title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: Prior to the album's release, Sonic Youth did a short Northeast tour in which most of "Dirty" was premiered. "Dirty" was released on July 21, 1992 on double LP vinyl, CD and Cassette. The LP version of the album came with an extra track titled "Stalker". The album hit No. 6 in the UK Albums Chart (their highest charting album in the UK) and No. 83 in the US. In the wake of the success of Nirvana's 1991 album "Nevermind", DGC pushed "Dirty" heavily. In the same month as the album was issued, "100%" was released as a single, but was not the crossover hit the label anticipated. Geffen executive Mark Kates admitted it "was not a great radio song"; however, the song was popular on alternative and college radio, reaching No. 4 in the "Billboard" Alternative Songs and No. 28 in the UK Singles Chart. In September, the band appeared on "Late Night with David Letterman", performing "100%". At the urging of Kates, "Youth Against Fascism" was released in December as the album's second single. The single did not sell well or receive airplay (though it did chart at No. 52 in the UK), and Kates referred to the decision as "one of the biggest professional mistakes of my life".


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: In late 1992, the band began their "Pretty Fucking Dirty" tour, starting in North America. All of the songs from "Dirty" were played at least once, except for "Crème Brûlée". They also played "Genetic," but occasionally swapped it for "Eric's Trip" or "Mote". They changed the setlists frequently, but kept "Shoot" as the opener. In November and December, they toured Europe, also appearing on "Later with Jools Holland" to perform "Drunken Butterfly", "Sugar Kane" and "JC". In January and February 1993, Sonic Youth toured Australia and New Zealand, and released the "Sugar Kane" single, which performed much better than "Youth Against Fascism", reaching No. 26 in the UK Singles Chart. The same month, they released the "Whores Moaning" Australia-only EP to coincide with the tour. The EP included the "Sugar Kane" B-sides along with the track "Tamra". The last single from the album, "Drunken Butterfly", was released in August 1993 in Germany only.


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: "Dirty" was generally well-received by critics. "Entertainment Weekly" praised the album, calling it "possibly the finest hour (59 minutes, actually) from this New York noise & roll band. It is also much-needed proof that the old-fangled concept of a rock guitar band can still result in vital, undeniably moving music", and ending the review with, "At this point, every other rock & roll album that visits our planet this year will have a hard time topping ["Dirty"]". "Rolling Stone" opined that "Dirty" "easily rank[s] with "Daydream Nation" and "Sister"" as "the band's most unified and unforgettable recorded works".


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: "Trouser Press" saw "Dirty" as a big improvement over "Goo", which the publication saw as "failing miserably". AllMusic would later call it "a damn good rock album, and on those terms it ranks with Sonic Youth's best work".


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: "Dirty" was deemed the best album of 1992 by "Entertainment Weekly". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: The first music video from "Dirty" was for "100%". It was directed by Tamra Davis and Spike Jonze, and shot in Los Angeles. Much of the video footage was shot by Jonze while riding on a skateboard, following others in the streets (including then-skateboarder, now-actor Jason Lee). The video also alluded to the shooting death of Cole, but is not specifically about him, and more about friendship between two skateboarders. Sonic Youth is shown playing a house party throughout the film. Gordon plays a yellow Fender bass guitar, which she borrowed from actor Keanu Reeves.


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: The second music video, for "Youth Against Fascism", was directed by Nick Egan. The video was shot in the concrete flood control channel of the Los Angeles River with the band playing while FMX bikers ride around. Imagery of fascism, Nazism and communism was spliced into the video, plus an insurrection mixed with pictures of punk bands and fashion.


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: The third music video was for "Sugar Kane"; like "Youth Against Fascism", it was directed by Egan. The video was shot in New York City and portrayed Sonic Youth performing in the midst of a fashion show that showcased "grunge" clothing. The clothing, in fact, was one of the collections ("Grunge Collection") done by Marc Jacobs for Perry Ellis in 1992. Jacobs was a close friend of Gordon and the band. The video also marked the first film appearance of Chloë Sevigny.


title: Dirty (Sonic Youth album)

text: The fourth video from "Dirty" was for "Drunken Butterfly", directed by Stephen Hellweg, the winner of an MTV "120 Minutes" contest in which fans were asked to send in videos for any song on "Dirty". It featured puppets and dolls made up to look like Sonic Youth performing the song onstage. The fifth (for "Swimsuit Issue", which featured shirtless men smoking together in a room listening to "Dirty") and sixth (for "Nic Fit", showing someone running around in a field holding up a flaming stuffed animal) videos stemmed from the same contest.


title: Multitenancy

text: Software multitenancy is a software architecture in which a single instance of software runs on a server and serves multiple tenants. Systems designed in such manner are "shared" (rather than


title: Multitenancy

text: "dedicated" or "isolated"). A tenant is a group of users who share a common access with specific privileges to the software instance. With a multitenant architecture, a software application is designed to provide every tenant a dedicated share of the instance - including its data, configuration, user management, tenant individual functionality and non-functional properties. Multitenancy contrasts with multi-instance architectures, where separate software instances operate on behalf of different tenants.


title: Multitenancy

text: Multitenant applications have evolved from—and combine some characteristics of—three types of services:


title: Multitenancy

text: In a multitenancy environment, multiple customers share the same application, running on the same operating system, on the same hardware, with the same data-storage mechanism. The distinction between the customers is achieved during application design, thus customers do not share or see each other's data. Compare this with virtualization where components are transformed, enabling each customer application to appear to run on a separate virtual machine.


title: Multitenancy

text: Some companies actively promote the principle of multitenancy and use it as a source of competitive differentiation. The use of multitenancy is increasing day by day.


title: Multitenancy

text: Multitenancy allows for cost savings over and above the basic economies of scale achievable from consolidating IT resources into a single operation. An application instance usually incurs a certain amount of memory and processing overhead which can be substantial when multiplied by many customers, especially if the customers are small. Multitenancy reduces this overhead by spreading it over many customers. Further cost savings may come from licensing costs of the underlying software (such as operating systems and database management systems). Put crudely, if you can run everything on a single software instance, you only have to buy one software license.


title: Multitenancy

text: The cost savings can be eclipsed by the difficulty of scaling the single instance as demand grows - increasing the performance of the instance on a single server can only be done by buying faster hardware, such as fast CPUs, more memory, and faster disk systems, and typically these costs grow faster than if the load was split between multiple servers with roughly the same aggregate capacity. In addition, development of multitenant systems is more complex, and security testing is more stringent owing to the fact that multiple customers' data is being commingled.


title: Multitenancy

text: One of the most compelling reasons for vendors/ISVs to utilize multitenancy is for the inherent data aggregation benefits. Instead of collecting data from multiple data sources, with potentially different database schemas, all data for all customers is stored in a single database schema. Thus, running queries across customers, mining data, and looking for trends is much simpler. This reason is probably overhyped as one of the core multitenancy requirements is the need to prevent Service Provider access to customer (tenant) information. Further, it is common to separate the operational database from the mining database (usually because of different workload characteristics), thus weakening the argument even more.


title: Multitenancy

text: Because of the additional customization complexity and the need to maintain per-tenant metadata, multitenant applications require a larger development effort. Considerations such as vector-based data sequencing, encryptable algorithm infrastructure, and virtualized control interfaces, must be taken into account.


title: Multitenancy

text: Multitenancy simplifies the release management process. In a traditional release management process, packages containing code and database changes are distributed to client desktop and/or server machines; in the single-instance case, this would be one server machine per customer. These packages then have to be installed on each individual machine. With the multitenant model, the package typically only needs to be installed on a single server. This greatly simplifies the release management process, and the scale is no longer dependent on the number of customers.


title: Multitenancy

text: At the same time, multitenancy increases the risks and impacts inherent in applying a new release version. As there is a single software instance serving multiple tenants, an update on this instance may cause downtime for all tenants even if the update is requested and useful for only one tenant. Also, some bugs and issues resulted from applying the new release could manifest in other tenants' personalized view of the application. Because of possible downtime, the moment of applying the release may be restricted depending on time usage schedule of more than one tenant.


title: Multitenancy

text: Multitenant applications are typically required to provide a high degree of customization to support each target organization's needs. Customization typically includes the following aspects:


title: Multitenancy

text: Multitenant applications are expected to provide adequate of security, robustness and performance between multiple tenants which is provided by the layers below the application in case of multi-instance applications.


title: Multitenancy

text: The costs of redesigning applications for multitenancy can be significant, especially for software vendors who continue to offer an on-premises single tenant version of their product. They end up being forced to support two distinct products with all the resulting costs.


title: Multitenancy

text: An increasingly viable alternative route to multitenancy that eliminates the need for significant architectural change is to use virtualization technology to host multiple isolated instances of an application on one or more servers. Indeed, when applications are repackaged as virtual appliances the same appliance image can be deployed in ISV hosted, on-premises or trusted-third party locations and even migrated from one deployment site to another over time.


title: Untamed (memoir)

text: Untamed is a 2020 memoir by Glennon Doyle. It was published by The Dial Press on March 10, 2020. It is her third memoir following her works "Love Warrior" and "Carry on, Warrior".


title: Untamed (memoir)

text: The book debuted at number one on "The New York Times" nonfiction best-seller list. where it stayed for seven weeks. As of May 31, 2020, the book has spent 10 weeks on the list.


title: Untamed (memoir)

text: A television adaptation is in the works at Bad Robot Productions and Warner Bros. Television Studios.


title: Untamed (memoir)

text: "Publishers Weekly" wrote, "This testament to female empowerment and self-love, with an endearing coming-out story at the center, will delight readers."


title: Untamed (memoir)

text: "Kirkus Reviews" called it a "lucid, inspiring chronicle of female empowerment and the rewards of self-awareness and renewal."


