title: Altiyan Childs

text: In January 2012, Childs was found guilty in Taree Local Court of having methamphetamine and marijuana in his system after being pulled over while driving in November 2011. His driver's licence was suspended for six months and was fined $600. As a result of the incident, Rockdale City Council stripped Childs of the key to the city it had awarded him, prompting Childs to launch a tirade alleging corruption at the council. The incident also led to Childs falling out with his "X Factor" mentor Ronan Keating. On 24 January 2012, it was announced that Childs had parted ways with Sony Music Australia. A spokesperson for the record label told News Limited, "He wanted to move in another direction and the decision was mutual. We wish him all the best." During this time, Childs announced on his official Facebook page that he would be releasing a tell-all memoir titled "Altiyan & Goliath", detailing the "deepest truths" about the rise and fall of his post "X Factor" career.


title: Altiyan Childs

text: In late 2012, Childs signed with independent label Oxygen Music Group. His second album "Born Before the Sun" was expected to be released in 2013. The first single, "Headlines", was released in December 2012 and failed to reach the ARIA Top 100. In March 2013 Oxygen Music announced Childs was no longer their client. He was signed to Vibe Management and it was announced Childs would be going to the US to sign a recording deal, and doing a series of performances and interviews, including shows at The Viper Room in Los Angeles, the Hard Rock Hotel in San Diego and Tao Nightclub in Las Vegas. An article in the "Daily Telegraph" stated that these venues all denied Childs was performing at them. Childs returned to Australia in May 2013 and made a statement on Facebook saying the trip had not gone as planned because he had been let down by his American agent. He claimed he has now been offered a contract to release his album in the US and France. He also stated he was no longer with Vibe Management.


title: Altiyan Childs

text: On 20 December 2013, Childs released "Dreams" as the first single from his second studio album "Born Before the Sun". On 13 March 2014, Childs independently released the album's second single "Girl". The third single "Celebrity" was released on 4 July 2014. "Born Before the Sun" was released on 27 September 2015, through independent label 9LoveRecords. The album is a collection of material Childs had written over the past 15 years and comes almost five years after his self-titled debut album was released. "Born Before the Sun" was made available predominantly in digital format, with physical copies made available to buy from Childs' official website.


title: Altiyan Childs

text: In 2016 Altiyan was cast in the title role for Gateway Theatre Production's "Jesus Christ Superstar". The show was a success, selling out all six shows in Queensland. The show was held at The Events Centre in Caloundra. Reviews were positive.


title: Altiyan Childs

text: In late 2016 Childs married his girlfriend of 4 years, Samantha Greenland, in a private ceremony. Childs announced the marriage on his Facebook page. https://www.facebook.com/127626580620606/photos/pb.100044875701245.-2207520000../1079902308726357/?type=3


title: Altiyan Childs

text: On 15 April 2021, Altiyan released a five-hour youtube video on Freemasonry, and its secretly antagonistic relationship with Christianity. Altiyan claims to be a former member of the Masonic fraternity, breaking his Masonic oaths in order to produce his 5 hour presentation. The conclusion of the presentation is that international Freemasonry is in fact Organised Satanism in disguise.


title: Altiyan Childs

text: Childs stated in his Freemasonry presentation that he has since retired from music and now dedicates his life to leading people to Jesus Christ. It is known that he lives on his own property in NSW with his wife Samantha.


title: Tamil literature

text: Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tamil people from South India, including the land now comprising Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Eelam Tamils from Sri Lanka, as well as the Tamil diaspora.


title: Tamil literature

text: The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social, economical, political and cultural trends of various periods. The early Sangam literature, dated before 300 BCE, contain anthologies of various poets dealing with many aspects of life, including love, war, social values and religion. This was followed by the early epics and moral literature, authored by Shaivite, Vaishnavite, Ājīvika, Jain and Buddhist authors and poets lasting up to the 5th century CE. From the 6th to 12th century CE, the Tamil devotional poems written by Nayanmars (sages of Shaivism) and Alvars (sages of Vaishnavism), heralded the great Bhakti movement which later engulfed the entire Indian subcontinent. It is during this era that some of the grandest of Tamil literary classics like Kambaramayanam and Periya Puranam were authored and many poets were patronized by the imperial Chola and Pandya empires. The later medieval period saw many assorted minor literary works and also contributions by a few Muslim and European authors.


title: Tamil literature

text: A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. The modern Tamil literary movement started with Subramania Bharathi, the multifaceted Indian Nationalist poet and author, and was quickly followed up by many who began to utilize the power of literature in influencing the masses. With growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. Modern Tamil literary criticism also evolved. The popularity of Tamil cinema has also interacted with Tamil literature in some mutually enriching ways.


title: Tamil literature

text: Sangam literature comprises some of the oldest extant Tamil literature, and deals with love, traditions, war, governance, trade and bereavement. Unfortunately much of the Tamil literature belonging to the Sangam period has been lost. The literature currently available from this period is perhaps just a fraction of the wealth of material produced during this golden age of Tamil civilization. The available literature from this period has been broadly divided in antiquity into three categories based roughly on chronology. These are: the Eighteen Greater Text Series ("Pathinenmaelkanakku") comprising the Eight Anthologies ("Ettuthokai") and the Ten Idylls ("Pattupattu") and the Five Great Epics. "Tolkaappiyam", a commentary on grammar, phonetics, rhetoric and poetics is dated from this period.


title: Tamil literature

text: Tamil legends hold that these were composed in three successive poetic assemblies ("Sangam") that were held in ancient times on a now vanished continent far to the south of India. A significant amount of literature could have preceded "Tolkappiyam" as grammar books are usually written after the existence of literature over long periods. Tamil tradition holds the earliest "Sangam" poetry to be over twelve millennia old. Modern linguistic scholarship places the poems between the 3rd century BCE and the 2nd century CE.


title: Tamil literature

text: Sangam age is considered by the Tamil people as the golden era of Tamil language. This was the period when the Tamil country was ruled by the three 'crowned kings' the Cheras, Pandyas and the Cholas. The land was at peace with no major external threats. Asoka's conquests did not impact on the Tamil land and the people were able to indulge in literary pursuits. The poets had a much more casual relationship with their rulers than can be imagined in later times. They could chide them when they are perceived to wander from the straight and narrow. The greatness of the Sangam age poetry may be ascribed not so much to its antiquity, but due to the fact that their ancestors were indulging in literary pursuits and logical classification of the habitats and society in a systematic manner with little to draw from precedents domestically or elsewhere. The fact that these classifications were documented at a very early date in the grammatical treatise "Tolkappiyam", demonstrates the organized manner in which the Tamil language has evolved. "Tolkappiyam" is not merely a textbook on Tamil grammar giving the inflection and syntax of words and sentences but also includes classification of habitats, animals, plants and human beings. The discussion on human emotions and interactions is particularly significant. Tolkappiyam is divided into three chapters: orthography, etymology and subject matter ("Porul"). While the first two chapters of Tolkappiyam help codify the language, the last part, "Porul" refers to the people and their behavior. The grammar helps to convey the literary message on human behavior and conduct, and uniquely merges the language with its people.


title: Tamil literature

text: The literature was classified into the broad categories of 'subjective' ("akam") and 'objective' ("puram") topics to enable the poetic minds to discuss any topic under the sun, from grammar to love, within the framework of well prescribed, socially accepted conventions. Subjective topics refer to the personal or human aspect of emotions that cannot be verbalized adequately or explained fully. It can only be experienced by the individuals and includes love and sexual relationship.


title: Tamil literature

text: Recognizing that human activities cannot take place in vacuum and are constantly influenced by environmental factors, human experiences, in general, and subjective topics in particular, are assigned to specific habitats. Accordingly, land was classified into five genres ("thinai"): "kurinji" (mountainous regions), "mullai" (forests), "marutham" (agricultural lands), "neithal" (seashore), "paalai" (wasteland). The images associated with these landscapes – birds, beasts, flowers, gods, music, people, weather, seasons – were used to subtly convey a mood, associated with an aspect of life. "Kuruntokai", a collection of poems belonging to the "Ettuthokai" anthology demonstrates an early treatment of the Sangam landscape. Such treatments are found to be much refined in the later works of "Akananuru" and "Paripaatal". "Paripaatal" takes its name from the musical "Paripaatal meter" utilised in these poems. This is the first instance of a work set to music. "Akaval" and "kalippa" were the other popular meters used by poets during the Sangam age.


title: Tamil literature

text: The three centuries after the Sangam age marks the didactic age. The invaders replaced number of words and concepts relating to ethics, philosophy and religion of Tamil. Around 300 CE, the Tamil land was under the influence of a group of people known as the Kalabhras. The Kalabhras were Buddhist and a number of Buddhist authors flourished during this period. Jainism and Buddhism saw rapid growth. These authors, perhaps reflecting the austere nature of their faiths, created works mainly on morality and ethics. A number of Jain and Buddhist poets contributed to the creation of these didactic works as well as grammar and lexicography. The collection the Eighteen Lesser Text series ("Pathinenkilkanakku") was of this period.


title: Tamil literature

text: The best known of these works on ethics is the "Tirukkural" by Thiruvalluvar. The book is a comprehensive manual of ethics, polity and love, containing 1,330 distichs or "kural" divided into chapters of ten distichs each: the first thirty-eight on ethics, the next seventy on polity and the remainder on love.


title: Tamil literature

text: Other famous works of this period are "Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu", "Nalatiyar", "Inna Narpathu" and "Iniyavai Narpathu". The Jain texts "Nalatiyar" and "Pazhamozhi Nanuru" each consist of four hundred poems, each of which cites a proverb and then illustrates it with a story.


