title: Commodification

text: Various subcultures have been argued to as having become commodified, for example the goth subculture, the biker subculture, the tattoo subculture, the witchcraft subculture, and others.


title: Commodification

text: Tourism has been analyzed in the context of commodification in the context of transforming local cultures and heritage into marketable goods. This is related to but distinct from the commodification of indigenous cultures. Rather than commodifying indigenous practices, the commodification of tourism removes local culture from the foreground, replacing it with profitability from non-residents. This may be in the form of entertainment, souvenirs, food markets, or others. Tourism leads, in part, to the commodification of indigenous cultures as people return from visits with partial ideas and representations of the culture.


title: Commodification

text: Many holidays such as Christmas, Halloween or Valentine's Day have been argued as having become commodified. The commodification of a holiday refers to making celebrations necessarily commercial and based on material goods, like gift giving, elaborate decorations, trick or treating, and card giving. Modern celebrations of many holidays are now more related to the commercial practices and profitable tactics than they are to the holiday's origins. For some holidays, like Halloween, there are arguments that the commodification of the original holiday turned it into the celebrations that people now love. The commodification of other holidays, like Christmas, sparks arguments about undoing the commercialization and getting back to the intended spirit of the holiday.


title: Commodification

text: The Marxist understanding of "commodity" is distinct from its meaning in business. Commodity played a key role throughout Karl Marx's work; he considered it a cell-form of capitalism and a key starting point for an analysis of this politico-economic system. Marx extensively criticized the social impact of commodification under the name commodity fetishism and alienation.


title: Commodification

text: Prior to being turned into a commodity, an object has a "specific individual use value". After becoming a commodity, that same object has a different value: the amount for which it can be exchanged for another commodity. According to Marx, this new value of the commodity is derived from the time taken to produce the good, and other considerations are obsolete, including morality, environmental impact, and aesthetic appeal.


title: Commodification

text: Marx claimed that everything would eventually be commodified: "the things which until then had been communicated, but never exchanged, given, but never sold, acquired, but never bought – virtue, love, conscience – all at last enter into commerce."


title: IDGAF (song)

text: "IDGAF" (an acronym for "I don't give a fuck") is a song by English-Albanian singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album (2017). The song was written by Lipa, MNEK, Larzz Principato, Skyler Stonestreet and Whiskey Water, with Koz handling the production. It was released for digital download and streaming on 12January 2018 as the eighth and final single from the album. A pop song, Lipa uses a deadpan vocal delivery, backed by an electro palm-muted electric guitar riff and a militaristic drum line. Lyrically, the song is about an ex-boyfriend who intends to get back with Lipa, before she sends him on his way.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: Several music critics complimented the strong production and post-breakup lyrics of "IDGAF". The song was viewed as a sequel to "New Rules", Lipa's previous single. It was nominated for British Single of the Year at the 2019 Brit Awards. Commercially, the song reached the top 10 of charts in 20 territories worldwide, including Croatia and Ireland where it reached the summit. On the UK Singles Chart the song peaked at number 3. It is certified multi-platinum in six countries. This includes double platinum awards in Italy, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as quadruple platinum in Australia and six times platinum in Canada.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: The music video for "IDGAF" accompanied its single release and was directed by Henry Scholfield. It features two versions of Lipa, a vulnerable romantic and an empowered spirit, who perform a dance battle against one and other with their respective girl groups. One group wears purple and the other wears orange. Several critics praised its self-love message and the choreography. The video was nominated for Best Choreography at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards and British Video of the Year at the 2019 Brit Awards. Lipa promoted the song with numerous live performances, including ones on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", and "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". Remixes by Anna of the North, Young Franco and featuring Saweetie were released for further promotion.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: "IDGAF" was written by Dua Lipa alongside MNEK, Larzz Principato, Skyler Stonestreet and Whiskey Water, with production from Koz. The song was originally written by MNEK and was later picked up by Lipa who made adjustments with him in the studio; she did this to make the lyrics more relevant to her. The rewrites took place in Los Angeles in February 2017. The song was one of the last songs recorded for Lipa's eponymous debut studio album (2017). Lipa was inspired after an ex-boyfriend who was really mean to her, messaged her saying "Hi" and expressing his enjoyment of her music, which made her think, "What gives him the right to call me now and see how I'm doing? Does he not realize the damage he's done?" Lipa stated that parts of the song are true and parts are false. The song was recorded at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles and the vocal recording and engineering took place at Sarm Music Village in London. Mixing was done by Josh Gudwin and mastering was handled by John Davis at Metropolis Studios in London.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: Musically, "IDGAF" is a pop song, running for 3 minutes and 36 seconds. The song is composed time and the key of E minor, with a tempo of 100 beats per minute and a chord progression of Em–D–G/Bm–C. The track is backed by an electro palm-muted electric guitar riff, a militaristic drum line, a piano and a multi-tracked chorus. Lipa uses a deadpan vocal delivery, ranging two octaves from D to D. Lyrically in "IDGAF", the female protagonist's former lover comes back and attempts to rekindling things with her, but she sends him on his way and makes sure he knows that she is not thinking about him. The song was viewed as a sequel to "New Rules", another song by Lipa.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: "IDGAF" was released through Warner Bros. Records on 2June 2017 as the fifth track on Lipa's eponymous debut studio album. In November of that year, Lipa confirmed that it would serve as a single, to be released in 2018 due to the rising success of "New Rules". On 8January 2018, she announced its official single release and revealed the cover art. The song was released for digital download and streaming on 12January 2018 as the eighth and final single from "Dua Lipa". The same day, a radio edit was digitally released. It was sent for radio airplay in Italy a week later. On 27February 2018, the song impacted contemporary hit radio formats in the United States as the album's fourth single in the country.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: On 23February 2018, a remix extended play (EP) was released which includes remixes by Hazers, Anna of the North, Darius and Young Franco. The Austrian, German and Swiss version of the EP added an additional remix by . A second remix EP was released on 4May 2018. It features the B-Case remix alongside remixes by Diablo and Rich Brian as well as Initial Talk. It also included a remix featuring Saweetie and an acoustic version. The Hazers and Initial Talk remixes appear on the Japanese special edition of "Dua Lipa" and the Japanese edition of the album's 2018 reissue, "". On 17July 2018, Lipa released a demo to YouTube of the song where she sings in French in the pre-chorus. The track was intended to be released to music platforms featuring Maître Gims, however went unreleased. A live version of the song is included on Lipa's "Deezer Sessions" EP as the third track, released on 11April 2019.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: Jamie Milton of "NME" labelled the song a "post-breakup punch," while "Dork"s Jamie Muir stated that it "[drops] the bubblegum sharpness." For "Clash", Alex Green categorized the drums as "crisp" and the lyrics "cutting," while calling it "likely the best track off the album." In AllMusic, Neil Z. Yeung called the song "cheeky" and compared it to the works of Ed Sheeran. He concluded by stating it is a "perfect anthem for anyone who has ever been burned by love." Sean Ward from "The 405", praised the song for being a "stadium stomper" and predicted it to be a "dormant hit," while also viewing it as "a bright indicator to the longevity of [Lipa's] chart domination." He concluded by labelling the chorus "gigantic," the hook "memorable," and praising those aspects for being "radio A-list whilst retaining a subtle cool."


title: IDGAF (song)

text: Ben Hogwood of "musicOMH" praised "IDGAF" for being "decisive" and Lipa's "don't mess" attitude, while commenting that it "[cuts] through the texture." For the "Evening Standard", Rick Pearson stated the song shows Lipa's "edgier side." Max Mazonowicz of "The Digital Fix" called melody "terrific" and the chorus "punchy" and "not safe for work." Sebas E. Alonso from "Jenesaispop" called the track a "hymn of self-sufficiency" and compared the guitar to "Shape of You" (2017) by Sheeran and TLC's "No Scrubs" (1999). In a negative review from "The Line of Best Fit", Claire Biddles thought the song felt "forced," further elaborating writing "like she's convincing herself that she doesn't care." She went on to call it a "relatable charade" that "falls a little flat," while also criticizing her lack of "carefree persona," unlike other tracks on "Dua Lipa". "IDGAF" was a winning song at the 2019 BMI Pop Awards and it was nominated for British Single of the Year at the 2019 Brit Awards.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: "IDGAF" debuted at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart issue dated 5January 2018. In its eighth week on the chart, the song peaked at number 3. It departed the chart 21 weeks later, lasting a total of 29 weeks on the chart. In May 2019, the song was awarded a double platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for track-equivalent sales of 1,200,000 units. On the Irish Singles Chart, the song debuted at number 92 on the issue dated 29December 2017. It eventually reached the summit of the chart the following month, and lasted a total of 24 weeks. Elsewhere in Europe, the song entered the top 10 in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, and Slovenia.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: In Australia, "IDGAF" entered the ARIA Singles Chart at number 23 on the chart issue dated 4February 2018. It peaked at number 3 on the charted issue dated 8 April 2018. It spent 9 weeks in chart's top 10 and a total of 21 weeks on the chart. The song performed similarly in New Zealand, debuting at number 38, and eventually lasting 2 weeks at its peak of 5. It received a platinum certification from Recorded Music New Zealand (RMNZ) and a four times multi-platinum award from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for selling 30,000 and 280,000 track-equivalent units, respectively. The song additionally entered the top 10 on official charts in Israel, Malaysia and Singapore.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: "IDGAF" debuted at number 92 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 issue dated 27January 2018. It eventually reached a peak of 49 on the chart issue dated 9June 2018. The song also reached the summit of the US Dance Club Songs chart, becoming her fourth number 1 on the chart. For adult contemporary and contemporary hit radio charts in the country, the song reached number 36 and 12 respectively on the Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts. It received a double platinum award from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for track-equivalent sales 2,000,000 units. It also entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number 29 and received a six times multi platinum award from Music Canada (MC) for selling 480,000 track-equivalent units.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: The music video for "IDGAF" premiered via YouTube on 12January 2018. It was directed by Henry Scholfield and uses VFX. Lipa described filming it as her "toughest and most challenging video to film," taking 22 hours to do so, using a single continuous tracking shot. Creative direction was handled by Mosaert while Marion Motin choreographed it.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: The video opens by panning around a solid-coloured lapis blue room, underneath a white oval light. Two versions of Lipa are seen wearing pantsuits with button down crop-tops underneath, one in purple and one in orange, with the orange having slicked-back hairdo and the blue having a tidy bun. They represent the vulnerable romantic and the empowered spirit stages that follow a break-up. Viewers are the slowly shown Lipa's backup dancers, who, like Lipa, have alternate versions that wear orange and purple. The two groups (orange and purple) begin shuffled between one and other, with the two versions of Lipa portraying an annoyed conversation. The two groups eventually take their respective colours side, with Lipa as the head. They begin to perform aggravated gestures and expressive choreography.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: The blue team jumps up, while the red team put their hands under their chins, pointing it at the blues. The blues walk to corner looking backwards while Lipa looks to the camera, with the group eventually walking towards the reds and lean over them. They all roll their shoulders before putting their hands in front of each other. The backup dancers then leave and the two Lipas are seen staring at each other while laying on the floor. When they are seen standing up again, they groups run up to the other, before each dancer takes a turn, spinning around their alter ego and going the way their alter ego came. The room turns back to a lapis blue light before the reds fall to the floor, watching the blues dance. The blue Lipa then turns towards the camera as the red one looks backwards at a closing door. The blue Lipa then kisses the red Lipa on the forehead. The doors open again and each group goes in separate lines to perform a dance, before joining as a full group to continue their dance. The visual closes with the two Lipas nodding at one and other before turning to face their group.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: In "V", Rayne H. Ellis summarized the video as "a clear tale of self-love and empowerment," while also praising its storyline. "Billboard" editor Nicholas Rice wrote that it sees Lipa "visualizing the internal struggle one faces through her hot and cold outfit color choices and interpretive dancing." Sara Cristiano of Much called the backup dancers "extremely talented" and compared their "realness" to Annie Lennox. "Teen Vogue"s Gabe Bergado labelled the dancers "stunning" and compared its ethos to that of "New Rules". Writing for "Rolling Stone", Ryan Reed viewed the video as "kinetic" and "heavily choreographed."