title: Nabih Berri

text: Nabih Berri (; born 28 January 1938) is a Lebanese Shia politician who has been serving as Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon since 1992. He heads the Amal Movement.


title: Nabih Berri

text: He was born in Bo, Sierra Leone to Lebanese Shia parents on 28 January 1938. His father, Mustafa Berri, was a trader there.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Berri went to school in Tebnine and Ain Ebel in southern Lebanon, then continued his education in Bint Jbeil and Jaafariya supplementary schools in southern Lebanon and later studied at the Makassed and the Ecole de la Sagesse in Beirut. He graduated with a law degree from the Lebanese University in 1963, where he had served as the student body president, and became a lawyer at the Court of Appeals.


title: Nabih Berri

text: During 1963, Berri was elected as president of the National Union of Lebanese Students, and participated to student and political conferences. During his early career he became a lawyer at the Court of Appeals. In the early 1970s, Berri worked in Beirut as a lawyer for several companies.


title: Nabih Berri

text: In 1980, Berri was elected leader of the Amal Movement, and led the resistance against the Israeli army especially in the south of Lebanon and Beqaa and the most famous battle was the battle of khalde in 1982.


title: Nabih Berri

text: He was the key player of the Intifada of 6 February 1984 with his ally Walid Jumblatt leader of the Progressive Socialist Party against the Lebanese sectarian government of Amin Gemayel, where officers and soldiers were called to defect from the Lebanese Army and made ground for the Taif agreement that ended the civil war.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Berri also joined the National Unity government as minister of state for South Lebanon and reconstruction under Prime Minister Rashid Karami in May 1984. He also served as the minister of housing and co-operatives.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Due to strong Syrian backing and to Berri's proximity to Syrian officials in Lebanon, he was reported to have the biggest influence in the Lebanese government formed after the Taif Accord.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Berri headed the list of "Liberation" in the parliamentary elections that took place in southern Lebanon on 6 September 1992, which was won in full. The other lists he headed were "Liberation and Development" in the parliamentary elections on 8 September 1996, which was won in full. Since 1992 he has chaired the Liberation and Development parliamentary bloc.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Berri headed the list of "Resistance and Development" in the parliamentary elections that took place in southern Lebanon on 3 September 2000, which was won in full. He also headed the list of Liberation and Development in the parliamentary elections which took place in June 2005, which was won in full. Currently, Berri heads the list of "Liberation and Development" in the parliamentary elections on 7 June 2009. All the members of the Bloc won the elections in 2009.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Speaker Nabih Berri was always and is still a major supporter of the dialogue between all Lebanese parties, religions and sects. During the last national dialogue session in May 2014, Speaker Nabih Berri stressed that "power-sharing between Christians and Muslims in Lebanon would not change under any circumstance," adding that he spoke on behalf of the Shia, Sunnis and the Druze.


title: Nabih Berri

text: He was elected Speaker of the parliament of Lebanon for the first time on 20 October 1992 (105 votes out of 124 votes). He was re-elected for a second time on 22 October 1996 (122 votes out of 126 votes). He was elected to the same post on 17 October 2000 unanimously (124 votes out of 126 votes), on 28 June 2005 (90 votes out of 126 votes), on 25 June 2009 (90 votes out of 127 votes), and on 23 May 2018 (98 votes out of 128 votes).


title: Nabih Berri

text: Since 1999, he has chaired the Arab Parliament Committee in charge of disclosing Israeli crimes against Arab civilians. On 3 June 2003, he was elected president of the Arab Parliament and handed the presidency in Damascus on 1 March 2004 for a period of two years. He was elected president of the Council of the Parliamentary Union of the Member States.


title: Nabih Berri

text: On 9 March 2004, Nabih Berri was elected President of the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States in Dakar-Senegal until 9 March 2006.


title: Nabih Berri

text: In 2013 and 2014 he supported the UCC, the teachers, public employees, and the armed forces in Lebanon, in their fight to increase their salaries, and has held many meeting with political leaders in an effort to attain his goal.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Since 1993, Berri has chaired the Union of Parliamentarians of Lebanese Descent, including 156 members of parliament and senators from 19 countries.


title: Nabih Berri

text: Berri has married twice and he has six children with Lila, his first wife, and four with his second wife, Randa Assi Berri.


title: Elijah Kelley

text: Elijah Kelley (born August 1, 1986) is an American actor, singer, and dancer. He appeared in films such as "28 Days" (2000), "Take the Lead" (2006), "Hairspray" (2007), "Red Tails" (2012), "Lee Daniels' The Butler" (2013), NBC's live-musical event "The Wiz Live!" (2015), as Ricky Bell in "The New Edition Story" (2017), and "Star" (2017).


title: Elijah Kelley

text: Kelley was born and raised in LaGrange, Georgia. He attended Long Cane Middle School and Troup County High School, where he participated in the school's show choir for years. As a child, he starred in Coca-Cola commercials and played a role in the film "Mama Flora's Family". He also performed in a church choir and gospel band with his family. His parents, determined to keep their son down to earth, went with him when he moved to Los Angeles after graduating from high school.


title: Elijah Kelley

text: In 2007, Kelley starred in the film adaptation of "Hairspray". Both his performance and the film received positive reviews. On December 2, 2011, Kelley sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" prior to the Pac-12 Conference Championship Game at Autzen Stadium in Eugene, Oregon.


title: Elijah Kelley

text: He was cast as singer Ricky Bell for the 2017 BET Biography Miniseries "The New Edition Story". He was credited for his help in considering Luke James, who is a long time musical associate of his to audition for the producers of the miniseries to be cast as the bandmate Johnny Gill.


title: Elijah Kelley

text: In 2017, Elijah was cast alongside Luke James as a recurring role for the 2nd season of Lee Daniels musical drama "Star" on FOX.


The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), formerly known as the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), is a working group of various government, non-government, civil sector and private sector organizations of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines established by Republic Act 10121 of 2010. It is administered by the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) under the Department of National Defense (DND). The council is responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters or emergencies.


title: National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

text: The NDRRMC plans and leads the guiding activities in the field of communication, warning signals, emergency, transportation, evacuation, rescue, engineering, health and rehabilitation, public education and auxiliary services such as fire fighting and the police in the country.


text: The Council utilizes the UN Cluster Approach in disaster management. It is the country's focal for the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) and many other related international commitments.


text: In February 2010, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) was renamed, reorganized, and subsequently expanded. The following heads of agencies compose the NDRRMC:


text: According of Republic Act 10121, various local governments throughout the country should establish Local DRRM Offices at the regional, provincial, municipal, city and barangay levels. As functional arms of the local governments, these Offices are responsible to create a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan according to the Framework of the NDRRMC covering 4 aspects including disaster preparedness, response, prevention and mitigation, and rehabilitation and recovery.


text: Local Offices usually have a Chief DRRM Officer supported by Administrative and Training, Research and Planning, Operations and Warning Officers. Some of these Offices have advanced to organizing their own search and rescue and emergency medical services squads and command-control-and-communications centers.


text: The NDRRMC was in charge of gathering and reporting data in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan. On November 15, 2014, the agency reported 5,632 deaths, 1,140 people missing and 12,166 injured. The agency has reported the rose of death toll to 6,190 deaths, 1,785 missing and 28, 626 injured. They also estimated that the typhoon cost damage to the infrastructure and agriculture of the Visayan Region. As of April 17, 2015, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council confirmed total of 6,300 deaths including 5,877 of those taking place in the Eastern Visayas.


text: When the population was put into a state of alert during the first phases of the Pinatubo crisis, authorities from the NDCC showed indisputable efficiency in managing the people.


text: Prior the eruption, no precautionary measures were taken until signs of activity were observed in 1991. This could be attributed to the absence of any oral or written records of volcanic activity for the past 400 years in the surrounding areas.


text: By April 3, 1991, PHIVOLCS, after having concluded that the volcano was reawakening, decided to evacuate Aetas villages that were lying within a radius of 10 km around the summit. On May 13, 1991, a 5-level warning and evacuation system was constituted. This system included a concentric danger zone surrounding the volcano, continuously fixing four radii of evacuation from 10 to 40 kilometers between June 7 and 18, which mostly depended on the evolution of the threat. On the day of June 26, 1991, orders of evacuation were conveyed to local authorities or Coordination Councils (DCC). During those times, the entire zone located within the 10 km radius around the crater of Pinatubo has been decreed as permanent high risk sector by PHIVOLCS prohibiting all human occupation of the zone.


text: In the time of Pinatubo’s eruptive phase in June 1991, most of the population reacted favorably to the evacuation orders due to the early preparation and coordination efforts the authorities on the field have demonstrated. However, there were still some Aetas that changed their minds and decided to return to the mountains seeking refuge in caves and spiritual comfort from their God. There were also others that refused to leave, having been convinced that the expected eruption would not be extreme enough to reach their homes, and having been scared at the thought of having to abandon their belongings and crops. By the time the second warning was given out in July 1992, the population, having been more aware of previous events, were much more prepared. Despite the PHIVOLCS frequent pleas and the population's positive response to it though, a total of 300 Aetas families still refused to evacuate.


text: Under the DRRM Act, the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) is designated as the lead agency for the recovery. NEDA is mandated to coordinate the recovery support functions of national government agencies, local governments, and civil society organizations (CSOs). However, during the recovery from Typhoon Haiyan, NDRRMC was caught unprepared due to the typhoon's overwhelming impacts. It was in this context that the government, through the President's Memorandum Order 62 of December 2013, created the Office of the Presidential Assistant for Rehabilitation and Recovery (OPARR) to focus exclusively on coordinating the recovery process. OPARR aims to unify efforts of the government and other institutions involved in recovery. It has special power to mobilize the full resources of the country and to expedite the decision-making process under the direct authority of the President. OPARR was dissolved after two years.


