title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The town achieved some local fame in the 1950s and 1960s when it was home to the Norman Petty Recording Studio, founded by musician Norman Petty, whose "Norman Petty Trio" topped charts with "Mood Indigo" and "Almost Paradise" in their lounge/pop style. Artists such as Buddy Holly, Buddy Knox, Jimmy Gilmer & The Fireballs, and The String-A-Longs had top-charting hits recorded there (Holly's "Peggy Sue" was recorded there in July 1957). Artists including Waylon Jennings, Charlie "Sugartime" Phillips, Bobby Fuller and Roy Orbison cut their earliest recordings at the studio. From the late '50s to the late '60s Petty had recordings on every major label in the U.S. and Canada.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The city served as the principal filming location for the 2016 movie Hell or High Water, which began shooting in May 2015. Three locations in the city were used as banks in the film; the local Suddenlink office at 1106 N Main Street (used in the opening scenes), the Western Bank branch at 901 Pile Street, and an unused, former bank at 2108 N Main Street. A local restaurant, Bill's Jumbo Burger at 2113 N Main Street, was also used in the movie.


title: Amy Adams Strunk

text: Amy Adams Strunk (born September 29, 1955) is an American businesswoman best known as the controlling owner of the National Football League's Tennessee Titans. The daughter of the late owner Bud Adams, Strunk owns half of the Titans franchise, with other members of the family owning the remaining half. The team is currently owned under the banner of KSA Industries, which also owns many of Bud Adams' businesses. Before Strunk took over as controlling owner in 2015, the role belonged to her sister, Susie Adams Smith, whose husband Tommy Smith was team president and CEO.


title: Amy Adams Strunk

text: Strunk initially attended Pine Manor College but transferred after a year to the University of Texas at Austin, graduating with a degree in history. Born into extreme wealth, Strunk is also involved with her family's other businesses, which includes Bud Adams Ranches, Inc., and is also the president of Kenada Fox Hounds, a fox-hunting organization, and the Little River Oil and Gas Company.


title: Amy Adams Strunk

text: Strunk initially inherited a third of the Tennessee Titans on her father's death, with another third going to her sister, Susie Adams Smith, and the last third to be split equally between Susan Lewis, widow of their brother Kenneth S. Adams III (who died in 1987), and her sons Kenneth S. Adams IV and Barclay Adams. Following two tumultuous years with Smith as controlling owner and her husband Tommy as the chairman, the family decided to pass the mantle down to Strunk.


title: Amy Adams Strunk

text: Within a couple of years, Strunk and Kenneth IV hired longtime business partner Steve Underwood to replace Tommy Smith as team president and CEO and replaced general manager Ruston Webster with Jon Robinson. Strunk was the representing owner for the Titans during a 2015 league vote. In 2016, Strunk was appointed to the NFL's Hall of Fame committee, and was also named to the Board of Trustees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Due in large part to Strunk's organization of the Titans 2018 uniform reveal event in downtown Nashville, the NFL granted Nashville the honor of hosting the 2019 NFL Draft. After bringing the Draft to Nashville, Adams was awarded the 2019 Tennessean of the Year by the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. On December 12, 2020, it was announced that Susie Adams Smith would sell her share of the Titans to the family-owned KSA Industries. This gives Amy Adams Strunk 50% share of the team, with the other 50% still owned by her nephews, Kenneth Adams IV and Barclay Adams, and Susan Lewis, their mother. Amy Adams Strunk retains controlling ownership.


title: Amy Adams Strunk

text: Unlike her father, Strunk and her nephew have been actively involved with promoting the Titans around Nashville and have been more receptive to feedback from fans and the team's other shareholders. In fact, many fans now affectionately call Strunk by the nickname "Mom."


title: Amy Adams Strunk

text: Other female owners in the NFL include Sheila Ford Hamp (Detroit Lions), Virginia Halas McCaskey (Chicago Bears), Kim Pegula (Buffalo Bills), Carol Davis (Las Vegas Raiders), Denise DeBartolo York (San Francisco 49ers), Gayle Benson (New Orleans Saints), Janice McNair (Houston Texans), Jody Allen (Seattle Seahawks), and Dee Haslam (Cleveland Browns). All except Ford Hamp, Haslam, Pegula and York inherited their teams upon the death of their spouse, parent, or other family member.


title: Amy Adams Strunk

text: Strunk is an avid equestrian and fox-hunter. Her first marriage ended in divorce in 1990, following a long period of depression that followed her brother's suicide. Her second husband, cattle breeder Tim Strunk, died in a 1997 auto accident. Her current husband Bill Hunt is a former commercial airline pilot. They have residences in Waller, Texas and Nashville, Tennessee. She has three grown children from two previous marriages, Tracy Thompson, Tommy Thompson, and Blanche Strunk.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Dinnerladies (stylised as dinnerladies) is a British television sitcom created, written and co-produced by Victoria Wood. Two series were broadcast on BBC One from 1998 to 2000, with sixteen episodes in total. The programme is repeated on Gold, and Drama. The complete series was released on DVD in November 2004, and is available to stream on BBC iPlayer.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The series is set almost entirely in the canteen of HWD Components, a fictional factory in Manchester, featuring the caterers and regular customers as the main characters. It depicts the lives and social and romantic interactions of the staff, and is centred around the main character of Brenda Furlong, played by Wood.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The beginning of the first series introduces the characters, a group of mostly female and middle-aged canteen workers at a factory in Manchester. The main character is the kind and dependable Brenda "Bren" Furlong, whose relationship with sarcastic and exhausted canteen manager Tony Martin (Andrew Dunn) develops through the show.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The characters feature the prim and prudish Dolly Bellfield (Thelma Barlow) and her waspish friend Jean (Anne Reid), and the younger and snarky Twinkle (Maxine Peake), who is always late, and the scatter-brained but mild-mannered Anita (Shobna Gulati).


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Stan Meadowcroft (Duncan Preston) is an opinionated and easily provoked, but well-meaning, maintenance man who is responsible for cleaning the factory and fixing equipment. The new cheery but disorganised human resources manager Philippa Moorcroft (Celia Imrie) is from the South and does not initially fit in well with the rest of the staff; she moved to Manchester because of her relationship with senior staff member Mr Michael (Christopher Greet).


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Actress Julie Walters also appears in nine episodes as Bren's down-and-out, delusional and manipulative mother who lives in a caravan behind a petrol station. She abandoned Bren at an orphanage, and often turns up to ask for favours.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: In the first series, Bren and Tony's relationship begins to develop, and she supports him as he undergoes chemotherapy. Philippa tries to organise team-building activities, the factory receives a royal visit, Bren's mother causes a scandal in the factory, the team bring their mothers to work, HWD Components merges with a Japanese company and Tony is temporarily replaced by Nicola Bodeux due to his treatment. Bodeux resigns after causing the canteen staff to strike, leading Bren to take charge on an interim basis amidst a crisis for the company.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Throughout the second series, Bren and Tony's relationship develops further; the canteen takes on a work experience girl named Sigourney (Joanne Froggatt), Jean goes to stay with her sister after she is put in a foul mood by her unfaithful husband, a prisoner escapes from a local prison and Bren's fear of needles is mistaken for pregnancy. Jane (Sue Devaney) organises a holiday to Marbella, on which Bren and Tony want to go together. After a mix up, Bren manages to get a place, but she ends up giving the money to her mother instead. Their colleagues bet on when Bren and Tony will "get it on", and they finally get together after Tony puts on a surprise birthday party for Bren, who was born on Christmas Eve.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Later in the series, Philippa cannot attend the Millennium meal she organises, and Anita has a baby; after leaving it anonymously for Bren to care for, she takes it back and goes on parental leave; she is replaced temporarily by Christine (Kay Adshead), who is disliked by the rest of the dinner ladies.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: As the closure of the canteen looms, the staff plan to move on with their lives. Bren goes on a game show, but loses her chance to win after she cannot attend due to her mother's death. It is revealed that her mother left her a large amount of money, which Bren and Tony use to move to Scotland.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The ensemble cast occasionally featured guest actors from many of the country's best known stars of comedy and straight drama on TV, film, radio, and stage, including Joanne Froggatt ("Downton Abbey", "Liar", "Angela Black"), Tina Malone ("Brookside", "Shameless"), Dora Bryan OBE ("A Taste of Honey", "Absolutely Fabulous", "Last of the Summer Wine"), Lynda Baron ("Open All Hours", "Coronation Street", "EastEnders"), Elspet Gray (The Whitehall Farces, "Fawlty Towers", "Black Adder", "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Solo"), Janette Tough (The Krankies, "French and Saunders"), Simon Williams ("Upstairs, Downstairs"; "Holby City", "EastEnders"), Kenny Doughty ("Coronation Street", "Vera"), Eric Sykes CBE, an icon of 5 decades of British radio and TV sitcom,


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: and actress in over 100 films, comedian, presenter and writer Dame Thora Hird DBE ("In Loving Memory", "Meet the Wife", "Praise Be!", "Last of the Summer Wine", a household name, a British national institution,


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The series was written entirely by Victoria Wood, with no additional contributors or script editor. Wood approached writing by allowing plots to develop from interactions between characters, rather than fitting characters into pre-determined storylines.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: She wrote the whole six-episode first series in one month; however, she found the second series much harder to write, and even though it had only four more episodes, it took her six months. Wood has attributed this to pressure to do everything herself and loneliness, and has said that she even considered giving up because she thought her scripts were of low quality.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Wood deliberately ended the programme after two series, and the final episode of the second was designed to conclude it. She has said that she "[doesn't] normally do anything twice", but felt that a second series was necessary to do the show justice, and that she knew where to take the show after seeing it air and understanding "what people [have] taken from it". She mentioned the short run of "Fawlty Towers" when explaining why she planned not to continue the series further. However, in a televised BBC TV documentary about the history of situation comedy at the corporation, Wood complained that the series had been axed by the BBC, despite it being what she described as "a show they couldn't kill".


