title: Insomnia (Faithless song)

text: Justin Chadwick from Albumism described the song as a "frenetic yet melodic ode to late night restlessness and sleep-deprived reveries", adding it as "phenomenal". Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "This single serves as a fine peek into the project, giving listeners a taste of urgent dance rhythms, a complex and infectious pop melody, and vocals that are notches above the typical vamps heard on club-originated records." "Complex" said that Faithless' "Insomnia" "spoke to a number of ravers out there who lived for the night/weekend and, sadly, the drugs that kept them partying to the break of dawn (and beyond). Insomnia was and is real for the raver massive, and Faithless brought those vibes to song perfectly." Gerry Kiernan commented on the song in the 2010 book "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die", "Unleashed in an era of uplifting "handbag" house", "Insomnia" crept with nocturnal stealth through rave culture into suburban bedrooms. As its title suggested, this climatic, hands-in-the-air dance anthem was not one to put on before bedtime." Tim Jeffery from "Music Week"'s "RM" Dance Update rated it four out of five, writing, "Following very much in the style of its predecessor with all the Rollo production hallmarks including the piercing organ and synth riffs and a bouncy bassline. As with the debut, there's also the half speed secion in the middle to incorporate the rap and vocals which aren't as instant as 'Salva Mea' but grow on you. With the formula now established, this one may fare better commercially." Ben Turner from "Muzik" noted that "it has soul, grace, emotion and a distinctly dark, melancholic side. Happy house has never been challenged in this way."


title: Insomnia (Faithless song)

text: "Insomnia" was very successful on the charts on several continents, becoming one of the group's biggest hits to date. In Europe, it reached number-one in Finland, Norway and Switzerland. Additionally, it managed to climb into the Top 10 also in Austria, Belgium (number 2), Denmark, France, Germany (number 2), Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, Sweden and the United Kingdom, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100, where it hit number 3. In the UK, "Insomnia" also peaked at number 3 in its second run on the UK Singles Chart, on 20 October 1996. But on the UK Dance Chart, it was a even bigger hit, peaking at number-one. Outside Europe, the single reached the top spot on the "RPM" Dance Chart in Canada and the "Billboard" Dance Club Songs in the United States. On the "Billboard" Hot 100, it went to number 62. In Oceania, it reached number 16 in Australia and number 39 in New Zealand. The song earned a gold record in Australia, Belgium, France and Switzerland, a platinum record in Germany and Norway, and a 2× platinum record in the UK, with a sale of 1,200,000 units.


title: Insomnia (Faithless song)

text: A music video was made to accompany the song. It was directed by British director Lindy Heymann. The video was uploaded to YouTube in July 2015, and as of June 2022, it has got more than 100 million views.


title: Insomnia (Faithless song)

text: MTV Dance placed "Insomnia" at number 22 in their list of "The 100 Biggest 90's Dance Anthems Of All Time" in November 2011.


title: Insomnia (Faithless song)

text: "Insomnia" was re-mixed and re-released in 2005 after the re-entry of the 1996 single into the UK Singles Chart at number 48. This was partly because of Faithless releasing their greatest hits album. The re-mix was not used on the greatest hits with the Monster Mix being the version which featured on the album. The re-mixed version reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Insomnia (Faithless song)

text: In 2015, Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii released a remix titled "Insomnia 2.0 (Avicii Remix)". The track was released on 24 July 2015 and reached the German charts. It was also featured on the "Faithless 2.0" release in Avicii extended remix and Avicii radio exit remix formats (as well as the 1995 Monster Mix). "Insomnia 2.0" also went to number one on the US Dance chart.


title: Insomnia (Faithless song)

text: In 2009, Swiss DJs Mike Candys and Jack Holiday recorded a remix of the song. It was released in September 2009 as their debut single and charted throughout Europe.


title: Adam Bartley

text: Adam Bartley (born January 28, 1979) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Sheriff's Deputy Archie "the Ferg" Ferguson on the television series "Longmire".


title: Adam Bartley

text: Bartley was born in Minnesota, and is a 1997 graduate of Eden Prairie High School in Eden Prairie. In 2001, Bartley graduated from Southern Methodist University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in acting. While in college, he worked at Reunion Arena during Dallas Mavericks basketball games.


title: Adam Bartley

text: After college, he lived in New York City, Chicago, Aspen, and Alaska, and acted in local theater productions while working as an acting teacher and coach. After moving to Los Angeles, he was selected for his first television pilot audition; it was for "Longmire", and he won the role. His other television credits include parts on "Justified", "Bones", "", American Housewife, Lucifer, "This Is Us".


title: Adam Bartley

text: In 2022 Bartley had a recurring role on the Amazon Studios & Legendary Television sci-fi drama "Night Sky". He has also appeared in several movies, including "Kajillionaire", "Vice", "Donnybrook", "Under the Silver Lake", "", and 2013's "Armed Response".


title: Adam Bartley

text: In April 2015, Bartley was arrested in Santa Fe, New Mexico and charged with driving under the influence. Tests determined that his blood alcohol level was .09, just over the .08 legal limit.


title: Functional illiteracy

text: Functional illiteracy consists of reading and writing skills that are inadequate "to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level". Those who read and write only in a language other than the predominant language of their environs may also be considered functionally illiterate. Functional illiteracy is contrasted with illiteracy in the strict sense, meaning the inability to read or write simple sentences in any language.


title: Functional illiteracy

text: The characteristics of functional illiteracy vary from one culture to another, as some cultures require more advanced reading and writing skills than do others. In languages with phonemic spelling, functional illiteracy might be defined simply as reading too slowly for practical use, an inability to effectively use dictionaries and written manuals, and other factors. Sociological research has demonstrated that countries with lower levels of functional illiteracy among their adult populations tend to be those with the highest levels of scientific literacy among the lower stratum of young people nearing the end of their formal academic studies. This correspondence suggests that the capacity of schools to ensure students attain the functional literacy required to comprehend the basic texts and documents associated with competent citizenship contributes to a society's level of civic literacy.


title: Functional illiteracy

text: A reading level that might be sufficient to make a farmer functionally literate in a rural area of a developing country might qualify as functional illiteracy in an urban area of a technologically advanced country. In developed countries, the level of functional literacy of an individual is proportional to income level and inversely proportional to the risk of committing certain kinds of crime. In Russia, where more than 99% percent of the population is technically literate, only one-third of high school graduates can comprehend the content of scientific and literary texts, according to a 2015 study. The UK government's Department for Education reported in 2006 that 47% of school children left school at age 16 without having achieved a basic level in functional mathematics, and 42% fail to achieve a basic level of functional English. Every year, 100,000 pupils leave school functionally illiterate in the UK. In the United States, according to "Business" magazine, an estimated 15 million functionally illiterate adults held jobs at the beginning of the 21st century. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics in the United States:


title: Functional illiteracy

text: The National Center for Education Statistics provides more detail. Literacy is broken down into three parameters: prose, document, and quantitative literacy. Each parameter has four levels: below basic, basic, intermediate, and proficient. For prose literacy, for example, a below basic level of literacy means that a person can look at a short piece of text to get a small piece of uncomplicated information, while a person who is below basic in quantitative literacy would be able to do simple addition. In the US, 14% of the adult population is at the "below basic" level for prose literacy; 12% are at the "below basic" level for document literacy, and 22% are at that level for quantitative literacy. Only 13% of the population is proficient in each of these three areas—able to compare viewpoints in two editorials; interpret a table about blood pressure, age, and physical activity; or compute and compare the cost per ounce of food items.


title: Functional illiteracy

text: A Literacy at Work study, published by the Northeast Institute in 2001, found that business losses attributed to basic skill deficiencies run into billions of dollars a year due to low productivity, errors, and accidents attributed to functional illiteracy. The American Council of Life Insurers reported that 75% of the Fortune 500 companies provide some level of remedial training for their workers. , 30 million (14% of adults) were unable to perform simple and everyday literacy activities.


title: Functional illiteracy

text: Illiteracy, as well as functional illiteracy, were defined on the 20th session of UNESCO in 1978 as follows:


title: Lancer (TV series)

text: Lancer is an American Western series that aired Tuesdays at 7:30 pm (EST) on CBS from September 24, 1968, to June 23, 1970. The series stars Andrew Duggan as a father with two half-brother sons, played by James Stacy and Wayne Maunder.


title: Lancer (TV series)

text: Duggan starred as Murdoch Lancer, the patriarch of the Lancer family. Maunder played Scott Lancer, the educated older son and a veteran of the Union Army. Stacy played gunslinger Johnny Madrid Lancer. Paul Brinegar appeared as Jelly Hoskins and Elizabeth Baur played Murdoch Lancer's ward Teresa O'Brien.


title: Lancer (TV series)

text: "Lancer" lasted for 51 hour-long episodes and was shot in color. It was rerun on CBS during the summer of 1971.


title: Lancer (TV series)

text: Guest stars included Joe Don Baker, Noah Beery, Jr., Scott Brady, Ellen Corby, Bruce Dern, Jack Elam, Sam Elliott, Beverly Garland, Kevin Hagen, Ron Howard, Wright King, Cloris Leachman, Barbara Luna, George Macready, Warren Oates, Stefanie Powers, Tom Selleck, and William Tannen.


title: Lancer (TV series)

text: The pilot episode "The High Riders" was mostly filmed on-location in and around the hacienda now located within The Santa Lucia Preserve. All interior shots of the Hacienda in subsequent episodes were filmed on a sound stage in Hollywood, recreated from photographs of the original.


title: Lancer (TV series)

text: The episode titled "Zee" with Stefanie Powers earned scriptwriter Andy Lewis the Western Writers of America Spur Award, the first designated for a television script.


title: Lancer (TV series)

text: The 2019 movie "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" incorporates a fictionalized account of the filming of "Lancer's" pilot episode, depicting fictional actor Rick Dalton (Leonardo DiCaprio) appearing as a villain in the episode. Director Sam Wanamaker and series stars James Stacy and Wayne Maunder are depicted. Additional scenes are featured in the novelization of "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" as well depicting other actors including Andrew Duggan.


title: Melissa Navia

text: Melissa C. Navia (born August 24, 1984) is an American actress known for playing Erica Ortegas in "" (2022).


title: Melissa Navia

text: In 2013, Navia won the award for best actress at the Wild Rose Independent Film Festival for her role as Dawn in the sci-fi movie "The Paragon Cortex". In 2015, she had a recurring role in the TV series "Common Charges". In 2017, she had a guest role as Elena Gabriel, an astronaut bound for a life on Mars, in Showtime's series "Billions". In 2018, she had a recurring role as Moana in AMC's series "Dietland".


