title: Alison Wonderland

text: On 22 September 2017 Alison Wonderland was named New Artist of the Year at the Electronic Music Awards. On 21 October 2017 she was ranked No. 89 on British magazine, "DJ Mag"s Top 100 DJs list. On 9 November 2017 she released a track, "Happy Place", ahead of her second album, "Awake". Kat Bein of "Billboard" felt, "[it] purposely plays on the wild ups and downs of mental illness. It opens with airy strings and grounding chimes as Wonderland sings about her struggles to remain in sunny spaces. Tensions grows as the build leads to a jungle gym of clashing noise, landing in one of Wonderland's wildest creations to date." Towards the end of 2017, Alison Wonderland embarked on the "Wonderland Scarehouse Project" local tour, a warehouse show tour through Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney, and Auckland with support from Lido, Lunice, Party Favor, and A$AP Ferg among others.


title: Alison Wonderland

text: On April 6, 2018 Alison Wonderland released her second studio album titled Awake, which debut at #1 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic charts in the USA. That same week she played at Coachella on the Sahara stage, billed as the highest female DJ to date.


title: Alison Wonderland

text: In 2019 Alison Wonderland toured extensively in the USA, Europe and Australasia, This included headline slots in at huge festivals like EDC Las Vegas and selling out venues like Red Rocks in Colorado 2 times. She was given an honorable mention in the 2019 Forbes list of richest DJs, the first time for a female.


title: Alison Wonderland

text: On 23 September 2020, Wonderland released "Bad Things", the first single from her third studio album, "Loner", which was released on 6 May 2022.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: Antoine de Bourbon, roi de Navarre (22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage ("jure uxoris") to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death. He was the first monarch of the House of Bourbon, of which he was head from 1537. Despite being first prince of the blood he was dominated by king Henry II favourites the Montmorency and Guise in terms of political influence and favour. When Henri died in 1559 he found himself side-lined in the Guise dominated government, and then compromised by his brothers treason. When Francis in turn died he returned to the centre of politics, becoming Lieutenant-General of France, and leading the army of the crown in the first of the French Wars of Religion. He died of wounds sustained during the Siege of Rouen. He was the father of Henry IV of France.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: Antoine was born at La Fère, Picardy, France, the second son of Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme (1489–1537), and his wife, Françoise d'Alençon (died 1550). He was the older brother of Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569), who would lead the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: Antoine found himself in a disadvantageous position in the court of Henri, due to the disgrace that had befallen his house after the defection of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon to Charles V in 1523. Regardless he was able to secure the kingship of Navarre jure uxoris in 1555. In the same year the critical border governorship of Picardy was removed from him and given to Admiral Coligny arousing significant protest. However he was bought off with the rich southern governorship of Guyenne. In 1556, upon hearing that Jacques, Duke of Nemours had made his niece pregnant, he threatened bloody consequences for Savoie and his family, causing the man to take the excuse of a campaign into Italy to leave France. In February 1557, Antoine, Jeanne and their son Henry travelled to the French court in Paris, while there Henri suggested a betrothal between his daughter Margaret and Henry. Desiring to reverse the Spanish occupation of much of his kingdom he entered into negotiations with Charles V, however these went nowhere and compromised his position at court still further. Navarre demonstrated early sympathy towards the reformation, corresponding with the Genevan pastor Boisnormand as early as 1557, and providing protection to the Huguenot church of Guyenne in 1558 through his capacity as governor. In 1558 he attended the psalm singing at the "Pré-aux-Clercs" to the considerable fury of Henri. He fought for the crown in the last stage of the Italian wars in 1558. The Huguenot leadership were animated by the prospect of bringing Navarre into their camp causing Calvin and Beza to devote considerable efforts to the project.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: When in 1559 king Henri died, opponents of the Guise, including Anne de Montmorency flocked to meet him in Vendôme hoping he would establish himself in the government. The Guise were however able to neutralise him by buying him off with the governorship of Poitou and sent him off to escort Elisabeth of Valois to the Spanish border. In 1560, the organisers of the Amboise conspiracy tried to recruit him as a figurehead for their efforts against the Guise government, but Navarre was apathetic. After the failure of Amboise unrest continued in the south of France, Navarre's brother Condé intrigued concerning an uprising in Lyon, with plans to send 1200 men in support. His letter on the matter was intercepted by the Guise however, and both brothers were summoned to court in August for an Assembly of Notables. Condè and Navarre were the only grandees not to attend, and thus played no part in that assemblies calling of an estates general. To further isolate Navarre, Conde and the house of Bourbon-Vendôme the Guise created two super governorships, giving them to their cousins Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon and Louis, Duke of Montpensier separating the princes of blood from each other. On 31 August the Guise warned Navarre they had 40,000 troops ready to move into the south, and to present themselves at court. Navarre and Condé possessing only around 6000 foot were unable to resist, and came north without a fight. Upon their arrival Condė was detained and sentenced.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: In December 1560 the young Francis II died and was succeeded by his brother Charles IX. Charles, being too young to rule, required a regent, a position Antoine was entitled to as first prince of the blood. Catherine however possessed considerable leverage over him due to the imprisonment of his brother Louis for treason. The two agreed that in exchange for Catherine being regent Navarre would become Lieutenant General of the kingdom and Condé would be brought back into favour.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: Antoine found himself increasingly in opposition to the religious policy of Catherine's administration, finally breaking with her concerning the Edict of Saint-Germain, writing urgently to Guise to return to court so they could present a united front against the edict. On his way to Paris, Guise's men committed the Massacre of Vassy plunging France into civil war. Navarre in his role as Lieutenant General would be the supreme commander of the crowns forces in the coming conflict.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: In May he issued a decree expelling all Protestants from Paris, much to the delight of radicals in the capital. His army and that of Condé faced off against each other in June near Orléans. The sides only came to light skirmishing however, as negotiations between the sides to avoid bloodshed continued. With Condé now retreating, Navarre and the other leaders began retaking rebel towns, capturing Blois, Tours and Amboise. In August the main royal force under Navarre besieged and overcame the rebel garrison in the key town of Bourges. When his wife, Jeanne d'Albret, allowed the Huguenots to sack the chapel and the churches of Vendôme, he threatened to send her to a convent. Having reduced Bourges the royal army was faced with a choice, to march on the Huguenot capital of Orléans immediately, or first strike at the northern town of Rouen, which Aumale was currently unsuccessfully trying to siege with his small force. Navarre counselled immediately pushing on Orlėans, but the plague in the town, the threat of the English and the hopes of Catherine that he might yet prevail on his brother to abandon rebellion persuaded the court against this policy. Navarre's army invested the city on 28 September and began trying to reduce the town. On 13 October while inspecting the siege trenches, Navarre was mortally wounded by a musket shot to the shoulder. Despite the efforts of the famed surgeon Ambroise Paré he could not be saved and died of his wounds on 17 November. It was rumoured that his last rites were taken in the Lutheran custom, compounding long held suspicions of his religious unorthodoxy.


title: Antoine of Navarre

text: On 20 October 1548, at Moulins, Antoine married Jeanne d'Albret, the daughter of Henry II of Navarre and his wife Marguerite de Navarre. After his father-in-law's death in May 1555, he became King of Navarre, Count of Foix, of Bigorre, of Armagnac, of Périgord, and Viscount of Béarn. It was reported that Jeanne was much in love with him. His reconversion to Catholicism separated him from his wife and he threatened to repudiate her.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The Documento nacional de identidad (DNI) or "carnet de identidad" is the Spanish national identity card. It is a laminated card or polycarbonate, which details the full name of the holder, legal ascendant(s), city and province of birth, date of birth, address, and contains a photograph (size , with plain white uniform background, taken from the front with the head completely uncovered and without dark glasses and any items which may prevent or hinder the identification of the person) and an identification number consisting of eight digits plus a control letter. This number is also used for tax purposes, receiving the name of "Número de identificación fiscal" (NIF).