title: IDGAF (song)

text: Nora-Grayce Orosz from "Complex" stated that Lipa "bringing all the sass of her previous releases times two," and named the "[expert]" choreography "old-school." Reviewing for "Spin", Tosten Burks called the video "bold-hued." "Nylon"s Hafeezah Nazim complimented the "intense interpretative" choreography and regarded the video as a whole "a visual representation of Lipa's internal struggle with herself." The Staff for "Promotion Music News" commended the video for "perfectly [encapsulating] those struggles that one faces during a breakup," and for ending on a positive note. In his review for "Idolator", Mike Wass called the video "emo" and "striking," while Mar Maldonado of "Soundigest" viewed it as "unique" and "visually appealing."


title: IDGAF (song)

text: On 28 November 2019, Lipa—who's ethnically Kosovo Albanian—used a still from the music video, depicting the blue Lipa kissing the red Lipa on the forehead, to mark that year's Albanian Flag Day. The still was edited to show the coat of arms of Kosovo on the blue Lipa, and the coat of arms of Albania on the red Lipa.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: The "IDGAF" music video was nominated for British Video of the Year at the 2019 Brit Awards. At the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, it received a nomination for Best Choreography. The video was longlisted for Music Video of 2018 at the 44th People's Choice Awards in 2018, and won Best Pop Video – UK at the 2018 UK Music Video Awards. It was a winning video at the 2018 MTV Video Play Awards.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: Lipa performed "IDGAF" for the first time on 23June at the Glastonbury Festival 2017. The song was included on the setlist for Lipa's Self-Titled Tour (2017–18). Before performing it on the tour, a message that wrote "You are about to experience some explicit language and behaviour. This is a song for all the fuckboys that have done you wrong. If you would like to participate in the next activity please put your middle fingers up" appeared on the screen. Lipa performed it in a BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge performance in Los Angeles, released 21February 2018, with Charli XCX, Zara Larsson, Alma, and MØ performing backing vocals.


title: IDGAF (song)

text: Lipa performed "IDGAF" on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on 14March 2018. She wore an oversized suit and created several formations with her back up dancers, maneuvering around the stage. Lipa performed the song for "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on 20March 2018. She was accompanied by two backup singers and a full band and the song's lyrics appeared on the screen behind her as she sang. On 26July 2018, Lipa performed the song on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". It began with Lipa singing to her self in a mirror before being joined by four background dancers and a full band that included an electric guitarist.


title: Crown shyness

text: Crown shyness (also "canopy disengagement", "canopy shyness", or "inter-crown spacing") is a phenomenon observed in some tree species, in which the crowns of fully stocked trees do not touch each other, forming a canopy with channel-like gaps.


title: Crown shyness

text: The phenomenon is most prevalent among trees of the same species, but also occurs between trees of different species. There exist many hypotheses as to why crown shyness is an adaptive behavior, and research suggests that it might inhibit spread of leaf-eating insect larvae.


title: Crown shyness

text: The exact physiological basis of crown shyness is not certain. The phenomenon has been discussed in scientific literature since the 1920s. The variety of hypotheses and experimental results might suggest that there are multiple mechanisms across different species, an example of convergent evolution.


title: Crown shyness

text: Some hypotheses contend that the interdigitation of canopy branches leads to “reciprocal pruning” of adjacent trees. Trees in windy areas suffer physical damage as they collide with each other during winds. As the result of abrasions and collisions, there is an induced crown shyness response. Studies suggest that lateral branch growth is largely uninfluenced by neighbours until disturbed by mechanical abrasion. If the crowns are artificially prevented from colliding in the winds, they gradually fill the canopy gaps. This explains instances of crown shyness between branches of the same organism. Proponents of this idea cite that shyness is particularly seen in conditions conducive to this pruning, including windy forests, stands of flexible trees, and early succession forests where branches are flexible and limited in lateral movement. By this explanation, variable flexibility in lateral branches has a large bearing on degree of crown shyness.


title: Crown shyness

text: Similarly, some research suggests that constant abrasion at growth nodules disrupts bud tissue such that it is unable to continue with lateral growth. Australian forester M.R. Jacobs, who studied the crown shyness patterns in eucalyptus in 1955, believed that the trees' growing tips were sensitive to abrasion, resulting in canopy gaps. Miguel Franco (1986) observed that the branches of "Picea sitchensis" (Sitka spruce) and "Larix kaempferi" (Japanese larch) suffered physical damage due to abrasion, which killed the leading shoots.


title: Crown shyness

text: A prominent hypothesis is that canopy shyness has to do with mutual light sensing by adjacent plants. The photoreceptor-mediated shade avoidance response is a well-documented behavior in a variety of plant species. Neighbor detection is thought to be a function of several unique photoreceptors. Plants are able to sense the proximity of neighbors by sensing backscattered far-red light, a task largely thought to be accomplished by the activity of the phytochrome photoreceptors. Many species of plant respond to an increase in far-red light (and, by extension, encroaching neighbors) by directing growth away from the far-red stimulus and by increasing the rate of elongation. Similarly, blue light is used by plants to induce the shade-avoidance response, likely playing a role in the recognition of neighboring plants, though this modality was just beginning to be characterized .


title: Crown shyness

text: The characterization of these behaviors might suggest that crown shyness is simply the result of mutual shading based on well-understood shade avoidance responses. Malaysian scholar Francis S.P. Ng, who studied "Dryobalanops aromatica", suggested that the growing tips were sensitive to light levels and stopped growing when nearing the adjacent foliage due to the induced shade.


title: Crown shyness

text: A 2015 study has suggested that "Arabidopsis thaliana" shows different leaf placement strategies when grown amongst kin and unrelated conspecifics, shading dissimilar neighbors and avoiding kin. This response was shown to be contingent on the proper functioning of multiple photosensory modalities. A 1998 study proposed similar systems of photoreceptor-mediated inhibition of growth as explanations of crown shyness, though a causal link between photoreceptors and crown asymmetry had yet to be experimentally proven. This might explain instances of intercrown spacing that are only exhibited between conspecifics.


title: Behind the Curve

text: Behind the Curve is a 2018 documentary film about flat Earth believers in the United States. Directed by Daniel J. Clark, the film was released in the United States on November 15, 2018, and for wide release on Netflix in February 2019.


title: Behind the Curve

text: The documentary details ideas of the flat Earth from different perspectives, including prominent flat-Earthers Mark Sargent and Patricia Steere, as well as astrophysicists from universities including UCLA and Caltech. It features clips from the 2017 International Flat Earth Conference, held in North Carolina, US, which attracted hundreds of attendees.


title: Behind the Curve

text: "Behind the Curve" primarily focuses on flat Earth proponent Mark Sargent and his life as an active member of the flat Earth community. Sargent discusses his interpretation of flat Earth theory, and his role as an advocate, as well as his series of YouTube videos and podcasts. It also follows Sargent as he attends various flat Earth gatherings. Other flat Earth believers featured include Patricia Steere, creator of the podcast "Flat Earth and Other Hot Potatoes"; and Jeran Campanella and Bob Knodel, creators of the GlobeBusters YouTube channel.


title: Behind the Curve

text: Professionals in the scientific community, including astronaut Scott Kelly, are interviewed about their views on the flat Earth conspiracy theory, and to discuss the current scientific views on conspiracy theories and the possible consequences of a lack of critical thinking in society.


title: Behind the Curve

text: Throughout the film, flat Earth advocates discuss their experimental approaches to test the hypothesis that the Earth is flat. The results of which are discarded due to researcher bias. It also covers several conferences and meet-ups that the film's subjects attend, including the 2017 International Flat Earth Conference, held in Raleigh, North Carolina, US.