title: Tamil literature

text: The fall of the Kalabhras around 500 CE saw a reaction from the thus far suppressed Hindus. The Kalabhras were replaced by the Pandyas in the south and by the Pallavas in the north. Even with the exit of the Kalabhras, the Jain and Buddhist influence still remained in Tamil Nadu. The early Pandya and the Pallava kings were followers of these faiths. The Hindu reaction to this apparent decline of their religion was growing and reached its peak during the later part of the 7th century. There was a widespread Hindu revival during which a huge body of Saiva and Vaishnava literature was created. Many Saiva Nayanmars and Vaishnava Alvars provided a great stimulus to the growth of popular devotional literature. Karaikkal Ammaiyar who lived in the 6th century CE was the earliest of these Nayanmars. The celebrated Saiva hymnists Sundaramoorthy, Thirugnana Sambanthar and Thirunavukkarasar (also known as "Appar") were of this period. Of Appar's verses 3066 have survived. Sambandar sang 4,169 verses. Together these form the first six books of the Saiva canon, collected by Nambi Andar Nambi in the 10th century. Sundarar wrote "Tiruttondartokai" which gives the list of sixty-two Nayanmars. This was later elaborated by Sekkilar in his "Periyapuranam" (4,272 verses). Manikkavasagar, who lived around the 8th century CE was a minister in the Pandya court. His "Tiruvasakam" consisting of over 600 verses is noted for its passionate devotion. These Saivite Hymns collectively called Thirumurai is described as SIXTH VEDA next to Bhagavath Geetha in Hindu Tradition.


title: Tamil literature

text: Along with the Saiva Nayanmars, Vaishnava Alvars were also producing devotional hymns and their songs were collected later into the Four Thousand Sacred Hymns ("Naalayira Divyap Prabhandham"). The three earliest Alvars were Poygai, Pudam and Pey. Each of these wrote one hundred "Venpas". Tirumalisai Alwar who was a contemporary of the Pallava Mahendravarman I wrote such works as "Naanmugantiruvadiandadi". Tirumangai Alvar who lived in the 8th century CE was a more prolific writer and his works constitute about a third of the Diyaprabhandam. Periyalvar and his adopted daughter Andal contributed nearly 650 hymns to the Vaishnava canon. Andal symbolised purity and love for the God and wrote her hymns addressing Vishnu as a lover. The hymn of Andal which starts with "Vaaranam Aayiram" (One Thousand Elephants) tells of her dream wedding to Vishnu and is sung even today at Tamil Vaishnava weddings. Nammalvar, who lived in the 9th century, wrote "Tiruvaimoli". It comprises 1,101 stanzas and is held in great esteem for its elucidation of the Upanishads. This corpus was collected by Nathamuni, around 950 CE and formed the classical and vernacular basis for Sri Vaishnavism. These Hymns "Naalayira Divya Prabhandham" is respected at par with Vedas by Sri Vaishnavites in sanctity and holiness and hence referred to as 'Dravida Vedam'.


title: Tamil literature

text: "Cilappatikaram" is one of the outstanding works of general literature of this period. The authorship and exact date of the classic "Cilappatikaram" are not definitely known. Ilango Adigal, who is credited with this work was reputed to be the brother of the Sangam age Chera king Senguttuvan. However we have no information of such a brother in the numerous poems sung on the Chera king. The "Cilappatikaram" is unique in its vivid portrayal of the ancient Tamil land. This is unknown in other works of this period. "Cilappatikaram" and its companion epic "Manimekalai" are Jain in philosophy. "Manimekalai" was written by Sattanar who was a contemporary of Ilango Adigal. Manimekalai contains a long exposition of fallacies of logic. Kongu Velir, a Jain author wrote "Perunkathai". "Valayapathi" and "Kundalakesi" are the names of two other narrative poems of this period written by a Jain and a Buddhist author respectively. These works have been lost and only a few poems of "Valayapathi" have been found so far.


title: Tamil literature

text: The medieval period was the period of the Imperial Cholas when the entire south India was under a single administration. The period between the 11th and the 13th centuries, during which the Chola power was at its peak, there were relatively few foreign incursions and the life for the Tamil people was one of peace and prosperity. It also provided the opportunity for the people to interact with cultures beyond their own, as the Cholas ruled over most of the South India, Sri Lanka and traded with the kingdoms in southeast Asia. The Cholas built numerous temples, mainly for their favourite god Siva, and these were celebrated in numerous hymns. The "Prabhanda" became the dominant form of poetry. The religious canons of Saiva and Vaishnava sects were beginning to be systematically collected and categorised. Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a contemporary of Rajaraja Chola I, collected and arranged the books on Saivism into eleven books called "Tirumurais". The hagiology of Saivism was standardised in "Periyapuranam" (also known as "Tiruttondar Puranam") by Sekkilar, who lived during the reign of Kulothunga Chola II (1133–1150 CE). Religious books on the Vaishnava sect were mostly composed in Sanskrit during this period. The great Vaishnava leader Ramanuja lived during the reigns of Athirajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I, and had to face religious persecution from the Cholas who belonged to the Saiva sect. One of the best known Tamil works of this period is the "Ramavatharam" by Kamban who flourished during the reign of Kulottunga III. "Ramavatharam" is the greatest epic in Tamil Literature, and although the author states that he followed Valmiki, his work is not a mere translation or even an adaptation of the Sanskrit epic. Kamban imports into his narration the colour and landscape of his own time. A contemporary of Kamban was the famous poet Auvaiyar who found great happiness in writing for young children. Her works, "Athichoodi" and "Konraiventhan" are even now generally read and taught in schools in Tamil Nadu. Her two other works, "Mooturai" and "Nalvali" were written for slightly older children. All the four works are didactic in character. They explain the basic wisdom that should govern mundane life.


title: Tamil literature

text: Of the books on the Buddhist and the Jain faiths, the most noteworthy is the "Jivaka-chintamani" by the Jain ascetic Thirutakkadevar composed in the 10th century. "Viruttam" style of poetry was used for the first time for the verses in this book. The five Tamil epics "Seevaka-chintamani", "Silappatikaram", "Manimekalai", "Kundalakesi" and "Valayapathi" are collectively known as The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature. There were a number of books written on Tamil grammar. "Yapperungalam" and "Yapperungalakkarigai" were two works on prosody by the Jain ascetic Amirtasagara. Buddamitra wrote "Virasoliyam", another work on Tamil grammar, during the reign of Virarajendra Chola. "Virasoliyam" attempts to find synthesis between Sanskrit and Tamil grammar. Other grammatical works of this period are "Nannul" by Pavanandi, "Vaccanandi Malai" by Neminatha, and the annotations on the puram theme, "Purapporul Venpamalai" by Aiyanaridanar.


title: Tamil literature

text: There were biographical and political works such as Jayamkondar's Kalingattuparani, a semi-historical account on the two invasion of Kalinga by Kulothunga Chola I. Jayamkondar was a poet-laureate in the Chola court and his work is a fine example of the balance between fact and fiction the poets had to tread. Ottakuttan, a close contemporary of Kambar, wrote three "Ulas" on Vikrama Chola, Kulothunga Chola II and Rajaraja Chola II


title: Tamil literature

text: Tamil Muslim literature is eight centuries old. The earliest literary works of this coterie could be traced to the 14th century in the form of "Palsanthmalai", a small work of eight stanzas. In 1572, Seyku Issaku, better known as Vanna Parimala Pulavar, published "Aayira Masala Venru Vazhankum Adisaya Puranam" detailing the Islamic principles and beliefs in a FAQ format. In 1592, Aali Pulavar wrote the "Mikurasu Malai".


title: Tamil literature

text: The period from 1300 CE to 1650 was a period of constant change in the political situation of Tamil Nadu. The Tamil country was invaded by the armies of the Delhi Sultanate and raided the Pandya kingdom. This overstretched the Delhi Sultanate to such an extent it collapsed soon after which triggered the rise of the Bahmani Sultans in the Deccan. Vijayanagar empire rose from the ashes of the kingdoms of Hoysalas and Chalukyas and eventually conquered the entire south India. The Vijayanagar kings appointed regional governors to rule various territories of their kingdom and Tamil Nadu was ruled by the Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks and Gingee Nayaks. This period saw a large output of philosophical works, commentaries, epics and devotional poems. A number of monasteries ("Mathas") were established by the various Hindu sects and these began to play a prominent role in educating the people. Numerous authors were of either the Saiva or the Vaishnava sects. The Vijayanagar kings and their Nayak governors were ardent Hindus and they patronised these "mathas". Although the kings and the governors of the Vijayanagar empire spoke Kannada and Telugu they encouraged the growth of Tamil literature as we find no slowing down in the literary output during this period.


title: Tamil literature

text: There was a large output of works of philosophical and religious in nature, such as the "Sivananabodam" by Meykandar. At the end of the 14th century Svarupananda Desikar wrote two anthologies on the philosophy of "Advaita", the "Sivaprakasapperundirattu". Arunagirinathar who lived in Tiruvannamalai in the 14th century wrote "Tiruppugal". Around 1360 verses of unique lilt and set to unique metres these poems are on the god Muruga. Madai Tiruvengadunathar, an official in the court of the Madurai Nayak, wrote "Meynanavilakkam" on the Advaita Vedanta. Siva prakasar, in the early 17th century wrote a number of works on the Saiva philosophy. Notable among these is the "Nanneri" which deals with moral instructions. A considerable par to the religious and philosophical literature of the age took the form of "Puranas" or narrative epics. A number of these were written on the various deities of the temples in Tamil Nadu and are known as Sthala Puranas, based on legend and folklore. One of the most important of the epics was the Mahabharatam by Villiputturar. He translated Vyasa's epic into Tamil and named it "Villibharatam". "Kanthapuranam" on the god Murugan was written by Kacchiappa Sivachariyar who lived in the 15th century. This work was based broadly on the Sanskrit "Skandapurana". Varatungarama Pandya, a Pandya king of the period was a littérateur of merit and wrote "Paditrruppattanthathi". He also translated into Tamil the erotic book known as "Kokkoha" from Sanskrit.


title: Tamil literature

text: This period also an age of many commentaries of ancient Tamil works. Adiyarkunallar wrote an annotation on Cilappatikaram. Senavaraiyar wrote a commentary on the Tolkappiyam. Then came the famous Parimelalagar whose commentary on the Tirukkural is still considered one of the best available. Other famous annotators such as Perasiriyar and Naccinarikiniyar wrote commentaries on the various work of Sangam literature. The first Tamil dictionary was attempted by Mandalapurusha who compiled the lexicon "Nigandu Cudamani". Thayumanavar, who lived in the early 18th century, is famous for a number of short poems of philosophical nature.