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The DNI is enough to visit and register as a resident in the member countries of the EEA and Switzerland. It can also be used for short-term visits in the rest of Europe (except Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and United Kingdom) as well as Georgia, Montserrat (max. 14 days), Turkey and organized tours to Tunisia.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The ID card is issued at offices of the National Police. To apply for a DNI, it is necessary to have Spanish nationality. Foreigners legally resident in Spain or who intend to purchase property are issued with a "Número de identificación de extranjero" (NIE) or Foreign Identification Number.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: In 1824, King Ferdinand VII of Spain founded the first police force in Spain and gave it the exclusive right to create and maintain city registries which would hold information on each resident's age, sex, marital status and profession. This was its first role and something that has continued to today.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The idea to create a new document began by instituting a law on 2 March 1944, with the purpose being to gather census data. The government enlisted the public by making a contest to make the new DNI, which was won by Aquilino Rieusset Planchón.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The initiative to create a new DNI came from Francisco Franco, which got his first DNI in 1951. The first group of people who were required to get a DNI were prisoners and people on bail, house arrest or parole. The next group required were men who had to frequently move houses for their job, then people living in cities of 100,000 people and plus, then people in cities between 25,000 people and 10,000, and so on until everyone in the population had a DNI.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: Zaragoza was the first provincial capital to issue a DNI. After the test run in Zaragoza, it was extended to the rest of Valencia and then continued spreading until all of Spain had a DNI.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The first modern DNI included the name(s) of one's legal ascendant(s) and what their jobs were. The card was green in colour and used the San Juan eagle which was a typical sign of the fascist regime in Spain at the time, and it also included the holder's social status. The second card in 1962 incorporated their marital status and their blood type. The colour of the DNI was changed to blue. This version didn't have the sex of the user. The next card – issued between 1965 and 1980 – was one of the most popular cards. It kept everything the same except for the signature of the Director which was superimposed.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The most significant changes happened between 1981 until 1985. It included the new constitutional seal and stopped using the former fascist signs. It also re-introduced the sex of the citizen. In the next model – issued between 1985 and 1991 – the profession, marital status and blood type were removed, which was causing medical issues. In the 1990s, new models were being made with computers, the fingerprint was removed and the Royal Mint began preparing the DNIs.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: In 2006, they included a chip inside the DNI, making it an electronic identity card. This card allows the card holder to use the Internet for communications with the government.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: DNIs are personal documents and are not allowed to be transferred. They are issued by the Ministry of the Interior which regulates their protection and their laws. The cardholder is obligated to hold and maintain the card during its period of validity. Any DNI is sufficient proof of identity and all the personal information in it, and is also a proof of holding Spanish Nationality. On each DNI there is a number which is considered a general personal numerical identifier.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: To obtain a DNI it is necessary to have Spanish citizenship, and all Spanish citizens have a right to obtain a DNI. Spanish citizens 14 years or older are required to hold a DNI if residing in Spain and for people who return to Spain for more than six months. People can be fined for not holding a DNI and have a requirement to hold one.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: Everyone who is required to have a DNI are obligated to show the card to the authorities if asked. While people aren't required to have the DNI on hand at all times, they are required to identify themselves and give it to the police officer if having it on themselves. If a DNI is required but can not be given, another document can be given in substitution for the document, even if that document is not officially a way to identify themselves. For example, under Spanish law, a driver's license isn't a document to identify a person, but an authority can choose to admit it.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: If it is not possible to identify someone because they don't have their DNI at the moment, it is possible that they are required to accompany a police officer to the closest place to identify the person. If someone doesn't present their DNI when they can or don't agree to the police station, it can be considered civil disobedience – which results in a fine – or it can be considered disobedience to an authority which is a felony under section 634 of the penal code.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: DNIs have a validity period of two years for minors less than 5 years old, 5 years for people less than 30 years old, 10 years for people less than 70 years old and does not expire for people who are older than 70 years old.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The number of the National Identity Document includes 8 digits and one letter for security. The letter is found by taking all 8 digits as a number and dividing it by 23. The remainder of this digit, which is between 0 and 22, gives the letter used for security. The letters I, Ñ, O, U are not used. The letters I and O are not used – to avoid confusions with the numbers 0 and 1. The Ñ is not used to avoid confusions with N.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: From the beginning up to the present day, DNIs are assigned to the different police stations. Thus, every police station that issues DNIs don't run out of numbers. If the station runs outs of numbers they are assigned a new lot, which is not necessarily the same as the previous lot. This stops the false belief that low new DNI numbers are actually old DNI numbers of someone who has died.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: Number one was given to Francisco Franco, with number two being given to his wife, Carmen Polo, and number three to their daughter, Carmen Franco y Polo. The numbers four through nine are vacant to this day. The numbers 10–99 are reserved for the royal family. Number 10 was given to King Juan Carlos I, number 11 for Queen Sofía of Spain and numbers 12 and 14 for Princesses Elena and Christina, respectively. King Felipe VI of Spain has the number 15, Princess Leonor has the number 16 and Princess Infanta Sofía of Spain has the number 17. The number 13 was left out due to superstition.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: Since December 2015, version 3.0 of the electronic DNI has been issued at all police stations. The card is made of polycarbonate and has an electronic chip with the digital information of the cardholder. The dimensions are identical to a credit card (85.60 mm wide × 53.98 mm tall). This version of the DNI has the following elements:


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: The electronic chip does not hold personal information that is not on the card, including from other government agencies.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: In the electronic DNI there have been various security methods implemented to hamper attempts at falsification.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: To use the electronic DNI it is required to know the personal password. This can be changed at a police station that issues DNIs. It is also required to have a computer and a card-reader. Card-readers come in many different ways, including inside the actual computer or being connected to a USB port, and the card-readers must be able to read an electronic DNI, meaning it must be ISO 7816 compliant. Finally, one must download the software which the police provide.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: In October 2011, 5 years after its launch, El País reported that use of the electronic DNI feature was very low, with many people preferring to use a digital certificate.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: During the month of November 2017, the National Police Force disabled the digital certificates issued after April 2015 due to a study by Czech researchers at the University of Masaryk. They found that those DNIs were vulnerable to an attack known as ROCA, which allows the hacker to find the passwords of the user. The government informed that they had not detected any DNI to be affected by it, but they decided to take precautions to make sure that it wouldn't happen. While the cards could not be used for electronic usage, they can be used for identification purposes. In December 2017, they informed the public that cardholders could go to a police station to fix the security issues.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: This vulnerability not only affected the DNI certificates, but it is a generic vulnerability detected in some cryptographic cards from some manufacturers, among which were the DNI issued after the indicated date. According to the study, the flaw was in a code library used by Infineon, one of the most important providers of smart chips. The ruling implies that it cannot be verified if a digital signature was made by the owner of the DNI or that the encrypted data is exposed to third parties.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: For this reason, the validity of the signatures already made with these documents is questioned since it cannot be shown who signed them. Another vulnerability has also been revealed in the issuance of the signature: it does not certify when a signature was made, or the date or time of the operation.


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: To get a DNI it is necessary to have Spanish citizenship. Foreign residents in Spain can get a card similar to the DNI but in blue, called the "Tarjeta de Identidad de Extranjero".


title: Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)

text: This card is the document that proves that the foreigner is legally in Spain. This card shows that the cardholder has been granted permission to stay in Spain for more than 6 months. The card is personal and untransferable.


title: David Rabe

text: David William Rabe (born March 10, 1940) is an American playwright and screenwriter. He won the Tony Award for Best Play in 1972 ("Sticks and Bones") and also received Tony award nominations for Best Play in 1974 ("In the Boom Boom Room"), 1977 ("Streamers") and 1985 ("Hurlyburly").


title: David Rabe

text: Rabe was born in Dubuque, Iowa, the son of Ruth (McCormick), a department store worker, and William Rabe, a teacher and meat packer.


title: David Rabe

text: Rabe was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1965 and served in a medical unit during the Vietnam War. After leaving the Army in 1967, Rabe returned to Villanova University, studying writing and earning an M.A. in 1968. During this time, he began work on the play "Sticks and Bones", in which the family represents the ugly underbelly of the Nelson family when they are faced with their hopeless son David returning home from Vietnam as a blinded vet.


title: David Rabe

text: Rabe is known for his loose trilogy of plays drawing on his experiences as an Army draftee in Vietnam, "Sticks and Bones" (1969), the Tony Award-winning "The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel" (1971), and "Streamers" (1976). He has also written "Hurlyburly" (both the play and the screenplay for the film version), and the screenplays for the Vietnam War drama "Casualties of War" (1989) and the film adaptation of John Grisham's "The Firm" (1993). Rabe also wrote a screenplay for "First Blood" with first Martin Bregman and then Mike Nichols interested in directing and the role of John Rambo written for Al Pacino, but it was not filmed because Pacino found it too dark and declined to appear in it.


title: David Rabe

text: Rabe was married to actress Jill Clayburgh from 1979 until her death on November 5, 2010. He has two children with Clayburgh, actress Lily Rabe and Michael Rabe. He has one son, Jason Rabe, from his first marriage.


title: Frankie Gaye

text: Frankie Gaye (born Frances Gay; November 15, 1941 – December 30, 2001) was an American recording artist and the brother of fellow recording artist Marvin Gaye. Gaye's recollections of his tenure in the Vietnam War inspired Marvin's song "What's Happening, Brother," from the album "What's Going On".


title: Frankie Gaye

text: Gaye was born in Washington, D.C., the third of four children born to Alberta Williams and Marvin Gay, Sr. in 1941. Both Frankie and elder brother Marvin sang, first in church and then with local doo-wop groups. Frankie had several jobs in Washington, D.C. before answering the draft to serve his country during the Vietnam War at 25; he served as a radio disk jockey in the army. In 1970, Frankie returned to civilian life in D.C. Emotional conversations between Frankie and Marvin over Frankie's horrific recollections of the war led to Marvin to compose the song "What's Happening, Brother", later issued for Marvin's album, "What's Going On", released in 1971.


title: Frankie Gaye

text: Starting in the mid-1970s, Frankie began working with his brother, joining him on the road during Gaye's concert tours and sometimes, to test audience reactions, Marvin would place Frankie onstage first before he arrived. Like his brother and, later, their sister Zeola, Frankie added an "e" to his surname. In 1977, Frankie participated in background vocals for Marvin's hit, "Got to Give It Up, Pt. 1" and contributed co-composition rights for music for the 1979 film, "Penitentiary". Frankie and his second wife (later widow), Irene, were next door to his parents' house on April 1, 1984, when Frankie's brother was shot and killed by their father after an argument. In 1989, Frankie signed with Motorcity Records and recorded two singles, "Extraordinary Girl" and "My Brother". The latter song featured in the 1990 album of the same name.


title: Frankie Gaye

text: In 1972, Frankie relocated to Los Angeles where he married his first wife, Judy Tench; the couple had two daughters, Christy and Denise. After their divorce, Frankie dated Irene Duncan, a Scottish woman, after meeting her in London. They were married in 1978 and had three children: daughters April (b. 1983) and Fiona (b. 1993); and son Frankie, Jr. (b. 1992). In 1999, Frankie worked on his memoir, "Marvin Gaye: My Brother". The book was scheduled to be released in 2002.


