title: Fighting words

text: The court has continued to uphold the doctrine but also steadily narrowed the grounds on which fighting words are held to apply. In "Street v. New York" (1969), the court overturned a statute prohibiting flag-burning and verbally abusing the flag, holding that mere "offensiveness" does not qualify as "fighting words". In similar manner, in "Cohen v. California" (1971), Cohen's wearing a jacket that said "fuck the draft" did not constitute uttering fighting words since there had been no "personally abusive epithets".


title: Fighting words

text: In "Brandenburg v. Ohio" (1969), even speech such as "Bury the niggers" and "Send the Jews back to Israel," was held to be protected speech under the First Amendment in a decision. In addition, despite the speech being broadcast on network television it did not direct to incite or produce imminent lawless action nor was it likely to produce such action.


title: Fighting words

text: In 1972, the Court held that offensive and insulting language, even when directed at specific individuals, is not fighting words:


title: Fighting words

text: In "Collin v. Smith" (1978) Nazis displaying swastikas and wearing military-style uniforms marching through a community with a large Jewish population, including survivors of German concentration camps, were not using fighting words.


title: Fighting words

text: "Texas v. Johnson" (1989) redefined the scope of fighting words to "a direct personal insult or an invitation to exchange fisticuffs" in juxtapose to flag burning as symbolic speech.


title: Fighting words

text: In "R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul" (1992) and "Virginia v. Black" (2003), the Court held that cross burning is not 'fighting words' without intent to intimidate.


title: Fighting words

text: In "Snyder v. Phelps" (2011), respondents' counsel argued that the Court's definition of fighting words required immediacy, imminence, intent and proximity. Justice Ginsburg stated that the court had rejected spreading the concept beyond words that immediately trigger an instinctive reaction. The Court held that even "outrageous" and "hurtful speech" such as: “God Hates the USA/Thank God for 9/11,” “America is Doomed,” “Don’t Pray for the USA,” “Thank God for IEDs,” “Thank God for Dead Soldiers,” “Pope in Hell,” “Priests Rape Boys,” “God Hates Fags,” "Fags Doom Nations," “You’re Going to Hell,” and “God Hates You” is to be considered public debate, particularly when conducted on public land, and must enjoy "special" First Amendment protection. Lone dissenting Justice Samuel Alito likened the protests of the Westboro Baptist Church members to fighting words and of a personal character, and thus not protected speech. The majority disagreed and stated that the protesters' speech was not personal but public, and that local laws which can shield funeral attendees from protesters are adequate for protecting those in times of emotional distress.


title: Fighting words

text: The Australian Constitution does not explicitly protect freedom of expression, but the High Court has held that an implied freedom of political communication exists as an indispensable part of the system of representative and responsible government created by the Constitution. It operates as a freedom from government restraint, rather than a right conferred directly on individuals.


title: Fighting words

text: In "Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills", and "Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth", the majority of the High Court held that an implied freedom of political communication exists as an incident of the system of representative government established by the Constitution. This was reaffirmed in "Unions NSW v New South Wales" [2013] HCA 58.


title: Fighting words

text: In 2004, the High Court considered the meaning of a statutory offence of using insulting words in a public place. Justices Gummow and Hayne held that in the context of the section, '"abusive" and "insulting" should be understood as those words which, in the circumstances in which they are used, are so hurtful as either they are intended to, or they are reasonably likely to provoke unlawful physical retaliation'. Judge Michael Kirby employed similar reasoning. Chief Justice Gleeson took a slightly different approach to the construction of the section, finding that:


title: Fighting words

text: It is open to parliament to form the view that threatening, abusive or insulting speech and behaviour may in some circumstances constitute a serious interference with public order, even where there is no intention, and no realistic possibility, that the person threatened, abused or insulted, or some third person, might respond in such a manner that a breach of the peace will occur.


title: Fighting words

text: This faithfully reflects the original "fighting words" doctrine and not how it is now understood and applied by the United States Supreme Court. Greenawalt argues that in the First Amendment context, the application of one part of the original Chaplinsky formula ('words likely to cause an average addressee to fight') is problematic in important respects:


title: Fighting words

text: The first ambiguity concerns the persons to be counted among potential addressees: everyone, only people to whom a phrase really 'applies', or all those likely to be angered by having the label applied to them? Someone of French origin reacts differently to being called a 'Polack' than someone of Polish origin. … Another ambiguity is how an 'average addressee' is to be conceived … [And], [c]an the same remark be punishable if directed at the one person able to respond and constitutionally protected if directed at people not able to match the speaker physically?


title: Fighting words

text: A number of criminal laws in Australia prohibit the use of offensive, obscene, abusive, insulting or indecent language in a public place. One such example is section 4A of the "Summary Offences Act" 1988 (NSW), which prohibits the use of offensive language in, near or within hearing from a public place or school. The penalty for using offensive, indecent or obscene language in Australia ranges from a small fine (for example, $660 in NSW) to up to 6 months imprisonment.


title: Fighting words

text: Police in a number of Australian states and territories also have the power to issue on-the-spot fines (infringement notices) for offensive language. Police commonly use these offences to target four-letter words (such as "cunt", or "fuck", and their derivatives) uttered towards them, or in their presence.


title: Fighting words

text: Incitement is a related doctrine, allowing the government to prohibit advocacy of unlawful actions if the advocacy is both intended to and likely to cause immediate breach of the peace. In the United States, the modern standard was defined in "Brandenburg v. Ohio" (1969), where the Supreme Court reversed the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan leader accused of advocating violence against racial minorities and the national government. The Ohio statute under which the conviction occurred was overturned as unconstitutional because "the mere abstract teaching of the moral propriety or even moral necessity for a resort to force and violence is not the same as preparing a group for violent action and steeling it to such action."


title: Fighting words

text: The difference between incitement and fighting words is subtle, focusing on the intent of the speaker. Inciting speech is characterized by the speaker's intent to make someone else the instrument of his or her unlawful will. Fighting words, by contrast, are intended to cause the hearer to react to the speaker.


title: Kelly Gough

text: Kelly Gough is an Irish actress, known for her role as Kate Kelly in the RTÉ series "Raw". From 2019 to 2020, she appeared in the BBC medical drama "Casualty" as Violette Spark.


title: Kelly Gough

text: Gough's first professional acting role was with the Yew Tree Theatre production of "Falling out of Love", written by John Breen and directed by Mikel Murfi. She has subsequently appeared in productions including "Big Love" for the Abbey Theatre, "The Playboy of the Western World" for the Druid Theatre Company, "All in the Timing" for Inis Theatre and "Extremities" for Spark to a Flame. Later theatre work includes Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth" directed by David Horan, Elizabeth in "Don Carlos" directed by Gadi Roll, and Blanche in "A Streetcar named Desire" directed by Chelsea Walker, in what "The Times" described as "a name-making performance".


title: Kelly Gough

text: Gough's extensive television credits include season 3 of "Marcella" for ITV and Netflix, "Shadow and Bone", "Strike Back", "Call the Midwife", "Broadchurch","" "The Fall", "Vera", the Irish language series "Scúp" (for which she was nominated for the Actor of the Year Award at the Oireachtas Irish language media awards) "The Clinic", "This is Nightlive", and "Raw". She has also appeared in the feature-length films "Kill Command" and "Out of Innocence". Short film credits include "Cry Rosa" and "Taking Stock", for which she was nominated Best Actor in a Female Role at the Richard Harris International Film Festival. From 2019 to 2020, she appeared in the BBC medical drama series "Casualty" as Violette Spark, the sister of established character Ruby Spark (Maddy Hill). Also in 2020, Gough starred as Stacey in the third series of Nordic noir detective series "Marcella".


