title: Lineage II

text: If a player's character dies in battle, they are given the option to resurrect in the nearest town or village. They can also wait for another player to resurrect them with a Resurrection scroll or spell. Resurrecting in the nearest town will costs a fraction of the XP gained, which grows exponentially with level. Resurrection spells and elite scrolls generally restore some of the lost experience.


title: Lineage II

text: The game follows a fictional history through sets of plots called "Sagas". There are currently four sagas: "The Chaotic Chronicle", "The Chaotic Throne", "Goddess of Destruction", and "Epic Tale of Aden". Large-scale updates/expansions are known as "Chronicles" (also known as "The Throne" in "The Chaotic Throne", "Chapter" in "Goddess of Destruction", and "Episode" in "Epic Tale of Aden"), which introduce new story elements as well as new features and add-ons. They are released every six months. Each expansion new skills, quests, areas, and items. Some expansion also increased the level cap.


title: Lineage II

text: Characters play the role as a player's avatar within the game. Players are allowed to elect up to 7 characters per account. There are currently seven races in the world of "Lineage II": the Humans, who are similar to modern-day humans and who have all-around balanced characteristics; the Elves, who have superior dexterity, movement, and casting speed, but weaker offense; Dark Elves, who have higher magic and melee attack capabilities; Orcs, who have higher HP and MP but slower movement; Dwarves, who are powerful melee attackers and master craftsmen; Kamael, who are humanoids with single wings and gender-specific job classes; and Ertheia, female warriors with two completely unique classes, and different quest lines.


title: Lineage II

text: Hyeong-Jin Kim, the production team head for "Lineage II", came up with the basic concept for the game in early 2000. Development happened in October–November of the same year. Kim and producer James Bae have stated that their reasons for developing a prequel for "Lineage" rather than a sequel is that ""Lineage" will continue to be updated as a game", and that "by working on its past, we will not be risking conflict with the direction of updates that "Lineage" will take in the future".


title: Lineage II

text: According to Kim and Bae, the game's initial subtitle, "The Chaotic Chronicle", was developed with the intention to "express the large-scale war, strategies, conflicts, and collaborations that we hope to encourage among players".


title: Lineage II

text: Lead Game Designer Raoul Kim said that the reason for rendering "Lineage II" in 3D was "simply because most games today are [also] using 3D graphics", and because they deemed it "more appropriate than 2D for the things that [they] were going to create". Developers chose to use the Unreal Engine 2 game engine because of its ability to render outdoor scenes and its powerful editing features.


title: Lineage II

text: According to Game Design team head, Cheol-Woong Hwang, there were different concepts for each of the race's home villages. He described the concept for the human village in Talking Island as "ordinary", while the Elven Village was designed "so as not to lose the natural and royal high-class feeling". They designed the Dark Elven village based on a "grotesque and serious feeling in order to express the rough history of these who had been expelled from the Elves". There are three versions of "Lineage II" available presently - classic, essence and Fafurion. Where the classic bears the same look and feel of the game as it was decade back, the others have specific functions.


title: Lineage II

text: The overall reception for "Lineage II" is mixed; the game received average review scores from various video game rating websites. Andrew Park of GameSpot said that the game "offers either a repetitive grind or a stiff challenge", and is not suitable for casual gamers who can only play an hour or less per day. Allen "Delsyn" Rausch called the Kamael "an interesting race in that, unlike other "Lineage II" races, they focus specifically on the warrior path with high-level class paths segregated by gender".


title: Lineage II

text: The "Chronicle 5: Oath of Blood" expansion won the Expansion of the Year award at Stratics Central Editor's Choice Awards 2006, and "Lineage II" earned an Honorable Mention for the Game of the Year award.


title: Lineage II

text: "Lineage II" is one of the MMOs that were subject to ethnographic study in Constance Steinkuehler and Dmitri Williams's article, "Where Everybody Knows Your (Screen) Name: Online Games as 'Third Places'".


title: Lineage II

text: NCsoft officially announced "Project TL" as the sequel to the first "Lineage" in November 2011. The first gameplay videos debuted at the G-Star 2011 gaming convention in South Korea on November 10.


title: Lineage II

text: There was story of three brothers from the west that stood at the doorsteps of heavens gates and ruled the lands of Goddard with an Iron fist until one day with the snap of their Ruler Sylurs finger, half of the population of Goddard was gone and so two the brothers Echelon.


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: Mr. Fantasy is the debut album by English rock band Traffic, released in December 1967. The recording included group members Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood, Chris Wood, and Dave Mason; however, Mason left the band shortly after the album was released. The album reached the number 16 position in the UK albums chart, and number 88 on the "Billboard 200" chart in the United States.


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: The album was recorded at Olympic Studios in London with American record producer Jimmy Miller and recording engineer Phill Brown. When Brown was asked his favourite memory of engineering, he responded: "Recording Dear Mr Fantasy, one o'clock in the morning, November 1967."


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: The UK release was one of the earliest rock albums on the Island Records label. This edition had a color gatefold cover and included 10 songs. As with common practice in the 1960s, the original UK album left out hit songs from Traffic singles of the era. The sitar, an instrument widely associated with this era of Traffic due to its use on the singles "Paper Sun" and "Hole in My Shoe", is used on only one track on the UK album, "Utterly Simple".


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: The first US version was released in early 1968 by United Artists Records and re-titled "Heaven Is in Your Mind". It featured a different, non-gatefold cover showing three members of the group without Mason. For this edition, a short looping snippet of the single "Here We Go Round The Mulberry Bush" was added as a segue between most of the songs. The US LP was re-sequenced and also added three other singles ("Paper Sun", "Hole in My Shoe", and "Smiling Phases") but deleted two Mason songs ("Hope I Never Find Me There" and "Utterly Simple".) The final track on the US album, "We're A Fade, You Missed This", is actually the ending of the full length "Paper Sun".


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: After the first pressing the title of the US album was quickly changed back to "Mr. Fantasy", but the new cover and track list remained until United Artists went out of business and Island reissued the UK stereo version in the United States in 1980. This edition was also released as "Mr. Fantasy" in Australia and New Zealand by Festival Records after the original UK track listing had first been released in Australia simply titled “Traffic”. The first Canadian edition was based on the US album but released in a unique cover with the title "Reaping". This version contained the full-length "Paper Sun", but dropped "Heaven Is in Your Mind" and the between song segues. "Reaping" was discontinued and replaced by the UK stereo album in 1970.


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: Both UK and US albums were released in significantly different stereo and mono mixes. These differences led to four distinct variations of the album. All of these have been re-issued on CD. The 1999 UK re-issue features the UK version in stereo and the US album in mono. In 2000 the US stereo version was re-issued on CD with its original title "Heaven Is in Your Mind" plus stereo bonus tracks. The same year the UK mono version was also released in the US as "Mr. Fantasy" with mono bonus tracks.


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: The song "Giving to You", was released in 3 different versions. The first was a mono B-side with lyrics in the introduction sung by Winwood. This also appeared on the US mono LP. The mono and stereo UK albums had a revised version, which was included on the US stereo album. The soundtrack album for "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush" also contains a different recording of "Utterly Simple" than the one used on this album.


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: "Coloured Rain" was recorded as "Colored Rain" by Eric Burdon & The New Animals featuring a guitar solo by Andy Summers. It was also recorded by The Hassles, Al Kooper and Slade. "Smiling Phases" was recorded by Blood, Sweat & Tears on their self-titled second album released in 1968. "Dealer" was recorded as part of the medley "Dealer/Spanish Rose" by Santana on their Inner Secrets album released in 1978.


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: A review in the Apr 27, 1968 edition of "Rolling Stone" called the album "one of the best from any contemporary group". The reviewer felt that Steve Winwood's voice had "matured, acquired new depth and new reaches, a more individual feeling and a greater range in both style and tones", and considered that "the strongest points of this album are where the elements of Traffic's 'comprehensible far-out' and Winwood's great R&B style are combined", but deemed Mason's contributions to be good enough in their own right.


title: Mr. Fantasy

text: Allmusic's retrospective review is positive, calling Traffic's music "eclectic, combining their background in British pop with a taste for the comic and dance hall styles of "Sgt. Pepper", Indian music, and blues-rock jamming".


title: Matched filter

text: In signal processing, a matched filter is obtained by correlating a known delayed signal, or "template", with an unknown signal to detect the presence of the template in the unknown signal. This is equivalent to convolving the unknown signal with a conjugated time-reversed version of the template. The matched filter is the optimal linear filter for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the presence of additive stochastic noise.


title: Matched filter

text: Matched filters are commonly used in radar, in which a known signal is sent out, and the reflected signal is examined for common elements of the out-going signal. Pulse compression is an example of matched filtering. It is so called because the impulse response is matched to input pulse signals. Two-dimensional matched filters are commonly used in image processing, e.g., to improve the SNR of X-ray observations.


title: Matched filter

text: Matched filtering is a demodulation technique with LTI (linear time invariant) filters to maximize SNR.


title: Matched filter

text: The following section derives the matched filter for a discrete-time system. The derivation for a continuous-time system is similar, with summations replaced with integrals.


title: Matched filter

text: where formula_3 is the input as a function of the independent variable formula_4, and formula_5 is the filtered output. Though we most often express filters as the impulse response of convolution systems, as above (see LTI system theory), it is easiest to think of the matched filter in the context of the inner product, which we will see shortly.


title: Matched filter

text: We can derive the linear filter that maximizes output signal-to-noise ratio by invoking a geometric argument. The intuition behind the matched filter relies on correlating the received signal (a vector) with a filter (another vector) that is parallel with the signal, maximizing the inner product. This enhances the signal. When we consider the additive stochastic noise, we have the additional challenge of minimizing the output due to noise by choosing a filter that is orthogonal to the noise.