title: Frankie Gaye

text: Frankie died of complications following a heart attack on December 30, 2001, at the age of 60; and the book was posthumously released in 2003. Francis Gaye is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: Anthony "Tony" DeAngelo (born October 24, 1995) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He previously played with the Arizona Coyotes, New York Rangers, and Carolina Hurricanes.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: DeAngelo was born in Sewell, New Jersey, and played minor ice hockey there until the age of 14, when he joined the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders to become the youngest ever player for the United States Hockey League. Although DeAngelo's season with the RoughRiders ended early due to a knee injury, he was taken by the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in the second round of the 2011 OHL Priority Selection Draft. He had a strong offensive output for the Sting, scoring 58 points in his sophomore season. He was traded to the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds in 2015, with whom he won both the Max Kaminsky Trophy for OHL defensemen, and the CHL Defenceman of the Year award.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: The Tampa Bay Lightning selected DeAngelo 19th overall in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, and he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with them later that year. After one season with their American Hockey League affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch, DeAngelo was traded to the Coyotes, and he made his NHL debut in 2016. He was again traded, this time to the Rangers, in 2017, and steadily improved his performance until the 2019–20 NHL season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: The youngest of four siblings, DeAngelo was born in Sewell, New Jersey shortly after his family moved there. Growing up in Washington Township, he began playing minor ice hockey in South Jersey at Hollydell Ice Arena in Sewell, and was known for his competitive nature. In addition to playing for the Mercer Chiefs of the Atlantic Youth Hockey League, DeAngelo dabbled in baseball and basketball. DeAngelo was also close to his grandparents, and his paternal grandfather Lou would drive him to and from the local ice rink during his youth hockey career. In 2008, he appeared in the Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Philadelphia Flyers' minor hockey affiliate.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: DeAngelo left Washington Township at the age of 14 to play junior ice hockey for the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders of the United States Hockey League (USHL). He was the youngest player in USHL history, often competing with college athletes. DeAngelo played 28 games with the RoughRiders in the 2010–11 USHL season, scoring one goal and 14 assists for a total of 15 points. In January 2011, he suffered a broken patella while blocking a slapshot in a game against the Des Moines Buccaneers, and the injury kept him out for the rest of the season.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: After watching his performance in the USHL, the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) selected DeAngelo in the second round, 24th overall, of the 2011 OHL Priority Selection Draft. DeAngelo considered continuing with the USHL, which carried a potential invitation to the USA Hockey National Team Development Program, but chose to sign with Sarnia because it offered him a faster opportunity to progress his career than waiting to play college hockey. He struggled to adjust to the new league, saying that it took "[m]aybe 15, 20 games before I started getting power-play time and was able to do what I do". As a rookie in the 2011–12 OHL season, DeAngelo scored 23 points in 68 games. He found his stride in the 2012–13 season, improving to 58 points in 62 games, the fifth-highest for Sarnia that season.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: Beginning in 2013–14, DeAngelo's on-ice behavior began to overshadow his athletic performance. He was removed from the ice during the second period of the Sting's game against the Guelph Storm on January 31, 2014, and the OHL released a statement on February 14 that DeAngelo would be suspended for eight games following a violation of the league's Harassment and Abuse/Diversity Policy. The OHL statement also revealed that this was DeAngelo's second suspension that season for violating the Abuse/Diversity policy, but that this was the first time his comments were directed towards a teammate. The details of his first suspension were kept confidential. Later in the season, DeAngelo received a two-game suspension for abuse of an official. He returned on March 14 for the final game of the season, against the Erie Otters, but was ejected in the third period for another abuse of an official violation.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: Going into the 2014 National Hockey League draft, DeAngelo was considered a top North American prospect. He led all OHL defensemen in scoring with 71 season points (15 goals and 56 assists), and was ranked No. 10 in the NHL Central Scouting Bureau's 2014 midterm report. He also made an appearance for Team Cherry at the 2014 CHL/NHL Top Prospects Game. On June 27, 2014, the Tampa Bay Lightning selected DeAngelo in the first round, 19th overall, at the 2014 NHL Entry Draft. Lightning director of amateur scouting Al Murray addressed DeAngelo's past suspensions, saying he believed that some of the incidents were "blown out of proportion", while general manager Steve Yzerman said that the organization believed "he'll change and grow up". He signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the team on December 2, 2014.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On January 7, 2015, the Sting traded DeAngelo to the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds in exchange for Anthony Salinitri and three future draft picks. At the time, he had 38 points in 29 season games with the Sting. At the end of the season, DeAngelo was awarded the Max Kaminsky Trophy, given to the OHL's Most Outstanding Defenseman of the Year. He led all defensemen for scoring that season, with 89 points in 55 games, including 25 multi-point games. He was the fourth Greyhound in OHL history to receive the award. He was also named the CHL Defenceman of the Year for the 2014–15 season.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: After attending training camp in 2015, DeAngelo was assigned to the Lightning's 2015 American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch. After accruing no penalty minutes in his first 19 AHL games, he was given two 10-minute game misconduct penalties in a December 7 match against the Albany Devils, first for conduct against Joseph Blandisi, and then for commentary against a referee. While he had an offensively-productive season with the Crunch, scoring six goals and 37 assists in 69 games, DeAngelo was also a healthy scratch for eight games, a decision rumored to be a combination of behavioral issues and poor defensive ability.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On June 25, 2016, in the midst of the 2016 NHL Entry Draft, the Lightning traded DeAngelo to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for the No. 37 overall draft pick, with which they selected defenseman Libor Hájek. After being recalled from the Tucson Roadrunners to replace an injured Michael Stone, DeAngelo scored his first NHL goal in his professional debut on November 8, 2016, scoring on Colorado Avalanche goalie Calvin Pickard in the second period of a 4–2 win. His first NHL assist came later that week, assisting Radim Vrbata in a 2–1 loss to the Boston Bruins.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On January 1, 2017, DeAngelo was suspended for three games for physical assault of a referee during a 4–2 loss to the Calgary Flames the day before. The incident occurred towards the end of the second period, when DeAngelo was being steered away from a scrum and shoved away the official's hands. In addition to the suspension, he was required to forfeit $14,388.90 to the Players' Emergency Assistance Fund. DeAngelo finished his first NHL season with five goals and nine assists in 39 games.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On June 23, 2017, the Coyotes traded DeAngelo, as well as the seventh overall pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft, to the New York Rangers in exchange for center Derek Stepan and goaltender Antti Raanta. He started ten games with the Rangers in the 2017–18 season before being sent down to the Hartford Wolf Pack of the AHL, with whom he scored 13 points in 29 games. After Kevin Shattenkirk suffered a knee injury in January 2018, DeAngelo was called back up to take his place. DeAngelo suffered a sprained ankle during a match against the Carolina Hurricanes on March 12, and missed the final weeks of the season to recover. Ryan Sproul was called up to replace him, and he finished the season with eight assists in 32 NHL games.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: DeAngelo's on-ice performance and character showed signs of improvement during the 2018–19 season. He scored 30 points in 61 games, and his 26 assists tied DeAngelo with Shattenkirk and Mats Zuccarello for third-highest among the Rangers. Although DeAngelo also led the team in penalty minutes with 77, coaches and sports journalists noted that he was showing more discretion in when to respond aggressively. DeAngelo credited his development to the guidance of first-year coach David Quinn, telling reporters that, "it's been nice to have a coach that communicates more". Quinn had a notable intolerance for the outbursts that had characterized the earlier part of DeAngelo's career; the player was a healthy scratch for about 20 games during the season. Despite serving on the top defensive pair with Marc Staal, Quinn benched DeAngelo for two games in a row due to what he said was a "maturity issue" stemming from a game against the Philadelphia Flyers. DeAngelo was also part of a high-profile incident in which he knocked Kyle Okposo of the Buffalo Sabres unconscious in the third period of a 6–2 Rangers victory. Okposo was later diagnosed with his third concussion in as many years.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: After the 2018–19 season, DeAngelo became a restricted free agent. Salary negotiations dragged into the Rangers' training camp before DeAngelo agreed to a one-year, $925,000 deal on September 20, 2019, less than two weeks before the start of the season. DeAngelo's stock continued to rise during the 2019–20 season. He scored 53 points, 15 goals and 38 assists, in 68 regular-season games, the fourth among all NHL defensemen, before the season was shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. DeAngelo told reporters that "I struggled a little bit early on – maybe the first five, six games I wasn't happy with where my game was – and then from there I kind of picked it up and started to feel real confident." His best game came on January 9, 2020, when DeAngelo scored a hat trick in a 6–3 win over the New Jersey Devils. He was the first Rangers defenseman to do so since Reijo Ruotsalainen in 1982.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On October 15, 2020, the Rangers signed DeAngelo to a two-year, $9.6 million contract extension. On opening night of the 2020–21 season, DeAngelo took an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty that Quinn called "undisciplined", and he was subsequently benched for the second game of the season. General manager Jeff Gorton later said that DeAngelo "wasn't able to move on from that" incident, and that he was told that, if there was another behavioral incident, he would be placed on waivers. On January 31, 2021, following reports that DeAngelo had a physical altercation with Rangers goaltender Alexandar Georgiev following a 5–4 overtime loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins, the Rangers placed DeAngelo on waivers. He cleared the process and was officially assigned to the team's taxi squad, but Gorton clarified that the assignment was a formality, and that DeAngelo would be kept away from his teammates and other taxi squad skaters. In a press conference after the altercation, Gorton told reporters that DeAngelo had "played his last game for the Rangers". In only six games that season, DeAngelo had one assist and a −6 plus–minus rating.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On July 23, 2021, the Rangers placed DeAngelo on unconditional waivers, allowing the team to buy out the remainder of his contract and releasing him as a free agent.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On July 28, 2021, the Carolina Hurricanes signed DeAngelo to a one-year, $1 million contract. The signing was controversial among Hurricanes fans, who were aware of DeAngelo's reputation and lamenting the off-season departure of defenseman Dougie Hamilton, but after recording eight points in the first seven games of the season, DeAngelo was subject to cheers at PNC Arena. On October 30, DeAngelo registered his first Gordie Howe hat trick with a goal, an assist, and a fight with Reese Johnson of the Chicago Blackhawks.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: On July 8, 2022, the Hurricanes traded DeAngelo to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for a fourth-round selection in the 2022 NHL Entry Draft, a third-round pick in the 2023 draft, and a second-round pick in the 2024 draft. He agreed to terms on the same day, signing to a two-year, $10 million contract with the Flyers.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: DeAngelo first represented the United States at the under-18 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in 2012. He registered three assists in the final game of the tournament, a 5–3 win against Slovakia, and the US finished in seventh place.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: In 2015, DeAngelo was one of 22 skaters named to the US junior team for the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He scored one of three goals in a 5–3 loss to Canada during the preliminary round. Although he scored again against Russia in the quarterfinals, the US lost 3–2 and was eliminated from the competition.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: DeAngelo is primarily an offensive-minded defenseman, with what Rangers coach David Quinn once described as a "world-class skill" as a playmaker. Most of his points have come from assists; through the first part of the 2019–20 season, DeAngelo played a role in 61.7 percent of all Rangers points that were scored during his time on the ice. He is also known for his skill on the power play. In 2018–19, he was third on the Rangers with power play points, behind forwards Mika Zibanejad and Artemi Panarin. One area in which his playing has suffered is on the defensive end, which contributed to his trade away from the Lightning.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: In 2018, DeAngelo participated in the Checking for Charity tournament, a summer hockey tournament in South Jersey that raises money for charities of the team's choice. DeAngelo and his team chose to raise money for the Wounded Warrior Project. He participated in the tournament again in 2021 alongside fellow NHL players Adam Fox, Joel Farabee and Oliver Wahlstrom.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: Throughout his NHL career, DeAngelo has been known for his frequent use of social media. Unlike many of his teammates, who were not active on social media platforms, he would use Twitter and Instagram to engage with hockey fans. One of his earliest viral Tweets was in response to a graph showing teammate Ryan Strome's shooting percentage, to which DeAngelo responded, "@strome18 has been one of our best players since being traded here last year. Watch the games." When the NHL season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, DeAngelo began using his social media accounts to voice his support for then-President of the United States Donald Trump, and to express skepticism over the severity of the pandemic.


