title: Slave Play

text: There have been petitions to shut down "Slave Play" because of its themes. In particular, audience members and writers have criticized the play for its treatment of black women characters, and voicing that it disrespects the violent history of rape in chattel slavery. In 2018, a petition titled "Shutdown "Slave Play"" was started, with the petitioner describing the play as traumatizing and exploitative of human atrocities. Critic Elisabeth Vincentelli noted the similarities between the themes and style of "Slave Play" and those of the plays "An Octoroon" (2014) and "Underground Railroad Game" (2016).


title: Slave Play

text: Despite the controversy, many reviewers have met the play with acclaim. Peter Marks describes the play as funny and scalding, while Sara Holden wrote that Harris manages to make every character an archetype while at the same giving them depth. Positive reviews of the play herald "Slave Play" as both confronting racism and unpacking the nuances of interracial relationships, and cite it as comedic and entertaining. Aisha Harris wrote about the experience of seeing "Slave Play" as a black woman, stating that the uncomfortable narrative of the play allows for productive thought.


title: Slave Play

text: Other reviewers have reviewed the play negatively. Thom Geier reviewed the play as intentionally designed to provoke, and calls the play uneven. Juan Michael Porter II, a black theater writer, reviewed the play as consisting of oversimplified confessions meant to titillate the audience.


title: Uniform

text: A uniform is a variety of clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity. Modern uniforms are most often worn by armed forces and paramilitary organizations such as police, emergency services, security guards, in some workplaces and schools and by inmates in prisons. In some countries, some other officials also wear uniforms in their duties; such is the case of the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service or the French prefects. For some organizations, such as police, it may be illegal for non members to wear the uniform.


title: Uniform

text: Workers sometimes wear uniforms or corporate clothing of one nature or another. Workers required to wear a uniform may include retail workers, bank and post-office workers, public-security and health-care workers, blue-collar employees, personal trainers in health clubs, instructors in summer camps, lifeguards, janitors, public-transit employees, towing- and truck-drivers, airline employees and holiday operators, and bar, restaurant and hotel employees. The use of uniforms in commercial or public-service organizations often reflects an effort in branding and in developing a standard corporate image; it also has important effects on the employees required to wear uniforms.


title: Uniform

text: The term "uniform" may be misleading because employees are not always fully uniform in appearance and may not always wear attire provided by the organization, while still representing the organization in their attire. Academic work on organizational dress by Rafaeli & Pratt (1993) referred to uniformity (homogeneity) of dress as one dimension, and conspicuousness as a second. Employees all wearing black, for example, may appear conspicuous and thus represent the organization even though their attire is uniform only in the color of their clothing, not in its features. Pratt & Rafaeli, (1997) described struggles between employees and management about organizational dress as struggles about deeper meanings and identities that dress represents. And Pratt & Rafaeli (2001) described dress as one of the larger set of symbols and artifacts in organizations, which coalesce into a communication grammar.


title: Uniform

text: Military uniform is the standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations. Military dress and military styles have gone through great changes over the centuries from colourful and elaborate to extremely utilitarian. Military uniforms in the form of standardised and distinctive dress, intended for identification and display, are typically a sign of organised military forces equipped by a central authority.


title: Uniform

text: The utilitarian necessities of war and economic frugality are now the dominant factors in uniform design. Most military forces, however, have developed several different uniform types.


title: Uniform

text: Military personnel in most armed forces and some civilian officials may wear some or all of the following: combat uniform, service dress, dress uniform, full dress uniform, mess dress.


title: Uniform

text: Uniforms can distinguish various categories of staff in medical institutions: doctors, surgeons, nurses, ancillary staff and volunteers.


title: Uniform

text: Equipment - notably stethoscopes - worn like a badge of office, may accompany or replace medical uniforms.


title: Uniform

text: Uniforms are required for students in many schools in different countries. School uniforms vary from a standard issue T-shirt to rigorous requirements for many items of formal wear at private schools. School uniforms are in place in many public schools as well.


title: Uniform

text: Countries where mandatory school uniforms are common include Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, Australia, UAE, Singapore, Albania, Philippines, some schools in Taiwan, New Zealand, South Africa, Indonesia and the United Kingdom, among many other places. In some countries, uniform types vary from school to school, in the United Kingdom, many pupils between 11 and 16 of age wear a blazer, tie and trousers for boys and blouse, tie and trousers, skirt, or culottes for girls. The ties tend to have a set pattern or a logo embroidered representing the school, and jackets will usually carry a badge on the breast pocket with the school's name, coat of arms, and motto or emblem. Children in many British state primary schools will have a uniform jumper and/or polo shirt with the school name and logo.


title: Uniform

text: From about 1800 to after the Second World War, diplomats from most countries (and often senior non-military officials generally) wore official uniforms at public occasions. Such uniforms are now retained by only a few diplomatic services, and are seldom worn.


title: Uniform

text: Members of the police in every country have a uniform for identification as law-enforcement personnel or agents. They are distinguished from the public by the uniform the police wear during overt policing activity. Usually each country has its own different police uniform.


title: Uniform

text: Most, if not all, sports teams also wear uniforms, made in the team's distinctive colors. In individual sports like tennis and golf, players may choose any clothing design allowed by the competition rules.


title: Uniform

text: To prevent the confusion (for officials, players, and fans) that might result from two opposing teams wearing uniforms (kits) with similar colors, teams have different variations for "home" and "away" games, where typically one is dark and the other is light. In the four major North American sports leagues, one of the two uniforms is almost always predominantly white, and each league except for the National Basketball Association (NBA) has a rule to determine which team should normally wear its white uniform. Customarily, National Football League (NFL) and National Hockey League (NHL) teams wear their "color" uniforms for home games. By contrast, Major League Baseball (MLB) teams wear their "white" uniforms for home games. The NBA traditionally required home teams to wear white, or at least a light color, but as of the allows home teams to wear any uniform color, mandating only that away teams wear a color that sufficiently contrasts with the home team's choice. These rules are not strictly enforced, however, for any of the four major professional sports leagues in North America. Some NFL teams, most notably the Dallas Cowboys, prefer to wear their white jerseys for home games. When Joe Gibbs was the head coach of the Washington Redskins — first from 1981 to 1992, and again from 2004 to 2007 — the Redskins exclusively wore white jerseys at home games. In the United Kingdom, especially in football, the terms "kit" or "strip" (as in 'football kit') are more common (instead of uniform).


title: Uniform

text: A prison uniform is any uniform worn by individuals incarcerated in a prison, jail or similar facility of detention.


title: Uniform

text: The beauticians use uniforms to protect their skin from harmful chemicals and acid. These chemical resistant and water proof uniforms are not only safe to work in but also provide a professional, polished appearance throughout the day.


title: Uniform

text: The Scout uniform is a specific characteristic of the Scouting movement, in the words of Baden-Powell at the 1937 World Jamboree, "it covers the differences of country and race and make all feel that they are members one with another of one World Brotherhood". The original uniform, which has created a familiar image in the public eye, consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts and a broad-brimmed campaign hat. Baden-Powell himself wore shorts since being dressed like the youth contributed to reducing perceived "distance" between the adult and the young person. Nowadays, uniforms are frequently blue, orange, red, or green, and shorts are replaced by long pants in areas where the culture calls for modesty, and in winter weather. The campaign hats have also been dropped in some Scouting organisations.


title: Uniform

text: Some uniforms have specially-manufactured buttons, which, in the case of antiques, often outlast the fabric components of the uniform, and become highly collectable items. Nowadays, buttons come in different materials, shapes sizes and colors.


