pictures carried on under Hal Sadoff.


title: Daryl Katz

text: Katz has said he bought the Oilers because he saw Edmonton's need for a new arena as an opportunity to be the catalyst for the revitalization of Edmonton's downtown core. Following public consultations and negotiations with the City of Edmonton, Katz Group and the city agreed to a public-private partnership to build Rogers Place arena, which would see the city retain ownership of the new arena, and Katz Group operate it (under OEG). The City's portion of arena funding will be paid through a Community Revitalization Levy and did not result in any new cost to taxpayers. Construction on the project began March 2014.


title: Daryl Katz

text: Opened in September 2016, Rogers Place was marketed as one of North America's most advanced sports & entertainment venues, active year-round and featuring a 24,000 square foot grand entrance-way called the Ford Hall which can be used as public/private programmable space.


title: Daryl Katz

text: With Rogers Place at its core, Katz Group has begun construction of the Edmonton Arena District (EAD), slated to be Canada's largest mixed-use sports and entertainment development. The EAD will cover 25 contiguous acres of downtown Edmonton, and feature a 50,000 square foot public plaza, two office towers, a JW Marriott Hotel, a Gateway casino, over 1,000 luxury condos and rental apartments, and 270,000 square feet of retail space at a total cost of approximately $2.5 billion. In 2014, it was announced that the City of Edmonton and Stantec would be the major tenants of the two respective office towers. Stantec's tower will be the tallest in Edmonton at 69 storeys.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In October 2006 Katz announced a $7 million donation to the University of Alberta Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Law. Matched by the province, the gift was the largest donation ever to a Canadian pharmacy school. The west wing of the Health Research Innovation Facility at the corner of 87th Avenue and 114th Street in Edmonton has been named The Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research. In 2009 Katz donated $20 Million to Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto and founded The Daryl A Katz Centre For Urgent And Critical Care. Katz has also given "millions" to the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, as well as supporting public events.


title: Daryl Katz

text: Between 2005 and 2010, Katz and his wife have donated "over $50 million" to organizations and institutions across Canada.


title: Daryl Katz

text: Katz is married to Renee Gouin. She is the daughter of Jean Yvon (Ivan) Gouin. In 1952, her father founded the North American Construction Group which became one of the largest mining and heavy construction companies in Canada. The couple have twin children, Chloe and Harrison, who are the founders of the nonprofit Hockey Helps Kids organization.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In early 2017, Katz was accused by Brazilian actress and model Greice Santo and her husband R. J. Cipriani of offering money to the former in exchange for sexual favors. Santo also denounced Michael Gelmon, Katz's cousin and associate, for defending him and threatening to end her career in Hollywood if she spoke about the case.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In July 2022, Boston Ballet ballerina Dusty Button and her husband, defendants in a U.S. civil suit filed by Sage Humphries and six other ballerinas accusing the Buttons of sexual abuse, filed a counterclaim alleging that Katz paid Humpheries $75,000 in exchange for sexual favors. Humphries denied having had any sexual relationship with Katz. In August 2022, the couple voluntarily withdrew their claims against Katz; their lawyer issued an apology and requested that the court strike all relevant references from the record.


title: Daryl Katz

text: In 2019, the Oilers Entertainment Group released a statement confirming that Katz has been suffering from a life-threatening, antibiotic-resistant bacterial sinus infection. Sportsnet hockey analyst John Shannon tweeted that Katz carried an IV bag around-the-clock during Edmonton Oilers’ playoff run in 2017. He also underwent 3 surgeries in 10 months to battle the infection that has a 50-50 survival rate and his current prognosis looks positive.


title: Abrasion (medical)

text: An abrasion is a partial thickness wound caused by damage to the skin and can be superficial involving only the epidermis to deep, involving the deep dermis. Abrasions usually involve minimal bleeding. Mild abrasions, also known as "grazes" or "scrapes", do not scar or bleed because the dermis is left intact, but deep abrasions that disrupt the normal dermal structures may lead to the formation of scar tissue. A more traumatic abrasion that removes all layers of skin is called an avulsion.


title: Abrasion (medical)

text: Abrasion injuries most commonly occur when exposed skin comes into moving contact with a rough surface, causing a grinding or rubbing away of the upper layers of the epidermis.


title: Abrasion (medical)

text: The abrasion should be cleaned and any debris removed. A topical antibiotic (such as neomycin or bacitracin) should be applied to prevent infection and to keep the wound moist. Dressing the wound is beneficial because it helps keep the wound from drying out, providing a moist environment conducive for healing. If the abrasion is painful, a topical analgesic (such as lidocaine or benzocaine) can be applied, but for large abrasions, a systemic analgesic may be necessary. Avoid exposing abraded skin to the sun as permanent hyperpigmentation can develop.


title: Abrasion (medical)

text: The gallery below shows the healing process for an abrasion on the palm caused by sliding on concrete.


title: Soo Locks

text: The Soo Locks (sometimes spelled Sault Locks but pronounced "soo") are a set of parallel locks, operated and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District, that enable ships to travel between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes. They are located on the St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, between the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario. They bypass the rapids of the river, where the water falls . The locks pass an average of 10,000 ships per year, despite being closed during the winter from January through March, when ice shuts down shipping on the Great Lakes. The winter closure period is used to inspect and maintain the locks.


title: Soo Locks

text: The locks share a name (usually shortened and anglicized as "Soo") with the two cities named Sault Ste. Marie, in Ontario and in Michigan, located on either side of the St. Marys River. The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge between the United States and Canada permits vehicular traffic to pass over the locks. A railroad bridge crosses the St. Marys River just upstream of the highway bridge.


title: Soo Locks

text: The first locks were opened in 1855. Along with the Erie Canal, constructed in 1824 in central New York State, they were amongst the great infrastructure engineering projects of the antebellum United States. The Soo Locks were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.


title: Soo Locks

text: During World War II, the Soo Locks and the St. Marys River waterway were heavily guarded by U.S. and Canadian forces coordinated by the U.S. Army's Central Defense Command. A one-way German air attack on the locks by forces based in Norway was thought to be possible.


title: Soo Locks

text: The U.S. locks form part of a canal formally named the St. Marys Falls Canal. The entire canal, including the locks, is owned and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, which provides free passage. The first iteration of the U.S. Soo Locks was completed in May 1855; it was operated by the state of Michigan until transferred to the U.S. Army in 1881. The first federal lock, the Weitzel Lock, was built in 1881 and was replaced by the MacArthur Lock in 1943. The configuration consists of two parallel lock chambers, each running east to west. Starting at the Michigan shoreline and moving north toward Ontario, these are:


title: Soo Locks

text: A new lock is under construction and is slated to be completed by 2030. Groundbreaking for the new lock project was held on June 30, 2009. The lock will be equal in size to the Poe Lock and will provide much needed additional capacity for the large lake freighters. The new lock replaces two locks (Davis Lock and Sabin Lock) which were obsolete and used infrequently. In May 2020, construction on Phase One of the replacement of the Sabin Lock was started.


title: Soo Locks

text: North of the new lock is an additional channel with a small hydroelectric plant, which provides electricity for the lock complex.


title: Soo Locks

text: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District, operates the Soo Locks Visitors Center and viewing deck for the public. On the last Friday of every June, the public is allowed to go behind the security fence and cross the lock gates of the U.S. Soo Locks for the annual Engineers Day Open House. During this event, visitors are able to get close enough to touch ships passing through the two regularly operating locks. Other than on that day, because the locks are United States Federal property under command of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, unauthorized personnel and civilians are restricted from the locks under threat of fines or imprisonment for trespassing.


title: Soo Locks

text: A single small lock is operated on the Canadian side of the Soo. Opened in 1895, it was rebuilt in 1987, and is long, wide and deep. The Canadian lock is used for recreational and tour boats; major shipping traffic uses the U.S. locks.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Kalyanji–Anandji are an Indian composer duo: Kalyanji Virji Shah (30 June 1928 – 24 August 2000) and his brother Anandji Virji Shah (born 2 March 1933). The duo are known for their work on Hindi film soundtracks, with many evergreen songs being composed by them.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Some of their best-known works are "Don", "Bairaag", "Saraswatichandra", "Qurbani", Muqaddar Ka Sikandar, Laawaris (film), "Tridev", "Safar", etc. They won the 1975 Filmfare Award for Best Music Director for "Kora Kagaz".