title: Somalia national football team

text: The Somalia national football team (, Arabic: الاتحاد الصومالي لكرة القدم), nicknamed the "Ocean Stars", represents Somalia in international football and is controlled by the Somali Football Federation (SFF), a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF). Somalia's first national team captain was Mr. Mohamed Shangole, whilst its longest serving captain has been Hasan Babay.


title: Somalia national football team

text: The first Somali football teams were established in the 1940s. The competitions were basic in structure and were associated with the anti-colonial movement. The Somali Youth League (SYL), the nation's first political party, had put together a team of local youth to play against the Italian expatriate teams. The soccer team the FYL had assembled, which would later change its name to Bondhere, won the first several competitions. In 1951, the Somali Football Federation (SFF) was founded. The first Somali commissioner for sport was later established in 1958.


title: Somalia national football team

text: Although the Somali national football team took part in preliminary matches, it has never qualified for the World Cup. For many years after the outbreak of the civil war in the early 1990s, FIFA-sanctioned games could not be played within the country. Qualifying matches for the Africa Cup of Nations and the World Cup were instead contested away from home. However, following the pacification of the capital Mogadishu in 2011, the SFF began preparations for the first major sporting event to be held in years at the Mogadishu Stadium, in December 2012.


title: Somalia national football team

text: Prior to 2019, the Somali FA decided they would admit to all their young and upcoming youth talents and put out local trials to fortify both Olympic and national football teams.


title: Somalia national football team

text: In addition, many from the Somali diaspora in the past have produced quality football players such as Islam Feruz and Mukhtar Ali.


title: Somalia national football team

text: On 5 September 2019, Somalia won their first qualifying match since 1984 (against Kenya - AFCON Qualifying) and their first-ever FIFA World Cup qualifying match, beating Zimbabwe by 1–0. They nearly advanced to the second round but lost 3–1 in Zimbabwe after two late goals for the warriors, consigning the Ocean Stars to an early exit.


title: Somalia national football team

text: From the 1970s up until the 1990s, the Somali national football team used to wear solid sky blue shirts and socks with white shorts for home kits and the inverse as away kits, the two primary colours of the Somali national flags, in the 2010s up until the present, the national team have now replaced the solid sky blue shirts for vertically blue and white striped shirts.


title: Somalia national football team

text: The crest of the Somali national team used to be the coat of arms of Somalia but it is now replaced with the Somali Federation crest. The Ocean Stars plays their home games in the Mogadishu Stadium, (As the stadium was being rebuilt, the national team played matches at Engineer Yaarisow Stadium, which is Mogadishu's secondary stadium for sporting events).


title: Somalia national football team

text: The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.


title: Somalia national football team

text: The following players were selected for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Eswatini on 23 and 27 March 2022 respectively.


title: Manakish

text: Manakish (), or in singular form man'ousheh, or other spellings, sometimes called , is a popular Levantine food consisting of dough topped with thyme, cheese, or ground meat. Similar to a pizza, it can be sliced or folded, and it can be served either for breakfast or lunch.


title: Manakish

text: Traditionally, women would bake dough in a communal oven in the morning, to provide their family with their daily bread needs, and would prepare smaller portions of dough with different toppings for breakfast at this time.


title: Manakish

text: Manakish are popular across the Levant, and can also be found in neighboring regions, and centers of Levantine emigration.


title: Manakish

text: The word "manaqish" is the plural of the Arabic word "manqūshah" (from the root verb "naqasha" 'to sculpt, carve out' or engrave), meaning that after the dough has been rolled flat, it is pressed by the fingertips to create little dips for the topping to lie in.


title: GNU Hurd

text: GNU Hurd is a collection of microkernel servers written as part of GNU, for the GNU Mach microkernel. It has been under development since 1990 by the GNU Project of the Free Software Foundation, designed as a replacement for the Unix kernel, and released as free software under the GNU General Public License. When the Linux kernel proved to be a viable solution, development of GNU Hurd slowed, at times alternating between stasis and renewed activity and interest.


title: GNU Hurd

text: The Hurd's design consists of a set of protocols and server processes (or daemons, in Unix terminology) that run on the GNU Mach microkernel. The Hurd aims to surpass the Unix kernel in functionality, security, and stability, while remaining largely compatible with it. The GNU Project chose the multiserver microkernel for the operating system, due to perceived advantages over the traditional Unix monolithic kernel architecture, a view that had been advocated by some developers in the 1980s.


title: GNU Hurd

text: In December 1991 the primary architect of the Hurd described the name as a mutually recursive acronym:


title: GNU Hurd

text: As both "hurd" and "hird" are homophones of the English word "herd", the full name "GNU Hurd" is also a play on the words "herd of gnus", reflecting how the kernel works.


title: GNU Hurd

text: The logo is called the "Hurd boxes" and it also reflects on architecture. The logo is a graph where nodes represent the Hurd kernel's servers and directed edges are IPC messages.


title: GNU Hurd

text: Richard Stallman founded the GNU Project in September 1983 with an aim to create a free GNU operating system. Initially the components required for kernel development were written: editors, shell, compiler, debugger etc. By 1989, the GNU GPL came into being and the only major component missing was the kernel.


title: GNU Hurd

text: Development on the Hurd began in 1990 after an abandoned kernel attempt in 1986, based on the research TRIX operating system developed by Professor Steve Ward and his group at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS). According to Thomas Bushnell, the initial Hurd architect, their early plan was to adapt the 4.4BSD-Lite kernel and, in hindsight, "It is now perfectly obvious to me that this would have succeeded splendidly and the world would be a very different place today." In 1987 Richard Stallman proposed using the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University. Work on this was delayed for three years due to uncertainty over whether CMU would release the Mach code under a suitable license.


title: GNU Hurd

text: With the release of the Linux kernel in 1991, the primary user of GNU's userland components soon became operating systems based on the Linux kernel (Linux distributions), prompting the coining of the term "GNU/Linux".


title: GNU Hurd

text: Development of the Hurd has proceeded slowly. Despite an optimistic announcement by Stallman in 2002 predicting a release of GNU/Hurd later that year, the Hurd is still not considered suitable for production environments. Development in general has not met expectations, and there are still a significant number of bugs and missing features. This has resulted in a poorer product than many, including Stallman, had expected. In 2010, after twenty years under development, Stallman said that he was "not very optimistic about the GNU Hurd. It makes some progress, but to be really superior it would require solving a lot of deep problems", but added that "finishing it is not crucial" for the GNU system because a free kernel already existed (Linux), and completing Hurd would not address the main remaining problem for a free operating system: device support.


title: GNU Hurd

text: The Debian project, among others, have worked on the Hurd project to produce binary distributions of Hurd-based GNU operating systems for IBM PC compatible systems.


title: GNU Hurd

text: After years of stagnation, development picked up again in 2015 and 2016, with four releases during these two years.


title: GNU Hurd

text: On August 20, 2015, amid the Google Summer of Code, it was announced that GNU Guix had been ported to GNU Hurd.


title: GNU Hurd

text: Unlike most Unix-like kernels, the Hurd uses a server–client architecture, built on a microkernel that is responsible for providing the most basic kernel services – coordinating access to the hardware: the CPU (through process management and scheduling), RAM (via memory management), and other various input/output devices (via I/O scheduling) for sound, graphics, mass storage, etc. In theory, the microkernel design would allow for all device drivers to be built as servers working in user space, but today most drivers of this kind are still contained in the GNU Mach kernel space.


title: GNU Hurd

text: According to Hurd developers, the main advantage of microkernel-based design is the ability to extend the system: developing a new module would not require in depth knowledge of the rest of the kernel, and a bug in one module would not crash the entire system. Hurd provides a concept of "translators", a framework of modules used to extend a file system functionality.


title: GNU Hurd

text: From early on, the Hurd was developed to use GNU Mach as the microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman, who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that. Other Unix-like systems working on the Mach microkernel include OSF/1, Lites, and MkLinux. macOS and NeXTSTEP use hybrid kernels based on Mach.


title: GNU Hurd

text: From 2004 onward, various efforts were launched to port the Hurd to more modern microkernels. The L4 microkernel was the original choice in 2004, but progress slowed to a halt. Nevertheless, during 2005, Hurd developer Neal Walfield finished the initial memory management framework for the L4/Hurd port, and Marcus Brinkmann ported essential parts of glibc; namely, getting the process startup code working, allowing programs to run, thus allowing the first user programs (trivial ones such as the hello world program) in C to run.


title: GNU Hurd

text: Since 2005, Brinkmann and Walfield started researching Coyotos as a new kernel for HURD. In 2006, Brinkmann met with Jonathan Shapiro (a primary architect of the Coyotos Operating System) to aid in and discuss the use of the Coyotos kernel for GNU/Hurd. In further discussion HURD developers realised that Coyotos (as well as other similar kernels) are not suitable for HURD.


title: GNU Hurd

text: In 2007, Hurd developers Neal Walfield and Marcus Brinkmann gave a critique of the Hurd architecture, known as "the critique", and a proposal for how a future system may be designed, known as "the position paper". In 2008, Neal Walfield began working on the Viengoos microkernel as a modern native kernel for HURD. , development on Viengoos is paused due to Walfield lacking time to work on it.


title: GNU Hurd

text: Under Unix, every running program has an associated user id, which normally corresponds to the user that started the process. This id largely dictates the actions permitted to the program. No outside process can change the user id of a running program. A Hurd process, on the other hand, runs under a "set" of user ids, which can contain multiple ids, one, or none. A sufficiently privileged process can add and remove ids to another process. For example, there is a password server that will hand out ids in return for a correct login password.