title: Uniform

text: In some countries or regions such as the UK, Australia or Hong Kong, the cost of cleaning one's uniform or work clothing can be partially deducted or rebated from the personal income tax, if the organization for which the person works does not have a laundry department or an outsourced commercial laundry.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: Mr. Magoo is a 1997 American comedy film directed by Hong Kong film veteran Stanley Tong (his sole English language film) and written by Pat Proft and Tom Sherohman. A live-action/animated film adaptation of UPA's cartoon of the same name, it was produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and stars Leslie Nielsen as the title character, alongside Kelly Lynch, Matt Keeslar, Nick Chinlund, Stephen Tobolowsky, Ernie Hudson, Jennifer Garner and Malcolm McDowell.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: The film was a critical and commercial failure, grossing $28 million, against its $30 million production budget.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: Criticism singled out the seemingly mocking portrayal of people with disabilities although The Walt Disney Company placed a disclaimer right before the closing credits.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: Mr. Quincy Magoo, a wealthy but extremely near-sighted canned vegetable factory owner, goes to the museum to attend a party. While there, Waldo, Mr. Magoo's nephew, spies a woman named Stacey Sampanahoditra, on whom he develops a crush. Later that night, jewel thieves Luanne LeSeur and Bob Morgan steal the museum's beautiful ruby "The Star of Kuristan" and escape on a boat to Austin Cloquet, Bob's boss.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: Meanwhile, Mr. Magoo and his dog Angus go fishing in the same area as the jewel thieves' boat. Luanne picks a fight with Bob and in the scuffle, they lose the ruby which lands in Mr. Magoo's boat unbeknownst to Magoo. Bob goes after the ruby but fails by falling onto the paddle wheel of a paddle boat.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: At the museum, the curator and Stacey send two agents: Gustav Anders of the CIA and Chuck Stupak of the FBI to track down the ruby and spy on Mr. Magoo, who they believe stole the ruby. Stacey mentions she was invited to the opera where the Magoos go that night. Anders and Stupak also visit the opera to look for Mr. Magoo who is in the show. At the opera Mr. Magoo meets Luanne who pretends to be a magazine reporter and uncover FBI agent named Prunella Pagliachi. She wishes Mr. Magoo luck at the opera, who immediately takes a liking to her. Stupak sneaks on the stage and fails to find any clue about Mr. Magoo with Mr. Magoo accidentally hitting Stupak with a big tool.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: The next morning, Luanne tricks Mr. Magoo into taking her to his house with an injured ankle. Stupak finds a notebook with Luanne's fingerprints on it and realizes who Mr. Magoo is with. He and Anders go to Mr. Magoo's house where Stupak sneaks in looking for the ruby. Mr. Magoo and Luanne arrive at the house and Stupak hides from them. Bob sneaks into Mr. Magoo's house and finds the ruby. Upon being caught in the act, he steals Mr. Magoo's prized Studebaker with the Magoos and Luanne chasing after him in Magoo's Eggplant-mobile. Bob loses them and brings the ruby to Austin.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: Austin plans an auction for his criminal friends from around the world and shows them the ruby. Mr. Magoo disguises himself as Ortega Peru, a thief from Brazil who never goes anywhere and joins the auction which is taking place in a communal indoor pool. However, he is discovered when the fake tattoo on his chest is washed away by the water. Luanne breaks up the auction, steals the ruby, and escapes on a snowmobile away from the lair. The government arrests Austin and his friends while Mr. Magoo gives chase on an ironing board and winds up in the middle of a women's skiing competition. Waldo and Angus sneak out of the lair, catch up with Magoo, and track down the ruby.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: Angus sees Luanne in disguise as an old woman and spills her purse which gives Mr. Magoo and Waldo a clue about where Luanne is going. The Magoos follow Luanne to Brazil where Waldo spies on the real Ortega and his friends. Mr. Magoo steals a bride dress from Ortega's girlfriend Rosita and is led to the wedding. Mr. Magoo steals the ruby from Ortega and finds himself being chased by Peru's men, the government agents and Luanne. Magoo then is trapped on a raft just before it goes over a waterfall but manages to invert the raft like a parachute so he can gently float to safety. He and Waldo return the ruby to the museum with the government arresting Ortega, Luanne and the people from Brazil.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: In the late 1980s, the film set up development at Warner Bros. Pictures, with Steve Tisch producing, acquiring from the rights to produce the first "Mr. Magoo" feature. In October 1995, it was announced Disney was in talks with Leslie Nielsen to star in a live-action adaptation of "Mr. Magoo". Disney wanted Mr. Magoo to become an "international franchise", but following the critical and commercial failure of the film no sequels were produced.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: "Mr. Magoo" was shot in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, Argentina and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; the scenes in the museum were filmed in the lobby of the Central Branch of the Vancouver Public Library. The animated sequences were produced by Yowza! Animation, a studio based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 7%, based on reviews from 30 critics, with an average rating of 2.34/10. The site's consensus states: "Leslie Nielsen's affability can't save this dunderheaded update of "Mr. Magoo", which delivers a stream of slapstick gags so lame that audiences will feel like they've stepped on a rake." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: Some critics noted that the film included a disclaimer at the end stating that it was not meant to be an accurate portrayal of near-sighted or blind people. On "Siskel and Ebert", both critics gave the film a thumbs down. They both claimed that the disclaimer was funnier than anything in the movie, and thought it was unnecessary and that the film was not offensive towards near-sighted people. Roger Ebert, giving it a half-star out of four in his newspaper review, also called the film "transcendently bad. It soars above ordinary badness as the eagle outreaches the fly." Marc Savlov of the Austin Chronicle gave it 0 out of 5 and said "It's a mess best left to the nitrate ashes of forgotten film and television history." Later reviewing "Wrongfully Accused", another Leslie Nielsen film, Savlov said "I was wrong: There are worse things than "Mr. Magoo"."


title: Mr. Magoo (film)

text: The film received two nominations at the 1997 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards: Worst Resurrection of a TV Show and Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy, losing both to "McHale's Navy" and "8 Heads in a Duffel Bag", respectively.


title: Calm with Horses

text: Calm with Horses is a 2019 Irish crime drama film directed by Nick Rowland in his feature debut, and written by Joseph Murtagh. It concerns an ex-boxer who works as an enforcer for a criminal family in rural Ireland while providing for his autistic son. The film stars Cosmo Jarvis, Barry Keoghan, Niamh Algar, Ned Dennehy, Kiljan Moroney and David Wilmot. It is adapted from the short story of the same name from the collection "Young Skins" by Colin Barrett. The film was released in the United States under the title "The Shadow of Violence".


title: Calm with Horses

text: It had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 8 September 2019. It was released in Ireland on 13 March 2020, by Altitude Film Distribution.


title: Calm with Horses

text: In April 2018, it was announced Cosmo Jarvis, Barry Keoghan and Niamh Algar had joined the cast of the film, with Nick Rowland directing from a screenplay by Joseph Murtagh. Michael Fassbender served as an executive producer via his DMC Film banner.


title: Calm with Horses

text: The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 8 September 2019. It was released in Ireland on 13 March 2020 by Altitude Film Distribution. Saban Films acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film and named "The Shadow Of Violence" in the U.S. With this same title, it was released on VOD by Lionsgate Home Entertainment on 1 September 2020.


title: Calm with Horses

text: of the reviews compiled on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes are positive, with an average of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Calm with Horses" presents a grimly effective portrait of one man's struggle with divided loyalties, elevated by standout performances from a stellar cast." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 67 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Florida are largely considered to be socially liberal compared to other states, and LGBT residents enjoy most of the same rights as non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity became legal in the state after the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in "Lawrence v. Texas" on June 26, 2003, and same-sex marriage has been legal in the state since January 6, 2015. Discrimination on account of sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing and public accommodations is outlawed following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in "Bostock v. Clayton County". In addition, several cities and counties, comprising about 55% of Florida's population, have enacted anti-discrimination ordinances. These include Jacksonville, Miami, Tampa, Orlando, St. Petersburg, Tallahassee and West Palm Beach, among others. Conversion therapy is also banned in a number of cities in the state, mainly in Palm Beach County and the Miami metropolitan area.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: After Florida became a territory of the United States in 1821, the Territorial Legislature enacted laws against fornication, adultery, bigamy, and incest, as well as against "open lewdness, or ... any notorious act of public indecency, tending to debauch the morals of society." Florida's first specific sodomy law, which was enacted in 1868 and made sodomy a felony, read: "Whoever commits the abominable and detestable crime against nature, either with mankind or with beast, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding twenty years." In 1917, the Florida Legislature added a lesser crime, a second-degree misdemeanor: "Whoever commits any unnatural and lascivious act with another person shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding six months."


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Florida courts interpreted the 1868 law to prohibit all sexual activity between two men or two women. It also prohibited oral sex and anal sex between heterosexual partners. In 1971, the Florida Supreme Court, ruling in "Franklin v. State", struck down the "crime against nature" statute as unconstitutionally vague. The court retained the state's prohibition on sodomy by ruling that anal and oral sex could still be prosecuted under the lesser charge of "lewd and lascivious" conduct. Florida further enacted a "psychopathic offender law" in 1955, under which those convicted of sodomy (labelled as "criminal sexual psychopathic persons") would be periodically examined to determine if they had "improved to a degree that [they] will not be a menace to others". The law was repealed in 1979.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In 1960, the state Attorney General issued an opinion that Florida's sodomy statute did not apply to Indian reservations. The opinion stated that crimes committed between Native Americans or between Native Americans and non-Native Americans were a matter for tribal courts. This meant that if the particular reservation had no law against it, sodomy would be legal on the reservation. However, sodomy between non-Native Americans on the reservation would fall under the jurisdiction of state law and would be liable to prosecution.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Same-sex sexual activity remained illegal in Florida until 2003, when the United States Supreme Court struck down all state sodomy laws in "Lawrence v. Texas". As of 2020, the state's sodomy law, though unenforceable, has not been repealed by the Florida Legislature.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In October 2018, during a gay sex undercover sting operation by Florida law enforcement, a judge ruled that gay sex is not illegal in a public space so long as it is within a room.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In September 2020, Hillsborough County officials arrested 11 men on misdemeanor charges. Each of the 11 men had gone to a local park and struck up a conversation with another man with both eventually agreeing to having consensual sex. They were arrested on misdemeanor charges that do not involve sex crimes. The Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office published the names and mugshots of all 11 men to local news outlets. Critics accused the Sheriff's Office of deliberately targeting gay men, asking if undercover deputies would have also arrested a man and a woman for meeting in public and agreeing to have sex.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: The state enacted legislation banning same-sex marriage in 1977. Since the passage of Florida Amendment 2 in November 2008 by a vote of 61.9% in favor and 38.1% opposed, both same-sex marriage and civil unions have been banned by the Florida Constitution.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: A U.S. district court ruled on August 21, 2014, in "Brenner v. Scott", that Florida's same-sex marriage ban was in violation of the Constitution of the United States. As a result of that ruling, same-sex marriage has been legal in the state since the court's temporary injunction took effect on January 6, 2015. Judge Robert Lewis Hinkle wrote:


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Nine counties, thirty cities, and one town in Florida offer domestic partnership benefits to same-sex couples.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In March 2016, a bill passed the Florida House of Representatives by a vote of 112–5 and the Senate by a vote of 38–0 to repeal a 1868 ban on cohabitation between unmarried couples. Governor Rick Scott signed the bill into law on April 6, 2016, and it went into effect on July 1, 2016.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In 1977, partly due to the anti-gay Save Our Children campaign led by Anita Bryant in Miami, the Florida Legislature passed a law specifically prohibiting homosexuals from adopting children; the statute survived several court challenges, and was upheld by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in 2004 in "Lofton v. Secretary of the Department of Children and Family Services".