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Kalyanji and Anandji were children of a Kutchi businessman who migrated from Kundrodi village in Kutch to 'Bombay' (now Mumbai) to start a grocery and provision store. Their younger brother and his wife are the husband and wife duo Babla & Kanchan. The brothers began to learn music from a music teacher, who taught them in lieu of paying his bills to their father. One of their great-grandparents was a folk musician of some eminence. They spent most of their formative years in the Mumbai locality of Girgaum amidst Marathi and Gujarati environs and among some eminent musical talent that resided in the vicinity.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Kalyanji started his career as a musician, with a new electronic instrument called the clavioline. which was used for the famous "Nagin Been," used in the film "Nagin" (1954) which had the music of Hemant Kumar. Kalyanji then, with his brother Anandji, started an orchestral group called Kalyanji Virji and Party which organised musical shows in Mumbai and outside. This was the first attempt made for holding live musical shows in India.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Kalyanji Anandji's arrival in the Bombay film industry as music composers was a turning point. When big music directors like S. D. Burman, Hemant Kumar, Madan Mohan, Naushad, Shankar–Jaikishan and O. P. Nayyar were ruling the Hindi film music world and it was a golden period of film music, it was very tough to make a place amongst them. They still managed to attain success amongst the competition.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The Bharat Bhushan– Nirupa Roy hit "Samrat Chandragupta" (1959) was his first film as Kalyanji Virji Shah. Songs like "Chahe Paas Ho" (Lata–Rafi) that are remembered to this day were what made the movie a commercial success. This was followed by his composing music scores for more films like "Post Box 999" before Anandji who was assisting him, joined him officially to form the Kalyanji Anandji duo in "Satta Bazaar" and "Madari" (1959). "Chhalia" (1960) was their earliest major hit. In 1965, two decisive scores, "Himalay Ki God Mein" and "Jab Jab Phool Khile", established them as composers to reckon with.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Both Kalyanji and Anandji worked as music composers for over 250 films, 17 of which were golden jubilees and 39 silver. They organised many charitable concerts for NGOs and several charitable institutions in India and abroad with some of the biggest names in Bollywood, like Dilip Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan, Anil Kapoor, Vinod Khanna, Rekha and Sridevi.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Manhar Udhas, Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal, Alka Yagnik, Sadhana Sargam, Sapna Mukherjee, Udit Narayan, Sunidhi Chauhan, now very popular names, were nurtured as singers and got their first breaks from Kalyanji Anandji. Laxmikant Pyarelal worked as music assistants to Kalyanji Anandji before composing Music independently for Hindi films. They helped introduce or gave career defining breaks to lyricists like Qamar Jalalabadi, Anand Bakshi, Gulshan Bawra, Anjaan, Verma Malik and M G Hashmat.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, their work was introduced to a young Western audience by three albums. "" was a mix album put together by US DJ Dan The Automator; "Bollywood Funk" was an Outcaste compilation album put together by Sutrasonic DJs Harv and Sunni; while "The Beginners Guide To Bollywood" was compiled by John Lewis from "Time Out" magazine. All three of these records concentrated on Kalyanji Anandji tracks from 1970s films that featured funk breakbeats, wah-wah guitars and Motown-style orchestrations. In 2005, The Black Eyed Peas's "Don't Phunk with My Heart" used music pieces from two of their songs: "Ae Naujawan" from the 1972 film "Apradh" and "Yeh Mera Dil" from the 1978 film "Don", which won the American hip-hop group a Grammy Award.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The composers composed some popular songs rendered by Kishore Kumar such as "Jeevan se bhari teri aankhe", "Zindagi ka safar hai ye kaisa Safar", "Pal Pal dilke paas", "Neele Neele Ambar Par". Their composition called "Pal bharke liye" was used in an episode of "The Simpsons". Remixed version of the song "Apni Toh Jaise Taise," originally from the 1981 film "Laawaris" was used in 2010 Bollywood film "Housefull". The Calcutta High Court restrained producer Sajid Nadiadwala from the cinematic use of the song.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The duo composed 270 songs for Kishore Kumar. Their superhit songs with Kishore Kumar included all-time hit "Zindagi ka safar" from Safar (1970), "O Saathi Re" from Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978), "mera jeevan kora kagaz" from Kora Kagaz (1974), Jeevan se bhari teri aankhe " from Safar (1970), "pal pal dil ke paas" from Blackmail (1974), "neele neele ambar


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: par " from Kalakaar (1985), "samjhauta gamon se kar lo" from Samjhauta (1973), "Apne jeevan ki ulzan ko" from Uljhan (1975) and the chart buster qawwali "Qurbani Qurbani Qurbani" from Qurbani(1980).


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The duo composed many songs for Mohd Rafi. At their initial stage as music director, Mohd Rafi was their first choice of singer. They made


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: numerous popular song with him. All songs of Jab Jab Phool Khile were a huge hit and catapulted them to fame and there was no looking back after that. Besides Jab Jab Phool Khile, there were many popular song with Mohd Rafi from films like Qurbani (Kya Dekhte Ho), Bluff Master (Govinda Ala Re Ala), Raaz ( Akele Hain Chehle Aao), Sacha Jhutha (Yuhi Tum Mujhse Baat Karti Hoo), Maryada (Tum Bhi Aja Ke), Haat Ki Safai (Vadaa Karle Sajna), Gopi (Sukh Ki Hai Saab Sathie), Qatilon Ka Qatil ( Yeh To Allah Ko Khabar & Oh Mere Chorni), Geet (Aja Tujh Ko Pukare Mere Geet) & Bairaag (Sare Shaher Mein App Sa) to named a few of the popular song. In the film, Muqaddar Ka Sikandar where most song was playbacked by Kishore Kumar, they used Mohd Rafi to sing Kishore Kumar Rote Hua Ate Saab some lines on the sad version of the song. The collaboration of Kalyanji & Anandji with Mohd Rafi created everlasting songs in a very unique style.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The duo composed 326 songs for Lata Mangeshkar in their career-24 under the name Kalyanji Veerji Shah and 302 under the name Kalyanji–Anandji-, the 4th highest number songs composed by any composer for Lataji's career after Laxmikant-Pyarelal (712),Shankar–Jaikishan (453)and Rahul Dev Burman (331).Their association with the singer goes back to 1954, when Kalyanji played the famous 'been' tune in Lata Mangeshkar's numbers like 'Man Dole Mera Tan Dole' in the movie Nagin (1954). Lata's influence on their music in the initial years can be gauged from the fact that in their first musical score Samrat Chandragupt (1958),Lataji was the only female playback singer, having sung 8 out of 8 numbers in the movie. However, since 1979 they started using Lata mangeshkar's voice very sparingly, even though they kept on offering songs to other senior singers like Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle. Since 1980s Lata's voice could only be heard in their scores like Bombay 405 Miles (1980), Katilon Ke Kaatil (1981),Khoon Ka Rishtaa (1981),Log Kya Kahenge (1982), Raaj Mahal (1982),Vidhaata(1982),Yudh (1985),Pighalta Aasman (1985),Mangal Dada (1986),Kalyug Aur Ramayan (1987),Desh Drohi (1988),Galiyon Ka Baadshah (1989) and Ulfat Ki Nayee Manzilen (1994). Among these,Kalyug Aur Ramayan and Ulfat Ki Nayee Manzilen had been in the making since long, especially the second one which was in the making since 1966, its music having been released in 1968 itself.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Some of her evergreen songs include the immortal "Salaam-e-ishq Meri Jaan" from "Muqaddar Ka Sikander" (1978), "Jiska Mujhe Tha Intezaar" from Don (1978), "Kabhi Raat Din Hum Door The" from Aamne Saamne (1967), "Yeh Saman" from Jab Jab Phool Khile (1965), "Humare Siva Tumhare Aur Kitne deewane" from Apradh (1972), Lata's national award-winning song "Roothe roothe piya" from Kora Kagaz (1974), "Main Pyaasa Tum saawan' from Faraar (1975), "Hum The Jinke Sahare" from"Safar" (1970), "Ja Re Ja O Harjaee" from "Kalicharan" (1976), "Thoda Sa Thehro" from "Victoria No. 203" (1973) etc.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The duo composed 297 songs for Asha as well. Their well known songs with Asha is led by all-time hit "Yeh Mera Dil" from Don (1978). It earned Asha's 7th and last Filmfare Award as best singer. It was copied by world's leading band Black Eyed Peas in 1990 and their song earned Grammy Award. BEP's song included another K-A Bhosle number, "Aye Naujawan". Their other hits with Asha includes "Kya Dekhte Ho" from Qurbani (1978) Aaiye aapka tha hamein intzar (Mahal-1969), Husn ke laakhon rang (Johny mera naam-1970) "O Saathi Re" from Muqaddar Ka Siqandar (1978)


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The duo composed the great number "kasme vaade pyar wafa ke " in Manna Dey's voice in "Upkar" ( 1968) and the chart buster qawwali "Yari hai imman Mera" from Zanjeer ( 1973)


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: The duo composed many heart touching melodies in the voice of Mukesh like " chandsi mehboba ho meri aia maine socha tha ha tum bilkul wais ho jaisa maine socha tha ", " hum chodel hai mehfil ko yaad aa ye kisi ko mat rona ", "koi jab tumhara hriday tod de " , " kya khoob lagthi ho , badi sundar dikhthi ho ","jo tumko ho pasand wohi baat kahenge".etc.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: They also composed many memorable songs for Mahendra Kapoor, "Mere Desh Ki Dharti sona ugle ugle heere moti" in Upkaar, and the unique song "Ek tara bole to tum kya kahe"


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: "Twinkle Twinkle little star" in Purab Aur Pacham and "O Shanker mere" from Bairaag. Mahendra Kapoor has been the preferred playback singer of Kalyanji Anandji giving numerous hit songs.