title: GNU Hurd

text: Regarding the file system, a suitable program can be designated as a "translator" for a single file or a whole directory hierarchy. Every access to the translated file, or files below a hierarchy in the second case, is in fact handled by the program. For example, a file translator may simply redirect read and write operations to another file, like a Unix symbolic link. The effect of Unix "mounting" is achieved by setting up a filesystem translator (using the "settrans" command). Translators can also be used to provide services to the user. For example, the ftpfs translator allows a user to encapsulate remote FTP sites within a directory. Then, standard tools such as ls, cp, and rm can be used to manipulate files on the remote system. Even more powerful translators are ones such as UnionFS, which allows a user to unify multiple directories into one; thus listing the unified directory reveals the contents of all the directories.


title: GNU Hurd

text: According to the Debian documentation, there are 24 servers (18 core servers and 6 file system servers) named as follows:


title: GNU Hurd

text: The servers collectively implement the POSIX API, with each server implementing a part of the interface. For instance, the various filesystem servers each implement the filesystem calls. The storage server will work as a wrapping layer, similar to the block layer of Linux. The equivalent of VFS of Linux is achieved by libdiskfs and libpager libraries.


title: Morale

text: Morale, also known as esprit de corps (), is the capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal, particularly in the face of opposition or hardship. Morale is often referenced by authority figures as a generic value judgment of the willpower, obedience, and self-discipline of a group tasked with performing duties assigned by a superior. According to Alexander H. Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose". Morale is important in the military, because it improves unit cohesion. With good morale, a force will be less likely to give up or surrender. Morale is usually assessed at a collective, rather than an individual level. In wartime, civilian morale is also important. Esprit de corps is considered to be an important part of a fighting unit.


title: Morale

text: Military history experts have not agreed on a precise definition of "morale". Clausewitz's comments on the subject have been described as "deliberately vague" by modern scholars. George Francis Robert Henderson, a widely read military author of the pre-World War I era, viewed morale as related to the instinct of self-preservation, the suppression of which he said was "the moral fear of turning back", in other words, that a willingness to fight was bolstered by a strong sense of duty. Henderson wrote:


title: Morale

text: Human nature must be the basis of every leader's calculations. To sustain the "moral[e]" of his own men; to break down the "moral[e]" of his enemy—these are the great objects which, if he be ambitious of success, he must always keep in view.


title: Morale

text: During the proceedings of the Southborough Committee inquiry concerning shellshock, testimony by Colonel J. F. C. Fuller defined morale as "the acquired quality which in highly-trained troops counterbalances the influence of the instinct of self-preservation." Of Henderson's "moral fear", the soldier's sense of duty, it is contrasted with the fear of death, and to control one's troops required of a commander more than authoritarian force, but other strategies to be deployed to that purpose.


title: Morale

text: In military science, there are two meanings to morale. Primarily it means unit cohesion: the cohesion of a unit, task force, or other military group. Morale is often highly dependent on soldier effectiveness, health, comfort, safety and belief-in-purpose, and therefore an army with good supply lines, sound air cover and a clear objective will typically possess, as a whole, better morale than one without. Historically, elite military units such as special operations forces have "high morale" due to their training and pride in their unit. When a unit's morale is said to be "depleted", it means it is close to "crack and surrender". It is well worth noting that generally speaking, most commanders do not look at the morale of specific individuals but rather the "fighting spirit" of squadrons, divisions, battalions, ships, etc.


title: Morale

text: In August 2012, an article entitled "Army morale declines in survey" states that "only a quarter of the [US] Army's officers and enlisted soldiers believe the nation's largest military branch is headed in the right direction." The "... most common reasons cited for the bleak outlook were "ineffective leaders at senior levels," a fear of losing the best and the brightest after a decade of war, and the perception, especially among senior enlisted soldiers, that "the Army is too soft" and lacks sufficient discipline."


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: Ixodes scapularis is commonly known as the deer tick or black-legged tick (although some people reserve the latter term for "Ixodes pacificus", which is found on the west coast of the US), and in some parts of the US as the bear tick. It was also named Ixodes dammini until it was shown to be the same species in 1993. It is a hard-bodied tick found in the eastern and northern Midwest of the United States as well as in southeastern Canada. It is a vector for several diseases of animals, including humans (Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, Powassan virus disease, etc.) and is known as the deer tick owing to its habit of parasitizing the white-tailed deer. It is also known to parasitize mice, lizards, migratory birds, etc. especially while the tick is in the larval or nymphal stage.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: The image shown here—and in fact, most images of "Ixodes scapularis" that are commonly available—show an adult female that is unengorged, that is, an adult female that has not had a blood meal. This is natural, since ticks are generally removed immediately upon discovery to minimize the chance of disease. However, the abdomen that holds blood is much larger when engorged; therefore, an engorged specimen of "I. scapularis" (see photo below) could easily be mistaken for an entirely different tick.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: When the deer tick has consumed a blood meal, its abdomen is a light grayish-blue color. The tick itself is naturally black when unfed. In identifying an engorged tick, concentrating on the legs and upper part of the body is helpful.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: "Ixodes scapularis" has a 2-year lifecycle, during which time it passes through three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. The tick must take a blood meal at each stage before maturing to the next. Deer tick females latch onto a host and drink its blood for 4–5 days. Deer are the preferred host of the adult deer tick, but it is also known to feed on small rodents. After she is engorged, the tick drops off and overwinters in the leaf litter of the forest floor. The following spring, the female lays several hundred to a few thousand eggs in clusters. Transtadial (between tick stages) passage of "Borrelia burgdorferi" is common. Vertical passage (from mother to egg) of "Borrelia" is uncommon.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: Like other ticks, "I. scapularis" is hardy. It can be active after a hard frost, as daytime temperatures can warm it enough to keep it actively searching for a host. In the spring, it can be one of the first invertebrates to become active. Deer ticks can be quite numerous and seemingly gregarious.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: "Ixodes scapularis" is the main vector of Lyme disease in North America. The CDC reported over 30,000 new cases of the disease in 2016 alone, the majority of which were contracted in the summer months, which is when ticks are most likely to bite humans. While adult deer ticks are more likely to carry and transmit "Borrelia burgdorferi", it is more common for the hard-to-spot nymphal stage to infect humans.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: It can also transmit other "Borrelia" species, including "Borrelia miyamotoi". Ticks that transmit "B. burgdorferi" to humans can also carry and transmit several other parasites, such as "Babesia microti" and "Anaplasma phagocytophilum", which cause the diseases babesiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), respectively. Among early Lyme disease patients, depending on their location, 2%–12% will also have HGA and 2%–40% will have babesiosis.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: Co-infections complicate Lyme symptoms, especially diagnosis and treatment. It is possible for a tick to carry and transmit one of the co-infections and not "Borrelia", making diagnosis difficult and often elusive. The Centers for Disease Control's emerging infectious diseases department did a study in rural New Jersey of 100 ticks, and found 55% of the ticks were infected with at least one of the pathogens.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: Deer, the preferred mammalian hosts of adult "I. scapularis", cannot transmit "Borrelia" spirochaetes to ticks. Ticks acquire Lyme disease microbes by feeding on infected mice and other small rodents as nymphs or larvae.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: One of the keys of the success of "I. scapularis" as a "Borrelia" vector relies on its ability to limit the proliferation of the spirochaete. This is due to the activity of domesticated amidase effector (dae) genes. Dae genes are a family of horizontally acquired genes related to type VI secretion amidase effector (tae) genes in certain bacteria which encode toxins honed to mediate interbacterial antagonism. Once transferred to eukaryotes tae genes confer novel antibacterial capabilities; this provides a selective advantage to the tick and to other eukaryotes also: tae genes have been transferred from bacteria to eukaryotes at least in six independent events. In particular, "I. scapularis" have inherited the dae 2 family from a common ancestor between ticks and mites. The product of dae2 expression has been shown to degrade bacterial peptidoglycan of different species and particularly from "B. burgdorferi", but does not limit initial acquisition of the bacterium by the tick. Dae2 contributes to the innate ability of "I. scapularis" to control "B. burgdorferi" levels after its acquisition. This has potential ramifications for Lyme disease transmission, as spirochaete load in the tick can influence transmission efficiency.


title: Ixodes scapularis

text: A recent study has identified the alpha-gal sugar in the tick, and they have suggested that it may also be involved in the onset of red meat allergy (Alpha-Gal Syndrome or Mammalian Meat Allergy, MMA).


title: Chloroethane

text: Chloroethane, commonly known as ethyl chloride, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CHCHCl, once widely used in producing tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive. It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odor.


title: Chloroethane

text: At various times in the past, chloroethane has also been produced from ethanol and hydrochloric acid, from ethane and chlorine, or from ethanol and phosphorus trichloride, but these routes are no longer economical. Some chloroethane is generated as a byproduct of polyvinyl chloride production.


title: Chloroethane

text: Chloroethane is an inexpensive ethylating agent. It reacts with aluminium metal to give ethylaluminium sesquichloride, a precursor to polymers and other useful organoaluminium compounds. Chloroethane is used to convert cellulose to ethylcellulose, a thickening agent and binder in paints, cosmetics, and similar products.


title: Chloroethane

text: Like other chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloroethane has been used as a refrigerant, an aerosol spray propellant, an anesthetic, and a blowing agent for foam packaging. For a time it was used as a promoter chemical in the aluminium chloride catalyzed process to produce ethylbenzene, the precursor for styrene monomer. At present though, it is not widely used in any of these roles.