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In 2010, in the case of "", involving a same-sex couple raising two foster children whom they wanted to adopt, a state appeals court upheld the ruling by a lower court that the law violated equal protection rights of the couple and the children under the Florida Constitution. The Governor and Attorney General declined to appeal the ruling further, ending Florida's 33-year-old ban on same-sex adoptions.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: The Florida Legislature undertook comprehensive adoption reform in 2015. The legislation repealed the 1977 ban on homosexual adoption. It passed the Florida House of Representatives on a 68–50 vote on March 11. On April 15, the Florida Senate passed the bill on a 27–11 vote. Republican Governor Rick Scott signed the bill into law on June 11, and it went into effect on July 1, 2015.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Lesbian couples have access to in vitro fertilization. State law recognizes the non-genetic, non-gestational mother as a legal parent to a child born via donor insemination, but only if the parents are married. The Florida Department of Health began automatically recognizing the non-biological mother as a legal parent on May 5, 2016. The move came after three same-sex couples filed a federal lawsuit against the state in July 2015 over its practice of treating married same-sex couples differently to married opposite-sex couples; the non-biological father is automatically recognized as a legal parent, but previously this was not the case for the non-biological mother. Additionally, gay male couples are permitted to undertake gestational and traditional surrogacy arrangements under the same terms and conditions as different-sex couples.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Since 2000, and amended in 2007, nursing homes and hospitals cannot discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, but gender identity is not addressed. Florida statutes do not address discrimination based on gender identity or sexual orientation in employment, housing or other areas.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: The counties of Alachua, Broward, Duval, Hillsborough, Leon, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pinellas, and Volusia, and the cities and towns of Atlantic Beach, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, Dunedin, Fernandina Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Gainesville, Greenacres, Gulfport, Haverhill, Jacksonville, Juno Beach, Key West, Lake Clarke Shores, Lake Park, Lake Worth Beach, Largo, Leesburg, Mascotte, Miami, Miami Beach, Mount Dora, North Palm Beach, North Port, Oakland Park, Ocean Ridge, Orlando, Pembroke Pines, Riviera Beach, Sarasota, St. Petersburg, Tallahassee, Tampa, Tequesta, Venice, Wellington, West Palm Beach, Westlake, and Wilton Manors prohibit discrimination in private and public employment, housing and public accommodations on account of sexual orientation and gender identity. St. Augustine Beach has similar protections, but for employment and housing only.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Sarasota County, Cape Coral, Neptune Beach, and Port St. Lucie prohibit discrimination in employment on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in the public sector only, i.e. against county or city employees only. Likewise, Montverde prohibits public sector-discrimination but on the basis of sexual orientation only.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: The "Florida Competitive Workforce Act" would ban LGBT discrimination in employment, housing and public accommodations statewide. First introduced in 2009, it received its first public hearing in 2016. It stalled in a 6–6 vote amid disputes over the inclusion of gender identity protections and restrooms. The bill is bipartisan and supported by a number of business groups.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In January 2019, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services added sexual orientation and gender identity to their discrimination workplace policy.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In December 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (which covers Alabama, Florida and Georgia) ruled that Vandy Beth Glenn, a transgender woman living in Georgia, had been unfairly terminated from her job at the Georgia Legislative Assembly due to her transgender status. Relying on "Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins" and other Title VII precedent, the court concluded that the plaintiff was discriminated against based on her sex because she was transitioning from male to female. The court stated that a person is considered transgender "precisely because of the perception that his or her behavior transgresses gender stereotypes." As a result, there is "congruence" between discriminating against transgender individuals and discrimination on the basis of "gender-based behavioral norms." "Because everyone is protected against discrimination based on sex stereotypes, such protections cannot be denied to transgender individuals", the court ruled. The court held that employment discrimination based on transgender status is tantamount to discrimination on the basis of sex, as defined by the "Civil Rights Act of 1964".


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On June 15, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in "Bostock v. Clayton County", consolidated with "Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda", and "R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission" that discrimination in the workplace on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is discrimination on the basis of sex, and Title VII therefore protects LGBT employees from discrimination.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: LGBT advocacy groups in Florida hailed the decision, urging the state to pass legislation extending discrimination protections to housing, credit, health care and public accommodations.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In February 2021, the Florida Commission on Human Relations, the state's civil rights enforcement agency, announced it will enforce the "Bostock" ruling. The agency announced it will investigate claims of discrimination in employment, housing and public accommodations. The Human Rights Campaign hailed the decision:


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Florida's hate crime law provides harsher legal penalties for crimes committed based on the victim(s)' sexual orientation, but not gender identity.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Transgender people in Florida are allowed to change their legal gender on official documents, including birth certificates, driver's licenses and state IDs. The Bureau of Vital Statistics will issue an amended birth certificate with a corrected gender marker upon receipt of an "Application to Amend a Florida Birth Record", an "Affidavit of Amendment of Certificate of Live Birth" signed in front of a notary, a letter from a physician confirming "appropriate clinical treatment for gender transition", and the payment of the amendment fee. "Appropriate clinical treatment for gender transition" does not include the need to undergo sex reassignment surgery or sterilization. The Department of Highway Services and Motor Vehicles previously required evidence of sex reassignment surgery in order to change the gender marker on a Florida ID and driver's license. In 2011, the Department changed its requirements. In order to update a name and/or gender on a Florida ID or driver's license, the applicant must submit a court order for a name change and/or a signed original statement on office letterhead from the attending physician stating that the applicant is undergoing "appropriate clinical treatment for gender transition".


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In January 2022, it was reported that for the first time within Florida's history a birth certificate has "sex-unknown" listed for an individual, instead of either just male or female.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In August 2020, the U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a high school in Ponte Vedra Beach violated the law by refusing to allow transgender student Andrew Adams to use the restroom consistent with his gender identity. In October 2022, the Florida Education Board unanimously approved new guidelines and rules regarding how transgender people can use school bathrooms.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On June 1, 2021, Governor of Florida Ron DeSantis signed a bill excluding transgender girls and women (which the bill defines as "students of the male sex", based on sex assigned at birth) from participating in sports designated for female students. The bill had been passed by the Florida House of Representatives on April 14, then was shelved in the Florida Senate on April 20; on April 28, the Florida Legislature passed a "revived last minute bill" with last-minute legislative "procedural maneuvers". A lawsuit is pending in both state and federal courts into the transgender sports ban within Florida, immediately right after the Governor's signature into law on June 1. The Human Rights Campaign kicked off the campaign to try and stop the law from going into effect (called "nullification") on midnight July 1.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Since November 2022, minors cannot receive any gender-affirming healthcare in Florida. The rule was approved on November 4 by the Florida Board of Medicine (all 14 of whom were appointed to the position by Governor DeSantis, and eight of whom had contributed financially to DeSantis’ election campaign) and the state Board of Osteopathic Medicine.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On April 20, 2022, the Florida Department of Health, headed by Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo, suggested guidelines that transgender youth under 18 should not be treated with puberty blockers, hormone therapy, or gender confirming surgeries (although surgery for minors is uncommon), excluding treatment for intersex minors. His memo further stated that social transition "should not be a treatment option for children or adolescents." Most major medical organizations, including the U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and international bodies such as The Endocrine Society, opposed the guidelines.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Ladapo's subsequent press release stated:"The federal government's medical establishment releasing guidance failing at the most basic level of academic rigor shows that this was never about health care, it was about injecting political ideology into the health of our children. Children experiencing gender dysphoria should be supported by family and seek counseling, not pushed into an irreversible decision before they reach 18", citing a study which claimed to have found high rates of desistance among transgender youth, which has been widely criticized by the psychiatric community for using "a large cohort of children who did not actually meet the criteria for gender dysphoria, meaning they were not transgender".Other scientists cited in Ladapo's memo said their studies were willfully misrepresented and that their original data instead showed that "hormone blockers and hormone replacement therapy could help alleviate gender dysphoria and make transgender youth feel more at home in their own bodies". Ladapo's guidelines were also heavily criticized by organizations such as GLAAD, The Trevor Project, the Human Rights Campaign, and the ACLU. The LGBT media advocacy organization GLAAD argued that the memo was "playing politics with [transgender children's] lives", stating that "All major medical associations support gender-affirming care for trans youth. Denying kids live-saving, medically necessary, gender-affirming care is downright dangerous." The HHS agency's Office for Civil Rights pledged to defend anyone who was denied medical treatment because of gender status, stating: "Parents or caregivers who believe their child has been denied health care, including gender affirming care, on the basis of that child’s gender identity, may file a complaint with OCR."