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Involving only one set throughout its run (with the exception of quiz show and hospital sets which are both seen on a television screen in the last two episodes), "dinnerladies" was entirely filmed at the London BBC Television Centre in front of a live studio audience, employing a multiple-camera setup. Other locations such as characters' homes and other parts of the factory are only referred to in conversation.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The set was intended to be as realistic as possible, and even featured a functioning catering toaster from which the studio audience were served toast during filming.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Punchlines were generally delivered at a fast pace with dialogue usually only pausing to allow audience laughter to settle. Each episode was filmed twice in front of two separate audiences, once on a Friday and again on a Saturday. This gave cast members two attempts to perfect a scene and, if necessary, the opportunity to correct mistakes without having to repeat a joke to the same audience. This also gave Wood the opportunity to make script changes that she felt might improve each episode.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The series' director and producer was Geoff Posner, and the executive producers were Philip McIntyre and David Tyler; the programme was co-produced by Victoria Wood's production company Good Fun and Posner's Pozzitive Television.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The show's theme music was composed by Victoria Wood. It is usually played without lyrics, but at the end of the episodes "Minnellium" and "Toast", vocals which were also written and performed by Wood were included.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: Humour is mostly derived from the conversation and banter between characters, regarding their lives and popular culture, most commonly film and television: dialogue often features humorous misunderstandings, malapropisms and sexual innuendos. The series also features various surreal situations, often involving Bren's mother.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: There is also a counterpoint of sadder themes, including deaths in the families of two of the main characters, a painful divorce, one of the characters living with cancer, one character having an unplanned pregnancy, and the underlying heartache in Bren's childhood. Bren and Tony's relationship seems to be eternally thwarted either by themselves or random circumstance.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The viewing figures for series 1 peaked with its premiere at 12.24 million viewers, and series 2 peaked with "Minnellium", which aired on 30 December 1999 and reached 15.33 million viewers.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: The first series won the 1999 Rose d'Or Press Award and "Best New TV Comedy" at the 1999 British Comedy Awards, and the second won "Best TV Comedy" in 2000. The show has also been nominated for the British Academy Television Award for "Best Comedy (Programme or Series)" and the "Situation Comedy Award" in 1998 and 1999 respectively. It came 28th in the BBC's "Britain's Best Sitcom" poll in 2004.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: A play based on the series premiered in London in April 2009. The play was based on three episodes of the second series of the TV show, and concentrated on the romance between Bren and Tony. It was directed by David Graham, who also adapted Victoria Wood's original TV scripts for the stage. Gulati and Dunn reprised their original roles from the TV series. The show toured the UK during 2009.


title: Dinnerladies (TV series)

text: A second show called "Dinnerladies: Second Helpings" toured in 2011 with a new script, once again featuring Dunn, joined by original series cast member Sue Devaney. Shobna Gulati left to return to the soap opera "Coronation Street".


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Atlantic City (French: "Atlantic City, USA") is a 1980 romantic crime film directed by Louis Malle and starring Burt Lancaster, Susan Sarandon, Kate Reid, Robert Joy, Hollis McLaren, Michel Piccoli, and Al Waxman. A Canadian-French co-production filmed in late 1979, it was released in France and Germany in September 1980 and in the United States later that year by Paramount Pictures. The script was written by John Guare.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: The film opened to critical acclaim and was nominated for the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (for Lancaster), Best Actress (for Sarandon), and Best Original Screenplay, but did not win in any category. In Canada, it won Genie Awards for Best Performance by a Foreign Actress (for Sarandon), Best Supporting Actress (for Reid), and Best Art Direction, with three additional nominations. In France, it was nominated for the César Awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best Music.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: In 2003, "Atlantic City" was among the 25 motion pictures added annually to the United States National Film Registry of the Library of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and recommended for preservation.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Sally Matthews is a young waitress from Saskatchewan, working at an oyster bar in an Atlantic City casino. She has dreams of becoming a blackjack dealer, going through dealer training under the tutelage of Joseph. Joseph, from France, encourages her to learn French and become a dealer in Monte Carlo.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Sally's estranged husband Dave and her pregnant sister Chrissie show up one day with the intention of selling a $10,000 () bag of cocaine he had stolen in Philadelphia. Sally is outraged to see him, as he had impregnated Chrissie and run off with her. Dave meets Lou, an aging former gangster who lives in Sally's apartment building and runs a small time numbers game in poor areas of the city; Lou also acts as a caretaker for Grace, a seemingly bedridden, aging beauty queen whose gangster husband he used to work under, and who constantly berates and demeans him. Dave convinces Lou to sell the cocaine for him, but as Lou sells the first batch to Alfie, who runs an illegal poker game in a hotel room, Dave is attacked and killed by the mobsters from whom he had stolen the drugs.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Lou is left with the remaining cocaine and continues to sell it to impress Sally, whom he has long pined for, with money. Sally and Lou make love one day, but she returns to her apartment to find it trashed; she has been tracked down by Dave's killers, who beat her to find out if she has the drugs. They leave, but Lou laments not being able to protect her. Grace also reveals that Lou was a small-time crook and nowhere near as competent as he pretends.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Sally is fired from the casino when her late husband's criminal record is discovered. Lou sells most of the remainder of the cocaine, while both Sally and the mobsters discover Lou's affiliation with Dave. The mobsters corner them one night, but are killed when Lou produces a gun and shoots them. He and Sally then steal their car and leave Atlantic City. That night, from a motel, they watch the TV news reporting on the killing. A police sketch of the suspect is shown. It looks nothing like Lou. Lou is overjoyed with relief and pride. He confesses to Sally that this was the first time he has ever killed anyone.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: At the motel the next morning, Lou takes the phone to the bathroom to call Grace and brag about the killings. Sally wakes and takes half of the money with the intention of sneaking off; Lou witnesses this, allowing her to leave and giving her the car keys so she can escape to France, rather than go to Miami with him. Lou returns to Atlantic City to be with Grace. Working together, they sell the remaining portion of the cocaine and walk off arm in arm with renewed respect for each other.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: "Atlantic City" was filmed on location in and around Atlantic City and South Jersey, Philadelphia, and New York. Although filmed in the United States, the film was a co-production between companies based in France and Canada. Aside from Burt Lancaster, Susan Sarandon, and local extras, most of the cast originated from Canada or France. The film allowed Canadian actors such as Al Waxman to successfully transition into American film and television roles.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: The production companies allotted Louis Malle the money to make a film with the stipulation that it be made before the year 1979 ended. Malle had a difficult time finding the right script to direct and with time running out his then girlfriend Susan Sarandon suggested using a story written by her friend John Guare, a playwright most notable for his plays "House of Blue Leaves" and "Six Degrees of Separation". Guare suggested that the story take place in Atlantic City, which was still for the most part suffering from the urban deterioration that prompted the legalization of gambling as a solution to save the city. The three met over dinner in early 1979 to work out quirks in the script and began shooting within a few months.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Principal photography commenced on October 31, 1979, and was largely finished by December 30 (although a few exterior and location shots were filmed until January 5, 1980). Malle filmed at an opportune time in that he was able to capture old Atlantic City: gambling was still in its early stages there, with only two casino hotels open (Resorts and Caesars; Bally's Park Place would open on December 30, toward the end of the principal photography). Most of the city's old resorts and entertainment piers were still standing, albeit in a severe state of disrepair. Within a couple of years of the filming, most of these old hotels would fall victim to the wrecking ball as they were replaced with new casinos. To frame the picture, Malle foreshadows the great transition of the famous resort town in the opening credits by featuring footage of the implosion of the once-grand and historic Traymore Hotel on the Atlantic City Boardwalk.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Louis Malle hired composer Michel Legrand to write a score for the film, which he did. In the end, however, Malle decided against using a score for the film, and opted for all the music in the film to be diegetic: the only music used is that which exists in the world of the characters (i.e. radios, musical instruments, etc.). The music that Susan Sarandon's character plays from her tape player is the aria "Casta Diva" from Vincenzo Bellini's opera "Norma".


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: The opening shot of the old Traymore Hotel being demolished is shown to convey the notion that the city's old hotels were being demolished to make way for the new casinos. However, the Traymore was in fact demolished in 1972, years before the gambling referendum passed in New Jersey. The referendum passed in 1976 and the first hotel to open up was Resorts, formerly the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall, in 1978.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: When Dave and Chrissie are seen hitchhiking into Atlantic City from Philadelphia, they pass a large model elephant on their way into town. The elephant, named Lucy, was a tourist attraction built in 1881 to lure potential land buyers to South Atlantic City (now called Margate), a small town south of Atlantic City. The model elephant had been left to deteriorate over the years; on the brink of its demolition in 1971, the residents of Margate had raised the money to have it restored. Today, Lucy still stands in Margate and is on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: The club where Dave and Lou meet was Club Harlem, which opened in 1935 on Kentucky Avenue, and became the premier nightclub for black tourists visiting Atlantic City. The club opened and closed frequently from 1968 on and eventually closed forever at the end of the eighties. It was torn down in 1992.


title: Atlantic City (1980 film)

text: Scenes were also shot in the Knife and Fork Restaurant and White House Subs, both Atlantic City landmarks.