title: Kalyanji–Anandji

text: Their songs repeatedly entered the top popularity ratings of Binaca Geetmala and topped the list many times. Some of their notable compositions, by song title, are as follows:


title: Languages of Turkey

text: The languages of Turkey, apart from the official language Turkish, include the widespread Kurdish (Kurmanji), the moderately prevalent minority languages Arabic and Zazaki, and a number of less common minority languages, some of which are guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: Turkey has historically been the home to many now extinct languages. These include Hittite, the earliest Indo-European language for which written evidence exists (circa 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE when the Hittite Empire existed). The other Anatolian languages included Luwian and later Lycian, Lydian and Milyan. All these languages are believed to have become extinct at the latest around the 1st century BCE due to the Hellenization of Anatolia which led to Greek in a variety of dialects becoming the common language.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: Urartian belonging to the Hurro-Urartian language family existed in eastern Anatolia around Lake Van. It existed as the language of the kingdom of Urartu from about the 9th century BCE until the 6th century. Hattian is attested in Hittite ritual texts but is not related to the Hittite language or to any other known language; it dates from the 2nd millennium BCE.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: In the post-Tanzimat period French became a common language among educated people, even though no ethnic group in the empire natively spoke French. Johann Strauss, author of "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire," wrote that "In a way reminiscent of English in the contemporary world, French was almost omnipresent in the Ottoman lands." Strauss also stated that French was "a sort of semi-official language", which "to some extent" had "replaced Turkish as an 'official' language for non-Muslims". Therefore late empire had multiple French-language publications, and several continued to operate when the Republic of Turkey was declared in 1923. However French-language publications began to close in the 1930s.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: Article 42 of the Constitution explicitly prohibits educational institutions to teach any language other than Turkish as a mother tongue to Turkish citizens.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: Due to Article 42 and its longtime restrictive interpretation, ethnic minorities have been facing severe restrictions in the use of their mother languages.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: Concerning the incompatibility of this provision with the International Bill of Human Rights, Turkey signed the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights only with reservations constraining minority rights and the right to education. Furthermore, Turkey hasn't signed either of the Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, or the anti-discrimination Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights.This particular constitutional provision has been contested both internationally and within Turkey. The provision has been criticized by minority groups, notably the Kurdish community. In October 2004, the Turkish State's Human Rights Advisory Board called for a constitutional review in order to bring Turkey's policy on minorities in line with international standards, but was effectively muted. It was also criticized by EU member states, the OSCE, and international human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch who observe that "the Turkish government accepts the language rights of the Jewish, Greek and Armenian minorities as being guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. But the government claims that these are Turkey's only minorities, and that any talk of minority rights beyond this is just separatism".


title: Languages of Turkey

text: In 2012, the Ministry of Education included Kurdish (based on both Kurmanji and Zazaki dialects) to the academic programme of the basic schools as optional classes from the fifth year on.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: Later, the Ministry of Education also included Abkhaz, Adyghe, Standard Georgian, and Laz languages in 2013, and Albanian as well as Bosnian languages in February 2017.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: In 2015, the Turkey’s Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016-17 academic year, Arabic courses (as a second language) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade. The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like German, French and English. According to a prepared curriculum, second and third graders will start learning Arabic by listening-comprehension and speaking, while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: "Ethnologue" lists many minority and immigrant languages in Turkey some of which are spoken by large numbers of people.


title: Languages of Turkey

text: Not included in the report by "Ethnologue" is the Megleno-Romanian language, spoken by the Megleno-Romanians, who number around 5,000 in the country.


title: Republic of the Rif

text: The Republic of the Rif (Tarifit: "Tagduda n Arrif", "Jumhūriyya ar-Rīf"), unofficially The Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif, also recorded as the Riff, was a short-lived republic in northern Morocco that existed between 1921 and 1926. It was created in September 1921, when the people of the Rif revolted and declared their independence from Spanish occupation as well as from the Moroccan Alawite sultan, Yusef.


title: Republic of the Rif

text: In 1921, Riffians under the leadership of Abd el-Krim crushed a Spanish offensive under General Manuel Fernández Silvestre at the Battle of Annual and soon after declared an independent republic on 18 September 1921. The republic was formally constituted in 1923 with Abd el-Krim as Head of state and Ben Hajj Hatmi as Prime Minister.


title: Republic of the Rif

text: Abd el-Krim defeated the Spanish many times and drove them back to a few coastal outposts. He wanted to create a stable state for the Berbers to shield them from the long years of fighting. Abd el-Krim sent diplomatic representatives to London and Paris to try to establish diplomatic relations with Europe.


title: Republic of the Rif

text: In late 1925, the French and Spanish created a joint task force of half a million men supported by tanks and aircraft. From 1923 onwards, the Spanish used chemical weapons imported from Germany. The Republic of the Rif was dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces on 27 May 1926, after the long and bloody battles of the Rif War, but many Rif guerrillas continued to fight until 1927.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The 1988 Royal Rumble was the inaugural Royal Rumble professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on January 24, 1988, at the Copps Coliseum in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The event aired as a television special on the USA Network and was centered on the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. It would be the only Royal Rumble event to broadcast as a television special, as beginning with the 1989 event, it began airing on pay-per-view (PPV). After the launch of the WWE Network in 2014, this inaugural Royal Rumble was included with the rest of the Royal Rumble events in the PPV section.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: Four matches were contested at the event. The main event was a two out of three falls match in which The Islanders (Haku and Tama) defeated The Young Stallions (Paul Roma and Jim Powers). The undercard was highlighted by the first-ever televised Royal Rumble match, which was won by Jim Duggan. Additionally, The Jumping Bomb Angels (Noriyo Tateno and Itsuki Yamazaki) defeated The Glamour Girls (Judy Martin and Leilani Kai) in a two out of three falls match to win the WWF Women's Tag Team Championship and in the opening bout, Ricky Steamboat defeated Rick Rude by disqualification.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The idea for the Royal Rumble match was constructed by wrestler Pat Patterson. The rules were that each wrestler had to draw a number between 1 and 20, ostensibly at random. The #1 and #2 entrants would begin the match while the other participants would join the match every two minutes thereafter. Like a standard battle royal, participants had to eliminate their opponents by tossing them over the top rope with both feet touching the floor. The winner would be the last wrestler remaining after all others had been eliminated.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The first experimental Royal Rumble match happened at a World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) house show on October 4, 1987, at the Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis, Missouri. It was a 12-man match that One Man Gang won after last eliminating Junkyard Dog. Possibly because the event was not televised and a financial failure (drawing only 1,976 attendees), this event is not acknowledged by the promotion. According to Patterson, WWF Chairman Vince McMahon hated the concept from the start. Patterson was not at the 1987 show to guide the producers and the wrestlers. He said they had gotten the match concept mixed up. The original prize was a WWF World Heavyweight Championship match against Hulk Hogan at the next St. Louis event scheduled for November 17, 1987; however, the ring announcer spoiled the Rumble result by announcing beforehand that One Man Gang would be Hogan's challenger at that following event.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The WWF then had a television special scheduled to air on the USA Network on January 24, 1988, emanating from the Copps Coliseum in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. "Saturday Night Live"s executive producer Dick Ebersol, who worked with McMahon on the "Saturday Night's Main Event" shows, was in charge of producing the special. Ebersol was unsatisfied with the event's planned card, and McMahon suggested Patterson to tell Ebersol about his Royal Rumble concept, which Ebersol thought was the "greatest thing for television". Patterson said that Ebersol saw the potential of the match, and Ebersol came up with the idea to add a countdown clock on the TV to build anticipation for the next entrant. Ebersol's endorsement was enough to convince McMahon to have the match as the centerpiece of the special, and the special was in turn titled after the match. The number of participants for the match was also increased to 20, but with no prize attached to the match.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The card consisted of four matches. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters to build tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWF's writers, with storylines produced on their weekly television shows, "Superstars", "Wrestling Challenge", and "Prime Time Wrestling".