title: Chloroethane

text: Beginning in 1922 and continuing through most of the 20th century, the major use of chloroethane was to produce tetraethyllead (TEL), an anti-knock additive for gasoline. TEL has been or is being phased out in most of the industrialized world, and the demand for chloroethane has fallen sharply.


title: Chloroethane

text: It acts as a mild topical anesthetic by its chilling effect when sprayed on skin, such as when removing splinters or incising abscesses in a clinical setting. It was standard equipment in “casualty” wards. It was commonly used to induce general anaesthesia before continuing with di-ethyl ether, which had a very much slower up-take.


title: Chloroethane

text: In dentistry, chloroethane is used as one of the means of diagnosing a 'dead tooth', i.e. one in which the pulp has died. A small amount of the substance is placed on the suspect tooth using a cotton wad. Chloroethane's low boiling point creates a localised chilling effect. If the tooth is still alive this should be sensed by the patient as mild discomfort that subsides when the wad is removed.


title: Chloroethane

text: Chloroethane is a recreational inhalant drug, although it should not be confused with a duster or canned air, which is composed of fluorinated low-weight hydrocarbons such as tetrafluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane or another similar gas.


title: Chloroethane

text: In Brazil, it is a major component of a traditional (though illegal) drug taken during Carnaval, known locally as "lança-perfume" (lit. "perfume launcher" or "sprayer").


title: Chloroethane

text: Monochloroethane is the least toxic of the chloroethanes. Like other chlorinated hydrocarbons, it is a central nervous system depressant, albeit a less potent one than many similar compounds. People breathing its vapors at less than 1% concentration in air usually experience no symptoms. At concentrations of 3% to 5%, victims usually exhibit symptoms similar to those of alcohol intoxication. Breathing its vapors at >15% concentration is often fatal but most commercially available handheld containers contain a total of 30% per volume of concentrated vapors which naturally disperse in the outside air.


title: Chloroethane

text: If exposed to concentrations higher than 6% to 8% victims often exhibit shallow breathing, loss of consciousnesses, and depressed heart-rate. They can be aroused (brought around) with physical contact or loud noise. At this point removal from the area of exposure is advised to restore consciousness. The long-term effects of exposure over a period of 4 or more hours will cause side effects similar to alcoholic hang-over with dehydration, dizziness, loss of clear vision and temporary loss of consciousness, which can last an hour or more. If no longer exposed to the gas, a victim will return to normal health quickly. This can be helped with intake of extra fluids, vitamins, and sugars.


title: Chloroethane

text: Toxic over-exposure starts at 9% to 12% concentrations, the heart rate drops further, the victim may have more shallow breathing or stop all together, they do not respond to any outside stimulation and may begin to involuntarily gasp, belch or vomit, which can lead to aspiration if the victim is not turned on their side. This constitutes a medical emergency and requires prompt action. It is advised to move the victim to clear air and administer forced breathing for them to purge the lungs of the toxic fumes. If the victim recovers quickly enough, hospitalization may not be required, but will require a medical examination to ensure that no organ damage has occurred.


title: Chloroethane

text: At >12% concentration, the victim's heart, lungs and kidneys begin to fail. Immediate CPR followed by medical support measures may be required to prevent fatal kidney, lung and heart failure. Singer Darius Campbell Danesh died of "toxic effects of chloroethane" as well as suffocation.


title: Chloroethane

text: Studies on the effects of chronic ethyl chloride exposure in animals have given inconsistent results, and no data exists for its long-term effects on humans. Some studies have reported that prolonged exposure can produce liver or kidney damage, or uterine cancer in mice, but these data have been difficult to reproduce.


title: Chloroethane

text: While chloroethane is not classified as to carcinogenicity to humans specifically, recent information suggests carcinogenic potential and it has been designated as ACGIH category A3, "Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans". As a result, the U.S. State of California has incorporated it into Proposition 65 as a known carcinogen. Nonetheless, it is still used in medicine as a local anesthetic.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Andy Murray is a professional tennis player who has been ranked world number 1 for 41 weeks. He is the only player, male or female, to win two Olympic gold medals in singles, which he did at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He has reached eleven grand slam finals in total, winning the 2016 Wimbledon Championships, 2013 Wimbledon Championships and the 2012 US Open, and finished as runner-up at the 2008 US Open, the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2016 Australian Open, at Wimbledon in 2012 and the 2016 French Open.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray made his professional tennis debut on the main tour in Barcelona in 2005. Murray has won 46 singles titles. This includes three Grand Slam titles, 14 Masters 1000 Series titles (the fifth-most since 1990), two gold medals at the Olympics, and a title at the ATP Finals. He also has two exhibition titles, two doubles titles with his brother Jamie Murray and an Olympic silver medal in the mixed doubles with Laura Robson.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray reached his first Major semi-final and final at the 2008 US Open, where he lost in the final to Roger Federer in straight sets. He reached his second Major final at the 2010 Australian Open, again losing to Federer in straight sets. At the 2011 Australian Open, Murray's third Major final appearance ended in another straight sets defeat, this time at the hands of Novak Djokovic. He made his fourth appearance in a Major final at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, becoming the first male British player since Bunny Austin in 1938 to make it to a Wimbledon final. He lost to Roger Federer, who recovered from losing the first set to prevail in four sets. This meant that Murray matched Ivan Lendl's record of losing his first four Major finals.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: A month after this defeat, however, at the same venue, Murray won the gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics, defeating Federer in three sets in the final, while losing only 7 games in the entire match. This was Murray's first victory over Federer in the best of five sets format. Later the same day, he and Laura Robson won silver in the mixed doubles. In his fifth Major final appearance, at the 2012 US Open, he defeated Novak Djokovic in five sets. By winning his first Major final at the fifth attempt, he again emulated his coach Ivan Lendl, who also needed five Major final appearances to win his maiden Grand Slam tournament. His victory over Djokovic took four hours and fifty four minutes, equal to the 1988 US Open final between Ivan Lendl and Mats Wilander as the longest U.S. Open singles final in terms of time. Coincidentally, Lendl was coaching Murray at the time of his 2012 US Open victory.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In addition, Murray has appeared in 21 Masters 1000 Series finals, winning 14. He qualified for the ATP World Tour Finals every year from 2008 to 2016, with his best result coming in the 2016 event in which he went undefeated in round-robin play and then defeated Milos Raonic in the semi-finals. En route to the final, he played the two longest 3-set matches in the event's history against Kei Nishikori and Raonic. In the final he defeated Novak Djokovic in straight sets to clinch his first World Tour Finals crown, as well as the coveted year-end No. 1 ranking.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray has lost 24 finals in his career, of which 17 were against the other members of the Big Four (Djokovic 11, Federer 5, Nadal 1). Between August 2010 when he lost to Sam Querrey, and August 2016 when he lost to Marin Cilic in the Cincinnati Masters, Murray's final losses all came against one of the Big Four. Additionally, in all but one of Murray's eleven grand slam finals, his opponent has been either Djokovic (7 times) or Federer (3 times) – the exception being the most recent, his win over Raonic at Wimbledon in 2016. Murray has taken 12 wins over #1-ranked players: 3 against Nadal, 4 against Federer, and 5 against Djokovic. He has won 11 out of 21 grand-slam semi-finals, with all but two of his defeats at that stage (the first in 2009 and the most recent in 2017) coming against Nadal, Federer or Djokovic.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray's 11 grand slam singles finals is the ninth best total of the Open Era. He is in the top 10 for most match wins at three of the four grand slams (5th at the Australian Open with 49 wins, 6th at Wimbledon with 60 wins, and 9th at the US Open with 48 wins). In Masters 1000 events (going back to 1990), his 14 titles rank him 5th overall. His win at the Paris Masters 1000 event was his 8th Tour title of the season and means that he has now won 7 of the 9 different Masters 1000 events (missing Indian Wells and Monte Carlo).