title: Tamil literature

text: The 17th-century altruist Syed Khader, known colloquially as Seethakaathi, was a great patron of all Tamil poets. He commissioned Umaruppulavar to pen the first biography of Nabi. The collection of poems was called "Seerapuranam". The 17th century also saw for the first time literary works by Christian authors. Costanzo Giuseppe Beschi (1680–1746), better known as Veeramamunivar, compiled the first dictionary in Tamil. His "Chathurakarathi" was the first to list the Tamil words in alphabetical order.


title: Tamil literature

text: During the 18th and the 19th century Tamil Nadu witnessed some of the most profound changes in the political scene. The traditional Tamil ruling clans were superseded by European colonists and their sympathisers. The Tamil society underwent a deep cultural shock with the imposition of western cultural influences. The Hindu religious establishments attempted to stem the tide of change and to safeguard the Tamil cultural values. Notable among these were the Saiva monasteries at Tiruvavaduthurai, Dharmapuram, Thiruppananthal and Kundrakudi. Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai(1815–1876) was a Tamil scholar who taught Tamil at one of these monasteries. He wrote more than eighty books consisting of over 200,000 poems. He is more famous however for encouraging U.V.Swaminatha Iyer to go search for Tamil books that have been lost for centuries. Gopalakrishna Bharathi lived during the early 19th century. He wrote numerous poems and lyrics set to tune in Carnatic music. His most famous work is the "Nandan Charitam" on the life of Nandanar who having been born in a sociologically lower caste, faces and overcomes the social obstacles in achieving his dream of visiting the Chidambaram temple. This work is a revolutionary social commentary considering the period in which it was written, although Gopalakrishna Bharati expanded on the story in "Periyapuranam". Ramalinga Adigal (Vallalar) (1823–1874) wrote the devotional poem "Tiruvarutpa" is considered to be a work of great beauty and simplicity. Maraimalai Adigal (1876–1950) advocated for the purity of Tamil and wanted to clean it of words with Sanskrit influences. One of the great Tamil poets of this period was Subramanya Bharathi. His works are stimulating in their progressive themes like freedom and feminism. Bharathy introduced a new poetic style into the somewhat rigid style of Tamil poetry writing, which had followed the rules set down in the "Tolkaappiyam". His "puthukkavithai" (Lit.:new poetry) broke the rules and gave poets the freedom to express themselves. He also wrote Tamil prose in the form of commentaries, editorials, short stories and novels. Some of these were published in the Tamil daily "Swadesamitran" and in his Tamil weekly "India". Inspired by Bharathi, many poets resorted to poetry as a means of reform. Bharathidasan was one such poet. U.V.Swaminatha Iyer, was instrumental in the revival of interest in the Sangam age literature in Tamil Nadu. He travelled all over the Tamil country, collecting, deciphering and publishing ancient books such as "Cilappatikaram", "Kuruntokai", etc. He published over 90 books and wrote "En caritham", an autobiography.


title: Tamil literature

text: The novel as a genre of literature arrived in Tamil in the third quarter of the 19th century, more than a century after it became popular with English writers. Its emergence was perhaps facilitated by the growing population of Tamils with a western education and exposure to popular English fiction. Mayavaram Vedanayagam Pillai wrote the first Tamil novel "Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram" in 1879. This was a romance with an assortment of fables, folk tales and even Greek and Roman stories, written with the entertainment of the reader as the principal motive. It was followed by "Kamalambal Charitram" by B. R. Rajam Iyer in 1893 and "Padmavathi Charitram" by A. Madhaviah in 1898. These two portray the life of Brahmins in 19th-century rural Tamil Nadu, capturing their customs and habits, beliefs and rituals. Although it was primarily a powerful narration of the common man's life in a realistic style spiced with natural humour, Rajam Iyer's novel has a spiritual and philosophical undertone. Madhaviah tells the story in a more realistic way with a searching criticism of the upper caste society, particularly the sexual exploitation of girls by older men. D. Jayakanthan has enriched the high traditions of literary traditions of Tamil language and contributed towards the shaping of Indian literature. His literature presents a deep and sensitive understanding of complex human nature and is an authentic and vivid index of Indian reality. One famous novel of his is Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal. Since the 1990s the post modernist writers emerged as a major figures, including Jeyamohan, S.Ramakrishnan, Charu Nivedita. The critically acclaimed works include Vishnupuram and Venmurasu novel series by Jeymohan, Ubapandavam by S.Ramakrishnan, Zero degree by Charu Niveditha, yumaa vasuki – Ratha vurvu (Blood Relation), Lakshmi Manivannan (appavin Thottathil neer payum idangal ellam ...), nakulan – ninivu-p-padhai., and Konangi, who mixes classical Tamil inflections with experimental sound poets.


title: Tamil literature

text: There are other less appreciated works involving those translated from other languages, which are often unrecognized by Tamil pundits. The works include "Urumaatram" (translation of Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis"), "Siluvayil Thongum Saathaan" (translation of "Devil on the Cross" by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o), "Thoongum azhagigalin Illam" (translation of "The House of the Sleeping Beauties" by Yasunari Kawabata). Writers like Amarantha, Latha Ramakrishnan are responsible for these works.


title: Tamil literature

text: Crime and detective fiction has enjoyed wide popularity in Tamil Nadu since the 1930s. Popular authors in the years before independence included Kurumbur Kuppusami and Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar. In the 1950s and 1960s, Tamilvanan's detective hero Shankarlal carried readers to a variety of foreign locales, while using a pure Tamil with very few Hindi or English loan words. These writers are often extremely prolific, with hundreds or even thousands of short novels to their credit, and one or more short novel published in a monthly periodical. Indra Soundar Rajan, another popular modern author, writes supernatural crime thrillers usually based around Hindu mythology.


title: Tamil literature

text: In the 1950s and 60s, Chandilyan wrote a number of very popular historical romance novels set in medieval India or on medieval trade routes with Malaysia, Indonesia and Europe.


title: Tamil literature

text: From the 1950s, spanning six decades, Jayakanthan authored around 40 novels, 200 short stories, apart from two autobiographies. Outside literature, he made two films. In addition, four of his other novels were adapted into films by others. His works revolve around the lives of underclass people like rickshaw-pullers, prostitutes and rag-pickers.


title: Tamil literature

text: Arunaa Nandhini is one of recent Tamil novelists who has entered the hearts of many Tamil readers, and her story covers family subject, romance, reality, with some humor added for the readers to enjoy their leisure.


title: Tamil literature

text: Modern romance novels are represented by the current bestselling author in the Tamil language, Ramanichandran.


title: Tamil literature

text: Though sales of Tamil pulp fiction have declined since the hey-day of the mid-1990s, and many writers have turned to the more lucrative television serial market, there remains a thriving scene.


title: Tamil literature

text: The increasing demand of the literate public caused a number of journals and periodicals to be published and these in turn provided a platform for authors to publish their work. "Rajavritti Bodhini" and "Dina Varthamani" in 1855 and Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu's fortnightlies, Salem "Desabhimini" in 1878 and "Coimbatore Kalanidhi" in 1880, were the earliest Tamil journals. In 1882, G. Subramaniya Iyer started the newspaper "Swadesamitran". It became the first Tamil daily in 1889. This was the start of many journals to follow and many novelists began to serialise their stories in these journal. The humour magazine "Ananda Vikatan" started by S.S. Vasan in 1929 was to help create some of the greatest Tamil novelists. Kalki Krishnamurthy (1899–1954) serialised his short stories and novels in "Ananda Vikatan" and eventually started his own weekly "Kalki" for which he wrote the enduringly popular novels "Parthiban Kanavu", "Sivagamiyin Sabadham" and "Ponniyin Selvan". Pudhumaipithan (1906–1948) was a great writer of short stories and provided the inspiration for a number of authors who followed him. The 'new poetry or "pudukkavithai" pioneered by Bharathi in his prose-poetry was further developed by the literary periodicals "manikkodi" and "ezhuttu" (edited by Si Su Chellappa). Poets such as Mu Metha contributed to these periodicals. Tamil Muslim poets like Kavikko Abdul Rahman, Pavalar Inqulab, Manushyaputhiran and Rajathi Salma too have made significant contributions to social reforms. The pioneering fortnightly journal "Samarasam" was established in 1981 to highlight and cater to the ethnic Tamil Muslim community's issues.


title: Tamil literature

text: Another remarkable work was done in Tamil novel field by Mu.Varatharasanar.[Agal vilakku] [Karithundu]. And last but not least Akilan the unique Tamil novelist, short story writer and a social activist is famous for his works like 'Chithirapavai' 'Vengayinmaindan' 'Pavaivilaku'.


title: Tamil literature

text: The first Tamil periodical was published by the Christian Religious Tract Society in 1831 – "The Tamil Magazine".


title: Tamil literature

text: The increasing demand of the literate public caused a number of journals and periodicals to be published and these in turn provided a platform for authors to publish their work. Rajavritti Bodhini and Dina Varthamani in 1855 and Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu's fortnightlies, Salem Desabhimini in 1878 and Coimbatore Kalanidhi in 1880, were the earliest Tamil journals.


title: Tamil literature

text: The first regular newspaper in Tamil was Swadesamitran in 1882, started by G.Subramaniya Iyer, editor and sponsor of The Hindu and founding member of the Indian National Congress. He created a whole new Tamil political vocabulary. He) was conscious that those with a knowledge of English are a small number and those with a knowledge of Indian languages the vast majority. He felt that unless our people were told about the objectives of British rule and its merits and defects in the Indian languages, our political knowledge would never develop. When Subramania Aiyer quit The Hindu 1898, he made the Swadesamitran his full-time business. In 1899, the first Tamil daily. It was to enjoy this status for 17 years.


title: Tamil literature

text: Subramania Aiyer's "pugnacious style, never qualifying words to soften the sharp tenor of a sentence," his use of words "dipped in a paste of extra pungent green chillies," made the Swadesamitran sought by Tamils wherever they lived in the world. And the daily became even more popular when Subramania Bharati joined it in 1904. The next year, when Lala Lajpat Rai was arrested and agitation followed in the Punjab, Subramania Aiyer's attitude to the British changed and he became a trenchant political critic of the Raj. His whole political mantra can be summed up in these words: `Peaceful but tireless and unceasing effort.' Let us sweat ourselves into Swaraj, he would seem to say." Swadesamitran is credited for coining new Tamil words to deal with science, politics and administration. It had the most comprehensive budget of news among all the regional language papers of that time.