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: Aoyama was talented in drawing even at an early age. In elementary school, his painting of "Yukiai War" won a competition and was displayed at the Tottori Daimaru Department Store. He has an older brother who is a scientist and helps him out with the "gimmicks" in "Detective Conan". He has another brother who is a doctor.


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: Aoyama graduated from Yuraikuei High School, before going on to study at Nihon University College of Art in Tokyo. In winter of 1986, Aoyama won a comic contest for freshmen students. When he was an art student, Aoyama had a part-time job working at Tokyo Disneyland, where he painted backgrounds for Pirates of the Caribbean.


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: Aoyama made his debut as a manga artist with "Chotto Mattete", which was published in the magazine "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" in winter of 1987. Shortly after that, he began "Magic Kaito" in the same magazine. "Magic Kaito" protagonist Kaito Kuroba later appeared in "Case Closed".


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: Between 1988 and 1993, Aoyama created the series "Yaiba", which ran for 24 volumes. Later, he would release other manga series in single volumes, such as "Third Baseman No.4" and "Gosho Aoyama's Collection of Short Stories".


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: Aoyama began serializing "Detective Conan" in "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" on January 19, 1994. When the series was first released in English, it was given the title "Case Closed".


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: Aoyama has won two awards for his work as a manga artist. In 1992, he won the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen for "Yaiba". He would go on to win the same award for a second time in 2001, this time for "Detective Conan".


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: Additionally, his hometown Hokuei has undertaken several "machi okoshi" (town revitalization) projects in honor of his contribution as a manga artist and resident. The first projects were the Conan Bridge across the Yura River and Detective Conan statues. On March 18, 2007, the Gosho Aoyama Manga Factory, a museum that celebrates Aoyama's career as a manga artist, was opened.


title: Gosho Aoyama

text: On May 5, 2005, Aoyama married Minami Takayama, the singer of Two-Mix and voice actress for Conan in the anime adaptation of "Detective Conan". On December 10, 2007, the two divorced.


title: Will Shu

text: William Shu (, born December 1979) is a UK-based American businessman, the co-founder and CEO of Deliveroo, an online food delivery company with operations spread across more than 200 cities in 11 countries.


title: Will Shu

text: He was born in December 1979, in Connecticut, to Taiwanese parents. In 2001, Shu earned a bachelor's degree from Northwestern University. His first job was with Morgan Stanley in London as an investment banking analyst in 2001. Shu returned to the United States in 2010 to attend business school and received an MBA from Wharton Business School in 2012.


title: Will Shu

text: Before founding Deliveroo, Shu worked as analyst for S.A.C. Capital Advisors and ESO Capital, and as an investment banker at Morgan Stanley. He founded Deliveroo in 2013 with childhood friend and software engineer Greg Orlowski. Shu had the idea to start Deliveroo while working in Morgan Stanley's London office and seeing the lack of delivery options while working late nights. Shu worked as the company's first delivery person, delivering food every day for the first eight months in order to understand the customer experience.


title: Will Shu

text: Deliveroo operated in London for the first two years, growing via word of mouth. In 2015, the company expanded internationally to Paris, Berlin and Dublin. Deliveroo reached a valuation of more than £1.5 billion in November 2017, operating in 12 countries and more than 150 cities.


title: Will Shu

text: In February 2016, Orlowski, who had been working as Deliveroo's chief technology officer, left "to spend more time with his wife in Chicago after the birth of their daughter".


title: Will Shu

text: Shu famously continues to work shifts as a Deliveroo driver, delivering food around London every few weeks.


title: Will Shu

text: Shu received criticism for raising his personal salary to £125,000 a year, a 22.5% increase, amidst a dispute over riders' status and company losses in 2016. Administrative expenses, such as hiring new staff and a new London office, multiplied from £28.8m to £142.2m, resulting in a large loss. In addition, Shu gave out close to £4.5m in share bonuses to directors and hundreds of other head office staff.


title: Will Shu

text: Deliveroo was one of many gig economy companies facing legal challenges over the employment model of its delivery riders. Four court judgements, most recently a Court of Appeal’s judgement in 2021, confirmed that Deliveroo’s riders are self-employed independent contractors.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud ( "Khālid bin Salmān Āl Suʿūd"; born 1988), is a Saudi royal, diplomat, and politician who serves as the Saudi Arabian minister of defense. He was appointed defense minister on 27 September 2022. He is the tenth child and ninth son of King Salman.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Khalid bin Salman was born in 1988. He is the son of King Salman and his third spouse, Fahda bint Falah Al Hithlain.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Prince Khalid earned a bachelor's degree in aviation sciences from King Faisal Air Academy, and continued his education in the United States. He obtained a certificate from Harvard University in their senior executives in the national and international security program. He also studied advanced electronic warfare in Paris, France. Prince Khalid was enrolled in Georgetown University to pursue his higher education in the university's master of arts in security studies program. Due to various official duties and tasks, his studies were postponed prior to his appointment as ambassador to the United States.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: After graduating from the King Faisal Air Academy, Prince Khalid joined the Royal Saudi Air Force. He commenced his aviation career by flying T-6 Texan and T-38 aircraft at Columbus Air Force Base in Mississippi. He then started flying F-15 S and was also appointed as a Tactical Intelligence Officer in addition to his duties as an F-15 S pilot with the 92nd Squadron of the RSAF 3rd Wing at King Abdulaziz Air Base in Dhahran.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Prince Khalid has accumulated nearly 1,000 flying hours and carried out air missions against the Salafi jihadist militant group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant within the International Coalition's efforts. He also participated in Operation Decisive Storm and Operation Restoring Hope by flying missions over Yemen. Prince Khalid was awarded medals including: South Shield Medal, the Battle Medal, the Excellence Medal, and the Abdullah's Sword Medal.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Prince Khalid trained extensively with the American Armed Forces both in the United States and in Saudi Arabia, including his training at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. A back injury prohibited Prince Khalid from flying, and he worked as an officer at the office of the Minister of Defense.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Upon completion of his military career, he was appointed as a senior civilian advisor at the Ministry of Defense. By late 2016, Prince Khalid moved to the United States where he worked as an advisor at the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington. In April, 2017 Prince Khalid became the tenth Saudi Ambassador to the United States since 1945.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Following his appointment as ambassador to the United States in April 2017, Prince Khalid focused on strengthening Saudi–U.S. bilateral relations.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: In August and September 2017, Prince Khalid undertook his first multi-state tour of the United States, visiting Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, Silicon Valley, Dallas, Houston, and St. Louis to underline his commitment to reaching out beyond the beltway and strengthening the Saudi–U.S. relationship in all areas.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: In March 2018, Prince Khalid appeared on CNN in discussion with Wolf Blitzer to preview Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's trip to the United States. In the interview, he asserted: "We will continue to work with our allies in the United States and in the world to increase our economic cooperation, to increase our security cooperation and to serve our mutual interests and face our mutual threats."


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Prince Khalid authored a column in the "Washington Post", published on 19 March 2018, that outlined the ways in which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was embracing change, and how the Saudi–U.S. relationship could be strengthened as a result of this transformation.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: As part of the seven-city tour around the United States, Prince Khalid joined Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman to meet with a number of American political, economic and social leaders in Washington, Boston, New York, Seattle, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Houston. Prince Khalid attended meetings with President Donald Trump, members of the administration and congressional leaders on both sides of the aisle.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Prince Khalid participated in meetings with former leaders – including President George H. W. Bush, President Bill Clinton, Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, along with current representatives of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, including U.S. Ambassador Nikki Haley.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: On the economic side, Prince Khalid joined the crown prince in meeting with entertainment and development leaders, discussing potential collaboration with executives from Warner Bros., Disney and Magic Leap. The Ambassador also joined a tour of Apple headquarters in Silicon Valley, exploring different avenues of cooperation between both sides. Prince Khalid is very close to his elder brother Mohammed and is also cited as a potential heir to him, when the latter becomes King.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: Jamal Khashoggi, a journalist, visited the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul on Tuesday, 2 October 2018, and was murdered within minutes. The following Monday, 8 October, Khalid bin Salman denied that the Saudis had detained or killed Khashoggi.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: According to a leaked CIA assessment, whose details were reported by several news outlets, including the Washington Post, Prince Khalid had instructed Khashoggi to go to the Saudi consulate in Istanbul to pick up the papers he needed, assuring him that it would be safe to do so.


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: According to "Hürriyet" columnist Abdulkadir Selvi, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Gina Haspel had possession of the "smoking gun phone call" in which crown prince Mohammad was recorded giving orders to his brother Khaled, then Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the US, "to Silence Jamal Khashoggi as Soon as Possible". The subsequent murder is the ultimate confirmation of this instruction."


title: Khalid bin Salman Al Saud

text: In February 2019, Khalid was appointed deputy defense minister of Saudi Arabia and replaced by Reema bint Bandar Al Saud.


title: Morgan Davies

text: Morgan Davies (born Morgana Linda Davies, 27 November 2001) is an Australian film and television actor. They started their career as a child actor. Davies publicly came out as transgender in 2020.


title: Morgan Davies

text: They starred in the 2020 Australian television series "The End" as a trans teen in the process of gender transitioning.


title: Morgan Davies

text: The "Calgary Herald" praised their touching performance in "The Tree" while Julie Bertuccelli, the director or "The Tree", praised their work, calling them terrific.


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: Jesse Duplantis (born July 9, 1949) is an American preacher from the Christian Evangelical Charismatic movement. He is based in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S., and the founder of Jesse Duplantis Ministries.