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The Jumping Bomb Angels (Noriyo Tateno & Itsuki Yamazaki) feuded with The Glamour Girls (Leilani Kai & Judy Martin) over the WWF Women's Tag Team Championship. Kai & Martin were awarded the titles in August 1985 in Egypt. Kai & Martin feuded with many tag teams and held onto the titles for over two and a half years. In November 1987, they began calling themselves "The Glamour Girls". At Survivor Series 1987, The Glamour Girls were part of WWF Women's Champion Sensational Sherri's team in a Survivor Series match against Fabulous Moolah's team. The Jumping Bomb Angels, part of Moolah's team pinned the champions to become the survivors for the match. After pinning the champions, The Jumping Bomb Angels signed a contract for the Royal Rumble challenging The Glamour Girls for the titles.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The first match was between Rick Rude and Ricky Steamboat. At the conclusion of the match, Steamboat attempted a diving crossbody but Rude pulled referee Dave Hebner in front of him to avoid any contact unto himself. Rude placed Steamboat in a Canadian backbreaker rack but Hebner signaled for the bell. Rude reacted as if Hebner was awarding him the match via a submission, but in fact, Hebner instead awarded the bout to Steamboat via a disqualification.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: Dino Bravo attempted to set a world record to bench press 715 pounds. He was successful, but with help from spotter Jesse "The Body" Ventura.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: The second match was a women's tag team two out of three falls match for the WWF Women's Tag Team Championship, as the champions The Glamour Girls (Judy Martin & Leilani Kai) defended the titles against The Jumping Bomb Angels (Noriyo Tateno & Itsuki Yamazaki). The challengers won the title after executing a double dropkick on Martin in the third and deciding fall.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: André the Giant and Hulk Hogan signed a contract for a WrestleMania III rematch that took place on the February 5, 1988 "The Main Event I". Tied into this was that Ted DiBiase had previously purchased André's contract from Bobby Heenan and promised André, should he defeat Hogan for the WWF Championship and then "deliver it" to him, that he would reward André with a large sum of money. During the in-ring promo, after he signed the contract, at DiBiase's prompting to "give your stamp of approval", André grabbed Hogan, slammed his head into the table and then tipped the table on top of him before the heels left the ring.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: Next was the match the event was based on – the Royal Rumble match. The first two wrestlers ever to enter a Royal Rumble match were Bret Hart of The Hart Foundation and one half of WWF Tag Team Champions Strike Force, Tito Santana. Hart hit Santana in the corner. Santana fired back but Hart hit him an inverted atomic drop, followed by a middle rope axe handle elbow drop. Butch Reed entered at #3 while Santana hit a flying forearm smash on Hart. Reed began nailing Santana until Santana dropkicked both Hart and Reed. However, the two men got the better of Santana. Reed tried to hit Santana who sidestepped, and Hart was accidentally nailed until Hart's tag team partner Jim Neidhart entered at #4. He helped Reed and his tag team partner Hart in attempting to eliminate Santana. Santana held on to ropes until Jake Roberts entered at #5, making the save for Santana. He tossed Reed out of the ring and eliminated him in the first elimination in the Royal Rumble history. He began pounding on Hart Foundation. Santana and Roberts tried to hit a Double DDT on Hart, but Neidhart attacked both men, saving his partner. Hart hit a jumping piledriver on Santana while Harley Race entered at #6. Neidhart and Race tried to eliminate Roberts while Santana nearly tossed Hart. Jim Brunzell entered at #7 and almost eliminated Hart before Neidhart attacked Brunzell, saving Hart again. Sam Houston entered at #8 and went after Hart Foundation. They tossed Santana out of the ring to even the score 3–3.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: Danny Davis entered at #9 and began attacking Houston. Race attacked Roberts through the ropes. Roberts tried to hit a DDT on Davis but Davis blocked it. Boris Zhukov entered at #10. Zhukov's The Bolsheviks tag team partner Nikolai Volkoff and Don Muraco were quarreling over who was #11. The referees informed them that Muraco was #11 and Volkoff was #12. Zhukov was eliminated by Roberts and Brunzell. Brunzell dropkicked Hart but it had no great effect on Hart. Volkoff entered at #12 as Muraco clotheslined Race. Jim Duggan entered at #13 and received a nice reaction by the Canadian fans. All the wrestlers continued to beat each other until Ron Bass entered at #14. Volkoff prevented from Brunzell eliminating Davis. Brunzell pounded on Volkoff but was thrown out by Volkoff. B. Brian Blair entered at #15. Hillbilly Jim entered at #16 and eliminated Neidhart. Dino Bravo entered at #17. Bass had Houston on his shoulders and he threw Houston over the top rope, thus eliminating Houston in the process. The Ultimate Warrior entered at #18 as Muraco eliminated Bret Hart. Though Hart did not win the match, he set the first Royal Rumble longevity record for being eliminated at 25:42. The One Man Gang entered at #19 and he eliminated Blair and then Roberts. The final participant entering at #20 was the Junkyard Dog. Duggan tossed Volkoff out of the ring while on the other side of the ring, the One Man Gang eliminated Hillbilly Jim and later The Ultimate Warrior. Bass surprisingly attacked the Junkyard Dog and eliminated him from behind while Muraco surprisingly clotheslined Bass over the top rope as the final four left – Muraco, Duggan, Bravo and OMG. the One Man Gang nailed Duggan with a big splash in the corner and then the One Man Gang and Bravo began double-teaming on Muraco. Muraco managed to control both men until Frenchy Martin came out and distracted Muraco. Bravo and the One Man Gang was able to eliminate him. They went to do the same on Duggan. The One Man Gang attacked him but Duggan ducked and the One Man Gang accidentally eliminated Bravo. After a brawl with One Man Gang, Duggan eliminated him to become the first-ever Royal Rumble winner.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: A two out of three falls match between The Islanders (Haku & Tama) and The Young Stallions (Paul Roma & Jim Powers) closed the broadcast. The first fall concluded when Roma was tossed over the top rope by Tama – the ropes were low bridged by Haku – resulting in Roma injuring his knee. Roma was unable to return to the ring and got counted-out, giving the first fall to The Islanders. Powers worked much of the second fall, with Roma ailing on the ring apron, but eventually gave way to Roma after a taking a lengthy beating. Roma reluctantly tagged himself in but became an immediate victim to a Tama splash onto his injured knee. Haku then forced Roma to submit with a half crab to win the match in two straight falls.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: Hulk Hogan and André the Giant battled in their WrestleMania III rematch for the WWF Championship on February 5, 1988 "The Main Event I", where André controversially defeated Hogan for the WWF title. André sold the title to Ted DiBiase in exchange for a large sum of money but figurehead WWF President Jack Tunney vacated the title, making André the shortest reigning WWF Champion (at the time) with a reign of 45 seconds. An undisputed champion was crowned in a 14-man tournament at WrestleMania IV, where Randy Savage defeated DiBiase in the final match to become the new titleholder.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: This Royal Rumble set a record for the highest viewed wrestling program on cable TV at the time with an 8.2 rating.


title: Royal Rumble (1988)

text: Beginning with the 1989 Royal Rumble, the Royal Rumble became an annual January pay-per-view for the WWF, which was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2002. The 1989 event also began the tradition of having 30 wrestlers in the titular match (with the exception of the 2011 event, which had 40). Beginning with the 1993 event, the winner traditionally earns a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. The 2016 event was unique because the champion defended the title in the match. While originally only contested by men (with the exception of Chyna, who took part in the 1999 and 2000 events. Beth Phoenix in 2010, Kharma in 2012 and Nia Jax in 2019), a women's version was introduced at the 2018 event, and the event now features a men's and women's match. Beginning with the pay-per-view broadcast in 1989, the Royal Rumble became one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were dubbed the "Big Four". From 1993 to 2002, these four were referred to as the "Big Five" along with King of the Ring, but that event was discontinued after its 2002 event. In October 2021, Money in the Bank became recognized as one of the "Big Five".


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The Kappa engine series are gasoline powered, all-aluminum block and utilizes a 16-valve design with DOHC as opposed to the 12-valve design SOHC of its Epsilon engine family predecessor.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The is a destroked variant of the Kappa G4LA engine produced in India to circumvent the 1,200 cc tax bracket. It makes at 5,200 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The is the European version. It makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. Engine output figures varies depending on application and target market. Fuel economy is rated at in the European combined test cycle.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Flex fuel compatible version of the 1.0 MPi engine. The three-cylinder engine makes at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The three-cylinder engine is turbocharged and makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,600 and 3,500 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Flex fuel compatible version of the 1.0 TCi engine. The three-cylinder engine is turbocharged and makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,600 and 3,500 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The is a destroked variant of the Kappa II G4LA engine produced in India to circumvent the 1,200 cc tax bracket. It is a four-cylinder engine making at 6,300 rpm and of torque at 4,200 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The is the European version. It is a four-cylinder engine making at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Flex fuel compatible version of the 1.0 T-GDi engine. The turbocharged three-cylinder engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,500 and 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The turbocharged four-cylinder engine which was announced in 2015 makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,500 and 3,200 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: A detuned version which produces at 5,500 rpm and of torque between 1,400 rpm and 3,700 rpm is also available for some applications.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Announced in 2016 and intended for use in Hybrid applications, main improvements are utilizing Atkinson cycle, higher compression ratio, cooler EGR system and higher pressure fuel system.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The four-cylinder with a bore, stroke and a 13.0:1 compression ratio. The engine makes at 5,700 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The Hybrid version combines a 1.56 KWh battery with an electric motor making between 1,800 and 2,500 rpm with of torque between 0 and 1,800 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The Plug-in Hybrid version combines a 8.9 KWh battery with an electric motor making between 1,800 and 2,500 rpm with of torque between 0 and 1,800 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Both the Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid versions total combined system power is at 5,700 rpm with of torque at 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Developed at a cost of $421 million over a period of 48 months, the Kappa project was aimed at increasing fuel economy while ensuring compliance to stringent EURO-4 emission regulations. The newest versions of Kappa engine family comply with Euro-6DTemp regulations.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The engine block is made from high pressure die-cast aluminum which results in considerable weight savings - the entire engine with a manual gearbox only weighs . The main block features a ladder frame construction for structural stiffness while its cylinders are fitted with cast-iron liners for improved abrasion durability. Additional weight was shaved off by integrating the engine support bracket with the timing chain cover. The shape of the piston skirt was optimized to reduce its size while the compression height of the piston was also reduced, resulting in weight savings. The optimized piston skirt is also treated with molybdenum disulfide. A highly sophisticated process of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is used to apply an ultra-thin layer of Chromium nitride to the piston’s oil ring. Chromium Nitride-coated piston rings using PVD is an innovative technology borrowed from the Hyundai Tau engine introduced earlier. Friction between the oil ring and cylinder wall has been further minimized by reducing the oil ring tension. The Kappa engine is the first Hyundai engine to be fitted with an accessory drive belt which does not require a mechanical auto-tensioning adjustment device, reducing the hardware and further lowering weight and cost. Because it is designed to maintain an ideal tension setting, the belt runs quieter and with proper preventative maintenance and care, the belt will last . For ignition, the Kappa engine uses a new, longer reach spark plug which enabled engineers to enlarge the size of the water jacket to promote more efficient engine cooling around the critically important spark plug and exhaust port area. The long reach spark plug (M12 thread) also enabled engineers to enlarge the valve diameter for increased airflow and combustion efficiency. A lightweight, heat-resistant engineering plastic was used for the intake manifold. The fuel delivery pipe assembly is a returnless type (to eliminate evaporative fuel emissions) and is made of SUS (steel use stainless) with a specially designed inner structure for the reduction of pulsation noise.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: The valvetrain features a number of innovations: friction reducing roller swing arm, hydraulic lash adjusters which ensure proper clearances between the valve stem and roller swing arm, which significantly reduce valve tapping noise. The valve springs feature a beehive shape and smaller retainer. The reduced weight and spring load further help lower friction and improve fuel economy. The valvetrain is driven by a silent-type, maintenance free steel timing chain that replaces a roller-type timing chain: The optimized design greatly reduces impact forces and noise when the gear tooth and chain engage.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Unlike a conventional engine where the centerline of the cylinder bore is in perfect vertical alignment with the rotating axis of the crankshaft, the Kappa’s centerline is offset by a small distance. This offset minimizes the lateral force created by the rotating piston & rod assembly (known, and audible, as "piston slap" at its extreme). The net effect is an improvement in fuel consumption and a reduction in noise, vibration and harshness - it should also help with engine longevity since reduced lateral force will equal reduced bore wear.