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In August 2022, Florida, citing state-issued guidance against gender affirming care ("widely debunked", according to the UK's "Independent"), began a rule change process to institute bans on social transition and gender-affirming healthcare for trans youth and a requirement for any adult seeking gender-affirming care to receive approval from the Florida Board of Medicine at least 24 hours in advance.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On October 28, 2022, Florida's Board of Medicine passed a motion to ban all gender-affirming healthcare for minors, including puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries. The motion mandates all transgender youth to detransition until they turn 18. At one point during the hearing, in response to one protester yelling that trans children would be harmed as a result, board member Dr. Zachariah P. Zachariah answered "That's okay", before voting on the issue. Some who had been at the meeting said that the board had put all the speakers in favor of the ban, many of whom were from outside of the state or outside of the country, first in line to speak, before cutting off public comment once they ran out and pro-trans Floridians began speaking at the meeting. Some protesters staged a die-in where the meeting was held. On October 31, 2022, the Florida Medical Board implemented the new rule that requiring a 24 hour waiting period for adults before they can undergo sexual reassignment surgery and to ban minors from any gender-affirming healthcare. On November 4, 2022, the new rule was approved by the Florida Board of Medicine and the state Board of Osteopathic Medicine.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: DeSantis and other Republicans have characterized gender-affirming care "as medically unproven and potentially dangerous in the long term, [and] as another political battle against liberal ideologies." Many medical groups, doctors, and mental health specialists have said that treatment for transgender youth is safe and effective, although there is a lack of long-term research on gender-affirming care.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In June 2022, the Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration, the agency responsible for overseeing the state's Medicaid service, released a report in which it declared transgender hormone therapy to be "experimental and investigational". The report was criticized by a group of scientists, including four from Yale University, who called the report unscientific, flawed, and politically motivated, finding that the report ignored accepted scientific studies and consensus regarding gender dysphoria, had its writers chosen from those with ties to anti-LGBTQ groups specifically for their bias, cited sources with no scientific merit - including a student blog post and a letter to the editor, and that if the state used the same standard it used in the report to evaluate other treatments, it would no longer allow Medicaid to pay for drugs that lower cholesterol. The response to the report also stated that "medical treatment for gender dysphoria does meet generally accepted professional medical standards and is not experimental or investigational".


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Effective from August 21, 2022, state Medicaid regulations ban coverage on sexual reassignment surgery, hormone replacement therapy, puberty blockers and "any other transgender healthcare initiatives" for all individuals, regardless of age. On October 12, 2022, a federal judge denied a request to block enforcement of the regulation during an ongoing lawsuit.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In March 2022, the Florida Legislature passed the Parental Rights in Education Act, often referred to as the "Don't Say Gay" bill by its opponents. Governor of Florida Ron DeSantis signed the bill into law on March 28, 2022 - effective from July 1. The law prohibits classroom instruction on sexual orientation or gender identity from kindergarten to grade 3 in Florida public school districts, or instruction on sexual orientation or gender identity in a manner that is not "age appropriate or developmentally appropriate for students" in any grade. The preamble of the law also mentions "classroom discussion" of these topics, dividing legal scholars if that would be included within the scope of the law. It also allows parents and teachers to sue any school district if they believe this policy is violated, with school districts covering the cost of the lawsuit. The law additionally prevents school districts from withholding information about a child's "mental, emotional, or physical well-being" from their parents unless educators believe there is a risk of "abuse, abandonment, or neglect." It additionally requires schools to create a procedure for parents to opt-out of counseling and physical health services for their children offered by the school. Schools must also seek the permission of parents before administering mental-health screeners to children from kindergarten to grade 3. Due to the "Don't Say Gay" nickname, some commentators and social media users thought the bill banned mentioning the word "gay" in school classrooms, though the bill does not actually mention the word "gay" or explicitly prohibit its use.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: A University of Florida poll showed voters are divided – 49% strongly or somewhat disapproved of the legislation and 40% strongly or somewhat approved. In contrast, a Public Opinion Strategies poll found that 61% support the legislation while 26% oppose it, 70% of parents support the legislation while 24% oppose it, and 51% of Democrats support the legislation while 29% oppose it. Supporters of the bill state that discussions about sexuality and gender identity should be handled by a child's parents and not by their schools; DeSantis' Press Secretary Christina Pushaw has called HB 1557 an "Anti-Grooming Bill". Opponents of the bill state that it could further stigmatize LGBT students and that schools should be a place where LGBT topics are discussed. Some conservatives, such as political commentator Matt Walsh, argue that the bill does not go far enough. There are concerns among some legal scholars that the proposed legislation within Florida could violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and could be potentially unconstitutional. Walkouts by students were held in schools across Florida in response to the bill. The bill has the potential to negatively affect the $97 billion tourism industries within Florida.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Employees at The Walt Disney Company also planned walkouts over the bill, which culminated in a large protest. After DeSantis signed the bill, Disney released a statement that its goal is for the law to be repealed or struck down. Disney also paused their contributions to Florida political campaigns as they assessed their "approach to advocacy, including political giving in Florida." Prompted by Desantis, the Florida Legislature passed a bill in April that could limit Disney's ability to self-govern and impose tax penalties; the move was considered by many to be retaliation to Disney's actions following HB 1557's passage.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On March 31, a lawsuit was filed in federal court on behalf of Equality Florida and Family Equality, which sought to block the bill on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. The lawsuit alleged that the bill violates the constitutionally protected rights of free speech, equal protection and due process of students and families, and argued that the bill was an effort to "control young minds" which prevented students from living "their true identities in school". In October 2022, a federal judge dismissed and rejected the challenge to the legislation effective since July 1.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: The Human Rights Campaign and the Center for Countering Digital Hate recorded a 406% increase in the use of tweets associating the LGBTQ community with being "groomers", "pedophiles", and "predators" following the passage of the law.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: The gay and trans panic defense remains legal in Florida. In March 2021, a bill to repeal it passed the Criminal Justice committee in the Senate by a vote of 6–2. The bill died in the Judiciary committee. The gay panic defense is a legal strategy in which defendants accused of violent offenses claim that unwanted same-sex sexual advances provoked them into reacting by way of self-defense.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On September 3, 2015, State Representative David Richardson filed a bill to ban the use of conversion therapy on LGBT minors. The bill was introduced to the Florida Legislature on January 12, 2016. However, it died in a House subcommittee on March 11, 2016. A similar bill died in 2017.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Since July 2016, the Florida Department of Children and Families has prohibited facility staff from attempting to change or discourage a child's sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: According to an Orlando Political Observer-Gravis Marketing poll conducted in April 2017, 71% of Floridians supported banning conversion therapy for minors, 11% were against banning it and 18% were uncertain.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: As of February 2020, several cities and counties in Florida have passed their own bans on conversion therapy on minors, namely Miami Beach, Wilton Manors, Miami, North Bay Village, West Palm Beach, Bay Harbor Islands, Lake Worth, El Portal, Key West, Boynton Beach, Tampa, Delray Beach, Riviera Beach, Wellington, Greenacres, Boca Raton, Oakland Park, Palm Beach County, Gainesville, Broward County, Alachua County, Fort Lauderdale, and Tallahassee. Conversion therapy bans have also been proposed or pending in other cities, for example in Sarasota, and St. Petersburg.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On January 31, 2019, a federal judge granted a temporary injunction against part of the Tampa ordinance. The judge stopped the city from enforcing its ban on talk therapy, while a lawsuit, "Vazzo v. City of Tampa", was allowed to proceed. Other forms of therapy, such as electroshock therapy, are still explicitly banned. The city filed a motion to dismiss.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: In November 2020, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals voted 2–1 to declare ordinances banning conversion therapy on minors in Boca Raton and surrounding Palm Beach County a violation of the First Amendment of the Constitution. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychiatric Association are fully opposed to this pseudoscientific practice. This decision caused a circuit split; the Third Circuit and Ninth Circuit courts of appeals have upheld conversion therapy bans as constitutional.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: Faced initially with high homophobia, LGBT groups began slowly to raise awareness of their cause and movement. Several organizations and associations were established over the years, including SAVE Dade in 1993, The Pride Center at Equality Park in 1993 and Equality Florida in 1997, among others.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: The Miami metropolitan area is famous internationally for its LGBT culture, scene and nightlife, with numerous bars, clubs, cafés and events catering to the LGBT community, leading Miami to be called a "gay mecca". The cities of Miami Beach (especially the neighborhood of South Beach) and Wilton Manors particularly are often referred to as gay villages. As is Key West, which elected one of the first openly gay mayors in the country; Richard A. Heyman served as mayor from 1983 to 1985 and again from 1987 to 1989. There is also a fairly large LGBT community in Fort Lauderdale. LGBT events include Miami Beach Pride, which drew an estimated 150,000 participants and spectators in 2019, PrideFest Key West, the OutShine Film Festival, Pride Fort Lauderdale and Palm Beach Pride, held annually in late March in Lake Worth, among others. Outside of Southern Florida, events include Come Out with Pride in Orlando, St. Pete Pride in St. Petersburg, the Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, River City Pride in Jacksonville, Gay Days at Walt Disney World, Memorial Day Pensacola Beach Pride, and Tallahassee Pridefest.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: On June 12, 2016, a shooting occurred at an Orlando gay nightclub, Pulse, the deadliest incident in the history of violence against LGBT people in the United States. However, media reported that the shooting resulted in no legislative advances in LGBT rights, with the Republican Party continuing to oppose legislation which would protect LGBT people from discrimination. In June 2021, the Governor of Florida vetoed an "item-lined budget bill" - that legally provides mental health, counseling and compensation, directly towards victims of the June 2016 Pulse nightclub Orlando shootings within Florida. That month, the US Congress passed, and Biden signed, a law creating a national memorial at the site of the shooting.


title: LGBT rights in Florida

text: A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 61% of Florida residents supported same-sex marriage, while 30% were opposed. 9% were undecided. Additionally, 71% supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 22% were against. The PRRI also found that 62% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBT people due to religious beliefs, while 31% supported such religiously-based refusals.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: Down a Dark Hall is a 2018 supernatural horror film directed by Rodrigo Cortés and written by Chris Sparling and Michael Goldbach. It is based on the 1974 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan. Summit Entertainment released it in select theaters and through video-on-demand in the United States on August 17, 2018. Critics surveyed by Rotten Tomatoes called it "more stylish than scary".