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: Duplantis was on the Board of Regents of Oral Roberts University, which awarded him an honorary doctorate, until late 2007, when he, fellow regent Creflo Dollar, and the President of the University Richard Roberts all resigned. Duplantis said in a prepared statement released by the school, "the demands of ministry have made it increasingly difficult to continue to effectively serve." The rest of the Board which included Kenneth Copeland and Benny Hinn was swept away over the next few weeks after the University accepted a $70 million donation on the condition it inaugurate "a new era of transparent governance and accountability."


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: In recognition of his "many years of effectively sharing God's message of salvation through Jesus Christ to the world," Jesse Duplantis was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Divinity degree from Oral Roberts University in 1999.


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: Jesse Duplantis Ministries also owns a private jet, with which Duplantis had used to preach the gospel all over the world.


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: In May 2018, national news media outlets accused Duplantis of asking his followers to donate money to him so that he could buy a new $54 million private jet, the Dassault Falcon 7X. Duplantis said that his organization, Jesse Duplantis Ministries, had already paid for three private jets by 2006, and that he had been using them by "just burning them up for the Lord Jesus Christ." Duplantis defended his choice by saying: "I really believe that if Jesus was physically on the earth today he wouldn't be riding a donkey. Think about that for a minute. He'd be in an airplane preaching the gospel all over the world." In response to a wave of criticism, Duplantis stated on his ministry website, "I'm not asking you to pay for my plane, I'm asking you to pray for my plane."


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: In 2016, Duplantis and fellow televangelist Kenneth Copeland defended their use of private jets with the claim that commercial planes were full of "demons".


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: The Trinity Foundation (Dallas), a religious watchdog organization, has kept an eye on Duplantis for more than 10 years. The organization's president Ole Anthony said that because of Duplantis' tax exemption, technically, every person in St. Charles Parish was “helping to pay for Duplantis' extravagant lifestyle”.


title: Jesse Duplantis

text: In the aftermath of 2021's Hurricane Ida, Duplantis has faced criticism for his ministry's perceived lack of response to helping the community. His church resides in St. Charles Parish, where some 95 percent of the residences remained without power for weeks after the storm. St. Charles Parish was one of the hardest hit areas.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory of Nazianzus (, "Grēgorios ho Nazianzēnos"; – 25 January 390,), also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen, was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople and theologian. He is widely considered the most accomplished rhetorical stylist of the patristic age. As a classically trained orator and philosopher, he infused Hellenism into the early church, establishing the paradigm of Byzantine theologians and church officials.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory made a significant impact on the shape of Trinitarian theology among both Greek and Latin-speaking theologians, and he is remembered as the "Trinitarian Theologian". Much of his theological work continues to influence modern theologians, especially in regard to the relationship among the three Persons of the Trinity. Along with the brothers Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, he is known as one of the Cappadocian Fathers.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory of Nazianzus is a saint in both Eastern and Western Christianity. In the Catholic Church he is numbered among the Doctors of the Church; in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches he is revered as one of the Three Holy Hierarchs, along with Basil the Great and John Chrysostom. He is considered one of the Great Fathers in both Eastern and Western Christianity. He was considered the patron saint of Kotromanić dynasty and medieval Bosnia during the first half of the 15th century, while Saint George, the miracle-worker, has been the patron saint since at least mid-13th century, although confirmed by the papacy much later in 1461. St. Gregory the Great was also considered the patron of both, the state and dynasty in the late 15th century.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: He is also one of only three men in the life of the Orthodox Church who have been officially designated "Theologian" by epithet, the other two being John the Theologian (the Evangelist), and Symeon the New Theologian.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory was born to Greek parents in the family estate of Karbala outside the village of Arianzus, near Nazianzus, in southwest Cappadocia. His parents, Gregory and Nonna, were wealthy land-owners. In AD 325 Nonna converted her husband, a Hypsistarian, to Christianity; he was subsequently ordained as bishop of Nazianzus in 328 or 329. The young Gregory and his brother, Caesarius, first studied at home with their uncle Amphylokhios. Gregory went on to study advanced rhetoric and philosophy in Nazianzus, Caesarea, Alexandria, and Athens. On the way to Athens his ship encountered a violent storm, and the terrified Gregory prayed to Christ that if He would deliver him, he would dedicate his life to His service. While at Athens, he developed a close friendship with his fellow student Basil of Caesarea, and also made the acquaintance of Flavius Claudius Julianus, who would later become the emperor known as Julian the Apostate. In Athens, Gregory studied under the famous rhetoricians Himerius and Proaeresius. He may have been baptized there, or shortly after his return to Cappadocia.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: In 361 Gregory returned to Nazianzus and was ordained a presbyter by his father's wish, who wanted him to assist with caring for local Christians. The younger Gregory, who had been considering a monastic existence, resented his father's decision to force him to choose between priestly services and a solitary existence, calling it an "act of tyranny". Leaving home after a few days, he met his friend Basil at Annesoi, where the two lived as ascetics. However, Basil urged him to return home to assist his father, which he did for the next year. Arriving at Nazianzus, Gregory found the local Christian community split by theological differences and his father accused of heresy by local monks. Gregory helped to heal the division through a combination of personal diplomacy and oratory.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: By this time Emperor Julian had publicly declared himself in opposition to Christianity. In response to the emperor's rejection of the Christian faith, Gregory composed his "Invectives Against Julian" between 362 and 363. "Invectives" asserts that Christianity will overcome imperfect rulers such as Julian through love and patience. This process as described by Gregory is the public manifestation of the process of deification ("theosis"), which leads to a spiritual elevation and mystical union with God. Julian resolved, in late 362, to vigorously prosecute Gregory and his other Christian critics; however, the emperor perished the following year during a campaign against the Persians. With the death of the emperor, Gregory and the Eastern churches were no longer under the threat of persecution, as the new emperor Jovian was an avowed Christian and supporter of the church.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory spent the next few years combating Arianism, which threatened to divide the region of Cappadocia. In this tense environment, Gregory interceded on behalf of his friend Basil with Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (Mazaca). The two friends then entered a period of close fraternal cooperation as they participated in a great rhetorical contest of the Caesarean church precipitated by the arrival of accomplished Arian theologians and rhetors. In the subsequent public debates, presided over by agents of the Emperor Valens, Gregory and Basil emerged triumphant. This success confirmed for both Gregory and Basil that their futures lay in administration of the Church. Basil, who had long displayed inclinations to the episcopacy, was elected bishop of the see of Caesarea in Cappadocia in 370.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory was ordained Bishop of Sasima in 372 by Basil. Basil created this see in order to strengthen his position in his dispute with Anthimus, bishop of Tyana. The ambitions of Gregory's father to have his son rise in the Church hierarchy and the insistence of his friend Basil convinced Gregory to accept this position despite his reservations. Gregory would later refer to his episcopal ordination as forced upon him by his strong-willed father and Basil. Describing his new bishopric, Gregory lamented how it was nothing more than an "utterly dreadful, pokey little hole; a paltry horse-stop on the main road ... devoid of water, vegetation, or the company of gentlemen ... this was my Church of Sasima!" He made little effort to administer his new diocese, complaining to Basil that he preferred instead to pursue a contemplative life.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: By late 372 Gregory returned to Nazianzus to assist his dying father with the administration of his diocese. This strained his relationship with Basil, who insisted that Gregory resume his post at Sasima. Gregory retorted that he had no intention to continue to play the role of pawn to advance Basil's interests. He instead focused his attention on his new duties as coadjutor of Nazianzus. It was here that Gregory preached the first of his great episcopal orations.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Following the deaths of his mother and father in 374, Gregory continued to administer the Diocese of Nazianzus but refused to be named bishop. Donating most of his inheritance to the needy, he lived an austere existence. At the end of 375 he withdrew to a monastery at Seleukia, living there for three years. Near the end of this period his friend Basil died. Although Gregory's health did not permit him to attend the funeral, he wrote a heartfelt letter of condolence to Basil's brother, Gregory of Nyssa, and composed twelve memorial poems dedicated to the memory of his departed friend. (The Greek Anthology, book I epigram 86 and book VIII epigrams 2–11).


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Upon the death of Emperor Valens in 378, the accession of Theodosius I, a steadfast supporter of Nicene orthodoxy, was good news to those who wished to purge Constantinople of Arian and Apollinarian domination. The exiled Nicene party gradually returned to the city. From his deathbed, Basil reminded them of Gregory's capabilities and likely recommended his friend to champion the Trinitarian cause in Constantinople.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: In 379, the Antioch synod and its archbishop, Meletios, asked Gregory to go to Constantinople to lead a theological campaign to win over that city to Nicene orthodoxy. After much hesitation, Gregory agreed. His cousin Theodosia offered him a villa for his residence; Gregory immediately transformed much of it into a church, naming it Anastasia, "a scene for the resurrection of the faith". From this little chapel he delivered five powerful discourses on Nicene doctrine, explaining the nature of the Trinity and the unity of the Godhead. Refuting the Eunomion denial of the Holy Spirit's divinity, Gregory offered this argument:


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory's homilies were well received and attracted ever-growing crowds to Anastasia. Fearing his popularity, his opponents decided to strike. On the vigil of Easter in 379, an Arian mob burst into his church during worship services, wounding Gregory and killing another bishop. Escaping the mob, Gregory next found himself betrayed by his erstwhile friend, the philosopher Maximus the Cynic. Maximus, who was in secret alliance with Peter, bishop of Alexandria, attempted to seize Gregory's position and have himself ordained bishop of Constantinople. Shocked, Gregory decided to resign his office, but the faction faithful to him induced him to stay and ejected Maximus. This episode left Gregory embarrassed, and exposed him to criticism as a provincial simpleton unable to cope with the intrigues of the imperial city.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Affairs in Constantinople remained confused as Gregory's position was still unofficial, and Arian priests yet occupied many important churches. The arrival of the emperor Theodosius in 380 settled matters in Gregory's favor. The emperor, determined to eliminate Arianism, expelled Bishop Demophilus. Gregory was subsequently enthroned as bishop of Constantinople at the Basilica of the Apostles, replacing Demophilus.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Theodosius wanted to further unify the entire empire behind the orthodox position and decided to convene a church council to resolve matters of faith and discipline. Gregory was of similar mind in wishing to unify Christianity. In the spring of 381 they convened the Second Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, which was attended by 150 Eastern bishops. After the death of the presiding bishop, Meletius of Antioch, Gregory was selected to lead the council. Hoping to reconcile the West with the East, he offered to recognize Paulinus as Patriarch of Antioch. The Egyptian and Macedonian bishops who had supported Maximus's ordination arrived late for the council. Once there, they refused to recognise Gregory's position as head of the church of Constantinople, arguing that his transfer from the See of Sasima was canonically illegitimate.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory was physically exhausted and worried that he was losing the confidence of the bishops and the emperor. Rather than press his case and risk further division, he decided to resign his office: "Let me be as the Prophet Jonah! I was responsible for the storm, but I would sacrifice myself for the salvation of the ship. Seize me and throw me ... I was not happy when I ascended the throne, and gladly would I descend it." He shocked the council with his surprise resignation and then delivered a dramatic speech to Theodosius asking to be released from his offices. The emperor, moved by his words, applauded, commended his labor, and granted his resignation. The Council asked him to appear once more for a farewell ritual and celebratory orations. Gregory used this occasion to deliver a final address ( 42) and then departed.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Returning to his homeland of Cappadocia, Gregory once again resumed his position as bishop of Nazianzus. He spent the next year combating the local Apollinarian heretics and struggling with periodic illness. He also began composing "De Vita Sua", his autobiographical poem. By the end of 383 he found his health too feeble to cope with episcopal duties. Gregory established Eulalius as bishop of Nazianzus and then withdrew into the solitude of Arianzum. After enjoying six peaceful years in retirement at his family estate, he died on 25 January in 390.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory faced stark choices throughout his life: Should he pursue studies as a rhetor or philosopher? Would a monastic life be more appropriate than public ministry? Was it better to blaze his own path or follow the course mapped for him by his father and Basil? Gregory's writings illuminate the conflicts which both tormented and motivated him. Biographers suggest that it was this dialectic which defined him, forged his character, and inspired his search for meaning and truth.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory's most significant theological contributions arose from his defense of the doctrine of the Trinity. He is especially noted for his contributions to the field of pneumatology—that is, theology concerning the nature of the Holy Spirit. In this regard, Gregory is the first to use the idea of "procession" to describe the relationship between the Spirit and the Godhead: "The Holy Spirit is truly Spirit, coming forth from the Father indeed but not after the manner of the Son, for it is not by generation but by "procession", since I must coin a word for the sake of clearness." Although Gregory does not fully develop the concept, the idea of procession would shape most later thought about the Holy Spirit.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: He emphasized that Jesus did not cease to be God when he became a man, nor did he lose any of his divine attributes when he took on human nature. Furthermore, Gregory asserted that Christ was fully human, including a full human soul. He also proclaimed the eternality of the Holy Spirit, saying that the Holy Spirit's actions were somewhat hidden in the Old Testament but much clearer since the ascension of Jesus into Heaven and the descent of the Holy Spirit at the feast of Pentecost.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: In contrast to the Neo-Arian belief that the Son is "anomoios", or "unlike" the Father, and with the Semi-Arian assertion that the Son is "homoiousios", or "like" the Father, Gregory and his fellow Cappadocians maintained the Nicaean doctrine of "homoousia", or consubstantiality of the Son with the Father. The Cappadocian Fathers asserted that God's nature is unknowable to man; helped to develop the framework of "hypostases", or three persons united in a single Godhead; illustrated how Jesus is the eikon of the Father; and explained the concept of "theosis", the belief that all Christians can be assimilated with God in "imitation of the incarnate Son as the divine model."


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Some of Gregory's theological writings suggest that, like his friend Gregory of Nyssa, he may have supported some form of the doctrine of apocatastasis, the belief that God will bring all of creation into harmony with the Kingdom of Heaven. This led Philip Schaff and late-nineteenth century Christian universalists such as J. W. Hanson to describe Gregory's theology as universalist. This view of Gregory is also held by some modern theologians such as John Sachs, who said that Gregory had "leanings" toward apocatastasis, but in a "cautious, undogmatic" way. However, it is not clear or universally accepted that Gregory held to the doctrine of apocatastasis.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Apart from the several theological discourses, Gregory was also one of the most important early Christian men of letters, a very accomplished orator, even perhaps one of the greatest of his time. Gregory was also a very prolific poet who wrote theological, moral, and biographical poems. The book VIII of the "Greek Anthology" contains exclusively 254 epigrams of his.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Gregory's great nephew Nichobulos served as his literary executor, preserving and editing many of his writings. A cousin, Eulalios, published several of Gregory's more noteworthy works in 391. By 400, Rufinius began translating his orations into Latin. As Gregory's works circulated throughout the empire they influenced theological thought. His orations were cited as authoritative by the First Council of Ephesus in 431. By 451 he was designated "Theologus", or "Theologian" by the Council of Chalcedon – a title held by no others save John the Apostle and Symeon the New Theologian (949–1022 AD). He is widely quoted by Eastern Orthodox theologians and highly regarded as a defender of the Christian faith. His contributions to Trinitarian theology are also influential and often cited in the Western churches. Paul Tillich credits Gregory of Nazianzus for having "created the definitive formulae for the doctrine of the trinity". Additionally, the Liturgy of St Gregory the Theologian in use by the Coptic Church is named after him.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Following his death, Gregory was buried at Nazianzus. His relics, consisting of portions of his body and clothing, were transferred to Constantinople in 950, into the Church of the Holy Apostles. Part of the relics were taken from Constantinople by Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade, in 1204, and ended up in Rome. On 27 November 2004, those relics, along with those of John Chrysostom, were returned to Constantinople (now Istanbul) by Pope John Paul II, with the Vatican retaining a small portion of both. The relics are now enshrined in the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. George in the Fanar.