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Johnathan Dean Thurston (born 25 April 1983) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the National Rugby League (NRL). Thurston was an Australian international, Queensland State of Origin and Indigenous All Stars representative. He played as a or five-eighth and was a noted goal-kicker.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Johnathan Thurston started his career at the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, where he won the 2004 NRL premiership. He moved to the North Queensland Cowboys in 2005, playing in that year's grand final. In that year, he made his debut for Queensland, before making his Australian debut in 2006. He was the 2008 Wally Lewis medalist for State of Origin player of the series. Also in 2008, he was named as halfback of the Australian Aboriginal team of the century. Thurston was the only player to play in all 24 games of Queensland's eight-year State of Origin winning streak from 2006, having played 36 consecutive Origin matches from his debut in 2005. Thurston broke the record for most points in State of Origin history during the 2015 State of Origin Series when smashing New South Wales 52-6. Also in 2015, Thurston co-captained the North Queensland Cowboys, along with teammate Matt Scott, to their inaugural NRL Premiership. He was also the 2015 Clive Churchill Medallist for grand final man of the match.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In 2015, he became the first ever four-time Dally M Medallist for the NRL season's best player, and later that year became the first ever three-time winner of the Golden Boot Award for the World's best player. In 2018, Thurston founded and launched the Johnathan Thurston Academy (JTAcademy) of which is he now the Managing Director. The JTAcademy provides a forum, which encourages Australian youth to access the educational and vocational resources needed to secure meaningful employment.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, to a Gunggari (Indigenous Australian) mother and a New Zealand-born father.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: He began playing rugby league at a very young age for Souths Sunnybank RLFC in Brisbane's southside. At 12, Thurston signed a scholarship deal with the South Queensland Crushers. Later during his youth he moved to Toowoomba where he attended St. Mary's College, playing rugby league and also a great success playing Rugby Union for the school and the Toowoomba Rugby League's All Whites club.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Although a stand-out player at school and club level at 18 years of age, none of the National Rugby League clubs were willing to sign the Queenslander with many citing his small size as a problem. According to Thurston's manager, Sam Ayoub, a number of the clubs were not even willing to take him for free. Only St George Illawarra Dragons coach Nathan Brown was willing to sign him because he was going to play for nothing. Ultimately, Ayoub negotiated with the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs to sign him as he had promised Thurston's mother he would keep an eye on him, and Belmore (the Bulldogs' home ground) was closer to where he lived. The Bulldogs eventually signed Thurston in the 2001 NRL season for 'nil playing fee'. Once Thurston had the opportunity he was selected for the Queensland U-19 side that year.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston made his NRL debut for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in round 13 of the 2002 NRL season against the Penrith Panthers, coming off the interchange bench in the 38–24 win at Penrith Stadium. In round 21 against the North Queensland Cowboys, Thurston scored his first and second NRL career tries in Canterbury-Bankstown's 34–26 win at Dairy Farmers Stadium. Thurston scored 2 tries from 7 games in his debut season. As a specialist in the halves, Thurston was behind established Canterbury halves pairing Brent Sherwin and Braith Anasta and many of his critics still believed he was still too small in stature to be competitive in the NRL. Thurston was limited to 7 appearances for the 2002 season due to the Bulldogs' salary cap breach, as his payments for first-grade matches would have continued to breach the NRL's salary cap.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Although Thurston never cemented a starting position and only took part in 29 matches throughout three seasons at Canterbury-Bankstown, in his final year in 2004, he was part of the Premiership-winning side, coming off the bench in the club's 16–13 win over the Sydney Roosters in the 2004 NRL Grand Final. Thurston wore jersey #18 for the match as he had been a late inclusion for regular captain Steve Price who, in the lead up to the match, was ruled out with a knee injury. As Price had initially housed and mentored him upon his arrival in Sydney, Thurston gave his premiership ring to Price as a thank you. Price was then able to give Thurston another ring in return. Towards the end of the season it was announced that 2004 would be his final year for the Sydney club as he was signed by the North Queensland Cowboys for 2005. Thurston played 7 matches and scored 4 tries for the year. At the end of the season, Thurston was approached by New Zealand but turned them down in favour of representing Australia and Queensland.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In 2015, it was revealed that Thurston had wanted to stay at Canterbury beyond the 2004 season but the management at the club had re-signed Sherwin and Anasta. According to Thurston's manager Sam Ayoub, the player had wanted to stay at Canterbury even if it had meant a diminished salary but had been told that leaving was the best option.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In round 1 of the 2005 NRL season, Thurston made his club debut for North Queensland against the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium at five-eighth in the club's 29–16 loss. In round 4, against the Newcastle Knights, Thurston scored his first club try for the Cowboys in the 52–18 win at Dairy Farmers Stadium. Thurston's return to Queensland proved to be a major turning point in his career. He became the starting halfback for the Cowboys, and his consistency earned him his first Queensland State of Origin jersey. In his debut match for Queensland in Game 1 of the 2005 State of Origin series at Suncorp Stadium, Thurston was voted Player's Player after being in the top 4 tacklers and kicking a field goal to force the game into extra time with Queensland eventually winning 24-20 after Cowboys teammate Matt Bowen scored an intercept try. In Game 3, Thurston scored a try in the Maroons 32-10 2005 State of Origin series loss at Suncorp Stadium. At club level Thurston was awarded the Halfback of the Year award and the prestigious Dally M Medal as the 2005 NRL season's Player of the Year, helping North Queensland to the 2005 NRL Grand Final, the first for the club. The Cowboys lost 30–16 to the Wests Tigers, ending Thurston's chance of winning two consecutive grand finals. Thurston played in 26 matches, scored 5 tries, kicked 28 goals and kicked 2 field goals in the 2005 NRL season. This was a start to a flourishing career.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston started the 2006 NRL season with a bang in Round 1 against the Brisbane Broncos; Thurston scored a hat trick of tries and kicked 6 goals in the Cowboys Queensland derby match 36–4 win at Suncorp Stadium. This was the start of a 6-match winning streak. Thurston was selected to make his international debut for Australia in the 2006 Anzac Test against New Zealand off the interchange bench in the Kangaroos 50–12 win at Suncorp Stadium. In the 2006 State of Origin series, Thurston was instrumental in Queensland's series win as the Maroons recovered from defeat in the first game to take the series 2–1. Thurston played in all 3 matches and kicked 7 goals. After the series, the Cowboys hit a mid-year slump and Thurston dislocated his knee in Round 20. The Cowboys suffered without Thurston and missed the finals coming at 9th place, Thurston finished the year with him playing in 17 matches, scoring 11 tries and kicking 49 goals. Thurston later recovered from his injury at the end of the regular NRL season and played for the Prime Minister's XIII before making the Australian squad for the Tri-Nations tournament. Thurston was chosen to play halfback for the first and second games against New Zealand where he was rewarded 'Man of Match' honours for the first game. Despite losing the jumper to Ben Hornby for the first game against Great Britain he returned for the second game against Great Britain and kept his place for the final against New Zealand. In this match, with the scores locked at 12–12 and the game into its 2nd half of golden point extra time, a Thurston break allowed him to set Darren Lockyer up for the 16–12 series-winning try for The Kangaroos finishing his year on a high note.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: As Thurston entered his third year with the Cowboys in the 2007 NRL season, he was appointed the Captain of the team following the retirement of Travis Norton. Thurston was again selected to play for the Australian national team at halfback in the 2007 Anzac Test match against New Zealand, kicking 5 goals from 6 attempts in the Kangaroos' 30–6 victory at Suncorp Stadium. In Game One of the 2007 State of Origin series, Thurston was named 'Man of the Match' for his performance in Queensland's 25–18 victory at Suncorp Stadium. Thurston led well as captain for the Cowboys and the team improved dramatically from the previous year to finish a strong third place on the ladder by the end of the regular season. Unfortunately they fell one game short of the club's second grand final appearance losing 28–6 to the second-placed Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in what was otherwise a successful year. On 4 September 2007, Thurston won the Halfback of the Year and the Dally M Medal Player of the Year Award for the second time in three years, narrowly edging out Wests Tigers' Robbie Farah due to his strong performances in the final rounds of the regular season. Thurston played in 25 matches, scored 10 tries and kicked 78 goals for the Cowboys in the 2007 season.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: At the conclusion of the 2007 season it was reported Thurston would require major shoulder surgery due to ongoing physical damage to his ligaments. He underwent two shoulder reconstructions. Thurston was supposed to make a return for the Cowboys in Round 5 of the 2008 NRL season following his off-season surgery, but made a surprise return in Round 1 against the Gold Coast Titans, scoring 2 tries in the Cowboys 36–18 loss at the Titans first match at their home ground of Robina Stadium. In Round 3 against the Brisbane Broncos, Thurston played his 100th NRL match in the Cowboys 36–2 loss at Suncorp Stadium. Thurston was selected at halfback in the Australian team for the Centenary Test against New Zealand, Thurston kicked 4 goals in the Kangaroos 28–12 win at the SCG. In the deciding match of the 2008 State of Origin series in game three, Thurston set up a try for Billy Slater which would ultimately win the game and the series for Queensland 16–10 at ANZ Stadium. Thurston was also named the Wally Lewis Player of the Series. Thurston would not replicate the previous year's successes in 2008, as the Cowboys seemed to lose all of their exciting spark that saw them renovate the club's reputation in recent years. Three wins at the start of the year held promise, but after a record-breaking 15-match losing streak, all hope faded. Thurston played 17 matches, scored 4 tries and kicked 39 goals for the Cowboys in the 2008 NRL season. In August 2008, Thurston was named in the Australia training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. On 7 October 2008, Thurston was confirmed in the final 24-man Australian squad. In Australia's first match of the tournament Thurston, despite mourning the murder of his uncle in a Brisbane park less than 38 hours prior, put in a strong performance to be named man-of-the-match in the Kangaroos 30–6 win over the Kiwis at the Sydney Football Stadium. In the 2008 Rugby League World Cup final against New Zealand, Thurston played at halfback and kicked 2 goals in the 34–20 loss at Suncorp Stadium.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston was selected in the 2009 Anzac Test for Australia against New Zealand at halfback, scoring 2 tries and kicking 5 goals in the Kangaroos 38–10 win at Suncorp Stadium. In April 2009, Thurston was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the 2009 State of Origin series' opening match and was subsequently picked at halfback for all three matches. In Game Two at ANZ Stadium, Thurston helped Queensland win 24–14, making history as the first side to win four consecutive series. Thurston played in the third match as well, which Queensland lost 28–16 at Suncorp Stadium. In Round 17 against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Thurston played his 100th club match for the Cowboys in the 24–4 win at Dairy Famrers Stadium. This year also saw Thurston the front runner for his third Dally M 'Player of the Year' Award, only to be surpassed in the points tally by a late season run by Jarryd Hayne from the Parramatta Eels. Although missing out marginally on the top accolade Thurston had still maintained enough points to be named 'Halfback of the Year'. Thurston played in 23 matches, scored 11 tries and kicked 79 goals for the Cowboys in the 2009 NRL season. After the NRL season had ended, Thurston kicked seven goals from as many attempts as the Prime Minister's team defeated Papua New Guinea 42–18 in Port Moresby. Thurston travelled with the Australian national team to Europe for the 2009 Rugby League Four Nations tournament. In the Four Nations final match against England, Thurston was awarded was man-of-the-match in the Kangaroos 46–16 victory at Elland Road. Thurston was the tournament's top point-scorer with 36 points from a try and 17 goals.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: On 13 February 2010, Thurston was selected for the inaugural Indigenous All Stars team against the NRL All Stars at halfback, kicking 2 goals and was named the Preston Campbell Medal man-of-the-match in the 16–12 win at Cbus Super Stadium. A shoulder injury in Round 5 against the Wests Tigers in the Cowboys 23–16 loss at Dairy Farmers Stadium made Thurston sidelined for the 2010 Anzac Test. In Game 1 of the 2010 State of Origin series, Thurston was named man-of-the-match in Queensland's 28–24 victory, giving him a total of three Origin man-of-the-match awards. Thurston's great individual performance made headlines referring to him as being Queensland's Greatest Halfback and with ex-players from both sides of the border making comments on his performance rivalling that of Andrew Johns in 2005. During a match in Round 12 against Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Thurston was found guilty of swearing at the referee 8 times in regards to a forward pass decision against the Cowboys which aided in Manly winning 24–20. In Round 18 against the Parramatta Eels, Thurston played his 150th NRL career match in the Cowboys 36–24 loss at Parramatta Stadium. Thurston finished the 2010 NRL season with him playing in 17 matches, scoring 2 tries, kicking 43 goals and kicking 1 field goal for the Cowboys. Thurston missed the 2010 Rugby League Four Nations series due to an ankle injury.