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Gisele Mayordo (born 30 October 1988), known by her ring name Gisele Shaw, is a Filipino professional wrestler currently signed to Impact Wrestling. She is known for her work in England with various promotions including Progress Wrestling and Revolution Pro Wrestling, having held the Women's Championship in both promotions. She has also wrestled in American promotions such as Ring of Honor and Women of Wrestling.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Mayordo made her pro wrestling debut during January 2015 under the ring name Gisele Shaw. She wrestled extensively in Canada in promotions including High Impact Wrestling, Border City Wrestling, All-Star Wrestling, Prairie Wrestling Alliance, High Impact Wrestling and others. She won her first title while in Pro Wrestling Eclipse, where she captured the PWE Flame Championship on February 10, 2018 at PWE February Frenzy, defeating Stacy Thibault. She lost the title nine months later at PWE November Bash in a three-way match against Beautiful Beaa and Jewells Malone. She went on to win her second title in Crossfire Wrestling, where she won the CW Women's Championship in a triple-threat match against Beautiful Beaa and Jody Threat.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: On June 9, 2019, Shaw made her Revolution Pro Wrestling debut at "RevPro Live in Southampton 8", defeating Zoe Lucas. After losing her second RevPro match to Seleziya Sparx, Shaw began a six match winning streak from October to December as she defeated the likes of Mercedes Martinez, Dani Luna, Tessa Blanchard, Bobbi Tyler, Shanna, and lastly Zan Phoenix. Due to this impressive two month long winning streak, Shaw earned an opportunity to face Undisputed British Women's Champion Zoe Lucas at "RevPro New Year's Revolution" but was unsuccessful in her first attempt. Despite her shortcomings, Shaw earned another opportunity for the championship after winning a #1 contenders four way on January 10, 2020, that also involved Debbie Keitel, Shanna, and Kasey Owens. Contrary to her first attempt, Shaw defeated champion Zoe Lucas on February 14, to become new British Women's Champion for the first time. Over the course of her 359 day title reign, Shaw defended her title against the likes of Bobbi Tyler, Bea Priestley, Aleah James, Little Miss Roxxy, and Jamie Hayter. The latter of whom ended Shaw's near year long reign as champion on February 7, 2021.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Despite losing the British Women's Championship, after Hayter no-showed a RevPro event to attend a WWE tryout, Shaw defeated Zoe Lucas for the newly vacated championship at "RevPro Live At The Cockpit 51", thus becoming a two time champion. While champion, Shaw entered into the Queen of the Ring tournament where she made it all the way to the semifinals where she lost to Hyan. After failing to win the tournament, Shaw began defending the British Women's Championship regularly again as she defeated the likes of Hyan (twice), Mariah May, and Lizzy Evo. Shaw's second reign as champion came to an end at 126 days after losing to Alex Windsor at "RevPro Live At The NOTpit 55" on November 7. As of February 2022, this was Shaw's last match in RevPro.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Shaw made her Progress Wrestling debut at "Chapter 93: Cheer Up Juice", in a losing effort against Dani Luna in a four way which also included Jody Threat and Yuu. Her next match was also a losing effort as she and Luna challenged Jinny for the Progress World Women's Championship in a three way match. Shaw picked up her first win in Progress on February 23, 2020 against Chakara before going on a year long hiatus.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Shaw made her return to Progress on February 27, 2021, at "Chapter 105: Bring The Thunder", losing to Kanji in a Progress Women;s Championship #1 contender's match also involving Taonga, Millie McKenzie, Lana Austin, Mercedez Blaze and Alexxis Flacon. Soon after, due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, reigning Progress World Women's Championship Jinny was forced to vacate the title. Therefore a three match series between Shaw and Kanji was announced to determine the new champion. Shaw lost the series 1-2 against Kanji.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: After Kanji was forced to relinquish the Progress World Women's Championship, it was announced Gisele Shaw, Alexxis Falcon and Mercedez Blaze would compete for the vacant title at "Chapter 117: Making Diamonds" on August 14, 2021. At the event, Shaw defeated Blaze and Falcon to become the Progress World Women's Champion for the first time. Following this, Shaw began defending the title successfully against the likes of Laura Di Matteo, Rhio, Skye Smitson, Debbie Keitel, and Alexxis Falcon (twice).


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Shaw made her Women of Wrestling debut on October 11, 2019, as a masked wrestler named Azteca. Later, she removed the mask and changed her ring name to Reyna Reyes, "the pearl of the Philippines". Throughout her tenure with WOW, she competed in a series of matches including singles matches against Kobra Moon, Jessie Jones, Holidead and The Beast. She later teamed with Princess Aussie in a tag match against Holidead & Voodoo Doll.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: On March 3, 2018, Shaw represented Canada's Border City Wrestling in the co-produced pay-per-view event One Night Only: March Breakdown, losing to Impact Wrestling legend Madison Rayne. Five months later, Shaw represented Destiny World Wrestling on August 25 at One Night Only: Bad Intentions, competing for the Impact Knockouts Championship held by Tessa Blanchard. Two months later, Shaw once again represented Border City Wrestling during the co-produced event One Night Only: BCW 25th Anniversary, where she lost a singles match against Impact representative Kiera Hogan.


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Starting on the January 20, 2022 episode of "Impact!", a vignette showcasing the debut of a new knockout calling herself "The Quintessential Diva". The next week's vignette revealed the new knockout to be Gisele Shaw as the vignettes continued for the next two weeks. On the February 10, episode of "Before the Impact!", Shaw made her official debut confronting fellow newcomer Lady Frost after her match with Alisha Edwards. During that same episode it was announced that Shaw would make her official in-ring debut against Frost on the February 17 episode of "Impact!".


title: Gisele Shaw

text: Mayordo transitioned from male to female at age 22 and came out as a transgender woman at the Pride Toronto event on June 24, 2022, at age 33.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Russia has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 23 times since their debut in . Russia won the contest with Dima Bilan performing the song "Believe". One of the most successful countries in the contest in the 21st century with a total of ten top five placements, Russia finished second with Alsou in , Dima Bilan in , Buranovskiye Babushki in and Polina Gagarina in ; third with t.A.T.u. in , Serebro in , Sergey Lazarev in and , and fifth with Dina Garipova in . In , they failed to qualify for the final for the first time in their history. The Russian entry has been chosen through both internal selections and a televised national final titled "Evrovidenie", with their most recent entry () being chosen by the latter.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Following their exclusion from the due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, on 26 February 2022, the Russian broadcasters VGTRK and Channel One announced that they would suspend their membership in the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The suspension was made effective by the EBU on 26 May, preventing Russia from participating in further Eurovision events unless their membership is resumed.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Russia debuted in the contest after becoming a member of the EBU. Russia came second at four contests; in with the song "Solo" performed by Alsou, in with Dima Bilan's song "Never Let You Go", in with the song "Party for Everybody" performed by Buranovskiye Babushki, and in with Polina Gagarina's song "A Million Voices". They also achieved four third-place finishes; in with t.A.T.u's song "Ne ver', ne boysia", Serebro in with their entry "Song #1", and in as well as with Sergey Lazarev's entries "You Are the Only One" and "Scream" respectively.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Russia has failed to qualify for the final on two occasions. In 1996, Russia's entry was Andrey Kosinsky with the song "Ya eto ya", but he scored an insufficient number of points in a special qualifying round, while in 2018 Yulia Samoylova, who represented the country with the song "I Won't Break", failed to qualify from the televised second semi-final.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: In 1998, because Russia did not participate in the contest (due to lower average scores in participating in previous competitions), Russia refused to broadcast the competition and the European Broadcasting Union in return forbade the country to participate the following year. According to unconfirmed information, Russia intended to send Tatyana Ovsienko with the song "Solntse moyo" (My Sun), which turned out to be a false rumour as the song was officially released in mid-1997 on Tatyana's album "Za Rozovym morem". Tatyana herself, during an interview, said that she did not go to Eurovision because she was ""Either afraid or not very sure, besides, i knew that there were stronger guys and girls, and I thought that i would still have time [to go to Eurovision].""