title: Tamil literature

text: In 1917, "Desabhaktan", another Tamil daily began with T.V. Kalyansundara Menon as editor. He was succeeded by V.V.S. Iyer, a colleague of the Savarkar brothers. These two editors were scholars with a natural, highly readable but polished style of writing.


title: Tamil literature

text: The freedom movement and the advent of Gandhi also impacted Tamil journalism. Navasakthi, a Tamil periodical edited by Tamil scholar and freedom fighter V. Kalyanasundaram. C.Rajagopalachari began Vimochanam, a Tamil journal devoted to propagating prohibition at the Gandhi Ashram in Tiruchengode in Salem district.


title: Tamil literature

text: In 1926, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, who was conducting a Tamil news-cum-views weekly 'Tamil Nadu' started a daily with the same name. Its forceful and colloquial style gained it a wide readership but after the paper failed to take sides with the 1930 Civil Disobedience Movement, the Congress Party decided to bring out a new Tamil daily – India, edited by renowned poet Subramania Bharati. India showed great promise but could not establish itself financially, and folded up soon after Bharati was exiled to Pondicherry. All these papers were published from Madras.


title: Tamil literature

text: In 1933, the first Tamil tabloid – the 8 page Jayabharati began at a price of anna. It closed in 1940 as the price could not sustain even its postage.


title: Tamil literature

text: In September 1934, S. Sadanand (who was running The Free Press Journal) started the Tamil daily Dinamani with T.S. Chockalingam as editor. It was priced at 6 pies, contained bright features and was fearlessly critical. It was highly successful and its circulation eclipsed the total circulation of all other Tamil dailies. Soon 'India' was incorporated into Dinamani. Dinamani made a studied and conscious effort to make the contents of a newspaper intelligible even to the newly literate.


title: Tamil literature

text: The Non-Brahman Movement also gave an impetus to Tamil journalism. Newspapers like the "Bharat Devi" were strong supporters of this movement.


title: Tamil literature

text: Many magazines began in Tamil Nadu during the 1920s and '30s. The humour magazine Ananda Vikatan started by S.S. Vasan in 1929 was to help create some of the greatest Tamil novelists. It is still running successfully after 80 years and the Vikatan group today also publishes Chutti Vikatan, Junior Vikatan, Motor Vikatan and other special interest magazines. R. Krishnamurthy serialised his short stories and novels in Ananda Vikatan and eventually started his own weekly Kalki. The name Kalki denotes the impending tenth Avatar of Lord Vishnu in the Hindu religion, who it is said, will bring to an end the Kali Yuga and reinstate Dharma or righteousness among the worldly beings. He used the name because he wanted to bring about liberation of India.


title: Tamil literature

text: In 1942, Dina Thanthi ("Daily Telegraph") was started in Madurai with simultaneous editions in Madras, Salem and Tiruchirappalli. It was founded by S.P. Adithanar, a lawyer trained in Britain. He modeled Thanthi on the style of an English tabloid- The Daily Mirror. He aimed to bring out a newspaper that ordinary people would read, and which would encourage a reading habit even among the newly literate. In the past, the daily newspaper which was printed in Madras reached the southern Tamil region after at least one day. Thanthi used the public bus system to distribute the paper throughout the south Tamil region and capitalized on the hunger for war news that arose after Singapore fell to the Japanese. Due to financial constraints, its Salem and Tiruchirappalli editions had to be closed down for a while. Thanthi emphasized local news, especially crime and the courts. It used photographs extensively and brought banner headlines to Tamil journalism. It could fit one story on an entire broadsheet page, mainly filled with large easy-to-read headlines. One of its biggest scoops was the murder of the editor of a scandalous film magazine by two actors. Thanthi covered the trial in Madras in detail, and its reporters phoned the daily account to the printing centre in Madurai. Thanthi was the first Tamil paper to understand the people’s fascination with crime and film stars. The paper was popular and it was said that Tamils learned to read in order to read the newspaper.


title: Tamil literature

text: Dina Thanthi became one of the largest Tamil language dailies by circulation within a few years; it has been a leading Tamil daily since the 1960s. It has today 14 editions. It is the highest circulated Tamil daily in Bangalore and Pondicherry. It issues a book called 10th, +2 Vina Vidai Book, on every Wednesday during the second part of the year. The model question papers of all the subjects of Standard 10 and 12 are provided with answers along with the question papers of board exams that are conducted previous year.


title: Tamil literature

text: The rise of the Internet has triggered a dramatic growth in the number of Tamil blogs and specialist portals catering to political and social issues. Tamil literature is even available in the form of e-books.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: The preferred walking speed is the speed at which humans or animals choose to walk. Many people tend to walk at about . Individuals find slower or faster speeds uncomfortable.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Horses have also demonstrated normal, narrow distributions of preferred walking speed within a given gait, which suggests that the process of speed selection may follow similar patterns across species. Preferred walking speed has important clinical applications as an indicator of mobility and independence. For example, elderly people or people suffering from osteoarthritis must walk more slowly. Improving (increasing) people's preferred walking speed is a significant clinical goal in these populations.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: People have suggested mechanical, energetic, physiological and psychological factors as contributors to speed selection. Probably, individuals face a trade-off between the numerous costs associated with different walking speeds, and select a speed which minimizes these costs. For example, they may trade off time to destination, which is minimized at fast walking speeds, and metabolic rate, muscle force or joint stress. These are minimized at slower walking speeds. Broadly, increasing value of time, motivation, or metabolic efficiency may cause people to walk more quickly. Conversely, aging, joint pain, instability, incline, metabolic rate and visual decline cause people to walk more slowly.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Commonly, individuals place some value on their time. Economic theory therefore predicts that value-of-time is a key factor influencing preferred walking speed.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Levine and Norenzayan (1999) measured preferred walking speeds of urban pedestrians in 31 countries and found that walking speed is positively correlated with the country's per capita GDP and purchasing power parity, as well as with a measure of individualism in the country's society. It is plausible that affluence correlates with actual value considerations for time spent walking, and this may explain why people in affluent countries tend to walk more quickly.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: This idea is broadly consistent with common intuition. Everyday situations often change the value of time. For example, when walking to catch a bus, the value of the one minute immediately before the bus has departed may be worth 30 minutes of time (the time saved not waiting for the next bus). Supporting this idea, Darley and Bateson show that individuals who are hurried under experimental conditions are less likely to stop in response to a distraction, and so they arrive at their destination sooner.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Energy minimization is widely considered a primary goal of the central nervous system. The rate at which an organism expends metabolic energy while walking (gross metabolic rate) increases nonlinearly with increasing speed. However, they also require a continuous basal metabolic rate to maintain normal function. The energetic cost of walking itself is therefore best understood by subtracting basal metabolic rate from total metabolic rate, yielding Final metabolic rate. In human walking, net metabolic rate also increases nonlinearly with speed. These measures of walking energetics are based on how much oxygen people consume per unit time. Many locomotion tasks, however, require walking a fixed distance rather than for a set time. Dividing gross metabolic rate by walking speed results in gross cost of transport. For human walking, gross cost of transport is U-shaped. Similarly, dividing net metabolic rate by walking speed yields a U-shaped net cost of transport. These curves reflect the cost of moving a given distance at a given speed and may better reflect the energetic cost associated with walking.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Ralston (1958) showed that humans tend to walk at or near the speed that minimizes gross cost of transport. He showed that gross cost of transport is minimized at about , which corresponded to the preferred speed of his subjects. Supporting this, Wickler "et al." (2000) showed that the preferred speed of horses both uphill and on the level corresponds closely to the speed that minimizes their gross cost of transport. Among other gait costs that human walkers choose to minimize, this observation has led many to suggest that people minimize cost and maximize efficiency during locomotion. Because gross cost of transport includes velocity, gross cost of transport includes an inherent value of time. Subsequent research suggests that individuals may walk marginally faster than the speed that minimizes gross cost of transport under some experimental setups, although this may be due to how preferred walking speed was measured.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: In contrast, other researchers have suggested that gross cost of transport may not represent the metabolic cost of walking. People must continue to expend their basal metabolic rate regardless of whether they are walking, suggesting that the metabolic cost of walking should not include basal metabolic rate. Some researchers have therefore used net metabolic rate instead of gross metabolic rate to characterize the cost of locomotion. Net cost of transport reaches a minimum at about . Healthy pedestrians walk faster than this in many situations.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Metabolic input rate may also directly limit preferred walking speed. Aging is associated with reduced aerobic capacity (reduced VO max). Malatesta "et al." (2004) suggests that walking speed in elderly individuals is limited by aerobic capacity; elderly individuals are unable to walk faster because they cannot sustain that level of activity. For example, 80-year-old individuals are walking at 60% of their VO2 max even when walking at speeds significantly slower than those observed in younger individuals.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Biomechanical factors such as mechanical work, stability, and joint or muscle forces may also influence human walking speed. Walking faster requires additional external mechanical work per step. Similarly, swinging the legs relative to the center of mass requires some internal mechanical work. As faster walking is accomplished with both longer and faster steps, internal mechanical work also increases with increasing walking speed. Therefore, both internal and external mechanical work per step increases with increasing speed. Individuals may try to reduce either external or internal mechanical work by walking more slowly, or may select a speed at which mechanical energy recovery is at a maximum.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Stability may be another factor influencing speed selection. Hunter "et al." (2010) showed that individuals use energetically suboptimal gaits when walking downhill. He suggests that people may instead be choosing gait parameters that maximize stability while walking downhill. This suggests that under adverse conditions such as down hills, gait patterns may favor stability over speed.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: Individual joint and muscle biomechanics also directly affect walking speed. Norris showed that elderly individuals walked faster when their ankle extensors were augmented by an external pneumatic muscle. Muscle force, specifically in the gastrocnemius and/or soleus, may limit walking speed in certain populations and lead to slower preferred speeds. Similarly, patients with ankle osteoarthritis walked faster after a complete ankle replacement than before. This suggests that reducing joint reaction forces or joint pain may factor into speed selection.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: The rate at which the environment flows past the eyes seems to be a mechanism for regulating walking speed. In virtual environments, the gain in visual flow can be decoupled from a person's actual walking speed, much as one might experience when walking on a conveyor belt. There, the environment flows past an individual more quickly than their walking speed would predict (higher than normal visual gain). At higher than normal visual gains, individuals prefer to walk more slowly, while at lower than normal visual gains, individuals prefer to walk more quickly. This behavior is consistent with returning the visually observed speed back toward the preferred speed and suggests that vision is used correctively to maintain walking speed at a value that is perceived to be optimal. Moreover, the dynamics of this visual influence on preferred walking speed are rapid—when visual gains are changed suddenly, individuals adjust their speed within a few seconds. The timing and direction of these responses strongly indicate that a rapid predictive process informed by visual feedback helps select preferred speed, perhaps to complement a slower optimization process that directly senses metabolic rate and iteratively adapts gait to minimize it.