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: On 12 February 2011, Thurston was again selected for the Indigenous All Stars team for the NRL All Stars match at Cbus Super Stadium, playing at halfback in the 28–12 loss. In the 2011 Anzac Test against New Zealand, Thurston played at halfback and kicked 2 goals in Australia's 20–10 victory at Cbus Super Stadium. In Game 3 of the 2011 State of Origin series, Thurston suffered what at first appeared to be a horrific anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee injury, in the second half of the 34–24 series win at Suncorp Stadium. Thurston, who had to be driven off the field on the Medi-Cab initially feared he would be out for the rest of the season, however early prognosis claimed that with immediate surgery, he could be back by Round 25, and in time for a possible Cowboys finals appearance. At the time of his injury, Thurston was leading the Dally M Medal ladder by two clear man-of-the-match performances (six points ahead of nearest rival Kieran Foran). After having scans the following day it was discovered that Thurston would miss 5–6 weeks and would have to wear a leg brace after the scans showed he had suffered a grade two medial ligament damage but would not require surgery. This was the 21st consecutive Origin match played by Thurston since his debut in Game I 2005, breaking one of his teammates' records in Cameron Smith who played 19 consecutive Origins from his debut in Game III 2003. Thurston later returned for the Cowboys in Round 23 against the Brisbane Broncos at Dairy Farmers Stadium, The Cowboys were defeated 34–16 in Broncos legend Darren Lockyer’s record breaking 350th career match. The Cowboys made the finals finishing 7th on the ladder before getting destroyed by the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the second half in the 42–8 loss after leading 8–0 at half time at the Sydney Football Stadium. Thurston played in 19 matches, scored 10 tries and kicked 61 goals for the Cowboys in the 2011 NRL season. In the post-season, Thurston travelled with the Australian national team to England for the 2011 Four Nations tournament, where he starred in all four games for Australia. Thurston picked up man of the match honours on three occasions whilst in the U.K, including the final in which Australia won 30–8 at Elland Road. Thurston tallied 52 points during the tournament, scoring 3 tries and converting 22 goals from 25 attempts. Thurston was rewarded for a fantastic 2011 season with the Golden Boot Award.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In Round 6 against the Melbourne Storm, Thurston played his 150th NRL career club match for the Cowboys in the 42–18 loss at Dairy Farmers Stadium. In the 2012 Anzac Test against New Zealand, Thurston played at five-eighth, scored a try, kicked four goals from four attempts and was named man-of-the-match in the Kangaroos 20–12 win at Eden Park. Thurston helped Queensland to win a 7th consecutive Origin series win, 2–1 in the 2012 State of Origin series. Thurston played 24 matches, scored 3 tries, kicked 90 goals and kicked 1 field goal for the Cowboys in the 2012 NRL season. At the 2012 Dally M Awards Thurston was named the NRL's five-eighth of the year. On 13 October 2012, Thurston played in the one off October Trans-Tasman test at 1300SMILES Stadium, kicking 3 goals in the 18–10 win over the New Zealand Kiwis.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: On 11 March 2013, Thurston signed the richest deal in rugby league's history, ensuring he would stay at the North Queensland Cowboys. North Queensland announced a staggering four-year $5 million contract to retain the Queensland Maroons and Australia Kangaroos star half at the club. It was later revealed he was very close to leaving the Cowboys and signing with the Penrith Panthers, but chose to in Townsville for the birth of his first child. In Round 3 against the Newcastle Knights, Thurston played his 200th NRL career match in the Cowboys 34–6 loss at Hunter Stadium. In the 2013 Anzac Test against New Zealand, Thurston played for Australia at five-eighth in the 32–12 victory at Canberra Stadium. Thurston was Queensland's five-eighth in the 2013 State of Origin series, in whose third and deciding game he scored a try and kicked two goals in the 12–10 win at ANZ Stadium, helping the Maroons extend their record to eight consecutive series victories.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston also led the Cowboys alongside Matt Bowen and Brent Tate to the 2013 finals with a run of 6 consecutive wins. However the Cowboys were knocked out in the first week in a controversial match against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks at the Sydney Football Stadium. In this match, a seventh tackle try was awarded to Sharks player Beau Ryan, making the end result 20–18. In a later interview, Thurston then claimed there was a conspiracy in the NRL that they wanted an all Sydney grand final. Thurston played in 22 matches, scored 2 tries, kicked 71 goals and kicked 1 field goal for the Cowboys in the 2013 NRL season. In the post-season, Thurston joined the Australian squad that travelled to Europe for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup. In the World Cup Final against New Zealand, Thurston was named the man-of-the-match, his fourth such award of the tournament in the Kangaroos 34–2 win at Old Trafford. Thurston also broke the 31-year-old record of Mick Cronin, passing the record of 309 test points for the Kangaroos. Thurston played in five matches, scored two tries, and kicked 33 goals in the tournament.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: On 17 January 2014 Thurston was announced as 2013's Golden Boot Award winner following his prominence in Australia's World Cup and Queensland's State of Origin successes. It was his second Golden Boot in three years. Thurston played in the 2014 Anzac Test at five-eighth, kicking 5 goals in a man-of-the-match performance in Australia's 30–18 victory at the Sydney Football Stadium. In Round 10 against the Sydney Roosters, Thurston played his 200th club match for the Cowboys, scoring a try and kicking 7 goals in the 42–10 win at 1300SMILES Stadium. Thurston went on to play five-eighth for Queensland in the 2014 State of Origin series. Despite Queensland losing both Game 1 at home and Game 2 away in Sydney as well as the 2014 Origin Series, Thurston broke Mal Meninga's record of 161 points as 'Top Point-Scorer in State of Origin' when he kicked his 2nd penalty goal in the 1st half of Game 2 in the Maroons 6–4 loss. In Game 3, Thurston retained his position at five-eighth kicking all 6 goals in Queensland's 32–8 win over New South Wales at Suncorp Stadium. Following the 2014 State of Origin Series, Thurston switched from five-eighth to halfback in Round 19 against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the Cowboys 36–18 win at Remondis Stadium. Thurston continued playing at halfback throughout the back end of the season, up to the Cowboys Finals Week 2 controversial match against the Sydney Roosters at the Sydney Football Stadium. Thurston inspired the Cowboys to comeback from 30-0 down after 34 minutes to even at 30-30 after 56 minutes, scoring the Cowboys third try in the comeback. After the Roosters five-eighth James Maloney kicked a field goal to give the Roosters a 31–30 lead at the 75th minute, Thurston scored a try that was disallowed by the video referee after the ball came forward off the arm of Cowboys five-eighth Robert Lui when winger Kyle Feldt threw an offload to him. The Cowboys lost the match 31–30, meaning the Cowboys season ended controversially for the third year in a row. The switch to halfback following the Origin series, Thurston produced a lot of great and strong playing performances every week until their elimination from the finals, winning 8 from 10 games while playing in the halfback position. Thurston finished off the 2014 NRL season with him playing in 24 matches, scoring 11 tries, kicking 93 goals and kicking 4 field goals for the Cowboys. On 29 September 2014, at the 2014 Dally M Awards, Thurston and Parramatta Eels captain Jarryd Hayne were the joint winners of the 2014 Dally M Player of the Year Award. For Thurston, it was his third Dally M Player of the Year award following his win in 2007 and he was also a multiple award winner on the night, also claiming the Five-eighth of the Year and the Provan-Summons Medal awards. Thurston was ruled out of Australia's 2014 Four Nations campaign due to a shoulder injury.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: On 13 February 2015, Thurston was selected to play at halfback for the Indigenous All Stars in the 2015 All Stars match at Cbus Super Stadium. The Indigenous side won 20–6 over the NRL All Stars. After beginning the season with 3 straight losses, many doubted the premiership credentials of the North Queensland Cowboys in 2015. However, after snatching victory in a dramatic round 4 win over the Melbourne Storm, the Cowboys began their club record 11 game winning streak, with Thurston winning multiple Man of the Match awards in the process. For the 2015 Anzac Test, Thurston was selected at five-eighth for Australia against New Zealand, kicking 2 goals in the Kangaroos 26–12 loss at Suncorp Stadium. Thurston played in all 3 matches of Queensland's 2-1 2015 State of Origin series win. On 28 September 2015, at the 2015 Dally M Awards, Thurston won the 2015 Dally M Player of the Year by a record margin of 11 points. In addition, he was also awarded 2015 Dally M Halfback of the Year and, along with Cowboys co-captain Matthew Scott, the Dally M Captain of the Year. On 4 October 2015, at the 2015 NRL Grand Final against Queensland rivals the Brisbane Broncos, after North Queensland Cowboy's winger Kyle Feldt scored an 80th minute try to tie the game. Thurston then missed the conversion to win the premiership, resulting in golden point extra time. North Queensland won the toss, electing to kick, and following a knock on by Ben Hunt from the kick-off, Thurston kicked a field goal in the 82nd minute, securing the North Queensland Cowboys' first ever premiership. Thurston was named the Clive Churchill Medal man-of-the-match in the Cowboys 17–16 win. Thurston finished his brilliant 2015 NRL season with him playing in 24 matches, scoring 4 tries, kicking 93 goals and kicking 6 field goals for the Cowboys. On 20 November, Thurston won the Golden Boot Award for the third time. On 15 December 2015, Thurston was named at halfback and captain for the Indigenous All Stars team to play against the new World All Stars team on 13 February 2016.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: On 22 February 2016, Thurston was part of the North Queensland side that competed in the 2016 World Club Challenge against Super League champions Leeds, starting at halfback, scoring a try and kicked 5 goals in the Cowboys' 36–4 victory and he was named the man of the match, being awarded the Graham Murray Medal. In Round 7, Thurston scored his 1000th point at 1300SMILES Stadium when he kicked a conversion against the South Sydney Rabbitohs as Cowboys went on to blow out the Rabbitohs in a 44–18 victory. On 6 May 2016, Thurston played for Australia against New Zealand, playing at five-eighth and kicking a goal in the 16–0 win at Hunter Stadium. In Round 11 against Queensland rivals the Brisbane Broncos, Thurston played his 250th club career match for the North Queensland Cowboys in front of a home crowd at 1300SMILES Stadium, where he kicked the winning field goal with 5 minutes remaining to achieve victory for the Cowboys, 19–18. He received man of the match honours at Full-Time. Thurston later in 2016 announced that he is likely to retire at the end of the 2018 season.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: At the 2016 Dally M Awards, Thurston was nominated for four awards including; Captain of the Year, Representative of the Year, Halfback of the Year and Provan Summons Medalist. Thurston also finished equal second in the Dally M Player of the Year voting with 22 points.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston was named in the Australian Kangaroos test squad of 24 for the 2016 Four Nations tournament a week after the 2016 NRL Grand Final. Thurston played in the warmup match against New Zealand in Perth on 15 October in a 26–6 victory.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In the Four Nations final in which Australia won 34–8 against New Zealand, Thurston played a central figure in the win, starting the game at five-eighth and kicking five goals. Thurston ended the series as the highest point scorer with 32 points from his three games.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston had been nagged by injury troubles all through 2017. In round 6 of the 2017 NRL season, he suffered a calf injury during the Cowboys' 16–26 loss to the Tigers. He recovered from that injury in-time to play in the 2017 ANZAC Test for Australia. During the Test match, he picked up a shoulder injury which kept him out of action for 8 weeks. He failed to recover in-time for State of Origin game 1; but he returned from injury in round 14, in the Cowboys 32–6 win over the Eels.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: At first it was speculated that he wouldn't be ready by game 2 but was surprisingly named in the lineup for the second game after game 1 was won by New South Wales. Queensland won game 2 in a close one with Thurston injuring his shoulder but scoring the winning points by kicking a goal to convert a late try. Following Queensland's game 2 victory; it was revealed that Thurston picked up a season-ending shoulder injury ruling him out for the remainder of the 2017 NRL season, including the round 14 game (which would have been his 300th NRL First Grade Games milestone), game 3 of the 2017 State of Origin Series (which would have been his final Origin game), The Cowboys' grand final defeat by the Melbourne Storm and the World Cup.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Following Queensland's 22–6 win over New South Wales in Game 3 of the 2017 State of Origin Series, captain Cameron Smith invited Thurston to lift the Origin Shield with him in Thurston's send-off from State of Origin competition.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston returned to the Cowboys at the beginning of the new season, finally playing his 300th match in Round 1 against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks after missing the back end of the 2017 season. Given their Grand Final appearance in 2017 and Thurston's retirement from representative football, the Cowboys were tipped to have another tilt at the finals and potentially another Grand Final, however they fell well short, finishing 13th overall & failing to qualify for the finals.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston played his final game against the Gold Coast Titans, producing a masterclass in a tightly contested game that the Cowboys eventually won 30–26.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In 2015, Thurston was named as Big League Magazines Player of the Year, he was also named at Halfback in the magazines team of the year section.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In 2015, Thurston was presented the Channel 9 Wide World of Sports Golden Kenny trophy for Australian sports star of the year.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In 2015, Thurston was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters from James Cook University for his "outstanding service and exceptional contributions to the northern Queensland community."