title: Tony DeAngelo

text: After Trump was banned from using Twitter in light of the 2021 United States Capitol attack, DeAngelo announced that he was deactivating his account and that he would be joining the conservative social media platform Parler instead.


title: Garibaldi biscuit

text: The Garibaldi biscuit consists of currants squashed and baked between two thin oblongs of biscuit dough—technically called a currant sandwich. The biscuits are similar to Eccles cake as well as the Golden Raisin Biscuits once made by Sunshine Biscuits.


title: Garibaldi biscuit

text: Popular with British consumers as a snack for over 150 years, the Garibaldi biscuit is conventionally consumed with tea or coffee, into which it may be dunked in informal social settings. The biscuits also exist under different names in other countries, including Australia (with the name: "Full O'Fruit") and New Zealand (with the name: "Fruitli Golden Fruit").


title: Garibaldi biscuit

text: When bought in supermarkets in the UK (under several brands, all very similar), Garibaldi biscuits usually come in four strips of five biscuits each. They have a golden brown, glazed exterior and a moderately sweet pastry, but their defining characteristic is the layer of squashed fruit which gives rise to the colloquial names "fly sandwiches", "flies' graveyards", "dead fly biscuits", or "squashed fly biscuits", because the squashed fruit resemble squashed flies.


title: Garibaldi biscuit

text: The Garibaldi biscuit was named after Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian general and leader of the struggle to unify the Kingdom of Italy. Garibaldi made a popular visit to South Shields in England in 1854. The biscuit was first manufactured by the Bermondsey biscuit company Peek Freans in 1861 following the recruitment of Jonathan Carr, one of the great biscuit makers of Carlisle. In the United States, the Sunshine Biscuit Company for many years made a popular version of the Garibaldi with raisins which it called "Golden Fruit". Sunshine was bought out by the Keebler Company which briefly expanded the line to include versions filled with other fruits. The entire Golden Fruit product line was discontinued when the Keebler company became a division of Kellogg's in 2001.


title: Garibaldi biscuit

text: Varieties covered with plain or milk chocolate have also been marketed in the past, but appear not to have been available for many years.


title: Scott Jacoby (actor)

text: Scott Bennett "Scotty" Jacoby (born November 26, 1956) is an American former actor. He appeared in the 1972 television film "That Certain Summer", for which he won an Emmy Award. He is also known for playing the lead role in the made-for-TV film "Bad Ronald" (1974). He is also known for his recurring role as Dorothy's son, Michael Zbornak, in a few episodes of the 1980s sitcom "The Golden Girls".


title: Scott Jacoby (actor)

text: Jacoby was born in Skokie, Illinois, but moved to Flushing, Queens, when he was ten. At the age of eleven, he was nominated for a Tony Award for his portrayal of Ally in the Broadway musical "Golden Rainbow", which starred Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gormé, for the category Best Featured Actor in a Musical at the 22nd Tony Awards, held on April 21, 1968.


title: Scott Jacoby (actor)

text: By the early 1970s, an editorial questioned whether Jacoby was "a new Mickey Rooney". He began his television career playing the role of "Hubcap", who was a friend of Josh Hall (Laurence Fishburne) on the ABC daytime soap opera "One Life to Live". He also had a recurring role on the 1980s sitcom "The Golden Girls" as Michael Zbornak, the musician son of Dorothy Zbornak (Bea Arthur). In 2001, Jacoby co-directed "Rage: 20 Years of Punk Rock West Coast Style".


title: Scott Jacoby (actor)

text: Jacoby is the eldest of five acting siblings, including half-brothers Billy Jacoby (now Billy Jayne, born in 1969), Bobby Jacoby (now Robert Jayne, born in 1973), and sisters Laura Jacoby and Susan Jacoby.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: MLB at Field of Dreams is a recurring Major League Baseball (MLB) regular-season game played in a ballpark adjacent to Field of Dreams in Dyersville, Iowa, a site popularized by the 1989 baseball film "Field of Dreams". The first edition of the game was played on August 12, 2021, with the Chicago White Sox defeating the New York Yankees, 9–8. The second edition of the game was played August 11, 2022, with the Chicago Cubs defeating the Cincinnati Reds, 4–2. Both games were held on the second Thursday of August.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: Future games are on hold while a new youth baseball and softball complex is under construction at the Field of Dreams site.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: The first edition of the game was planned for August 13, 2020, with the Chicago White Sox facing the New York Yankees. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, MLB implemented a shortened 2020 season that limited games played to each team's division and the opposite league's geographically equal division to reduce travel. Hence, on July 1, MLB announced that the St. Louis Cardinals would replace the Yankees for the game. After several St. Louis players and coaches tested positive for COVID-19 in late July, MLB postponed several Cardinals games, eventually leading the league to announce on August 3 that the MLB at Field of Dreams game would be postponed to the 2021 season. In November 2020, MLB announced the 2021 game date and that the contest would feature the originally planned participants, the White Sox and Yankees.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: The game is hosted in Dyersville, Iowa, near the filming location of the titular 1989 baseball movie. The field constructed for the movie, which has been operated as a tourist destination since 1989, could not be brought to MLB game standards without permanently altering major features of the property and destroying its movie authenticity, so it was decided to build a separate playing facility at a distance of approximately in the cornfields. The new field is in the property of the Ameskamp family, who used to own the left and center field of the 1988 Field of Dreams (the rest was owned by the Lansing family) before selling it to the Lansing family in 2007.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: The design of the ballpark pays homage to the White Sox' home from 1910 to 1990, Comiskey Park, including the shape of the outfield and the bullpens beyond the center field fence. Windows were included in the design of the right field wall to show the cornfields beyond the ballpark and to provide views of the movie set.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: Following postponement of the originally scheduled game, the field remained fallow during the 2020 season. During the 2021 season, many of the temporary structures that were intended for MLB at Field of Dreams were moved to Sahlen Field in Buffalo, New York, to allow that Triple-A ballpark to accommodate the Toronto Blue Jays. In late June 2021, a news report by KTIV of Sioux City, Iowa, showed that the baseball field and lights were in place for MLB at Field of Dreams, but seating had not yet been erected.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: On August 9, it was revealed that Iowa native Pat Hoberg would be the home plate umpire for the game. The White Sox and Yankees both wore throwback uniforms resembling those worn during the 1919 Major League Baseball season. Prior to the game, a pregame ceremony was conducted, during which Kevin Costner led players from both teams onto the field from the corn, in tribute to an iconic scene which occurs in the film while Maddie Poppe sang the national anthem. Bench coach Miguel Cairo managed the White Sox as manager Tony La Russa was unavailable due to a family funeral. This was the first MLB game played in the state of Iowa. The game was called by Joe Buck (play by play), John Smoltz (analyst), Ken Rosenthal (field reporter), and Tom Verducci (field reporter) on FOX.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: The early game was defined by strikeouts, with four from Lance Lynn and three from Andrew Heaney through the first two innings. The first scoring was a home run over the left field fence by José Abreu in the bottom of the first inning, the first ever major league home run hit in the state of Iowa. From the third inning on, the game was described as a slugfest with home runs by Aaron Judge in the top of the third, Eloy Jiménez in the bottom of the third, Seby Zavala in the bottom of the fourth, and Brett Gardner in the top of the sixth. In the game, there was eight total home runs hit into the cornfield. Heading into the ninth inning, the White Sox led 7–4. The Yankees then rallied ahead with a pair of two-out, two-run home runs by Aaron Judge, his second of the night, and Giancarlo Stanton, both off of Liam Hendriks, to put them ahead of the White Sox by one run. After a ground out by pinch hitter Danny Mendick and a walk to Seby Zavala, the game ended with a walk-off two-run homer hit by Tim Anderson off of Zack Britton, giving the White Sox the 9–8 win. The homer was the 15th walk-off home run against the Yankees in White Sox history; the first was hit by Shoeless Joe Jackson on July 20, 1919, a fictional version of whom features heavily in the "Field of Dreams" film.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: Fans and media personalities alike responded positively to the presentation of the game, which drew the highest ratings for a regular-season telecast on Fox Sports at 5.9 million viewers since a Yankees–Red Sox contest on October 1, 2005. Len Kasper, who called the game on radio for the White Sox, commented that "I’m not really sure MLB could have done an event better than the Field of Dreams Game. Yes, the game was bonkers and the finish was Oscar worthy, but the entire thing—the scenery, the park, the weather, the people involved, the vibe—it was just perfect. Unforgettable experience.”