title: Matched filter

text: Let us formally define the problem. We seek a filter, formula_1, such that we maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio, where the output is the inner product of the filter and the observed signal formula_7.


title: Matched filter

text: Let us define the covariance matrix of the noise, reminding ourselves that this matrix has Hermitian symmetry, a property that will become useful in the derivation:


title: Matched filter

text: Let us call our output, formula_15, the inner product of our filter and the observed signal such that


title: Matched filter

text: We now define the signal-to-noise ratio, which is our objective function, to be the ratio of the power of the output due to the desired signal to the power of the output due to the noise:


title: Matched filter

text: We wish to maximize this quantity by choosing formula_1. Expanding the denominator of our objective function, we have


title: Matched filter

text: We will rewrite this expression with some matrix manipulation. The reason for this seemingly counterproductive measure will become evident shortly. Exploiting the Hermitian symmetry of the covariance matrix formula_23, we can write


title: Matched filter

text: We would like to find an upper bound on this expression. To do so, we first recognize a form of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality:


title: Matched filter

text: which is to say that the square of the inner product of two vectors can only be as large as the product of the individual inner products of the vectors. This concept returns to the intuition behind the matched filter: this upper bound is achieved when the two vectors formula_26 and formula_27 are parallel. We resume our derivation by expressing the upper bound on our formula_21 in light of the geometric inequality above:


title: Matched filter

text: Our valiant matrix manipulation has now paid off. We see that the expression for our upper bound can be greatly simplified:


title: Matched filter

text: where formula_32 is an arbitrary real number. To verify this, we plug into our expression for the output formula_21:


title: Matched filter

text: We often choose to normalize the expected value of the power of the filter output due to the noise to unity. That is, we constrain


title: Matched filter

text: If we care to write the impulse response formula_1 of the filter for the convolution system, it is simply the complex conjugate time reversal of the input formula_8.


title: Matched filter

text: Though we have derived the matched filter in discrete time, we can extend the concept to continuous-time systems if we replace formula_23 with the continuous-time autocorrelation function of the noise, assuming a continuous signal formula_44, continuous noise formula_45, and a continuous filter formula_46.


title: Matched filter

text: Alternatively, we may solve for the matched filter by solving our maximization problem with a Lagrangian. Again, the matched filter endeavors to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (formula_21) of a filtered deterministic signal in stochastic additive noise. The observed sequence, again, is


title: Matched filter

text: If we now constrain the denominator to be 1, the problem of maximizing formula_21 is reduced to maximizing the numerator. We can then formulate the problem using a Lagrange multiplier:


title: Matched filter

text: Since formula_62 is of unit rank, it has only one nonzero eigenvalue. It can be shown that this eigenvalue equals


title: Matched filter

text: Matched filtering can also be interpreted as a least-squares estimator for the optimal location and scaling of a given model or template. Once again, let the observed sequence be defined as


title: Matched filter

text: where formula_66 is uncorrelated zero mean noise. The signal formula_67 is assumed to be a scaled and shifted version of a known model sequence formula_68:


title: Matched filter

text: We want to find optimal estimates formula_70 and formula_71 for the unknown shift formula_72 and scaling formula_73 by minimizing the least-squares residual between the observed sequence formula_74 and a "probing sequence" formula_75:


title: Matched filter

text: The appropriate formula_75 will later turn out to be the matched filter, but is as yet unspecified. Expanding formula_74 and the square within the sum yields


title: Matched filter

text: The first term in brackets is a constant (since the observed signal is given) and has no influence on the optimal solution. The last term has constant expected value because the noise is uncorrelated and has zero mean. We can therefore drop both terms from the optimization. After reversing the sign, we obtain the equivalent optimization problem


title: Matched filter

text: Inserting this into our objective function yields a reduced maximization problem for just formula_70:


title: Matched filter

text: The optimization problem assumes its maximum when equality holds in this expression. According to the properties of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, this is only possible when


title: Matched filter

text: for arbitrary non-zero constants formula_88 or formula_89, and the optimal solution is obtained at formula_90 as desired. Thus, our "probing sequence" formula_75 must be proportional to the signal model formula_92, and the convenient choice formula_93 yields the matched filter


title: Matched filter

text: Note that the filter is the mirrored signal model. This ensures that the operation formula_95 to be applied in order to find the optimum is indeed the convolution between the observed sequence formula_74 and the matched filter formula_97. The filtered sequence assumes its maximum at the position where the observed sequence formula_74 best matches (in a least-squares sense) the signal model formula_68.


title: Matched filter

text: The matched filter may be derived in a variety of ways, but as a special case of a least-squares procedure it may also be interpreted as a maximum likelihood method in the context of a (coloured) Gaussian noise model and the associated Whittle likelihood.


title: Matched filter

text: If the transmitted signal possessed "no" unknown parameters (like time-of-arrival, amplitude...), then the matched filter would, according to the Neyman–Pearson lemma, minimize the error probability. However, since the exact signal generally is determined by unknown parameters that effectively are estimated (or "fitted") in the filtering process, the matched filter constitutes a "generalized maximum likelihood" (test-) statistic. The filtered time series may then be interpreted as (proportional to) the profile likelihood, the maximized conditional likelihood as a function of the time parameter.


title: Matched filter

text: This implies in particular that the error probability (in the sense of Neyman and Pearson, i.e., concerning maximization of the detection probability for a given false-alarm probability) is not necessarily optimal.


title: Matched filter

text: What is commonly referred to as the "Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)", which is supposed to be maximized by a matched filter, in this context corresponds to formula_100, where formula_101 is the (conditionally) maximized likelihood ratio.


title: Matched filter

text: The construction of the matched filter is based on a "known" noise spectrum. In reality, however, the noise spectrum is usually estimated from data and hence only known up to a limited precision. For the case of an uncertain spectrum, the matched filter may be generalized to a more robust iterative procedure with favourable properties also in non-Gaussian noise.


title: Matched filter

text: When viewed in the frequency domain, it is evident that the matched filter applies the greatest weighting to spectral components exhibiting the greatest signal-to-noise ratio (i.e., large weight where noise is relatively low, and vice versa). In general this requires a non-flat frequency response, but the associated "distortion" is no cause for concern in situations such as radar and digital communications, where the original waveform is known and the objective is the detection of this signal against the background noise. On the technical side, the matched filter is a "weighted least-squares" method based on the (heteroscedastic) frequency-domain data (where the "weights" are determined via the noise spectrum, see also previous section), or equivalently, a "least-squares" method applied to the whitened data.


title: Matched filter

text: Matched filters are often used in signal detection. As an example, suppose that we wish to judge the distance of an object by reflecting a signal off it. We may choose to transmit a pure-tone sinusoid at 1 Hz. We assume that our received signal is an attenuated and phase-shifted form of the transmitted signal with added noise.


title: Matched filter

text: To judge the distance of the object, we correlate the received signal with a matched filter, which, in the case of white (uncorrelated) noise, is another pure-tone 1-Hz sinusoid. When the output of the matched filter system exceeds a certain threshold, we conclude with high probability that the received signal has been reflected off the object. Using the speed of propagation and the time that we first observe the reflected signal, we can estimate the distance of the object. If we change the shape of the pulse in a specially-designed way, the signal-to-noise ratio and the distance resolution can be even improved after matched filtering: this is a technique known as pulse compression.


title: Matched filter

text: Additionally, matched filters can be used in parameter estimation problems (see estimation theory). To return to our previous example, we may desire to estimate the speed of the object, in addition to its position. To exploit the Doppler effect, we would like to estimate the frequency of the received signal. To do so, we may correlate the received signal with several matched filters of sinusoids at varying frequencies. The matched filter with the highest output will reveal, with high probability, the frequency of the reflected signal and help us determine the speed of the object. This method is, in fact, a simple version of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The DFT takes an formula_102-valued complex input and correlates it with formula_102 matched filters, corresponding to complex exponentials at formula_102 different frequencies, to yield formula_102 complex-valued numbers corresponding to the relative amplitudes and phases of the sinusoidal components (see Moving target indication).


title: Matched filter

text: The matched filter is also used in communications. In the context of a communication system that sends binary messages from the transmitter to the receiver across a noisy channel, a matched filter can be used to detect the transmitted pulses in the noisy received signal.


title: Matched filter

text: Imagine we want to send the sequence "0101100100" coded in non polar non-return-to-zero (NRZ) through a certain channel.


title: Matched filter

text: Mathematically, a sequence in NRZ code can be described as a sequence of unit pulses or shifted rect functions, each pulse being weighted by +1 if the bit is "1" and by -1 if the bit is "0". Formally, the scaling factor for the formula_106 bit is,


title: Matched filter

text: If we model our noisy channel as an AWGN channel, white Gaussian noise is added to the signal. At the receiver end, for a Signal-to-noise ratio of 3 dB, this may look like:


title: Matched filter

text: A first glance will not reveal the original transmitted sequence. There is a high power of noise relative to the power of the desired signal (i.e., there is a low signal-to-noise ratio). If the receiver were to sample this signal at the correct moments, the resulting binary message could be incorrect.


title: Matched filter

text: To increase our signal-to-noise ratio, we pass the received signal through a matched filter. In this case, the filter should be matched to an NRZ pulse (equivalent to a "1" coded in NRZ code). Precisely, the impulse response of the ideal matched filter, assuming white (uncorrelated) noise should be a time-reversed complex-conjugated scaled version of the signal that we are seeking. We choose


title: Matched filter

text: In this case, due to symmetry, the time-reversed complex conjugate of formula_46 is in fact formula_46, allowing us to call formula_46 the impulse response of our matched filter convolution system.


title: Matched filter

text: Which can now be safely sampled by the receiver at the correct sampling instants, and compared to an appropriate threshold, resulting in a correct interpretation of the binary message.


title: Matched filter

text: Matched filters play a central role in gravitational-wave astronomy. The first observation of gravitational waves was based on large-scale filtering of each detector's output for signals resembling the expected shape, followed by subsequent screening for coincident and coherent triggers between both instruments. False-alarm rates, and with that, the statistical significance of the detection were then assessed using resampling methods. Inference on the astrophysical source parameters was completed using Bayesian methods based on parameterized theoretical models for the signal waveform and (again) on the Whittle likelihood.


title: Matched filter

text: Animals living in relatively static environments would have relatively fixed features of the environment to perceive. This allows the evolution of filters that match the expected signal with the highest signal-to-noise ratio, the matched filter. Sensors that perceive the world "through such a 'matched filter' severely limits the amount of information the brain can pick up from the outside world, but it frees the brain from the need to perform more intricate computations to extract the information finally needed for fulfilling a particular task."