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Russia won their first and so far only contest in 2008, when Dima Bilan, participating for the second time in the contest, won with the song "Believe", bringing the contest to Russia for 2009.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Russia was the most successful country in Eurovision between 2000 and 2009, with one win, two-second places, and two third places. However, in 2010 they finished 11th, and in 2011 they were 16th, which was the worst placing for Russia since 1995. Interest in the competition fell, but in 2012, Buranovskiye Babushki finished in second place, increasing Russia's interest in the show. Russia holds the record for the most top five finishes in the 21st century, with ten, with Sergey Lazarev holding the record of the highest score of any Russian contestant, who finished third in 2016 with 491 points.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: In February 2019, Sergey Lazarev was once again confirmed as the Russian representative for the 2019 contest, becoming the second returning artist in Russia's Eurovision history after Dima Bilan, who participated in 2006 and 2008 respectively. This time he represented his country with the song "Scream", with which he brought Russia back to the final for the first time since 2016 and achieved the country's 10th top 5 result, by finishing third once again.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: For the 2021 contest, Russia opted to return to a national selection, after Little Big declined to return following their intended participation in the later-cancelled 2020 contest with "Uno". "Russian Woman" performed by Manizha emerged as the winner of the selection, which then went on to finish in 9th place in the final.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Russia had originally planned to participate in the contest, but was excluded from participating by the EBU due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In response, the Russian broadcasters VGTRK and Channel One announced their intention to suspend their membership in the EBU. The suspension was made effective by the EBU on 26 May, preventing Russia from participating in further Eurovision events unless their membership is resumed.


title: Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: The contest has been broadcast irregularly on two different public state channels in Russia, both EBU members: in 1994 and 1996 it was broadcast on Russia-1 of VGTRK, while in 1995, 1997 and from 1999 to 2007 the contest was broadcast on Channel One. Since 2008, there is an alternation on broadcast and selection duties, with Russia-1 on even years, and Channel One on odd years. This alternation was disrupted when Russia withdrew from the 2017 contest, after which Channel One assumed broadcast and selection duties in 2018, 2020 and 2021, and Russia-1 in 2019.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The Citadelle of Quebec (), also known as La Citadelle, is an active military installation and the secondary official residence of both the Canadian monarch and the governor general of Canada. It is located atop Cap Diamant, adjoining the Plains of Abraham in Quebec City, Quebec. The citadel contains the oldest military building in Canada, and forms part of the fortifications of Quebec City, which is one of only two cities in North America still surrounded by fortifications, the other being Campeche, Mexico.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The strategic importance of Cap Diamant was recognized by the French as early as 1608. Several defensive fortifications were built on the site first by the French, and then by the British after their conquest of New France. The modern citadel was built from 1820 to 1850, in effort to secure Quebec City against a potential American attack. The British used the citadel until 1871, when they formally handed the property over to the Canadian government. Following the handover, the citadel was used as a military installation by the Canadian Armed Forces, and as a royal and viceregal residence.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The Citadelle is a National Historic Site of Canada and forms part of the Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site of Canada. The fortress is located within the Historic District of Old Québec, which was designated a World Heritage Site in 1985. The site receives some 200,000 visitors annually.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Cap Diamant's strategic value was identified by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 and led him to found Quebec City at the base of the escarpment. The promontory was practically insurmountable and thus the only side of the settlement ever to be heavily fortified was the west, the only one not naturally protected by the hill.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The first protective wall ("enceinte")—Major Provost's palisade—was built by command of Governor General of New France Louis de Buade, sieur de Frontenac and completed just in time for the Battle of Quebec in 1690. Three years later, a plan by engineer Josué Boisberthelot de Beaucours for new, wide "enceinte" was developed by the French military engineer Jacques Levasseur de Néré and approved in 1701 by King Louis XIV's Commissary General of Fortifications, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The proposal to build a full fort was deemed by the government in France to be too costly, despite both the importance and vulnerability of Quebec City. After the fall of Louisbourg in 1745, considerable work on the battlements took place under the direction of military engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The first British lieutenant governor of Quebec, General James Murray, saw the weakness of Quebec City's defences (indeed, Murray's post existed precisely because the British had conquered Quebec City four years before Murray's appointment as governor in 1763). He urged the construction of a citadel, but the imperial government at Westminster, like the French before, deemed a large fort to be of little value; a smaller, wooden citadel was built.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: During the American Revolutionary War, after seizing Montreal in the autumn of 1775, American rebels, led by General Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold, attempted to take Quebec on 31 December. There, Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded and forced to retreat. The Americans attempted to keep Quebec under siege, but withdrew after the arrival of British reinforcements in the spring of 1776.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: As tensions between the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as fears of further rebellion in British North America, grew in the late 18th century, the British reinforced the defences of their colonies according to a plan drawn up in the 1790s by Gother Mann. The ramparts around the Upper Town cliff and four martello towers (still extant) on the Plains of Abraham were completed before 1812. A citadel was a key part of Mann's design, but no fort was built because the cost was deemed prohibitive.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: That opinion finally shifted following the War of 1812; as part of a wider improvement of Canada's defences coordinated by the Duke of Richmond, then Governor-in-Chief of British North America, the existing star fort was built between 1820 and 1850 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Elias Walker Durnford of the Royal Engineers. Intended to secure Quebec City against the Americans and serve as a refuge for the British garrison in the event of attack or rebellion, the Citadelle incorporated a section of the French "enceinte" of 1745 and the layout was based on Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban's design for an arms, munitions, and supplies depot, as well as a barracks. That, though, was somewhat of an anachronism by the time of the fort's completion, in comparison to other contemporary European military architecture. Additional buildings were completed in 1850.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: After Canadian Confederation in 1867, Canada became responsible for its own defence; the British departed the Citadelle in 1871. Two batteries of the Royal Canadian Artillery were established at the Citadelle and an artillery school was opened in 1871, followed by a cavalry school. From the late 19th century, living conditions for soldiers at the fort gradually improved; canteens were opened and the casemates were made more comfortable. The preservation of much of the fortifications and defences of Quebec is due to the intervention of Governor General of Canada the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, who also established the Citadelle as a viceregal residence in 1872, reviving a tradition dating to the founding of New France. Since 1920, the Citadelle has been the home station of the Royal 22 Régiment of the Canadian Forces.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The Quebec Conferences of 1943 and 1944, in which Governor General of Canada the Earl of Athlone, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt discussed strategy for World War II, were held at the Citadelle of Quebec.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada designated the Citadel as a national historic site in 1946. The fortress was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1980 and, five years later, the Historic District of Old Québec, of which the Citadelle is a part, was placed on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The Citadelle is a functioning military installation for the Canadian Armed Forces, as well as an official residence of both Canada's monarch and its governor general. The latter, by tradition, resides there for several weeks during the summer as well as other shorter periods throughout the year. As is done at the other federal royal residence, Rideau Hall in Ottawa, Canadian award presentations and investitures and ceremonies for both incoming and outgoing ambassadors and high commissioners to Canada are held at the Citadelle. The residence is also open to the public, running a visitors' program and free tours of the state rooms throughout the year as well as educational tours for students. The Citadelle attracts approximately 200,000 visitors each year.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: A number of military ceremonies related to the Royal 22 Régiment take place at the Citadelle's parade ground, such as the changing of the guard and of battalion command and the consecration of each successive Batisse the Goat as regimental mascot. Additionally, daily at noon, a cannon is fired from the fort, the sound of which can be heard throughout Quebec City. Originally, two guns were fired each day, at 12:00 pm to alert Quebec City residents of the lunch hour and Angelus, or noon-day prayer and at 9:30 pm, marking the curfew for gunners and soldiers in the city. The tradition has continued since 1871, save for between 1994 and 2008.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The fort is an uneven star shaped citadel and comprises four bastions and three straight curtain walls, all constructed with locally quarried sandstone. Within its walls are 24 buildings constructed mostly of grey cut stone.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The Officer's Barracks, a neo-Norman structure built in 1831 by the British Army, has been a residence of the governor general of Canada since 1872. The residence today has a total of 153 rooms over , including offices for the governor general's secretary.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The entrance into the original area of the residence is through a set of double doors beneath a neo-classical porch bearing the words "GOUVERNEUR GÉNÉRAL" on the frieze and the crest of the Royal Arms of Canada in the tympanum. Within is a foyer with marble tile floor and a stair descending to the basement and, through another set of doors in a screen with translucent leaded glass sidelights and fanlight, is a hall; both rooms are in the Georgian style, in beige, cream, and gold. The Small Dining Room is similarly Georgian in decor, with robin's egg blue walls and white-painted trim. From the ceiling hang two crystal chandeliers.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Soon after the building became a royal residence, additions to accommodate the viceregal party and household were required, including a ballroom and sunroom. These, however, were on 2 February 1976 destroyed by fire and the other rooms of the residence suffered smoke and water damage. The Department of Public Works and Government Services Canada (which oversees the infrastructure of the Citadelle) restored the original wing and new state rooms were built in place of the lost post-1872 additions, the work being completed in 1984.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: This new wing was built at the east end of and at a slight angle to the 1831 structure, the roof being copper and the exterior walls of the same masonry as the adjacent buildings, but, using more regulated block sizes and a flatter relief of pilasters and windows, as well as less detailing overall. The wing contains a separate entrance and ceremonial foyer with twin spiral staircases ascending to a piano nobile; the stairs have wood handrails with aluminum pickets and between them is a niche for sculpture. On the upper level is an event space, lounge, and sunroom with a terrace overlooking the St. Lawrence River. The former two areas are fully barrel vaulted and linked together by a continuous, narrow skylight in the roof under which crystal pendants of different lengths hang and transfer the natural light into the rooms. Interiors of the modern addition were designed by Quebec artist Madeleine Arbour, who was inspired by the colours of winter in Quebec, and use Canadian materials, including granite, walnut, and aluminum. The residence is furnished with pieces from the Crown Collection, mostly in New France style, antique furniture mixed with contemporary Canadian art.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 15, constructed in 1750, also known as the powder magazine, houses the Museum of the Royal 22 Régiment and Canadian Forces Museum, which collects, preserves, and displays artifacts of Canadian military historical significance, as well as the Museum, which features weapons, uniforms, and other military artifacts of the Royal 22 Régiment. The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, OMMC and Virtual Museum of Canada.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 1, the Former Hospital Administration Building, is the principal structure in Mann's Bastion. It is a two-story, rectangular, symmetrical stone structure with a hipped-roof pierced by two brick chimneys. The west-facing facade features restrained decorative detailing of pilasters supporting a flat cornice along the length of the five-bay façade. Loopholes are visible on the second floor on both sides of the building. The rear elevation facing into the bastion is functional and plain in appearance.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 2, also known as the Men's Barracks, was formerly the armory and powder magazine. It faces the parade ground near the throat of the Prince of Wales Bastion. It is a long, rectangular, two story masonry building built of smooth limestone with a hipped roof clad in sheet copper. The main façade of the building has little ornamentation and is regulated and orderly, with small, regularly placed, multi-paned windows.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 5, the Former Powder Magazine, is a low, rectangular stone structure with a gabled roof and a surrounding protective blast wall. Two doors at ground level and three openings at gable level pierce the symmetrical façade. Along the plain side elevations are three half-barrel-vaulted passages, or traverses, two on the west and one on the east.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 7, also known as the Memorial Building, forms part of a complex of three structures, which includes a chapel and a workshop, situated near the parade ground. They are attached by a 19th-century protective wall. It is a small, rectangular, one-story masonry edifice with a pyramidal stone roof and a row of windows on all four elevations. Its principal façade is distinguished by a modern porchway. Governor General Georges Vanier and his wife Pauline Vanier are interred here at the commemorative chapel.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Located within the King's Bastion and adjacent to the governor general's residence, Building 10 is the former military prison and presently the museum annex. Constructed in 1842, it is a two-story rectangular stone structure with a hipped roof pierced by three brick chimneys. The west elevation facing the citadel is restrained but decorated by pilasters. Loopholes pierce the walls on both stories. There are several irregularly placed windows with iron bars.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 14, the former ordnance store, stands along the parade ground. The long, rectangular two story structure is constructed of stone with a hipped roof clad in copper sheet. The symmetrical façade features small, evenly spaced windows.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 17, also known as the Men's Barracks, stands on the south side of the parade ground near the throat of the Dalhousie Bastion. Two stories high for most of its length, the rectangular building has exterior walls of stone and features symmetrical elevations, a hipped, copper clad roof, and a projecting course of stone above the ground floor.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Clearly seen from the river and aligned on the meridian for observation purposes, Building 20, also known as the Ball House, is the former observatory and time ball tower. It is a compact, tall, two story stone structure of several architectural shapes. The rectangular section with a gabled roof was the former observatory and the square section formerly housed the time ball installation topped with an antenna. The building is entered from the ground floor of its small porch, which joins the two buildings.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: Building 32, formerly the Defensive Guard House, is located at the eastern end of the north main ditch below the King's Bastion. It is a small, squat, one story masonry edifice with a gable roof supported by wood rafters. A chimney rises through the roof, which is covered in painted tin sheeting.