title: Hyundai Kappa engine

text: Engine management is provided by two 16-bit 32 MHz microprocessors which control and monitor ignition timing, idle speed, knocking and emissions.


title: Vectrex

text: The Vectrex is a vector display-based home video game console–the only one ever designed and released for the home market, developed by Smith Engineering. It was first released for the North America market in November 1982 and then Europe and Japan in 1983. Originally manufactured by General Consumer Electronics, it was later licensed to Milton Bradley after they acquired the company. Bandai released the system in Japan.


title: Vectrex

text: The Vectrex, in contrast to other video game systems at the time, does not need to be hooked up to a television set. It has an integrated monochrome CRT monitor. A detachable wired control pad can be folded into the lower base of the console. Games came with translucent color overlays to place over the screen. Peripherals include a pair of 3D goggles known as the "3D Imager" and a light pen for drawing directly on the screen. The "Asteroids"-inspired "Mine Storm" is built into the system.


title: Vectrex

text: The console was conceived by John Ross, of Smith Engineering, in late 1980 as a handheld called the "Mini Arcade". It morphed into a tabletop system that was manufactured by General Consumer Electronics. Strong initial sales caused General Consumer Electronics to be acquired by Milton Bradley. The Vectrex was a victim of the video game crash of 1983 and was discontinued in 1984.


title: Vectrex

text: Despite its commercial failure, the Vectrex was praised for its software library, unique graphical capabilities, and built-in monitor. Several publications lauded it as one of the best consoles available at the time. The Vectrex was the first console to have a 3D-based peripheral. A color handheld version of the Vectrex was conceived in the late 1980s, but was shelved because of its manufacturing cost and the success of the Nintendo Game Boy.


title: Vectrex

text: The Vectrex was conceived by John Ross of Smith Engineering in late 1980. He, Mike Purvis, Tom Sloper, and Steve Marking had gone to Electro-Mavin, a surplus warehouse in Los Angeles. They found a 1-inch cathode ray tube (CRT) and wondered if a small electronic game could be made of it. A demonstration of a vector-drawing cathode ray tube display was made by connecting the deflection yoke in a standard television to the channels of a stereo amplifier fed with music program material. An auxiliary yoke was used to keep the raster television's horizontal fly-back high-voltage system running. The demo led to a system originally conceived as a handheld called the Mini Arcade but, as Smith Engineering shopped the idea around to developers, it evolved into a tabletop with nine-inch screen.


title: Vectrex

text: The system was licensed to General Consumer Electronics in 1981. After a brief hardware and software development period, the Vectrex was unveiled on 7 June 1982 at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. It was publicly released in November at a retail price of US$199, just in time for the holidays. The launch sales were strong enough that Milton Bradley bought out General Consumer Electronics in early 1983.


title: Vectrex

text: Milton Bradley's greater resources allowed the Vectrex to be released in parts of Europe by mid-1983 and, through a co-branding agreement with Bandai, in Japan as well. However, the video game crash of 1983 turned Milton Bradley's support of the Vectrex into a costly mistake, even despite reducing its price by 25% and then later 50% in desperation to sell units. In February 1984, after losing $31.6 million on the Vectrex, Milton Bradley announced the discontinuation of the console and cancelled development of new games. The company's entire inventory of consoles and accessories was sold off to mass-market discount houses, where they were liquidated at a fraction of the console's introductory price. By May 1984, Milton Bradley merged with Hasbro and after-market support ended.


title: Vectrex

text: Prior to the Vectrex's discontinuation, a successor console with a color screen had been planned. After the rights reverted to Smith Engineering, the company made plans to revive the Vectrex as a handheld, but the imminent arrival of Nintendo's Game Boy put an end to those plans. In the mid-1990s, Jay Smith, then head of Smith Engineering, allowed new hardware and software development on a fee- and royalty-free basis. Smith has also allowed duplication of the original Vectrex software on a not-for-profit basis to allow Vectrex owners to obtain the original titles at low cost or for free.


title: Vectrex

text: The computer and vector generator were designed by Gerry Karr. The computer runs the game's computer code, watches the user's inputs, runs the sound generator, and controls the vector generator to make the screen drawings. The vector generator is an all-analog design using two integrators: X and Y. The computer sets the integration rates using a digital-to-analog converter. The computer controls the integration time by momentarily closing electronic analog switches within the operational-amplifier based integrator circuits. Voltage ramps are produced that the monitor uses to steer the electron beam over the face of the phosphor screen of the cathode ray tube. Another signal is generated that controls the brightness of the line.


title: Vectrex

text: The cathode ray tube is a Samsung model 240RB40 monochrome unit measuring 9 × 11 inches, displaying a picture of 240 mm diagonal; it is an off-the-shelf picture tube manufactured for small black/white television sets. The brightness of the CRT is controlled using a circular knob on the back of the display. A vector CRT display such as the one in the Vectrex does not require a special tube, and differs from standard raster-based television sets only in the control circuits. Rather than use sawtooth waves to direct the internal electron beam in a raster pattern, computer-controlled integrators feed linear amplifiers to drive the deflection yoke. This yoke has similar, if not identical inductances, unlike a TV deflection yoke. The yoke uses a standard TV core. The high-voltage transformer also uses a standard core and bobbin. There is special circuitry to turn off the electron beam if the vector generator stops or fails. This prevents burning of the screen's phosphors. This design is a great deal smaller than the electronics found in the free-standing, full-sized "Asteroids" arcade machine.


title: Vectrex

text: During development, for a short period of time, the possibility of using the 6502 processor was considered, but later its performance was considered insufficient.


title: Vectrex

text: Early units have a very audible "buzzing" from the built-in speaker that reacts to the graphics generated on screen. This is due to improper production grounding of signal lines of the low-level audio circuitry, and was eventually resolved in later production models. A "ground loop" had been created by a grounding strap added in production to meet U.S. Federal Communications Commission signal radiation requirements. This idiosyncrasy has become a familiar characteristic of the machine.


title: Vectrex

text: The 3-D Imager, invented by John Ross, turns the 2-D black-and-white images drawn by the Vectrex into a color 3-D experience. The imager works by spinning a disk in front of the viewer's eyes. The disk is black for 180 degrees and in some cases has 60 degree wedges of transparent red, green, and blue filters. The user looks through this to the Vectrex screen. The Vectrex synchronizes the rotation of the disk to the software frame rate as it draws 6 screens: with the right eye covered: the left eye red image, then green, and then the blue image is drawn, and then, while the left eye is covered by the black 180-degree sector: the right eye red, green, and then the blue image is drawn. Only one eye will see the Vectrex screen and its 3 associated images (or colors) at any one time while the other will be blocked by the 180-degree mask. The prototype was made in the plastic casework of a Viewmaster. The disc spins freely and is driven by a motor. The Vectrex software generates its own frame-rate and compares it to an index signal from the glasses once per revolution. Score is kept of how many wheel rotations are early compared to the software frame rate, and how many are late. The software tries to keep these two trends equal by adjusting the power being delivered to the motor that spins the filter and mask wheel. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used to control the motor speed: the ratio of the "on" time versus the "off" time of a rapid stream of power pulses to the motor. In this way the software synchronizes the wheel rotation to the software's frame rate, or drawing time, for the combined and repeating group of up to 6 evolving images.


title: Vectrex

text: A single object that does not lie on the plane of the monitor ("i.e.", in front of or into the monitor) is drawn at least twice to provide information for each eye. The distance between the duplicate images and the angles from which they are drawn will determine where the object will appear to "be" in 3-D space. The 3-D illusion is also enhanced by adjusting the brightness of the object (dimming objects in the background). Spinning the disk at a high enough speed will fool the viewer's eyes/brain into thinking that the multiple images it is seeing are two different views of the same object due to the persistence of vision. This creates the impression of 3-D and color.