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: Shortly before the 2021 game, Commissioner of Baseball Rob Manfred confirmed that there would be another game at the Field of Dreams during 2022, likely during August, but did not identify which teams would be playing. MLB later announced that the Cincinnati Reds would play the Chicago Cubs at the site on August 11, 2022, with Cincinnati as the designated home team in the game. Retro-style uniforms for the teams were revealed on August 8, with the Reds' uniforms matching what the team wore in the 1919 World Series. Pre-game ceremonies began with Ken Griffey Sr. and Ken Griffey Jr. playing catch, followed by the Cubs and Reds walking in from the cornfield beyond centerfield along with multiple members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Johnny Bench, Andre Dawson, Ferguson Jenkins, Barry Larkin, Ryne Sandberg, and Billy Williams—and a ceremonial first pitch from Jenkins to Bench. The national anthem was sung by country singer Jessie James Decker. John Smoltz (analyst), Ken Rosenthal (field reporter), and Tom Verducci (field reporter) return to call the game with Joe Davis (play by play) calling now as the lead announcer for MLB on FOX.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: Drew Smyly recorded the pitching victory for the Cubs, lasting five innings with nine strikeouts and four hits allowed. The Reds only mustered two runs, in the bottom of the seventh inning, all while having two runners on base in three separate innings and with a total of eight runners left on base. Cincinnati second baseman Jonathan India left the contest after the third inning, due to a contusion on his left leg from being hit by a pitch in the first inning; his injury later required an emergency helicopter flight to an Iowa City hospital. Chicago catcher Willson Contreras rolled his ankle rounding second base in the third inning, but remained in the game.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: On April 21, 2022, Minor League Baseball (MiLB) announced the inaugural MiLB at Field of Dreams game, a High-A contest in Dyersville between teams of the Midwest League. On August 9, the Quad Cities River Bandits hosted and defeated the Cedar Rapids Kernels, 7–2. The teams used historical franchise names for the contest, Davenport Blue Sox and Cedar Rapids Bunnies, respectively.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: MLB will not host a game at the ballpark in 2023 due to construction around the site. Future plans include converting the site into a youth baseball and softball complex that one day would also have a hotel. Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds confirmed that there will be another round of public funding to build a permanent stadium at the site. Former MLB player Frank Thomas, who is part of the group that owns the property, did not rule out the possibility of future MLB games at the site after 2023.


title: MLB at Field of Dreams

text: Since its inception, the game has been broadcast by Fox as part of their "Thursday Night Baseball" telecasts


title: Arlene Klasky

text: Arlene Phyllis Klasky (born May 26, 1949) is an American animator, graphic designer, producer and co-founder of Klasky Csupo with Gábor Csupó. In 1999, she was named one of the "Top 25 Women in Animation" by "Animation Magazine". She is most known for her work with Nickelodeon in the 1990s and 2000s. She, along with her ex-husband Gábor Csupó and Paul Germain, co-created the animated series "Rugrats" as well as the 2021 revival series of the same name.


title: Arlene Klasky

text: Klasky Csupo was formed with Gábor Csupó in the couple's two-bedroom Hollywood apartment in 1980. The company later was moved to Seward Street in Hollywood. They designed the logos for "21 Jump Street", "Anything but Love" and "In Living Color"; produced music videos for Beastie Boys and Luther Vandross; "Simpsons" shorts for "The Tracey Ullman Show"; shorts for "Sesame Street"; and the opening titles for "In Living Color".


title: Arlene Klasky

text: In 1989, after the birth of Klasky and Csupo's two sons, Klasky Csupo was asked by Nickelodeon for ideas, but Klasky felt she didn't have any since she mainly watched her sons go to the bathroom. "Rugrats" was inspired by the boys and what they would say if they could talk. The series started in August 1991 with the unaired pilot "Tommy Pickles and the Great White Thing". "Rugrats" went on to become one of Nickelodeon's most iconic and successful television series, winning three Emmy Awards. Klasky was the creative force behind the box-office hits "The Rugrats Movie" and "".


title: Arlene Klasky

text: "Aaahh!!! Real Monsters" premiered on Halloween in 1994, their second cartoon show to be aired on Nickelodeon. In 2003 she made the spin-off "All Grown Up!"; in the United States, it aired on Nickelodeon from 2003 to 2008, and has since aired reruns on TeenNick and Nicktoons.


title: Arlene Klasky

text: She was married to her business partner Gábor Csupó before they started their animation company and have two sons together from their marriage. Tommy Pickles' appearance from "Rugrats" is based on her younger son, Brandon. Her older son's name was Jarrett. She is of Polish-Jewish and Russian-Jewish descent.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Nachman of Breslov ( "Rabbī" "Naḥmān mīBreslev"), also known as Reb Nachman of Bratslav, Reb Nachman Breslover ( "Rebe Nakhmen Breslover"), and Nachman from Uman (April 4, 1772 – October 16, 1810), was the founder of the Breslov Hasidic movement.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman, a great-grandson of the Baal Shem Tov, revived the Hasidic movement by combining the esoteric secrets of Judaism (the Kabbalah) with in-depth Torah scholarship. He attracted thousands of followers during his lifetime, and his influence continues today through many Hasidic movements such as Breslov Hasidism. Reb Nachman's religious philosophy revolved around closeness to God and speaking to God in normal conversation "as you would with a best friend". The concept of "hitbodedut" is central to his thinking.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman was born on April 4, 1772 (Rosh Chodesh of Nisan) in the town of Międzybóż, which is in the Podolia region of the then Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and which is now in Ukraine. In the same year, the First Partition of Poland was agreed on, and the region and surrounding ones were taken over by the Russian Empire.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman's mother, Feiga, was the daughter of Adil (also spelled Udel), daughter of the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidic Judaism. His father Simcha was the son of Rabbi Nachman of Horodenka (Gorodenka), who was a seventh-generation lineal descendant of Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel and one of the Baal Shem Tov's disciples, after whom Reb Nachman was named. Reb Nachman had two brothers, Yechiel Zvi and Yisroel Mes, and a sister, Perel.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman told his disciples that as a small child, he avoided the pleasures of this world and set his sights on spirituality. He paid his melamed (teacher) three extra coins for every page of Talmud that he taught him, beyond the fee that his father was paying the teacher, to encourage the teacher to cover more material. From the age of six, he would go out at night to pray at the grave of his great-grandfather, the Baal Shem Tov, and immerse in the mikveh afterward.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: At the age of 13, he married Sashia, daughter of Rabbi Ephraim, and moved to his father-in-law's house in Ossatin (Staraya Osota today). He acquired his first disciple on his wedding day, a young man named Shimon who was several years older than he was. He continued to teach and attract new followers in the Medvedevka region in the years that followed.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: In 1798–1799, he traveled to the Land of Israel, where he was received with honor by the Hasidim living in Haifa, Tiberias, and Safed. In Tiberias, his influence brought about a reconciliation between the Lithuanian and Volhynian Hasidim.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Shortly before Rosh Hashana 1800, Reb Nachman moved to the town of Zlatopol. The townspeople invited him to have the final word on who would lead the Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur prayer services. The man chosen to lead "Neilah", the final prayer service of Yom Kippur, did not meet the Rebbe's approval. Suddenly the man was struck dumb and forced to step down, to his great embarrassment. After the fast ended, Reb Nachman spoke in a light-hearted way about what the man's true intentions had been, and the man was so incensed that he denounced Reb Nachman to Rabbi Aryeh Leib of Shpola, known as the "Shpoler Zeide", a prominent Hasidic rabbi and early disciple of Rabbi Pinchas of Koretz, who was a leading figure in the first generation of Hasidut. Thus began the Shpoler Zeide's vehement campaign against Breslov Hasidism. During this time he visited many synagogues, including the Great Synagogue in Dubno in Volhynia (now Rivne region), with the largest one in Ukraine and the graves of relatives in the same city.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: In 1802, Reb Nachman moved to the town of Bratslav, also known as "Breslov" and "Bracław". Here he declared, "Today we have planted the name of the Breslover Hasidim. This name will never disappear, because my followers will always be called after the town of Breslov."


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: His move to the town of Breslov brought him into contact with Nathan Sternhartz ("Reb Noson"), a 22-year-old Torah scholar in the nearby town of Nemirov, eight miles north of Breslov. Over the next eight years, Reb Noson (Nathan) became his foremost disciple and scribe, recording all of Reb Nachman's formal lessons as well as transcribing the Rebbe's magnum opus, "Likutey Moharan". After Reb Nachman's death, Reb Noson recorded all the informal conversations he and other disciples had had with the Rebbe, and published all of Reb Nachman's works as well as his own commentaries on them.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman and his wife Sashia had six daughters and two sons. Two daughters died in infancy and the two sons (Ya'akov and Shlomo Efraim) both died within a year and a half of their births. Their surviving children were Adil, Sarah, Miriam, and Chayah. Sashia died of tuberculosis on June 11, 1807, the eve of Shavuot, and was buried in Zaslov just before the festival began. The following month, Reb Nachman became engaged to a woman from Brody whose father was the wealthy Joshua Trachtenberg. (In recent years, a descendant of the Trachtenberg family informed Rabbi Leibel Berger, formerly of the Breslov-Uman Vaad [Committee] of America, that this second wife's name was Devorah [Deborah]. However, this claim remains unverified.) Right after the engagement, Reb Nachman contracted tuberculosis.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: In May 1810, a fire broke out in Bratslav, destroying Reb Nachman's home. A group of "maskilim" (Jews belonging to the secular "Haskalah" [Enlightenment] movement) living in Uman invited him to live in their town, and provided housing for him as his illness worsened. Many years before, Reb Nachman had passed through Uman and told his disciples, "This is a good place to be buried." He was referring to the cemetery where 2000 (or by some accounts as many as 20,000) Jewish martyrs of the Haidamak Massacre of Uman of 1768 were buried. Reb Nachman died of tuberculosis at the age of 38 on the fourth day of Sukkot 1810, and was buried in that cemetery.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Following the frequent fluctuations and changes in Rabbi Nachman's mood, the scholars estimated that he suffered from severe depression, And from Manic Depression. However, this is not supported by scholars in the Breslov community.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: During the Rebbe's lifetime, thousands of Hasidim traveled to be with him for the Jewish holidays of Rosh Hashana, Chanuka, and Shavuot, when he delivered his formal lessons. On the last Rosh Hashana of his life, Reb Nachman stressed to his followers the importance of being with him for that holiday in particular. Therefore, after the Rebbe's death, Reb Noson instituted an annual pilgrimage to the Rebbe's gravesite on Rosh Hashana.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: The many but highly selected disciples of Rebbe Nachman faced a thousand vicissitudes in order to be with him and listen to the words of the Torah while learning to the fullest; the Rebbe had been able to bring together a large group of Hasidim, often wise Rabbanim thanks to his innovative teachings that were never far from the most living tradition of the Jewish religion:


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: This annual pilgrimage, called the Rosh Hashana kibbutz, drew thousands of Hasidim from all over Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and even Poland until 1917, when the Bolshevik Revolution forced it to continue clandestinely. Only a dozen or so Hasidim risked making the annual pilgrimage during the Communist era, as the authorities regularly raided the gathering and often arrested and imprisoned worshippers. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Hasidim who lived outside Russia began to sneak into Uman to pray at Reb Nachman's grave during the year. During "Perestroika" in Soviet Union in 1989, the gates were reopened entirely. In 2008, approximately 25,000 people from all over the world participated in this annual pilgrimage.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: In April 1810, Reb Nachman called two of his closest disciples, Rabbi Aharon of Breslov and Rabbi Naftali of Nemirov, to act as witnesses for an unprecedented vow:


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: "If someone comes to my grave, gives a coin to charity, and says these ten Psalms [the "Tikkun HaKlali"], I will pull him out from the depths of Gehinnom!". "It makes no difference what he did until that day, but from that day on, he must take upon himself not to return to his foolish ways".