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: The unexpected hanging paradox or surprise test paradox is a paradox about a person's expectations about the timing of a future event which they are told will occur at an unexpected time. The paradox is variously applied to a prisoner's hanging or a surprise school test. It was first introduced to the public in Martin Gardner's March 1963 Mathematical Games column in "Scientific American" magazine.


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: There is no consensus on its precise nature and consequently a canonical resolution has not been agreed on. Logical analyses focus on "truth values", for example by identifying it as paradox of self-reference. Epistemological studies of the paradox instead focus on issues relating to "knowledge"; for example, one interpretation reduces it to Moore's paradox. Some regard it as a "significant problem" for philosophy.


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: Other versions of the paradox replace the death sentence with a surprise fire drill, examination, pop quiz, A/B test launch, a lion behind a door, or a marriage proposal before moving to Seattle.


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: Formulation of the judge's announcement into formal logic is made difficult by the vague meaning of the word "surprise". An attempt at formulation might be:


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: Given this announcement the prisoner can deduce that the hanging will not occur on the last day of the week. However, in order to reproduce the next stage of the argument, which eliminates the penultimate day of the week, the prisoner must argue that his ability to deduce, from statement (A), that the hanging will not occur on the last day, implies that a second-to-last-day hanging "would not be surprising". But since the meaning of "surprising" has been restricted to "not deducible from the assumption that the hanging will occur during the week" instead of "not deducible from statement (A)", the argument is blocked.


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: Fitch has shown that this statement can still be expressed in formal logic. Using an equivalent form of the paradox which reduces the length of the week to just two days, he proved that although self-reference is not illegitimate in all circumstances, it is in this case because the statement is self-contradictory.


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: Various epistemological formulations have been proposed that show that the prisoner's tacit assumptions about what he will know in the future, together with several plausible assumptions about knowledge, are inconsistent.


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: Chow (1998) provides a detailed analysis of a version of the paradox in which a surprise hanging is to take place on one of two days. Applying Chow's analysis to the case of the unexpected hanging (again with the week shortened to two days for simplicity), we start with the observation that the judge's announcement seems to affirm three things:


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: As a first step, the prisoner reasons that a scenario in which the hanging occurs on Tuesday is impossible because it leads to a contradiction: on the one hand, by S3, the prisoner would not be able to predict the Tuesday hanging on Monday evening; but on the other hand, by S1 and process of elimination, the prisoner "would" be able to predict the Tuesday hanging on Monday evening.


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: Chow's analysis points to a subtle flaw in the prisoner's reasoning. What is impossible is not a Tuesday hanging. Rather, what is impossible is a situation in which "the hanging occurs on Tuesday despite the prisoner knowing on Monday evening that the judge's assertions S1, S2, and S3 are all true."


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: The prisoner's reasoning, which gives rise to the paradox, is able to get off the ground because the prisoner tacitly assumes that on Monday evening, he will (if he is still alive) know S1, S2, and S3 to be true. This assumption seems unwarranted on several different grounds. It may be argued that the judge's pronouncement that something is true can never be sufficient grounds for the prisoner "knowing" that it is true. Further, even if the prisoner knows something to be true in the present moment, unknown psychological factors may erase this knowledge in the future. Finally, Chow suggests that because the statement which the prisoner is supposed to "know" to be true is a statement about his "inability" to "know" certain things, there is reason to believe that the unexpected hanging paradox is simply a more intricate version of Moore's paradox. A suitable analogy can be reached by reducing the length of the week to just one day. Then the judge's sentence becomes: "You will be hanged tomorrow, but you do not know that".


title: Unexpected hanging paradox

text: The paradox also appears in the children's novel "More Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School" by Louis Sachar. In one of the stories, the teacher, Mrs. Jewls, plans on having a pop quiz the following week, but will not let the class know in advance. Unlike in the classic paradox, the students eliminating the days one by one causes Mrs. Jewls to abandon the idea.


title: Zolita

text: Zoë Montana Hoetzel (born September 23, 1994), known professionally as Zolita, is an American singer-songwriter. She gained viral success with the music video for "Explosion", which has over sixteen million views on YouTube as of December 2020. Following its success, she released the music videos for the singles "Holy" (2016) and "Fight Like a Girl" (2017) directed by herself. On October 13, 2015, she released independently her debut extended play "Immaculate Conception", and on May 18, 2018, she released her second extended play "Sappho".


title: Zolita

text: Zolita was born on September 23, 1994, in New York to Heidi Schwarck and Holger Hoetzel, and was raised in Calabasas, California. Her father is of German descent, and her mother is of Danish descent. Her father inspired her to start making music and she grew up playing bluegrass and flat pick guitar. She has a brother, Max, a basketball player, and a sister, Luna, a YouTuber and ballerina. She and her siblings all share the middle name Montana.


title: Zolita

text: She started her career with the music video for "Explosion" which gained viral success, it was also listed on "Billboard"s list of "30 Lesbian Love Songs". She further released the second video for the single "Holy", the concept is exploring themes of female sexuality, spirituality, and feminism. On October 13, 2015, she released her debut extended play "Immaculate Conception". In 2017 she released the first single from her second extended play "Sappho" titled "Fight Like a Girl", which is a protest song with feminist themes inspired by the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump. On October 26, 2017, she released "Come Home with Me" as the second single, and on May 4, 2018, she released "New You" as the third single from her second extended play "Sappho" which was released on May 18 of that year. On December 5, 2018, she released "Truth Tea" along with a music video as the lead single from her debut album, "Evil Angel". On March 8, 2019, she released "Black Magic" along with a visual video, however, the song wasn't included on the final tracklist of her debut album. On June 28, 2019, she released "Shut Up and Cry" along with a lyric video as the second single from "Evil Angel". On February 14, 2020, she released a cover of Usher's song "U Remind Me" with a music video. On August 7, 2020, she released "Oblivion" along with a music video as the third single from "Evil Angel". On September 25 of the same year she released "Bedspell" as the fourth single from the album, and on November 20 she premiered the music video on the online magazine's website "Them." The promotional single, "Loveline" was released a week before the album's release, and on December 4, 2020, her debut studio album, "Evil Angel", was released. She released music videos for "Somebody I Fucked Once," "Single In September," and "I Fucking Love You" as a trilogy. Her love interest is played by Tatchi Rigsby. Zolita's close friend Shannon Beveridge was the creative director for the latter of the two videos. Within the first week "Somebody I Fucked Once," had 5 million views, and as of July 2022, it has over 44 million views.


title: Zolita

text: Zolita's music has been described as "a blend of dark-pop and R&B". Her musical style incorporates witchcraft and religion. She says that religious and witchcraft magic aesthetics are a huge part of her life saying "I feel like queer people are so drawn to Wicca and witchcraft because it's always been the alternative religion, it puts the power in yourself, and it's not historically been a religion that doesn't like queer people." She also cites Lady Gaga as her biggest influence.