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Andy Murray has spent in total 41 consecutive weeks as ATP world No. 1, from November 7, 2016 to August 20, 2017.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray's match record against those who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who are active in boldface.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray has a record against players who were, at the time the match was played, top ranked player, or if he was world No. 1 himself, then the highest ranked player other than himself which is the world No. 2.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray has a record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10. Murray has 12 wins over No. 1-ranked players, beating Djokovic 5 times, Federer 4 times and Nadal 3 times.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray represented Great Britain at his maiden Olympics in Beijing 2008. He competed in the singles and doubles competitions. Despite being seeded sixth in the singles competition, he was eliminated in the first round by Chinese Taipei's Yen-hsun Lu. Along with his brother Jamie, he advanced to the second round of the doubles competition with a win over the Canadian pairing of Daniel Nestor and Frédéric Niemeyer. The Murray brothers were eliminated in the second round by France's Arnaud Clément and Michael Llodra. In February, Murray pulled out of the Davis Cup tie against Argentina, because of a knee injury, so Argentina thrashed the under-strength British team. Jamie Murray scathingly criticised Andy and they did not speak to each other for a fortnight. Their rift continued in the Olympic doubles, over a perceived lack of effort from Andy.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: At the London 2012 Olympics, Murray competed in the singles, doubles (partnering his brother Jamie) and mixed doubles (partnering Laura Robson). In the singles, he won the gold medal, including straight-set victories over Novak Djokovic in the semifinals and Roger Federer in the final, four weeks after Federer had beaten him in on the same court in the Wimbledon final. He also won the silver medal in the mixed doubles, losing to the Belarusian pairing of Max Mirnyi and Victoria Azarenka.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray was the Great Britain flag bearer during the opening ceremony for the 2016 Summer Olympics. He reached the gold medal match in the singles competition, whilst losing in the first and second rounds of the men's doubles and mixed doubles competitions respectively. After a 4-hour final, Murray defeated Juan Martín del Potro and successfully retained his title as Olympic champion, achieving a second Olympic gold medal – a feat which no other male singles player has achieved. Murray attributed the motivation of his win as coming from Mo Farah's 10,000 m win.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray made his Davis Cup debut for Great Britain in the Europe/Africa Zone Group 1 2nd Round against Israel in 2005 at 17 years of age, the youngest ever player for Great Britain. He teamed up with fellow debutant David Sherwood and came out victorious in the crucial doubles rubber against the experienced Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram, helping Britain advance 3–2.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In September, Murray played his debut singles match for the Davis Cup in the World Group Play-off against Switzerland in Geneva on clay with Greg Rusedski, Alan Mackin and David Sherwood. Captain Jeremy Bates surprised everyone by naming Murray as the British No 1 and Alan Mackin as British No 2. Under the Davis Cup rules, this meant that for Friday's singles, Murray played the Swiss No 2, Stan Wawrinka while Mackin played the Swiss No 1, Roger Federer. Bates opted for this line-up believed that Federer was virtually unbeatable because he was on a winning streak and hadn't lost since June, and consequently Britain gambled on beating Wawrinka twice, with Murray playing Wawrinka on Friday when he was freshest. Under the rules for the Sunday reverse singles, he would have been able to substitute Mackin with Greg Rusedski, so that Rusedski would play Wawrinka, while Murray played Federer. However Great Britain lost both of their Friday rubbers, giving Switzerland a 2–0 lead. In the doubles, Murray/Rusedski played Federer and Yves Allegro. The British tactics came to nought as Switzerland won the doubles rubber as well, gaining an unassailable 3–0 lead after two days. Alan Mackin and David Sherwood were consequently nominated for the dead singles rubbers losing both of them, resulting in a clean sweep for Switzerland.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: For the Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Serbia and Montenegro, Murray had been suffering with a bacterial infection, so he was restricted to playing the doubles alongside Greg Rusedski, which they lost. With Arvind Parmar also losing in the singles, Great Britain were beaten 3–2.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In the same week as the relegation 1st round play-off against Israel, Murray was officially entered for the ATP tournament in Indianapolis, sparking fears about his commitment. There was a controversial move by the Lawn Tennis Association to pay £500,000 towards the cost of Murray's next coach, Brad Gilbert as a way of securing Murray's long-term services for the Davis Cup team.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In the event, Murray played, winning his first singles. However he lost the doubles with Jamie Delgado, during which Murray damaged his shoulder and neck. He was diagnosed with whiplash, causing him to sit out the final day's singles, and eventually Great Britain were beaten 3–2 to proceed to the relegation 2nd round play-off against Ukraine. With Murray and Greg Rusedski playing, Great Britain beat Ukraine 3–2, to stay in Group I.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In the tie against the Netherlands, Murray and Tim Henman won the opening singles, then Jamie Murray and Greg Rusedski won the doubles to secure victory. Rusedski announced his retirement on the doubles court.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In the run up to World Group play-off against Croatia, Tim Henman had announced he would retire after this match. Murray said "I'm not going to want to let the team down or let Tim down, I'd feel terrible if I was the one that was responsible for losing Tim's last tie. This means a lot to me and it's definitely going to be the biggest Davis Cup match of my career.". "Everyone is going to want to win for Tim. I'm hoping the way I play will show him what his career meant to my development and me." Great Britain beat Croatia 4–1 to qualify for the World Group in 2008.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: After the retirement of Tim Henman and Greg Rusedski, the Davis Cup team was now dependent on Murray having to win three matches, though Henman had told him how wearing and time-consuming that can be. While the LTA was funding Brad Gilbert, Murray was obligated to play for his country, but in November, Murray finished with Brad Gilbert as his coach.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray skipped the World Group 1st round tie against Argentina, over fears he could exacerbate a knee injury, leaving the British team in a hopeless situation – they lost 4–1. Jamie was furious that Andy was letting them down and the Murrays would not speak to each other for two weeks. Seven months later, as the brothers prepared for the tie against Austria, Andy declared that he had healed the rift with Jamie. When Jamie Murray and Ross Hutchins were beaten in the doubles, John Lloyd suffered criticism for not playing Andy. Great Britain lost their World Group play-off to Austria 3–2 and were relegated to Europe/Africa Zone Group I.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray withdrew from the tie against Ukraine after failing to shake off a virus, and Great Britain lost 4–1.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray suffered an injury to his left wrist at the US Open, and would have rested if his next event had not been the Davis Cup. At the Poland match, he won both his singles rubbers. For the doubles with Ross Hutchins, Murray began in the right-hand court, the side usually occupied by the less dominant partner, so as to afford more protection to his troublesome left wrist than when striking double-handed backhands from the left court., though allowed his partner to resume his usual role in the second set. However, the pair succumbed to the world-class Polish duo, and Poland won 3–2;Great Britain were relegated to Europe/Africa Zone Group II for the first time since 1996. Murray had aggravated his wrist injury, so couldn't play for another six weeks.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray pulled out of the match against Lithuania, so younger players could gain more international experience, and to allow him to focus on trying to win Grand Slam titles. His absence was criticised by Davis Cup captain John Lloyd. The Lithuanian side entered the tie as underdogs; fielding a team of teenagers, but Lithuania won 3–2. This was the first time that Great Britain had lost five ties in a row and was described as a humiliating Davis Cup defeat for Great Britain. It led to the resignation of John Lloyd as Davis Cup captain, with Britain now threatened with relegation to the lowest tier of the competition.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray returned for the Europe/Africa Zone Group II tie versus Luxembourg. He beat Laurent Bram, a tennis coach, 6–0, 6–0, 6–0, the last time a Briton had achieved this score line in Davis Cup was Alan Mills defeating Josef Offenheim in 1959, also against Luxembourg. Andy and Jamie Murray teamed up for the first time in Davis Cup doubles for a straight sets win. In his second singles match, Andy then recorded a third straight sets victory, over No. 81 Gilles Müller, with Great Britain eventually winning 4–1.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Three of Hungary's top four players were not available for the Great Britain vs Hungary tie, so Murray defeated Sebő Kiss, a law student without a ranking, in his first singles rubber. Earlier, James Ward overcame sickness to beat the Hungarian No 1, then Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins won the doubles, and Great Britain was promoted into Europe/Africa Zone Group I for the first time since 2009.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Afterwards, Murray criticised the tournament schedule and cast doubt on his availability for next year's Davis Cup.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray intended to play in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Slovakia, but was prevented by injury concerns after the Australian Open. In any event, Great Britain won 3–2.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: By 2013, Great Britain's other tennis players had earned the team a chance to return to the World Group. Murray was suffering a vulnerable back and intended to have surgery after the US Open. Murray revealed that the fear of being branded "unpatriotic" led him to delay the surgery until after the Davis Cup tie in Croatia in September, which jeopardised his place in the next Australian Open. With Croatia's No 1 Marin Čilić absent for committing a doping offence, Murray won both his singles matches and the doubles with Colin Fleming, Great Britain eventually winning 4–1, for their first victory on clay since Ukraine in 2006, and returning to the World Group for the first time since 2008.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: At the World Group first round tie against the United States in San Diego, Murray defeated Donald Young and James Ward unexpectedly beat Sam Querrey on the first day. On the last day, Murray beat Sam Querrey to put Great Britain into the quarterfinals of the Davis Cup for the first time since 1986. Britain's only previous victory on American soil was 111 years ago.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray had to recover from a virus to play in the Quarter Final tie against Italy in Naples after missing the Thursday draw ceremony. James Ward lost his rain delayed match, while Murray's match against Andreas Seppi was halted on Friday evening due to fading light with the score at one set and 5–5 to Murray. On Saturday morning, Murray finished his match, winning in three sets. Two hours later, Murray partnered Colin Fleming to win the doubles rubber. Murray had only beaten one top ten player on clay, Nikolay Davydenko, back in 2009, and was upset by No. 13 Fabio Fognini in straight sets, which took Great Britain to the deciding final rubber. However, James Ward was defeated by Andreas Seppi, also in straight sets, knocking Great Britain out of the Davis Cup.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray helped lead Great Britain to the final of the World Group for the first time since 1978, winning both his singles rubbers in the matches against the US, France and Australia.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In the final against Belgium in Ghent, Murray beat Ruben Bemelmans and combined with brother Jamie to win the doubles rubber before defeating David Goffin to win the Davis Cup for Great Britain, 79 years after the national team's last win.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray led Britain against Japan in the first World Group match in Birmingham, before sitting out the quarter final in Belgrade against Serbia which fell just after Wimbledon. He returned for the semifinal against Argentina, where Great Britain lost.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: In his only match in this year's Davis Cup, Murray defeated the Netherlands' Tallon Griekspoor in the group stages against the Netherlands.


title: Andy Murray career statistics

text: Murray competed in two doubles matches and one singles match for Great Britain in this year's Davis Cup Finals. Partnered with Joe Salisbury, they lost to the United States' Rajeev Ram and Jack Sock, and the Netherlands' Wesley Koolhof and Matwé Middelkoop. Both matches were the deciding factor in each tie, which Great Britain lost 2-1. Great Britain therefore did not qualify for the quarterfinals. Murray then took part in his only singles match this year, against Kazakhstan, where he was victorious.