title: Behind the Curve

text: When director Clark was asked in an interview about lessons from the film he said, "my dream would be that when people watch it, they take flat Eartherism as an analogy to something they believe in, because it's so easy to demonize another group or another person for something they think but you're kind of just as guilty if you do that."


title: Behind the Curve

text: "Behind the Curve" was first released at Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Toronto, Canada, on April 30, 2018. It has since been screened at various film festivals around the world.


title: Behind the Curve

text: The film has received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the documentary holds a " Certified Fresh" approval rating based on reviews, with an average rating of .


title: Behind the Curve

text: Reviews described the film as "hilarious, informative, but pressing" and "empathetic", with several commentators praising its "humanistic look at some of the most ridiculed people in America."


title: Loïs Openda

text: Ikoma-Loïs Openda (born 16 February 2000) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lens and the Belgium national team.


title: Loïs Openda

text: Openda played as a youth for Patro Othee FC and RFC Liège before joining the youth academy of Standard Liège. In 2015, he moved to the academy of Club Brugge, where he made his senior debut on 10 August 2018 in the Belgian Pro League against Kortrijk. Openda replaced Jelle Vossen after 80 minutes.


title: Loïs Openda

text: On 21 July 2020, Openda joined Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse on a season-long loan deal. He scored his first goal for the club on 3 October, in a 3–0 win over Heracles Almelo. Vitesse reached the final of the KNVB Cup, but lost 1–2 to Ajax. Openda scored the only goal for the Arnhem-based team.


title: Loïs Openda

text: On 18 May 2022 Openda was named to the squad for the four 2022–23 UEFA Nations League matches on 3, 8, 10 and 13 June 2022 against Netherlands, Poland (twice) and Wales respectively.


title: Zastava M21

text: The Zastava M21 is a series of 5.56×45mm NATO rifles developed and manufactured by Zastava Arms in Serbia.


title: Zastava M21

text: The M21 is based on the Kalashnikov rifle, chambered in the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge. The current models use a 1.5mm thick stamped receiver. The M21 can incorporate picatinny rails for mounting accessories like optics, vertical grips, bipods, etc.


title: Zastava M21

text: The Zastava M21 is gas operated, long stroke piston with a rotating bolt locking system rifle. It features a hard chromium-plated, cold forged standard rifled or an optional polygonal rifled barrel, integrated 22mm flash hider grenade launcher, heavy-duty synthetic furniture with a polymer folding stock similarly to the AK-74M, and side optics rail as standard (optional adapter base for cover mounted picatinny rail also available). The rifle can also mount a 40mm under-barrel grenade launcher. It has a magazine capacity of 30 rounds. The cyclic rate of fire is 680 rounds per minute, and the sustained rate of fire is 120 rounds/min.


title: Zastava M21

text: The Zastava M21 uses a conventional barrel, while the Zastava M21B uses a polygonal barrel. The regular barrel has six grooves with a right-hand twist. An octagonal polygonal version is also available and has four grooves with a right-hand twist (M21B). Barrels are also hard chrome plated to provide a longer service life.


title: Zastava M21

text: The rifle has conventional iron sights that consist of a front post and a flip-up rear sight with 300m and 500m apertures. A set of picatinny rails on the hand guard can mount various optoelectronic devices. The M21 is a modular weapon, with configuration dependent on the task and mission.


title: Zastava M21

text: Choices of optical sights include "TELEOPTIK" (ON M04) and "ZRAK" (ON M04A). Optoelectronic devices include a reflex sight ("MARS" M04), two bookmark target lasers ("AIM2000" M04A and "INFIZ" M04), two passive monoculars (M04 MINI N/SEAS and "MARS" M04+MINI N/SEAS), passive sight ("SOVA" PN 3x50).


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Leroy Fletcher Prouty (January 24, 1917 – June 5, 2001) served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under President John F. Kennedy. A former colonel in the United States Air Force, he retired from military service to become a bank executive. He subsequently became a critic of U.S. foreign policy, particularly the covert activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), about which he had considerable inside knowledge.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on January 24, 1917, to Marie Ozias Desautels, age 32, and Leroy Flecther Prouty, a municipal government employee, age 28. He was the first child in a growing family and would eventually become one of five, with two brothers and two sisters.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: His first brother Robert Vincent was born one year later on May 9, 1918, and they were joined by a sister Muriel two years after that on September 28, 1920. Another baby girl joined the family on March 24, 1921, and was named Corinne Marie; she later went by Corinne Toole. The youngest of the Prouty children, a boy named Norman Peter, was born 1926. Corinne was his only sibling to survive him.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty married Elizabeth Ballinger on October 5, 1942, and with her he fathered three children: David Fletcher, Jane Elizabeth, Lauren Michele.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst (then known as Massachusetts State College), and on September 20, 1936, he was elected President of his freshman class, "the Class of 1940," succeeding Daniel G. Lacey. He later pursued his graduate studies in banking at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Graduate School of Banking.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty belonged to a handful of membership organizations: the National Defense Transportation Association, the American Bankers Association, the Tokyo Toastmasters Club, and the Army Navy Club.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty was commissioned as a reserve 2nd lieutenant in the cavalry on June 9, 1941, and began his military career with the 4th Armored Division in Pine Camp, New York. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on February 1, 1942. He transferred to the United States Army Air Forces on November 10, 1942, and earned his pilot wings that same month. He arrived in British West Africa in February 1943 as a pilot with Air Transport Command.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: In the summer of 1943 he was the personal pilot of General Omar Bradley, General John C. H. Lee and General C. R. Smith (founder and president of American Airlines), among others. He flew the U.S. Geological Survey Team in Saudi Arabia, October 1943, to confirm oil discoveries in preparation for the Cairo Conference. He was assigned to special duties at the Cairo Conference and the Tehran Conference November–December 1943. He flew Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese delegation (T. V. Soong's delegates) to Tehran.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: An important mission he was involved in was the evacuation of the British commandos made famous by the novel "Guns of Navarone" involved in the Battle of Leros from Leros to Palestine. He was promoted to captain on February 1, 1944. In 1945 he was transferred to the Southwest Pacific and flew in New Guinea, Leyte and was on Okinawa at the end of war. He landed near Tokyo at the time of the surrender with the first three planes carrying General Douglas MacArthur's bodyguard troops. He flew out with American POWs.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: After the war, Prouty accepted an assignment from the U.S. Army in September 1945 to inaugurate the ROTC program at Yale University, where he also taught during each scholastic year from 1946 to 1948. This timeline intersects with the years that George Bush and William F. Buckley, Jr. also spent at Yale. Prouty fondly recalled Buckley at that time in his role as editor of the Yale Daily News, and Prouty later told an interviewer in 1989 that he had written for Buckley on several occasions.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: In 1950 he transferred to Colorado Springs to build Air Defense Command. From 1952 to 1954 he was assigned to Korean War duties in Japan, where he served as Military Manager for Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) during the post-war U.S. occupation.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: In 1955 he was assigned to the coordination of operations between the fledgling U.S. Air Force and the CIA. As a result of a CIA commendation for this work he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the U.S. Air Force, promoted to colonel, and assigned to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Following the creation of the Defense Intelligence Agency and termination of the OSO by Secretary Robert McNamara, Prouty was transferred to the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and charged with the creation a similar organization on a global scale.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: From 1962 to 1963 he served as Chief of Special Operations with the Joint Staff. In an chance encounter with Edward Lansdale in the hallways of the Pentagon, a "month or two before" the assassination (as Prouty tells it), Lansdale informed Prouty he had arranged for him [Prouty] to accompany a group of VIPs to the South Pole from November 10 to 23, in the capacity of Military Escort officer.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: The ostensible purpose of the trip was the activation of a nuclear power plant at the United States Navy Base at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to provide heat, light, and sea water desalination. Prouty later described his confusion at the unusual assignment, but he expected the job to be a "paid vacation" and accepted the task.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty retired in 1964 as a colonel in the U.S. Air Force. As recognition of his long and distinguished career in the service of his country, he was awarded one of the first three Joint Service Commendation Medals by General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: He was a senior director of public affairs for Amtrak during the 1970s, and a director of the National Railroad Foundation and Museum. During this period he worked out of the Amtrak Corp. office in Washington, D.C.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty authored two major books during his life, "The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World" in 1973 and "" in 1992.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: He served alongside friend and fellow researcher Eustace Mullins as contributing editor for a conspiracy magazine titled "Criminal Politics".


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty also published articles in a wide variety of publications, from pornographic magazines to peer-reviewed journals to academic textbooks, illustrating the wide diversity in his intended audiences for different writings. His areas of expertise were cultivated by direct experience as well as research, and they range from railroads to assassinations to transportation to military strategy and logistics.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: His writings even include entries on Railroad Engineering and Foreign Railroad Technology for McGraw-Hill's "Scientific Encyclopedias" and "Scientific Yearbooks", as well as contributions to ROTC textbooks.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: In the early 1980s, Prouty's services as an expert witness were retained by the legal team of the Church of Scientology to act as consultant in the investigation of L. Ron Hubbard's military record.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: By early 1985, Hubbard's naval record was again the subject of increasing scrutiny. Julie Christofferson Titchbourne of Portland, Oregon brought her case against the Church at that time, and Scientology's lawyers again turned to Prouty to help them manage the public relations fallout. Prouty was forthcoming with an affidavit on their behalf by February. In it, he stated his belief that the records released by the U.S. Navy documenting Hubbard's service in the armed forces "are incomplete ... those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked."


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: "...to provide proof of the fact that the records, data and related materials provided by the U.S. Navy (USN) and other government sources, all said to be the complete record and file on the military service, active and inactive, of Mr. L. Ronald Hubbard, formerly Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy Reserve, are incomplete ... [and] to attest to the fact that those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked."