title: Zolita

text: Zolita identifies as lesbian. In a 2017 interview, she stated that she was afraid to come out to her female friends, saying "I was also worried that my female friends would no longer want to have girls' nights or sleepovers for fear that I might be attracted to them. So, I decided to keep my newfound queerness a secret." She also identifies herself as a Witch; she explains this in videos on her YouTube channel, but also in her music videos where witchcraft is incorporated.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: After graduating from Kyoto University in 1954, where he studied political history, Ōshima was hired by film production company Shochiku Ltd. and quickly progressed to directing his own movies, making his debut feature "A Town of Love and Hope" in 1959.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: Ōshima's cinematic career and influence developed very swiftly, and such films as "Cruel Story of Youth", "The Sun's Burial" and "Night and Fog in Japan" followed in 1960. The last of these 1960 films explored Ōshima's disillusionment with the traditional political left, and his frustrations with the right, and Shochiku withdrew the film from circulation after less than a week, claiming that, following the recent assassination of the Socialist Party leader Inejiro Asanuma by the ultranationalist Otoya Yamaguchi, there was a risk of "unrest". Ōshima left the studio in response, and launched his own independent production company. Despite the controversy, "Night and Fog in Japan" placed tenth in that year's "Kinema Jumpo" best-films poll of Japanese critics, and it has subsequently amassed considerable acclaim abroad.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: In 1961 Ōshima directed "The Catch", based on a novella by Kenzaburō Ōe about the relationship between a wartime Japanese village and a captured African American serviceman. "The Catch" has not traditionally been viewed as one of Ōshima major works, though it did notably introduce a thematic exploration of bigotry and xenophobia, themes which would be explored in greater depth in the later documentary "Diary of Yunbogi", and feature films "Death by Hanging" and "Three Resurrected Drunkards". He embarked upon a period of work in television, producing a series of documentaries; notably among them 1965's "Diary Of Yunbogi". Based upon an examination of the lives of street children in Seoul, it was made by Ōshima after a trip to South Korea.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: Ōshima directed three features in 1968. The first of these - "Death by Hanging" (1968) presented the story of the failed execution of a young Korean for rape and murder, and was loosely based upon an actual crime and execution which had taken place in 1958. The film utilizes non-realistic "distancing" techniques after the fashion of Bertold Brecht or Jean-Luc Godard to examine Japan's record of racial discrimination against its Korean minority, incorporating elements of farce and political satire, and a number of visual techniques associated with the cinematic new wave in a densely layered narrative. It was placed third in "Kinema Jumpo" 1968 poll, and has also garnered significant attention globally. "Death By Hanging" inaugurated a string of films (continuing through 1976's "In the Realm of the Senses") that clarified a number of Ōshima's key themes, most notably a need to question social constraints, and to similarly deconstruct received political doctrines.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: Months later, "Diary of a Shinjuku Thief" unites a number of Ōshima's thematic concerns within a dense, collage-style presentation. Featuring a title which alludes to Jean Genet's "The Thief's Journal", the film explores the links between sexual and political radicalism, specifically examining the day-to-day life of a would-be radical whose sexual desires take the form of kleptomania. The fragmented narrative is interrupted by commentators, including Kara Jūrō's underground performance troupe, starring Kara Jūrō, his then wife Ri Reisen, and Maro Akaji (who would go on to lead the butoh troupe Dairakudakan). Yokoo Tadanori, an artist who created many of the iconic theatre posters during the 1960s and '70s, plays the thief, who gets a bit part in Kara's performance. The film also features a psychoanalyst, the president of Kinokuniya Bookstore in Shinjuku, and an impromptu symposium featuring actors from previous Ōshima films (along with Ōshima himself), all dissecting varied aspects of shifting sexual politics, as embodied by various characters within the film.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: "Boy" (1969), based on another real-life case, was the story of a family who use their child to make money by deliberately getting involved in road accidents and making the drivers pay compensation.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: "The Ceremony" (1971) is a satirical look at Japanese attitudes, famously expressed in a scene where a marriage ceremony has to go ahead even though the bride is not present.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: In 1976, Ōshima made "In the Realm of the Senses", a film based on a true story of fatal sexual obsession in 1930s Japan. Ōshima, a critic of censorship and his contemporary Akira Kurosawa's humanism, was determined that the film should feature unsimulated sex and thus the undeveloped film had to be transported to France to be processed. An uncensored version of the movie is still unavailable in Japan. Ōshima testified in a Japanese court about whether the film was obscene. "Nothing that is expressed is obscene," the director said. "What is obscene is what is hidden."


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: In his 1978 companion film to "In the Realm of the Senses", "Empire of Passion", Ōshima took a more restrained approach to depicting the sexual passions of the two lovers driven to murder, and the film won the 1978 Cannes Film Festival award for best director.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: In 1983 Ōshima had a critical success with a film made partly in English, "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence", set in a wartime Japanese prison camp, and featuring rock star David Bowie and musician Ryuichi Sakamoto, alongside Takeshi Kitano. The movie is sometimes viewed as a minor classic but never found a mainstream audience. "Max, Mon Amour" (1986), written with Luis Buñuel's frequent collaborator Jean-Claude Carrière, was a comedy about a diplomat's wife (Charlotte Rampling) whose love affair with a chimpanzee is quietly incorporated into an eminently civilised "ménage à trois".


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: For much of the 1980s and 1990s, he served as president of the Directors Guild of Japan. He won the inaugural Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award in 1960.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: A collection of Ōshima's essays and articles was published in English in 1993 as "Cinema, Censorship and the State". In 1995 he wrote and directed the archival documentary '100 Years of Japanese Cinema' for the British Film Institute. A critical study by Maureen Turim appeared in 1998.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: In 1996 Ōshima suffered a stroke, but he recovered enough to return to directing in 1999 with the samurai film "Taboo" ("Gohatto"), set during the bakumatsu era and starring "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence" actor Takeshi Kitano. Ryuichi Sakamoto, who had both acted in and composed for "Lawrence", provided the score.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: He subsequently suffered more strokes, and "Gohatto" proved to be his final film. Ōshima had initially planned to create a biopic entitled "Hollywood Zen" based on the life of Issei actor Sessue Hayakawa. The script had been allegedly completed and set to film in Los Angeles, but due to constant delays, declining health, and Ōshima's eventual death in 2013 (see below), the project went unrealized.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: Ōshima had a degree of fluency in English. In the 2000s, he worked as a translator, translating four volumes by John Gray into Japanese, including "Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus".


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: The 2013 edition of the San Sebastian Film Festival scheduled a retrospective of Ōshima films in September.


title: Nagisa Ōshima

text: Film scholars who have focused on the work of Ōshima include Isolde Standish, an Australian and British Humanities Scholar and Film theorist specialised in East Asia. She teaches courses on Ōshima at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London and wrote extensively on him as for example:


title: Jason Davis (actor, born 1984)

text: Jason Davis (October 14, 1984 – February 16, 2020) was an American actor, best known for his role as the voice of Mikey Blumberg from the animated television series "Recess".


title: Jason Davis (actor, born 1984)

text: Davis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, on October 14, 1984. He was the son of Turkish American immigrant and wine grower Nebil Zarif and Jewish American Nancy Davis, daughter of industrialist and billionaire Marvin Davis, and the grandson of Barbara Davis. He has two brothers: Brandon Davis and Alexander Davis and two half-sisters, Isabella and Mariella Rickel from his mother's second marriage to Ken Rickel.


title: Jason Davis (actor, born 1984)

text: Davis had a starring role on "Recess", as Mikey Blumberg, from 1997 to 2001. Davis also appeared in "7th Heaven" as Dwight Jefferson. He also appeared on "Millionaire Matchmaker" and "Jessabelle".


title: Jason Davis (actor, born 1984)

text: Davis was a cast member on the fourth season of VH1's "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", which documented his treatment for substance abuse.


title: Jason Davis (actor, born 1984)

text: At the time of his death, Davis was set to appear in the upcoming television series, "The Two Jasons".


title: Jason Davis (actor, born 1984)

text: Davis was arrested on January 28, 2011, in Newport Beach, California, for possession of a controlled substance.


title: Jason Davis (actor, born 1984)

text: Davis died in Los Angeles, California, on February 16, 2020, at the age of 35. His cause of death was revealed as the effects of fentanyl; it was ruled an accident.


title: Italian Game

text: This opening is defined by the of the white bishop to c4 (the so-called ""), where it attacks Black's vulnerable f7-square. It is part of the large family of Open Games or Double King's Pawn Games.


title: Italian Game

text: The Italian Game is one of the oldest recorded chess openings; it occurs in the Göttingen manuscript and was developed by players such as Damiano and Polerio in the 16th century, and later by Greco in 1620, who gave the game its main line. It has been extensively analyzed for more than 300 years.


title: Italian Game

text: The term "Italian Game" is sometimes used interchangeably with Giuoco Piano, although the latter also refers particularly to play after 3...Bc5.


title: Italian Game

text: The "Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings" gives the Italian Game ten codes: C50–C54 for the Giuoco Piano, and C55–C59 for the Two Knights Defense. Side lines are covered under C50.


title: Italian Game

text: Black's two main options are 3...Bc5, the Giuoco Piano, and 3...Nf6, the Two Knights Defense. They are about equally popular, but the resulting positions usually have a very different character.


title: Italian Game

text: Until the 19th century, this line was the main line of the Italian Game. Dubbed the Giuoco Piano ("Quiet Game") in contrast to the more aggressive lines then being developed, this continues 4.d3, the positional Giuoco Pianissimo ("Very Quiet Game"), or the main line 4.c3 (the original Giuoco Piano) leading to positions first analyzed by Greco in the 17th century, and revitalized at the turn of the 20th by the Moller Attack. 4.0-0 will usually transpose into the Giuoco Pianissimo after 4...Nf6 5.d3, while 4.Nc3 Nf6 is a into the Four Knights Game.


title: Italian Game

text: Another option for White is the aggressive Evans Gambit (4.b4), a popular opening in the 19th century which is still occasionally played. The Italian Gambit (4.d4) may transpose into the Scotch Gambit after 4...exd4; however, this move order allows Black the option of 4...Bxd4, so if White wants a Scotch Gambit, 3.d4 is usually preferred. The Jerome Gambit (4.Bxf7+) is unsound.


title: Italian Game

text: 3...Nf6 is the more aggressive Two Knights Defense. This is more in the nature of a counterattack, and some (e.g. Bronstein) have proposed it be renamed so.


title: Italian Game

text: If White attempts to exploit the weakness of Black's f7-pawn with 4.Ng5, Black may try the knife-edged Traxler/Wilkes-Barre Variation (4...Bc5). After the more common 4...d5 5.exd5, Black generally avoids 5...Nxd5 allowing 6.Nxf7, the Fegatello or Fried Liver Attack, or 6.d4, the Lolli Variation, both of which are difficult to defend under practical conditions. Most common is 5...Na5, sacrificing a pawn for an active position. The very sharp Fritz Variation (5...Nd4) and the closely related Ulvestad Variation (5...b5) lead to wild positions with little margin for error for either side.


title: Italian Game

text: A option for White is 4.d3, when Black's main options are 4...Bc5, transposing into the Giuoco Pianissimo, and the solid 4...Be7, which is likely to lead to similar positions to the Bishop's Opening.


title: Italian Game

text: Alternatively, White can play 4.d4, which may lead to the Scotch gambit after the usual reply 4...exd4.