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours, Thurston was made a Member of the Order of Australia, for significant service to rugby league, and as a role model.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: On 25 October 2008, Thurston's uncle Richard Saunders and two friends were assaulted by a group of men in Woodridge, a suburb south-east of Brisbane. Mr Saunders later died in hospital, with eight people subsequently jailed in connection with the attack.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Thurston is a shareholder of Collings Aviation Holdings which in March 2015 bought out Cairns based airline Skytrans after it fell into administration.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: Since 2008, Thurston has been in a relationship with Samantha Lynch. In June 2013, the couple had their first child together; a daughter they named Frankie Louise Thurston. In March 2015 the pair welcomed their second daughter Charlie Grace Thurston. On 3 November 2015, Johnathan and Samantha 'eloped' to Hamilton Island to marry in a private ceremony with their daughters and parents present. This news was broken by Sam on her Instagram. The couple welcomed a third daughter, Lillie Rose Thurston, on 22 March 2017. Their fourth daughter, Remie Lee, arrived in February 2019.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In 2022, Thurston provided a voice cameo in an episode of Australian children's show "Bluey", entitled "The Decider", in which he provided sideline analysis for a fictional State of Origin match between Queensland and New South Wales.


title: Johnathan Thurston

text: In late 2005, Thurston was one of 13 NRL players who posed for the "League of Their Own" 2006 calendar that was produced in the style of the Dieux du Stade calendars to raise money for the Koori Kids foundation. Thurston was chosen to appear on the cover of the calendar. He has also worked with the Indigenous communities of North Queensland and the Australian Red Cross Blood Service. Thurston is also known for always handing — rather than throwing — his kicking tee after a place kick to the ballboy, and for giving away his headgear to a young member of the crowd at the end of a match. In December 2017 Thurston was awarded the Australian Human Rights Commission Medal for his work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. In 2017 Thurston Also won the Queenslander of the Year award and in 2018 was nominated for the Australian of the Year award.


title: Vapor cone

text: A vapor cone (also known as a Mach diamond, shock collar, or shock egg) is a visible cloud of condensed water that can sometimes form around an object moving at high speed through moist air, for example, an aircraft flying at transonic speeds. When the localized air pressure around the object drops, so does the air temperature. If the temperature drops below the saturation temperature, a cloud forms.


title: Vapor cone

text: In the case of aircraft, the cloud is caused by expansion fans decreasing the air pressure, density, and temperature below the dew point. Then pressure, density, and temperature suddenly increase across the stern shock wave associated with a return to subsonic flow behind the aircraft. Since the local Mach number is not uniform over the aircraft, parts of the aircraft may be supersonic while others remain subsonic—a flight regime called transonic flight.


title: Vapor cone

text: In addition to making the shock waves themselves visible, water condensation can also occur in the trough between two crests of the shock waves produced by the passing of the object. However, this effect does not necessarily coincide with the acceleration of an aircraft through the speed of sound or Mach 1.


title: Vapor cone

text: These condensation clouds can often be seen appearing around space-bound rockets as they accelerate through the atmosphere. For example, they were frequently seen during Space Shuttle launches, about 25 to 33 seconds after launch, when the vehicle was traveling at transonic speeds. Similar effects were also visible in archival footage of some nuclear tests.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×10 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: A hydrogen atom is made up of a nucleus with charge +1, and a single electron. Therefore, the only positively charged ion possible has charge +1. It is noted H.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: In addition, the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions:


title: Hydrogen ion

text: Zundel cations and Eigen cations play an important role in proton diffusion according to the Grotthuss mechanism.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: In the image at left the hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation. Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis. This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm. However, because of osmosis, the H will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase. Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP. This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: Hydrogen ions concentration, measured as pH, is also responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a compound. Water molecules split to form H and hydroxide anions. This process is referred to as the self-ionization of water.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and subsequently, an acidic product. By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (HO) to form a hydronium ion (HO), a conjugate acid of water. For simplistic reasoning, the hydrogen ion (H) is often used to abbreviate the hydronium ion.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: Ocean acidification is the direct consequence of elevated concentrations of hydrogen ions and carbonate saturation from significant absorption of carbon dioxide (CO) by the world's oceans. The pre-industrial state of the ocean's carbonate chemistry has been notably stable, including the balance of its pH. Following the industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of burning fossil fuels, cement production, and changes in land use, have increased the oceans uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by 30%. In the ocean, the absorption capacity of this greenhouse gas is 59 times higher than in the atmosphere; the ocean acts as the largest carbon sink on the planet, playing a significant role in climate regulation. In addition to carbon fluxes, the natural process of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere into the deep ocean is facilitated by two systems, the biological pump and the solubility pump. The solubility pump is a physico-chemical process that transfers CO at the air-sea interface. Based on Henry's Law, the amount of dissolved CO in an aqueous solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of CO in the atmosphere. To maintain equilibrium, a state of high atmospheric partial pressure of CO leads to an increased oceanic exchange of this gas by molecular diffusion.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: In the surface waters, dissolved atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) reacts with water molecules to form carbonic acid (HCO), a weak diprotic acid. Diprotic acids consist of two ionizable hydrogen atoms in each molecule. In an aqueous solution, partial dissociation of carbonic acid releases a hydrogen proton (H) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO), and subsequently, the bicarbonate ion dissociates into an additional hydrogen proton and a carbonate ion (CO). The dissolving and dissociating of these inorganic carbon species generate an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions and inversely lowers ambient surface ocean pH. The carbonate buffering system governs the acidity of seawater by maintaining dissolved inorganic carbon species in chemical equilibrium.