title: Citadelle of Quebec

text: The former caponier, Building 46, is located at the south end of the ditch separating the counterscarp from the Men's Barracks. Its two walls and small turret in the middle of its gabled roof are the only visible elements of this small stone building. It is integrated with the ramparts and pierced with loopholes.


title: Orders of magnitude (mass)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10 kg and 10 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.


title: Orders of magnitude (mass)

text: The table at right is based on the kilogram (kg), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix ("kilo-") as part of its name. The "gram" (10 kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the "names" of all SI mass units are based on "gram", rather than on "kilogram"; thus 10 kg is a "megagram" (10 g), not a *"kilokilogram".


title: Orders of magnitude (mass)

text: The "tonne" (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram ("Mg"), or 10 kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 10 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram ("Gg") or 10 g is 10 tonnes, commonly called a "kilotonne".


title: Orders of magnitude (mass)

text: Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.


title: Orders of magnitude (mass)

text: For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun ().


title: Orders of magnitude (mass)

text: Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an "a priori" expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of = .


title: Ben Powers

text: Alton Adelbert Powers (July 5, 1950 – April 6, 2015), known professionally as Ben Powers, was an American actor. Powers was best known for his role as Thelma Evans's (portrayed by Bern Nadette Stanis) husband, Keith Albert Anderson, during the sixth and final season of the CBS sitcom "Good Times" (1978–79). Powers was also a cast member on the NBC television comedy series "Laugh-In" (1977–78).


title: Ben Powers

text: Powers was born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in Providence, Rhode Island. He attended the Rhode Island School of Design. Powers got his first break in the 1970s with Adrian Hall, director at Trinity Repertory Theater in Providence, Rhode Island, his hometown. In addition to stage acting, Powers did stand-up comedy, performed impressions, and sang standards as well as original music he wrote. He was discovered by a Hollywood agent in Providence, signed on to do movies, and entertained at the Playboy clubs in Las Vegas, New York, and Boston. After "Good Times", Powers guest starred on a number of popular TV dramas and sitcom shows of the 1980s including "Gimme a Break!", "Flamingo Road", "The Greatest American Hero", "The New Odd Couple" and "Laverne & Shirley". Powers was also a regular on the CBS-TV hit detective drama show "Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer" in 1984–85, until the star, Stacy Keach, was arrested in London for cocaine smuggling and the show was canceled while Keach did time in England. Powers left the Hollywood scene at the end of 1985, before the detective series was picked up again. In the early 1980s, Powers appeared in a handful of big-screen films which included "Cheech and Chong's Next Movie", "Things Are Tough All Over" and "The Man Who Loved Women" as well as a number of made-for-TV movies, mostly in smaller supporting roles.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Kathleen O'Day Wynne ( ; born May 21, 1953) is a Canadian former politician who served as the 25th premier of Ontario and leader of the Ontario Liberal Party from 2013 to 2018. She was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 2003 and sat as the member of provincial parliament (MPP) for Don Valley West until 2022. Wynne is the first female premier of Ontario and the first openly gay premier in Canada.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne was first elected to public office as a trustee for the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) in 2000. She subsequently was elected to the Ontario Legislature in 2003. Under Premier Dalton McGuinty, she served in various cabinet posts, until resigning to run in the Liberal leadership race when McGuinty announced his resignation in 2012. Wynne replaced McGuinty as premier and leader of the Liberal Party upon her victory of the leadership, and subsequently led the party to a majority government victory in the 2014 Ontario provincial election.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: As premier, Wynne notably introduced free prescription drug coverage for children, increased minimum wage to $14 an hour and introduced free post-secondary tuition for families making under $50,000. Controversially, her government introduced a reformed sex education curriculum, brought in a cap-and-trade pollution pricing regime with Quebec and California, and privatized Hydro One.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne sought another mandate in the 2018 provincial election, however, she conceded midway into the election and acknowledged her party would not form government again. The Liberals would lose official party status in the worst defeat of a governing party in Ontario history. Wynne subsequently resigned as Liberal leader on election night and was succeeded by Ottawa South MPP John Fraser as interim party leader. Wynne formally resigned as premier on June 29, 2018. She held her seat in the Legislative Assembly and continued to sit as an MPP until 2022, when she did not contest the provincial election and retired from politics.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Kathleen O'Day Wynne was born on May 21, 1953, in Toronto, to Dr. John B. Wynne and Patsy O'Day. Her mother was a musician who grew up in Nassau in the Bahamas before immigrating to Canada.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at Queen's University and a Master of Arts degree in linguistics from the University of Toronto. She achieved a Master of Education degree in adult education from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (University of Toronto). She was a member of the discipline committee of the Ontario Society of Psychotherapists from 1997 to 2000.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne served as president of the Toronto Institute of Human Relations. In 1996, she helped found Citizens for Local Democracy, which opposed the amalgamation of Metropolitan Toronto undertaken by the Progressive Conservative (PC) government of Premier Mike Harris. She founded the Metro Parent Network (later renamed the Toronto Parent Network) which supports improvements in the province's public education system and has participated in numerous other community endeavours.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Prior to her coming out as a lesbian at age 37 she was married to Phil Cowperthwaite, with whom she had three children. She now lives with her second spouse, Jane Rounthwaite, whom Wynne has stated is to be referred to as her "partner" (rather than "wife"). They were married in July 2005 at Fairlawn Avenue United Church in Toronto. Wynne is a member of the United Church of Canada.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne first ran for trustee in 1994 in ward 12 but was defeated by Ann Vanstone. In 2000, she ran again and was elected as a trustee for the Toronto District School Board in ward 8. During the campaign, she was labelled an "extremist lesbian" in literature distributed by the "Concerned Citizens of North York and North Toronto". This was the ratepayer group that later supported Karen Stintz in her campaign against local councillor Anne Johnston. Wynne strongly opposed cuts to public education mandated by the Progressive Conservative government.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In 2001, Wynne helped pass a measure encouraging public schools to purchase teaching materials reflecting the presence of gay and lesbian parents in modern society. In December 2001, she ran for chair of the school board but was defeated by Donna Cansfield in a 12–10 vote.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne was a co-founder with John Sewell of Citizens for Local Democracy, a grassroots group that opposed the 1999 amalgamation of the old City of Toronto with the rest of Metropolitan Toronto. She attempted to enter provincial politics on the strength of her grassroots work and sought the Liberal nomination in St. Paul's for the 1999 provincial election but was defeated for the party nomination by Michael Bryant by a margin of 328 votes to 143. She was elected to the school board the following year, and in 2003, became the Liberal nominee in Don Valley West. In the 2003 provincial election, she defeated Progressive Conservative cabinet minister David Turnbull by over 5,000 votes and became MPP for her riding. The Liberals won the election, and Wynne was appointed parliamentary assistant to Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities Mary Anne Chambers, in October 2003. In October 2004, she was appointed parliamentary assistant to Minister of Education Gerard Kennedy.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: From June 2005 to November 2005 she served as a member of the Select Committee on Electoral Reform, which recommended "that the referendum be binding upon a vote of 50% + 1, and the support of 50% + 1 in at least two-thirds (i.e., 71) of the ridings or any other formula that ensures the result has support from Northern, rural, and urban areas of the Province", although the cabinet subsequently decided on 100.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On September 18, 2006, she was promoted to minister of education in a cabinet shuffle occasioned by the resignation of Joe Cordiano from the Legislature. She was the province's first openly lesbian cabinet minister and only the second openly LGBT cabinet minister after Deputy Premier George Smitherman. On January 18, 2010, she was moved to minister of transportation and in 2011 she was appointed minister of municipal affairs and housing and minister of aboriginal affairs.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In the 2007 provincial election, Wynne was challenged by the PC leader John Tory. Tory, who was elected to Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey (former PC leader Ernie Eves' riding) in a by-election, was seeking a seat in a Toronto-area riding. Though it was projected to be a close race, Wynne was re-elected with 50.4 percent of the popular vote, defeating Tory, who came in second with 39.7 percent of the popular vote.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Premier Dalton McGuinty announced on October 15, 2012, that he would resign as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and premier of the province once his successor was chosen.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On November 2, 2012, Wynne resigned her cabinet post and three days later launched her bid for the leadership of the party. Wynne was seen as having the strongest on-the-ground organization among the seven candidates, and along with former MPP Sandra Pupatello, and was one of the front runners. She had the most supporters running to be delegates at the convention, with 1,533, and was the only candidate to have supporters in place in all 107 of the province's ridings. Days before members were to begin electing delegates Glen Murray announced he was exiting the leadership race and endorsed Wynne's candidacy. Despite running with the most supporters for delegate positions Wynne placed second, with 468 delegates, behind Pupatello who had 509 delegates. Pupatello was also believed to have the most support among "ex officio" delegates, which are MPPS, MPs (members of parliament), defeated candidates and other Liberal insiders, and was expected to increase her lead over Wynne on the first ballot at the convention.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: At the convention on January 26, 2013, she used her speech to discuss repairing relations with teachers, working with opposition parties, and took aim at her main rival Pupatello, who did not hold a seat, by saying that she was ready to govern and would recall the legislature on February 19. Wynne also addressed her sexuality saying; "When I ran in 2003, I was told that the people of North Toronto and Thorncliffe Park were not ready to elect a gay woman. Well, apparently they were." She went on to say that "I don't believe the people of Ontario judge their leaders on the basis of race, colour or sexual orientation – I don't believe they hold that prejudice in their hearts."