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: Kit Gordy, a difficult young girl, is sent to the mysterious Blackwood Boarding School after her delinquent behavior becomes too much for her school to handle. When she arrives at Blackwood, Kit meets eccentric headmistress Madame Duret and the school's only other students, four teenage girls with similar behavioral problems (Veronica, Ashley, Sierra, and Izzy). Technology is rarely used, and the girls can only phone their families in the domineering presence of the headmistress. The girls attend a variety of creative and intellectual classes, which begins to draw out unknown talents in them.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: Sierra is the first to show a troubling obsession with her work, losing sleep, refusing to eat, and going into odd trances while creating amazing works of art. Ashley writes beautiful poetry and stories that deeply disturb her. Kit and Izzy slowly begin to experience the same bad side effects, saying it was like someone else was using their bodies. Only the belligerent Veronica shows no progress, much to Madame Duret's annoyance. During art class Kit notices that all of Sierra's paintings are signed "TC" and searches the school's library for answers. She realizes that Sierra is recreating paintings by the deceased artist Thomas Cole, and that the others are producing work from other dead geniuses.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: Kit convinces Veronica to search the restricted areas of the school, where they come across old student records and more information on the people possessing the girls. When Madame Duret discovers Veronica alone she chains her up in an unused part of the school, explaining that the students are not merely vessels for the dead, but donors, unknowingly sacrificing themselves to be used to continue the careers of famous minds, whom she is able to commune with and channel into the girls' bodies. Kit calls the police and confronts the headmistress about everything. By now Sierra has already died from overwork, and Ashley jumps to her death to stop the possession taking over completely.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: While struggling to free Veronica, Kit knocks over some candles, and fire quickly spreads throughout the old building. Izzy succumbs to the beauty of the flames, leaving only Kit and Veronica to escape. Madame Duret is eventually possessed by her former pupils and consumed by the fire. Kit passes out and meets her deceased father, who convinces her to stay and live. She wakes up in the back of an ambulance with her mother by her side.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: Stephenie Meyer optioned the Lois Duncan novel in April 2012. In July 2014, Lionsgate acquired the film. Rodrigo Cortés was announced as the director the same day, and screenwriter Chris Sparling was set to work using a previous draft by Michael Goldbach. In early October 2016, AnnaSophia Robb was announced to play the main role, and Taylor Russell joined the cast three days later. On October 24, Victoria Moroles joined the cast as Veronica.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: To promote the pending release, Summit Entertainment released a trailer online for the film on May 22, 2018.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: Principal photography began in October 2016 in Barcelona. with Jarin Blaschke as the director of photography. After four weeks of shooting in Barcelona and two weeks in the Canary Islands, filming ended in December 2016.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: "Down a Dark Hall" was released in Italy on August 1, 2018, and in Spain on August 3, 2018. In the United States, the film was released on August 17, 2018, by Summit Entertainment simultaneously in select theaters and via video-on-demand. The film was released on Blu-ray combo pack and DVD on October 16, 2018, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.


title: Down a Dark Hall (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews and has an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads: ""Down a Dark Hall" is more stylish than scary, although its foreboding atmosphere may raise a few goosebumps among younger viewers." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Julia Lorraine Hill (known as Julia Butterfly Hill, born February 18, 1974) is an American environmental activist and tax redirection advocate. She is best known for having lived in a -tall, roughly 1500-year-old California redwood tree for 738 days between December 10, 1997 and December 18, 1999. Hill lived in the tree, affectionately known as Luna, to prevent Pacific Lumber Company loggers from cutting it down. She is the author of the 2000 book "The Legacy of Luna" and co-author of "One Makes the Difference".


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Hill's father was a traveling minister who went from town to town, bringing his family with him. Until she was about ten years old, Hill lived in a camper with her father Dale, mother Kathy, and brothers Mike and Dan. Julia is the middle child. While traveling with her family, Hill often explored rivers by campgrounds. When Hill was seven years old, she and her family were taking a hike one day when a butterfly landed on her finger and stayed with her for the duration of the hike. From that day on, her nickname became "Butterfly". She decided to use that as her nickname for the rest of her life.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: When Hill was in middle school, her family stopped traveling and settled in Jonesboro, Arkansas. In August 1996, at age 22, Hill suffered a near-fatal car crash. At the time, Hill was acting as the designated driver for a friend who had been drinking. Her friend's car was hit from behind by a drunk driver. The steering wheel of the car penetrated Hill's skull. It took almost a year of intensive therapy before she regained the ability to speak and walk normally. She said:


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Hill embarked on a spiritual quest afterwards, leading her to the environmental cause opposed to the destruction of the redwood forests in Humboldt County, California.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: After recuperating from her accident, Hill took a road trip to California and attended a reggae fundraiser to save the forests. A group of "front-liners" had been rotating tree sitters in and out of giant redwoods in Humboldt County every couple of days to stave off Pacific Lumber Co. loggers who were clear-cutting. The trees were on a windswept ridge overlooking the community of Stafford, south of Scotia. Due to its proximity to the small community of Stafford, this tree has also been referred to as the "Stafford Giant." On New Year's Eve 1996, a landslide in Stafford caused by clearcut logging by Pacific Lumber Company (Maxxam) on steep slopes above the community resulted in most of the community being buried up to in mud and tree debris; eight homes were completely destroyed. Organizers wanted someone to stay in the tree one week. "Nobody else would volunteer so they had to pick me", said Hill.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Originally, Hill was not officially affiliated with any environmental organization, deciding by herself to undertake civil disobedience. Soon, Hill was actively supported by Earth First!, among other organizations, and by volunteers.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: On December 10, 1997, Hill ascended a 1,000-year-old lightning-struck redwood tree named Luna () to a height of . As the Moon was rising at the time, activists chose the name Luna, the Latin word for Moon, to commemorate the event.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Hill lived on two platforms for 738 days. Luna's trunk was her sidewalk and exercise treadmill. Hill learned many survival skills while living in Luna, such as "seldom washing the soles of her feet, because the sap helped her feet stick to the branches better." Hill used solar-powered cell phones for radio interviews, became an "in-tree" correspondent for a cable television show, and hosted TV crews to protest old-growth clear cutting. With ropes, Hill hoisted up survival supplies brought by an eight-member support crew. To keep warm, Hill wrapped herself tight in a sleeping bag, leaving only a small hole for breathing. For meals, Hill used a single-burner propane stove. Throughout her ordeal, Hill weathered freezing rains and winds from El Niño, helicopter harassment, a ten-day siege by company security guards, and attempted intimidation by angry loggers.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: A resolution was reached in 1999 when the Pacific Lumber Company agreed to preserve Luna and all trees within a buffer zone. In exchange, Hill agreed to vacate the tree. In addition, the $50,000 that Hill and other activists raised during the cause was given to the logging company, as stipulated by the resolution. The $50,000 Earth First! paid to Pacific Lumber was then donated to Humboldt State University as part of the agreement for research into sustainable forestry.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Vandals later cut the tree with a chainsaw. A gash in the -tall redwood was discovered in November 2000 by one of Hill's supporters. Observers at the scene said the cut measured deep and around the base, somewhat less than half the circumference of the tree. The gash was treated with a herbal remedy, and the tree was stabilized with steel cables. In 2001, Eureka civil engineer Steve Salzman headed Luna's "medical team" which designed and built a bracing system to help the tree withstand the extreme windstorms with peak winds between 60 and 100 miles per hour. They were assisted by Humboldt State University professor Steven Sillett. As of spring 2007, the tree was doing well with new growth each year. Caretakers routinely climb the tree to check its condition and to maintain the steel guywires. Luna is under the stewardship of Sanctuary Forest, a nonprofit organization.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Since her tree sit, Hill has become a motivational speaker (holding some 250 events a year), a best-selling author, and the co-founder of the Circle of Life Foundation (which helped organize We The Planet, an eco-friendly music tour) and the Engage Network, a nonprofit that trains small groups of civic leaders to work toward social change.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: On July 16, 2002, Hill was jailed in Quito, Ecuador, outside the offices of Occidental Petroleum, for protesting a proposed oil pipeline that would penetrate a virgin Andean cloud forest that teems with rare birds. "The cloud forest is stunning," said Hill. "It's this deep, lush green, spangled with explosions of red, yellow and purple from the flowers, birds and insects. But the environmental destruction we saw along the pipelines that had already been built was horrendous." Ecuadorian President Gustavo Noboa commented: "The little "gringos" have been arrested, including the old cockatoo who climbs trees." Hill was later deported from Ecuador.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: In 2003, Hill became a proponent of tax redirection, resisting payment of about $150,000 in federal taxes, donating that money to after-school programs, arts and cultural programs, community gardens, programs for Native Americans, alternatives to incarceration, and environmental protection programs. She said:


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: In 2006, Hill protested the sale of the South Central Farm in an attempt to save the farm from developers.


title: Julia Butterfly Hill

text: Hill has been the subject of several documentaries, interviews, and books, including her own 2000 memoir "The Legacy of Luna", and has influenced numerous musicians.


title: Scrunchie

text: A scrunchie (or scrunchy) is a fabric-covered elastic hair tie used to fasten medium to long hair types. Large, elaborate styles and diminutive, unassuming forms are available in many different colors, fabrics, and designs.


title: Scrunchie

text: The scrunchie was patented in 1987 by Rommy Hunt Revson. She created the first prototype of the scrunchie because she wanted a gentler version of the metal hair ties used in the 1980s. Revson named the decorative hair accessory the Scunci after her pet toy poodle. The name "scrunchie" was a natural evolution, because the fabric scrunched up. After patenting the scrunchie, Revson spent most of her time in legal disputes, both with manufacturers and her own lawyers. Scrunchies were particularly popular in the 1980s and 1990s, including larger, more elaborate versions. Scrunchies regained popularity in the mid 2010s.