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, had said that he sustained combat injuries during his military service in World War II and that he healed himself through measures that would become Dianetics. However, Hubbard's military record does not show that he was wounded in combat. Church officials have stated that those records were incomplete and may have been falsified. Prouty, according to Church of Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis, reported that Hubbard was an intelligence agent, and because of this his military discharge papers were "sheep dipped," meaning two sets of government records were created documenting Hubbard's service.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty's association with Scientology also provided him with a platform for his writing over the following decades, serving as senior editor of "Freedom" magazine, an official publication of the Church. Between 1985 and 1987, "Freedom" published a 19-part series by Prouty which it described as having "provided a unique and highly informative view of the events which led up to the Vietnam War." The magazine later covered his perspective on the Jonestown affair. At times, he has described himself as "an editorial adviser to publications of the Church of Scientology."


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty served as a technical adviser to Oliver Stone's 1991 film "JFK". He was the inspiration for the mysterious "X" (played by Donald Sutherland), who assists Jim Garrison in the movie.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Colonel Prouty died on June 5, 2001, at the Inova Alexandria Hospital in Alexandria, Virginia. His funeral service was held the next day at the Fort Meyer Chapel, and he was subsequently buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: As a critic of the CIA, Prouty pointed out its influence in global matters, outside the realm of U.S. congressional and government oversight. His works detailed the formation and development of the CIA, the origins of the Cold War, the U-2 incident, the Vietnam War, and the John F. Kennedy assassination. Prouty wrote that he believed Kennedy's assassination was a coup d'état, and that there is a secret, global "power elite," which operates covertly to protect its interests—and in doing so has frequently subverted democracy around the world.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: On July 12, 1975, prior to closed-door questioning by the staff of the House Select Intelligence Committee, Prouty told reporters that Alexander Butterfield was a contact for the CIA at the White House. He said he had learned the information over four years earlier from E. Howard Hunt while doing work for the National League of Families. Prouty said that most federal government departments, including the Internal Revenue Service and the Treasury Department, had similar CIA contacts and that he assumed that former president Richard Nixon was aware of Butterfield's role. Senator Frank Church said the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities had found no evidence that the CIA planted an undercover agent within the White House or other government agencies.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: A few days later, Prouty partially walked back his comments in a telephone interview: "They may have told me the wrong name in order to cover up the real informer." In a telephone statement to UPI that same day, Butterfield called the allegations "wholly false and defamatory" and stated that he had never met nor seen Hunt and had just recently heard of Prouty. In an interview with CBS News from Eglin Air Force Base where he was serving his prison term for his involvement in the Watergate scandal, Hunt denied the allegation calling it an "unfortunate invention on Mr. Prouty's part." Also interviewed by CBS, Prouty again stated it was Hunt who told him about Butterfield.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: In a personal letter sent to Roger Feinman at CBS News Radio on July 14, 1975, Harold Weisberg expressed his belief that "the clear inference of the Prouty connection is that as a CIA man Butterfield pulled the plug on Nixon."


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: On July 19, Church said that his committee found that there was "no scintilla of evidence" to support Prouty's allegations, and that his committee had ruled out the possibility that Butterfield served as a liaison officer for the CIA. Church also stated, "on close interrogation, Mr. Prouty is unable to substantiate his earlier statement and acknowledges this to be the case."


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: According to Prouty, people within the intelligence and military communities of the United States government conspired to assassinate Kennedy. He maintained that their actions were a coup d'état to stop the President from taking control of the CIA after the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Prouty stated that the assassination was orchestrated by Edward Lansdale ("General Y" in Oliver Stone's film "JFK") and that Lansdale appeared in photographs of the "three tramps."


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: In 1975, Prouty appeared with Richard Sprague at a news conference in New York to present what they believed was photographic evidence of a conspiracy. According to Prouty, the movement of Kennedy after a bullet struck his head was consistent with a shot from the grassy knoll. He also suggested that the actions of a man with an umbrella, the "Umbrella Man", were suspicious.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: In his 1973 book "The Secret Team", Prouty provided an alternative view of the 1960 U-2 incident. He charged that the flight was sabotaged in such a way by anticommunist elements in our government as to cause the U-2 to lose altitude mid-flight, allowing the Soviets to shoot it down. Prouty believed the ultimate purpose of the operation was the engineering of the subsequent international incident that put an end to the increasingly amicable U.S.–Soviet relations and doomed any hope for a positive outcome between Khrushchev and Eisenhower at the Four Power Paris Summit set to begin May 16. The summit began as scheduled but quickly collapsed as a result of fallout from the incident.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: William Blum made his own case for Prouty's version of events in his own book, "Killing Hope", published in 2008.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty's version of events was rejected by former CIA director Richard Helms, Bissell, Walter Pfoigheimer and other career officers of the Central Intelligence Agency. Helms commented on Prouty's reframing of the interests and outcomes of the incident, offering the following: "I simply don't believe that Prouty is accurate. There is no substance to the charge."


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Bissell later claimed that Prouty was not authorized for access to U-2 information and said, "I don't see what information there could have been aboard that aircraft that could have helped the Russians" to bring down Powers' U2.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty was a featured speaker at the 1990 convention of the Liberty Lobby. Prouty was also named to the advisory board for the Lobby's Populist Action Committee. Prouty also sold the reprint rights for "The Secret Team" of the Noontide Press, the publishing arm for the Institute for Historical Review, a holocaust denial organization.


title: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Prouty denied having known of the racist and antisemitic associations of the Lobby, noted that he also spoke at a ceremony at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and assured Oliver Stone "... that he was neither a racist nor an anti-Semite... but merely a writer in need of a platform." In a response to an article about Prouty in "Esquire", which he labeled a "character assassination," Stone lamented Prouty's association with the Liberty Lobby but questioned its relevance to Prouty's reliability as a source. In an obituary in "The Guardian", Michael Carlson wrote that "[a]lthough Prouty himself never espoused such [anti-semitic] beliefs, the connection enabled critics to dismiss his later writings."


title: Surface gravity

text: The surface gravity, "g", of an astronomical object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface at the equator, including the effects of rotation. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration due to gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass. For objects where the surface is deep in the atmosphere and the radius not known, the surface gravity is given at the 1 bar pressure level in the atmosphere.


title: Surface gravity

text: Surface gravity is measured in units of acceleration, which, in the SI system, are meters per second squared. It may also be expressed as a multiple of the Earth's standard surface gravity, which is equal to


title: Surface gravity

text: In astrophysics, the surface gravity may be expressed as log "g", which is obtained by first expressing the gravity in cgs units, where the unit of acceleration and surface gravity is centimeters per second squared (cm/s), and then taking the base-10 logarithm of the cgs value of the surface gravity. Therefore, the surface gravity of Earth could be expressed in cgs units as , and then taking the base-10 logarithm ("log "g"") of 980.665, and we get 2.992 as "log "g"".


title: Surface gravity

text: The surface gravity of a white dwarf is very high, and of a neutron star even higher. A white dwarf's surface gravity is around 100,000 "g" () whilst the neutron star's compactness gives it a surface gravity of up to with typical values of order (that is more than 10 times that of Earth). One measure of such immense gravity is that neutron stars have an escape velocity of around 100,000 km/s, about a third of the speed of light. For black holes, the surface gravity must be calculated relativistically.


title: Surface gravity

text: In the Newtonian theory of gravity, the gravitational force exerted by an object is proportional to its mass: an object with twice the mass produces twice as much force. Newtonian gravity also follows an inverse square law, so that moving an object twice as far away divides its gravitational force by four, and moving it ten times as far away divides it by 100. This is similar to the intensity of light, which also follows an inverse square law: with relation to distance, light becomes less visible. Generally speaking, this can be understood as geometric dilution corresponding to point-source radiation into three-dimensional space.


title: Surface gravity

text: A large object, such as a planet or star, will usually be approximately round, approaching hydrostatic equilibrium (where all points on the surface have the same amount of gravitational potential energy). On a small scale, higher parts of the terrain are eroded, with eroded material deposited in lower parts of the terrain. On a large scale, the planet or star itself deforms until equilibrium is reached. For most celestial objects, the result is that the planet or star in question can be treated as a near-perfect sphere when the rotation rate is low. However, for young, massive stars, the equatorial azimuthal velocity can be quite high—up to 200 km/s or more—causing a significant amount of equatorial bulge. Examples of such rapidly rotating stars include Achernar, Altair, Regulus A and Vega.


title: Surface gravity

text: The fact that many large celestial objects are approximately spheres makes it easier to calculate their surface gravity. According to the shell theorem, the gravitational force outside a spherically symmetric body is the same as if its entire mass were concentrated in the center, as was established by Sir Isaac Newton. Therefore, the surface gravity of a planet or star with a given mass will be approximately inversely proportional to the square of its radius, and the surface gravity of a planet or star with a given average density will be approximately proportional to its radius. For example, the recently discovered planet, Gliese 581 c, has at least 5 times the mass of Earth, but is unlikely to have 5 times its surface gravity. If its mass is no more than 5 times that of the Earth, as is expected, and if it is a rocky planet with a large iron core, it should have a radius approximately 50% larger than that of Earth. Gravity on such a planet's surface would be approximately 2.2 times as strong as on Earth. If it is an icy or watery planet, its radius might be as large as twice the Earth's, in which case its surface gravity might be no more than 1.25 times as strong as the Earth's.


title: Surface gravity

text: where "g" is the surface gravity of an object, expressed as a multiple of the Earth's, "m" is its mass, expressed as a multiple of the Earth's mass (5.976·10 kg) and "r" its radius, expressed as a multiple of the Earth's (mean) radius (6,371 km). For instance, Mars has a mass of 6.4185·10 kg = 0.107 Earth masses and a mean radius of 3,390 km = 0.532 Earth radii. The surface gravity of Mars is therefore approximately


title: Surface gravity

text: times that of Earth. Without using the Earth as a reference body, the surface gravity may also be calculated directly from Newton's law of universal gravitation, which gives the formula


title: Surface gravity

text: where "M" is the mass of the object, "r" is its radius, and "G" is the gravitational constant. If we let "ρ" = "M"/"V" denote the mean density of the object, we can also write this as


title: Surface gravity

text: Since gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, a space station 400 km above the Earth feels almost the same gravitational force as we do on the Earth's surface. A space station does not plummet to the ground because it is in an orbit around the Earth.