title: Dual in-line package

text: In microelectronics, a dual in-line package (DIP or DIL), is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins. The package may be through-hole mounted to a printed circuit board (PCB) or inserted in a socket. The dual-inline format was invented by Don Forbes, Rex Rice and Bryant Rogers at Fairchild R&D in 1964, when the restricted number of leads available on circular transistor-style packages became a limitation in the use of integrated circuits. Increasingly complex circuits required more signal and power supply leads (as observed in Rent's rule); eventually microprocessors and similar complex devices required more leads than could be put on a DIP package, leading to development of higher-density chip carriers. Furthermore, square and rectangular packages made it easier to route printed-circuit traces beneath the packages.


title: Dual in-line package

text: A DIP is usually referred to as a DIP"n", where "n" is the total number of pins. For example, a microcircuit package with two rows of seven vertical leads would be a DIP14. The photograph at the upper right shows three DIP14 ICs. Common packages have as few as three and as many as 64 leads. Many analog and digital integrated circuit types are available in DIP packages, as are arrays of transistors, switches, light emitting diodes, and resistors. DIP plugs for ribbon cables can be used with standard IC sockets.


title: Dual in-line package

text: DIP packages are usually made from an opaque molded epoxy plastic pressed around a tin-, silver-, or gold-plated lead frame that supports the device die and provides connection pins. Some types of IC are made in ceramic DIP packages, where high temperature or high reliability is required, or where the device has an optical window to the interior of the package. Most DIP packages are secured to a PCB by inserting the pins through holes in the board and soldering them in place. Where replacement of the parts is necessary, such as in test fixtures or where programmable devices must be removed for changes, a DIP socket is used. Some sockets include a zero insertion force (ZIF) mechanism.


title: Dual in-line package

text: Variations of the DIP package include those with only a single row of pins, e.g. a resistor array, possibly including a heat sink tab in place of the second row of pins, and types with four rows of pins, two rows, staggered, on each side of the package. DIP packages have been mostly displaced by surface-mount package types, which avoid the expense of drilling holes in a PCB and which allow higher density of interconnections.


title: Dual in-line package

text: DIPs are commonly used for integrated circuits (ICs). Other devices in DIP packages include resistor networks, DIP switches, LED segmented and bar graph displays, and electromechanical relays.


title: Dual in-line package

text: Dallas Semiconductor manufactured integrated DIP real-time clock (RTC) modules which contained an IC chip and a non-replaceable 10-year lithium battery.


title: Dual in-line package

text: DIP header blocks on to which discrete components could be soldered were used where groups of components needed to be easily removed, for configuration changes, optional features or calibration.


title: Dual in-line package

text: The original dual-in-line package was invented by Bryant "Buck" Rogers in 1964 while working for Fairchild Semiconductor. The first devices had 14 pins and looked much like they do today. The rectangular shape allowed integrated circuits to be packaged more densely than previous round packages. The package was well-suited to automated assembly equipment; a PCB could be populated with scores or hundreds of ICs, then all the components on the circuit board could be soldered at one time on a wave soldering machine and passed on to automated testing machines, with very little human labor required. DIP packages were still large with respect to the integrated circuits within them. By the end of the 20th century, surface-mount packages allowed further reduction in the size and weight of systems. DIP chips are still popular for circuit prototyping on a breadboard because of how easily they can be inserted and utilized there.


title: Dual in-line package

text: DIPs were the mainstream of the microelectronics industry in the 1970s and 1980s. Their use has declined in the first decade of the 21st century due to the emerging new surface-mount technology (SMT) packages such as plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC) and small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC), though DIPs continued in extensive use through the 1990s, and still continue to be used substantially as the year 2011 passes. Because some modern chips are available only in surface-mount package types, a number of companies sell various prototyping adapters to allow those surface-mount devices (SMD) to be used like DIP devices with through-hole breadboards and soldered prototyping boards (such as stripboard and perfboard). (SMT can pose quite a problem, at least an inconvenience, for prototyping in general; most of the characteristics of SMT that are advantages for mass production are difficulties for prototyping.)


title: Dual in-line package

text: For programmable devices like EPROMs and GALs, DIPs remained popular for many years due to their easy handling with external programming circuitry (i.e., the DIP devices could be simply plugged into a socket on the programming device.) However, with In-System Programming (ISP) technology now state of the art, this advantage of DIPs is rapidly losing importance as well.


title: Dual in-line package

text: Through the 1990s, devices with fewer than 20 leads were manufactured in a DIP format in addition to the newer formats. Since about 2000, newer devices are often unavailable in the DIP format.


title: Dual in-line package

text: DIPs can be mounted either by through-hole soldering or in sockets. Sockets allow easy replacement of a device and eliminates the risk of damage from overheating during soldering. Generally sockets were used for high-value or large ICs, which cost much more than the socket. Where devices would be frequently inserted and removed, such as in test equipment or EPROM programmers, a zero insertion force socket would be used.


title: Dual in-line package

text: DIPs are also used with breadboards, a temporary mounting arrangement for education, design development or device testing. Some hobbyists, for one-off construction or permanent prototyping, use point-to-point wiring with DIPs, and their appearance when physically inverted as part of this method inspires the informal term "dead bug style" for the method.


title: Dual in-line package

text: The body (housing) of a DIP containing an IC chip is usually made from molded plastic or ceramic. The hermetic nature of a ceramic housing is preferred for extremely high reliability devices. However, the vast majority of DIPs are manufactured via a thermoset molding process in which an epoxy mold compound is heated and transferred under pressure to encapsulate the device. Typical cure cycles for the resins are less than 2 minutes and a single cycle may produce hundreds of devices.


title: Dual in-line package

text: The leads emerge from the longer sides of the package along the seam, parallel to the top and bottom planes of the package, and are bent downward approximately 90 degrees (or slightly less, leaving them angled slightly outward from the centerline of the package body). (The SOIC, the SMT package that most resembles a typical DIP, appears essentially the same, notwithstanding size scale, except that after being bent down the leads are bent upward again by an equal angle to become parallel with the bottom plane of the package.) In ceramic (CERDIP) packages, an epoxy or grout is used to hermetically seal the two halves together, providing an air and moisture tight seal to protect the IC die inside. Plastic DIP (PDIP) packages are usually sealed by fusing or cementing the plastic halves around the leads, but a high degree of hermeticity is not achieved because the plastic itself is usually somewhat porous to moisture and the process cannot ensure a good microscopic seal between the leads and the plastic at all points around the perimeter. However, contaminants are usually still kept out well enough that the device can operate reliably for decades with reasonable care in a controlled environment.


title: Dual in-line package

text: Inside the package, the lower half has the leads embedded, and at the center of the package is a rectangular space, chamber, or void into which the IC die is cemented. The leads of the package extend diagonally inside the package from their positions of emergence along the periphery to points along a rectangular perimeter surrounding the die, tapering as they go to become fine contacts at the die. Ultra-fine bond wires (barely visible to the naked human eye) are welded between these die periphery contacts and bond pads on the die itself, connecting one lead to each bond pad, and making the final connection between the microcircuits and the external DIP leads. The bond wires are not usually taut but loop upward slightly to allow slack for thermal expansion and contraction of the materials; if a single bond wire breaks or detaches, the entire IC may become useless. The top of the package covers all of this delicate assemblage without crushing the bond wires, protecting it from contamination by foreign materials.


title: Dual in-line package

text: Usually, a company logo, alphanumeric codes and sometimes words are printed on top of the package to identify its manufacturer and type, when it was made (usually as a year and a week number), sometimes where it was made, and other proprietary information (perhaps revision numbers, manufacturing plant codes, or stepping ID codes.)


title: Dual in-line package

text: The necessity of laying out all of the leads in a basically radial pattern in a single plane from the die perimeter to two rows on the periphery of the package is the main reason that DIP packages with higher lead counts must have wider spacing between the lead rows, and it effectively limits the number of leads which a practical DIP package may have. Even for a very small die with many bond pads (e.g. a chip with 15 inverters, requiring 32 leads), a wider DIP would still be required to accommodate the radiating leads internally. This is one of the reasons that four-sided and multiple rowed packages, such as PGAs, were introduced (around the early 1980s).


title: Dual in-line package

text: A large DIP package (such as the DIP64 used for the Motorola 68000 CPU) has long leads inside the package between pins and the die, making such a package unsuitable for high speed devices.


title: Dual in-line package

text: Some other types of DIP devices are built very differently. Most of these have molded plastic housings and straight leads or leads that extend directly out of the bottom of the package. For some, LED displays particularly, the housing is usually a hollow plastic box with the bottom/back open, filled (around the contained electronic components) with a hard translucent epoxy material from which the leads emerge. Others, such as DIP switches, are composed of two (or more) plastic housing parts snapped, welded, or glued together around a set of contacts and tiny mechanical parts, with the leads emerging through molded-in holes or notches in the plastic.


title: Dual in-line package

text: EPROMs were sold in ceramic DIPs manufactured with a circular window of clear quartz over the chip die to allow the part to be erased by ultraviolet light. Often, the same chips were also sold in less expensive windowless PDIP or CERDIP packages as one-time programmable (OTP) versions. Windowed and windowless packages were also used for microcontrollers, and other devices, containing EPROM memory. Windowed CERDIP-packaged EPROMs were used for the BIOS ROM of many early IBM PC clones with an adhesive label covering the window to prevent inadvertent erasure through exposure to ambient light.


title: Dual in-line package

text: Molded plastic DIPs are much lower in cost than ceramic packages; one 1979 study showed that a plastic 14 pin DIP cost around US$0.063 and a ceramic package cost US$0.82.


title: Dual in-line package

text: A single in-line package (SIP or SIL) has one row of connecting pins. It is not as popular as the DIP, but has been used for packaging RAM chips and multiple resistors with a common pin. As compared to DIPs with a typical maximum pin count of 64, SIPs have a typical maximum pin count of 24 with lower package costs.


title: Dual in-line package

text: One variant of the single in-line package uses part of the lead frame for a heat sink tab. This multi-leaded power package is useful for such applications as audio power amplifiers, for example.