title: Scrunchie

text: Revson's scrunchies were extremely popular in the 1980s and 1990s. Scrunchies initially became popular in the 80s because they were a less damaging alternative for pulling big hair up. Also, scrunchies came in many different colors and patterns, so they matched the colorful and over-the-top aesthetic of the 1980s. Well-known celebrities such as Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Demi Moore, and Sarah Jessica Parker were all seen wearing them. Debbie Gibson in particular wore them; Madonna wore a large velvet scrunchie in "Desperately Seeking Susan". Scrunchies were also featured in popular movies like "Heathers," being passed from one Heather to another based on popularity shifts. The popularity of scrunchies continued into the 1990s as well. This time, scrunchies made an appearance in shows such as "Friends, Full House," and "Seinfeld." The scrunchie's popularity was not limited to celebrities and television, however; many female astronauts used them to secure their hair while they were on a mission.


title: Scrunchie

text: The early 2000s marked a fall in the popularity of scrunchies. Carrie Bradshaw in an episode of "Sex and the City" mocked the fashion. This comment represented the decline in popularity of the scrunchie during this time period. The scrunchie became a faux pas in the sense that wearing it around was embarrassing. Many people believed that scrunchies should stay in the past.


title: Scrunchie

text: Even after its loss of popularity, the scrunchie made a comeback. In the late 2010s it was seen all over runways and in the hair and on the wrists of celebrities. Famous women such as Hailey Bieber, Bella Hadid, Gigi Hadid, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Selena Gomez have all been seen wearing them again. Famous singer Lizzo generated news when she wore a $100 scruchie with jewels on it backstage at MTV's Video Music Awards. It was featured in the popular Netflix original movie "To All the Boys I've Loved Before" as a symbol of power struggle between main character Lara Jean and her former BFF and the character Eleven on "Stranger Things" was seen wearing them in the third season of the show in 2019.


title: Scrunchie

text: Scrunchies are often exchanged between tweens and young teens as a sign of an emerging romance. Generally, a girl will give a boy a scrunchie as a sign of affection or to say that they are "cute" or that they are their "crush", and the boy will wear the scrunchie usually on his wrist.


title: Scrunchie

text: Scrunchies are also an integral part of the VSCO girl aesthetic, which is a specific trend from the app VSCO that is discussed greatly on another app called TikTok. The re-surge in popularity is partly attributed to the rise in nostalgic culture at the end of the 2010s. Another reason cited for its rise in popularity in the late 2010s is an increased emphasis on hair health, the scrunchie is gentler on curly, coarse, or kinkier hair than normal hair ties.


title: Scrunchie

text: There are over five hundred different designs of scrunchies since its invention. There are many different brands and stores that sell them. In the US, almost every major store sold some sort of scrunchie in 2019. The Scünci-brand offers a range of textures, including velvet, satin, and fur, as well as various designs such as neon and metallic. There are also different variations of the scrunchie. There is a scrunchie bow, which is a normal scrunchie with a small and short or large and long bow on one side of it. There are also different patterns, such as leopard print, tie-dye, and dotted. There are also scrunchies with prints of animals or pictures of flowers on them.


title: Sabrina the Teenage Witch (film)

text: Sabrina the Teenage Witch is a 1996 American television film adaptation based on the comic book series of the same name from Archie Comics. It came before the "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" television series and premiered on Showtime on April 7, 1996.


title: Sabrina the Teenage Witch (film)

text: The only two actors who would appear in both the film and television series would be Melissa Joan Hart, whose character possessed a different surname from her comic book and television counterpart, and Michelle Beaudoin, whose character was renamed for the television series. Also of note is the fact that, unlike the comics, which were set in the fictional town of Greendale, and the eventual television series (located in an equally fictional town named Westbridge), the television film was said to take place in Riverdale. This was the name originally used in the comics for the home of Archie and his group of friends.


title: Sabrina the Teenage Witch (film)

text: Although set in the United States, just like the comics and said television series, the movie was shot entirely in British Columbia, Canada.


title: Sabrina the Teenage Witch (film)

text: The movie centers around Sabrina Sawyer, who is sent to live with her eccentric aunts in Riverdale. On her 16th birthday, Sabrina discovers that she is a witch. Sabrina then develops a crush on Seth, the cutest boy in school who happens to be dating Katie La More, the school's "queen bee aka mean girl." Sabrina has to find a way to use her newly discovered magical power to get Seth to notice her, but at the same time not cast a love spell, which could backfire on her.


title: Sabrina the Teenage Witch (film)

text: After Katie dumps Seth, he starts to notice Sabrina. Sabrina is able to use her magic to win a track competition and get Seth to ask her to the Spring Fling. Katie discovers Sabrina's secret and sets out to let everyone know what Sabrina is. Sabrina has to use her magic to turn Katie into a poodle to stop her but later changes her back. All the while, Harvey likes Sabrina and waits to see if she will have a change of heart and start to notice him. The story ends happily with Sabrina and Harvey together at the dance.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Poonam Mahajan (born 9 December 1980) is an Indian politician who serves as the Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Mumbai North Central, Constituency, Maharashtra. She is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). She has served as the National President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM), the youth wing of the BJP, from December 2016 to September 2020.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Mahajan was the President of the Basketball Federation of India, the first female to hold this position. In addition, she currently serves as Chair of the Maharashtra State Animal Welfare Board.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Mahajan was born in Bombay (now Mumbai) to mother, Rekha Mahajan and father, the veteran BJP leader, Pramod Mahajan, who died in 2006. She is the second child of her parents, having an elder brother, Rahul Mahajan.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: After her father's death, Poonam Mahajan formally entered politics on 30 October 2006 by becoming a primary member of the BJP at the age of 26. In April of the following year, she was appointed as the General Secretary for Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, Maharashtra unit.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: In 2009, Mahajan contested her first election and lost the Assembly Elections from Ghatkopar against Ram Kadam of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena. Following this defeat, she continued working with the party in her organisational capacity and was appointed the National Vice President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, in 2010.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Prior to the general elections in 2014, with an eye on strengthening the organisation, Mahajan was appointed as the National Secretary of the BJP in 2013. In the following year, she was given a ticket for the Lok Sabha elections from Mumbai North Central, which was considered to be a stronghold of the Congress. The seat had never been won by the BJP since independence. Mahajan rose to national prominence by winning against two-time Lok Sabha member, incumbent MP, Priya Dutt, by a margin of 1.86 lakh votes.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Given her performance in Parliament and her appeal amongst youth, in 2016 she took a national leadership position in BJP organisation as the National President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM), the youth wing of the BJP.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: In 2019, Mahajan was given the ticket to contest from Mumbai North Central once again, which she won comfortably, beating her opponent Priya Dutt by a margin of 1.30 lakh votes.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: An avid animal lover, Mahajan has always been at the forefront of resolving all issues related to animal rights and welfare. She has also been an active contributor to issues related to environmental conservation and protection.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Mahajan also serves as a patron and mentor to Swachhalay, a youth-driven non-profit organisation working to support PM Shri Narendra Modi’s Swachh Bharat Mission (SWB). In 2016, Mahajan co-founded Mumbai Youth Forum, a youth-led non-profit that seeks to encourage greater collaboration between young people and elected representatives/policymakers, through the creation of a platform with the aim of promoting democratic values and inclusion.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Mahajan played a key role in bringing the Global Citizen Festival to India, which was headlined by Coldplay and Jay-Z and was held at MMRDA Grounds, BKC in her constituency. This charity concert was the largest entertainment event ever held in India with over 80,000+ people in attendance. Over INR 43 crores were raised as commitments from government, corporations, social influencers and development partners towards achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, which special emphasis on providing quality education, enabling gender equality, ending open defecation and providing clean drinking water to the people of India. These commitments are set to impact the lives of over 51.6 crore citizens.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Mahajan also served as the Parade Ambassador for the Elephant Parade of India, India's largest public exhibition. 101 five-foot elephants painted by celebrated artists were on display at the Gateway of India. Elephant Family along with the Wildlife Trust of India, through this parade, seeks to raise funds for the creation of 101 safe corridors for elephants. The Parade was supported by Royal Patrons, The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: She has also worked with the non-profit Kranti to provide quality education and a better life to the children of sex workers.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Ahead of 2019 Lok Sabha elections, Mahajan ran one of the most innovative social media political campaigns in the country. Her team included many first time voters from across the country which were brought on board through a volunteer network campaign she launched on Instagram. According to Mid-Day, she received over 3,000 applications from across the nation within a day, with many young people applying to volunteer their time for her campaign.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Under the hashtag #PoonamPhirSe, Mahajan tried to woo the young first time voters of her constituency by launching innovative campaigns like #AskPoonam on Instagram, where followers asked her everything from why slums near Mumbai airport are not a concern for her to how she juggles her role as a mother of two with that of being an MP.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Her ‘young’ war room filled with first time voters received a lot of media coverage during election season. The young team launched ‘millennial’ merchandise, fusing pop culture with modern-day politics, to attract young first-time voters in Mumbai. T-shirts and other paraphernalia like pop sockets were distributed with printed content with millennial cultural references from sources like Game of thrones, Harry Potter and Star Wars.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Under her leadership as the President of BJYM, her team launched 17 campaigns to attract young first-time voters from across the country. The campaigns ranged from online initiatives like a national Volunteer Network and #PehlaVoteModiKo pledge campaign to offline initiatives like Vijay Sankalp Bike Rally and Campus Ambassador Programme.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: PM Narendra Modi addressed a mega rally two days before her election, organised in Bandra Kurla Complex in her constituency, Mumbai North Central.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Mahajan is one of the few Parliamentarians in the country who has optimally utilized 100% of her MPLAD (Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme) fund. According to her website, the funds were used for building 1,428 public toilets, community halls, paver blocks in societies, indoor and open gymnasiums, individual household latrines in slums, temples, beautification of gardens, among other initiatives.