title: Preferred walking speed

text: With the wide availability of inexpensive pedometers, medical professionals recommend walking as an exercise for cardiac health and/or weight loss. The NIH gives the following guidelines:


title: Preferred walking speed

text: The situation becomes slightly more complex when preferred walking speed is introduced. The faster the pace, the more calories burned if weight loss is a goal. Maximum heart rate for exercise (220 minus age), when compared to charts of "fat burning goals" support many of the references that give the average of , as within this target range. Pedometers average 100 steps a minute in this range (depending on individual stride), or one and a half to two hours to reach a daily total of 10,000 or more steps (100 minutes at 100 steps per minute would be 10,000 steps).


title: Preferred walking speed

text: The typical walking speed of is recommended by design guides including the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Transport for London recommend in the PTAL methodology.


title: Viena and the Fantomes

text: Viena and the Fantomes is an American musical romantic drama film, written and directed by Gerardo Naranjo. It stars Dakota Fanning, Jeremy Allen White, Frank Dillane, Olivia Luccardi, Sarah Steele, Philip Ettinger, Ryan LeBeouf, Caleb Landry Jones, Zoë Kravitz and Evan Rachel Wood.


title: Viena and the Fantomes

text: Production on the film began in 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada, with Gerardo Naranjo making his English-language debut from a screenplay he wrote. The film ultimately was delayed until 2020, due to the filmmakers wanting the "perfect" edit.


title: Viena and the Fantomes

text: "Viena and the Fantomes" holds approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews, with an average of .


title: Louie Giglio

text: Louie Giglio (pronounced GIG-leo; born June 30, 1958) is an American Christian pastor. He is the leader of Passion City Church, located in Atlanta, Georgia. The founder of the Passion Movement, he is an author and public speaker.


title: Louie Giglio

text: Giglio was born in Atlanta on June 30, 1958 and is of Italian descent. He grew up in the Atlanta suburb of Smyrna and graduated from Campbell High School. He later graduated from Georgia State University and earned a Master of Theology from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. Later he went to Grace Theological Seminary to pursue a Doctor of Ministry degree.


title: Louie Giglio

text: After finishing seminary, Giglio and his wife Shelley, began a weekly Bible study called Choice at Baylor University where he was doing graduate studies in 1985. After several years, over 10% of the Baylor student body was attending the weekly gathering, and Giglio's heart for the significance of the "university moment" was set.


title: Louie Giglio

text: In 1995, Giglio decided to move from his home in Waco, Texas, to Atlanta, Georgia, because of his father's failing health, although his father died from a brain infection and a heart attack prior to their arrival in Atlanta. Around that time, during a flight from Texas to Georgia, Louie was inspired to start a national gathering of college students, which would later become Passion Conferences. The first Passion Conference was held in 1997 in Austin, Texas, with about 2,000 university students in attendance. Since then, Passion continues to host annual gatherings in the United States and around the world for college students. Until the founding of Passion City Church, Giglio was a longtime member of North Point Community Church.


title: Louie Giglio

text: Giglio wrote "Not Forsaken", "Goliath Must Fall, Indescribable: 100 Devotions about God & Science,The Air I Breathe: Worship as a Way of Life" and "I Am Not But I Know I Am: Welcome to the Story Of God." Giglio's latest release, "Not Forsaken", debuted at number 3 on the Publishers Weekly Trade Paper Frontlist, and ranked number 6 on the May 2019 Religion Nonfiction bestsellers list. His previous trade release, "Goliath Must Fall," made the Publishers Weekly bestseller list in May 2017 and was #31 in the list of the top 100 bestselling Christian books of 2017.


title: Louie Giglio

text: On January 11, 2013, Giglio withdrew from the second Obama inauguration at which he was due to deliver a benediction after it became known in a sermon he delivered in the 1990s he urged Christians to oppose the "aggressive agenda" of the gay rights movement. He described homosexuality as a "sin in the eyes of God, and it is sin in the word of God".


title: Louie Giglio

text: In a conversation about racism with Chick-fil-A CEO Dan Cathy and rapper Lecrae in June 2020, Giglio suggested that Americans replace the phrase "white privilege" with "white blessing". He said that the "blessing of slavery" had built up the framework for the world that white people live in. Giglio issued an apology on Twitter for his comments.


title: 2005–06 UEFA Cup

text: The 2005–06 UEFA Cup, the 35th edition of the UEFA Cup, was won by Sevilla, beating Middlesbrough in the final. It was the first victory for Sevilla in a European competition, and the first appearance by Middlesbrough in a European final. The final took place at Philips Stadion, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The match was refereed by Herbert Fandel. Middlesbrough sealed their place in the final on the back of two dramatic comebacks. In the quarter finals they beat FC Basel of Switzerland 4–3 on aggregate (after losing the first leg 2–0 and being 1–0 down in the second leg, they scored 4 goals), this put them into the semi–final to face Steaua București. The first leg finished 1–0 to Steaua, and the second leg (at the Riverside Stadium again) finished 4–2 (after being 2–0 down). Sevilla went on to defend the trophy the following year.


title: 2005–06 UEFA Cup

text: 113 teams qualified directly for the 2005–06 UEFA Cup from 52 UEFA associations. An additional three teams qualified via the UEFA Fair Play league, while 27 further teams qualified at various stages from the UEFA Intertoto Cup and the UEFA Champions League.


title: 2005–06 UEFA Cup

text: Each association enters a certain number of teams to the UEFA Cup based on its league coefficient. Through domestic competitions (national championships and cups and league cups in certain countries) an association may qualify up to four teams. The following amendments were made to the 2005–06 qualification scheme:


title: 2005–06 UEFA Cup

text: Based on paragraph 4.06 in the UEFA regulations for the current season, tiebreakers, if necessary, are applied in the following order:


title: 2005–06 UEFA Cup

text: The top three teams from each group were joined by the eight teams that finished third in their groups in the Champions League.


title: Comme d'habitude

text: "" (, French for "As usual") is a French song about routine in a relationship falling out of love, composed in 1967 by Jacques Revaux, with lyrics by Claude François and .


title: Comme d'habitude

text: In 1968 the song was adapted by Paul Anka and given new lyrics to create the song that became "My Way", Frank Sinatra's signature song.


title: Comme d'habitude

text: In February 1967 Jacques Revaux, on holiday in the Hôtel Canada in Megève, realised that he was overdue to write four songs commissioned by producer , and wrote them all in one morning. One titled "For Me" had English lyrics; it was refused by Michel Sardou, Mireille Mathieu, Hugues Aufray and Claude François before Hervé Vilard released a version as a B-side. Revaux was dissatisfied and visited François at Dannemois on 27 August 1967 proposing to rework the song for him. François accepted but asked that an underlying theme of a couple in a strained relationship be included, in reference to his recent breakup with fellow French singer France Gall. Revaux agreed and with some rewriting from Gilles Thibaut the song became "Comme d'habitude" in its best-known version in French, which was released by Claude François in 1968.


title: Comme d'habitude

text: Many artists sang "Comme d'Habitude" in French after Claude François's success (and international success through '"My Way"), notably:


title: Comme d'habitude

text: Besides translations more or less faithful to the original, some artists have set unrelated lyrics to the same tune.


title: Comme d'habitude

text: Paul Anka, after hearing the song while listening to French radio, bought the song's publication and adaptation rights but the original songwriters retained the music-composition half of their songwriter royalties. Anka wrote English lyrics specifically for Frank Sinatra, who then recorded a cross-Atlantic version of it in 1969 under the title "My Way". "My Way" has since been covered by many artists.


title: Comme d'habitude

text: The lyrics of "My Way" are similar to those of "Comme d'habitude" in terms of structure and metre, but the meaning is completely different. The French song is about routine in a relationship that is falling out of love, while the English language version is set at the end of a lifetime, approaching death, and looking back without regret – expressing feelings that are more related to Edith Piaf's song "Non, je ne regrette rien".


title: Les Halles

text: Les Halles (; 'The Halls') was Paris' central fresh food market. It last operated on January 12, 1973, after which it was "left to the demolition men who will knock down the last three of the eight iron-and-glass pavilions" and replaced by the Westfield Forum des Halles, a modern shopping mall built largely underground and directly connected to the massive RER and métro transit hub of Châtelet–Les Halles. The shopping mall welcomes visitors daily.


title: Les Halles

text: A major reconstruction of the mall was undertaken in 2010, and the new version of the Forum des Halles was inaugurated in 2018. The 2.5 hectare Canopy was opened on 5 April 2016. In 2017, the Forum des Halles was the second most visited shopping mall in the Paris region with 42 million yearly visitors.


title: Les Halles

text: In the 11th century, a market grew up by a cemetery to the northwest of Paris in an area called the Little Fields (). This was mainly a dry goods and money changing market. A bishop briefly took control of the market before sharing control with Louis VI in 1137. In 1183, Philip Augustus took full control of the market and built two market halls —  — to protect the textiles. He also built walls around the market, including land which had recently been confiscated from exiled Jews that originally belonged to the church. When he then built walls around the city, these embraced the market, which quickly became the city's largest (and, over time, went from being at the edge of the city to at its center). Officially, it would remain a dry goods market for centuries, but food stalls soon grew up around the main buildings and by the 15th century food prices at les Halles were being cited as significant for the whole city.


title: Les Halles

text: The market would have ups and downs over the coming centuries and was rebuilt more than once. Over time, an increasing number of halls were built explicitly for food, but the dry goods market remained central to the (increasingly cramped) space.