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: When the first ballot results were announced Wynne received 597 votes, trailing Pupatello by only two votes. Eric Hoskins received the fewest votes of the six candidates and was therefore eliminated. Hoskins threw his support behind Wynne while fourth place candidate Harinder Takhar announced he was endorsing Pupatello. On the second ballot Pupatello's lead grew to 67 votes over Wynne. Takhar, whose name was left on the second ballot, finished last and was eliminated from the race. Gerard Kennedy and Charles Sousa, who finished third and fourth respectively, withdrew from the race and both endorsed Wynne. With the support of both Kennedy and Sousa, her win was all but guaranteed on the third ballot. When the results of that ballot were announced Wynne received 57 per cent of the votes compared to 43 per cent for Pupatello.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne was sworn in as premier of Ontario on February 11, 2013, becoming the province's first female premier, and the first premier in Canada to be openly gay. After 4 months prorogation of the legislature, Wynne resumed the house on February 17, 2013.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: After being sworn in as premier, Wynne quickly became embroiled in the Ontario power plant scandal, which had developed under the administration of her predecessor, Premier Dalton McGuinty. Opposition parties accused Wynne of having a role in the McGuinty government's costly decision to cancel the construction of gas plants in Mississauga and North-East Oakville in 2011, when she was co-chair of the Liberal campaign. Wynne denied that she was involved in the gas plant meetings or in the decision to cancel the plants, and asked the auditor general to investigate the cost of cancelling the plants. After months of investigation, the auditor general released their report on the gas plants in October 2013, suggesting the cancellation of both gas plants could cost taxpayers as much as $1.1 billion. After the report was released by the auditor general, Wynne admitted the gas plant relocations "shouldn't have happened". She apologized, vowing to ensure that "this doesn't happen again".


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In February 2013, the legislative committee that had been investigating the gas plants cancellation prior to McGuinty's resignation and prorogation of the legislature in October resumed its work. Wynne called for the release of all documents related to the decision to the legislature's Justice Committee, and agreed to testify before the committee, while continuing to deny that she was involved in the decision to cancel the plants. Appearing before the committee in April 2013, Wynne testified she had had no role in the decision to cancel the plants, and had learned of the decision to cancel the plants through media reports.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In June 2013, opposition parties called on the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) to open an investigation into new allegations that staffers in Premier McGuinty's office had deleted emails regarding the gas plants. On June 7, the OPP launched a criminal investigation into the deletion of the emails, after the Privacy Commissioner ruled that the gas plant emails were illegally deleted. In April 2014, OPP investigators stated that there was no evidence that the premier had been involved in the deletion of emails related to the gas plants, and that the Premier was not the subject of their investigation, which was instead focused on staffers and bureaucrats who had worked in Premier McGuinty's office.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On March 24, 2014, Wynne introduced a piece of legislation called the "Public Sector and MPP Accountability and Transparency Act", which implemented a wide range of new measures designed to increase government accountability and transparency. Among other things, the act required all MPPs, cabinet ministers, parliamentary assistants, opposition leaders, and their respective staff to post their expense reports online, expanded the powers of the integrity commissioner and ombudsman, and introduced a fine of $5,000 for the willful destruction of government records. While Wynne declined to characterize the act as a rebuke to McGuinty and those who had been involved in deletion of gas plant-related emails, the act was widely seen as a response to the gas plants controversy and other controversies over government officials' and public sector employees' expenses.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In April 2014, Wynne launched a libel lawsuit against PC MPP Lisa MacLeod and Party Leader Hudak after they said that she "oversaw and possibly ordered the criminal destruction of [gas plant] documents". In July 2015, Wynne, MacLeod and Hudak reached an agreement whereby the lawsuit was dropped. They said in a joint statement, "Politics is not for the thin-skinned. However, our system also requires that politicians act honestly and based on fact, while respecting the views of others ... In the lead-up to the last election the debate went beyond differences over our approach and at times became personal. The lawsuit between us, and the comments that led to it, did not reflect our view that the other is in fact a great mother/father, an honourable person and a dedicated public servant." The statement avoided any apology or placement of blame.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In 2016, Kathleen Wynne decided to sell 30 percent of Hydro One, an electric utility Crown corporation, to private owners. The owners are free to increase prices and to sell up to 60 percent of the government's total shares. Wynne used approximately four billion dollars of the nine billion dollars which the shares were sold for to pay off government debt before the next election, and the other five billion dollars to the Trillium Trust to improve transit lines and to build infrastructure. Wynne faced major backlash for the privatization of Hydro One. Approximately 67 percent of Ontario citizens did not agree with the privatization, and her approval rating dropped to 14 percent, the lowest of any premier in Ontario's history.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On March 21, 2013, Wynne introduced her government's first budget with measures that included a $295 million investment into a youth jobs strategy to help tackle high youth unemployment rate, reducing auto insurance rates by 15 per cent to save motorists $225 a year, $260 million investment to boost home care health services for 46,000 seniors, $45 million investment into an Ontario Music Fund to help Ontario musicians, a $200 per month earnings exemption for those on Ontario Works and Ontario Disability Support Program, $5 million into First Nations education, elimination of the employers health tax exemption for large companies, postponed tax cuts for big businesses, extended the capital cost allowance for machinery and equipment, increased the Ontario Child Benefit from $1,100 to $1,310 per year to support low-income families and other economic measures.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Critics called the budget a lavish expenditure in order to gain support from the New Democratic Party (NDP) for the budget. PC leader Tim Hudak had earlier said that he would not support the budget regardless of its contents. He said, "the sooner there's a change in government, the better it is to give hope to people in the province who have lost hope." On June 11, 2013, the budget passed by a vote of 64–36 with NDP support and all 36 PC members voting against it.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Kathleen Wynne's involvement with the administration of grade school and post-secondary education was largely marked by labour disruptions and teachers strikes. Wynne immediately started new collective bargaining negotiations with the Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario (ETFO) after a year of labour distress that had culminated in the "Putting Students First Act, 2012", which had suspended collective bargaining rights, imposed contracts on teachers and suspended the right to strike.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On April 8, 2014, the Wynne government reached a new bargaining agreement with the teachers unions and passed the "School Boards Collective Bargaining Act, 2014", which restored their bargaining rights, the right to strike, kept the wage freeze on teachers, eliminated the retirement gratuity for teachers, and assigned her provincial government control over funding for schools and programs. The legislation also gave the minister of education the power to audit school boards if disclosure of spending was not provided. Wynne established the Premier's Youth Advisory Council to advise the premier on issues facing youth.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In February 2015, her government introduced changes to the sex education curriculum, which has not been updated since 1998, in public schools. However, these changes were met with controversy and criticism not only by the opposition parties but among parents and conservatives; in one instance, some schools were empty as some parents pulled their children out in protest of these changes. In her final year as premier, Wynne also introduced back to work legislation for two different strikes by post-secondary educators, where the unions complained of precarious working conditions and predatory wages, in some cases caused by chronic under-funding from the provincial government. Her legislation to force an end to the strikes succeeded in the first case, but failed in the second.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On January 30, 2014, Wynne announced her government increased the minimum wage from $10.25 to $11 after four years of freeze on the rate and introduced legislation to ensure future increases to the minimum wage to keep up with the CPI (Consumer Price Index). Wynne also announced a partnership with Cisco Canada that would create 1,700 new jobs. Prior to these announcements, Wynne had announced tax relief for small businesses by increasing the employers' health-tax exemption from $400,000 to $450,000.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Between late October and early November 2014, Wynne went on a trade mission to China along with other provincial premiers. Subsequently, the trade mission attracted approximately a billion dollars worth of investment and 1,800 new jobs to Ontario.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: After Honda announced plans to invest $857 million in 3 plants, Wynne also announced that her government would invest 10 percent of the total invested by Honda.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: By the end of 2015, the unemployment rate in Ontario had become lower than the national average. The Conference Board of Canada also found that Ontario's economy had the second strongest growth rate of all provinces in 2015 behind British Columbia (BC), and was projected to be in the top 3 for 2016 among BC and Manitoba.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Throughout the spring of 2014, there was widespread speculation that a general election would be triggered upon the presentation of the 2014–15 provincial budget, due to recent gains in by-elections by the NDP, whose support was required for the Liberal government's budget to pass. On May 1, 2014, the Wynne government handed down its budget, which was described as "NDP-friendly" by many pundits. One Queen's Park columnist called the budget, "the most progressive one this province has seen since [former NDP leader] Bob Rae was Premier." In it, the Liberals projected a $12.5 billion deficit for the 2014-15 fiscal year, with an attempt to eliminate the deficit by 2017–18. The budget included wage increases for home care and child care workers were announced, a $29 billion transportation plan to fund roads, bridges, and transit around the province, an Ontario Registered Pension Plan, which would act as a supplement to the Canada Pension Plan, higher taxes on high income earners, and increased fees for cigarettes and airplane fuel, among others.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: The budget was contingent on NDP support, as the PCs had already indicated that they would vote against it. While NDP leader, Andrea Horwath, had, during the last two budget negotiations in 2012 and 2013, spent some time reviewing the budget and talking to her supporters before revealing how her party would vote, this time she almost immediately announced the NDP would not support the budget, thus sending the province into a general election. The day after the budget was read, Wynne went to the lieutenant governor to dissolve the Legislature and trigger an election, rather than wait for her budget to be voted down on the floor of the Legislature. The timing of the election was peculiar, in that past provincial elections in Ontario were called on a Wednesday and then held four weeks later on a Thursday. However, because Horwath announced on a Friday that she would not be supporting Wynne's budget, the writs were officially dropped on the following Wednesday and the election would not be for five weeks because of a Jewish holiday on the fourth Thursday. The election was called for Thursday, June 12, 2014, resulting in a longer campaign than in the past.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: While pundits had predicted the Ontario election to be a wild card three-way race between the Liberals, PCs and NDP, the first two weeks of the campaign saw the polls stabilize into a narrow two-party race between Wynne's Liberals and Tim Hudak's PCs, with the NDP falling into a distant third. The first public poll of the campaign, conducted by Forum Research, showed the PCs ahead in the popular vote, but the Liberals likely on track to retain a minority government.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne ran a fairly controversy-free campaign, although her performance in the televised leaders' debate on June 3 was criticized by pundits as being weak and she was on the defensive for many of the scandals that had plagued her predecessor, Dalton McGuinty. The NDP's slow start and public internal rift over the party's decision to reject Wynne's budget coupled with the unpopularity of Hudak's 100,000 job cut pledge helped Wynne throughout the campaign. She began to eat away at the NDP's traditional left-wing support, especially in and around Toronto, and the controversies over some of Hudak's economic policies hurt him among centrist voters across the province. Furthermore, Wynne ran hard near the end of the campaign on the premise that in a close election, the Liberals were the only party who were in a position to defeat the PCs. The Liberals ran ads in the final weeks of the campaign warning voters that a vote for the NDP would be a vote for the PCs as it would further divide the anti-Hudak vote (who was quite unpopular among a broad swath of Ontario voters). This tactic was similar to what the federal Liberals were successful at doing during the 2004 federal election, where the party pushed hard for strategic voting to stop the federal Conservatives, led by Stephen Harper. In fact, many of the top campaign operatives during Wynne's election worked on the 2004 federal Liberal campaign.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne's Liberals were only endorsed by one major newspaper, the "Toronto Star", while most other news organizations endorsed the Hudak PCs. There was controversy that emerged regarding "The Globe and Mail'"s election endorsement. According to an online leak, a majority of the members of the editorial board were prepared to endorse the Liberals, but were overruled by upper management. There was also controversy surrounding a cartoon in the Sun newspapers during the final week of the campaign that showed a pair of broken glasses, presumably Wynne's, smashed on the ground with a smattering of blood. The cartoon received near universal condemnation for projecting the image that abusing women was somehow accepted in society. Nevertheless, in the final week of the campaign, Wynne led most public opinion polls, some of which projected a majority Liberal government on June 12, though notably the final polls of the campaign predicted different results. One pollster, Ipsos Reid, still projected on the final day of the campaign that the PCs were ahead among likely voters, and that the NDP and Liberals were tied at around 30 percent.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On election day, Wynne's Liberals led province-wide all night as they captured a fourth term in office, and moved from minority to majority government. However, the election results proved to be mixed:


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: It was observed after the election, that her sexual orientation was treated as a complete non-issue during the campaign with Wynne subject to no significant comment because of that personal detail. On July 2, Wynne re-convened the Ontario Legislature to pass the budget that had been introduced, but not voted on, prior to the writs being dropped for the election.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Kathleen Wynne, under the advice of Ed Clark, partially privatized Hydro One and reformed the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario's "Liquor Licence Act" to allow the sale of six-packs of beer in Ontario grocery stores, the latter of which was the result of a "Toronto Star" exclusive on the anti-competitive practices made by the privately owned Beer Store.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne also put transit expansion front and centre in the budget. On April 21, 2015, Wynne announced that the provincial government would foot the entire bill for the construction of the Hurontario–Main LRT in the Region of Peel, to connect Mississauga with Brampton, a major infrastructure project in one of the fastest growing regions of the province.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On May 26, 2015, Wynne announced that the provincial government would fund 100 percent of the costs to build a LRT system in Hamilton. Wynne announced that $1 billion would be allocated for the project, with construction slated to get underway in 2019. Wynne also announced the extension of the Lakeshore GO Line from downtown Hamilton to a new station at Centennial Parkway in Stoney Creek.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: The 2016 budget projected $133.9 billion in spending resulting in a deficit of $4.3 billion for 2016–17, with a return to a balanced budget in 2017–18. The province unveiled its climate change plan, which will see a phased-in cap-and-trade plan that will be similar to schemes in California and Quebec. As a result, gasoline prices will increase 4.3 cents per litre in 2017; natural gas rates are to rise 3.3 cents per cubic metre. In education, the provincial government announced it will provide free college/university tuition for students from families with an annual household income less than $50,000.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In June 2016, a Forum Research Poll reported that Wynne's approval rating had dropped from a high of 40 percent to 18 percent. In September 2016, a Forum Research poll reported that the Progressive Conservatives enjoyed 45 percent support. Wynne's Liberals enjoyed 25 percent support, slightly ahead of the provincial New Democrats at 23 percent.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In March 2017 the Angus Reid Institute reported that her job approval rating had fallen to 12 per cent, the lowest ever recorded.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne has faced negativity on social media outlets, such as Twitter and Facebook. Although most of the negative tweets express anger solely about her record as premier, some include sexist and/or homophobic slurs. Her sexual orientation is said to have made her more vulnerable to these abuses. Although Wynne faces sexist and homophobic abuse, she was confident that the situation can change "but it’s going to mean that people are going to have to speak up".


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: During an Alberta legislative session in May 2016, Wynne appeared as a special guest in the Alberta Legislature. During this session, Wildrose Party MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) and finance critic Derek Fildebrandt attacked her economic policies by calling Ontario a "fiscal basket case". When the Wildrose party expressed "regret" over his comments, one of his constituents made a homophobic comment on Fildebrandt's Facebook page, which he responded to by saying that he was "proud of constituents like you". Afterwards, Wynne spoke out against the party, stating that they were "out of step" with reality. Fildebrandt was expelled from the Wildrose caucus, but was later re-admitted, after he apologized and claimed that his support of the homophobic comment on Facebook had been "an honest mistake". Wynne accepted his apology via an interview with the "Toronto Star".


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In 2016, the government spent almost $800,000 in rebates for electric vehicles costing more than $100,000. In 2017, the rules were changed so that electric vehicles with price tags of between $75,000 to $150,000 were made eligible for rebates of up to $14,000. In March 2018, Wynne's government cancelled incentives for electric vehicles costing more than $75,000. In March 2017, the Liberal government announced "free tuition" for families earning less than $50,000 by updating the Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP). Ontario's minimum wage increased $2.40 from $11.60 to $14 effective from January 1, 2018. Wynne also planned to increase the minimum wage to $15 the following year. Also from January 1, 2018, Wynne made prescription drugs free for people aged 24 and under.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Wynne's Liberals headed into the 2018 provincial election campaign trailing far behind the PCs, led by former Toronto City Councillor Doug Ford. In early April, CBC News published their analysis of aggregate polls showing that Ford and the PCs were ahead of the other parties averaging 42.1 percent support, compared to 27.2 percent for the governing Liberals, 23.4 percent for the NDP and 5.7 percent for the Greens and with 11 Liberal MPPs announcing they would not be running for re-election or having already resigned their seats in the months leading up to the election.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: Voters were offered a "stark choice", according to Wynne, between "cutting and removing supports from people" with "billions in cuts", which she alleged the PCs would do if they won the election, and expanding investments in social programs such as pharmacare and childcare, which the Liberal platform promised.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: In March 2018, the Liberals tabled a pre-election budget in the provincial legislature which promised billions of dollars in new spending for free childcare and expanded dental care but replaced the government's previous balanced budget with a $6.7 billion deficit projected to last until 2024–2025. PC leader Doug Ford called the budget a "spending spree". Towards the end of the election, Wynne pledged to recall the legislature in order to legislate striking graduate students at York University back to work, which NDP leader Andrea Horwath stated was a violation of the students' constitutional rights.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On June 2, five days before the election, Wynne conceded that the Liberals would not win a fifth term, but she urged voters to vote for Liberal candidates in the election to ensure a PC or NDP minority. Nevertheless, the election resulted in a PC majority government with the NDP as official opposition. The Liberals lost almost half their vote from 2013 and were reduced to seven seats, their worst result since Confederation, and one short of the eight seats needed for official party status. Notably, the Liberals were decimated in the Golden Horseshoe; they won only three seats in Toronto, and lost all of their seats in the 905 region. They also won only one seat outside of Toronto and Ottawa. The seven-member rump caucus was also the only remnant of Wynne's cabinet. Wynne herself narrowly held onto her own riding of Don Valley West, winning by only 181 votes. She announced her resignation as Liberal Party leader on election night. On June 29, 2018, Wynne formally resigned as premier. Lieutenant Governor Elizabeth Dowdeswell appointed Doug Ford as her successor.