title: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: During the six years of life which remained to him after his final retirement to his birthplace, Gregory composed the greater part of his copious poetical works. These include a valuable autobiographical poem of nearly 2,000 lines; about one hundred other shorter poems relating to his past career; and a large number of epitaphs, epigrams, and epistles to well-known people during that era. The poems that he wrote that dealt with his personal affairs refer to the continuous illness and severe sufferings (physical and spiritual) which assailed him during his last years. In the tiny plot of ground at Arianzus, all that remained to him of his rich inheritance was by a fountain near which there was a shady walk. Gregory retired here to spend his days as a hermit. It was during this time that he decided to write theological discourses and poetry of both a religious and an autobiographical nature. He would receive occasional visits from intimate friends, as well as visits from strangers who were attracted to his retreat by his large reputation for sanctity and learning. He died about 25 January 390, although the exact date of his death is unknown.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: The game was originally planned to be a PlayStation 3 title, but was cancelled due to high development costs for that console. Capcom instead decided to develop it for the Wii. Prior to its debut, a demo of "Monster Hunter Tri" was included with Japanese copies of "Monster Hunter G". A special bundle was also released on August 1 featuring the game packaged with a black Wii console and a Classic Controller Pro. On August 3, 2009, Capcom issued a press release confirming the game would be localized for North American and European markets. On February 24, 2010, Capcom announced that online play would be provided free of charge. Although now, online play is no longer supported. In America and Europe, separate servers are used and Wii Speak is supported, making the first game in the franchise to include native VoIP capability. It was a critical and commercial success. An enhanced port called Monster Hunter 3 (tri-) G in Japan and Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate in other territories was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan in December 2011 and in North America and Europe in March 2013. The online servers for the Wii version of the game have been shut down as of May 1, 2013.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: Players of "Monster Hunter Tri" take on the role of a hunter from the hunting Guild, assigned to help Moga Village, a small fishing community that is under threat of monsters from a nearby deserted island. The player does this by completing free hunts on the island, where they collect materials and slay or capture monsters which are converted into resources that can be used to improve the village, and by completing time-limited quests for the Guild, typically slaying or capturing a monster in a specific region, for in-game money(zenny) and material resources that can be used to create equipment that allows them to take on more difficult monsters. Improving the village gives the player access to a farming area and a fishing fleet, from which herbs, mushrooms, bugs and honey can be harvested, companions that can help while on the field, and access to a trader that can provide rare items to the player.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: The player's character has 1 base defence but can increase it by the armor created by the player. In particular, the player selects from one of ten weapon classes, primarily divided into melee weapons like swords and hammers, and ranged weapons like bows and bowguns. Each weapon type has a unique style of play when used in the field; sword users need to build up consecutive attacks to increase a combo meter to inflict larger damage on their foes but must keep an eye on their blade's sharpness, while bowmen can perform weak but fast ranged attacks including applying special coatings to their arrows to inflict debuffs on enemies. The player can also equip different sets of armor, which impart attack and defensive bonuses. Some weapons and armor include slots that gem decorations can be slotted into which boosts the item's statistics. Various armor pieces give special skill boosts, and if the player can equip a set that boosts a skill past set thresholds, they can gain additional passive bonuses such as full resistance to fire or poison attacks. The player can swap weapons and armor back in the village.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: To progress in the game, the player is typically required to collect parts of the larger monsters that they are assigned to kill, and using those to forge or upgrade weapons and armor. By being able to take on higher-ranked Guild quests with improved equipment, the player will gain access to a larger array of monster parts and world resources that lead to better equipment they can then craft.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: In the field, the player has a health and stamina meter(these max to 150 each), as well as an item pouch with limited space where resources like healing potions, bombs, and materials picked up in the field are stored. Certain materials can be combined to make more potent items, such as stronger healing potions. However, once the item pouch is full, the player must choose to discard or swap out items with new ones. As the player hunts, they will take damage from monsters; if their health drops to zero, they are rescued to a base camp where they can set off again, but after falling for a third time, they are returned to the village without any gains made while they were adventuring. The stamina meter drops after performing most intensive actions like running, dodging, or attacking, but restores when the player otherwise is walking around. When the player's stamina is depleted, the character will be forced to stop for a brief period to catch their breath before they can move, leaving them vulnerable to attack. In addition, the maximum stamina that the player has will drop over time while in the field, though certain items can restore the maximum stamina level. While on free hunts, the player can leave the field and return to the village at any time, keeping any items they have collected; on Quest hunts, failure to complete the mission in time or abandoning the quest foregoes any reward items.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: Players with both the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U versions are able to transfer their character data back and forth between these units, allowing them to continue to build their character while on either system.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: "Monster Hunter" on the Wii and Wii U offer an online component where up to 4 players can venture on new quests together, represented by the character traveling to a nearby city harbor port. The game uses the same character data as the single-player offering, letting players continue to build up better equipment from quest rewards within either mode. Quests in this mode featured more difficult monsters than the single player game due to the added players available to fight. Quests are broken out into a number of ranks, requiring players to individual completely all quests in a rank before moving to a new tier. A limited selection of the items that the player can collect can be traded with other players here or while on a quest, typically limited to healing and restorative items, preventing the trading of equipment, monster parts, or resources necessary to make better equipment.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: The Wii version of online has since been shut down, but the Wii U version continues to offer these network servers.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: The ecosystems in "Monster Hunter Tri" have been expanded to include underwater environments. Director Kaname Fujioka, in a 2017 interview, said that they wanted to include underwater sections and combat in "Monster Hunter", both to try something different from what other games have done with this, and trying to see how underwater combat would work. While it was included in "Tri", Fujioka said that the amount of effort they needed to program these sections took too much time away from what other parts they could develop, and generally have left underwater combat out of future "Monster Hunter" games, but would like to come back to it sometime in the future.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: Eighteen new monsters were developed for the game, and while there were only 3 of the same boss monsters from the previous games (Rathalos, Rathian and Diablos), their interactive AI was completely redesigned. Each weapon class has been updated with new moves and innovations. Some Weapon Classes have been removed, probably due to short time while programming underwater battle for each weapon. The only ones that make it out to the final cut where, the Sword and Shield, Great Sword, Hammer, Bowguns (Light and Heavy) Lance, Longsword, and the new Switch Axe, which can switch between Axe and Sword forms. According to producer Tsujimoto Ryozo, "[Capcom] love the idea of voice chat and know that it is a minimum for western players," which suggested Western releases of "Monster Hunter Tri" may feature support for the Wii Speak microphone peripheral, which was later confirmed.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: Two special bundles of the game were announced. One bundle for North America and Europe includes a black Classic Controller Pro. A European-exclusive bundle includes a Wii Speak device and Classic Controller Pro. GameStop has offered a demo disc of the game free of charge in North America. GAME has officially confirmed a European Monster Hunter Tri: Exclusive Edition bundle containing the game, Wii Speak, a black Classic Controller Pro and one other item which appears to be an ornamental head of the monster which appears on the game's cover art, the Lagiacrus.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate is a game for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. The game is similar to "Monster Hunter Portable 3rd". The 3DS version was released on December 10, 2011 in Japan as and features local wireless play. In Japan, "Famitsu" announced that "Monster Hunter Tri G" was confirmed as an expanded "Monster Hunter Tri". It is the first game to support the Circle Pad Pro add-on. The game was also released in two bundles, one containing the special edition 3DS and the other one containing the add-on. It was also released on Wii U which features revised HD graphics, full online, local multiplayer, and the ability to import the game progress to the player's Nintendo 3DS. The Wii U port is known in Japan as "Monster Hunter 3G HD Ver.", and was released on December 8, 2012 when the Wii U launched in Japan, while the Nintendo 3DS version was re-released as a Nintendo eShop downloadable two days prior, featuring a slightly lower price than the retail re-release. It was announced that "Tri G" would be released in North America and Europe as "Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate", and would be released in March 2013 together for both the Nintendo 3DS and the Wii U. "Monster Hunter 4" for the 3DS was also announced, which originally scheduled to be released in Japan in the same month as "Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate" in North America and Europe, but later pushed back to Summer 2013. It was later announced that the North American and European releases would be on March 19 and 22 respectively. A demo of the game was released on February 21, 2013.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: "Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate" re-introduces the underwater combat that was left out of the Japanese-only sequel to "Tri", "Monster Hunter Portable 3rd". This is the first time that the gunlance, bow, hunting horn and dual swords have been featured in underwater combat. The game also reintroduces G rank, a level above high rank that features a new set of quests, harder monsters and improved weapons and armor. It was the first time G rank was present in a "Monster Hunter" game since "Monster Hunter Freedom Unite", and the first time ever for a third generation "Monster Hunter" title.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: The game and the "Ultimate" versions received "favorable reviews" on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, "Weekly Famitsu" certified the Wii version with a score of 40/40, making it the eleventh game to receive a perfect rating from the magazine in its 20-year history, as well as the third title for the Wii.


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: 411Mania gave the Wii version a score of 8.8 out of 10 and called it "a meaty experience, with the same addictive reward system that forms the core of many MMORPGs. If you have a few friends who also enjoy the game, you'll enjoy hours and hours of hunting together. Even if you prefer to play offline, there's a ton to do. Unfortunately, while fans of the series will probably love Monster Hunter Tri, Capcom has a lot of kinks to iron out if they want to appeal to the Western masses." "The A.V. Club" gave it a B+ and stated that "The underlying complexities of crafting nifty new gear from their bones is the reason to put roots in "Monster Hunter Tri"’s wooly world." "The Escapist" gave it a score of four stars out of five and stated, "For some reason, there is something uniquely satisfying about felling a great beast and wearing his skin in triumph."


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: "The Digital Fix" gave the Wii U version a score of nine out of ten and said it "could very well be the best reason to own a Wii U at this early stage in the console’s life. The reduced difficulty in the single player mode helps with easing in new players into the core game systems while the higher rank missions will keep veteran monster slayers satisfied. Beyond the addition of new monsters and one new location to hunt in the central game mechanics remain largely unchanged from "Tri" or indeed the rest of the series." "National Post" gave the same version of "Ultimate" a score of 8.5 out of 10 and stated that "The bigger screen and 1080p HD graphics do add to the flair of the game — the textures are redone for the more powerful Wii U, while most of the game models are the same — but no one would mistake them for something that wasn’t also designed to be played on a handheld. The framerate is much better and, most importantly, you can play online with other players." However, the newspaper also gave the 3DS version a score of 7 out of 10, saying, "On the 3DS, your only option is local play. This means that every player needs to have a 3DS, a copy of the game and be in the same room with one another, or be in the same room as someone with the Wii U version of the game. [...] This very limited multiplayer, the lack of a second camera-controlling analog stick (without the circle-pad-pro add-on) and small almost illegible text is why the 3DS version of the game has a lower score than the Wii U version." "The Daily Telegraph" gave the Wii U version a score of four stars out of five and stated, "The "Monster Hunter" series continues to be brilliant but a little impenetrable, despite efforts to remedy that very issue. How much you’ll get out of the game really depends on what you’re willing to put in - if you’re short on spare time or patience, maybe give it a miss. But if you like the sound of really learning a game for once instead of just drifting through it, "Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate" is essential." Digital Spy gave the same version a score of four stars out of five and said, "With some truly breathtaking battles, great online play and the promise of free challenges to come, "Monster Hunter 3: Ultimate" is just what Nintendo's fledgling console needs." "The Escapist" also gave it four stars out of five, saying, "While grinding and idiosyncrasies will get to some, "Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate" is a great game. It shines particularly bright when played [in] multiplayer."


title: Monster Hunter Tri

text: "Monster Hunter Tri" shipped over one million units prior to its Japanese release date. It was the top-selling game in Japan for the week ending August 2, 2009, at 520,000 copies sold. As of December 12, 2009, "Monster Hunter Tri" is the best-selling third-party video game for the Wii in Japan, at 960,000 copies sold. As of June 30, 2012, over 1.9 million copies have been sold on the Wii. As of December 31, 2015, 2.6 million copies have been sold on the 3DS.


title: Smoke grenade

text: A smoke grenade is a canister-type grenade used as a signaling device, target or landing zone marking device, or as a screening device for unit movements.


title: Smoke grenade

text: Smoke grenades generally emit a far larger amount of smoke than smoke bombs, which are a type of fireworks typically started with an external fuse rather than a pin and are more complex. Smoke grenades often cost around compared to smoke bombs, which can often cost just a few cents. The phrase "to smoke", meaning to fake, bluff, or beat around the bush, comes from the military usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal movement; similarly, "pop smoke", derived from a common way of ordering the use of smoke grenades, is used as a slang term for quickly leaving a place.