title: Hydrogen ion

text: The chemical equation consists of reactants and products that may react in either direction. More reactants added to a system yield more product production (the chemical reaction shifts to the right) and if more product is added, additional reactants will form, shifting the chemical reaction to the left. Therefore, in this model, a high concentration of the beginning reactant, carbon dioxide, produces an increased amount of end-product (H and CO), thus lowering pH and creating a more acidic solution. The natural buffering system of the ocean resist the change in pH by producing more bicarbonate ions generated by free acid protons reacting with carbonate ions to form an alkaline character. However, increasing atmospheric CO concentrations may exceed the buffering capacity threshold, consequently resulting in higher rates of ocean acidification. Shifts in the ocean's carbonate chemistry has the potential to manipulate ocean biogeochemical cycles for many elements and compounds causing profound impacts on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, the solubility of CO is temperature dependent; elevated surface water temperatures reduce CO solubility. A continual rise in atmospheric partial pressure of CO could potentially convert the ocean from acting as sink (the vertical transport of carbon to the depths of the ocean) to becoming a source (CO degassing from the ocean), further increasing global temperatures.


title: My Dying Bride

text: My Dying Bride are an English doom metal band formed in Bradford. Since their inception in 1990, they have released 13 studio albums, three EPs, one demo, one box set, four compilation albums, one live album, and one live CD/DVD release.


title: My Dying Bride

text: Along with Anathema and Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride were a forerunner of the death doom metal and gothic metal genres during the early 1990s. These bands comprise "The Peaceville Three" as all were signed to Peaceville Records at the time.


title: My Dying Bride

text: My Dying Bride was formed in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, in June 1990, after guitarist Andrew Craighan and drummer Rick Miah co-formed the band after they had split from Abiosis, joining vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe and guitarist Calvin Robertshaw while ending Abiosis. After six months of rehearsing, the band recorded and released their demo, "Towards the Sinister", which was produced by Tim Walker of Voltage Records. Its title was taken from a line in the song "Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium". The band then released their first single, "God Is Alone", on a small French label called Listenable. After the single had sold out almost immediately, they were picked up by Peaceville Records, and they could release their first EP, "Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium", which also featured their latest recruit, bassist Adrian Jackson. The EP was soon followed by their first album, "As the Flower Withers".


title: My Dying Bride

text: "As the Flower Withers" was followed by a large tour in the UK and the mainland Europe, and in 1992 they recorded their next EP, "The Thrash of Naked Limbs". Another tour was planned, but cancelled when their current drummer had a bad fall while shooting the accompanying video. In 1993, Martin Powell joined as My Dying Bride's keyboardist and violinist, and they started the recording of their second studio album, "Turn Loose the Swans". With the joining of Martin Powell, the usage of violin increased even more since their "As the Flower Withers" album. The album was released that year followed by a tour and another EP, "I Am the Bloody Earth".


title: My Dying Bride

text: 1995 saw the release of My Dying Bride's next album, "The Angel and the Dark River". The album was followed with a successful tour with some of their first festival gigs, and soon after the fans saw the release of their first compilation album, "Trinity", a collection of songs from their first three EPs. In the end of 1995, My Dying Bride traveled on a three-month tour with Iron Maiden.


title: My Dying Bride

text: "Like Gods of the Sun" continued in the direction of "The Angel and the Dark River", in that it did not contain any growling vocals by Aaron Stainthorpe. This was the fourth album of My Dying Bride, featuring songs like "A Kiss to Remember", "For You" and "For My Fallen Angel". "For My Fallen Angel" is strictly an orchestral composition with sections of violin and synth. It is also the last MDB album to feature a violin, until "For Lies I Sire".


title: My Dying Bride

text: The somewhat experimental "34.788%...Complete" was next, followed by "The Light at the End of the World". My Dying Bride entered a hiatus after this, releasing two retrospective albums "Meisterwerk 1" and "Meisterwerk 2". The "Meisterwerk" albums are compilations that contain previously released and rare material from My Dying Bride. At the end of the hiatus, Calvin Robertshaw left the band to become their tour manager and was replaced by Hamish Glencross.


title: My Dying Bride

text: Originally released in 2001, "The Dreadful Hours" featured new material with the seventh release. The album was again engineered by Mags and co-produced by guitarist Andrew Craighan. Between 2003 and 2004, the band's label, Peaceville, re-released their entire back-catalogue in digipak format, with bonus tracks consisting of demos, remixes, and live performances added to each release (except "The Light at the End of the World").


title: My Dying Bride

text: The band's next release came in May 2005, when they released the fancifully titled "Anti-Diluvian Chronicles", a fully-fledged "best of" box set featuring three discs and thirty tracks.


title: My Dying Bride

text: The band spent the winter of 2005/2006 writing material for new studio album "A Line of Deathless Kings". The album was released on 9 October 2006. It was preceded by the EP "Deeper Down" on 18 September. Shortly before the release of "A Line of Deathless Kings", Shaun Taylor-Steels announced his permanent departure from the band due to persistent problems with his ankle.


title: My Dying Bride

text: In early 2007, Jackson announced his departure and session-drummer John Bennett from The Prophecy could no longer stay, citing a lack of time due to work commitments. Replacements were found in Lena Abé on bass and Dan Mullins on drums.


title: My Dying Bride

text: In November 2008, My Dying Bride began work on their tenth studio album, entitled "For Lies I Sire", which was released on 23 March 2009. Due to Sarah Stanton's pregnancy, she had been replaced on keyboards by Katie Stone, she performed violin on "For Lies I Sire". Soon after the album's release, she was replaced by Shaun MacGowan.


title: My Dying Bride

text: On 26 October 2009, My Dying Bride released an EP/DVD titled "Bring Me Victory". Except for the title track and its video, it also includes a doom metal cover of the traditional song "Scarborough Fair", a cover of "Failure" by Swans and a live version of "Vast Choirs" (originally from As the Flower Withers), performed at Graspop 2008.


title: My Dying Bride

text: To commemorate the 20th anniversary of My Dying Bride's existence, the album "Evinta" was released on 30 May 2011. "Evinta" featured some previous My Dying Bride material re-worked as neo-classical and ambient songs. Soon after, the band announced the release of the EP "The Barghest o' Whitby", which was released 7 November 2011, and consists of a single, 27-minute track.


title: My Dying Bride

text: On 13 May 2013, the band released a four-track EP, "The Manuscript". Three of the four tracks from the EP were recorded at the same time as "A Map of All Our Failures". A year later on 26 May 2014 the songs of this EP were re-released together with "The Barghest O' Whitby" as "The Vaulted Shadows" compilation.


title: My Dying Bride

text: Guitarist Hamish Glencross had been fired upon returning from their U.S. 2014 Maryland Deathfest appearance, and original guitarist Calvin Robertshaw returned to the band.


title: My Dying Bride

text: On 18 September 2015, "Feel the Misery" was released, with eight tracks. In March 2017, the band signed with Nuclear Blast Records. The same year, drummer Dan Mullins left the band, and was replaced with Shaun Steels, who had been in the band from 1999 to 2006, and had played on "A Map of All Our Failures" in 2012 as a session member.


title: My Dying Bride

text: In 2017, after cancelling four festival appearances, Aaron Stainthorpe explained that the band was working on a new album, and had therefore not disbanded. In a My Dying Bride Facebook post on 18 September 2018, Aaron Stainthorpe explained that the band cancelled those shows due to the cancer of his 5-year-old daughter, who is presently in remission.


title: My Dying Bride

text: On 4 December 2018, the band announced that Shaun Steels had been replaced by Jeff Singer due to "unresolvable drumming issues" and that the drum tracks for the new album had been completed by Singer.


title: My Dying Bride

text: On 24 May 2019, the band released 'A Harvest of Dread', a deluxe 12-inch 92-page hardback book five-disc set of rarities, early works, previously unheard pre-production demos, band favorites, and live audio. Also in 2019, Calvin Robertshaw had left My Dying Bride for a second time, and was replaced by Neil Blanchett on guitars.


title: My Dying Bride

text: My Dying Bride's 13th album, "The Ghost of Orion", was released on 6 March 2020. It was released five years after their previous effort, "Feel the Misery", which is the band's longest gap between studio albums to date.