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: She introduced a number of private member's bills for the benefit of women, children, sex-workers, senior citizens and animals during her tenure from 2014 to 2019. Some of the bills introduced by her are as follows:


title: Poonam Mahajan

text: Mahajan is married to Anand Rao, an industrialist from Hyderabad. They have two children; a son, Aadya Rao, and a daughter, Avika Rao. Mahajan is also a trained commercial pilot.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: The idea of Pac-Man was taken from both the image of a pizza with a slice removed and from rounding out the Japanese symbol "kuchi", meaning "mouth". The character was made to be cute and colorful to appeal to younger players, particularly women. In Japan, he was originally titled "Puckman" for his hockey puck-like shape, which was changed in international releases to prevent defacement of the arcade cabinets by changing the P into an F. Pac-Man has the highest-brand awareness of any video game character in North America, becoming an icon in video games and pop culture. He is credited as the first video game mascot character and the first to receive merchandise.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Pac-Man's origins are debated. According to the character's creator Toru Iwatani, the inspiration was pizza without a slice, which gave him a vision of "an animated pizza, racing through a maze and eating things with its absent-slice mouth". However, he said in a 1986 interview that the design of the character also came from simplifying and rounding out the Japanese character for a mouth, "kuchi" (口). The character's name comes from , an onomatopoeic Japanese word for gobbling something up. The character's name was originally written in English as "Puck-Man", but when Namco localized the game for the United States they changed it to "Pac-Man", fearing that vandals would change the P in "Puck" to an F.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: The arcade created an official art on the original "Puck-Man" designed by Namco Artist Tadashi Yamashita, portrayed him as a yellow circle with a large mouth as well as hands, feet, eyes and a long nose. The North American "Pac-Man" artwork by Midway, went a different way and depicted him as a yellow circle with legs and large red eyes. In-game Pac-Man was represented as a two-dimensional sprite of a simple yellow circle with a mouth, which is his current design as of 2018. 1984's "Pac-Land" was the first game (of many) to use his arcade art in-game. More recently Pac-Man appears as a full three-dimensional polygonal model. His design went through two minor changes from the Puck-Man cabinet art over the years, the first made his nose smaller in the 1990s and the second altered his eyes and shoes in 2010.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Pac-Man first appeared in the original action game of the same name. Despite "Pac-Man"s legacy, Pac-Man himself did not appear again until the 1982 arcade release of "Super Pac-Man", which introduced a change into Super Pac-Man (Pac-Man increased in size and invulnerability). Later arcade games include "Pac-Land", "Pac-Mania" and "Pac-Man Arrangement", a remake of the original "Pac-Man". "Pac-Man World" was released in 1999 on the PlayStation, and introduced new abilities to him (reminiscent to Mario's and Sonic the Hedgehog's abilities). The game contributed heavily to the series as well as the character and spawned two sequels, a spin-off and a remake as well. "Pac-Man World 2" features Pac-Man on an adventure to rescue Pac-Land from an ancient spirit known as Spooky. "Pac-Man World 3" was released in 2005 to celebrate Pac-Man's 25th anniversary. In "Pac 'n Roll", a young Pac-Man is being trained by the great Pac-Master.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Several spin-offs have been released, such as a racing game "Pac-Man World Rally". Midway Games established a spin-off titled "Ms. Pac-Man" (featuring Pac-Man's wife of the same name), which was created without Namco's consent. Pac-Man appears in "Street Fighter X Tekken" as a playable guest fighter, riding a giant Mokujin robot, and in "Everybody's Golf 6" as a playable guest golfer (through DLC). Pac-Man has also appeared in all three "Mario Kart Arcade GP" installments as a playable racer along with Ms. Pac-Man (first two "Mario Kart Arcade GP" installments only).


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Pac-Man is also a playable character in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U", co-developed by Sora Ltd. and Bandai Namco Games. Sporting his classic design used in artwork for the original game and in the "Pac-Man World" games, Pac-Man's moveset is based around early "Pac-Man" games and various other Namco arcade titles, such as deploying a Power Pellet and dashing after it, summoning fire hydrants from "Pac-Land", or jumping on the trampoline from "Mappy". An Amiibo figure based on his appearance also allows "Pac-Man" elements to appear in compatible Nintendo titles, such as "Mario Kart 8" and "Super Mario Maker". Pac-Man returns as a playable character in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: "Pac-Man Fever", a hit single named after the character, reached number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States in March 1982 and was certified Gold by the RIAA that same month. In the late 2000s, a feature film was reported to be in development. The character was the main mascot of the children's play area Pac-Man Land which was located in Six Flags Over Texas from 1983 to 1985, before it was changed to Looney Tunes Land.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Pac-Man starred in the 1982–1983 "Pac-Man" cartoon voiced by Marty Ingels. In the series, Pac-Man works to keep Mezmaron and the Ghost Monsters from finding the Power Pellet Forest.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Pac-Man also starred in the 2013-2015 computer-generated animated series "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", voiced by Erin Mathews. The series revolves around a teenage Pac-Man (aka Pacster or Pac), who protects Pac-World from ghosts alongside his high school friends.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: The character has made numerous cameo appearances in various television cartoon series and movies, including "Tron", "Tiny Toon Adventures" (episodes "Gang Buster's" and "Buster and Babs Go Hawaiian"), "The Simpsons" (episode "Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass"), "Futurama" (episode "Anthology of Interest II" voiced by David Herman), "South Park" (episode "Imaginationland Episode III"), "Drawn Together" (episodes "Gay Bash" and "Nipple Ring-Ring Goes to Foster Care"), "Family Guy" (episodes "Stuck Together, Torn Apart", "", and "Candy, Quahog Marshmallow"), "Annoying Orange" (episode "Pacmania"), "Robot Chicken" (episodes "Tubba-Bubba's Now Hubba-Hubba" and "Fool's Goldfinger"), "Mad", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", "Wreck-It Ralph", and its sequel "Ralph Breaks the Internet".


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Pac-Man also appears, in a larger role (including being prominently featured in promotional posters), in the 2015 film "Pixels" among the arcade game characters that the aliens unleash as monsters upon Earth. His creator Tōru Iwatani also appears in the movie as an Electric Dreams Factory Arcade repairman while Denis Akiyama portrays the film's Tōru Iwatani, who tries to reason with Pac-Man only to get his right arm pixelated upon it being bitten by Pac-Man.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: In Japan, the 2016 tokusatsu film "Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac-Man vs. Ex-Aid & Ghost with Legend Riders" features Pac-Man, as well as a villain character named Dr. Pac-Man portrayed by Shirō Sano. A transformation based on Pac-Man also appears in the "Kamen Rider Ex-Aid" side series, "Kamen Rider Genm".


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: In August 2022, a live-action CGI Pac-Man film was announced as being in development by Wayfarer Studios.


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: Since the release of "Pac-Man" in 1980, Pac-Man has become a social phenomenon and became an icon of the video game industry, as well as popular culture. According to the Davie-Brown Index (DBI), Pac-Man has the highest brand awareness of any video game character among American consumers, recognized by 94 percent of them (surpassing Mario and Sonic). "Mario" creator Shigeru Miyamoto even stated that Pac-Man was his favorite video game character. Pac-Man was the first character inducted at Twin Galaxies' International Video Game Hall of Fame in 2010. In 2011, readers of "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition" voted Pac-Man as the 6th-top video game character of all time. In 2012, GamesRadar ranked him as the 73rd "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games, commenting: "Toru Iwatani's simple, iconic, timeless character design has seen Pac-Man endure for more than 30 years and become an established visual shorthand for gaming and gaming culture all over the world." Jeremy Parish of Polygon ranked 73 fighters from "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" "from garbage to glorious", listing Pacman as second, and praising by saying "He's the ultimate good sport, there to lend the whole affair a little extra gravitas and unconcerned with the outcome. So long as everyone’s having a good time, Pac-Man feels content that his involvement in Smash is time well spent." Gavin Jasper of "Den of Geek" ranked Pacman as 35th of "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" characters and criticized by stating that "Pac-Man as an actual character is something that shouldn’t be. We aren’t meant to comprehend him and any attempts to give him an identity have always been too strange to exist. Pac-Man breaks reality." Ravi Sinha of "GamingBolt" included Pac-man with his appearance at "Pac-Land" on his "Worst Video Game Character Designs That Were Totally Disliked By Gamers", criticizing and stated that "Of all the characters that needed a redesign, Pac Man should not have even been considered. Regardless, Namco thought it was a good idea to give Pac-Man legs. And a weird hat with a feather. In Pac-Land, things went even further as he received a Pinocchio-like nose as well. You really have to wonder which generation Namco was trying to appeal to here." "HobbyConsolas" also included Pac-Man on their "The 30 best heroes of the last 30 years." In 2017, "Time" named Pac-Man as 13th on their "Most Influential Video Game Characters of All Time", stating that "His first arcade appearance in 1980 said nothing about the character, save an implicit, voracious need to gobble things. He chomped his way into gamers’ hearts anyway, sending a message to future designers: that a distinctive, easily recognizable protagonist wed to a dead simple play concept can go miles toward making something a hit."


title: Pac-Man (character)

text: The term "Pac-Man defense" in mergers and acquisitions refers to a hostile takeover target that attempts to reverse the situation and take over its would-be acquirer instead, a reference to Pac-Man's Power Pellets. Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao was nicknamed "Pac-Man", as was American football player Adam Jones.