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: This vow spurred many followers to undertake the trip to Reb Nachman's grave, even during the Communist crackdown.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: In his short life, Reb Nachman achieved much acclaim as a teacher and spiritual leader, and is considered a seminal figure in the history of Hasidism. His contributions to Hasidic Judaism include the following:


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Another prominent feature of Reb Nachman's teachings is his "Tikkun HaKlali" ("General Rectification" or "General Remedy") for spiritual correction. This general rectification can override the spiritual harm caused by many sins, or one sin whose ramifications are many. On Shavuot 5566 (May 23, 1806) Reb Nachman revealed that ten specific Psalms, recited in this order: Psalms 16, 32, 41, 42, 59, 77, 90, 105, 137, and 150, constitute a special remedy for the sin of wasting seed, which defiles the sign of the covenant, and, by extension, all the other mitzvot. Most Breslover Hasidim try to say the "Tikkun HaKlali" daily.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman lived at a time of strife between Hasidim and their opponents, the Misnagdim, rabbinic Jews arrayed against Hassidic practice and philosophy. It was also a time of friction between Hasidim and a growing population of Jews influenced by the Haskalah (Enlightenment) desiring emancipation as equal citizens in Europe's liberalizing nation states. (In 1816, Joseph Perl wrote a denunciation of Hasidic mysticism and beliefs, in which he criticized many of the writings of Nachman, who had died six years earlier. Austrian imperial censors blocked publication of Perl's treatise, fearing that it would foment unrest among the empire's Jewish subjects.)


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: During his lifetime, Reb Nachman also encountered opposition from within the Hasidic movement itself, from people who questioned his new approach to Hasidut. One of these was Rabbi Aryeh Leib of Shpola, known as the "Shpoler Zeide" (Grandfather/Sage of Shpola) (1725–1812), who, according to Breslov tradition, had supported Reb Nachman in his early years but began to oppose him after he moved to Zlatipola, near Shpola, in September 1800. Breslov tradition records that Reb Nachman had insulted the cantor who had led the service for Yom Kippur that year in the town's main synagogue, saying that he sang only "to impress his wife". The insulted cantor went to Rabbi Aryeh Leib to complain the next day, possibly also upset that Reb Nachman had changed some of the customs of the synagogue which had been instituted during the eight years that R. Aryeh Leib had been the "shamesh" of the synagogue. Eventually, nearly the entire Jewish population of Zlatipola turned against Reb Nachman, leading him to relocate to Breslov in 1802.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: The Shpoler Zeide saw Reb Nachman's teachings as deviating from classical Judaism and from the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov. Some postulate that the Zeide felt threatened because Reb Nachman was moving in on his territory and taking disciples away from him. Still others claim that Reb Nachman was a threat to other rebbes because he opposed the institutional dynasties that were already beginning to form in the Hasidic world. (Reb Nachman himself did not found a dynasty; his two sons died in infancy and he appointed no successor.)


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: According to Breslov tradition, a number of prominent figures of Hasidut supported Reb Nachman against the Shpoler Zeide's opposition, including Rabbi Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev, Rabbi Gedalia of Linitz, Rabbi Zev Wolf of Charni-Ostrov, and Rabbi Avraham of Kalisk. Breslov traditions further relate, that at one point, a number of Hasidic rabbis gathered in Berditchev to place the Shpoler Zeide in "cherem" (a rabbinic form of excommunication) for showing contempt to a true Torah scholar. Their effort was nixed, however, when someone convinced Rabbi Levi Yitzchok that it would give the city of Berditchev a bad name.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman never claimed that he was the Messiah. He taught the general Hasidic concept of the "tzaddik ha-dor" (tzadik of the generation or era), which is the idea that in every generation, a special, saintly person is born who could potentially become the Jewish Messiah if conditions were right in the world. Otherwise, this tzaddik lives and dies the same as any other holy man. Toward the end of his life, he said, "My fire will burn until the coming of Mashiach"—indicating that the Messiah had not yet arrived. Breslover Hasidim do not believe Reb Nachman was the Messiah, but they do believe that the light of his teachings continues to illuminate the paths of Jews from many disparate backgrounds. Chayey Moharan states that Rabbi Nachman said "All the benefits Messiah can do for Israel, I can do; the only difference is Messiah will decree and it will happen, but I—(and he stopped and did not say more) [alternate version: I cannot finish yet]".


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: The Sabbateans, the followers of Sabbatai Zevi (1626–76), based their teachings on the same "Zohar" and Lurianic kabbalah that are considered part of classical Judaism in Hasidism. Where the Sabbateans diverged from accepted teaching was in believing that Sabbatai Zevi was the Messiah and that Halakha was no longer binding. Nachman did not do the same. He did not claim he was the Messiah, and when asked, "What do we do as Breslover Hasidim?" he replied, "Whatever it says in the "Shulchan Aruch" (Code of Jewish Law)."


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman's Torah lessons and stories were published and disseminated mainly after his death by his disciple, Reb Noson:


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Another mysterious document that Reb Nachman dictated to Reb Noson is the "Megillat Setarim" ("Hidden Scroll"), which was written in a cryptic combination of Hebrew initials and brief phrases. Prof. Zvi Mark has researched and attempted to decipher this document, based on disclosures from prominent members of the Breslov community. His findings have been published in Hebrew and in English translation, along with facsimiles of discrepant manuscript copies.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman also wrote "Sefer HaGanuz" ("The Hidden Book") and the "Sefer HaNisraf" ("The Burned Book"), neither of which is extant. Reb Nachman told his disciples that these volumes contained deep mystical insights that few would be able to comprehend. While he dictated the "Sefer HaNisraf" to Reb Noson, the latter said that he did not understand it at all; later he said, "What I do remember is that it spoke about the greatness of the mitzvah of hospitality and preparing the bed for a guest". Reb Nachman never showed the "Sefer HaGanuz" to anyone. In 1808, Reb Nachman burned all the copies of the "Sefer HaGanuz" and the "Sefer Ha-nisraf".


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Reb Nachman first ordered the two manuscripts of the book "Sefer HaNisraf" to be destroyed in a bargain for his life during a phase of his tuberculosis which preceded his death by two years. He believed that the illness was a "punishment from the upper-world--for writing a book".


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: Two years later, from his deathbed, he ordered a chest full of his writings, presumably containing "Sefer HaGanuz", to be burnt.


title: Nachman of Breslov

text: "On the evening of the last day of his life, Rabbi Nachman gave his disciples the key to a chest. "As soon as I am dead," he told them, "while my body is still lying here on the floor, you are to take all the writings you find in the chest and burn them. And be sure to fulfill my request."


title: FirstCry

text: FirstCry is an Indian e-commerce company, headquartered in Pune. The company, launched in 2010, initially focused on baby products retailing. In January 2020, the company had over 380 stores across India. FirstCrys opened its first outlet in Srinagar in May 2019. It is into its series E round of financing.


title: FirstCry

text: In 2016 FirstCry acquired BabyOye, owned by the Mahindra Group, for . The merged entity now does business under the name FirstCry.com, a FirstCry Mahindra Venture. The company acquired playschool company Oi Playschool.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (; 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448) was the penultimate Byzantine emperor, ruling from 1425 to 1448.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: John VIII was the eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragaš. He was associated as co-emperor with his father before 1416 and became sole emperor on 1 July 1425, although he had already assumed full power on 19 January 1421.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: In June 1422, John VIII Palaiologos supervised the defense of Constantinople during a siege by Murad II, but had to accept the loss of Thessalonica, which his brother Andronikos had given to Venice in 1423. To secure protection against the Ottomans, he made two journeys to Italy in 1423 and 1439. In 1423, he became the last Byzantine emperor (the first since emperor Constans II' visit in 663) to make a visit to Rome. During the second journey he visited Pope Eugene IV in Ferrara and consented to the union of the Greek and Roman churches. The union was ratified at the Council of Florence in 1439, which John attended with 700 followers including Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople and George Gemistos Plethon, a Neoplatonist philosopher influential among the academics of Italy. The union failed due to opposition in Constantinople, but through his prudent conduct towards the Ottoman Empire he succeeded in holding possession of the city.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: John VIII Palaiologos named his brother Constantine XI, who had served as regent in Constantinople in 1437–1439, as his successor. Despite the machinations of his younger brother Demetrios Palaiologos his mother Helena was able to secure Constantine XI's succession in 1448.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: John VIII died at Constantinople in 1448, becoming the last reigning Byzantine emperor to die of natural causes, and was buried in the Pantokrator Monastery.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: John VIII Palaiologos was married three times. His first marriage was in 1414 to Anna of Moscow, daughter of Grand Prince Basil I of Moscow (1389–1425) and Sophia of Lithuania. She died in August 1417 of plague.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: The second marriage, arranged by his father Manuel II and Pope Martin V, was to Sophia of Montferrat in 1421. She was a daughter of Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat, and his second wife Joanna of Bar. Joanna was a daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar, and Marie de Valois. Her maternal grandparents were John II of France and Bonne of Bohemia.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: His third marriage, arranged by the future cardinal, Bessarion, was to Maria of Trebizond in 1427. She was a daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene. She died in the winter of 1439, also from plague. None of the marriages produced any children.