title: Surface gravity

text: For gas giant planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, the surface gravity is given at the 1 bar pressure level in the atmosphere.


title: Surface gravity

text: Most real astronomical objects are not absolutely spherically symmetric. One reason for this is that they are often rotating, which means that they are affected by the combined effects of gravitational force and centrifugal force. This causes stars and planets to be oblate, which means that their surface gravity is smaller at the equator than at the poles. This effect was exploited by Hal Clement in his SF novel "Mission of Gravity", dealing with a massive, fast-spinning planet where gravity was much higher at the poles than at the equator.


title: Surface gravity

text: To the extent that an object's internal distribution of mass differs from a symmetric model, we may use the measured surface gravity to deduce things about the object's internal structure. This fact has been put to practical use since 1915–1916, when Roland Eötvös's torsion balance was used to prospect for oil near the city of Egbell (now Gbely, Slovakia.) In 1924, the torsion balance was used to locate the Nash Dome oil fields in Texas.


title: Surface gravity

text: It is sometimes useful to calculate the surface gravity of simple hypothetical objects which are not found in nature. The surface gravity of infinite planes, tubes, lines, hollow shells, cones, and even more unrealistic structures may be used to provide insights into the behavior of real structures.


title: Surface gravity

text: In relativity, the Newtonian concept of acceleration turns out not to be clear cut. For a black hole, which must be treated relativistically, one cannot define a surface gravity as the acceleration experienced by a test body at the object's surface because there is no surface. This is because the acceleration of a test body at the event horizon of a black hole turns out to be infinite in relativity. Because of this, a renormalized value is used that corresponds to the Newtonian value in the non-relativistic limit. The value used is generally the local proper acceleration (which diverges at the event horizon) multiplied by the gravitational time dilation factor (which goes to zero at the event horizon). For the Schwarzschild case, this value is mathematically well behaved for all non-zero values of "r" and "M".


title: Surface gravity

text: When one talks about the surface gravity of a black hole, one is defining a notion that behaves analogously to the Newtonian surface gravity, but is not the same thing. In fact, the surface gravity of a general black hole is not well defined. However, one can define the surface gravity for a black hole whose event horizon is a Killing horizon.


title: Surface gravity

text: The surface gravity formula_5 of a static Killing horizon is the acceleration, as exerted at infinity, needed to keep an object at the horizon. Mathematically, if formula_6 is a suitably normalized Killing vector, then the surface gravity is defined by


title: Surface gravity

text: where the equation is evaluated at the horizon. For a static and asymptotically flat spacetime, the normalization should be chosen so that formula_8 as formula_9, and so that formula_10. For the Schwarzschild solution, we take formula_6 to be the time translation Killing vector formula_12, and more generally for the Kerr–Newman solution we take formula_13, the linear combination of the time translation and axisymmetry Killing vectors which is null at the horizon, where formula_14 is the angular velocity.


title: Surface gravity

text: Since formula_6 is a Killing vector formula_16 implies formula_17. In formula_18 coordinates formula_19. Performing a coordinate change to the advanced Eddington–Finklestein coordinates formula_20 causes the metric to take the form


title: Surface gravity

text: Under a general change of coordinates the Killing vector transforms as formula_22 giving the vectors formula_23 and formula_24


title: Surface gravity

text: Therefore, the surface gravity for the Schwarzschild solution with mass formula_28 is formula_29 in SI units).


title: Surface gravity

text: where formula_31 is the Schwarzschild surface gravity, and formula_32 is the spring constant of the rotating black hole. formula_33 is the angular velocity at the event horizon. This expression gives a simple Hawking temperature of formula_34.


title: Surface gravity

text: where formula_36 is the electric charge, formula_37 is the angular momentum, we define formula_38 to be the locations of the two horizons and formula_39.


title: Surface gravity

text: Surface gravity for stationary black holes is well defined. This is because all stationary black holes have a horizon that is Killing. Recently there has been a shift towards defining the surface gravity of dynamical black holes whose spacetime does not admit a Killing vector (field). Several definitions have been proposed over the years by various authors. As of current, there is no consensus or agreement of which definition, if any, is correct.


title: Dave Kushner

text: David Kushner (born November 16, 1966) is an American musician perhaps best known as the rhythm guitarist for the hard rock supergroup Velvet Revolver. Kushner has also been a member of Wasted Youth, Electric Love Hogs, Loaded, Danzig, Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro's solo band, Sugartooth, Zilch while he has also recorded with Infectious Grooves, Cyco Miko and more recently collaborated with Scars on Broadway guitarist Franky Perez releasing songs under the pseudonym of DKFXP, a combination of the initials of Perez and Kushner, as well as working with Indian singer and actress Shruti Haasan.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Kushner has also been writing and composing music for films and television, most notable the theme for FX series "Sons of Anarchy", titled "This Life", where he received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music in 2009 while in 2010 he received an ASCAP Award for the theme. He collaborated with composer John O'Brien on the music for the movies "Four Christmases", "Couples Retreat" and the ABC police drama series "Detroit 1-8-7" while he was also asked to develop a spin-off of "How I Met Your Mother" entitled "The Bro Code" by Fox creative director Dave Warren and "The Simpsons" segment director Ralph Sosa.


title: Dave Kushner

text: In 2009, Kushner was named "One of The 50 Greatest Unsung Guitar Heroes Ever" by "Total Guitar" magazine.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Kushner was born November 16, 1966, in Los Angeles. He attended Junior High and High School with Slash, frequently attending the shows of Slash's then band Tidus Sloan, and began playing in bands at the age of 16. He attended Musicians Institute in Hollywood at the age of 18 before signing his first record deal when he was 20. Prior to joining Wasted Youth, Kushner worked at Tower Video.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Kushner joined Wasted Youth as a guitarist but played bass on the group's second album "Black Daze", released in 1988, with the exception of the Van Halen cover of "On Fire" where he performed rhythm and lead guitar duties. Kushner left the group over a year later.


title: Dave Kushner

text: The group was initially formed as a cover band in San Diego by friends John Feldmann, Kelly LeMieux and Bobby Hewitt playing their first shows locally before relocating to Los Angeles adding Kushner to the group along with guitarist Donni Campion. The band named itself Electric Love Hogs in a satirical swipe at the L.A. glam rock scene of the late '80s. They signed a deal with London Records and released their only album "Electric Love Hogs" in 1992. The album was produced by Mark Dodson, whose production credits include Anthrax and Suicidal Tendencies, while Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee also co-produced two album tracks. Percussion for the album was handled by Jane's Addiction drummer Stephen Perkins.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Robert Trujillo, then of Suicidal Tendencies and Infectious Grooves, contributed to the record while Kushner was asked to make a guest appearance on the song "Punk It Up" from the Infectious Grooves debut album "The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move...It's the Infectious Grooves", also produced by Dodson, released in 1991 before touring with Infectious Grooves for a few months.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Electric Love Hogs went on to tour with Stone Temple Pilots, when they were known as "Mighty Joe Young", and L.A. Guns in the US and Ugly Kid Joe in the United Kingdom. The group disbanded in 1993.


title: Dave Kushner

text: After the breakup of Electric Love Hogs in 1993, Kushner, Kelly LeMieux, also of Electric Love Hogs, and Kushner's former Wasted Youth bandmate Joey Castillo formed a new group called Lit. The group went through several lineup changes, with the final lineup consisting of Kushner, former Electric Love Hogs drummer Bobby Hewitt, Jar Gordon on bass, Amir Derakh on guitar and a singer known only as Eric. After a year and a half, Kushner was invited to join Geffen group Sugartooth with Lit being disbanded and selling their name rights to the well known band of the same name.


title: Dave Kushner

text: In 1995, he teamed up with Suicidal Tendencies and Infectious Grooves singer Cyco Miko on his solo album "Lost My Brain!" before going on to join Danzig. Kushner's tenure in Danzig lasted 9 months where he performed only one show at the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood.


title: Dave Kushner

text: In 1997, Kushner appeared on the compilation album "Friends & Family, Vol. 1" which featured music by Suicidal Tendencies, Infectious Grooves and Cyco Miko among others.


title: Dave Kushner

text: In 1998, Kushner joined the hard rock group Zilch, formed by former X Japan guitarist hide. Unfortunately, hide died before the release of their debut album. The group continued and eventually recorded and released "Skyjin" in 2001 and it was during this time that Kushner met Duff McKagan who, at the time, was touring with Loaded.


title: Dave Kushner

text: In 2001, Kushner became musical director for Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro's touring band following the released of his solo album "Trust No One".


title: Dave Kushner

text: During a tour of Japan, former Guns N' Roses bassist Duff McKagan, touring with his group Loaded, met Kushner who was at the time playing with Japanese hard rock group Zilch. After the tour, bassist Jeff Rouse left the band to rejoin Alien Crime Syndicate to release their new album "XL from Coast to Coast" with Mike Squires also leaving to join ACS becoming the group's second guitarist. Kushner and bassist George Stuart Dahlquist, of Asva and Burning Witch, replaced the departed duo. Loaded announced a tour of Europe with stops in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy and Spain as well as shows in the UK however this tour was soon canceled after McKagan began collaborating with his former Guns N' Roses bandmates on a new project.


title: Dave Kushner

text: After performing at a benefit gig for Randy Castillo in 2002, former Guns N' Roses members Slash, Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum decided to form a new band after recognizing that their musical relationship was still very much intact. Initially they began rehearsing with Buckcherry duo Josh Todd and Keith Nelson, who performed with the trio at the benefit, but eventually decided against forming a group with them. During a Loaded show at Hollywood's Viper Room, McKagan introduced Kushner to Slash, after Kushner said they had known each other previously, who confirmed they were friends at Junior High and High School. After Kushner jammed with the group he was invited to join with Slash stating that "Dave brought a cool vibe to what we were doing. There was no deliberation; that was it, it was a perfect fit." Former Guns N' Roses rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin also joined them for 2 weeks eventually suggesting that "Duff and I will sing and we will just do a club tour in a van." Slash states in his autobiography that it was hard to tell if Stradlin was serious or kidding. After auditioning Kelly Shaefer (of Atheist/Neurotica), Stradlin left the group.