title: Les Halles

text: The church of Saint-Eustache was constructed in the 16th century. The circular Halle aux Blés (Corn Exchange), designed by Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières, was built between 1763 and 1769 at the west end of Les Halles. Its circular central court was later covered with a dome, and it was converted into the Bourse de Commerce in 1889.


title: Les Halles

text: In the 1850s, Victor Baltard designed the famous glass and iron structure which would house les Halles for over a century and became one of the sights of Paris; this would last until the 1970s. Now entirely a food market, the remodeled market was known as the "Belly of Paris", as Émile Zola called it in his novel "Le Ventre de Paris", which is set in the busy marketplace of the 19th century.


title: Les Halles

text: Unable to compete in the new market economy and in need of massive repairs, the colourful ambience once associated with the bustling area of merchant stalls disappeared in 1973, when Les Halles was dismantled (fruit, flower and vegetable markets had moved in 1969, and only the butchers at the meat markets remained); the wholesale market was relocated to the suburb of Rungis. Two of the glass and cast iron market pavilions were dismantled and re-erected elsewhere; one in the Paris suburb of Nogent-sur-Marne, the other in Yokohama, Japan.


title: Les Halles

text: The site was to become the point of convergence of the RER, a network of new express underground lines which was completed in the 1960s. Three lines leading out of the city to the south, east and west were to be extended and connected in a new underground station. For several years, the site of the markets was an enormous open pit, nicknamed ( means 'hole'), regarded as an eyesore at the foot of the historic church of Saint-Eustache. Construction was completed in 1977 on Châtelet–Les-Halles, Paris's new urban railway hub.


title: Les Halles

text: The , a partially underground multiple story commercial and shopping centre, designed by Claude Vasconi and Georges Pencreac'h, opened at the east end of the site on September 4, 1979 in presence of the Mayor of Paris Jacques Chirac, and remains there today. A public garden covering opened in 1986. Many of the surrounding streets were pedestrianized.


title: Les Halles

text: Châtelet–Les Halles is Paris's busiest rail station, serving 750,000 travelers on an average weekday. The buildings and their surroundings have been criticized for their design. In 2002 Mayor Bertrand Delanoë announced that the City of Paris would begin public consultations regarding the remodeling of the area, calling Les Halles "a soulless, architecturally bombastic concrete jungle".


title: Les Halles

text: A design competition for the Forum and gardens was held, with entries from Jean Nouvel, Winy Maas, David Mangin, and Rem Koolhaas. Mangin's design for the gardens, which proposed replacing the landscaped mounds and paths of the 1980s design with a simplified pattern of east-west pedestrian promenades and a large central lawn, was selected. The plan also includes extending the pedestrianized area further east to include all the streets bordering the gardens. Another competition was held for the redesign of the Forum. Ten teams submitted plans, and the proposal by and Jacques Anziutti was selected in 2007. Their design includes a large undulating glass canopy which will cover the redesigned Forum. STIF and RATP began plans for the remodeling of the Châtelet-Les-Halles station in 2007, and the following year Berger and Anziutti were awarded a contract for redesign of the station.


title: Les Halles

text: The station redesign includes new entrances on Rue Berger, Rue Rambuteau, and Place Marguerite de Navarre, an expanded RER concourse, and improved pedestrian circulation. Construction began in 2010 on a project which includes the gardens, Forum, and station, to continue through 2016. The clients are the City of Paris, RATP, which operates the Paris Metro, and La Société Civile du Forum des Halles de Paris, which operates the Forum.


title: Atsushi Ohkubo

text: , is a Japanese manga artist known for his work on the manga series "Soul Eater" and "Fire Force", both of which have been adapted into anime television series. Ohkubo worked as an assistant under Rando Ayamine, on the manga series "GetBackers". He also created some artworks for the video game TCG "Lord of Vermilion", as well as some character designs in "Bravely Default" and "".


title: Atsushi Ohkubo

text: Ohkubo was not a model student and was more attracted to drawing than to learning. At the age of 20, after finishing studies at a manga school where he met Rando Ayamine, the artist of "GetBackers", he became Ayamine's assistant for two years. Finally, he won a competition at Square Enix's "Gangan" magazine with his first manga series "B. Ichi" and it was published in four volumes. After the end of his last manga, he created "Soul Eater", still for "Gangan", which brought him worldwide success. After that, he explored a little bit more of "Soul Eater"s world in "Soul Eater Not!", a side-story to the main series that ended in 5 volumes. In 2015, he started working on "Fire Force", published in "Weekly Shōnen Magazine", making it the first weekly manga Ohkubo has done. In May 2020, Ohkubo announced that "Fire Force" would be his final manga.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: The 2020 Full Gear was the second annual Full Gear professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It was broadcast on November 7, 2020. While the majority of the event aired live from Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida, the Elite Deletion match was taped one week prior at Matt Hardy's home, The Hardy Compound, in Cameron, North Carolina. The event aired through traditional PPV outlets, as well as on B/R Live in North America and FITE TV internationally.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: Nine matches were contested at the event, including one on The Buy In pre-show. In the main event, Jon Moxley defeated Eddie Kingston in a "I quit" match to retain the AEW World Championship. In other prominent matches, The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) defeated FTR (Cash Wheeler and Dax Harwood) to win the AEW World Tag Team Championship, Hikaru Shida defeated Nyla Rose to retain the AEW Women's World Championship, Darby Allin defeated Cody Rhodes to win the AEW TNT Championship, and Kenny Omega defeated "Hangman" Adam Page in the AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament final match in the opening bout.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: On November 9, 2019, All Elite Wrestling (AEW) held a pay-per-view event entitled Full Gear. During All Out on September 5, 2020, the promotion announced that Full Gear would be returning to pay-per-view on November 7 that year, thus establishing Full Gear as an annual pay-per-view for AEW. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the event was held at the promotion's home venue of Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida. On November 6, the day before Full Gear, TNT aired a one-hour television special previewing the event called "Countdown to Full Gear", which averaged 245,000 viewers.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: Full Gear featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television program, "Dynamite", the supplementary online streaming show, "Dark", and The Young Bucks' YouTube series "Being The Elite".


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: On the September 23 episode of "Dynamite", Jon Moxley retained the AEW World Championship over Eddie Kingston by making him pass out to a chokehold. On the October 14 episode, Kingston attacked Moxley after the latter's match with Lance Archer, proclaiming that he had never tapped out. The following week, Moxley was scheduled to defend the title against Kingston in an "I quit" match at Full Gear.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: On the September 30 episode of "Dynamite", it was announced that there would be an eight-man single-elimination tournament culminating at Full Gear with the winner receiving a future AEW World Championship match. Jungle Boy, Rey Fenix, Kenny Omega, Wardlow, Colt Cabana, Adam Page, Joey Janela, and Penta El Zero M were announced as participants. The tournament occurred over the following month with former tag team partners Omega and Page advancing to the final at Full Gear.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: A four-way tag team match was scheduled for the October 14 episode of "Dynamite", with the winning team challenging FTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler) for the AEW World Tag Team Championship at Full Gear. The four teams were picked at random, and were Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen), Alex Reynolds and John Silver of The Dark Order, The Butcher and The Blade, and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). The match was won by The Young Bucks. In a promo on the October 28 episode, The Young Bucks said that if they did not win at Full Gear, they would never challenge for the title again.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: After Cody wrestled Orange Cassidy to a time limit draw and retained the TNT Championship on the October 14 episode of "Dynamite", it was announced that Darby Allin would challenge for the title at Full Gear. Before Full Gear, Cody had a title rematch with Cassidy in a lumberjack match on the October 28 "Dynamite", which Cody won, keeping him as the defending champion against Allin.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: After Matt Hardy defeated Sammy Guevara in a Broken Rules match at All Out, Hardy took time off until he was cleared to return, due to an injury sustained during the match. He reunited with Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen) as their manager, but was attacked backstage before their match on the September 16 episode of "Dynamite". The attacker was later revealed as Guevara and "The Elite Deletion" match was announced, which took place at The Hardy Compound in Cameron, North Carolina as a cinematic match.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: On July 15, at Fight for the Fallen, Nyla Rose revealed Vickie Guerrero as her manager. After Rose's match on the October 13 episode of "Dark", the duo known as "The Vicious Vixens", challenged Hikaru Shida to an AEW Women's World Championship match. On the October 28 episode of "Dynamite", Shida accepted the challenge and the match was officially announced.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: MJF, who originally wanted to join Chris Jericho's stable The Inner Circle on November 13, 2019, looked to join a stable after unsuccessfully challenging for Jon Moxley's AEW World Championship at All Out. MJF invited Jericho to "Le Dinner Debonair", a steak dinner where they performed "Me and My Shadow", during which Jericho announced that The Inner Circle would hold a Town Hall meeting to decide whether MJF should join the group. After several questions from Eric Bischoff and others, Jericho brought up that MJF has never beaten him and would give him a match at Full Gear, allowing MJF to join the group if he wins.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: On The Buy-In pre-show, a match was contested between Allysin Kay and the NWA World Women's Champion Serena Deeb for the NWA World Women's Championship. Deeb retained the title after submitting Kay with the "Serenity Lock". After the match, Deeb was confronted by the former women's champion Thunder Rosa.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with the AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament final match between "Hangman" Adam Page and Kenny Omega, with the winner receiving a future match for the AEW World Championship. Omega performed "One Winged Angel" on Page to win the match.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: Next, John Silver faced Orange Cassidy. In the end, Cassidy performed "Beach Break" on Silver to win the match.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: After that, Cody (accompanied by Arn Anderson) defended the AEW TNT Championship against Darby Allin. In the end, as both wrestlers tried to roll-up each other to a cover, Allin pinned Cody with a roll-up to win the title.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: In the fourth match, Hikaru Shida defended the AEW Women's World Championship against Nyla Rose (accompanied by Vickie Guerrero). Shida retained the title when she pinned Rose after multiple knee strikes.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: Next, FTR (Cash Wheeler and Dax Harwood) defended the AEW World Tag Team Championship against The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). If The Young Bucks lost, they would never be able to challenge for the title again. FTR's manager Tully Blanchard was banned from ringside. Matt came into the match with an injured leg, which FTR targeted. Harwood injured his hand by accidentally punching a ring-post, so the Bucks targeted his hand. The teams used various moves that were signatures of the Hart Foundation, the Steiner Brothers, the Hardy Boyz, the Dudleys, and DIY. In the end, Wheeler performed a superkick on Matt, but instead of attempting to pin Matt, Wheeler performed a springboard 450 splash, which missed as Matt dodged. Matt then superkicked Wheeler and pinned him to win the match and the championship.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: After that, Matt Hardy faced Sammy Guevara in The Elite Deletion match, which took place in Hardy's Compound. During the match, Gangrel and Hurricane Helms made a surprise appearance, with Gangrel helping Guevara and Helms helping Hardy. In the end, Hardy pinned Guevara after a chair shot to the head to win the match.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: In the penultimate match, Chris Jericho faced MJF (accompanied by Wardlow). If MJF won, he would be allowed to join The Inner Circle. In the end, MJF rolled up Jericho to win the match, and joined The Inner Circle afterwards. By extension, Wardlow joined The Inner Ciricle as well.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: In the main event, Jon Moxley defended the AEW World Championship against Eddie Kingston in an "I quit" match. In the end, Moxley choked Kingston with barbed wire, which made Kingston say "I quit". Thus, Moxley retained the title.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: Despite the previous pay-per-view, Full Gear was met with critical acclaim. Full Gear had a socially-distanced attendance of just over 1,000 people and a $60,000 gate, believed to be the second biggest wrestling crowd since the COVID-19 pandemic began and biggest gate, with approximately 100,000 pay-per-view buys. The event was universally acclaimed by critics and fans, with many calling it the best PPV of 2020, and many praising The Young Bucks–FTR match, which Dave Meltzer of "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" gave 5.25 stars, the fifth AEW match to be rated 5 stars or more by Meltzer, and the third AEW match to break his 5 star rating system. His ratings for the other matches include: 2.5 for Deeb–Kay, 4.5 for Omega–Page, 3.5 for Cassidy–Silver, 4.25 for Allin–Rhodes, 3.25 for Shida–Rose, 3.5 for MJF–Jericho, and 4.25 for Moxley–Kingston. There was no rating for Hardy–Guevara because it was a cinematic match.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: Justin Barrasso of "Sports Illustrated" said the event "surpassed expectations", Omega–Page was "outrageously good", Allin–Rhodes was the "biggest moment of Allin’s career", The Young Bucks–FTR "had a match of the night performance", and Moxley–Kingston was "not for the weak-hearted". Chris Bengel of "CBSSports.com" said the event "didn't disappoint", the storytelling for MJF–Jericho was "phenomenal", The Young Bucks–FTR was "arguably one of the best matches in quite some time", and Moxley–Kingston was "entertaining". Joseph Staszewski of "New York Post" said AEW "hit a ton of high notes" at the event, Hardy–Guevara "had its fun moments", The Young Bucks–FTR "delivered a love letter to tag team wrestling in their long-awaited dream match that lived up to all the hype", and Moxley–Kingston was "brutal and at times uncomfortable".