title: John VIII Palaiologos

text: John VIII Palaiologos was famously depicted by several painters on the occasion of his visit to Italy. Perhaps the most famous of his portraits is the one by Benozzo Gozzoli, on the southern wall of the Magi Chapel, at the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, in Florence. According to some interpretations, John VIII would be also portrayed in Piero della Francesca's "Flagellation". A of John appears in a manuscript at the Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula.


title: Amok Time

text: "Amok Time" is the premiere episode of the American science fiction television series "". Written by science fiction author Theodore Sturgeon, scored by Gerald Fried, and directed by Joseph Pevney, it first aired on September 15, 1967.


title: Amok Time

text: The episode features First Officer Spock returning to his homeworld for a brutal Vulcan wedding ritual. It is the only episode of "" to depict scenes on the planet Vulcan.


title: Amok Time

text: It was the first episode to air featuring Ensign Pavel Chekov (Walter Koenig) as the ship's navigator. It was also the first episode to list "DeForest Kelley as Dr. McCoy" in the opening credits, and the first episode broadcast in the series' new time slot of 8:30 pm on Friday night. This is the first episode to use the "Vulcan salute" and introduced the concept of "pon farr".


title: Amok Time

text: Spock, the first officer of the USS "Enterprise", begins to exhibit unusual behavior and requests that he be granted leave on his home planet Vulcan. Captain Kirk and Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy, having witnessed one of their friend's outbursts, agree and Kirk diverts the ship to Vulcan. En route, Kirk receives orders from Starfleet to travel to Altair VI to represent the Federation at the inauguration ceremony for the planet's new president. Though Kirk instructs the crew to set course to Altair VI, Spock secretly changes course back to Vulcan. Kirk confronts Spock, who claims to have no memory of ordering the course change.


title: Amok Time

text: Kirk orders Spock to Sick Bay, where McCoy finds evidence of extreme physical and emotional stress, a condition that will kill him within eight days if not treated. Spock is forced to explain that he is undergoing "pon farr", a condition male Vulcans experience periodically throughout their adult life, and that he must mate or die. Kirk contacts Starfleet to request permission to divert to Vulcan but is denied. Kirk disobeys orders, believing that saving the life of his friend is more important than his career.


title: Amok Time

text: At Vulcan, Spock invites Kirk and McCoy to accompany him to the wedding ceremony. He explains that Vulcans are bonded as children so as to fulfill the "pon farr" commitment and that T'Pring is to be his mate. T'Pring arrives with Stonn, a pureblood Vulcan, whom she prefers to Spock. T'Pau, a matriarch renowned as the only person ever to refuse a seat on the Federation Council, prepares to conduct the ceremony. However, T'Pring demands the "kal-if-fee", a physical challenge between Spock and a champion she selects. To everyone's surprise, she chooses Kirk instead of Stonn. Spock begs T'Pau to forbid it as Kirk is unaware of the implications, but T'Pau leaves the decision to Kirk; another champion will be selected if he refuses. Kirk accepts the challenge, only to learn that it is "to the death."


title: Amok Time

text: The two begin combat with "lirpa", a traditional Vulcan weapon. Kirk is challenged by Spock's strength and agility, even in his current state, as well as the thinner atmosphere of Vulcan. McCoy convinces T'Pau to allow him to inject Kirk with a tri-ox compound to offset the effects of the Vulcan atmosphere. The battle continues, with Spock eventually garroting Kirk with an "ahn'woon". McCoy rushes to Kirk's body and declares him dead, and requests immediate transport back to the "Enterprise."


title: Amok Time

text: Spock renounces his claim on T'Pring but not before demanding an explanation from her. She explains that she feared losing Stonn in the "kal-if-fee". By choosing Kirk, T'Pring would be assured of having Stonn in some capacity regardless of the outcome: If Spock was the victor, he would release her from the marriage (for having made the challenge in the first place), and if Kirk had won, he would not want her either. Spock, now free of the "pon farr", compliments T'Pring on her flawless logic and returns to the "Enterprise", warning Stonn that "having is not so pleasing a thing after all as wanting."


title: Amok Time

text: Aboard the ship, Spock announces his intent to resign his commission and submit himself for trial for killing Kirk, when he discovers Kirk is alive and well in sickbay. McCoy explains that the injection he gave Kirk was a neuroparalyzer drug that merely simulated death. Asked about what followed, Spock states that he lost all desire for T'Pring after he thought he had killed Kirk. Kirk then learns that Starfleet, at T'Pau's request, has belatedly given the "Enterprise" permission to travel to Vulcan.


title: Amok Time

text: For the franchise's 30th anniversary, "TV Guide" ranked "Amok Time" No. 2 on its list of the 10 best "Star Trek" episodes. In 2009, Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an A rating. In 2012, "The A.V. Club" ranked this episode as one of top ten "must see" episodes of the original series.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2014, Gizmodo ranked "Amok Time" as the 12th best episode of "Star Trek", out of the over 700 ones made by that time. IGN ranked "Amok" number 9 in a top ten list of original series episodes.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2015, "Wired" magazine did not recommend skipping this episode in their binge-watching guide for the original series.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2015, SyFy ranked this episode as one of the top ten essential "Star Trek" original series episodes.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" rated "Amok Time" the 28th best television episode of all "Star Trek" franchise television prior to "", including live-action and the animated series but not counting the movies. In 2016, "Newsweek" ranked "Amok Time" as one of the best episodes of the original series, noting it has one of the most memorable fights in "Star Trek". In 2016, "Business Insider" ranked "Amok Time" the 10th best episode of the original series.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2016, "Radio Times" ranked the duel between Kirk and Spock on Vulcan as the 15th best moment in all "Star Trek". They note this shows the audience the Vulcan home planet of Vulcan for the first time, and also introduces the Pon Farr aspect of Vulcan culture.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2017, "Business Insider" ranked "Amok Time" the 10th best episode of the original series. They note this is the first episode to use the phrase ""Live Long and Prosper"" in Star Trek.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2018, "PopMatters" ranked this the 10th best episode of the original series. They highlighted Spock's line "After a time, you may find that having is not so pleasing a thing after all as wanting. It is not logical, but it is often true." while noting the introduction of planet Vulcan, Pon Farr, various guest stars, and what they call a "thrilling gladiatorial battle".


title: Amok Time

text: A 2018 "Star Trek" binge-watching guide by "Den of Geek" recommended this episode as one of the best of the original series.


title: Amok Time

text: In 2019, CBR ranked this episode as one of the top 8 most memorable episodes of the original "Star Trek".


title: Amok Time

text: Gerald Fried's incidental music for the fight—titled "The Ritual/Ancient Battle/2nd Kroykah"—became a standard underscore for combat scenes in season 2. It was notably spoofed during the Medieval Times sequence in the Jim Carrey film "The Cable Guy" (1996).


title: Amok Time

text: The chart-topping British pop band T'Pau took their name from the Vulcan matriarch who presides over events on the planet.


title: Amok Time

text: The Omegaverse genre of speculative erotic fiction is noted as having been influenced by the episode.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: Jona Weinhofen (born 1 January 1983) is an Australian musician. He was the lead guitarist for metalcore band I Killed the Prom Queen, rhythm guitarist for British band Bring Me the Horizon from 2009 to 2013 and the guitarist for Californian band Bleeding Through from 2007 to 2009. In September 2021, he joined Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows alongside Craig Owens.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: Jona Weinhofen formed metalcore band I Killed the Prom Queen in Adelaide in 2000 with drummer JJ Peters. The band released two LPs, one EP, a split EP, a demo and a live CD/DVD before their first split in 2007, with Weinhofen acting as manager from 2004 to 2007.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: After the departure of vocalist Ed Butcher from I Killed the Prom Queen, Weinhofen was invited to join American band Bleeding Through after the departure of Scott Danough. He played on their release "Declaration" and can be seen in their videos for "Death Anxiety" and "Germany". His new spot in Bleeding Through was one of several factors that caused the split of I Killed the Prom Queen in 2007. They briefly reunited in 2008 for their "Say Goodbye" farewell tour. Weinhofen left Bleeding Through midway through 2009 partly due to homesickness and discontent with living in America.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: Weinhofen replaced Curtis Ward in British band Bring Me the Horizon as a permanent member in March 2009. He was featured in the music video for "The Sadness Will Never End", which was released following the departure of Ward, and recorded with the group on their album "There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret.".


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: Weinhofen rejoined I Killed the Prom Queen when the band reunited in 2011 to play on the Destroy The Music Tour. The band also started working on a new studio album.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: Weinhofen was named one of the top 50 greatest guitar players in Australian history by Australian Guitar Magazine in May 2012.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: In 2012, Weinhofen had a guest solo spot on Mors Principium Est's album "...And Death Said Live", on the song "What the Future Holds".