title: Dave Kushner

text: While Shaefer's audition was unsuccessful, the quartet continued auditioning for a lead singer, with VH1 filming the recruitment process. The quartet were referred to under the temporary name "The Project" during this time. The resulting documentary was aired as VH1 Inside Out: The Rise of Velvet Revolver. A number of lead singers auditioned, including Canadian Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), Miljenko Matijevic (of Steelheart), Sebastian Bach (formerly of Skid Row), Shawn Albro (of U.P.O.), and Travis Meeks (of Days of the New). Myles Kennedy (of Alter Bridge and formerly of The Mayfield Four) declined an invitation, from Sorum, to audition, because he wanted to focus more on other projects. Scott Weiland had become friends with McKagan (via their respective wives) and had once played on the same bill as Kushner, when Electric Love Hogs supported Mighty Joe Young. Originally Weiland was wanted by the band but due to STP still touring he declined. After the band heard about STP's split in 2003, they were quick to get Weiland involved. Once he heard the material and offered his services as the lead singer, the band was formed.


title: Dave Kushner

text: The group released their debut album "Contraband" in 2004, debuting at number one on the "Billboard" 200, and the follow-up, "Libertad", in 2007. The albums were produced by Josh Abraham and Brendan O'Brien respectively. "Contraband" album tracks "Set Me Free" and "Dirty Little Thing" appeared on the soundtracks to the movies "Hulk" and "" while they recorded a cover of Pink Floyd's "Money" and a new song entitled "Come On, Come In" for "The Italian Job" remake and "Fantastic Four" respectively. With their single "Slither", they won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance and nominated for Rock Album of the Year and Rock Song "Fall to Pieces".


title: Dave Kushner

text: Weiland stated on March 20, 2008, at Velvet Revolver's show in Glasgow that this would be the band's final tour. At the time Slash hinted in an interview with "Classic Rock" magazine that, contrary to Weiland's assertions, Velvet Revolver will continue beyond its current tour. When asked "Will Scott be singing?", Slash replied "I have no comment on that", and laughed.


title: Dave Kushner

text: It was announced on April 1 that Weiland had officially parted ways with Velvet Revolver. Later that month, Weiland performed with Stone Temple Pilots for the first time since 2002, kicking off their reunion tour.


title: Dave Kushner

text: The release of Slash's solo album, "Slash", and Duff McKagan's addition to the Jane's Addiction lineup, both in 2010, seemed to put future of the band in doubt. However, they remained optimistic about the future, with new songs written and plans to reconvene in 2011 while in September 2010, McKagan departed Jane's Addiction. Ultimately, Slash and McKagan officially returned to Guns N' Roses in 2016 for the Not In This Lifetime... Tour.


title: Dave Kushner

text: On June 20, 2009, Scars on Broadway guitarist and solo artist Franky Perez announced via his official MySpace that he was in the studio collaborating with Kushner. To date they have released three songs for free via the Franky Perez official website under the pseudonym of DKFXP, a combination of the initials of Perez and Kushner.


title: Dave Kushner

text: In October 2009, Franky Perez stated on his Twitter account that he and Kushner were jamming with Weezer bassist Scott Shriner and his Scars on Broadway bandmate, drummer John Dolmayan.


title: Dave Kushner

text: In 2009, he played rhythm guitar with rock band Weezer when they performed "The Greatest Man That Ever Lived" on Spike TV's Video Game Awards.


title: Dave Kushner

text: On September 8, 2010, it was announced that Kushner was to collaborate with Indian singer and actress Shruti Haasan on a new musical project. Haasan will be writing the lyrics with Kushner composing the music. On working with Kushner, Haasan stated: "


title: Dave Kushner

text: When the opportunity to work with US supergroup guru David Kushner came to me, I was really excited. I really loved Dave's song and felt a connect between it and my music, thereby making it a meaningful collaboration for me. As a singer, songwriter and musician and a rock-n-roll loyalist, this is a dream come true [...] Dave is an icon and it's an unbelievable opportunity for any musician. I'm also so thrilled to be able to express myself as an artist on a global platform of this caliber. To be the first Indian to get an opportunity like this to not just sing but also write the English lyrics for this track, is truly an honour". It was later announced, on September 21, that Kushner and Dave Navarro collaborated on a cover of The Kinks' "You Really Got Me" to be used in a Hyundai commercial.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Alongside Bob Thiele Jr., Curtis Stigers and Kurt Sutter, Kushner co-wrote the theme song for the 2008 FX television series Sons of Anarchy titled "This Life". In 2009, the song was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music but lost out to the theme for PBS television series Great Performances. In 2010, the quartet received an ASCAP Award for the theme.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Kushner was also asked to develop a spin-off of "How I Met Your Mother" entitled "The Bro Code" by Fox creative director Dave Warren and "The Simpsons" segment director Ralph Sosa. Kushner also wrote a song with composer John O'Brien, Franky Perez and Dave Navarro for a new merchandise line called "Bartrock" after Dave Warren wanted "a song to tie in with the merch line".


title: Dave Kushner

text: In 2010, Kushner announced that he removed the vocals and "messed around" with the song "Beyond the Wire", which he released with Perez as DKFXP, giving it the new title of "Beyond the Snake". The song appears at the end credits of the film "Hisss" featuring vocals and lyrics by Shruti Haasan. Four tracks by both Perez and Kushner will also appear in the film "Hamill".


title: Dave Kushner

text: Kushner has also collaborated with friend and composer John O'Brien on numerous occasions providing music to films such as "Four Christmases", "Couples Retreat" and, most recently, the upcoming ABC drama series "Detroit 1-8-7" which will begin airing in the fall season of 2010.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Kushner has been a longtime user of Fernandes Guitars and has two signature models based on the Ravelle available in forest green finish with cream binding and metallic blue finish with black binding. Besides his signature guitars he also owns Montereys and Vertigos from Fernandes as well as a Yamaha SAO 503 TVL, which is the signature guitar for Troy Van Leeuwen from Queens of the Stone Age. Lately Kushner's main instruments have been various Gibson models, such as the ES-335, SG and Les Paul models.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Dave uses a 12-space rack with a switching system that allows him to use whatever effects he would like in any sequence. Some of the effect pedals he uses most often include Line 6 DM-4, Boss Flanger BF-2, Boss Super Phaser PH-2, Boss Chorus Ensemble CE-5, Boss Digital Delay DD-3, Line 6 Filter Pro, Dynacord CLS222, Rocktron Hush II CX Noise Reduction System, Electro-Harmonix Micro synth, Boss Hyperfuzz, Line 6 delay pedal and a MXR Zakk Wylde overdive pedal. He also uses Dunlop programmable Wah Wah effects and Rotovibe MIDI controllers which are rackmounted.


title: Dave Kushner

text: Kushner mostly uses Bogner amplifiers during live performances, specifically an Ecstasy 101B amplifier that runs Bogner straight cabs fitted with Vintage Celestion 30 watt and Celestion Greenbacks 25 watt speakers. He has also used Mesa Boogie Stilletto Ace and Fender Super Sonic amplifiers.


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: Dorothy Lyman is an American television actress, director and producer. She is most known for her work as Gwen Frame on "Another World" and on "All My Children" as Opal Sue Gardner, as Rebecca Whitmore on "Generations", and on the sitcom "Mama's Family" as Naomi Harper.


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: Lyman was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Violet E. (née Brightwell) and Hector H. Lyman, who was a stockbroker. She is Protestant. She and Jill Larson, who succeeded her in the role of Opal on "All My Children", attended the same high school. She debuted on her first soap opera, "A World Apart", as flower child Julie Stark in 1971. Several years later, Dorothy appeared as Elly Jo Jamison, an evil relation of wealthy Orin Hillyer, on "The Edge of Night".


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: She played architect Gwen Parrish Frame (1976–1980, 1989) on "Another World" and played Ralphie's mother in Jean Shepherd's "Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss" from 1988. She appeared in the "Tales from the Darkside" television series in the 'In the Cards' episode (1985), in "ALF" as Maura Norris in the episode 'Tequila' (1988), "Generations" as Rebecca Whitmore (1990–1991), and in "The Bold and the Beautiful" as Bonnie Roberts (1991–1992).


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: However, her most notable soap opera role has been on "All My Children" as Opal Sue Gardner, for which she received two Emmy Awards—as Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role in a Daytime Drama Series in 1982 and for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series in 1983.


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: In an appearance on Vicki Lawrence's talk show "Vicki!", Lyman noted that she continued to perform on "All My Children" concurrently with the beginning of "Mama's Family"'s production, flying back and forth each week between New York City and Los Angeles. While the commute was brutal, she remembered it fondly, referring to that stage of her career as "All My Paychecks". When "Mama's Family" ended its run, Lyman went behind the camera, producing and directing a total of 75 episodes of "The Nanny" (all episodes of the third and fourth seasons, and all but four episodes of the fifth), even making a special guest appearance on the Fran Drescher sitcom. After "Mama's Family" ended in 1990, Lyman had a recurring role on "Bob", Bob Newhart's third series.


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: On the big screen, she made a cameo appearance in "I Love Trouble", a film starring Nick Nolte and Julia Roberts. She made a cameo appearance in the 2001 film "Blow" starring Johnny Depp. She was seen in the 2006 film "The Departed".


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: In 2007, Lyman guest-starred in the third season of the reimagined "Battlestar Galactica" as Starbuck's mother. She made a guest appearance on "Reba", playing the titular character's mother. She appeared in "The Blacklist" in Season 6 Episode 4, "The Pawnbrokers".