title: Kathleen Wynne

text: On October 20, 2020, Wynne announced that she will not be a candidate in the 43rd Ontario general election scheduled for 2022.


title: 2048: Nowhere to Run

text: 2048: Nowhere to Run (known in China and Taiwan as 2048: No Escape or 2048: Nowhere to Escape; alternatively known as Blade Runner 2048) is a 2017 American neo-noir science fiction short film acting as a prequel to the feature film "Blade Runner 2049" and the sequel to the short film "". It is one of three such prequels, alongside "Blade Runner Black Out 2022" and "". The short was released on September 16, 2017, approximately three weeks before the release of the feature film, and features Dave Bautista as "Blade Runner 2049" character Sapper Morton, alongside Orion Ben. The film was written by Hampton Fancher and Michael Green, who also wrote the feature film, and directed by Luke Scott, whose father Ridley Scott directed the original "Blade Runner" and is executive producer on the sequel "Blade Runner 2049".


title: 2048: Nowhere to Run

text: The film takes place in Los Angeles in 2048, one year before the events of "Blade Runner 2049", and tells the story of Morton's protecting of a mother and daughter from thugs, ultimately leading to his status as a replicant being reported.


title: 2048: Nowhere to Run

text: In Los Angeles, in 2048, Sapper Morton is shown weeping hysterically into a mirror. He washes his face in a sink and puts on his glasses. Walking through a crowded street, he is briefly accosted by a group of thugs, whom he ignores. Greeted by Ella, he gives her the book "The Power and the Glory" to read, a book that he enjoyed. Leaving, Sapper goes to a market to sell leeches he has farmed, being paid $3,000, which is $1,000 less than Sapper needs. After leaving the market, Sapper sees Ella and her mother about to be sexually assaulted by the group of thugs he had earlier ignored. Angered, Sapper proceeds to savagely beat the group and kills most of them, demonstrating superhuman strength and endurance in the process. Seeing Ella and her mother terrified at the violence, a remorseful Sapper leaves the scene, having dropped his identification papers. A spectator, having watched Sapper earlier, calls the LAPD to inform them that he thinks he has found a rogue "skin-job".


title: 2048: Nowhere to Run

text: The Chinese version of the film has a prologue consisting of a wall of text before the film begins. The text explains that replicant production was banned after "the Blackout" in 2022, leading to the bankruptcy of the Tyrell Corporation; additionally, the text explains that the Earth's ecosystem has been on the brink of collapse since the mid-2020s. Niander Wallace, the blind CEO of the Wallace Corporation, is explained to have acquired the Tyrell Corporation, and have begun to develop a new generation of replicants to serve as a slave force to help rebuild the Earth's environment. This prologue previously appeared before "Blade Runner" short film "".


title: 2048: Nowhere to Run

text: On August 29, 2017, it was announced that Denis Villeneuve had selected various filmmakers to direct three short films exploring incidents that occurred between the events of "Blade Runner" and "Blade Runner 2049". The second film, "2048: Nowhere to Run" is directed by Luke Scott, and follows Nexus-8 replicant Sapper Morton as he protects a mother and daughter from thugs. Scott previously directed "".


title: 2048: Nowhere to Run

text: "2048: Nowhere to Run" was met with appreciation for providing Dave Bautista with a role worthy of his talents.


title: TheFatRat

text: Christian Friedrich Johannes Büttner (born 1 June 1979), known professionally as TheFatRat, is a German DJ, record producer and musician. His genre is often described as "glitch-hop". He is best known for his 2016 extended play "Jackpot" which reached 23 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart. He peaked at 15 on Billboard's Next Big Sound chart in February 2015.


title: TheFatRat

text: Büttner began producing music in 2001 under his real name. He began by making background music for television, radio and advertisements and produced music for DJs.


title: TheFatRat

text: In 2010, Büttner produced the song Mignon Mignon for René la Taupe, which became a number-one single in France. Around that time, he also produced the song "Audubon Ballroom" on Lupe Fiasco's album "", which charted at #5 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: TheFatRat

text: In July 2011, he began making solo music under the pseudonym TheFatRat, a nickname given to him in his youth. His career began with the release of his first EP, "Do Be Do Be Do".


title: TheFatRat

text: By 2016, Büttner's music was used in over 1.5 million YouTube videos. His single "Unity" was included on the album "Sounds of Syndication Vol. 1" curated by Tom Cassell, one of the most subscribed streamers on Twitch.


title: TheFatRat

text: In November 2016, Büttner released his second EP, "Jackpot" on the Universal Music label. The EP reached #23 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart. In December 2016, Büttner started a record label, The Arcadium, in collaboration with Universal Music.


title: TheFatRat

text: In June 2017, he released the single "Fly Away" featuring vocalist Anjulie. In July, he performed at the Electric Forest Festival. In October 2017, he released the single "Oblivion" featuring vocalist Lola Blanc.


title: TheFatRat

text: In March 2018, he released the single "MAYDAY". In July 2018, he released "Warrior Songs", a music pack for the video game "Dota 2", which has been made available in the game as of 13 September 2018, according to Matthew "Cyborgmatt" Bailey, director of operations of Team Secret.


title: TheFatRat

text: In December 2018, he posted a video about how YouTube's content ID system is "broken", as one anonymous user known as Ramjets claimed all the earnings for his song "The Calling" and YouTube refused to settle the dispute. The claim was removed by YouTube later.


title: TheFatRat

text: In February 2020, "Redbull.com" made a 10-minute documentary about Büttner and his career titled, "TheFatRat: Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Him". They released this within their article, "TheFatRat: Meet the EDM DJ who's elevated video game music to high art."


title: TheFatRat

text: On 7 February 2020, Büttner released a sci-fi music video on YouTube starring himself and Maisy Kay for Büttner's song, "The Storm," which he performed with Kay. The music video was filmed in Iceland, with Surtshellir Cave on the first day, Hekla Mountain on the second day, and Hjörleifshöfði on the third and final day. Accompanying the music video is a game for mobile dubbed "The Storm - Interactive", where one can play through the story of the video.


title: Mercedes-Benz GL-Class (X166)

text: The X166 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class is a full-sized luxury SUV produced from 2012 to 2019. It is the second generation model in the GL-Class range, and was renamed GLS as of the 2016 facelift.


title: Mercedes-Benz GL-Class (X166)

text: The X166 GL-Class debuted at the 2012 New York International Auto Show and later went on sale in September 2012. Compared to its predecessor, the GL-Class is taller, wider, longer, and up to lighter.


title: Mercedes-Benz GL-Class (X166)

text: Standard equipment includes the COMAND system with a 5.8-inch display, LED headlights, and an adaptive air suspension for up to of ground clearance. Options include soft close doors, rear-seat infotainment displays, 20 and 21-inch wheel options, and an off-road package that adds an increased ride height, a skid plate, and a low-range gearbox. The GL-Class is also available with driver assistance systems such as active cruise control, lane-departure warning, and blind-spot monitoring systems.


title: Mercedes-Benz GL-Class (X166)

text: The GL63 AMG was introduced at the 2013 Los Angeles Auto Show. It features a hand-built twin-turbocharged 5.5 L V8 that produces and . It is mated to a 7-speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT PLUS semi-automatic transmission, with Efficiency, Sport, and Manual modes. Additional features include upgraded brakes, a sports exhaust, AMG exterior and interior styling, 21-inch 5-spoke alloy wheels, and an air suspension system that automatically lowers the car at higher speeds. The engine was updated in 2016 and now produces and .


title: Mercedes-Benz GL-Class (X166)

text: The GL-Class model range was renamed to GLS to correspond with the new Mercedes naming scheme. The exterior now featured full LED tail-lights and a revised front fascia with updated LED headlights, grille, and bumpers. New exterior paint colours and alloy-wheel designs were also introduced.


title: Mercedes-Benz GL-Class (X166)

text: Interior changes include a revised instrument panel and new 3-spoke multifunction steering wheel, as well as an upgraded free-standing 8-inch COMAND system display with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto support.


title: Mercedes-Benz GL-Class (X166)

text: GL500 and GL63 AMG models received performance improvements, and the 7-speed automatic was replaced by the 9-speed 9G-Tronic transmission.


title: Lola Rodríguez (actress)

text: At age eleven, Lola Rodríguez Díaz came out as transgender, and was recognized as such at school. With the support of her parents, she began her transitioning process at thirteen. She was a psychology student in Portugal when she began acting.


title: Lola Rodríguez (actress)

text: In 2015 she was the first transgender minor candidate for Queen of the Carnival of Las Palmas with the fantasy "La vida es bella", sponsored by the Island Council. She followed in the footsteps of Isabel Torres, who had been the first trans woman candidate in 2005. Rodríguez was chosen fourth maid of honor. The same year, she participated in the Las Palmas LGBT pride demonstration, where she gave a speech.