title: Kupala Night

text: Kupala Night (, , , ), also called Ivanа Kupala, is a traditional Slavic holiday that was originally celebrated on the shortest night of the year, which is on or 23-24 of June (Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia) and in Eastern Slavic countries according to traditional Julian calendar on the night between 6 to 7 July (Belarus, Russia and Ukraine). Calendar-wise, it is opposite to the winter holiday Koliada. The celebration relates to the summer solstice when nights are the shortest and includes a number of Slavic rituals. It involves herb collecting, bonfire lighting, and bathing in the river.


title: Kupala Night

text: The name of the holiday was originally Kupala; a pagan fertility rite later adapted into the Orthodox Christian calendar by connecting it with St. John's Day which is celebrated on 24 June. Eastern Christianity uses traditional Julian calendar which is misaligned with actual solstice; 24 June in Julian calendar falls on 7 July in more modern Gregorian calendar.


title: Kupala Night

text: This holiday symbolizes the birth of the summer sun – Kupalo. In the 4th century AD, this day was proclaimed the holiday of the birth of John the Baptist – the forerunner of Jesus Christ. As a result of the Christianization of the pagan feast the name "Kupala" got connected with the Christian "Ivan".


title: Kupala Night

text: The Ukrainian, Belarusian name of this holiday combines "Ivan" (Joan/Johan/John, in this case John the Baptist) and "Kupala" which was thought to be derived from the Slavic word for bathing, which is cognate. However, it likely stems from the proto-Slavic "kump", a gathering. The two feasts could be connected by reinterpreting John's baptizing people through full immersion in water. However, the tradition of Kupala predates Christianity. The pagan celebration was adapted and reestablished as one of the native Christian traditions intertwined with local folklore.


title: Kupala Night

text: Many of the rites related to this holiday are connected with the role of water in fertility and ritual purification. This is due to the ancient Kupala rites.


title: Kupala Night

text: On Kupala day, young people jump over the flames of bonfires in a ritual test of bravery and faith. The failure of a couple in love to complete the jump, while holding hands, is a sign of their destined separation.


title: Kupala Night

text: Girls may float wreaths of flowers (often lit with candles) on rivers, and attempt to gain foresight into their romantic relationship fortune from the flow patterns of the flowers on the river. Men may attempt to capture the wreaths, in the hope of capturing the interest of the woman who floated it.


title: Kupala Night

text: There is an ancient Kupala belief that the eve of Ivan Kupala is the only time of the year when ferns bloom. Prosperity, luck, discernment, and power befall whoever finds a fern flower. Therefore, on that night, village folk roam through the forests in search of "magical" herbs, and especially, the elusive "fern flower".


title: Kupala Night

text: Traditionally, unmarried women, signified by the garlands in their hair, are the first to enter the forest. They are followed by young men. Therefore, the quest to find herbs and the "fern flower" may lead to the blooming of relationships between pairs within the forest.


title: Kupala Night

text: In Gogol's story "The Eve of Ivan Kupala" (also called Saint John's Eve), a young man finds the fantastical fern-flower, but is cursed by it. Gogol's tale was adapted by Yuri Ilyenko into a film of the same name, and may have been the stimulus for Modest Mussorgsky to compose his tone poem "Night on Bald Mountain".


title: Flora (mythology)

text: Flora () is a Roman goddess of flowers and of the season of spring – a symbol for nature and flowers (especially the may-flower). While she was otherwise a relatively minor figure in Roman mythology, being one among several fertility goddesses, her association with the spring gave her particular importance at the coming of springtime, as did her role as goddess of youth. She was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the "Floralis", one of the "flamines minores". Her Greek counterpart is Chloris.


title: Flora (mythology)

text: The name "Flōra" descends from Proto-Italic "*flōsā" ('goddess of flowers'), itself a derivation from Proto-Italic "*flōs" ('flower'; cf. Latin "flōs", "flōris" 'blossom, flower'). It is cognate with the Oscan goddess of flowers "Fluusa", demonstrating that the cult was known more widely among Italic peoples. The name ultimately derives from Proto-Indo-European "*bʰleh₃ōs" ('blossoming').


title: Flora (mythology)

text: Her festival, the "Floralia", was held between April 28 and May 3 and symbolized the renewal of the cycle of life, drinking, and flowers. The festival was first instituted in 240 B.C.E, and on the advice of the Sibylline books, she was also given a temple in 238 B.C.E. At the festival, with the men decked in flowers, and the women wearing normally forbidden gay costumes, five days of farces and mimes were enacted – ithyphallic, and including nudity when called for – followed by a sixth day of the hunting of goats and hares. On May 23 another (rose) festival was held in her honor.


title: Flora (mythology)

text: Flora's Greek equivalent is Chloris, who was a nymph. Flora is married to Favonius, the wind god also known as Zephyr, and her companion was Hercules.


title: Flora (mythology)

text: Flora achieved more prominence in the neo-pagan revival of Antiquity among Renaissance humanists than she had ever enjoyed in ancient Rome.


title: Flora (mythology)

text: Flora is the main character of the ballet "The Awakening of Flora". She is also mentioned in Henry Purcell's Nymphs and Shepherds.


title: Flora (mythology)

text: There are many monuments to Flora, for example in Rome (Italy), Valencia (Spain), and Szczecin (Poland).


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: James Richard Clausen (born September 21, 1987) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 2010 to 2015. He played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was also a member of the Chicago Bears and Baltimore Ravens.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: Clausen had an outstanding prep career at Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village, California. In 2006, he threw 49 touchdown passes for the season to lead the Lions to their first ever Division III state title over Cardinal Newman High School (Santa Rosa, CA). Clausen never lost a football game he started in his prep career (42–0). He threw for 10,677 yards in his career at Oaks Christian. As a senior, Clausen won the 2006 Hall Trophy for the nation's top high school football player and was also named "Offensive Player of the Year" by the "USA Today". Clausen was also named the Co Player of the Year, along with USC running back Joe McKnight, by Parade Magazine.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: As the younger brother of two former NCAA Division I quarterbacks—Casey and Rick Clausen, who both played at Tennessee—Jimmy Clausen gained media attention very early. Beginning in eighth grade, his parents paid his tutelage under professional quarterbacks coach Steve Clarkson. During his junior season, a "Sports Illustrated" feature dubbed him "The Kid with The Golden Arm". Recruiting analysts considered him a "once in a decade" quarterback talent and ranked him as the #1 overall prospect of the 2007 high school class. Because of his quick release, some in the media compared him to Joe Namath.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: Critics have questioned whether Clausen's success in high school was largely a product of his team—containing almost a dozen players that went on to play for NCAA Division I Bowl Subdivision teams, including a highly ranked running back, Marc Tyler—and the inferior talent level of its opponents. Many of these critics pointed to the 2007 U.S. Army All-American Bowl in which Clausen was outplayed by fellow 2007 quarterback recruit, Ryan Mallett. Further, Clausen's age is a subject of criticism: he started kindergarten at six and repeated sixth grade, thus he was 19 years old at the time of his early graduation.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: On April 22, 2006, Clausen verbally committed to the University of Notre Dame. He was the most highly touted recruit for the Fighting Irish since the arrival of Ron Powlus in 1993. Clausen announced his verbal commitment at the College Football Hall of Fame in South Bend, Indiana, after arriving in a stretch Hummer limousine. He also said his goal was to win multiple national titles with the Irish.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: Clausen, who graduated from high school one semester early, enrolled at Notre Dame on January 16, 2007. In Notre Dame's only preseason practice open to the media, Clausen threw only a number of short passes, casting some doubt on the strength of his arm after off-season elbow surgery.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: Following Notre Dame's opening loss to Georgia Tech in the 2007 season, Clausen was named the starting quarterback, but would win only one of his first six starts (against UCLA) and was replaced by backup quarterback Evan Sharpley during Notre Dame's loss to Boston College on October 13, 2007. Citing non-specific injuries to Clausen (who had been sacked 23 times), head coach Charlie Weis named Sharpley as the starting quarterback for Notre Dame's game against USC on October 20, 2007. After sitting out Notre Dame's losses to USC and Navy, Clausen was again named the starter for their game against Air Force.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: Clausen finished his freshman year having completed 56.3% of his passes for 1,254 yards, with 7 touchdowns (plus two rushing TDs) and 6 interceptions and a passing efficiency of 103.85, and he was sacked a team-record 34 times.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: During his sophomore season, he completed 60.9% of his passes for 3172 yards, 25 touchdowns and 17 interceptions and a 132.5 efficiency rating which placed him as the 44th ranked quarterback in NCAA Division I FBS. He led the Fighting Irish to a 7–6 record, culminating in a 49–21 victory against Hawaii in the Hawaii Bowl — which ended Notre Dame's NCAA-record nine-game bowl losing streak. Clausen set Notre Dame bowl records with 406 yards passing and five touchdowns and was named the bowl's co-MVP.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: In his junior season, Clausen was named midseason All-American by "Sporting News". He finished the season with 3,722 yards passing, a 68.8% completion rate, 161.42 passer rating, 28 touchdowns, and four interceptions.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: On Monday, December 7, 2009, Clausen declared that he would forgo his senior season at Notre Dame and enter the NFL draft following news of the firing of head coach Charlie Weis.


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: Clausen announced his intention to enter the 2010 NFL Draft on December 7, 2009. Clausen was expected to be one of the top quarterbacks available in the draft, along with former Heisman Trophy winner Sam Bradford. He was projected by many to be a Top-10 pick. Surprisingly, however, he was not selected in the first round of the draft, with Bradford and Florida's Tim Tebow selected ahead of him. He was selected by the Carolina Panthers with the 16th pick of the 2nd round (48th overall). Analysts attributed his slide to his cocky demeanor and "persnickety smirkness."


title: Jimmy Clausen

text: On July 28, 2010, Clausen signed a four-year, $4.2 million contract with the Panthers, which includes $2.53 million in guarantees.