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: Jason Powell stated that Full Gear "looked like a great show on paper and it mostly lived up to [his] expectations", except for the Hardy–Guevara match. Powell described Bucks–FTR as "a hell of a match", praising the story that "FTR going against their 'no flips, just fists' motto blew up in their faces", and questioned why this match was not the main event.


title: Full Gear (2020)

text: On the following episode of "Dynamite", it was announced that Jon Moxley would defend the AEW World Championship against Kenny Omega on the December 2 episode, titled Winter Is Coming.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: Dark Horse is the sixth studio album by the Canadian rock band Nickelback, released on November 17, 2008 in Europe and the next day elsewhere. It is the follow-up to their multi-platinum selling "All the Right Reasons" (2005). It was co-produced by the band and producer and songwriter Robert John "Mutt" Lange, known for working with such acts as Foreigner, AC/DC, Bryan Adams, Def Leppard and Shania Twain. "Dark Horse" sold 326,000 in its first week and debuted at number 2 in the US. More than a year after its release, the album did not leave the Top 100 on the "Billboard" 200. In its 91st week, the album peaked at number 46 for the week of August 28, 2010. From 9 October, the album stayed at number 71 for 97 consecutive weeks The album spent 125 consecutive weeks inside the "Billboard" 200. On the week of November 29, 2014, Dark Horse re-entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 195, more than six years after the album's release.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: It was ranked at number 191 on "Billboard"s "200 Albums of the Decade". It is also the band's fourth straight Multi-Platinum selling album in the United States. As of 2010, the album has sold 3 million copies in the United States and 5 million copies worldwide. The album was originally going to be entitled Burn It To The Ground.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: The first single from the album was "Gotta Be Somebody", which was released online for free digital download on September 29, 2008, for a strict 24-hour period. "If Today Was Your Last Day" had been planned as the lead single but was scrapped at the last minute. The track "Something in Your Mouth" became available for download from the United States iTunes Store on October 28, and was released to US rock radio airplay as the second single from the album on December 15. The song was a hit in 2009 in many countries, such as the United States. In Australia, it received little airplay.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: In January 2009, the album's second mainstream single (third overall) was released: "I'd Come for You", with Nigel Dick having made the music video. Songs "Something in Your Mouth" and "Burn It to the Ground", written by Kroeger, were released only to the rock radio stations in December 2008 and May 2009 respectively.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: The exclusive Wal-Mart edition of "Dark Horse" included a link to download an MP3 from Nickelback's performance of "This Afternoon" on Walmart Soundcheck.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: The album won numerous accolades at the 2009 Juno Awards, winning three out of five of its nominated awards including "Rock Album of the Year".


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: "Dark Horse" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. The album also remained in the top 20 on the "Billboard" 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: "Burn it to the Ground" was also nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 52nd Grammy Awards but lost to AC/DC's ""War Machine"".


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: On September 13, 2010, the album re-entered the German Albums Chart at No. 30, 21 months after its debut and almost 6 months after its last entry on that chart.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: According to Metacritic, the album received mixed reviews from critics, scoring 49 out of 100. Conversely, it received the Juno Award for Album of the Year, a category whose nominees are the top five selling Canadian releases of the year.


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave "Dark Horse" 1.5/5, writing, ""Dark Horse" is constructed entirely from the group's standard power ballad and hard rock templates, the mood only lightening when Kroeger and company take a break to kick back on 'This Afternoon.'"


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: "Entertainment Weekly" reviewer Leah Greenblatt wrote, "It's hard not to be put off by the execrable lyrics of album opener "Something in Your Mouth" (the song is basically kryptonite for feminists)." "PopMatters" criticised the band's release, giving it 3/10 and saying it was a step down from previous albums: "Dark Horse finds the group at a creative low point. Each song sounds like an older, better Nickelback hit, and Kroeger only once displays his prior songwriting strength with the sad-bastard portrait 'Just to Get High'." "The Guardian" awarded the album one out of five stars, being particularly negative of the band's cliché style; "Nickelback's music reaffirms every sex-and-stupidity cliche hard rock can offer."


title: Dark Horse (Nickelback album)

text: "Rolling Stone" gave the album a positive review, complimenting its production, writing "Mutt Lange lightens Nickelback's dreary post-grunge plod, applying guitar shimmer to prom ballads and detonating big beats under frat-party shouts and raplike vocal parts." Whilst "ChartAttack" credited the band's success to knowing its target audience: "Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world." "Billboard" also praised the album's content: "The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times."