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: Lyman performed "My Kitchen Wars" in Hollywood and New York as a one-woman show based on the book by Betty Fussell.


title: Dorothy Lyman

text: From 1971 to 1983, Lyman was married to director and actor John Tillinger, they have two children, including daughter Emma Tillinger Koskoff who is an Academy Awards-nominated producer. Her son, Sebastian Tillinger, is an actor. From her second marriage to French film producer Vincent Malle, Lyman has a son.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: Iron Man's armor is a fictional powered exoskeleton appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is built and worn by billionaire superhero Tony Stark when he assumes the identity of Iron Man. The first armor (which in the story, was created by Stark and Ho Yinsen), was designed by artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby, and first appeared in "Tales of Suspense" #39 (March 1963).


title: Iron Man's armor

text: In the fictional multiverse, the appearance of Stark's armor has radically changed over the years, either as a result of modifications made by Stark or specialized armors created for specific situations. In real life, it changed as different artists took over the series and decided to change it to what they wanted.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: Stark's suits are each unique in design and purpose. They are made of incredibly strong, fictional materials bolstered by a force field. Every suit has a self-contained environment, assorted onboard weapons systems, enhanced strength, flight, and various communications arrays and sensors, such as radar and radio. Furthermore, they typically have multiple power sources including a secondary solar energy collection function in the event that conventional recharging methods are unavailable. Earlier versions of the armor could also fold virtually flat, allowing Stark to store them in his bullet-proof briefcase.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: The defining abilities of Stark's armor are the jets situated in the boots and the repulsors situated in the gauntlets. The repulsors originated as a hand attachment, but have since become the armor's most important standard armament. They have been referred to as a force beam. In the 2008 film, the repulsors are a form of propulsion as well as steering and braking jets.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: Another defining trait is the chest-mounted "uni-beam", also known as the varibeam, pentabeam, tri-beam, and chest repulsor transmitter. Originally it had a spotlight and "proton beam", but it has grown to accommodate a number of other weapons, primarily light and force-based.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: In order to make this armor less frightening to the general public, Stark created a gold-colored version with a wide array of improvements over the original.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: This was the first armor to use the red-and-gold color scheme. The 2007 retcon miniseries "Iron Man: Hypervelocity" hinted that Stark based the new cosmetic improvement on a childhood fantasy, as the red and gold color scheme came from his elementary school's colors, and the whole "Iron Man" motif from the eponymous song by Black Sabbath.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: Though this armor debuted before the return to the title by the creative team of David Michelinie and Bob Layton, Layton revealed in 1996 that he designed the Silver Centurion. He wrote that "Mark Gruenwald and associates came to me and asked me to come up with a 'Samurai-type armor' for the series. Gruenie was a big believer in overhauling the Armored Avenger on a regular basis." Layton also revealed that the original color scheme for the armor was red and black. He does not know who changed the original black color to silver.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: The Modular Armor is the main armor in the "Iron Man animated TV series" and Capcom's "Marvel vs. Capcom" video game series.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: The paradigm of this armor was quite different from the one Iron Man had worn for years in the baseline universe, but the arrangement of weapons as well as the color scheme remained similar. Writer Scott Lobdell confirmed in an online discussion that the secret of the Prometheum Armor was nanotechnology.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: This armor possessed a "horned" faceplate reminiscent of the first red-and-gold armor, as writer Kurt Busiek said that he liked Iron Man's helmet from early "Avengers" issues, and a pentagonal chest beam.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: A version of the Rescue armor is adapted into the 2019 feature film "", in which Potts, who is married to Stark, wears the armor when joining the battle in the film's climax, and fights side by side with Stark against Thanos forces.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: In "Invincible Iron Man" #25 (2010), Stark creates a new armor in the aftermath of the "Stark: Disassembled" storyline. Created by writer Matt Fraction and artist Ryan Meinerding, this new armor is sleeker in appearance, and is featured in the 2010 crossover storyline, the "Heroic Age".


title: Iron Man's armor

text: This gun-metal grey armor debuted in the first part of the 2012 "Believe" storyline, which launched the fifth volume of the "Iron Man" series as part of the Marvel NOW! initiative. This version of the armor is a TestBed for new suits, and is composed of "smart-metals [that] align to a subdermal ghost of a skeleton".


title: Iron Man's armor

text: Described as starting "where War Machine leaves off", the Heavy Duty armor is a large, bulky suit that focuses on firepower. In addition to standard repulsor weaponry, the armor possesses a large rotary cannon that is built into the left arm, and a gun turret positioned over the right shoulder.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: Stark begins using the Endo-Sym armor, which features a chrome finish, in the beginning of the 2014 "" storyline. When writer Tom Taylor and artist Yildiray Cinar created the armor, they designed it to glow red/orange when Tony was angry.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: Beginning with the 2015 All-New, All-Different Marvel branding, Tony Stark designs a more streamlined and less complex suit of armor, once again with the traditional red and gold colors. This armor's primary feature is that it can change shape depending on the wearer's needs.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Tony Stark, portrayed by Robert Downey Jr., has worn and created multiple armors. He also designed suits for James Rhodes / War Machine, Peter Parker / Spider-Man, and Pepper Potts. Obadiah Stane has developed a suit of his own, "Iron Monger".


title: Iron Man's armor

text: In an alternate timeline in "What If...?", Stark's father Howard develops a "Hydra Stomper" suit for the non-superpowered Steve Rogers.


title: Iron Man's armor

text: In the 2007 direct-to-DVD film "The Invincible Iron Man", Stark with James Rhodes' help creates a grey and bulky suit of armor (similar to the original Iron Man armor that Stark and Yinsen created in the comics) in order to escape from caves.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Whiplash is the name of multiple supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are commonly depicted as members of Iron Man's rogues gallery. The original Whiplash (Mark Scarlotti) also went by the name Blacklash. Mickey Rourke portrayed Whiplash (Ivan Vanko) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Iron Man 2" (2010).


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Mark Scarlotti first appeared as Whiplash in "Tales of Suspense" #97 (Jan. 1968). He was killed in battle in "Iron Man" vol. 4 #28 (May 2000).


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Civil War" storyline, two new villains called Whiplash and Blacklash appear in "Thunderbolts" #104 (Sept. 2006) and #107 (Dec. 2006).