title: Lola Rodríguez (actress)

text: In 2018, as part of the scheduled events of the Madrid LGBT pride parade, she wore a garment called the Amsterdam Rainbow Dress, made from the flags of countries where being a member of the LGBT community is illegal. In 2016 the dress was worn by Valentijn de Hingh.


title: Lola Rodríguez (actress)

text: Her first job in a television series was a starring role in Atresmedia's "Veneno", created by Javier Ambrossi and Javier Calvo based on the life of Cristina La Veneno, where she played a young Valeria Vegas.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: Borussia Dortmund II are the reserve team of Borussia Dortmund. They play in the 3. Liga, at Stadion Rote Erde. Until 2005, the team played as Borussia Dortmund Amateure.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: The second team of Borussia Dortmund initially played at the Kreisliga and was promoted to the Bezirksliga in 1957. After a third-place finish in 1957, they were promoted into the Landesliga Westfalen in 1964. In 1969, Borussia Dortmund II won the Landesliga Westfalen eight points clear of Teutonia Lippstadt, gaining promotion into the Westfalenliga, the highest amateur league in Westphalia at the time. Three years later, the team got relegated into the Landesliga, and even into the Bezirksliga in 1974.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: In 1977, the team gained promotion again into the Landesliga. In the 1977–78 season, the team finished fifth, missing out the promotion play-off by just two points. The team returned to the Westfalenliga in 1983 and went on to become one of the leading teams in the league. In 1987, Borussia Dortmund II finished three points ahead of SV Langedreer 04 and gained promotion into the Oberliga Westfalen. The team finished fourth on the table in 1989, 1991 and 1993, before finishing eighth in 1994, missing out promotion into the then newly established Regionalliga West/Südwest.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: Meanwhile, the team reached the final of the 1991 Westphalia Cup, losing 1–6 against Arminia Bielefeld. Because of that, the team was eligible for the first and only time for the DFB Cup. The team met 1. FC Saarbrucken in the first round of the 1991/92 season, with the Saarland club going through at 5–2 in front of 1,800 fans at the Stadion Rote Erde.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: Borussia Dortmund continued to play in the Oberliga Westfalen and was runner-up behind FC Gütersloh in 1995. In 1998, under the guidance of coach Michael Skibbe, the team were crowned champions of Oberliga Westfalen with a ten-point advantage ahead of FC Schalke 04 II. In the following season in the Regionalliga, the team finished fourth last, inside the relegation zone. The team, however, avoided the drop, benefiting from the fact that two higher-ranked teams in Wuppertaler SV and FC 08 Homburg were relegated for failing to pay dues to the league. In 2000, under coach Edwin Boekamp, the team managed a mid-table finish and qualified for the newly created two-tier Regionalliga in the following season.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: The team was relegated at the end of the 2000/01 season, finishing second last but managed to gain promotion back into the league under coach Horst Koppel in the following season. After a fifth-place finish in the 2002/03 season, the team stayed in the Regionalliga for a further two years and was relegated back to the Oberliga at the end of the 2004/05 campaign only by a two-goal goal difference against Chemnitzer FC, who managed a goalless draw against the already-relegated KFC Uerdingen 05 in the last round. The team again staged a direct comeback the following season, this time under coach Theo Schneider. In the 2006/07 season, Borussia Dortmund II had more luck than two years ago and managed to avoid relegation on goal difference against Holstein Kiel in the league.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: In 2008, Borussia Dortmund II finished thirteenth in the Regionalliga and failed to qualify for the then newly created 3. Liga by a four-point margin. A year later, the team managed to win the Regionalliga West three points ahead of the 1. FC Kaiserslautern and secured promotion to the 3. Liga under coach Theo Schneider. Finishing third from bottom in the 2009/10 season, the team was relegated. In Summer 2011, David Wagner took over as coach of Borussia Dortmund II. With a 5–3 win at Wuppertaler SV Borussia on the final day of the 2011/12 season, the team gained promotion into the 3. Liga again.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: On 9 August 2014, the Stadion Rote Erde was sold out with 9,999 spectators for the first time in its history at a home match of Borussia Dortmund II. It was Matchday 4 of the 2014/15 3. Liga season at home against SSV Jahn Regensburg. The game was part of a family day and the inauguration of a fan shop near the stadium.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: On 5 June 2021, Borussia Dortmund II confirmed their promotion back to the 3. Liga, as they won the 2020–21 Regionalliga West with a 2–1 win over Wuppertaler SV.


title: Borussia Dortmund II

text: Borussia Dortmund II plays their matches at the Stadion Rote Erde, which has a capacity of 9,999 for league matches. The stadium belongs to the City of Dortmund. The stadium came under criticism several times due to inadequate space, lack of soil heating and the poor condition of the infrastructure. Because of this, Borussia Dortmund is considering the purchase of the stadium.


title: Martin Cahill

text: Martin "The General" Cahill (23 May 1949 – 18 August 1994) was an Irish crime boss from Dublin. He masterminded a series of burglaries and armed robberies, and was shot and killed while out on bail for kidnapping charges. The Provisional Irish Republican Army took responsibility for Cahill's murder but no one was ever arrested or formally charged.


title: Martin Cahill

text: The media referred to him by the sobriquet "The General". The name was also used by the media to discuss Cahill's activities while avoiding legal problems with libel. Cahill took particular care to hide his face from the media — he would spread the fingers of one hand and cover his face.


title: Martin Cahill

text: He was born in a slum district in Grenville Street in Dublin's north inner city, the second of twelve surviving children of Patrick Cahill, a lighthouse-keeper, and Agnes Sheehan. By the time he was in school, Martin and his older brother John were stealing food to supplement the family's income. In 1960, the family was moved to Captain's Road, Crumlin, as part of the Dublin slum clearances. Martin was sent to a Christian Brothers School (CBS) on the same road where he lived but was soon playing truant and committing frequent burglaries with his brothers. At 15, he attempted to join the Royal Navy, but was rejected, allegedly after offering to break into houses for them and because he had a criminal record.


title: Martin Cahill

text: At age 16, he was convicted of two burglaries and sentenced to an industrial school run by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate at Daingean, County Offaly. After his release, he met and married Frances Lawless, a girl from Rathmines, where his family was living.


title: Martin Cahill

text: With his brothers, he continued to commit multiple burglaries in the affluent neighbourhoods nearby, at one point even robbing the Garda Síochána depot for confiscated firearms. The Cahill brothers soon turned to armed robbery, and by the early 1970s Gardaí at the Dublin Central Detective Unit (CDU) had identified the Cahill brothers as major criminals, when they teamed up with the notorious Dunne gang in Crumlin to rob security vans conveying cash from banks.


title: Martin Cahill

text: In 1978, Dublin Corporation began preparing to demolish Hollyfield Buildings. Cahill, then serving a four-year suspended prison sentence, fought through the courts to prevent his neighbourhood's destruction. Even after the tenements were demolished, he continued to live in a pitched tent on the site. Finally, Ben Briscoe, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, paid a visit to his tent and persuaded him to move into a new house in a more upscale district of Rathmines.


title: Martin Cahill

text: Cahill and his gang stole gold and diamonds with a value of over IR£2 million (€2.55 million; €6.35 million in 2021, adjusted for inflation) from O'Connor's jeweller's in Harolds Cross (1983); the jeweller's subsequently was forced to close, with the loss of more than one hundred jobs. He was also involved in stealing some of the world's most valuable paintings from Russborough House (1986) and extorting restaurants and hot dog vendors in Dublin's nightclub district.


title: Martin Cahill

text: Fearing the increasing role that forensic science could play in detecting his robberies, in May 1982 Cahill had a bomb placed under the car of chief forensic scientist, James O'Donovan, partly disabling him.


title: Martin Cahill

text: In February 1988, a "Today Tonight" report identified Cahill as the man behind the O'Donovan bomb plot, the 1986 Beit (Russborough House) robbery and the robbery of O'Connors jewellery depot. As a result, PD leader Dessie O'Malley raised in the Dáil the revelations that Cahill owned such expensive property in Cowper Downs, despite having never worked, remarking that Cahill must have needed the extra wall space to "hang his artwork by the Dutch masters."


title: Martin Cahill

text: As a result, the Gardaí set up a Special Surveillance Unit (SSU), nicknamed "Tango Squad", to specifically target and monitor Cahill's gang on a permanent, 24/7 basis. Cahill was given the callsign Tango-1. The SSU also placed a direct presence on the estate at Cowper Downs, positioning a surveillance unit in the home of developer John Sisk, whose house backed onto Cahill's. Following the arrest of two of Cahill's associates in an attempted robbery, and resentful of the large Garda presence near his home, Cahill retaliated by ordering his men to slash the tyres of 197 cars on the night of 26 February 1988 (including 90 belonging to his neighbours in Cowper Downs). Cahill returned home to find his own Mercedes-Benz smashed.


title: Martin Cahill

text: In early 1993, John "The Coach" Traynor, met his boss Cahill, to provide him with inside information about the inner workings of the National Irish Bank (NIB) head office and branch at College Green, Dublin. Traynor told Cahill that the bank regularly held more than €10 million in cash in the building. The plan was to abduct NIB CEO Jim Lacey, his wife and four children and take them to an isolated hiding place. There, they would be held with fellow gang member Jo Jo Kavanagh, acting as a "hostage", who would frighten Lacey into handing over every penny stored in the bank's vaults.


title: Martin Cahill

text: On 1 November 1993, Cahill's gang seized Lacey and his wife outside his home in Blackrock. Whilst they were held at Lacey's home, Kavanagh was brought in and tied up, telling the family that he had been abducted two weeks before. On 2 November, Kavanagh drove Lacey to College Green to collect the ransom money, with Lacey eventually withdrawing IR£300,000 from an accessible cash machine. After the cash had been handed over to the gang, Kavanagh told Gardaí that the pair had been kidnapped and forced to take part in a robbery.