title: Giovanni Giustiniani

text: Giovanni Giustiniani Longo (, "Iōánnēs Lóngos Ioustiniánēs"; ; 1418 – 1 June 1453) was a Genoese captain, a member of one of the greatest families of the Republic of Genoa, a kinsman to the powerful house of Doria in Genoa, and protostrator of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. He led 700 professional soldiers, both Genoese and Greeks from the island of Chios, which at the time was part of the Republic of Genoa, to the defense of Constantinople against the Ottoman army of Sultan Mehmed II in 1453. He personally financed, organized and led this expedition on his own initiative, and upon arriving was placed in command of the land defenses by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos of the Byzantine Empire. Giustiniani was key in controlling the land forces and keeping the Greeks, Genoese and Venetians from quarrelling with each other, and instead kept focused on repairing the land walls after the Ottoman cannons had shot holes in them. It was at least partly because of Giustiniani's charisma that the Byzantine forces were able to hold out so long against overwhelming odds.


title: Giovanni Giustiniani

text: On 29 May 1453, during the final attack by Mehmed II, Giustiniani was wounded by an Ottoman cannon while defending the walls of Constantinople. Some sources say the wound was caused by a crossbow bolt. Sources disagree about whether the wound was to his arm, leg, or chest, but it forced him to withdraw from his station at the land wall. He exited through the locked gate into the city, which opened up the opportunity for the fearful to flee, and panic spread throughout the lines.


title: Giovanni Giustiniani

text: Seeing the loss of morale caused among the defenders by Giustiniani's retreat, Mehmed II ordered a renewed assault that eventually overwhelmed the Byzantine defenses and Constantinople was taken by the Turks. Although Giustiniani's men managed to escape with their general after its fall, Giustiniani died from his wounds on 1 June 1453.


title: Giovanni Giustiniani

text: His body was carried by his comrades to the then Genoese island of Chios. His tomb in the Church of San Domenico on Chios is lost (possibly from the earthquake of 1881), but several descriptions survive.


title: Ficciones

text: The book is dedicated to writer Esther Zemborain de Torres Duggan, a friend and collaborator of Borges's.


title: Ficciones

text: In 1941, Borges's second collection of fiction, ' (English:"The Garden of Forking Paths") was published. It contained eight stories. In 1944, a new section labeled ' ("Artifices"), containing six stories, was added to the eight of "The Garden of Forking Paths". These were given the collective title "Ficciones". Borges added three more stories to the "Artifices" section in the 1956 edition.


title: Ficciones

text: In 1948, the story "The Garden of Forking Paths" was translated into English by Anthony Boucher and published in "Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine".


title: Ficciones

text: In 1962, an English translation of "Ficciones" was published by Grove Press. Edited and introduced by Anthony Kerrigan, the other translators were Anthony Bonner, Alastair Reid, Helen Temple, and Ruthven Todd.


title: Ficciones

text: "Ficciones" emphasizes and calls attention to its fictional nature. The choice and use of literary devices are conspicuous in the stories. Naomi Lindstrom explains that Borges saw an effort to make a story appear natural "as an impoverishment of fiction's possibilities and falsification of its artistic character."


title: Ficciones

text: The labyrinth is a recurring motif throughout the stories. It is used as a metaphor to represent a variety of things: the overwhelmingly complex nature of worlds and the systems that exist on them, human enterprises, the physical and mental aspects of humans, and abstract concepts such as time. The stories of Borges can be seen as a type of labyrinth themselves.


title: Ficciones

text: Borges often gives his first-person narrators the name "Borges." While he imparts many of his own characteristics in them, he does not idealize them, and gives them human failings as well.


title: Ficciones

text: Borges often puts his protagonists in red enclosures. This has led to analysis of his stories from a Freudian viewpoint, although Borges himself strongly disliked his work being interpreted in such a way. In fact, he called psychoanalysis (Obra poética, Prólogo) "la triste mitología de nuestro tiempo", or "the sad mythology of our time".


title: Ficciones

text: Borges loved books and gives detailed descriptions of the characteristics of the fictional texts in his stories. In "The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim", he indirectly suggests that a librarian is even holier than a saint.


title: Ficciones

text: Other themes throughout his stories include: philosophical issues; deterioration and ruination; games of strategy and chance; conspiracies and secret societies; and ethnic groups, especially those in his own ancestry.


title: Ficciones

text: According to the Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgaard, the first story in "Ficciones", "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius", is "the best short story ever written."


title: California Bureau of Investigation

text: The California Bureau of Investigation ("CBI" or "BI") is California's statewide criminal investigative bureau under the California Department of Justice (CA DOJ), in the Division of Law Enforcement (DLE), administered by the Office of the State Attorney General that provides expert investigative services to assist local, state, tribal, and federal agencies in major criminal investigations ranging across the state.


title: California Bureau of Investigation

text: The California Office of the Attorney General (AG) was created in 1850; however, permanent law enforcement and criminal investigative elements of the CA DOJ were not established until the early 20th century. Despite this, CA DOJ's Law Enforcement personnel can trace part of their roots back to that of the original California Rangers; the first statewide criminal investigative and law enforcement agency created on May 17, 1853. Although the California Rangers were quickly disbanded (following their success in bringing the violent Five Joaquins gang to justice), their special law enforcement capabilities and statewide investigative mission now reside primarily with CA DOJ Special Agents, such as those assigned to CBI.


title: California Bureau of Investigation

text: The CBI is the oldest, continuously operating, statewide criminal investigative agency in the CA DOJ, and in the state of California. Listed below are some key dates in the history of the CBI clarifying this lineage:


title: California Bureau of Investigation

text: Today the CBI can be assigned at the discretion of the State Attorney General, performs investigations on public land for incidents that occur outside of local jurisdictions, or can be requested by local authority for various reasons (e.g., areas that are too small to have local detectives or cross-jurisdiction coordination of major crimes). The CBI also operates several programs including a Special Investigations Team (SIT) handling high-profile investigations and special investigative requests from the Attorney General's Office, a Special Operations Unit (SOU) targeting murder suspects and violent criminal groups with special equipment/resources, a Human Trafficking Team, a Sexual Predator and Assault Team (SPAT), an Electronic Crimes Unit (ECU), a Tax Recovery and Crime Enforcement (TRACE) Task Force, a Recycling Fraud Team (RFT), an intelligence operations clearing house/de-confliction center for law enforcement agencies (LA CLEAR), and the state anti-terrorism program. The CBI also runs and/or participates in several other highly successful state and federal task forces.


title: California Bureau of Investigation

text: A fictional version of CBI was featured in the television series "The Mentalist". It featured several units, with the one featuring the main characters focusing mostly on the investigation of homicides, and occasionally kidnappings or missing persons. The Region 1 DVD release of the fourth season of "The Mentalist" includes the special "CBI: Behind the Badge", featuring interaction with actual law enforcement officers in California, specifically focusing on a homicide task force with several agents and officers of different agencies (including those from CBI), who tutored those who worked on the program in providing a realistic portrayal.


title: California Bureau of Investigation

text: A CBI Special Agent was also featured in a third-season episode of the crime television series "Numb3rs", where the CBI agent worked together with the FBI to catch a murderous cult leader.


title: California Bureau of Investigation

text: Beginning in 2007, "New York Times" best-selling author Jeffery Deaver wrote a series of crime drama novels starring the fictional Special Agent Kathryn Dance of the CA DOJ/CBI. The most recent novel in the series was published in 2015.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium is a chemical element with the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds; however, the +2 oxidation state can also be stable. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble thulium compounds form coordination complexes with nine water molecules.


title: Thulium

text: In 1879, the Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve separated from the rare earth oxide erbia another two previously unknown components, which he called holmia and thulia; these were the oxides of holmium and thulium, respectively. A relatively pure sample of thulium metal was first obtained in 1911.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium is the second-least abundant of the lanthanides, after radioactively unstable promethium which is only found in trace quantities on Earth. It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices, and in some solid-state lasers. It has no significant biological role and is not particularly toxic.


title: Thulium

text: Pure thulium metal has a bright, silvery luster, which tarnishes on exposure to air. The metal can be cut with a knife, as it has a Mohs hardness of 2 to 3; it is malleable and ductile. Thulium is ferromagnetic below 32K, antiferromagnetic between 32 and 56K, and paramagnetic above 56K.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form thulium hydroxide:


title: Thulium

text: Thulium reacts with all the halogens. Reactions are slow at room temperature, but are vigorous above 200°C:


title: Thulium

text: Thulium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the pale green Tm(III) ions, which exist as complexes:


title: Thulium

text: Thulium reacts with various metallic and non-metallic elements forming a range of binary compounds, including , , , , , , , , , and . Like most lanthanides, the +3 state is most common and is the only state observed in thulium solutions. Thulium exists as a ion in solution. In this state, the thulium ion is surrounded by nine molecules of water. ions exhibit a bright blue luminescence. Because it occurs late in the series, the +2 oxidation state can also exist, stabilized by the nearly full 4f electron shell, but occurs only in solids.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium's only known oxide is . This oxide is sometimes called "thulia". Reddish-purple thulium(II) compounds can be made by the reduction of thulium(III) compounds. Examples of thulium(II) compounds include the halides (except the fluoride). Some hydrated thulium compounds, such as and are green or greenish-white. Thulium dichloride reacts very vigorously with water. This reaction results in hydrogen gas and exhibiting a fading reddish color. Combination of thulium and chalcogens results in thulium chalcogenides.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride. With nitric acid it yields thulium nitrate, or .