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Anton Vanko first appeared in "Iron Man vs. Whiplash" #1–4 (Jan.–April 2010). He later appeared as a member of the Masters of Evil.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Mark Scarlotti is originally a gifted electrical technician at Stark International's Cincinnati branch, but desires a life of luxury and becomes a professional criminal. With a costume and a sophisticated metal whip of his own design, the character becomes Whiplash, a weapons designer, special agent, and assassin for the criminal organization the Maggia. On behalf of the Maggia, Whiplash fights the hero Iron Man – secretly inventor Tony Stark and Scarlotti's former employer – and A.I.M. agents attacking a Maggia gambling ship.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Scarlotti is assigned to work undercover for the Maggia at Stark International's Cincinnati plant, and becomes Head of Research. As Whiplash, Scarlotti then has another inconclusive battle with Iron Man and flees the scene, quitting the Maggia. Whiplash, together with fellow supervillains the Melter and Man-Bull, are recruited by other-dimensional villain the Black Lama to form the team the Death Squad and fight Iron Man. They enter a "War of the Super-Villains" to win the Black Lama's Golden Globe of Power, but are all defeated.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Whiplash rejoins the Maggia and battles the heroes Spider-Man and Iron Man in New Jersey, eventually being defeated by the vigilante the Wraith. Criminal mastermind Justin Hammer hires Whiplash, and with the Melter and the original Blizzard attempt the robbery of an Atlantic City casino, but are stopped by Iron Man. Whiplash is released from prison by Hammer and battles Iron Man again as one of Hammer's costumed operatives, and despite overwhelming odds the hero defeats the villains.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Scarlotti is re-employed by an unnamed consortium, financed by Hammer, to kill Stark employee Vic Martinelli, and is provided with an upgraded costume and weaponry and the new alias Blacklash. Despite the upgrades, however, Scarlotti is defeated by Iron Man and humiliated by being dragged before his employers. Scarlotti makes a brief appearance as Whiplash as a paid employee of the master villain the Mad Thinker in a failed attempt to kill the hero the Thing who is recuperating at a New York hospital.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Scarlotti is eventually diagnosed as manic-depressive by prison psychiatrists. He attempts to reform, but rejected by his parents and residents of his home town, Scarlotti becomes Blacklash again. While attempting an assassination for the Maggia, Blacklash is confronted by Spider-Man whom he weakens with his whip, but is defeated by the second Iron Man. Blacklash is beaten by Spider-Man once again and is also apprehended by Captain America while committing several robberies. Blacklash is rehired by Justin Hammer and sent with the Beetle and the second Blizzard to assassinate Hammer's former agent Force. Iron Man, Jim Rhodes and Force, however, defeat the trio.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: At Hammer's request Blacklash, Boomerang, and the second Blizzard stop industrial sabotage by the vigilante the Ghost. Blacklash is sent to work with Iron Man and Jim Rhodes against the saboteur, but betrays them. Together with Spider-Man villain the Rhino, Blacklash hunts down fellow rogue agent the Scorpion, who fails to return stolen weaponry to Hammer.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Scarlotti decides to renounce his criminal identity and marries and has a child. A lack of money forces Scarlotti to assume his identity again, and he becomes the target of an assassin, who kills his wife when she returns to their apartment. As Blacklash, Scarlotti then finds and kills the assassin, and vows to abandon the identity of Blacklash forever. Scarlotti, however, is hired by a rival of Stark and returns as Whiplash, with an upgraded costume and new weaponry. Whiplash manages to battle Iron Man to a standstill in their first encounter, but is killed several weeks later by Iron Man's new sentient armor, which crushes Scarlotti's throat against Tony Stark's wishes.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: The second Whiplash is Leeann Foreman, a professional criminal born in Wilmington, Delaware. She was a mutant with unrevealed abilities and used adamantium wires connected to her gloves as whips. She was part of Critical Mass's mutant Band of Baddies. The Baddies kidnapped a mutant girl and her father in order to coerce them to join their band. They forced the daughter to knock out Spider-Man and Wolverine, but they quickly recovered. The daughter then unleashed her powers, blew up the warehouse they were in, and defeated all of the Baddies. Whiplash disappeared after the daughter's telekinetic explosion enabled her to get free.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: She later joined the Femme Fatales, and was hired by the Chameleon to lure Spider-Man into a trap by threatening a United Nations ambassador. Spider-Man defeated the Femme Fatales and saved the ambassador. The Fatales then joined forces with the Scorpion and the Tarantula, but all of them were defeated by Spider-Man and the Black Cat. The Femme Fatales later received an invitation to join Superia and her organization of female criminals, the Femizons. They accepted, and were among the superhuman females aboard Superia's cruise ship, where they battled Captain America and the Paladin. Whiplash also traveled to Superia's private island to be one of her new Femizons.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: After the group disbanded, Whiplash teamed up with Orka, Shockwave and Killer Shrike in a plot to take over a retired aircraft carrier, the USS "Intrepid". She and her allies were defeated by Heroes for Hire. She was later seen in "Bar With No Name" and in a black market auction for the Venom Symbiote.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Whiplash took the name of Snake Whip and is with the Femme Fatales when they assist Viper in attacking Kitty Pryde's group at the King's Impresario Restaurant in Madripoor. She engaged Jubilee in battle before Kitty Pryde gets her and Domino away from the restaurant. Following that victory, Snake Whip stayed by Viper's side as she ordered Knockout and Mindblast to have a defeated Rogue and Storm be delivered to their clients and when Viper speaks to a representative from Soteira. As Snake Whip asks if they are going to ignore Sapphire Styx's vampiric appetite, Viper says that they have to obey the representative's orders and "let the @#$%& feed." After another call from Soteira's representative, Viper and Snake Whip check up on Sapphire and find her acting strange claiming that Wolverine's Patch alias is here. Snake Whip works to restrain her only to get knocked out. Upon recovering, Snake Whip starts to see Patch attacking Sapphire even though Viper doesn't see it. After Sapphire Styx exploded enabling Psylocke to use her soul power to recreate a new body, Psylocke used her powers to defeat Bloodlust and use an illusion to trick Snake Whip into hitting the ground. Domino persuaded Snake Whip to surrender when her teammates are defeated. When the Femme Fatales were arrested, Kitty Pryde got the info about Soteira being after Wolverine from Snake Whip who gave the information to her in exchange for a light sentence.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Two villains, a woman who is the third Whiplash and a man who is the second Blacklash, appear during the outset of the Superhuman Civil War. Both are past associates of the Swordsman (Andreas von Strucker) and frequenters of BDSM events before becoming supervillains. The duo are forcibly recruited into the Thunderbolts.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: This version of Whiplash is not a person, but a personality construct created by the aptly named Badgal. The construct is feminine and thus tends to possess females. Initially, Badgal used this construct to possess a random citizen, but later used it to possess Honey Lemon and later GoGo Tomago. When the Big Hero 6 defeated Badgal, this construct ceased to exist.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Anton Vanko () is a young scientist from a small Russian village by the name of Volstok who has no relation to the original Crimson Dynamo. One day, the village is attacked by someone wearing a stolen suit of Iron Man armor, who murders a number of townspeople, including his father Igor Vanko () in an attempt to frame Tony Stark.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Using a specialized rifle, Vanko is able to shoot the impostor just before he flees, causing the chest plate on the armor to come off. Vanko becomes obsessed with exacting vengeance on Stark, still believing him to be the man who attacked his village, and decides to use the chest plate to fashion a suitable weapon to do so. Over the next six months, he reverse engineers a suit of body armor equipped with energy whips, and vows to kill Stark in order to avenge his father.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: After breaking into the prison where Stark is being held for his alleged crimes, Vanko kills several guards and attempts to track down and murder Stark and his confidant Pepper Potts. Stark fights off Vanko using a crude suit of Iron Man armor fashioned from parts of various machines around the prison, and forces him to flee. After Stark tracks down the criminal syndicate who framed him, Vanko arrives at their headquarters, intent on finishing off Iron Man once and for all. It is there that Vanko learns that Stark was indeed framed and that the syndicate was hired to destroy Volstok by secret international consortium funded by several governments including USA and Russia, notably Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, in order to wipe out an activist who was creating anti-Putin sentiments. Despite learning of Iron Man's innocence, Vanko makes one final attempt to kill him, claiming that even though he did not destroy the village, his technology did. After the building catches fire, both men are ultimately forced to run to safety, and Vanko then makes his escape. Following this, Stark is cleared of his alleged crimes, and helps rebuild Volstok. As this is happening, Vanko is seen in Moscow approaching Saint Basil's Cathedral in the Red Square preparing to properly exact vengeance this time around.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Whiplash is later recruited by Max Fury as a member of the Shadow Council's incarnation of the Masters of Evil.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Infinity" storyline, Whiplash is among the villains recruited by Spymaster to help him in a plot to attack the almost-defenseless Stark Tower.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: He later attacks Squirrel Girl and her sidekick Tippy-Toe when he mistakes her for Iron Man, since she was wearing one of his armors, but is later defeated.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Devil's Reign" storyline, Taskmaster appears as a member of Mayor Wilson Fisk's latest incarnation of the Thunderbolts at the time when Mayor Fisk passed a law that forbids superhero activity. He and Whiplash hold the staff of the Daily Bugle hostage to draw out Spider-Man. During Spider-Man's fight with Taskmaster, Whiplash is goaded into attacking him. Despite being weakened by Whiplash, Spider-Man tries to ask Taskmaster if they can take it outside as Taskmaster places an power dampener collar on him and throws him out the window. Spider-Man uses his webbing to slow his descent to the ground as the NYPD operatives move in on him.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel," a female supervillain takes the name of Blacklash. The female Blacklash was hired by Power Broker through the Hench App to protect his unveiling of Hench App 2.0. She ended up fighting Ant-Man and Giant-Man (Raz Malhotra) when they show up to confront Power Broker. The battle ends with Blacklash escaping due to Giant-Man's crimefighting inexperience.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Mark Scarlotti, courtesy of Justin Hammer, wears a bulletproof costume and wields a pair of cybernetically controlled titanium whips that can extend to be swung fast enough to deflect bullets, or become rigid and be used as nunchaku or vaulting-poles. He also carries a variety of devices in a weapons pouch, including anti-gravity bolas and a necro-lash which releases electrical energy generated by his gauntlets. Scarlotti is a research engineer and weapons design specialist, with a college degree in engineering.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Leeann Foreman wears two gauntlets containing three spring-loaded retractable omnium steel whip-like cables on each of her arms. Each cable can extend a maximum length of about 25 feet and contains needle-sharp adamantium barbs on the tips. She wears a padded costume of synthetic stretch fabric laced with kevlar, leather shoulder padding, and steel breastplates and mask, which provides her some protection from physical damage.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: The unnamed Whiplash and Blacklash have no apparent superhuman abilities, relying on advanced energized whips.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Anton Vanko possesses a suit of armor equipped with two energy whips built into the wrists. The whips are shown to be powerful enough to slash through a metal staircase, as well as deflect a barrage of gunfire. He is also a skilled athlete and possesses a deep understanding of robotics, enough that he was able to fashion his suit from a destroyed piece of Stark technology.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Orson Scott Card's "Ultimate Iron Man" features an alternate universe version named Marc Scott, a Texan businessman competing with Tony Stark for military contracts via his company Whiplash.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: The Ultimate Marvel version of Whiplash appears in the 150th issue of "Ultimate Spider-Man". He is among a crowd as at Tony Stark's donation party outside the New York Hall of Science, when he attacks him only to be stopped by Spider-Man. He is seen wielding two electrical whips powered by some kind of battery. When asked by Stark why he is attacking him, Whiplash believes he is on a "mission from God to kill Tony Stark". It is revealed that he indeed is a Russian terrorist named Anton Vanko.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: A new, female version of Whiplash later appears as part of a team of mercenaries known as the Femme Fatales.


title: Whiplash (Marvel Comics)

text: Several individuals based on the various comics incarnations of Whiplash appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


title: Klaxons

text: Klaxons were an English rock band, based in London. Following the release of several 7-inch singles on different independent record labels, as well as the success of previous singles "Magick" and "Golden Skans", the band released their debut album, "Myths of the Near Future" on 29 January 2007. The album won the 2007 Nationwide Mercury Prize. After playing festivals and headlining tours worldwide (including the NME Indie Rave Tour) during late 2006–07, the band started working on their follow-up album in July 2007. Klaxons' second album, "Surfing the Void", was released on 23 August 2010. Their third album, "Love Frequency", was released on 16 June 2014.


title: Klaxons

text: Jamie Reynolds grew up in Bournemouth and Southampton. He dropped out of studying philosophy at Greenwich University to work in a record shop, Essential Records in Southampton, before moving to London and being made redundant. Simon Taylor-Davis and James Righton grew up in Stratford-upon-Avon, meeting at Stratford-upon-Avon High School. The trio formed in New Cross, London, after meeting through Reynolds' girlfriend. Righton had been working as a teacher at the time.


title: Klaxons

text: James taught Simon how to play guitar, and with Reynolds' redundancy money they purchased a studio kit. They recorded and performed live under their early guise of "Klaxons (Not Centaurs)", name inspired by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's futurism text "The Futurist Manifesto" and the futurist literature. Initially the band played with drummer Finnigan Kidd in 2005, until Kidd left to play with fellow New Cross band, Hatcham Social. Replacement live drummer Steffan Halperin joined in February 2006, with the band announcing him as an official member in an interview in Prefix Magazine in early 2007. He remains mostly absent from the band's music videos, appearing only in the early video "Atlantis to Interzone" and briefly in the 2007 re-release of "Gravity's Rainbow".