title: Dual in-line package

text: The QIP, sometimes called a QIL package, has the same dimensions as a DIL package, but the leads on each side are bent into an alternating zigzag configuration so as to fit four lines of solder pads (instead of two with a DIL). The QIL design increased the spacing between solder pads without increasing package size, for two reasons:


title: Dual in-line package

text: Commonly found DIP packages that conform to JEDEC standards use an inter-lead spacing (lead pitch) of (JEDEC MS-001BA). Row spacing varies depending on lead counts, with 0.3 in. (7.62 mm) (JEDEC MS-001) or 0.6 inch (15.24 mm) (JEDEC MS-011) the most common. Less common standardized row spacings include 0.4 inch (10.16 mm) (JEDEC MS-010) and 0.9 inch (22.86 mm), as well as a row spacing of 0.3 inch, 0.6 inch or 0.75 inch with a 0.07 inch (1.778 mm) lead pitch.


title: Dual in-line package

text: The former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries used similar packages, but with a metric pin-to-pin spacing of 2.5 mm rather than .


title: Dual in-line package

text: The number of leads is always even. For 0.3 inch spacing, typical lead counts are 8, 14, 16, 18, and 28; less common are 4, 6, 20, and 24 lead counts. To have an even number of leads some DIPs have unused not connected (NC) leads to the internal chip, or are duplicated, e.g. two ground pins. For 0.6 inch spacing, typical lead counts are 24, 28, 32, and 40; less common are 36, 48, 52, and 64 lead counts. Some microprocessors, such as the Motorola 68000 and Zilog Z180, used lead counts as high as 64; this is typically the maximum number of leads for a DIP package.


title: Dual in-line package

text: As shown in the diagram, leads are numbered consecutively from Pin 1. When the identifying notch in the package is at the top, Pin 1 is the top left corner of the device. Sometimes Pin 1 is identified with an indent or paint dot mark.


title: Dual in-line package

text: For example, for a 14-lead DIP, with the notch at the top, the left leads are numbered from 1 to 7 (top to bottom) and the right row of leads are numbered 8 to 14 (bottom to top).


title: Dual in-line package

text: Some DIP devices, such as segmented LED displays, relays, or those that replace leads with a heat sink fin, skip some leads; the remaining leads are numbered as if all positions had leads.


title: Dual in-line package

text: In addition to providing for human visual identification of the orientation of the package, the notch allows automated chip-insertion machinery to confirm correct orientation of the chip by mechanical sensing.


title: Dual in-line package

text: The SOIC (Small Outline IC), a surface-mount package which is currently very popular, particularly in consumer electronics and personal computers, is essentially a shrunk version of the standard IC PDIP, the fundamental difference which makes it an SMT device being a second bend in the leads to flatten them parallel to the bottom plane of the plastic housing. The SOJ (Small Outline J-lead) and other SMT packages with "SOP" (for "Small Outline Package") in their names can be considered further relatives of the DIP, their original ancestor. SOIC packages tend to have half the pitch of DIP, and SOP are half that, a fourth of DIP. (0.1"/2.54 mm, 0.05"/1.27 mm, and 0.025"/0.635 mm, respectively)


title: Dual in-line package

text: Pin grid array (PGA) packages may be considered to have evolved from the DIP. PGAs with the same pin centers as most DIPs were popular for microprocessors from the early to mid-1980s through the 1990s. Owners of personal computers containing Intel 80286 through P5 Pentium processors may be most familiar with these PGA packages, which were often inserted into ZIF sockets on motherboards. The similarity is such that a PGA socket may be physically compatible with some DIP devices, though the converse is rarely true.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer is a true crime book by the American writer Michelle McNamara about the investigation to uncover the Golden State Killer. The book was released on February 27, 2018, nearly two years after McNamara's death and two months before an arrest would be made in the case.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: The book's title is a reference to a direct quote spoken by the Golden State Killer to one of his victims: "You'll be silent forever, and I'll be gone in the dark."


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: After becoming interested in the crimes of what was then known as the "East Area Rapist" (among other names) McNamara wrote a 2013 "Los Angeles" magazine article about the serial killer, and ultimately signed a book deal with HarperCollins to write about the case.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: McNamara is credited with coining the moniker "Golden State Killer" to refer to the criminal who had previously been referred to by various other names including the "East Area Rapist", "Original Night Stalker", "Visalia Ransacker", "East Bay Rapist," and "Diamond Knot Killer". McNamara's coining of the "Golden State Killer" moniker is credited with heightening awareness of the uncaught killer that operated throughout California in the early 1970s to mid-1980s.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: With her book two-thirds completed McNamara, who hid an addiction to opioids, died in her sleep on April 21, 2016, at the age of 46 due to an accidental prescription drug overdose in conjunction with atherosclerosis. The book was completed after McNamara's death by crime writer Paul Haynes, investigative journalist Bill Jensen, and McNamara's widower, comedian Patton Oswalt. Jensen later explained that while McNamara had completed numerous chapters for the book they were not in any particular order in her computer files; consequently he, Haynes, and Oswalt mainly focused on sequencing her material and filling in gaps from her voluminous notes and copies of police documents.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: The book McNamara's debut was released on February 27, 2018, and reached the top of "The New York Times" Best Seller list for non-fiction. The book remained on the list for 15 weeks.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: "I'll Be Gone in the Dark" contains an introduction by the American writer Gillian Flynn and an afterword by Oswalt.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: On April 25, 2018, the Sacramento Sheriff announced the April 24 arrest of a suspect in the Golden State Killer case: 72-year-old Joseph James DeAngelo (born November 8, 1945). DeAngelo, a former police officer in Auburn and Exeter, California, was arrested and charged with six counts of first-degree murder. Authorities in Sacramento, Orange, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties prepared charges against DeAngelo for all twelve of the murders in the Golden State Killer case. The sheriff credited McNamara's dedication to the Golden State Killer case for raising publicity, but added that her work did not directly generate any critical tips or information that led to DeAngelo's arrest.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: The book and McNamara's work on the case are frequently discussed in the true crime podcast "My Favorite Murder", which boasts a large fan base of true crime aficionados. The debut episode of the show, "Episode 1: My Firstest Murder," featured the case as well as a discussion of McNamara's work. Prior to the arrest, "Episode 115: I'll Be Gone in the Dark at Skylight Books" featured Oswalt and Jensen discussing the book and their roles in finishing the project following McNamara's death. In that episode Oswalt discussed McNamara's writing process, including making "era-appropriate playlists to help her get into a proper mindset". Oswalt described the finishing of the book as a bittersweet experience: "It's another part of her that's kind of gone. In a very sick way, not having the book done—and us working on it—meant she was still here."


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: "Episode 118: Golden State Serial Killer Caught" of "My Favorite Murder," released on April 26, 2018, (immediately after the arrest was made) featured Jensen discussing the case and his work on the book following McNamara's death. "Episode 122: Surprise! It's Paul Holes" of the podcast also featured Jensen and Holes discussing the case and the impact of McNamara's work.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: In 2019, following their involvement in the Golden State Killer case and McNamara's work, Jensen and Holes began a podcast called "Jensen & Holes: The Murder Squad" where they discuss "unsolved murders, unidentified remains, and missing persons cases" with contributions from their listeners". The show is produced with the "Exactly Right" podcast network, which was created by "My Favorite Murder" hosts Georgia Hardstark and Karen Kilgariff.


title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text: In April 2018, HBO announced they had purchased the rights for "I'll Be Gone in the Dark" and were developing it into a documentary series. Filming for the series began April 24, 2018, directed in part by Academy Award-nominee and Emmy-winner Liz Garbus. The documentary premiered June 28, 2020.


title: Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II operators

text: The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of stealth multirole fighters that first entered service with the United States in 2015. The aircraft has been ordered by program partner nations, including the United Kingdom, Italy, Norway, and Australia, and also through the Department of Defense's Foreign Military Sales program, including Japan, South Korea, and Israel. The units that operate or plan on operating the aircraft are listed below.


text: 27 received, with 24 in the UK (one F-35B lost) and the rest in the US, where they are used for testing and training. 42 (24 FOC fighters and 18 training aircraft) to be fast-tracked by 2023. 138 originally planned, amended to between 60 and 80 F-35Bs.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bruno Bettelheim (August 28, 1903 – March 13, 1990) was an Austrian-born psychologist, scholar, public intellectual and writer who spent most of his academic and clinical career in the United States. An early writer on autism, Bettelheim's work focused on the education of emotionally disturbed children, as well as Freudian psychology more generally. In the U.S., he later gained a position as professor at the University of Chicago and director of the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School for Disturbed Children, and after 1973 taught at Stanford University.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim's ideas, which grew out of those of Sigmund Freud, theorized that children with behavioral and emotional disorders were not born that way, and could be treated through extended psychoanalytic therapy, treatment that rejected the use of psychotropic drugs and shock therapy. During the 1960s and 1970s he had an international reputation in such fields as autism, child psychiatry, and psychoanalysis.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Much of his work was discredited after his death due to fraudulent academic credentials, allegations of patient abuse, accusations of plagiarism, and lack of oversight by institutions and the psychological community.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bruno Bettelheim was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, on August 28, 1903. When his father died, Bettelheim left his studies at the University of Vienna to look after his family's sawmill. Having discharged his obligations to his family's business, Bettelheim returned as a mature student in his thirties to the University of Vienna. Sources disagree about his education (see Misrepresented credentials section).