title: Thulium

text: The isotopes of thulium range from to . The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, , is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before are element 68 (erbium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 70 (ytterbium) isotopes.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium-169 is thulium's only primordial isotope and is the only isotope of thulium that is thought to be stable; it is predicted to undergo alpha decay to holmium-165 with a very long half-life. The longest-lived radioisotopes are thulium-171, which has a half-life of 1.92 years, and thulium-170, which has a half-life of 128.6 days. Most other isotopes have half-lives of a few minutes or less. Thirty-five isotopes and 26 nuclear isomers of thulium have been detected. Most isotopes of thulium lighter than 169 atomic mass units decay via electron capture or beta-plus decay, although some exhibit significant alpha decay or proton emission. Heavier isotopes undergo beta-minus decay.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements (this was the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander earlier used to discover some other rare earth elements). Cleve started by removing all of the known contaminants of erbia (). Upon additional processing, he obtained two new substances; one brown and one green. The brown substance was the oxide of the element holmium and was named holmia by Cleve, and the green substance was the oxide of an unknown element. Cleve named the oxide thulia and its element thulium after Thule, an Ancient Greek place name associated with Scandinavia or Iceland. Thulium's atomic symbol was initially Tu, but later changed to Tm.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium was so rare that none of the early workers had enough of it to purify sufficiently to actually see the green color; they had to be content with spectroscopically observing the strengthening of the two characteristic absorption bands, as erbium was progressively removed. The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham, USA. In 1911 he reported his results, having used his discovered method of bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification. He famously needed 15,000 purification operations to establish that the material was homogeneous.


title: Thulium

text: High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s, as a result of the adoption of ion-exchange separation technology. Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash & Chemical Corporation offered it in grades of 99% and 99.9% purity. The price per kilogram oscillated between US$4,600 and $13,300 in the period from 1959 to 1998 for 99.9% purity, and it was the second highest for the lanthanides behind lutetium.


title: Thulium

text: The element is never found in nature in pure form, but it is found in small quantities in minerals with other rare earths. Thulium is often found with minerals containing yttrium and gadolinium. In particular, thulium occurs in the mineral gadolinite. However, like many other lanthanides, thulium also occurs in the minerals monazite, xenotime, and euxenite. Thulium has not been found in prevalence over the other rare earths in any mineral yet. Its abundance in the Earth's crust is 0.5 mg/kg by weight and 50 parts per billion by moles. Thulium makes up approximately 0.5 parts per million of soil, although this value can range from 0.4 to 0.8 parts per million. Thulium makes up 250 parts per quadrillion of seawater. In the Solar System, thulium exists in concentrations of 200 parts per trillion by weight and 1 part per trillion by moles. Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China. However, Australia, Brazil, Greenland, India, Tanzania, and the United States also have large reserves of thulium. Total reserves of thulium are approximately 100,000 tonnes. Thulium is the least abundant lanthanide on Earth except for the radioactive promethium.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium is principally extracted from monazite ores (~0.007% thulium) found in river sands, through ion exchange. Newer ion-exchange and solvent-extraction techniques have led to easier separation of the rare earths, which has yielded much lower costs for thulium production. The principal sources today are the ion adsorption clays of southern China. In these, where about two-thirds of the total rare-earth content is yttrium, thulium is about 0.5% (or about tied with lutetium for rarity). The metal can be isolated through reduction of its oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction in a closed container. None of thulium's natural compounds are commercially important. Approximately 50 tonnes per year of thulium oxide are produced. In 1996, thulium oxide cost US$20 per gram, and in 2005, 99%-pure thulium metal powder cost US$70 per gram.


title: Thulium

text: Holmium-chromium-thulium triple-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (, or ) is an active laser medium material with high efficiency. It lases at 2080 nm in the Infra-Red and is widely used in military applications, medicine, and meteorology. Single-element thulium-doped YAG (Tm:YAG) lasers operate at 2010 nm. The wavelength of thulium-based lasers is very efficient for superficial ablation of tissue, with minimal coagulation depth in air or in water. This makes thulium lasers attractive for laser-based surgery.


title: Thulium

text: Despite its high cost, portable X-ray devices use thulium that has been bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to produce the isotope Thulium-170, having a half-life of 128.6 days and five major emission lines of comparable intensity (at 7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4 and 84.253 keV). These radioactive sources have a useful life of about one year, as tools in medical and dental diagnosis, as well as to detect defects in inaccessible mechanical and electronic components. Such sources do not need extensive radiation protectiononly a small cup of lead.


title: Thulium

text: Thulium-170 is gaining popularity as an X-ray source for cancer treatment via brachytherapy (sealed source radiation therapy).


title: Thulium

text: Thulium has been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium. Thulium potentially has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment. Thulium is also similar to scandium in that it is used in arc lighting for its unusual spectrum, in this case, its green emission lines, which are not covered by other elements. Because thulium fluoresces with a blue color when exposed to ultraviolet light, thulium is put into euro banknotes as a measure against counterfeiting. The blue fluorescence of Tm-doped calcium sulfate has been used in personal dosimeters for visual monitoring of radiation. Tm-doped halides in which Tm is in its 2+ valence state, are promising luminescent materials that can make efficient electricity generating windows based on the principle of a luminescent solar concentrator, possible.


title: Thulium

text: Soluble thulium salts are mildly toxic, but insoluble thulium salts are completely nontoxic. When injected, thulium can cause degeneration of the liver and spleen and can also cause hemoglobin concentration to fluctuate. Liver damage from thulium is more prevalent in male mice than female mice. Despite this, thulium has a low level of toxicity. In humans, thulium occurs in the highest amounts in the liver, kidneys, and bones. Humans typically consume several micrograms of thulium per year. The roots of plants do not take up thulium, and the dry matter of vegetables usually contains one part per billion of thulium. Thulium dust and powder are toxic upon inhalation or ingestion and can cause explosions.


title: ER (season 14)

text: The fourteenth season of the American fictional drama television series "ER" first aired on September 27, 2007, and concluded on May 15, 2008. It consists of 19 episodes.


title: ER (season 14)

text: The series celebrates its 300th episode but due to the writers' strike this season runs three episodes shorter than normal. As a result, certain storylines were altered, including Gates' relationship with hospital chaplain Julia Dupree. With Kovač in Croatia, the focus shifts to Abby as she adapts to life as a single parent. Meanwhile, new ER chief Kevin Morretti continues to make his presence felt until he makes a swift exit, Pratt is angered when locum Dr. Wexler is appointed as Morretti's replacement, Sam and Gates start a relationship and Jeanie Boulet makes a return to the ER when her son is brought in.


title: ER (season 14)

text: The season was executive produced by Christopher Chulack, Michael Crichton, John Wells, David Zabel, Joe Sachs, and Janine Sherman Barrois. Virgil Williams and Lisa Zwerling act as supervising producers. Wendy Spence Rosato serves as a producer. Tommy Burns is the season's unit production manager and the on-set producer of episodes. Dieter Ismagil and David Malloy served as associate producers on the first nine episodes of the season. Zabel, Sachs, Barrois, Williams, and Zwerling all worked as writers as well as producers. Karen Maser and Shannon Gross complete the writing staff.


title: ER (season 14)

text: Wells directed a single episode of the season and did not write any episodes for the first time. Chulack served as a regular director along with his production role and contributed four episodes including the series finale. Regular director Stephen Cragg also directed four episodes of the season including the series premiere. Returning director Andrew Bernstein contributed two episodes. New director Anthony Hemingway directed two episodes. Film director Rob Hardy directed a single episode, marking his debut in television. Long serving series directors Richard Thorpe and Félix Enríquez Alcalá each contribute a single episode this season. Former cast members Laura Innes and Paul McCrane continue to direct for the series, each contributing a single episode this season. Returning director Tawnia McKiernan also contributed a further episode this season.


title: ER (season 14)

text: The DVD of the series includes a half-hour featurette recorded at the celebration event for the 300th episode.


title: Oscorp

text: Oscorp (sometimes stylized as OsCorp), also known as Oscorp Industries, is a fictional multibillion-dollar multinational corporation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, predominantly in stories about Spider-Man. The company was founded by Norman Osborn and has appeared in numerous media adaptations. According to Forbes, highlighting the 25 largest fictional companies, it had an estimated sales of $3.1 billion, ranking it at number 23.


title: Oscorp

text: The corporation is based out of the Oscorp Tower in New York. It was created and run by its CEO Norman Osborn. Norman studied chemistry and electrical engineering in college. He also took a number of courses in business administration. Norman's teacher, Professor Mendel Stromm, formed the business partnership. Since Norman put up the bulk of the financing, they called their company the Osborn Corporation, or Oscorp.


title: Oscorp

text: Stromm's early research was on a chemical that would provide enhanced strength in its test subjects and would eventually turn Osborn into the Green Goblin. Osborn, wanting the formula for himself, discovered that Stromm had been embezzling funds from Oscorp. Stromm explained that he was merely borrowing but Osborn turned him over to the police. After several years in prison, Stromm was released and tried to kill Osborn for revenge using evil robots. He was stopped by the superhero Spider-Man and seemingly died of a heart attack when he was nearly shot.


title: Oscorp

text: Jay Allan's company "Allan Chemical" was merged with Normie Osborn's stocks from Oscorp and the last remaining properties of Horizon Labs after its destruction, establishing it under the new name of "Alchemax".


title: Oscorp

text: It was later revealed that Norman Osborn under the guise of "Mason Banks" created the corporation in order to leave a strong empire for his grandson and establish an empire for the Osborn legacy. Their headquarters Oscorp Tower was the former headquarters of Oscorp.


title: Oscorp

text: In the "Ultimate Marvel" universe, Oscorp is much the same as in the Earth-616 version. The company is owned and operated by Norman Osborn who developed the Oz super soldier serum and the spiders who were behind the abilities of Peter Parker, and later Miles Morales. After an incident in which Osborn injected himself with Oz serum and became the Green Goblin, a big portion of the main building was left in ruins, and numerous scientists died or transitioned to other companies like Roxxon in the case of Conrad Marcus. Osborn Industries had been mentioned to still produce technologies.


title: Oscorp

text: Oscorp is featured in "The Amazing Spider-Man" (2012) and "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" (2014), both directed by Marc Webb.