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: In January 2013, Weinhofen left Bring Me the Horizon for undisclosed reasons, which made way for I Killed the Prom Queen to become a full-time band once again. I Killed the Prom Queen released their third studio album Beloved the following year. The band is not currently active, and has not played live since 2017.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: Weinhofen has worked with Geelong death metal outfit The Red Shore in an advisory and managerial capacity. The former lead singer and bassist of The Red Shore, Jamie Hope, has since joined I Killed the Prom Queen.


title: Jona Weinhofen

text: Weinhofen is a vegan. He lives a straight edge lifestyle, and holds the rank of purple belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.


title: Yvonne Connolly

text: Connolly began her career working as a commercial model for brands including Coca Cola, Superquinn, Bank of Ireland and the National Lottery. In 2013, Connolly ventured into television where she competed in the Irish version of "Celebrity MasterChef Ireland" on RTÉ One. She was eliminated in the fifth week of the competition. Following her appearance on the show, Connolly picked up many cookery guest spots on television programmes including Virgin Media One's "The Six O'Clock Show" and ITV's "This Morning."


title: Yvonne Connolly

text: In 2014, Connolly appeared as a mentor on the RTÉ One factual entertainment series, "The Family Project."


title: Yvonne Connolly

text: On 30 April 1998, Connolly married Boyzone singer, Ronan Keating. Together, they have three children: a son Jack, born in 1999 and daughters Marie (known as "Missy") and Ali born in 2001 and 2005. In 2010, Connolly and Keating announced their separation; their divorce was finalised in March 2015. Connolly has been in a relationship with cinematographer John Conroy since 2012.


title: Yvonne Connolly

text: In November 2019, Connolly was left with severe facial injuries when one of her horses kicked her in the face. Her injuries included a broken jaw, fractured nose and severely damaged eye socket. Connolly has spoken in-depth about her long road to recovery, but continues to train and ride horses.


title: Winterreise

text: Winterreise (, "Winter Journey") is a song cycle for voice and piano by Franz Schubert (D. 911, published as Op. 89 in 1828), a setting of 24 poems by German poet Wilhelm Müller. It is the second of Schubert's two song cycles on Müller's poems, the earlier being "Die schöne Müllerin" (D. 795, Op. 25, 1823).


title: Winterreise

text: Both were originally written for tenor voice but are frequently transposed to other vocal ranges, a precedent set by Schubert himself. The two works pose interpretative demands on listeners and performers due to their scale and structural coherence. Although Ludwig van Beethoven's cycle "An die ferne Geliebte" ("To the Distant Beloved") was published earlier, in 1816, Schubert's cycles hold the foremost place in the genre's history.


title: Winterreise

text: "Winterreise" was composed in two parts, each with twelve songs, the first part in February 1827 and the second in October 1827. The two parts were also published separately by Tobias Haslinger, the first on 14 January 1828, and the second (the proofs of which Schubert was still correcting days before his death on 19 November) on 30 December 1828.


title: Winterreise

text: The text consists of poems by Wilhelm Müller. Müller, a poet, soldier and Imperial Librarian at Dessau in Prussia (present-day east-central Germany), died in 1827 aged 33, and probably never heard the first setting of his poems in "Die schöne Müllerin" (1823), let alone "Winterreise". "Die schöne Müllerin" had become central to the performing repertoire and partnership of Schubert with his friend, the baritone singer Johann Michael Vogl, who introduced Schubert's songs to many people in their tours through Austria in the mid-1820s.


title: Winterreise

text: Schubert found the first twelve poems under the title "Wanderlieder von Wilhelm Müller. Die Winterreise. In 12 Liedern" in an almanack ("Urania. Taschenbuch auf das Jahr 1823") published in Leipzig in 1823. It was after he set these, in February 1827, that he discovered the full series of poems in Müller's book of 1824, "Poems from the posthumous papers of a travelling horn-player", dedicated to the composer Carl Maria von Weber (godfather of Müller's son F. Max Müller), "as a pledge of his friendship and admiration". Weber died in 1826. On 4 March 1827, Schubert invited a group of friends to his lodgings intending to sing the first group of songs, but he was out when they arrived, and the event was postponed until later in the year, when the full performance was given.


title: Winterreise

text: Between the 1823 and 1824 editions, Müller varied the texts slightly and also (with the addition of the further 12 poems) altered the order in which they were presented. Owing to the two stages of composition, Schubert's order in the song-cycle preserves the integrity of the cycle of the first twelve poems published and appends the twelve new poems as a "Fortsetzung" ("Continuation"), following Müller's order (if one excludes the poems already set) with the one exception of switching "Die Nebensonnen" and "Mut!". In the complete book edition, Müller's final running-order was as follows:"Gute Nacht"; "Die Wetterfahne"; "Gefror'ne Thränen"; "Erstarrung"; "Der Lindenbaum"; "Die Post"; "Wasserflut"; "Auf dem Flusse"; "Rückblick"; "Der greise Kopf"; "Die Krähe"; "Letzte Hoffnung"; "Im Dorfe"; "Der stürmische Morgen"; "Täuschung"; "Der Wegweiser"; "Das Wirtshaus"; "[Das] Irrlicht"; "Rast"; "Die Nebensonnen"; "Frühlingstraum"; "Einsamkeit"; "Mut!"; "Der Leiermann".Thus, Schubert's numbers would run 1–5, 13, 6–8, 14–21, 9–10, 23, 11–12, 22, 24, a sequence occasionally attempted by Hans Joachim Moser and Günther Baum.


title: Winterreise

text: Schubert's original group of settings therefore closed with the dramatic cadence of "Irrlicht", "Rast", "Frühlingstraum" and "Einsamkeit", and his second sequence begins with "Die Post". Dramatically, the first half is the sequence from the leaving of the beloved's house, and the second half the torments of reawakening hope and the path to resignation.


title: Winterreise

text: In "Winterreise" Schubert raises the importance of the pianist to a role equal to that of the singer. In particular, the piano's rhythms constantly express the moods of the poet, like the distinctive rhythm of "Auf dem Flusse", the restless syncopated figures in "Rückblick", the dramatic tremolos in "Einsamkeit", the glimmering clusters of notes in "Irrlicht", or the sharp accents in "Der stürmische Morgen". The piano supplies rich effects in the nature imagery of the poems, the voices of the elements, the creatures and active objects, the rushing storm, the crying wind, the water under the ice, birds singing, ravens croaking, dogs baying, the rusty weathervane grating, the post horn calling, and the drone and repeated melody of the hurdy-gurdy.


title: Winterreise

text: Many have attempted to explain the reason Schubert composed "Winterreise." A possible explanation is documented in a book by Elizabeth Norman McKay, "Schubert: The Piano and Dark Keys": "Towards the end of 1822 ... Schubert was very sick, having contracted the syphilis that inevitably was to affect the remainder of his life: his physical and mental health, and the music he was to compose." As detailed below, he worked on "Winterreise" as he was dying of syphilis.


title: Winterreise

text: In addition to his friend Franz von Schober, Schubert's friends who often attended his "Schubertiaden" or musical sessions included Eduard von Bauernfeld, Joseph von Spaun, and the poet Johann Mayrhofer. Both Spaun and Mayrhofer describe the period of the composition of "Winterreise" as one in which Schubert was in a deeply melancholic frame of mind, as Mayrhofer puts it, because "life had lost its rosiness and winter was upon him." Spaun tells that Schubert was gloomy and depressed, and when asked the reason replied,


title: Winterreise

text: "Come to Schober's today and I will play you a cycle of terrifying songs; they have affected me more than has ever been the case with any other songs." He then, with a voice full of feeling, sang the entire "Winterreise" for us. We were altogether dumbfounded by the sombre mood of these songs, and Schober said that one song only, "Der Lindenbaum", had pleased him. Thereupon Schubert leaped up and replied: "These songs please me more than all the rest, and in time they will please you as well."


title: Winterreise

text: It is argued that in the gloomy nature of the "Winterreise", compared with "Die schöne Müllerin", there is


title: Winterreise

text: a change of season, December for May, and a deeper core of pain, the difference between the heartbreak of a youth and a man. There is no need to seek in external vicissitudes an explanation of the pathos of the "Winterreise" music when the composer was this Schubert who, as a boy of seventeen, had the imagination to fix Gretchen's cry in music once for all, and had so quivered year by year in response to every appeal, to Mignon's and the Harper's grief, to Mayrhofer's nostalgia. It is not surprising to hear of Schubert's haggard look in the "Winterreise" period; but not depression, rather a kind of sacred exhilaration... we see him practically gasping with fearful joy over his tragic "Winterreise" – at his luck in the subject, at the beauty of the chance which brought him his collaborator back, at the countless fresh images provoked by his poetry of fire and snow, of torrent and ice, of scalding and frozen tears. The composer of the "Winterreise" may have gone hungry to bed, but he was a happy artist.


title: Winterreise

text: Schubert's last task in life was the correction of the proofs for part 2 of "Winterreise", and his thoughts while correcting those of the last song, "Der Leiermann", when his last illness was only too evident, can only be imagined. However, he had heard the whole cycle performed by Vogl (which received a much more enthusiastic reception), though he did not live to see the final publication, nor the opinion of the "Wiener Theaterzeitung":


title: Winterreise

text: Müller is naive, sentimental, and sets against outward nature a parallel of some passionate soul-state which takes its colour and significance from the former. Schubert's music is as naive as the poet's expressions; the emotions contained in the poems are as deeply reflected in his own feelings, and these are so brought out in sound that no-one can sing or hear them without being touched to the heart.


title: Winterreise

text: Elena Gerhardt said of the "Winterreise", "You have to be haunted by this cycle to be able to sing it."


title: Winterreise

text: In his introduction to the Peters edition (with the critical revisions of Max Friedlaender), Professor Max Müller, son of the poet Wilhelm Müller, remarks that Schubert's two song-cycles have a dramatic effect not unlike that of a full-scale tragic opera, particularly when performed by great singers such as Jenny Lind ("Die schöne Müllerin") or Julius Stockhausen ("Winterreise"). Like "Die schöne Müllerin", Schubert's "Winterreise" is not merely a collection of songs upon a single theme (lost or unrequited love) but is in effect one single dramatic monologue, lasting over an hour in performance. Although some individual songs are sometimes included separately in recitals (e.g. "Gute Nacht", "Der Lindenbaum" and "Der Leiermann"), it is a work which is usually presented in its entirety. The intensity and the emotional inflections of the poetry are carefully built up to express the sorrows of the lover, and are developed to an almost pathological degree from the first to the last note, something explored (along with the cultural context of the work) by the tenor Ian Bostridge in "Schubert's Winter Journey: Anatomy of an Obsession". Over the course of the cycle, grief over lost love progressively gives way to more general existential despair and resignation – the beloved is last directly mentioned only halfway into the work – and the literal winter's journey is arguably at least in part allegorical for this psychological and spiritual one. Wintry imagery of cold, darkness, and barrenness consistently serve to mirror the feelings of the isolated wanderer.