title: Vectrex

text: The same 3-D effect is in fact possible with raster or film-projection images, and the shutter glasses used in some 3-D theaters and virtual reality theme park rides work on the same principle.


title: Vectrex

text: The light pen allows the user to "draw", to create images and to indicate, on the screen. It has a photo-detector that can see the bright spot of the vector-drawing display monitor when it goes by under the light pen's position where it is being held to the screen. The photo-detector feeds internal pulse-catching circuits that tell the Vectrex and its software of the event. The prototype was made in the plastic casework of a Marks-A-Lot felt-tipped marker pen. The Vectrex draws a spider-web-like search-pattern to track the pen's location. The software changes the pattern size as the pen changes motions and velocity in an attempt keep a continuous lock on the pen's position. The Vectrex light pen was invented by John Ross.


title: Vectrex

text: In order to enhance the display visuals of the Vectrex, every commercially released game included its own unique translucent plastic screen overlay that accompanied the cartridge (a concept first seen with the Magnavox Odyssey, as well as some early arcade machines). Instead of physically touching the CRT screen, four tabs on the Vectrex console securely held them in place in front of it, with a small gap between the actual screen and the overlay. Made up of one to three colors for the play field area, these overlays provide the illusion of simple color graphics (on an otherwise black and white screen), helped reduced glare, flicker and gave the appearance of a flat screen. They also allowed changes in brightness intensity of vector graphics to be more visually distinctive. In some cases game designers created pseudo color cycling effects, for a sense of movement, by using alternating colored patterns. In addition to players' score areas, some overlays also contained additional artwork and patterns, to add to the game's play field. Across the bottom of each overlay are game-specific joystick and button functions as a guide for the player. Each overlay also displayed the title and logo of each game, along with a colored border or design, to add cosmetic flair to the Vectrex (much like an arcade machine with its marquee or side art). Overlays were not required, but added to the experience in terms of the visual look of game graphics and the overall display appearance of the console.


title: Vectrex

text: Some of the Vectrex's library consisted of ports of arcade hits, most of them brought to the console through a licensing deal with Cinematronics.


title: Vectrex

text: The liquor company Old Mr. Boston gave out a limited number of customized "Clean Sweep" cartridges, with a Mr. Boston sticker on the box. The overlay was the regular "Clean Sweep" overlay with the Mr. Boston name, logo, and copyright info running up either side. The game itself had custom text, and the player controlled a top hat rather than a vacuum. "Clean Sweep" was written by Richard Moszkowski.


title: Vectrex

text: "Byte" in 1982 called Vectrex "one of the greatest game machines we have seen this year ... [Vectrex] is a good bet to score big with the consumer". The magazine praised the screen, stating that "it almost has to be seen to be believed; imagine playing games at home (or in the office) using vector graphics with three-dimensional rotation and zoom", and noted that "It is unusual and refreshing to see a product appearing on the market with its software ready to run". David H. Ahl stated in "Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games" in 1983 that "Vector graphics really do make a difference, and the strong line-up of games helps immensely".


title: Vectrex

text: Since late 1995, there has been a Usenet community of hobbyists writing games for ParaJVE, a Vectrex emulator. Its emulation is also a compound of MESS (included in MAME, so RetroArch too via libretro), DVE, lr-vex, Vecx, with a Wii version called VectrexWii. Schematics for a "Vectrex Multicart" cartridge is available, allowing several games to be packed on one cartridge. There are also several people manufacturing and selling newly made games, some complete as cartridges with packing and overlays in the style of the original commercially released games, others with varying degrees of packaging.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Critique of political economy or critique of economy is a form of social critique that rejects the various social categories and structures that constitute the mainstream discourse concerning the forms and modalities of resource allocation and income distribution in the economy. The critique also rejects economists' use of what its advocates believe are unrealistic axioms, faulty historical assumptions, and the normative use of various descriptive narratives. They reject what they describe as mainstream economists' tendency to posit the economy as an a priori societal category.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Those who engage in critique of economy tend to reject the view that the economy, and its categories, is to be understood as something transhistorical. They rather argue that it is a relatively new mode of resource distribution, which emerged along with modernity. Hence, it is seen as merely one of many types of historically specific ways to distribute resources.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Critics of economy critique the given status of the economy itself, and hence don't aim to create theories regarding how to administer economies. Critics of economy commonly view what is most commonly referred to as the economy as being bundles of metaphysical concepts, as well as societal and normative practices, rather than being the result of any "self-evident" or proclaimed "economic laws". Hence they also tend to consider the views which are commonplace within the field of economics as faulty, or simply as pseudoscience.


title: Critique of political economy

text: There are multiple critiques of political economy today, but what they have in common is critique of what critics of political economy tend to view as dogma, i.e. claims of "the economy" as a necessary and transhistorical societal category.


title: Critique of political economy

text: In the 1860s, John Ruskin published his essay "Unto This Last" which he came to view as his central work. The essay was originally written as a series of publications in a magazine, which ended up having to suspend the publications, due to the severe controversy the articles caused. While Ruskin is generally known as an important art critic, his study of the history of art was a component that gave him some insight into the pre-modern societies of the Middle Ages, and their social organisation which he was able to contrast to his contemporary condition. Ruskin attempted to mobilize a methodological/scientific critique of new political economy, as it was envisaged by the classical economists.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Ruskin viewed "the economy" as a kind of "collective mental lapse or collective concussion", and he viewed the emphasis on precision in industry as a kind of slavery. Due to the fact that Ruskin regarded the political economy of his time as "mad", he said that it interested him as much as "a science of gymnastics which had as its axiom that human beings in fact didn't have skeletons". Ruskin declared that economics rests on positions that are exactly the same. According to Ruskin, these axioms resemble thinking, not that human beings do not have skeletons, but rather that they consist entirely of skeletons. Ruskin wrote that he didn't oppose the truth value of this theory, he merely wrote that he denied that it could be successfully implemented in the world in the state it was in. He took issue with the ideas of "natural laws", "economic man" and the prevailing notion of "value" and aimed to point out the inconsistencies in the thinking of the economists. As well as critiqued Mill for thinking that ‘the opinions of the public’ was reflected adequately by market prices.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Ruskin also coined the term 'Illth' to refer to unproductive wealth. Ruskin is not well known as a political thinker today but, when in 1906 a journalist asked the first generation of Labour MPs which book had most inspired them, "Unto This Last" emerged as an undisputed chart-topper.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Marx and Engels regarded much of Ruskin's critique as reactionary. His idealisation of the Middle Ages made them reject him as a "feudal utopian".


title: Critique of political economy

text: In the 21st century, Karl Marx is probably the most famous critic of political economy, with his three volume magnum opus "Capital: A Critique of Political Economy" as one of his most famous books. However Marx's companion Friedrich Engels also engaged in critique of political economy in his 1844 "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy", which helped lay down some of the foundation for what Marx was to take further. Marx's critique of political economy encompasses the study and exposition of the mode of production and ideology of bourgeois society, and its critique of ["real abstraction"], that is, the fundamental "economic", i.e., social categories present within what for Marx is the capitalist mode of production, for example abstract labour. In contrast to the classics of political economy, Marx was concerned with lifting the ideological veil of surface phenomena and exposing the norms, axioms, social relations, institutions and so on, that reproduced capital.


title: Critique of political economy

text: The central works in Marx's critique of political economy are "Grundrisse", "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" and "Das Kapital". Marx's works are often explicitly named for example: "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy", or "Capital: A Critique of Political Economy". Marx also cited Engels' article "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy" several times in "Das Kapital". However Trotskyists and other Leninists tend to implicitly or explicitly argue that these works constitute and or contain "economical theories" which can be studied independently. This was also the common understanding of Marx's work on economy that was put forward by Soviet orthodoxy. Since this is the case, it remains a matter of controversy whether Marx's critique of political economy is to be understood as a critique of the political economy or, according to the orthodox interpretation another theory of economics. The critique of political economy is considered the most important and central project within Marxism which has led to, and continues to lead to a large number of advanced approaches within and outside academic circles.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Marx described the view of contemporaneous economists and theologians on social phenomena as similarly unscientific.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Marx continued to emphasize the ahistorical thought of the modern economists in the Grundrisse, where he among other endeavors, critiqued the liberal economist Mill.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Marx also viewed the viewpoints which implicitly regarded the institutions of modernity as transhistorical as fundamentally deprived of historical understanding.


title: Critique of political economy

text: According to the french philosopher Jacques Rancière, what Marx understood, and what the economists failed to recognise was that the value-form is not something essential, but merely a part of the capitalist mode of production.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Marx also offered a critique regarding the idea of people being able to conduct scientific research in this domain. Or, as he stated it himself:


title: Critique of political economy

text: Marx also used to criticize the false critique of political economy of his contemporaries. Something he did, sometimes even more forcefully, than he critiqued the classical, and hence 'vulgar' economists. He for example rejected Lasalle's 'iron and inexorable law' of wages, which he simply regarded as mere phraseology. As well as Proudhon's attempts to do what Hegel did for religion, law, etc., for political economy, as well as regarding what is social as subjective, and what was societal as merely subjective abstractions. In Marx's view, the errors of these authors led the workers' movement astray.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Some scholars view Marx's critique as being a critique of commodity fetishism and the manner in which this concept expresses a criticism of modernity and its modes of socialisation. Other scholars who engage with Marx's critique of political economy affirm the critique might assume a more Kantian sense, which transforms "Marx's work into a foray concerning the imminent antinomies that lie at the heart of capitalism, where politics and economy intertwine in impossible ways."