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim's first wife, Gina, took care of a troubled American child, Patsy, who lived in their home in Vienna for seven years, and who may have been on the autism spectrum.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In the Austrian academic culture of Bettelheim's time, one could not study the history of art without mastering aspects of psychology. Candidates for the doctoral dissertation in the History of Art in 1938 at Vienna University had to fulfill prerequisites in the formal study of the role of Jungian archetypes in art, and in art as an expression of the unconscious.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Though Jewish by birth, Bettelheim grew up in a secular family. After the "Anschluss" (political annexation) of Austria on March 13, 1938, the National Socialist (Nazi) authorities sent Austrian Jews and political opponents to the Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps where many were brutally treated, and tortured or killed. Bettelheim was arrested some two months later on May 28, 1938, and was imprisoned in both these camps for ten and half months before being released on April 14, 1939. While at the Buchenwald camp, he met and befriended the social psychologist Ernst Federn. As a result of an amnesty declared for Adolf Hitler's birthday (which occurred slightly later on April 20, 1939), Bettelheim and hundreds of other prisoners were released. Bettelheim drew on the experience of the concentration camps for some of his later work.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim arrived by ship as a refugee in New York City in late 1939 to join his wife Gina, who had already emigrated. They divorced because she had become involved with someone else during their separation. He soon moved to Chicago, became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1944, and married an Austrian woman, Gertrude ('Trudi') Weinfeld, also an emigrant from Vienna.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: The Rockefeller Foundation sponsored a wartime project to help resettle European scholars by circulating their resumes to American universities. Through this process, Ralph Tyler hired Bettelheim to be his research assistant at the University of Chicago from 1939 to 1941 with funding from the Progressive Education Association to evaluate how high schools taught art. Once this funding ran out, Bettelheim found a job at Rockford College, Illinois, where he taught from 1942 to 1944.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In 1943, he published the paper "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations" about his experiences in the concentration camps, a paper which was highly regarded by Dwight Eisenhower among others. Bettelheim claimed he had interviewed 1,500 fellow prisoners, although this was unlikely. He stated that the Viennese psychoanalyst Richard Sterba had analyzed him, as well as implying in several of his writings that he had written a PhD dissertation in the philosophy of education. His actual PhD was in art history, and he had only taken three introductory courses in psychology.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Through Ralph Tyler's recommendation, the University of Chicago appointed Bettelheim as a professor of psychology, as well as director of the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School for emotionally disturbed children. He held both positions from 1944 until his retirement in 1973. He wrote a number of books on psychology and, for a time, had an international reputation for his work on Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis, and emotionally disturbed children.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: At the Orthogenic School, Bettelheim made changes and set up an environment for milieu therapy, in which children could form strong attachments with adults within a structured but caring environment. He claimed considerable success in treating some of the emotionally disturbed children. He wrote books on both normal and abnormal child psychology, and became a major influence in the field, widely respected during his lifetime. He was noted for his study of feral children, who revert to the animal stage without experiencing the benefits of belonging to a community. He discussed this phenomenon in the book "The Informed Heart". Even critics agree that, in his practice, Bettelheim was dedicated to helping these children using methods and practices that would enable them to lead happy lives. It is based on his position that psychotherapy could change humans and that they can adapt to their environment provided they are given proper care and attention.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971. After retiring in 1973, he and his wife moved to Portola Valley, California, where he continued to write and taught at Stanford University. His wife died in 1984.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim analyzed fairy tales in terms of Freudian psychology in "The Uses of Enchantment" (1976). He discussed the emotional and symbolic importance of fairy tales for children, including traditional tales once considered too dark, such as those collected and published by the Brothers Grimm. Bettelheim suggested that traditional fairy tales, with the darkness of abandonment, death, witches, and injuries, allowed children to grapple with their fears in remote, symbolic terms. If they could read and interpret these fairy tales in their own way, he believed, they would get a greater sense of meaning and purpose. Bettelheim thought that by engaging with these socially evolved stories, children would go through emotional growth that would better prepare them for their own futures. In the United States, Bettelheim won two major awards for "The Uses of Enchantment": the National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: However, in 1991, well-supported charges of plagiarism were brought against Bettelheim's "The Uses of Enchantment", primarily that he had copied from Julian Herscher's 1963 "A Psychiatric Study of Fairy Tales" (revised ed. 1974).


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: At the end of his life, Bettelheim had depression. He appeared to have had difficulties with depression for much of his life. In 1990, widowed, in failing physical health, and experiencing the effects of a stroke which impaired his mental abilities and paralyzed part of his body, he killed himself as a result of self-induced asphyxiation by placing a plastic bag over his head. He died on March 13, 1990, in Maryland.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim was a public intellectual, whose writing and many public appearances in popular media paralleled a growing post WWII interest in psychoanalysis. For instance, he appeared multiple times on "The Dick Cavett Show" in the 70s to discuss theories of autism and psychoanalysis. Pollak's biography argues that such popular appearances shielded Bettelheim's unethical behavior from scrutiny.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Though he spent most of his life working in psychology and psychiatry, Bettelheim's educational background in those fields is murky at best. Sources disagree whether Bettelheim's PhD was in art history or in philosophy (aesthetics). When he was hired at the University of Chicago, Ralph W. Tyler assumed that he had two PhDs, one in art history and the other in psychology. He also believed, falsely, that Bettelheim was certified to conduct psychoanalysis though Bettelheim never received such certification. A posthumous review of his transcript showed that Bettelheim had only taken three introductory classes in psychology. Bertram Cohler and Jacquelyn Sanders at the Orthogenic School believed Bettelheim had a PhD in art history. In some of his own writings, Bettelheim implied that he had written a dissertation on the philosophy of education.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Determining Bettelheim's education is complicated by the fact that he routinely embellished or inflated aspects of his own biography. As an example, Bettelheim's first wife, Gina, took care of a troubled American child, Patsy, who lived in their home in Vienna for seven years. Although Bettelheim later claimed he himself had taken care of the child, there is general agreement that his wife actually provided most of the child care. However sources disagree on whether Patsy was autistic. Bettelheim later claimed that it was Patsy who inspired him to study autism and embellished her into two or even several autistic children in his home.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Additionally, when he applied for a position at Rockford College in Illinois, he claimed in a résumé that he had earned "" doctorates in philosophy, art history, and psychology, and he made such claims that he had run the art department at Lower Austria's library, that he had published two books on art, that he had excavated Roman antiquities, and that he had engaged in music studies with Arnold Schoenberg. When he applied at the University of Chicago for a professorship and as director of the Orthogenic School, he further claimed that he had training in psychology, experience raising autistic children, and personal encouragement from Sigmund Freud. The University of Chicago biographical sketch of Bettelheim listed a single PhD but no subject area. Posthumous biographies of Bettelheim have investigated these claims and have come to no clear conclusions about his credentials. A review in "The Independent" (UK) of Sutton's book stated that Bettelheim "despite claims to the contrary, possessed no psychology qualifications of any sort". Another review in "The New York Times" by a different reviewer stated that Bettelheim "began inventing degrees he never earned". A review in the "Chicago Tribune" stated "as Pollak demonstrates, Bettelheim was a snake-oil salesman of the first magnitude."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In a 1997 "Weekly Standard" article Peter Kramer, clinical professor of psychiatry at Brown University, summarized: "There were snatches of truth in the tall tale, but not many. Bettelheim had earned a non-honors degree in philosophy, he had made acquaintances in the psychoanalytic community, and his first wife had helped raise a troubled child. But, from 1926 to 1938, the bulk of the '14 years' at universityBettelheim had worked as a lumber dealer in the family business."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In his 1997 review of Pollak's book in the "Baltimore Sun", Paul R. McHugh, then director of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Johns Hopkins, stated "Bettelheimwith boldness, energy and luckexploited American deference to Freudo-Nietzschean mind-sets and interpretation, especially when intoned in accents Viennese."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In the "New York Review of Books", Robert Gottlieb describes Pollak as a "relentlessly negative biographer," but Gottlieb still writes: "The accusations against Bettelheim fall into several categories. First, he lied; that is, he both exaggerated his successes at the school and falsified aspects of his background, claiming a more elaborate academic and psychoanalytic history in Vienna than he had actually had. There is conclusive evidence to support both charges." Gottlieb goes on to say that Bettelheim arrived in the United States as a Holocaust survivor and refugee without a job nor even a profession, and writes: "I suspect he said what he thought it was necessary to say, and was then stuck with these claims later on, when he could neither confirm them (since they were false) nor, given his pride, acknowledge that he had lied."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Richard Pollak's biography begins with a personal account, for his brother died in an accident while home from Bettelheim's school on holiday. While playing hide-and-go-seek in a hay loft, the brother fell through a chute covered with hay and hit the concrete floor on the level below. Years later, Pollak hoped to get some information about his brother's life and sought out Bettelheim. As Pollak recounts, "Bettelheim immediately launched into an attack. The boys' father, he said, was a simple-minded 'schlemiel.' Their mother, he insisted, had rejected Stephen at birth forcing him to develop 'pseudo-feeble-mindedness' to cope." He went on to angrily ask: "What is it about these Jewish mothers, Mr. Pollak?" Bettelheim furthermore insisted the brother had committed suicide and made it look like an accident. Pollak did not believe this.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: As a review in the "Baltimore Sun" states, "The stance of infallibility over matters Pollak knew to be untrue prompted him to wonder about the foundation of Bettelheim's commanding reputation."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In a 1997 book review in the "New York Times", Sarah Boxer wrote: "Mr. Pollak gives a damning passage-for-passage comparison of the two [Bettelheim's book and Heuscher's earlier book]."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Richard Pollak's biography, "The Creation of Dr. B", portrays Bettelheim as an anti-Semite even though he was raised in a secular Jewish household, and asserts that Bettelheim criticized in others the same cowardice he himself had displayed in the concentration camps.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Pollak's biography also states that two women reported that Bettelheim had fondled their breasts and those of other female students at the school while he was ostensibly apologizing to each for beating her.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: A number of reviewers criticized Pollak's writing style, commenting that his book was motivated by "Vengeance, not malice" or that his book was "curiously unnuanced", but they still largely agreed with his conclusions.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In 1991, Alan Dundes published an article in the "Journal of American Folklore" in which he claimed Bettelheim had engaged in plagiarism in his 1976 "The Uses of Enchantment". He argued that Bettelheim had copied from a variety of sources, including Dundes' own 1967 paper on Cinderella, but most of all from Dr. Julius E. Heuscher's 1963 book "A Psychiatric Study of Fairy Tales" (revised edition 1974).