title: My Dying Bride

text: Beforehand, the album's first single, "Your Broken Shore", was released on 20 January, followed by a second single, "Tired of Tears", on 7 February.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: Darlin' is a 2019 American film written and directed by Pollyanna McIntosh, who describes it as "a social issue horror film". Besides McIntosh, the rest of the cast consists of Lauryn Canny, Bryan Batt, Nora-Jane Noone, and Cooper Andrews. It is the third standalone part of a trilogy that includes "Offspring" and the Lucky McKee film "The Woman", in which McIntosh played the leading roles.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: At the end of the previous film, Darlin', Peggy, and Socket Cleek joined the feral woman to live in the wilderness. Years later, Peggy and Socket are gone while the now teenage Darlin' has developed a feral personality while sporting copper hair halfway down her thighs. She and the Woman had killed a skier and are shown carrying his body while barefoot and in tattered clothing despite the wintry conditions.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: One day at the insistence of the Woman, Darlin' arrives outside a hospital and accidentally gets struck by an ambulance. After being treated at the hospital, she is sent to a Catholic boarding school called St. Philomena's, where the staff and other students attempt to civilize her.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: A nurse named Tony who was the first to find and befriend her at the hospital tries to look out for her, but is repeatedly turned away by the school for being gay. Though she has forgotten how to speak, she is renamed Darlin' after the name on her bracelet. She slowly regains her ability to speak, her hair is cut to being halfway down her torso, and she befriends some of the other students, especially a trouble-making tomboy named Billy, but has trouble adjusting to modern life and is disturbed by the school's teachings about the Devil. A greedy bishop attempts to exploit her for fame and fortune.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: Eventually, the Woman enters the city and kills everyone in her path to retrieve her adoptive daughter Darlin' while wearing a brown dress and stolen sunglasses and a jacket, though she befriends a group of homeless prostitutes. Tony cooperates with the Woman by telling her where Darlin' is and she spares his life.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: The bishop is a pedophile who regularly preys on the girls, and had preyed on the school's Sister Jennifer when she was a child. He tries to seduce Darlin' only to discover she is pregnant. She reveals that her sister Peggy had died in childbirth after having a stillborn child (it is revealed in the previous film that Peggy was pregnant, although she denied it) which made Socket run away. A few months ago, she and the Woman captured a hiker and Darlin' mated with him before the Woman killed him. The Woman made her go to civilization so that she could deliver the baby safely. However, due to the school's teachings and what happened to Peggy, Darlin' believes the baby inside her is the Devil and repeatedly pleads with God to save her.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: When Darlin' is about to receive her First Communion, she attempts either suicide or to induce a miscarriage by drinking bleach, but all it does is make her sick. During the ceremony, Sister Jennifer plays a recording of the bishop confessing his crimes which makes several people walk out in disgust. Darlin' bites a chunk out of his hand, but suddenly goes into labor. The Woman and the homeless prostitutes storm the church and the Woman kills the bishop while the prostitutes escape.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: Tony, his boyfriend Robert, Sister Jennifer, and Billy help deliver Darlin's child which is a girl. Darlin' tells the Woman to take the baby far away. As sirens approach, Tony, Robert, Sister Jennifer, and Billy tend to Darlin', while the Woman takes the baby, puts it in a baby-carrying backpack, and walks out.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: Lauren Ashley Carter and Alexa Marcigliano reprise their roles as Peggy and Socket Cleek from "The Woman", respectively where they appear in flashbacks.


title: Darlin' (2019 film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 31 reviews and a weighted average rating of 3.1 out of 5. On Metacritic, it was given a score of 49 out of 100 based on 5 critics, indicating "Mixed or average reviews".


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: Luke Hughes (born September 9, 2003) is an American ice hockey defenseman for the University of Michigan of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). He was selected fourth overall by the New Jersey Devils in the 2021 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: Hughes committed to play college ice hockey for the University of Michigan during the 2021–22 season. Hughes led the league in goals scored with 13 in conference play, and recorded nine assists for 22 points, the second most points in the league play behind Matty Beniers. He led the nation's defensemen in scoring with 17 goals and 19 assists for 36 points in 37 games and is a +25. He set several Michigan program records this season. His 17 goals surpassed Dean Turner's freshman defenseman record of 13 set in 1975–76, and he passed Jack Johnson's 32 points for the most points by a Michigan freshman defenseman. In March, Hughes recorded one goal and six assists in seven games and was subsequently named the Hockey Commissioner's Association Rookie of the Month. Following an outstanding season, he was named to the All-Big Ten Freshman Team, the All-Big Ten Second Team and was named Co-Big Ten Freshman of the Year. He was also named an AHCA West Second Team All-American.


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: He was considered a top prospect for the 2021 NHL Entry Draft. On July 23, 2021, Hughes was drafted fourth overall by the New Jersey Devils in the 2021 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: Hughes represented the United States at the 2019 World U-17 Hockey Challenge where he recorded one goal and three assists in six games and won a silver medal.


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: On May 5, 2022, Hughes was named to the United States men's national ice hockey team to compete at the 2022 IIHF World Championship. He recorded one goal and three assists in ten games.


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: On December 12, 2022, Hughes was named to the United States men's national junior ice hockey team to compete at the 2023 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: Hughes comes from an ice hockey-playing family as his father, Jim Hughes, is a former player and team captain for Providence College, an assistant coach for the Boston Bruins, and director of player development for the Toronto Maple Leafs. His mother, Ellen Weinberg-Hughes, played ice hockey, lacrosse, and soccer at the University of New Hampshire and, in 2012, was inducted into the University of New Hampshire Athletics Hall of Fame. She also played for the United States women's national ice hockey team, and won a silver medal at the 1992 World Championship.


title: Luke Hughes (ice hockey)

text: Hughes has two older brothers, Quinn, and Jack. Quinn was drafted seventh overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft, while Jack was drafted first overall by the New Jersey Devils in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft. His mother is Jewish and his father is Catholic.


title: John Altobelli

text: John Edward Altobelli (May 8, 1963 – January 26, 2020) was an American college baseball coach who worked for 27 seasons at Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, California. During his career, he led the Pirates to four California state junior college titles and in 2019 was named National Coach of the Year by the American Baseball Coaches Association.


title: John Altobelli

text: Altobelli and eight other people, including his wife Keri, daughter Alyssa, former professional basketball player Kobe Bryant and Bryant's daughter, Gianna, died in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California on January 26, 2020.


title: John Altobelli

text: John Altobelli was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 8, 1963. He was the sixth of seven children. His father, Jim Altobelli, was a professional baseball player.


title: John Altobelli

text: Altobelli graduated from Newport Harbor High School in Newport Beach, California. He enrolled at Golden West College, where he played college baseball for the Golden West Rustlers as an outfielder. He transferred to the University of Houston, where he finished his college baseball career with the Houston Cougars from 1984 to 1985 and was a captain on the baseball team. In 1984, his junior season, Altobelli led the Cougars in runs batted in (34), runs scored (47), and triples (three). He shared leads in doubles (14) and stolen bases (eight). As a senior in 1985, Altobelli had a single-season record 57 walks and led the team in runs scored (68) and stolen bases (13).


title: John Altobelli

text: After his senior season, Altobelli played briefly in the 1985 season for the Miami Marlins of the Florida State League, which at that time was an independent full-season Class A team. Altobelli returned to school after playing only 15 games. He graduated from the University of Houston with a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1987. In 1988, he earned his master's degree in education from Azusa Pacific University.


title: John Altobelli

text: Altobelli began his coaching career in 1986 as junior varsity coach at Newport Harbor High School. In 1987, he returned to Houston as an assistant baseball coach. From 1988 to 1992, Altobelli was an assistant coach at UC Irvine under Mike Gerakos.


title: John Altobelli

text: Two months after UC Irvine cut its baseball team for budgetary reasons, Altobelli became head coach at Orange Coast College in July 1992. Altobelli led the Orange Coast Pirates to state championships in 2009, 2014, 2015, and 2019. He won his 700th career game in 2019. He was named National Coach of the Year for the Pacific Association Division by the American Baseball Coaches Association in 2019. In 27 seasons as Orange Coast head coach, Altobelli had a cumulative 705–478–4 record.


title: John Altobelli

text: For three summer seasons between 2012 and 2014, Altobelli served as head coach for the Brewster Whitecaps in the Cape Cod Baseball League. Among his players were Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees, Jeff McNeil of the New York Mets, and Ryon Healy of the Milwaukee Brewers.


title: John Altobelli

text: Altobelli and his first wife, Barbara Jean WooSam, had one son, John James (J.J.). J.J. played college baseball for the Oregon Ducks before playing professionally for the Johnson City Cardinals, and later became a scout for the Boston Red Sox. Altobelli and his second wife, Keri L. Sanders, had two daughters, Alexis and Alyssa.


title: John Altobelli

text: Altobelli died on January 26, 2020, when the helicopter he was traveling in crashed in Calabasas, California. All nine passengers on board were killed, including Altobelli's wife Keri, the Altobellis' 14-year-old daughter Alyssa, former professional basketball player Kobe Bryant, Bryant's 13-year-old daughter Gianna, Sarah Chester, Chester's 13-year-old daughter Payton, Mamba Sports Academy assistant coach Christina Mauser, and helicopter pilot Ara Zobayan. Alyssa Altobelli, Gianna Bryant, and Payton Chester were teammates on the Mamba Sports Academy basketball team. The group were traveling to Mamba Sports Academy in Thousand Oaks for a basketball tournament when the helicopter crashed.


title: John Altobelli

text: Altobelli and Kobe Bryant became friends through their daughters and had previously traveled to practices and games together. Altobelli invited Bryant to speak to his baseball team in 2018. Orange Coast College associate baseball coach Nate Johnson said of Altobelli, "He kind of gets overshadowed by Kobe a little bit, but he was his own Kobe of the junior college baseball world".