title: Critique of political economy

text: Regarding contemporary Marxian critiques of political economy, these are generally accompanied by a rejection of the more naturalistically influenced readings of Marx, as well as other readings later deemed ("worldview Marxism"), that was popularised as late as toward the end of the 20th century.


title: Critique of political economy

text: According to some scholars in this field, contemporary critiques of political economy and contemporary German "Ökonomiekritik" have been at least partly neglected in the anglophone world.


title: Critique of political economy

text: There has been a growing literature of feminist viewpoints in examinations of the foundations of political economy in recent years.


title: Critique of political economy

text: According to economist Julie A. Nelson feminist critiques of economics should start from the premise that "economics, like any science, is socially constructed." Feminist economists say that social constructs act to privilege male-identified, western, and heterosexual interpretations of economics. They generally incorporate feminist theory and frameworks to show how traditional economics communities signal expectations regarding appropriate participants, to the exclusion of outsiders. Such criticisms extend to the theories, methodologies and research areas of economics, in order to show that accounts of economic life are deeply influenced by biased histories, social structures, norms, cultural practices, interpersonal interactions, and politics.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Feminist economists often make a critical distinction that masculine bias in economics is primarily a result of gender, not sex.


title: Critique of political economy

text: One may differentiate between those who engage in critique of political economy, which takes on a more ontological character, where authors criticise the fundamental concepts and social categories which reproduce the economy as an entity. While other authors, which the critics of political economy would consider only to deal with the surface phenomena of "the economy", have a naturalized understanding of these social processes.


title: Critique of political economy

text: Hence the epistemological differences between critics of economy and economists can also at times be very large.


title: Critique of political economy

text: In the eyes of the critics of political economy, the critics of economic issues merely critique "certain practices" in attempts to implicitly or explicitly 'rescue' the political economy; these authors might for example propose universal basic income or to implement a planned economy.


title: Sandra Gould

text: Sandra Gould (July 23, 1916 – July 20, 1999) was an American actress, perhaps best known for her role as Gladys Kravitz on the sitcom "Bewitched". Gould was the second actress to portray the role, debuting at the start of the third season.


title: Sandra Gould

text: Gould was born in Brooklyn, New York. She began acting in films with an uncredited role in "T-Men" (1947), and was the Phone Operator in "Romance on the High Seas" (1948), Doris Day's debut film. She appeared in several uncredited roles for the remainder of the decade, and received her first screen credit with "The Story of Molly X" (1949). During the same decade, Gould enjoyed a four-year run as Miss Duffy, the man-hungry daughter of the forever-unheard owner of radio's "Duffy's Tavern".


title: Sandra Gould

text: In 1953, Gould appeared as a guest in an episode of "Letter to Loretta" with Loretta Young. In 1959 she played a secretary in the Academy Award-nominated "Imitation of Life" with Lana Turner and Juanita Moore. She continued to guest star in the 1950s and 1960s in such television series as "I Love Lucy", "I Married Joan", "December Bride", "Maverick", "The Flintstones", "The Twilight Zone", "The Lucy Show", "Burke's Law", "I Dream of Jeannie"; "Love, American Style"; "Gilligan's Island", "The Brady Bunch" and "Mister Ed". She played a prominent supporting role in the film "The Ghost and Mr. Chicken" in 1966. In 1963, Gould released a comedy single record entitled "Hello Melvin (This Is Mama)" as an answer to Allan Sherman's hit "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh".


title: Sandra Gould

text: In September 1966, Gould replaced her friend Alice Pearce, who had been battling ovarian cancer during the second season of the ABC-TV situation comedy "Bewitched", and had died in March. The producers were undecided about what to do with the character of Gladys, so at first they had actress Mary Grace Canfield brought in to play Harriet Kravitz, Abner's sister, who was visiting him while his wife was visiting her mother. Soon after, Sandra Gould got the role of Mrs. Kravitz when actress-comedian Alice Ghostley turned down the role.


title: Sandra Gould

text: In the role of Gladys, Gould's over-the-top performance and shrill voice were popular with viewers, and she succeeded ultimately in making the character her own. She remained with the series through its 7th season. The Kravitzes were referenced once in the final/8th season (ep 241 "Three Men and a Witch on a Horse") but the characters did not appear. After "Bewitched" was cancelled in 1972, Gould reprised the role of Gladys five years later in a spin-off of the series, "Tabitha". Gould also made appearances on "Columbo", "The Brady Bunch", "Adam-12", "Punky Brewster", "Friends", and "Veronica's Closet".


title: Sandra Gould

text: In 1961, Gould wrote the book "Always Say Maybe", "a modern girl's guide to almost everything—but mostly men", published by Golden Press.


title: Sandra Gould

text: Twice married, Gould was the widow of broadcasting executive Larry Berns and television/film director Hollingsworth Morse. With Berns she had one son, Michael Berns, in 1965.


title: Sandra Gould

text: As a Democrat, she supported Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election. Gould adhered to Judaism.


title: Sandra Gould

text: Gould died on July 20, 1999, in Burbank, California of a stroke following heart surgery, three days before her 83rd birthday. Upon her death, she was cremated and her ashes returned to her son.


title: Mervyn's

text: Mervyn's was an American middle-scale department store chain based in Hayward, California, and founded by Mervin G. Morris (1920–2021). It carried national brands of clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, electronics, and housewares. Many of the company's stores were opened in shopping malls; however, some locations were operated independently. Based on 2005 revenue, Mervyn's was the 83rd largest retailer in the United States.


title: Mervyn's

text: In 2006, Mervyn's had 189 stores in 10 states. One year later, Mervyn's had reduced its store count to 177 stores in seven states. On October 17, 2008, the company announced that it would liquidate its assets through a Chapter 7 filing. All remaining locations were closed by the end of the year. The Morris family, having bought back intellectual property rights to the company in 2009, announced plans to relaunch Mervyn's as an internet-based enterprise. The proposed revival never came to fruition.


title: Mervyn's

text: Mervin G. Morris founded the first Mervyn's store in San Lorenzo, California, on July 29, 1949. The store was supposed to be named "Mervin's", but a designer suggested that a spelling with a "y" instead of an "i" would be more visually appealing. Mervyn's was located in the midst of San Lorenzo Village, a planned residential community between the cities of Hayward and San Leandro, composed of two- and three-bedroom tract homes built between 1944 and the 1950s. Mervyn's carved a niche for itself by having a relatively no-frills shopping environment that reduced overhead, enabling the store to price merchandise lower than competing department stores. Mervyn's also offered significantly-discounted factory seconds of basics such as jeans, T-shirts, underwear and similar garments, as well as household linens, with flaws minor and undetectable by most. During the 1950s and 1960s, this made Mervyn's popular with the young suburban families comprising the majority of San Lorenzo's population. This marketing strategy was later abandoned before Mervyn's expanded beyond its original single location, but Mervyn's remained popular as a lower-priced alternative to national department store chains.


title: Mervyn's

text: The second Mervyn's store opened about south as an anchor tenant of the Fremont Hub Shopping Center, one of two regional malls in Fremont, California, in 1962.


title: Mervyn's

text: In mid-1975, Mervyn's operated stores in major cities and towns throughout California., and by October, it had expanded to southern California, opening stores in Fullerton and Huntington Beach. The location in Millbrae was particularly popular among San Francisco Peninsula customers searching for deals on off-season discount items.


title: Mervyn's

text: By 1978, the company had grown to a chain of more than 50 stores in three states, and Mervyn's was acquired by the Dayton Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation). Mervyn's kept its separate identity as a Dayton Hudson subsidiary. The average store had 80–130 employees. There was a Store Team Leader (1), Executive Team Leaders (2–4), Department Leaders (7–10), benefited team members (full-time employees not part of the leadership team), and part-time employees. All employees had "credit goals", which referred to the number of customers that opened a Mervyn's credit account. Part-time employees were expected one per every eight hours, and the leadership team was expected one per every 40 hours.


title: Mervyn's

text: Mervyn's entered Florida in 1988 with a store at Lakeland Square Mall in Lakeland, and began major expansions outside of California with Atlanta being the site of a particularly strong expansion campaign, followed by Miami in 1991 with the conversion of five Lord & Taylor locations--Cutler Ridge Mall (1982), Coral Square (1984), Miami International Mall, Boynton Beach Mall (both 1985), and Treasure Coast Square (1987). Mervyn's had not previously had a retail presence in the southern U.S., taking over a handful of Jordan Marsh sites in 1992 (along with a newly built store at Pembroke Lakes Mall). They also competed for mall space with JCPenney, which later received top anchor spots at the Town Center Mall in Kennesaw, Shannon Mall in Union City (rebuilt as a DHL Distribution Center), and Gwinnett Place Mall in Duluth (now Beauty Master). Stores that were unaffected were those at North Dekalb Mall in Decatur that was taken over by Upton's (Burlington Coat Factory now occupies the store) and North Point Mall in Alpharetta, which became Parisian and was rebuilt as AMC Theatres. This was also likewise done at the same time in Florida where the company sold ten stores to Dillard's, including the 5 aforementioned L&T stores, along with former JM boxes at Pompano Fashion Square, Broward Mall, and Melbourne Square in Melbourne, and 2 others (Lakeland Square and Pembroke Lakes), the latter three locations became "double headers" for Dillard's. The eight other Florida stores weren't included in the deal and were sold to other retailers. Mervyn's had withdrawn from both Miami and Atlanta in 1997. During the 1990s, Mervyn's also expanded into Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Michigan, Minnesota, and Washington State.