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: On the other hand, Jacquelyn Sanders, who worked with Bettelheim and later became director of the Orthogenic School, stated that she had read Dundes' article but disagreed with its conclusions: "I would not call that plagiarism. I think the article is a reasonable scholarly endeavor, and calling it scholarly etiquette is appropriate. It is appropriate that this man deserved to be acknowledged and Bettelheim didn't… But I would not fail a student for doing that, and I don't know anybody who would".


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Many students and staff at the school have argued that Bettelheim was abusive, violent, and cruel to them and to others. There are multiple newspaper accounts of abuse, in letters, editorials articles, and memoirs. A November 1990 "Chicago Tribune" article states: "Of the 19 alumni of the Orthogenic School interviewed for this story, some are still bitterly angry at Bettelheim, 20 or 30 years after leaving the institution due to the trauma they had suffered under him. Others say their stays did them good, and they express gratitude for having had the opportunity to be at the school. All agree that Bettelheim frequently struck his young and vulnerable patients."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: A particularly evocative example came from Alida Jatich, who lived at the school from 1966 to 1972 from ages twelve to eighteen. She wrote an initially anonymous April 1990 letter to the "Chicago Reader" in which she stated that she "lived in fear of Bettelheim's unpredictable temper tantrums, public beatings, hair pulling, wild accusations and threats and abuse in front of classmates and staff. One minute he could be smiling and joking, the next minute he could be exploding." She added, "In person, he was an evil man who set up his school as a private empire and himself as a demi-god or cultleader." Jatich said Bettelheim had "bullied, awed, and terrorized" the children at his school, their parents, school staff members, his graduate students, and anyone else who came into contact with him.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Jacquelyn Sanders, who later became director of the Orthogenic School, said she thought it was a case of Bettelheim getting too much success too quickly. "Dr. B got worse once he started getting acclaim," she said. "He was less able to have any insight into his effect on these kids."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Conversely, some staff who worked at the Orthogenic School have stated that they saw Bettelheim's behavior as being corporal punishment, in line with the standards of the time, and not abuse. As an example, David Zwerdling, who was a counselor at the school for one year in 1969–70, wrote a Sept. 1990 response to "The Washington Post" in which he stated, "I witnessed one occasion when an adolescent boy cursed at a female counselor. Incensed upon learning of this, Dr. Bettelheim proceeded to slap the boy two or three times across the face, while telling him sternly never to speak that way to a woman again. This was the only such incident I observed or heard of during my year at the school… until fairly recently, the near-consensus against corporal punishment in schools did not obtain." However, Zwerdling also noted, "He also was a man who, for whatever reasons, was capable of intense anger on occasion."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Published books, memoirs, and biographies of Bettelheim have also taken up the question of his treatment of students.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Perhaps in part because of Bettelheim's professional and public stature, there was little effort during his lifetime to curtail his behavior or intervene on behalf of his victims. His work at the University of Chicago seems to have been given less formal oversight by the university than other research entities under their purview.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: A "Newsweek" article reported that Chicago-area psychiatrists had privately given him the nickname "Brutalheim," but did nothing to effectively intervene on behalf of students at the school.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Professionals in the psychiatric and psychological communities likely knew there were allegations of abuse and maltreatment at the Orthogenic School. Howard Gardner, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, wrote that many professionals knew of Bettelheim's behavior but did not confront him for various reasons including "fear about Bettelheim's legendary capacity for retribution to the solidarity needed among the guild of healers to a feeling that, on balance, Bettelheim's positive attributes predominated and an unmasking would fuel more malevolent forces."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Behavioral psychology and conditions in children and adolescents was little understood in the mid-twentieth century. The concept of "autism" was first used as a term for schizophrenia. In the 1950s into the 1960s what may be understood as autism in children was regularly also referred to as "childhood psychosis and childhood schizophrenia". "Psychogenesis", the theory that childhood disorders had origins in early childhood events or trauma acting on the child from the outside was a prominent theory, and Bettelheim was a prominent proponent of a psychogenic basis for autism. For Bettelheim, the idea that outside forces cause individual behavior issues can be traced back to his earliest prominent article on the psychology of imprisoned persons. Beginning in the 1960s and into the 1970s, "biogenesis", the idea that such conditions had an inner-organic or biological basis overtook psychogenesis.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Currently, many of Bettelheim's theories in which he attributes autism spectrum conditions to parenting style are considered to be discredited, not least because of the controversies relating to his academic and professional qualifications.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Autism spectrum conditions are now currently regarded as perhaps having multiple forms with a variety of genetic, epigenetic, and brain development causes influenced by such environmental factors as complications during pregnancy, viral infections, and perhaps even air pollution.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: The two biographies by Sutton (1995) and Pollak (1997) awakened interest and focus on Bettelheim's actual methods as distinct from his public persona. Bettelheim's theories on the causes of autism have been largely discredited, and his reporting rates of cure have been questioned, with critics stating that his patients were not actually autistic. In a favorable review of Pollak's biography, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt of "The New York Times" wrote, "What scanty evidence remains suggests that his patients were not even autistic in the first place."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In 1997 the psychiatrist Peter Kramer wrote, "The Ford Foundation was willing to underwrite innovative treatments for autistic children, so Bettelheim labeled his children autistic. Few actually met the definition of the newly minted syndrome."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim believed that autism did not have an organic basis, but resulted when mothers withheld appropriate affection from their children and failed to make a good connection with them. Bettelheim also blamed absent or weak fathers. One of his most famous books, "The Empty Fortress" (1967), contains a complex and detailed explanation of this dynamic in psychoanalytical and psychological terms. These views were disputed at the time by mothers of autistic children and by researchers. He derived his thinking from the qualitative investigation of clinical cases. He also related the world of autistic children to conditions in concentration camps.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: It appears that Leo Kanner first came up with the term "refrigerator mother," although Bettelheim did a lot to popularize the term. "Although it now seems beyond comprehension that anyone would believe that autism is caused by deep-seated issues arising in early childhood relationships, virtually every psychiatric condition was attributed to parent-child relationships in the 1940s and 1950s, when Freudian psychoanalytic theory was in its heyday."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In "A Good Enough Parent", published in 1987, he had come to the view that children had considerable resilience and that most parents could be "good enough" to help their children make a good start.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Prior to this, Bettelheim subscribed to and became an early prominent proponent of the "refrigerator mother" theory of autism: the theory that autistic behaviors stem from the emotional frigidity of the children's mothers. He adapted and transformed the Orthogenic School at the University of Chicago as a residential treatment milieu for such children, who he felt would benefit from a "parentectomy". This marked the apex of autism viewed as a disorder of parenting.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: A 2002 book on autism spectrum stated, "At the time, few people knew that Bettelheim had faked his credentials and was using fictional data to support his research." Michael Rutter has observed, "Many people made a mistake in going from a statement which is undoubtedly true—that there is no evidence that autism has been caused by poor parenting—to the statement that it has been disproven. It has not actually been disproven. It has faded away simply because, on the one hand, of a lack of convincing evidence and on the other hand, an awareness that autism was a neurodevelopmental disorder of some kind."


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: In a 1997 review of two books on Bettelheim, Molly Finn wrote "I am the mother of an autistic daughter, and have considered Bettelheim a charlatan since "The Empty Fortress", his celebrated study of autism, came out in 1967. I have nothing personal against Bettelheim, if it is not personal to resent being compared to a devouring witch, an infanticidal king, and an SS guard in a concentration camp, or to wonder what could be the basis of Bettelheim's statement that 'the precipitating factor in infantile autism is the parent's wish that his child should not exist.'"


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Although Bettelheim foreshadowed the modern interest in the causal influence of genetics in the section "Parental Background," he consistently emphasised nurture over nature. For example: "When at last the once totally frozen affects begin to emerge, and a much richer human personality to evolve, then convictions about the psychogenic nature of the disturbance become stronger still."; "On Treatability," p. 412. The rates of recovery claimed for the Orthogenic School are set out in "Follow-up Data," with a recovery good enough to be considered a 'cure' of 43%, pp. 414–15.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Subsequently, medical research has provided greater understanding of the biological basis of autism and other illnesses. Scientists such as Bernard Rimland challenged Bettelheim's view of autism by arguing that autism is a neurodevelopmental issue. As late as 2009, the "refrigerator mother" theory retained some prominent supporters, including the prominent Irish psychologist Tony Humphreys. His theory still enjoys widespread support in France.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Jordynn Jack writes that Bettelheim's ideas gained currency and became popular in large part because society already tended to blame a mother first and foremost for her child's difficulties.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim's experiences during the Holocaust shaped his personal and professional life for years after. His first publication was "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations" derived from his experiences at Dachau and Buchenwald. His later work frequently compared emotionally disturbed childhood to prison or confinement, and according to Sutton, his professional work attempted to operationalize the lessons about human nature he learned during his confinement.


title: Bruno Bettelheim

text: Bettelheim became one of the most prominent defenders of Hannah Arendt's book "Eichmann in Jerusalem". He wrote a positive review for "The New Republic". This review prompted a letter from a writer, Harry Golden, who alleged that both Bettelheim and Arendt suffered from "an essentially Jewish phenomenon… self-hatred".