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: Saurabh Kalia (; – ) was an officer of the Indian Army who was killed during the Kargil War while being held as a prisoner of war by the Pakistan Army. He and five soldiers in his patrol group were captured by Pakistani troops following a gunfight at the Line of Control and allegedly tortured prior to their execution; the Government of Pakistan has rejected all allegations of Indian military personnel being tortured while in Pakistani custody.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: Saurabh Kalia was born on 29 June 1976 in Amritsar, Punjab, India, to Vijaya and N. K. Kalia. He attended D. A. V. Public School in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, and then graduated from Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University in 1997 with a First-Class BSc-Med degree. He won various scholarships throughout his academic career.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: Kalia was selected for the Indian Military Academy in August 1997 through the Combined Defence Services Examination and was commissioned on 12 December 1998. He was posted to the 4th battalion Jat Regiment in the Kargil Sector, where he arrived in mid-January 1999 after reporting at the Jat Regimental Centre, Bareilly, on 31 December 1998.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: In the first two weeks of May 1999, several patrols were conducted in the Kaksar Langpa area of Kargil district to see if snow had receded enough for the area to be re-occupied. Kalia, who then held the rank of lieutenant, was the first Indian army officer to observe and report large-scale intrusion of Pakistani Army and foreign mercenaries on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC) at Kargil. He assumed guard of Bajrang Post at 13,000–14,000 feet to check infiltration in the Kaksar area.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: On 15 May 1999, Kalia and five other soldiers – Sepoys Arjun Ram, Bhanwar Lal Bagaria, Bhika Ram, Moola Ram and Naresh Singh of the 4th Jat Regiment - were on a routine patrol of the Bajrang Post in the Kaksar sector in the Ladakh mountains when they engaged in a firefight with Pakistani forces across the LOC. The patrol out of ammunition, were encircled by a platoon of Pakistani rangers, and captured before Indian reinforcements could reach them. Radio Skardu of Pakistan announced the capture.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: Indian officials claimed that Kalia and his men were in captivity from 15 May 1999 – 7 June 1999 and were subjected to torture. They said the torture was evident from injuries to their bodies when they were handed over by the Pakistani Army on 9 June 1999. Post-mortem examinations conducted by India reported that the prisoners variously had cigarette burns, ear-drums pierced with hot rods, many broken teeth and bones, fractured skulls, eyes that had been punctured before being removed, cut lips, chipped noses, and amputated limbs and genitalia. According to the examinations, these injuries preceded the captives being shot dead in the head. However, "The Guardian" noted that there was no independent international observer at the post-mortem.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: On 15 June 1999, India served Pakistan with a notice of breach of the Geneva Convention for the torture and killing of the prisoners of war. The Minister of External Affairs, Jaswant Singh, raised the issue with Sartaj Aziz, the Foreign Minister of Pakistan, seeking identification and punishment of those responsible, but Pakistan denied the charges of torture.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: On 14 December 2012 Pakistan's Interior Minister, Rehman Malik, said that he had just recently heard of the case and that it was not known whether Kalia was killed with a Pakistani bullet or died because of the weather. He also said he would like to meet Kalia's father to find out what exactly had happened with his son. The same day, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Government of India to respond within ten weeks to a petition filed by Kalia's father.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: Kalia's family has campaigned to have the alleged acts declared a war crime by the United Nations and the people responsible punished in accordance with the Geneva Convention.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: Kalia's father approached various national and international organisations to put pressure on Pakistan to identify and punish the persons allegedly responsible. As of 2004, Britain had responded by saying that it had unsuccessfully sought a full report from the Indian army, while Israel noted it had no diplomatic relations with Pakistan. Germany said it had no response to enquiries made to the Ministry of External Affairs, and Pakistan rejected the allegations.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: An online petition started by the father to highlight the plight of the war victims was pursued by the MP Rajeev Chandrasekhar, who wrote to the External Affairs Minister and raised questions in Parliament as to why the Government had not taken up the case with the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). In response, Defence Minister A. K. Antony wrote to Kalia's parents in October 2013 that India was bound by the Simla Agreement, and any differences with Pakistan would be settled bilaterally.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: "In order to declare a war crime, the Ministry of Defence needs to write to the Ministry of External Affairs, which then takes up the matter with the UNHRC. The council then refers the matter to the General Assembly, which can declare war crime. It then goes to the international court of justice (ICJ). It is the ministry of external affairs that did not follow up the case with the UN" said Colonel S. K. Aggarwal, a former Judge Advocate General officer. An affidavit filed by the External Affairs ministry in November 2013, said that "moving the ICJ is not a legally enforceable right" and that Pakistan may not permit India submitting a proposal to ICJ.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: In 2012, Indian Army Chief General Bikram Singh reportedly supported the efforts of Kalia's father by writing to the Ministry of Defence and National Human Rights Commission conveying his concerns.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: N. K. Kalia, along with Chandrasekhar, and the Flags of Honour Foundation, (an organisation dedicated to building ceaseless engagement between society and the families of killed soldiers), filed a petition on 7 December 2012 with Juan E. Méndez, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, of the Office of High Commissioner of Human Rights in Geneva. The Indian External Affairs Ministry said it would look at the nature of the petition, as the UNHRC is an inter-state body and usually acts only in terms of initiatives taken by its member states.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: Following the formation of the Narendra Modi ministry, the Supreme Court accepted a public interest litigation (PIL) case in September 2014, filed by N. K. Kalia and Sarwa Mitter, and asked the government to respond within six weeks. The Court wanted to know the stance of the new regime, and wondered why the government had not approached the International Court of Justice. The government's reply listed the actions taken by the previous government but did not state any proposals for the future. Instead, the government challenged the validity of the petition, saying that a PIL cannot seek action against a foreign country and that foreign policy is a government function.


title: Saurabh Kalia

text: In Himachal Pradesh, a memorial park in Palampur is named "Saurabh Van Vihar", a street as "Capt Saurabh Kalia Marg" and the locality as "Saurabh Nagar". A statue in his memory has been erected in Amritsar by Amritsar Working Journalists Association. A liquefied petroleum gas agency has been allotted by the Indian Oil Corporation to his parents.


title: Superstrat

text: Superstrat is a name for an electric guitar design that resembles a Fender Stratocaster but with differences that clearly distinguish it from a standard Stratocaster, usually to cater to a different playing style. Differences typically include more pointed, aggressive-looking body and neck shapes, different woods, increased cutaways (resulting in deeper horns) to facilitate access to the higher frets, increased number of frets, contoured heel facilitating easier higher fret access, usage of humbucking pickups and locking vibrato systems, most commonly the Floyd Rose.


title: Superstrat

text: There is no formal definition of a superstrat; the categorization is still largely left to popular opinion and depends greatly on the artist(s) associated with a particular model and how it is marketed.


title: Superstrat

text: With the increased popularity of heavy metal music during the early 1980s, guitarists began seeking out guitars more suited to the new style, both in terms of looks (more "pointy" aggressive designs) and playability (ease of playing and larger tone that sounds pleasant with hi-gain amplification). Guitarists such as Ritchie Blackmore, Uli Jon Roth and Dave Murray had used Fender Stratocasters, but each had minor modifications made to their instrument to suit their individual playing style.


title: Superstrat

text: Blackmore was one of the first to build a guitar with superstrat characteristics. Dissatisfied with the performance of then-available original stock model commercial guitars, Blackmore sought to create a hybrid instrument that would suit his acrobatic playing style as seen in concert photos from Manchester in 1974.


title: Superstrat

text: Eddie Van Halen was another pioneer of the idea. The stock single-coil pickups of a Fender Stratocaster were noisy, and lacked the output necessary to drive an amplifier into hard distortion (characteristic of the Van Halen sound), but the body shape and wide pitch range of the Fender fulcrum tremolo appealed to him. An avid tinkerer, Van Halen assembled a Boogie Bodies Stratocaster body with a thin, 21-fret maple neck and a humbucking Gibson PAF pickup in the bridge slot. This guitar, known as the "Frankenstrat" was featured on Van Halen's 1978 debut album "Van Halen", and pictured on the album cover. It was later repainted with a top coat of red, and has had different humbuckers over the years, some of them custom-wound.


title: Superstrat

text: While many believe Van Halen's 1977 Frankenstrat to be the first Superstrat, Michael Hampton of Parliament-Funkadelic often used a sunburst Stratocaster with 3 humbucking pickups and a reversed headstock during the band's tours in the mid-to-late 1970s. This guitar can be seen on the DVD


title: Superstrat

text: Soon, other guitarists and luthiers would also apply similar custom modifications to their instruments. Many sources cite Grover Jackson as one of the first (and most influential) guitar makers to have crafted custom shop guitars with all the features of superstrats, doing so as early as 1981. Later all these improvements were integrated in the factory-produced Jackson Soloist model.


title: Superstrat

text: Starting about 1983–1984, companies such as Kramer, Jackson, Charvel, Yamaha, Aria, Ibanez, Washburn and Hamer started mass production of superstrat design guitars due to growing market demand. The rising popularity of heavy metal music led to a new generation of guitarists that employed fast and complex techniques which demanded thinner and more versatile guitar necks and stable tremolo systems. Some examples of guitars marketed to this specific audience include:


title: Superstrat

text: During the rest of the 1980s, due to the style's huge marketing success, most guitar companies had at least one model of superstrat in mass production.


title: Superstrat

text: Makers of superstrat models besides the companies mentioned elsewhere in this article also included Fernandes, Schecter, Carvin and ESP.


title: Superstrat

text: Fender responded to the superstrat fashion in the mid-1980s, producing a number of models based on the standard Stratocaster.


title: Superstrat

text: Fender also released several superstrat models, such as Talon, under Fender/Heartfield name from 1989 to 1993.


title: Superstrat

text: In early and mid-1990s, heavy metal and particularly shredding declined in popularity, in favor of grunge, nu metal, alternative metal and other styles. The popularity of superstrats also declined, in favor of guitars more suited to these new styles. Companies that relied on superstrats as a major part of their target market suffered heavy losses and went out of business or were bought by larger corporations:


title: Superstrat

text: Nevertheless, extended-fretboard superstrats remain popular among metal and shred guitarists in particular, and are produced by guitar manufacturers of all sizes. Additionally, some Stratocaster modifications which were strongly associated with the superstrat, such as the Floyd Rose tremolo system and especially the inclusion of humbucking pickups, have become widely available from stock on 22-fret bolt-on neck instruments which are often seen as Stratocaster variants rather than superstrats, including several stock models of official Fender Stratocaster. A Fender Stratocaster mounted with at least one humbucking pickup (usually a single humbucker replacing the bridge pickup) is often called a "Fat Strat." The available Fat Strat configurations as of 2018 are HSS (all models including both Fender and Squier), HSH (Player and MIM Deluxe only) and HH (Fender Player and Squier Contemporary).


title: Gongura

text: Puntikura/Gongura is the form of the roselle plant ("Hibiscus sabdariffa") grown for its edible leaves in India and in other countries like Fiji. These leaves are used in south-central Indian cuisine to impart a tart flavour. Gongura comes in two varieties, green stemmed leaf and red stemmed. The red stemmed variety is more sour than the green stemmed variety. Gongura is a rich source of iron, vitamins, folic acid and anti-oxidants essential for human nutrition.


title: Gongura

text: "Gongura'pacchadi", a form of chutney or relish, is a quintessential part of Andhra cuisine. Telugu people, mainly from Andhra Pradesh, locally call it ' (mother Andhra) in Telugu due to its significance in their daily diet. While it has many culinary uses, the most popular version is the pickled form. Although Gongura is widely consumed in homes all over Andhra Pradesh, Gongura is more popular in hotels, restaurants, eateries and food joints. It is also grown in Karnataka, Odisha,Telangana, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh (north east region of India) and some parts of Chittagong Hill Tracts region in Bangladesh (which is mainly a tribal people region). It is a popular green vegetable in Chakma community and it is known as "Aamelli". Similarly, "Gongura" is popular in Tamil Nadu as well, and is called " ()" in Tamil. In Odisha it's known as (') or ('). In Kerala it is called ('), (') or ('). It is popular in North and Central Karnataka cuisines as " ()", and is regularly eaten with Jollad (Jowar) rotti. The famous combination with ' is '/', which once used to be a regular food for the people in villages (since these items are easily available in agricultural forms). In Marathi, it is called ' (). And is specially prepared to a stew and served to goddess Mahalakshmi/Gauri during the annual festival of Mahalakshmi which falls on three days in between the ten days Ganesha Chaturthi festival in Maharashtra. It is known as " " in Hindi, "Kotrum" in Jharkhand, in Bengali, "Amaari" in Chhattisgarhi, "Pandi"/"Pundi SOPPU " in Kannada, "Anthur" in Mizo, "Sougri" in Manipuri, "" in Punjabi, "Aamelli" in Chakma, "Mwitha" in Bodo," Kenaf Leaves" in English, and "Chin Baung" in Chinese. It is a summer crop, and the hotter the place, the more sour the leaf gets.