title: Mervyn's

text: From 1995 to 2001, the stores were rebranded as Mervyn's California, in an effort to identify with its West Coast roots. A media campaign was launched to publicize the rebranding, with TV commercials and catalogs featuring former San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Joe Montana. The rebranding had little effect on the company's revenues, and the "California" was dropped from the name in 2001, reverting to the original name. The majority of their stores in Texas didn't even consider adding the "California" name to their stores.


title: Mervyn's

text: In March 2004, Target Corporation announced that they planned to put the Mervyn's and Marshall Field's divisions up for sale to focus on Target stores. Target Corporation was approached by many buyers for both stores but many of the potential buyers saw value only in the real estate. Target refused to sell to the groups that wanted to purchase Mervyn's for the property value only. Target would only consider deals that would not close the company and put the then 30,000 employees out of work.


title: Mervyn's

text: The Mervyn's locations in Minnesota were closed in 2004 as part of the deal between Target Corporation selling their Marshall Field's division to The May Department Stores Company in June 2004. May purchased 9 Twin Cities area Mervyn's locations along with the Marshall Field's stores, and immediately announced closure of those Mervyn's stores. Analysts saw this as a move by the May Company to block competition from acquiring those locations.


title: Mervyn's

text: In July 2004, Target Corporation announced that Mervyn's had been sold to a group of investors that included private investment firm and turnaround specialist Sun Capital Partners, Cerberus Capital Management, and real estate investment company Lubert-Adler Management Inc. Rick Leto was named the new president and chief merchandising officer in January 2005.


title: Mervyn's

text: Sixty-two store closures were announced by the new owners in September 2005, stating the 62 stores closed only accounted for 17% of the chain's sales. The closures comprised 28 of the 40 stores in Texas, 15 stores in Michigan, 10 stores in Colorado, three stores in Oklahoma, 3 stores in Louisiana; and one store closing in each state of Utah, Oregon, and California. Mervyn's had an enviable real estate portfolio, and it was believed they could further invest in those properties, and make themselves more competitive.


title: Mervyn's

text: In 2007, an additional 18 stores were closed. Of the stores closed, 17 were in Oregon and Washington, and one in Grand Junction, Colorado, which was the last remaining Mervyn's store in that state.


title: Mervyn's

text: Signs of financial distress and possible bankruptcy surfaced on July 21, 2008, when the Associated Press reported that Mervyn's had stopped updating its financial status and that the department store's vendors ceased shipping some products, hurting the store's back-to-school season sales efforts. In addition, financing requests were denied by lenders. This raised the possibility of the company having to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, or going out of business altogether.


title: Mervyn's

text: The company made no official comments at the time, but on July 29, 2008, Mervyn's announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California. Soon, the Chapter 11 case was converted to Chapter 7 liquidation on October 17, 2008. At the time of this announcement 3 stores had just held grand openings only a few months prior to being told they would soon close.


title: Mervyn's

text: Although the company initially vowed to keep all locations open during the reorganization efforts, the company announced in August 2008 the closure of all 26 underperforming stores. The company hired an outside company to assist in the liquidation of assets from the stores affected. The closures also marked a complete retreat by Mervyn's from the Idaho market, whose sole store in Boise was one of the ones marked for closure. In Texas, a complete retreat was slated from San Antonio, where all three remaining stores were marked for closure, in addition to the closure of the sole stores in Lubbock, Midland, and Odessa.


title: Mervyn's

text: After these closures, Mervyn's was left with about 150 stores: 16 in Arizona, 121 in California, three each in Nevada and New Mexico, seven in Texas and six in Utah.


title: Mervyn's

text: In September 2008, Mervyn's sued the private equity firms involved in the leveraged buyout of the chain, alleging that the deal had stripped the retailer of its real estate assets, forcing it into bankruptcy.


title: Mervyn's

text: Mervyn's said in the suit that Cerberus Capital Management and its partners had used the increased rent to finance the buyout.


title: Mervyn's

text: Although the company attempted to undergo reorganization under bankruptcy, Mervyn's ultimately succumbed to the ongoing Great Recession and announced that it would liquidate its assets through Chapter 7 of Title 11 in the United States Code, stating it "is the best course of action to maximize value for all of the company's creditors, employees and other stakeholders." The bankruptcy called for the company to liquidate and close its remaining stores. The announcement came amidst an offer by fashion retailer Forever 21 to purchase 149 of the remaining Mervyn's stores for an undisclosed amount. The original negotiations failed, and Mervyn's liquidated all 149 stores under the bankruptcy action. Several months later, department store retailer Kohl's and Forever 21 prevailed in a joint bid at bankruptcy auction to take over the leases of 46 Mervyn's stores; Kohl's has assumed 31 stores, while Forever 21 has assumed 15 stores.


title: Mervyn's

text: In a KPIX-TV interview on February 11, 2009, Mervin Morris's son Jeff revealed that the family had bought the Mervyn's name and intellectual property, including the company's customer list as part of an effort to relaunch the company. Morris did not say when the website would launch or how much it would cost, only that decisions will be up to his sons. In 2009, the Mervyn's website was replaced with a single-page site allowing visitors to sign-up for a mailing list to receive updates about the future of Mervyn's. However that page is no longer accessible, and the website no longer exists.


title: Mervyn's

text: A street named Mervyn's Drive still exists in Fullerton, California, as a Mervyn's location was there prior to 2008.


title: Mervyn's

text: Mervyn's is the preferred clothing outlet of Charles Boyle and his family in the sitcom "Brooklyn Nine-Nine".


title: Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)

text: Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) is a 1954 oil-on-canvas painting by Salvador Dalí. A nontraditional, surrealist portrayal of the Crucifixion, it depicts Christ on a polyhedron net of a tesseract (hypercube). It is one of his best-known paintings from the later period of his career.


title: Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)

text: During the 1940s and 1950s Dalí's interest in traditional surrealism diminished and he became fascinated with nuclear science, feeling that "thenceforth, the atom was [his] favorite food for thought". The atomic bombing at the end of World War II left a lasting impression; his 1951 essay "Mystical Manifesto" introduced an art theory he called "nuclear mysticism" that combined his interests in Catholicism, mathematics, science, and Catalan culture in an effort to reestablish classical values and techniques, which he extensively utilized in "Corpus Hypercubus".


title: Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)

text: That same year, to promote nuclear mysticism and explain the "return to spiritual classicism movement" in modern art, he traveled throughout the United States giving lectures. Before painting "Corpus Hypercubus", Dalí announced his intention to portray an exploding Christ using both classical painting techniques along with the motif of the cube, and he declared that "this painting will be the great metaphysical work of [his] summer". Juan de Herrera's "Treatise on Cubic Forms" was particularly influential to Dalí.


title: Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)

text: "Corpus Hypercubus" is painted in oil on canvas, and its dimensions are 194.3 cm × 123.8 cm (76.5 in x 48.75 in). Consistent with his theory of nuclear mysticism, Dalí uses classical elements along with ideas inspired by mathematics and science. Some noticeably classic features are the drapery of the clothing and the Caravaggesque lighting that theatrically envelops Christ, though like his 1951 painting "Christ of Saint John of the Cross", "Corpus Hypercubus" takes the traditional biblical scene of Christ's Crucifixion and almost completely reinvents it. The union of Christ and the tesseract reflects Dalí's opinion that the seemingly separate and incompatible concepts of science and religion can in fact coexist. Upon completing "Corpus Hypercubus", Dalí described his work as "metaphysical, transcendent cubism".


title: Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)

text: While he did attempt to distance himself from the Surrealist movement after his development of nuclear mysticism, in "Corpus Hypercubus" Dalí incorporates dreamlike features consistent with his earlier work, such as the levitating Christ and the giant chessboard below. Jesus' face is turned away from the viewer, making it completely obscured. The crown of thorns is missing from Christ's head as are the nails from his hands and feet, leaving his body completely devoid of the wounds often closely associated with the Crucifixion. With "Christ of Saint John of the Cross", Dalí did the same in order to leave only the "metaphysical beauty of Christ-God". Dalí sets the painting at the bay of his hometown Port Lligat in Catalonia, which is also the setting of other paintings of his including "The Madonna of Port Lligat", "The Sacrament of the Last Supper", and "Christ of Saint John of the Cross".


title: Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)

text: A viewer's eyes may quickly be drawn to the knees of Christ, which have a grotesque exaggeration of hyperrealistic detail. On close observation of the original painting, five different images of Dalí's wife Gala appear in Christ's right knee, and five different images of Dalí himself appear in the left knee; the most prominent two being Gala's back/neck/back of head with right arm extended upward, and Dalí's own face complete with his trademark upswept mustache. The additional embedded images are more difficult to see in low-quality reproductions or prints.