title: Smoke grenade

text: A typical design consists of a sheet steel cylinder with four emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. The filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke composition (mostly potassium chlorate, lactose, and a dye) in virtually any color. White smoke grenades typically use hexachloroethane-zinc and granular aluminum. The reaction is exothermic and though they remain intact, smoke grenade casings will often remain scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke. Although modern smoke grenades are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks, they remain a fire hazard and are capable of igniting dry vegetation or flammable substances if used injudiciously.


title: Smoke grenade

text: Another type of smoke grenade is the bursting variation. These are filled with white phosphorus (WP), a pyrophoric agent that is spread quickly into a cloud by an internal bursting charge. White phosphorus burns with a brilliant yellow flame while producing copious amounts of white smoke (phosphorus pentoxide). This type of smoke grenade is favored for its ability to produce a very dense and nearly instantaneous cloud of white concealment smoke as compared to the more common solid-filler grenades which expel a slower stream of smoke over a period of roughly 1 minute. For this reason, they are favored for use in onboard grenade launching attachments on armored vehicles, which require extremely fast concealment in the event they are targeted by laser guided anti-tank missiles and need to rapidly retreat.


title: Smoke grenade

text: Smoke grenades are used for several purposes. The primary use is the creation of smoke screens for concealment and the signaling of aircraft.


title: Smoke grenade

text: If movement (such as flanking maneuvers or retreat) is necessary, smoke grenades can be thrown prior to movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily deceives them as to the force's location. The most common color for concealment smoke is white or grey. With the advent of thermal imaging, which can spot troop movements through smoke screens, the newest smoke compositions now include a "multi-spectrum" component to make them IR impermeable.


title: Smoke grenade

text: Smoke grenades can also be used to signal aircraft. Since locating a target from above (especially in thick forest canopy) can be nearly impossible, even with good radio contact, colored smoke grenades are often used to allow aircraft to spot them. Colored signaling smoke grenades are widely used in CASEVAC and close air support situations where quickly locating friendly ground forces is of paramount importance. Common colors are red, yellow, green and purple, and all use very brightly colored dyes to increase the likelihood of being spotted from above.


title: Smoke grenade

text: Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms of chemical grenades (such as CS gas riot control grenades) and incendiary grenades (such as thermite grenades) which use a fuse to ignite a solid filler inside a steel canister, which then slowly propels the combustion products out through holes in the canister as the contents burn. However, the smoke grenade class is restricted to signaling and concealment under the laws of war, and thus they are not considered weapons; since the vast majority are non-explosive, they remain legal for civilian use and ownership in most countries.


title: Smoke grenade

text: Since the basic design of a smoke grenade (a metal canister containing a substance that burns and expels smoke when ignited) is so simple, improvised devices are ubiquitous across the world. Protestors, football spectators, and airsoft enthusiasts often create their own smoke grenades using common materials.


title: Roman festivals

text: Festivals in ancient Rome were a very important part in Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras, and one of the primary features of the Roman calendar. Feriae ("holidays" in the sense of "holy days"; singular also "feriae" or dies ferialis) were either public "(publicae)" or private "(privatae)". State holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding. Games "(ludi)", such as the Ludi Apollinares, were not technically "feriae", but the days on which they were celebrated were "dies festi", holidays in the modern sense of days off work. Although "feriae" were paid for by the state, "ludi" were often funded by wealthy individuals. "Feriae privatae" were holidays celebrated in honor of private individuals or by families. This article deals only with public holidays, including rites celebrated by the state priests of Rome at temples, as well as celebrations by neighborhoods, families, and friends held simultaneously throughout Rome.


title: Roman festivals

text: One of the most important sources for Roman holidays is Ovid's "Fasti", an incomplete poem that describes and provides origins for festivals from January to June at the time of Augustus.


title: Roman festivals

text: Varro defined "feriae" as "days instituted for the sake of the gods." Religious rites were performed on the "feriae", and public business was suspended. Even slaves were supposed to be given some form of rest. Cicero says specifically that people who were free should not engage in lawsuits and quarrels, and slaves should get a break from their labours. Agricultural writers recognized that some jobs on a farm might still need to be performed, and specified what these were. Some agricultural tasks not otherwise permitted could be carried out if an expiation were made in advance "(piaculum)", usually the sacrifice of a puppy. Within the city of Rome, the flamens and the priest known as the "Rex sacrorum" were not allowed even to see work done.


title: Roman festivals

text: On a practical level, those who "inadvertently" worked could pay a fine or offer up a "piaculum", usually a pig. Work considered vital either to the gods or preserving human life was excusable, according to some experts on religious law. Although Romans were required not to work, they were not required to take any religious action unless they were priests or had family rites "(sacra gentilicia)" to maintain.


title: Roman festivals

text: Following is a month-by-month list of Roman festivals and games that had a fixed place on the calendar. For some, the date on which they were first established is recorded. A deity's festival often marked the anniversary ("dies natalis," "birthday") of the founding of a temple, or a rededication after a major renovation. Festivals not named for deities are thought to be among the oldest on the calendar.


title: Roman festivals

text: Some religious observances were monthly. The first day of the month was the Kalends (or Calends, from which the English word "calendar" derives). Each Kalends was sacred to Juno, and the "Regina sacrorum" ("Queen of the Rites," a public priestess) marked the day by presiding over a sacrifice to the goddess. Originally a pontiff and the "Rex sacrorum" reported the sighting of the new moon, and the pontiff announced whether the Nones occurred on the 5th or 7th of that month. On the Nones, announcements were made regarding events to take place that month; with the exception of the Poplifugia, no major festivals were held before the Nones, though other ceremonies, such as anniversaries of temple dedications, might be carried out. The Ides (usually the 13th, or in a few months the 15th) were sacred to Jupiter. On each Ides, a white lamb was led along the Via Sacra to the Capitolium for sacrifice to Jupiter.


title: Roman festivals

text: The list also includes other notable public religious events such as sacrifices and processions that were observed annually but are neither "feriae" nor "dies natales." Unless otherwise noted, the calendar is that of H.H. Scullard, "Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic".


title: Roman festivals

text: In the archaic Roman calendar, February was the last month of the year. The name derives from "februa", "the means of purification, expiatory offerings." It marked a turn of season, with February 5 the official first day of spring bringing the renewal of agricultural activities after winter.


title: Roman festivals

text: In the old Roman calendar (until perhaps as late as 153 BC), the "mensis Martius" ("Mars' Month") was the first month of the year. It is one of the few months to be named for a god, Mars, whose festivals dominate the month.


title: Roman festivals

text: Scullard places the Taurian Games on June 25–26, but other scholars doubt these "ludi" had a fixed date or recurred on a regular basis.


title: Roman festivals

text: Until renamed for Julius Caesar, this month was called Quinctilis or Quintilis, originally the fifth month "(quint-)" when the year began in March. From this point in the calendar forward, the months had numerical designations.


title: Roman festivals

text: Until renamed for Augustus Caesar, this month was called Sextilis, originally the sixth month (sext-) when the year began in March.


title: Roman festivals

text: The Rosalia or "Festival of Roses" also had no fixed date, but was technically not one of the "feriae conceptivae" with a date announced by public priests based on archaic practice.


title: Roman festivals

text: Festivals were also held in ancient Rome in response to particular events, or for a particular purpose such as to propitiate or show gratitude toward the gods. For example, Livy reports that following the Roman destruction of Alba Longa in the 7th century BC, and the removal of the Alban populace to Rome, it was reported to have rained stones on the Mons Albanus. A Roman deputation was sent to investigate the report, and a further shower of stones was witnessed. The Romans took this to be a sign of the displeasure of the Alban gods, the worship of whom had been abandoned with the evacuation of Alba Longa. Livy goes on to say that the Romans instituted a public festival of nine days, at the instigation either of a 'heavenly voice' heard on the Mons Albanus, or of the haruspices. Livy also says that it became the longstanding practice in Rome that whenever a shower of stones was reported, a festival of nine days would be ordered in response.


title: Roman festivals

text: Another irregular festival of note is the Secular Games. Over the course of several days there were sacrifices, entertainers, and games hosted by the state, attempting to be the greatest display anyone living had ever seen. These games were intended to be held every 100 years with the purpose of it occurring only once in any individuals lifetime. At one point two cycles of the Secular Games were being held simultaneously, leading there to be people who would in fact witness it twice in their life.


title: Roman festivals

text: The noun (plural ) means "commerce" or "the market" generally, but it also refers to fairs or markets held immediately after certain . Cicero said that Numa Pompilius, the semi-legendary second king of Rome, established in conjunction with religious festivals to facilitate trade, since people had already gathered in great numbers. In early times, these may have played a role in wholesale trade, but as commerce in Rome became more sophisticated, by the late Republic they seem to have become retail fairs specialized for the holiday market. The Sigillaria attached to the Saturnalia may have been a in this sense. Surviving record , July 14–19; , September 20–23; and , November 18–20. Others may have existed. The English word "fair" derives from Latin .


title: Roman festivals

text: By the outset of the nineteenth century and particularly in response to the carnage of the latter years of the French revolution, the term Roman holiday had taken on sinister aspects, implying an event that occasions enjoyment or profit at the expense, or derived from the suffering, of others, as in this passage from "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (1812–18) by George Gordon, Lord Byron:


title: Roman festivals

text: There were his young barbarians all at play,There was their Dacian mother—he their sire,Butchered to make a Roman holiday."


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: A Bachelor of Pharmacy (abbreviated B Pharm or PharmB or BS Pharm) is a graduate academic degree in the field of pharmacy. In many countries, this degree is a prerequisite for registration to practice as a pharmacist. Since both PharmB and PharmD are prerequisites to license in most western countries they're considered equivalent. In many western countries, the foreign graduates with BPharm, PharmB or BS Pharm practice similarly as PharmD graduates. It is analogous to MBBS vs. MD where MBBS is foreign equivalent of MD. It is training to understand the properties and impacts of medicines and developing the skills required to counsel patients about their use.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: B Pharm holders can work in several fields such as being a pharmacist, patient counseling, doing further studies such as master's degree, working in a university as a lecturer, or working as a drug information specialist.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In some countries, it has been superseded by the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) degrees. In the United States, this degree was granted as the baccalaureate pharmacy degree only at Washington State University, where it has now been superseded by the PharmD degree. The degree previously offered in the US—and the required degree in Canada—is the Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In countries including Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand, BPharm/BS Pharm/PharmB are prerequisite for practicing as a Pharmacist. These degrees are awarded per the British tradition and considered as foreign equivalents of PharmD.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In Australia, the BPharm degree is awarded following a four-year undergraduate pharmacy program. Australian undergraduate pharmacy courses were previously three years but were increased to four years during the 1990s with an increased emphasis on pharmacy practice education. It is compulsory to undertake clinical placements during this undergraduate program. During the early 2000s, two-year postgraduate Master of Pharmacy courses were established by many universities, but to date these have accounted for a relatively minor proportion of pharmacy graduates.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: All BPharm programs in Australia are accredited by the New Zealand and Australian Pharmacy Schools Accreditation Committee (NAPSAC). Programs provide training in fields including pharmacology, chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacy practice (including pharmacotherapeutics, disease state management, etc.), pharmaceutics, ethics, pharmacy law, pharmacy management, physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, kinetics, and compounding medications.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: At present, either the BPharm degree or the MPharm degree are acceptable for registration as a practicing pharmacist. See list of pharmacy schools: Australia for institutions offering the BPharm degree.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: As with most honours degrees at Australian universities, the awarding of a Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honours) (abbreviated BPharm(Hons)) is based on the completion of original research and a high-level of academic performance. All other graduates are awarded a pass degree. Unlike most Honours degrees in Australia, an additional year of study is not required for a BPharm(Hons) as most universities integrate research and coursework in the fourth year of BPharm(Hons) programs.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In 2003, The University of Sydney began offering a four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy (Rural) (abbreviated BPharm (Rural)) program at its Orange campus. It was designed to address the continuing shortage of pharmacists in rural areas and placed greater emphasis on rural aspects of pharmacy practice. Since most of the units-of-study were common to both the BPharm and BPharm (Rural), many of the lectures were delivered by academics at the main campus in Sydney with a live video broadcast to students at Orange.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: The program was not offered in 2005, following the transfer of Orange campus to Charles Sturt University. Following a review, a new BPharm (Rural) program was offered from 2006 onwards at the university's main campus (Camperdown/Darlington campus).


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: Although the rural program has not continued, there remains a focus on rural workforce within the degree to promote pharmacy student interest in pursuing a rural career. Rural placements are encouraged in almost all undergraduate programs.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In Hong Kong, Bachelor of Pharmacy is offered by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) under the Faculty of Medicine. The CUHK Bachelor of Pharmacy programme started in 1992 and had been the only pharmacy degree programme available in Hong Kong until 2009. It aims to train graduates to function independently as professional health care providers who, as part of the health care team, can provide first class pharmaceutical and health-related care for the health of Hong Kong citizens.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: The Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) degree is awarded on satisfactory completion of at least three/four years of full-time study. To be considered for registration by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board Hong Kong as practising pharmacist in Hong Kong, the student must complete a further year of pre-registration training as required by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: Starting from 2009, the University of Hong Kong (HKU) has also implemented the Bachelor of Pharmacy programme under the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: The Bachelor of Pharmacy degree is popularly known as B-Pharm in India. It is a four-year program with both annual and semester schemes available. To be eligible, one must pass with at least 50% marks in 10 + 2 (or an equivalent examination) with physics, chemistry, biology/ biotechnology/Maths as one of the subjects. Both PCB and PCM combinations are eligible. In some states, it is mandatory to give an additional pharmacy entrance examination to be eligible for the course, the entrance tests can be the state common entrance test or, the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)(NEET). D.Pharm. (Diploma of Pharmacy) holders are eligible for admission into B.Pharm. second year directly via a lateral entry in India. B.Pharm. holders can directly join into the 4th year of Pharm.D (PG) course.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: Colleges imparting pharmaceutical education (D.Pharm., B.Pharm., M.Pharm., Pharm D) must be approved by All Indian Council of Technical Education(AICTE) and the Pharmacy Council Of India(PCI).


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: For a student to be eligible for registration as a Pharmacist/ Clinical pharmacist in India, the college from which he or she graduated must be approved by the PCI. B.Pharm. is often superseded by M.Pharm., Pharm D (PB) and PhD-level courses although the minimum qualification required for registration as a pharmacist is D.Pharm.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: The Bachelor of Pharmacy degree is popularly known as B.Pharm. (Honors) in Bangladesh. It is a four-year program with both annual and semester schemes available. In order to be eligible, one must pass with at least 50% marks in 10 + 2 (or an equivalent examination) with b


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: Colleges imparting pharmaceutical education (D.Pharm., B.Pharm., M.Pharm. and Pharm D) must be approved by the Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh (PCB)


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: For a student to be eligible for registration as a pharmacist in Bangladesh, the university from which he/she graduated must be approved by the PCB and have to follow the rules and regulations of PCB.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: PharmD is the only basic pharmacy degree (5 years program) awarded by universities in Pakistan. The program is approved by the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan. Old 4 years BPharmacy (Bachelor of Pharmacy) degree holders who are registered as Pharmacists with the Pharmacy Councils of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa can study at any university for a one-year evening and/or weekend condensed course leading to (post-B.Pharmacy) Doctor of Pharmacy which is approved by the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In Norway, the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree is awarded by Oslo Metropolitan University, The University of Tromsø and Nord University. The degree makes one eligible to work as a pharmacist in Norway. Norway also offers the Master of Pharmacy degree, which often offers higher payment and more job opportunities than the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: However, in Northern Ireland (which is part of the United Kingdom) MPharm degrees (as opposed to BSc or BPharm degrees) are offered at Queen's University Belfast as in the rest of the UK.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In Finland, pharmacy is taught in University of Helsinki, University of Eastern Finland and Åbo Akademi University. Bachelor of Pharmacy is called "farmaseutti" (dispenser) and Master of Pharmacy is called "proviisori". Proviisori degree (MPharm) is required in order to be a pharmacist.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: In the United Kingdom, the BPharm degree was awarded following a three-year undergraduate pharmacy program. It was superseded in 1997 by the Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) degree, awarded following a four-year program, as a result of European Union harmonisation.


title: Bachelor of Pharmacy

text: The following Canadian universities formerly offered the bachelor's degree program and replaced it with the undergraduate Doctor of Pharmacy:


title: Devil's Night (album)

text: Devil's Night is the debut studio album by Detroit hip hop group D12. It was released on June 19, 2001, by Shady Records and Interscope Records. It was also the first album to be released on Shady Records, although the label had been active since 1999. Production was primarily handled by Eminem and Dr. Dre, with contributions by Mr. Porter, DJ Head, and Jeff Bass. The album features guest appearances by Obie Trice, Truth Hurts, and Dina Rae.


title: Devil's Night (album)

text: "Devil's Night" received mixed reviews from critics but was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 372,000 album sales in its first week. The album was supported by three singles: "Purple Pills", "Ain't Nuttin' But Music", and "Fight Music".


title: Devil's Night (album)

text: The album was executive produced by Eminem, who had released his hugely successful third studio album, "The Marshall Mathers LP", a year earlier. The album's title comes from the Devil's Night tradition, recognized in and around Detroit in which abandoned homes are set ablaze. This practice was so popular in Detroit that it was depicted in the film "8 Mile". The group recorded "Devil's Night" in memory of Bugz, who was killed in May 1999 just hours prior to a concert.


title: Devil's Night (album)

text: The song "Revelation" parodies "Another Brick in the Wall Part 2", where there are kids screaming and Eminem shouting "Wrong! Do it again!" and "If you don't eat yer meat, you can't have any pudding! You can't have any pudding if you don't eat yer meat!". During the chorus, Eminem also raps: "I don't wanna go to school, I don't need no education".


title: Devil's Night (album)

text: The album produced three singles: "Purple Pills", "Ain't Nuttin' But Music", and "Fight Music". The single "Shit on You" was also included as a bonus track on limited edition copies of the album. The album features a hidden track by Eminem called "Girls", which is a diss track aimed at Limp Bizkit, DJ Lethal, Dilated Peoples, and Everlast. The album's cover depicts a matchbook on fire with the groups "D12" logo superimposed on it.


title: Devil's Night (album)

text: In August 2001, while on promotion for the album, D12 and Esham were kicked off the Warped Tour after members of the group allegedly physically attacked Esham over the lyrics of his song "Chemical Imbalance", which contained a reference to Eminem's daughter. Eminem was not present during the tour.


title: Devil's Night (album)

text: On the censored version of the album, alternate versions of "Purple Pills" and "Fight Music" were included, entitled "Purple Hills" and "Flight Music". "Shit Can Happen", "Pistol Pistol", and "Pimp Like Me", were also edited, removing the offensive content from their titles. The "Dirty Edition" was available in both Europe and the United Kingdom. However, some versions swap the running order, making "Shit on You" track three and "These Drugs" track one.