title: John Altobelli

text: On January 26, 2022, two years after the crash, the baseball stadium at Orange Coast College was renamed to John Altobelli Park.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The was a socialist and progressive political party in Japan that existed from 1945 to 1996. The party was founded as the Social Democratic Party of Japan by members of several proletarian parties that existed before World War II, including the Social Mass Party, the Labour-Farmer Party, and the Japan Labour-Farmer Party. The party represented Japan's "left-wing" after the war, and was a major opponent of the "right-wing" Liberal Democratic Party.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The JSP was briefly in power from 1947 to 1948. From 1951 to 1955, the JSP was divided into the Left Socialist Party and the Right Socialist Party. In 1955, Japan's two major conservative parties merged to form the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), establishing the so-called 1955 System, which allowed the party to continuously hold power since. The JSP was the largest opposition party but was incapable of forming government. Nonetheless, the JSP managed to hold about one third of the seats in the National Diet during this period, preventing the LDP from revising the Constitution of Japan.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the JSP under the leadership of Takako Doi earned a record-high number of seats. However, the establishment and electoral success of new conservative parties in the mid-1990s took the JSP by surprise and its share of seats in the National Diet decreased significantly. The party was formally dissolved in 1996. Its successor is the Social Democratic Party, a minor party holding two parliamentary seats, one each in the Houses of Representatives and Councillors as of 2022.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: Socialist parties have been active in Japan under various names since the early 20th century, often suffering harsh government repression as well as ideological dissensions and splits. The party was originally known as the Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ) in English and was formed in 1945 following the fall of the militarist regime that had led Japan into World War II. Shortly after the party's founding, a left faction within the SDPJ proposed that the official name of the party in English be changed to the Japanese Socialist Party (JSP). A right faction consisting of social democrats opposed this proposal, but the internal motion to change the party's name was ultimately adopted.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The party became the largest political party in the first general election under the Constitution of Japan in 1947 (143 of 466 seats) and a government was formed by Tetsu Katayama, forming a coalition with the Democratic Party and the Citizens' Cooperation Party. Katayama's coalition fell in February 1948, in large part due to inexperience and subsequent poor performance in leading government. Hitoshi Ashida succeeded Katayama as prime minister of a new coalition with the Democrats. In October 1948, just seven months after taking office, Ashida resigned due to his alleged involvement in the Showa Denko corruption scandal. In 1958, he was acquitted of all charges. The confusion and disarray caused by the corruption scandal were part of what allowed Shigeru Yoshida and the Liberal Party to return to government.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In the period following the end of World War II, the JSP played a key role in the drafting of the new Japanese constitution, adding progressive articles related to issues such as health, welfare and working conditions. Unfortunately for the JSP and the broader Japanese left in the immediate postwar era, their time in power coincided with a change in US policy towards Japan commonly known as the Reverse Course. Beginning around 1947, and intensifying with the victory of the Communists over the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the U.S. occupation government headed by Douglas MacArthur felt the need to revise its previously conciliatory stance towards the kinds of policies pursued by Japanese leftists, from the breakup of Zaibatsu, the country's business conglomerates, to land reform, to the ousting of nationalist figures in government. Apart from reversing early steps taken towards implementing these policies, the US occupation government oversaw and assisted in the purging of almost 30,000 workers deemed to be "red" between 1948 and 1950, frustrating leftist attempts to hold on to state power.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The Showa Denko scandal not only brought the downfall of the cabinet, but also led to an acrimonious schism between the left and right halves of the Socialist Party amid mutual recriminations, as one of the main targets of the investigation had been Right Socialist faction leader Suehiro Nishio. Finally in 1951, the JSP split into the Right Socialist Party, consisting of more centrist socialists who leaned toward social democracy; and the Left Socialist Party, formed by orthodox Marxists favoring a socialist revolution. Both parties claimed to be the true Socialist Party of Japan and refused to recognize the legitimacies of their rivals. The faction farthest to the left formed a small independent party, the Worker-Farmers Party (), espousing Maoism from 1948 until it rejoined the JSP in 1957.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In 1955, the two splinter parties begrudgingly set aside their differences and re-merged. This was a "shotgun wedding" of sorts that happened under duress as it became increasingly clear that all of the conservative parties, with U.S. backing, were in the process of merging to form what would become the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), although the JSP actually merged a few months before the conservatives. The intra-party animosities did not fully subside, and the party remained riven by ideological factions organized according to left–right spectrum, as opposed to what the JSP called the "feudal personalism" of the more conservative party factions. Nevertheless, for a time the newly re-merged party found increasing success at the ballot box. Throughout the 1950s, the party made new gains in the Lower House in every single election, culminating in the 1958 Japanese general election, in which the party garnered an impressive 33.1 percent of the popular vote and 167 out of 467 seats. This was sufficient to block the attempts of conservative Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke to revise the Constitution of Japan in order to eliminate the anti-war "Peace Clause" in Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. By the end of the 1950s, a narrative emerged in the media that the Socialist Party would eventually gain a majority due to ongoing social trends such as increasing urbanization and industrialization.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The party split again in 1960 because of internal disagreement over how to conduct the ongoing Anpo protests against revision of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan, known as Anpo in Japanese, and whether or not to cooperate with the Communist Party of Japan in doing so. On 24 January 1960, the right-most elements of the party led by Suehiro Nishio (a part of the old Right Socialist Party of Japan), broke away to form the Democratic Socialist Party, leaving the JSP slightly weakened.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: A further blow came in the fall of 1960 when the energetic JSP party chairman Inejiro Asanuma was assassinated by a right-wing youth, Otoya Yamaguchi, during a televised election debate. Asanuma had been a charismatic figure who had been able to hold the antagonistic left and right factions of the party together through the force of his personality. Asanuma's untimely death deprived the party of his adroit leadership, and thrust Saburō Eda into the leadership role instead. A centrist, Eda rapidly took the party in a more centrist direction, far faster than the left socialists were ready to accept. This led to growing infighting within the party, and drastically damaged its ability to present a cohesive message to the public.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In particular, Eda earned the enmity of the party's left-wing due to his ambitious platform of ) and his related "Eda Vision" of socialism. The "structural reform" platform drew inspiration from the recently concluded Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which had achieved massive size and forced the resignation of conservative prime minister Nobusuke Kishi. Eda and his allies viewed these protests as having been an unalloyed success in having allowed the JSP to play a leading role in fomenting a mass movement. Eda's "structural reform" platform called for a combination of parliamentary pressure tactics and Anpo-style extra-parliamentary mass movements that would gradually move Japan toward socialism by forcing the government into a series of piecemeal concessions. Above all, Eda and his fellow structural reformers hoped to broaden the base of the JSP beyond a hard core of labor unionists, leftist student activists, and Marxist intellectuals to encompass people from many walks of life, in order to dramatically increase the party's potential supporters at the polls.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In an effort to build popular support for his reform program, Eda announced his "New Vision of Socialism", better known by its nickname, the "Eda Vision", in July 1962. Eda declared that "[s]ocialism must be defined in sunny and cheerful terms that are easily understandable to the masses. I believe that 'socialism' is that which allows human potential to blossom to its fullest extent. The main four accomplishments that humankind has achieved so far are America's high standard of living, the Soviet Union's thoroughgoing social welfare system, England's parliamentary democracy, and Japan's peace constitution. I believe that if we can integrate these, we can give birth to a broad-based socialism."


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The "Eda Vision" of a more moderate form of socialism was received enthusiastically in the mainstream Japanese press, polled well in public opinion polls. The "Eda Vision" was the final straw for the more orthodox Marxist left-wing factions in the JSP, who had already chafed against the moderate tone of Eda's "structural reform" platform. In particular, they could not accept praise of what they viewed as the "imperialist" United States and Great Britain, and the "deviationist" and "Stalinist" Soviet Union. At the 22nd Party Congress in November 1962, the left-wing of the JSP revolted, and succeeded in persuading a majority of party members present to adopt an "Eda Vision Criticism Resolution" that renounced the "Eda Vision" as antithetical to core party principles. Eda was forced to resign his position as Secretary General, and thereafter the party returned to a more dogmatically Marxist platform which emphasized the urban working classes as the party's main political base.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: Thereafter, a younger generation of reform-minded activists became disillusioned and began to drift away from the party. At the same time, the emergence of the "Clean Government Party" ("Kōmeitō", the political wing of the Sokka Gakkai Buddhist religious movement) and the increasing electoral success of the Japan Communist Party, began to eat away at the JSP's urban working class base. The Socialists slipped in the polls in the 1967 election, lost more ground in the 1968 Upper House election, and suffered a crushing repudiation in 1969, when they lost 51 seats in the National Diet.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In some regions, the party continued to perform well at the local level and by the 1970s many areas were run by JSP (or JSP-backed) mayors and governors, who supported environmental protection initiatives and introduced new social welfare programs.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: Meanwhile, Saburō Eda continued his efforts to reform the party and expand its base. Eda ran numerous times for the post of party chairman, but was unsuccessful, although he did serve a second stint as Secretary General from 1968 to 1970. Nevertheless, Eda remained popular among the broader Japanese public and in the mid-1970s conservative prime minister Kakuei Tanaka said at a press conference, "If the Japan Socialist Party were ever to make Eda its Chairman again, a general election would be terrifying. They would drastically expand their seats in the Diet." Eda could never overcome the undying animosity his "Eda Vision" had won him from his party's left-wing.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In 1976, Eda lost his reelection bid and was booted from the Diet. Blaming his loss on his party's dogmatic, doctrinaire Marxism and desperate for reform, he attempted to resign from the JSP but the party refused to accept his resignation and voted to expel him instead. The following year, Eda and Hideo Den () led a small group of JSP Dietmembers to split from the JSP and form a new party called the Socialist Democratic Federation ().


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In July 1986, under party chairman Masashi Ishibashi, the JSP suffered a disastrous double defeat in both houses of the National Diet in the simultaneously held 1986 Japanese general election and 1986 Japanese House of Councillors election. Losing in a rout to the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) under popular prime minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, the JSP's seats in the lower house fell from 112 to a new all-time low of 85 and its share of the popular vote dropped from 19.5 percent to 17.2 percent. This defeat led the party to elect Takako Doi as party chair, making her the first woman to ever lead a Japanese political party. Doi was popular with the Japanese public led the JSP to an electoral comeback with an impressive showing in the 1990 Japanese general election, winning 136 seats and 24.4 percent of the vote. Some electoral districts had more than one successful socialist candidate. Doi's decision to put up more than one candidate for each of the 130 districts represented a controversial break with the past because unlike their LDP counterparts many party candidates did not want to run against each other; however, the great majority of the 149 socialist candidates who ran were successful, including seven of eight women.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: Doi, a university professor of constitutional law before entering politics, had a tough, straight-talking manner that appealed to voters tired of the evasiveness of other politicians. Many women found her a refreshing alternative to submissive female stereotypes and in the late 1980s the public at large in opinion polls voted her their favorite politician (the runner-up in these surveys was equally tough-talking conservative LDP member Shintarō Ishihara); however, Doi's popularity was of limited aid to the party, as the powerful Shakaishugi Kyokai (Japan Socialist Association), which was supported by a contingent of the party's 76,000-strong membership, remained committed to orthodox Marxism, impeding Doi's efforts to promote what she called "perestroika" and a more moderate program with greater voter appeal.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: In 1983, Doi's predecessor as chairman Masashi Ishibashi had begun the delicate process of moving the party away from its strong opposition to the Self-Defense Forces. While maintaining that these forces were unconstitutional in light of Article 9, he claimed that because they had been established through legal procedures, they had a legitimate status (this phrasing was changed a year later to say that the Self-Defense Forces exist legally). Ishibashi also broke past precedent by visiting Washington to talk with United States political leaders. By the end of the decade, the party had accepted the Self-Defense Forces and the 1960 U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. It advocated strict limitations on military spending (no more than 1 percent of GNP annually), a suspension of joint military exercises with United States forces, and a reaffirmation of the three non-nuclear principles (no production, possession, or introduction of nuclear weapons into Japanese territory).


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: Doi expressed support for balanced ties with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). In the past, the party had favored the Kim Il-sung regime in Pyongyang and in the early 1990s it still refused to recognize the normalization of relations between Tokyo and Seoul with Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965). In domestic policy, the party demanded the continued protection of agriculture and small business in the face of foreign pressure, abolition of the consumption tax and an end to the construction and use of nuclear power reactors. As a symbolic gesture to reflect its new moderation, the party dropped its commitment to socialist revolution at its April 1990 convention and described its goal as social democracy, the creation of a society in which "all people fairly enjoy the fruits of technological advancement and modern civilization and receive the benefits of social welfare." Delegates also elected Doi to a third term as party chairwoman.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: Because of the party's self-definition as a class-based party and its symbiotic relationship with the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (), the public-sector workers' confederation, few efforts were made to attract non-union constituencies. Although some unions supported the Japanese Communist Party, the party remained the representative of Sohyo's political interests until the merger with private-sector unions and the Japanese Trade Union Confederation () in 1989. Because of declining union financial support during the 1980s, some party Diet members turned to dubious fund-raising methods. One was involved in the Recruit affair. Like other parties, it sold large blocks of fund-raising party tickets and the LDP even gave individual party Diet members funds from time to time to persuade them to cooperate in passing difficult legislation.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: As part of the fallout of the Recruit Scandal, the party secured a mere 70 seats (down from 137) in the 1993 Japanese general election while the LDP lost its majority in the lower house for the first time since the 1983 Japanese general election and was out of government for the first time in 38 years. The anti-LDP coalition government of Morihiro Hosokawa was formed by reformists who had triggered the 1993 election by leaving the LDP (Japan Renewal Party and New Party Sakigake), a liberal party formed only a year before (Japan New Party), the traditional centre-left opposition (Kōmeitō, Democratic Socialist Party and Socialist Democratic Federation) and the Democratic Reform Party, the political arm of the trade union federation, together with the JSP. In 1994, the JSP and the New Sakigake Party decided to leave the non-LDP coalition. The minority Hata cabinet lasted only a few weeks.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The JSP then formed a grand coalition ("dai-renritsu") government with the LDP and the New Party Sakigake under JSP Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, who was leader of the party from 1993 to 1996. Most of the other parties from the anti-LDP coalition, now forced back into opposition, united to form the New Frontier Party (NFP), which overtook the JSP as second largest political party in Japan. The JSP suffered a defeat in the 1995 Japanese House of Councillors election. In January 1996, the New Socialist Party of Japan split off from the JSP, Murayama resigned as Prime Minister, and the JSP changed its name from the JSP to the Social Democratic Party (SDP) as an interim party for forming a new party.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The JSP is generally regarded as a progressive and socialist "left-wing" party that opposes the conservative and nationalist "right-wing" Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The JSP is also considered a centre-left party, but there was a far-left faction within the party. The so-called "leftists" in the JSP were Marxists in favour of scientific socialism. By contrast, the so-called "rightists" were in favour of social democracy and aimed at establishing a welfare state.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The JSP supported a neutralist foreign policy and opposed amending the Constitution of Japan, especially the Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan. Japan's left-wing liberalism emerged as a "peace movement" and was largely led by the JSP.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: After Takako Doi became party leader, the JSP established a European-style democratic socialism line. Apart from the party's socialist identity, Murayama Cabinet, who came to power between 1994 and 1996, is supported social-liberal reform.


title: Japan Socialist Party

text: The JSP opposed Shintoist social conservatism, and was politically friendly with Christianity in the United States. There were quite a few Christians in the JSP. Former Japanese Prime Minister Tetsu Katayama was also a Christian.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Glenn Miller and His Orchestra was an American swing dance band formed by Glenn Miller in 1938. Arranged around a clarinet and tenor saxophone playing melody, and three other saxophones playing harmony, the band became the most popular and commercially successful dance orchestra of the swing era and one of the greatest singles charting acts of the 20th century.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Miller began professionally recording in New York City as a sideman in the hot jazz era of the late 1920s. With the arrival of virtuoso trombonists Jack Teagarden and Tommy Dorsey, Miller focused more on developing his arrangement skills.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Writing for contemporaries and future stars such as Artie Shaw, and Benny Goodman, Miller gained prowess as an arranger by working in a variety of settings. Later, Miller largely improved his arranging and writing skills by studying under music theorist Joseph Schillinger.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: In February 1937, Miller started an orchestra that briefly made records for Decca. With this group, Miller used an arrangement he wrote for British bandleader Ray Noble's American band in an attempt to form a clarinet-reed sound. This style developed over time, and eventually became known as the "Glenn Miller sound". Frustrated with his agency over playing inconsistent bookings and lacking broad radio exposure, Miller gave the band notice in December 1937. Less than three months later, he was looking for members and forming a new band.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Miller began a partnership with Eli Oberstein, which led directly to a contract with Victor subsidiary Bluebird Records. Gaining notoriety at such engagements as the Paradise Restaurant and Frank Dailey–owned Meadowbrook and their corresponding nationwide broadcasts, Miller struck enormous popularity playing the Glen Island Casino in the summer of 1939. From late 1939 to mid-1942, Miller was the number-one band in the country, with few true rivals. Only Harry James' band began to equal Miller's in popularity as he wound down his career in the wake of the Second World War. The AFM strike prevented Miller from making any new recordings in the last two months of his band's existence, and they formally disbanded at the end of September 1942.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Miller's short-term chart successes have seldom been duplicated and his group's unprecedented dominance of early "Your Hit Parade" and "Billboard" singles charts resulted in 16 number-one singles and 69 Top Ten hits.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: By March 1938, Glenn was planning to form a new group. The newly reformed band featured several longtime associates of Miller. From his first orchestra, Miller invited back Hal McIntyre, and hired Paul Tanner, Wilbur Schwartz, Ray Eberle (who was the younger brother of Jimmy Dorsey's vocalist Bob Eberly), and his old friend Chummy MacGregor. Miller's perseverance, business expertise, combined with a penchant for showmanship and musical taste, provided the faith for financiers Mike Nidorf and Cy Shribman. Miller used the 'clarinet-lead' sound as the foundation for his new band, and this caught the attention of students at Northeastern campuses. They opened on April 16, 1938, at Raymor Ballroom in Boston. When the band reached New York, they were billed below Freddie Fisher and His Schnickelfritzers, a dance band comedy routine. From Vincent Lopez's group came Marion Hutton, who added enthusiasm and energy in her performances. On September 7, 1938, the band made their first recordings, "My Reverie", "King Porter Stomp" and "By the Waters of Minnetonka", in two parts.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: In March 1939, the Glenn Miller Orchestra was given its big break, when they were chosen to play the summer season at the prestigious Glen Island Casino located on the north shore of Long Island Sound in New Rochelle, New York. Frank Dailey, manager of The Meadowbrook Ballroom in Cedar Grove, New Jersey, immediately booked the band for a four-week stay in March and April, before Glen Island. The band was well-received and within days Dailey picked up a three-week extension offer. During this time, Bluebird recording dates became more common and Glenn added drummer Maurice Purtill and trumpeter Dale "Mickey" McMickle to stabilize personnel. Opening at Glen Island on May 17, 1939, the casino's radio broadcast antenna ensured the Miller band was heard around the country. In late August, the end of their summer season, they had nationwide attention.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Glen Island was the prestige place for people who listened to bands on radio. The band's first semi hit, "Little Brown Jug", came out just when it opened at Glen Island. That helped. And the clarinet lead in Glenn's arrangements was such a romantic sound! It caught the public fancy during this exposure. Miller began ending his broadcasts from Glen Island with his "Something Old, Something New" medleys. But the most important thing for Glenn's success was that he recorded "In the Mood" while he was at the casino. That made him the Michael Jackson of his day.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Capitalizing on newfound popularity, Miller decided to add a trombone and a trumpet, giving the band a fuller sound. On April 4, 1939, Miller and his orchestra recorded "Moonlight Serenade". Considered one of the top songs of the swing era, and Miller's best composition, it soon became the theme song to start and end all of his radio performances.


title: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: Miller's most popular track "In the Mood" was recorded August 1, 1939. Famous for its opening and bass riffs as well as its "dueling" saxophone solos between Tex Beneke and Al Klink, the song hit number one on the "Billboard" charts, staying for a total of 30 weeks. Joe Garland compiled the song from riffs he'd heard in other songs, and is credited on the label. Elements of "In the Mood" can be found in earlier jazz recordings, such as Jimmy O'Bryant's "Clarinet Getaway", Wingy Manone's "Tar Paper Stomp", and Fletcher Henderson's "Hot and Anxious." Garland put these pieces together and initially offered the song, in a six-minute form, to Artie Shaw. Despite playing it for radio broadcast, Shaw found no success with it in this form. Miller purchased the song in June 1939 and asked Eddie Durham to arrange it for his orchestra, and Miller made final tweaks in Victor studios. In a 2000 interview for npr, trombonist Paul Tanner remembered recording the song and playing it live: