title: Lithium chloride

text: Lithium chloride is used as a relative humidity standard in the calibration of hygrometers. At a saturated solution (45.8%) of the salt will yield an equilibrium relative humidity of 11.30%. Additionally, lithium chloride can be used as a hygrometer. This deliquescent salt forms a self-solution when exposed to air. The equilibrium LiCl concentration in the resulting solution is directly related to the relative humidity of the air. The percent relative humidity at can be estimated, with minimal error in the range , from the following first-order equation: RH=107.93-2.11C, where C is solution LiCl concentration, percent by mass.


title: Lithium chloride

text: Lithium chloride has been shown to have strong acaricidal properties, being effective against "Varroa destructor" in populations of honey bees.


title: Lithium chloride

text: Lithium chloride is used as an aversive agent in lab animals to study conditioned place preference and aversion.


title: Lithium chloride

text: Lithium salts affect the central nervous system in a variety of ways. While the citrate, carbonate, and orotate salts are currently used to treat bipolar disorder, other lithium salts including the chloride were used in the past. For a short time in the 1940s lithium chloride was manufactured as a salt substitute for people with hypertension, but this was prohibited after the toxic effects of the compound (tremors, fatigue, nausea) were recognized.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX),' signed as E1 of the Philippine expressway network, partially as N160 of the Philippine highway network, and R-8 of the Metro Manila arterial road network,' is a limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. The expressway, which includes the main segment and its various spurs, has a total length of and travels from its northern terminus at Sta. Ines Interchange to its southern terminus in Balintawak Interchange, which is adjacent to its connection to Skyway, an elevated toll road that connects the NLEX to its counterpart in the south, the South Luzon Expressway. The segment of the expressway between Santa Rita Exit in Guiguinto and the Balintawak Interchange in Quezon City is part of Asian Highway 26 of the Asian highway network.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The expressway also serves as a major utility corridor, carrying various high voltage overhead power lines through densely populated areas where acquisition and designation of right of way or power line alignment and lands for their associated structures is impractical. A notable power line using the expressway's right of way for most or part of the route is the Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak transmission line from San Fernando Exit in San Fernando, Pampanga to Smart Connect Interchange in Valenzuela, Metro Manila.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The North Luzon Expressway was built in the 1960s as part of the government's program to develop areas adjacent to Metro Manila, with NLEX serving the north. The expressway was originally controlled by the Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC), until the expressway's operations and maintenance was transferred in February 10, 2005, to the NLEX Corporation, a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (a former subsidiary of the Lopez Group of Companies until 2008). The expressway was expanded and rehabilitated from 2003 to February 2005, modernizing the road and its facilities.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The North Luzon Expressway's main segment, called the North Luzon Tollway (NLT) or NLEX Main, cuts northwards from Manila to the provinces in Central Luzon.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The expressway begins in Quezon City as a four lane road at the Balintawak Interchange with EDSA as a continuation of A. Bonifacio Avenue. The main segment spans , passing through Caloocan and Valenzuela in Metro Manila and the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga in Central Luzon. It currently ends in Mabalacat. The NLEX runs parallel to the MacArthur Highway, which is officially known as the Manila North Road.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: From Balintawak, the NLEX follows a straight north route, with sections lined by billboards. Two service roads run on either sides of the expressway from Balintawak to Barangay Lias, Marilao, albeit discontinuously and one service road on the west from Marilao Exit to Duhat, Bocaue. The N160 concurrency ends near the Eternal Gardens Memorial Park in Caloocan, just below Skyway and its Balintawak Exit and few meters south of the former site of Balintawak toll plaza that operated until 2005. The expressway then bends westward at Smart Connect Interchange in Valenzuela and in Tambubong Interchange in Bocaue, Bulacan. The following exit, Tabang, leads passengers to the Tabang Spur Road. The Tabang Spur Road is a four-lane, spur road in Bulacan that branches off NLEX Main at Tabang Exit in Balagtas and terminates at a partial cloverleaf interchange with MacArthur Highway and Cagayan Valley Road at Guiguinto Exit in Guiguinto. The spur road carried the final leg of the expressway until the present route was extended to Pampanga.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The expressway narrows to three lanes per direction past Tabang Exit. It continues on a straight route, traversing paddy fields on the outskirts of Guiguinto, Malolos, and Pulilan. The Asian Highway 26 (AH26) concurrency leaves NLEX at Santa Rita Exit, where it follows Maharlika Highway, also known as Cagayan Valley Road, towards Baliuag and Cagayan Valley. A few meters after Pulilan Exit is the Candaba Viaduct (officially known as Pulilan-Apalit Bridge). The bridge traverses rice paddies and swampland in the municipalities of Pulilan, Calumpit, Bulacan and Apalit, Pampanga, and crosses Pampanga River before the viaduct ends. The expressway continues again on a straight alignment. After San Fernando Exit, the expressway narrows into two lanes per direction. It continues a mostly straight and gently winding route through the rural areas of Mexico, crossing Abacan and Quitangil rivers, and traversing the eastern parts of Angeles and Mabalacat. NLEX connects with Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway via Clark Spur Road before the main line terminates at Sta. Ines Interchange, with a toll plaza serving the exit.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Collectively known as the North Luzon Expressway Harbor Link Project (NLEX Harbor Link Project), these series of expressways connect the North Luzon Expressway to various points in Metro Manila. It currently runs from Mindanao Avenue in Valenzuela to Radial Road 10 in Navotas, linking the North Luzon Expressway to the Port of Manila. Once completed, it will run from Katipunan Avenue, a component of Circumferential Road 5, in Quezon City at the east.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The original stretch of the expressway, from Balintawak Interchange in Quezon City up to Guiguinto Exit in Bulacan, was completed on August 4, 1968. It is a fully fenced limited-access highway that consisted of a four-lane rural divided roadway, nine twin bridges, one railroad overpass, seven underpasses, and three interchanges.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Originally a project of the Department of Public Works and Highways, the completion of the major portion of the job fell on the Construction Development Corporation of the Philippines (CDCP, the precursor to PNCC) to pioneer the toll concept of funding infrastructure. It was carried out under the private financing scheme provided by Republic Act No. 3741.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Additional work required by the government included the construction of the Balintawak – Novaliches Interchange Complex, the Tabang Interchange, and the approach road of the underpasses.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: In 1976, the NLT extension, consisting of of concrete road, was built as part of a highways program of the International Bank for Reconstruction Development (World Bank) linking major urban centers to the production centers in the north. The project features a 4-lane limited-access highway with a Candaba Viaduct, a construction innovation utilizing precast beam system, 6 interchanges, 12 bridges, and overpass/underpass structures.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Between 1986 and 1991, under the Corazon Aquino administration, the expressway was extended by another from its terminus at Dau Exit to Santa Ines Exit in Mabalacat, Pampanga, with a northbound lane from Dau Exit to the future connection to SCTEX had an asphalt overlay while the southbound lane was originally a concrete road before an asphalt overlay was added upon the expressway's rehabilitation. In 1998, Manila North Tollways Corporation (MNTC) was granted the concession for the expressway, manifested in a Supplementary Toll Operation Agreement (STOA). Under the STOA, the government confirmed the assignment by PNCC of its usufructuary rights, interest and privileges over the existing expressway, including all extensions, linkages and diversions in favor of MNTC. These concession rights authorized MNTC to construct, finance, manage, operate and maintain all the project roads and charge tolls thereon.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: From February 2003 to February 2005, the expressway underwent a major rehabilitation. Works included the widening of the Balintawak–Tabang segment from 6 to 8 lanes and the Tabang–Sta. Rita segment from 4 to 6 lanes, asphalt overlay, and the demolition of old tollbooths. The main contractor of the rehabilitation work was Leighton Asia with Egis Projects as the main subcontractor for the toll, telecommunication and traffic management systems. To help maintain the safety and quality of the expressway, various rules are in effect, such as restricting the left lane to passing vehicles only and banning overloaded trucks. On February 10, 2005, commercial operations began following the Toll Regulatory Board's issuance of the Toll Operation Permit. On the same day, the operation and maintenance of the expressway was transferred from the government-owned Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC) to the Manila North Tollways Corporation, which would later become known as NLEX Corporation.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: On February 12, 2007, the entire stretch of the expressway began another rehabilitation regarding its drainage systems. Within this period, certain lanes of the road were closed to the traffic. This in turn caused massive traffic jams along the road and the speed limit on the construction sites were reduced from and , respectively, to . The program was finished on October 7, 2007.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: On June 5, 2010, NLEX Segment 8.1 or NLEX Mindanao Avenue Link was opened. The new spur road of NLEX is a part of the C-5 Road North Extension and is built to provide another entry point to the expressway from Metro Manila and decongest Balintawak Interchange.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: On March 18, 2015, NLEX Segment 9 or the NLEX Karuhatan Link was opened, providing continuation to Segment 8.1 that runs from the other side of the Smart Connect Interchange to MacArthur Highway in Karuhatan, Valenzuela.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: On February 28, 2019, the main stretch of NLEX Segment 10 or the NLEX Harbor Link, from Karuhatan to C-3 Road, was opened to traffic. On February 21, 2020, its C3–R10 Section was partially opened up to its Malabon exit ramp; the remaining section to Radial Road 10 was opened on June 15, 2020.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The main expressway has been a subject of some legislative measures for its proposed renaming. These were filed to commemorate to the historical significance and contributions of its intended namesakes, respectively. However, none has taken effect to date, as these await a counterpart measure from the Senate before it can be signed into law by the President of the Philippines.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: On May 10, 2015, the House Committee on Public Works and Highways approved House Bill No. 4820 that seeks to rename the expressway to President Corazon C. Aquino Expressway (CAEX), in honor of former President Corazon Aquino, who was regarded as an icon of democracy. It was authored by Magnolia Rosa Antonino-Nadres, the then-representative from Nueva Ecija's 4th district.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: On May 13, 2019, the House of Representatives passed on third and final reading the House Bill No. 8958 that seeks to rename the expressway to the Marcelo H. del Pilar Expressway (MHDPEX), in honor of Marcelo H. del Pilar, a revolutionary writer and patriot from Bulacan. The bill is principally authored by Jose Antonio Sy-Alvarado, the then-representative from Bulacan's 1st district.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Currently, NLEX terminates at the Sta. Ines Exit in Mabalacat, Pampanga. Plans to continue the expressway beyond have been raised over the years, with the cooperation of DPWH, to extend the Sta. Ines Interchange towards Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway, also in Mabalacat.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Several plans for a construction of an elevated road to connect North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) have been mooted long before the construction of the NLEX Connector.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The government reportedly accepted an unsolicited proposal from Metro Pacific Tollways Development Corporation (MPTDC) to build the road. MPTDC is a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation (MPTC), which runs NLEX. This would later be known as the NLEX Connector Road project. The elevated expressway, which would be truck ban-free, will run over the Philippine National Railways tracks from the existing Segment 10 (Harbor Link) in Caloocan to the future interchange with Skyway Stage 3 near the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) campus in Santa Mesa, Manila. Construction of the project is estimated to cost , but as an "all-elevated" or completely grade-separated structure, right-of-way acquisition shall be reduced to an estimated cost of only .


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Once completed, the Connector Road will have four entry and exit points: the Caloocan Interchange, C-3 Road in Caloocan, España in Sampaloc, Manila, and Magsaysay Boulevard near Santa Mesa, Manila. It broke ground on February 28, 2019, at the same day the NLEX Karuhatan Link and Segment 10 saw majority completion, was inaugurated, and opened to traffic. Section 1, spanning from Caloocan to España is expected to be completed by the third quarter of 2022, while Section 2, also known as the Sta. Mesa Section spanning from España to Santa Mesa is expected to be completed by the second quarter of 2023. Its construction takes into consideration the upcoming parallel construction of the southern segment of the North–South Commuter Railway.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Section 2, spanning from España to Santa Mesa, had its ground broken on December 14, 2021. The civil works of Section 2 are being handled by China Road and Bridge Corporation. Construction of Section 2 began on February 8, 2022. To make way for the expressway, the Magsaysay Flyover along Magsaysay Boulevard had to be decommissioned as it would traverse below LRT Line 2.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: NLEX Phase 3 would be a extension with three segments from NLEX Main, originally planned to be built from San Simon, Pampanga, to Dinalupihan, Bataan, connecting to the Subic Bay Freeport Zone via Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway. However, the plan was modified to instead start somewhere between Apalit and San Fernando in Pampanga, then cut across Guagua and end at Dinalupihan. Though the project will tentatively start from Apalit based on the concession, the new alignment has yet to be finalized.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Pillars have been built on NLEX between its Balintawak toll plaza and Skyway Stage 3's Balintawak/NLEX off-ramp to accommodate a future toll road to the New Manila International Airport in Bulakan, Bulacan. The future project, to be built by San Miguel Corporation, will expand the capacity of NLEX by adding new 4–5 lanes up to Marilao, which was selected for another toll road to the future airport. After the completion of this elevated toll road, NLEX will have 11–13 lanes total (3–4 lanes per direction on NLEX + 5 lanes on the elevated segment) from Balintawak Cloverleaf to Marilao, ultimately bypassing the NLEX's open section.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The toll road project, later known as the Northern Access Link Expressway (NALEX), was approved by the Toll Regulatory Board in June 2022. It would be long from Skyway Stage 3 to a roundabout in Meycauayan, near the airport. Another stretch would be built beyond the NMIA roundabout, ending at the southern end of the Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway in Tarlac City. When completed, NALEX would be long. The NALEX project costs and the first segment is targeted to be completed by 2026.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: The tollway has two sections: an open section and a closed section. The open section, which is between Bocaue Exit and Balintawak Toll Barrier and the entire NLEX Harbor Link, employs the use of a barrier toll system, which charges a flat toll based on vehicle class. It is employed to reduce the number of toll barriers (and associated bottlenecks) within Metro Manila. The closed section, which is from Bocaue Exit northwards and the northbound exit to Philippine Arena (south of Bocaue), is distance-based, charging based on the class of vehicle and distance traveled. The section south of Balintawak toll barrier is toll-free, especially to vehicles travelling between Quirino Highway and Balintawak Interchange.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: When the expressway was modernized, an electronic toll collection system was set up for Class 1 vehicles while prepaid magnetic cards were assigned to Class 2 and 3 vehicles to speed up transactions at toll booths. These have since been replaced by a unified ETC system operated by Easytrip Services Corporation. In accordance with law, all toll rates include a 12% Value-Added Tax (VAT). With the movement of the northernmost toll gate to Sta. Ines, the NLEX and SCTEX toll systems have been merged into one combined system, with tolls for all enclosed destinations listed.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Emergency telephone boxes are located throughout the whole length of the expressway. Parking bays (lay-bys) are also placed on regular intervals on the expressway, for use in emergency situations.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: North Luzon Expressway has eleven service areas with 5 on both northbound and southbound of the main line, mostly located on the closed toll section north of Bocaue, and one on Tabang Spur Road. Each service station hosts a gas station, a convenience store, restrooms, car repair, and lubrication services. Except for Shell Tabang NLEX, these also have restaurants and ATMs, with some also providing ETC installation and reloading for Easytrip RFID users.


title: North Luzon Expressway

text: Exit numbers are based on kilometer post. Exits begin at 10 because the NLEx is a logical continuation of A. Bonifacio Avenue. Rizal Park in Manila is designated as Kilometer Zero.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Foggy Bottom is one of the oldest late 18th- and 19th-century neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., located west of the White House and downtown Washington, in the Northwest quadrant. It is bounded roughly by 17th Street NW to the east, Rock Creek Parkway to the west, Constitution Avenue NW to the south, and Pennsylvania Avenue NW to the north.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Foggy Bottom is thought to have received its name due to an atmospheric quirk of its low lying, marshy riverside location, which made it susceptible to concentrations of fog, and later, industrial smoke. The United States Department of State gained the metonym "Foggy Bottom" when it moved its headquarters to the nearby Harry S Truman Building, originally planned and constructed to be the new United States Department of War headquarters building, from the State, War, and Navy Building (now known as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building) near the White House in 1947.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Foggy Bottom includes the main campus of the George Washington University (GWU), and residents have convenient access to the nearby historic Georgetown area. In 1877 the moons of Mars (Phobos and Deimos) were discovered from the old Naval Observatory in Foggy Bottom, which was located here until 1893.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: The Foggy Bottom area was the site of one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the District of Columbia, when German settler Jacob Funk (or Funck) subdivided near the meeting place of the Potomac River and Rock Creek in 1763. The settlement officially was named "Hamburgh", but colloquially was called "Funkstown". In 1765, German settlers established the town of Hamburg on what would become the area between 24th and 18th NW Street. There are reportedly two more founders: Robert Peter and James Linigan. The three had control of the land until 1791 when the territories were given to the city of Washington and the United States government. In the town of Hamburg, a German community was founded by many German immigrants.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: In 1768, Funk sold two lots of territory to both the German Lutheran and the German Presbyterian communities. The lot that was sold to the German Lutherans was located on the corner of 20th and G Street. The lot sold to the German Presbyterians was located on the southeast corner of 22nd and G Street. The Lutheran lot would not be in use until 1833 and the Presbyterian until the 1880s. The lot that was sold to the German Lutheran community was turned into the Concordia German Church.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: By the 19th century, Foggy Bottom became a community of White and Black laborers employed at the nearby breweries, glass plants, and city gas works. These industrial facilities are also cited as a possible reason for the neighborhood's name, the "fog" being the smoke given off by the industries. Foggy Bottom attracted few settlers until the 1850s, when more industrial enterprises came into the area. Funk also set aside land in Hamburgh for a German-speaking congregation in 1768. Concordia German Evangelical Church, located at 1920 G Street NW was finally founded in 1833. Today the congregation is The United Church, and is the oldest religious community remaining in Foggy Bottom.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: "Foggy Bottom" was also the name of a line of beer by the Olde Heurich Brewing Company, which was founded by German immigrant Christian Heurich's grandson, Gary Heurich. He tried to revive the tradition of his family's Christian Heurich Brewing Company, which had ceased production in Foggy Bottom. Christian Heurich Brewing Company's most successful products bore such local names as Senate and Old Georgetown. During the 1950s, Heurich Brewing also sponsored the city's professional baseball team, the Washington Senators. Industry consolidation led the brewery to cease operations in 1956. In 1961–1962, the brewery buildings were razed to make way for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Heurich Jr., and his two sisters donated a portion of the brewery land to the Kennedy Center in memory of their parents, and established the Christian Heurich Family as one of the Founders of the national cultural center. Although the firm was founded in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood, the modern beer was brewed in Utica, New York.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Foggy Bottom, along with the rest of Washington D.C, was designed using the L'Enfant Plan, which created squares of housing with open space left in the middle. Foggy Bottom's alley life issue emerged during the 1860s when an influx of Irish and German immigrants attempted to move into Foggy Bottom. This influx was a result of the large number of industrial buildings that were located in Foggy Bottom. There were no immediate houses available for these new immigrants, so they were forced to move into the uninhabited alleys that were located in the middle of the squares. The situation became worse after the Civil War when a wave of newly freed Black Americans moved to Washington and began populating the alleys.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Construction of the alleys continued until 1892 because the government needed to reduce overcrowding in residential areas. For the next decade, the government largely left the alleys untouched. However, at the turn of the 20th century, the government began relegating more responsibilities and authority to the Health Department, which began demolishing the alleys because of the copious amounts of crime and disease. The living conditions of the inhabitants were quite abysmal, with half of the population sharing or having no toilet facilities Furthermore, crime was a major problem; a section of Foggy Bottom was nicknamed “Round Tops” because of a well-known gang that was active in the area.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: The following decades showed an improvement in the overall living conditions in the alleys of Foggy Bottom. The Health Department's effort to reduce crime and overcrowding largely succeeded until the 1920s, when prohibition began being enforced. Because breweries were a major source of income for the inhabitants of Foggy Bottom, prohibition created a new wave of lower-class workers who flocked to the alleys to set up bootleg liquor stores. During this time, the German and the Irish immigrants that had been prevalent since the 1860s began to move out. In 1934, after conditions in the alley had deteriorated, the government created the Alley Dwelling Authority, a new government entity that specifically dealt with improving Washington D.C.’s alleys. The ADA was authorized to demolish or redevelop any alley if it was deemed to be worth saving or not. The addition of the ADA and the arrival of the Department of State began to improve the living conditions in the alleys over time.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: The ADA was given the task of evaluating homes and streets to see if they met proper living conditions. Specific documentation would state the reasons why the area needed to be renovated. This documentation would then be sent from the authority to legislation for approval. Individual legislators included, but not exclusively, Eleanor Roosevelt. Common reasons given for why an area was in need of renovation were: too many people in one home; too many African Americans in and around the area; or that the exterior paint had faded. After the ADA gained approval from legislation, it would then give the occupants of the houses anywhere from two to four months to vacate the building. By July 1, 1944, all of the houses in Foggy Bottom had been evacuated and plans were set forward for renovation. This act sought to produce larger living spaces for individuals with better conditions so that the owners could charge more for rent. Higher rent prices were acceptable at the time because of a boom in hiring. Rents usually ranged anywhere from seventeen to thirty-seven dollars a month. These prices fluctuated often because of the available jobs and the condition of the houses. Older houses were typically cheaper than new homes, only some of which came with running water, gas heaters or cooling systems. Statistics suggest that, on average, the greater wealth arose from the majority of white residents, but also that black wealth was steadily increasing due to new job patterns.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: In 1856, construction began on the West Station Works, a plant owned and operated by the Washington Gas Light corporation, at the intersections of 26th and G St. NW. The construction began the development of the area now occupied by the Watergate building, as well as Foggy Bottom as a whole. The location was chosen for its proximity to the Potomac river, which made it convenient to unload barges of coal for the plant. The daily operation of the West Station Works attracted laborers to the area, most of them unskilled. By 1860, the unskilled population in Foggy Bottom was at 42%, compared to 9% in 1850. The influx of people spurred development in the area, and 40 years after the works were completed, the area fit the description of a proper city. In 1948, the area of land occupied by the West Station Works was purchased by the Watergate Project. The plant was demolished, and the Watergate complex was constructed on the same plot of land. Today, there is no physical remnant of the plant. It is a historical location today


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Points of interest in Foggy Bottom include the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; Friendship Lodge Odd Fellows Hall; and the infamous Watergate complex, site of the burglaries which led to President Richard Nixon's resignation over the Watergate scandal. George Washington University has grown significantly over the past decades and now covers much of the neighborhood, which has many historic old homes and numerous mid-rise apartment buildings. The historic portion of the Foggy Bottom neighborhood is preserved and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Just south of the Watergate complex, on the Potomac River, lies the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, home of the National Symphony Orchestra and numerous other theatrical and musical exhibitions. On Virginia Avenue is the Simon Bolivar Memorial. George Washington University's Lisner Auditorium and Smith Center are frequently home to major concerts, as is DAR Constitution Hall. Foggy Bottom is also home to the original location of the United States Naval Observatory.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: The southern edge of Foggy Bottom is home to many federal government offices, including the State Department. The Main Interior Building (headquarters of the Department of the Interior), the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters, and the Federal Reserve Board buildings all lie on or around Virginia Avenue. To the east lies the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, home to the Executive Office of the President of the United States and the Office of the Vice President of the United States. On the other side of the office is the White House, outside of the neighborhood.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Foggy Bottom is also home to numerous international and American organizations. The World Bank buildings, the International Finance Corporation, the International Monetary Fund, the Office of Personnel Management, DAR Constitution Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the American Pharmacists Association, the American Red Cross National Headquarters, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Organization of American States are all located in the neighborhood. In addition, the Mexican and Spanish Embassies are located in Foggy Bottom, both on Pennsylvania Avenue.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Late into the 20th century, Foggy Bottom witnessed a drastic change in demographics. There was a racial transformation within the area, as a white revival emerged. Many different factors forced out the black population, including the Foggy Bottom Taxpayers Protective Association opposing federal intervention. The renovations enacted by the Alley Dwelling Authority rendered the former inhabitants displaced. Similarly, the West End witnessed the same changes. Another factor of the change in demographics was orchestrated by Theodore G. Bilbo, who called for an "Alley Moving Day" forcing the black population out of the alleys.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: The neighborhood is predominately white. As of the 2010 United States Census, there are 14,642 residents, of whom 78.3% are white.


title: Foggy Bottom

text: Public schools are part of the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) system. The neighborhood elementary and middle school located in Foggy Bottom is School Without Walls at Francis-Stevens. Residents are zoned for Cardozo Education Campus for high school. DCPS also operates School Without Walls, a magnet high school, on the GWU campus.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The Medici Chapels ("Cappelle medicee") are two structures at the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, and built as extensions to Brunelleschi's 15th-century church, with the purpose of celebrating the Medici family, patrons of the church and Grand Dukes of Tuscany. The Sagrestia Nuova ("New Sacristy") was designed by Michelangelo. The larger Cappella dei Principi ("Chapel of the Princes"), although proposed in the 16th century, was not begun until the early 17th century, its design being a collaboration between the family and architects.


title: Medici Chapel

text: These are not to be confused with the Magi Chapel in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, then the main Medici home, that houses a famous cycle of frescoes by Benozzo Gozzoli, painted around 1459.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The "Sagrestia Nuova" was intended by Cardinal Giulio de' Medici and his cousin Pope Leo X as a mausoleum or mortuary chapel for members of the Medici family. It balances Brunelleschi's "Sagrestia Vecchia", the "Old Sacristy" nestled between the left transept of San Lorenzo, with which it consciously competes, and shares its format of a cubical space surmounted by a dome, of gray "pietra serena" and whitewashed walls. It was the first essay in architecture (1519–24) of Michelangelo, who also designed its monuments that are dedicated to certain members of the Medici family, with sculptural figures of the four times of day that were destined to influence sculptural figures reclining on architraves for many generations to come. The "Sagrestia Nuova" was entered by a discreet entrance in a corner of San Lorenzo's right transept, now closed.


title: Medici Chapel

text: Although it was vaulted over by 1524, the ambitious projects of its sculpture and the intervention of events, such as the temporary exile of the Medici (1527), the death of Giulio, eventually Pope Clement VII, and the permanent departure of Michelangelo for Rome in 1534, meant that Michelangelo never finished it.


title: Medici Chapel

text: In 1976, a concealed corridor with drawings by Michelangelo on its walls was discovered under the New Sacristy.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The Madonna and Child was the first sculpture Michelangelo completed for the project and although most of the following statues had been carved by the time of Michelangelo's departure, they had not been put in place, being left in disarray across the chapel. Later, in 1545, they were installed by Niccolò Tribolo. By order of Cosimo I, Giorgio Vasari and Bartolomeo Ammannati finished the work by 1555.


title: Medici Chapel

text: Four Medici tombs were intended for the project, but those of Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano (buried beneath the altar at the entrance wall) were never begun. The magnificent existing tombs are those of two more recently deceased and less well known family members whose careers had been cut tragically short by their comparatively early deaths: Giuliano di Lorenzo, Duke of Nemours (d. 1514, aged 37) and his nephew (d. 1519, age 27) Lorenzo di Piero, Duke of Urbino, whose daughter Catherine de' Medici became Queen of France). The architectural components of these tombs are similar and with sculptures offering contrast.


title: Medici Chapel

text: On the main wall, Michelangelo's "Madonna and Child" is flanked by the Medici patron saints, Cosmas and Damian. The wall is unfinished. These three sculptures are placed over a rectangular altar. The sculptures of the saints were not carved by Michelangelo. Following models created by Michelangelo, the sculptures of the patron saints were executed later by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli and Raffaello da Montelupo respectively and were placed on either side of the Madonna and Child.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The statures representing the Medici family members above their respective tombs along the side walls are facing the Madonna and their lines of sight lead to her.


title: Medici Chapel

text: In a statement in the biography of Michelangelo that was published in 1553 by his disciple, Ascanio Condivi, and largely was based on Michelangelo's own recollections, Condivi gives the following description of the sculptures on the two Medici tombs: "The statues are four in number, placed in a sacristy... the sarcophagi are placed before the side walls, and on the lids of each there recline two big figures, larger than life, to wit, a man and a woman; they signify Day and Night and, in conjunction, Time which devours all things… And in order to signify Time he planned to make a mouse, having left a bit of marble upon the work (which [plan] he subsequently did not carry out because he was prevented by circumstances), because this little animal ceaselessly gnaws and consumes just as time devours everything”.


title: Medici Chapel

text: Day is a marble sculpture by Michelangelo, datable to 1526–1531. It is paired with "Night" on the tomb of Giuliano de' Medici in the chapel.


title: Medici Chapel

text: Night is a sculpture in marble (155x150 cm, maximum length 194 cm diagonally) by Michelangelo Buonarroti. Dating from 1526–1531, it is part of the decoration of the New Sacristy and part of an allegory of the four parts of a day. It is situated on the left of the sarcophagus of the tomb of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Nemours.


title: Medici Chapel

text: Along with his "Dawn", Michelangelo drew from the ancient "Sleeping Ariadne" for his sculpture's pose.


title: Medici Chapel

text: In his poem "L'Idéal" from "Les Fleurs du Mal", French Romantic poet Charles Baudelaire references the statue:


title: Medici Chapel

text: In his Life of Michelangelo, Giorgio Vasari quotes an epigram by Giovanni Strozzi, written, perhaps in 1544, in praise of Michelangelo's "Night":


title: Medici Chapel

text: Michelangelo responded in 1545–46 with another epigram, entitled "Risposta del Buonarroto" ("Buonarroto's response"). Speaking in the voice of the statue, it may contain a scathing critique of Cosimo I de' Medici's governance, according to Kenneth Gross:


title: Medici Chapel

text: Dawn is a sculpture by Michelangelo, executed for the chapel. It is 6 feet and 8 inches in length. Along with his "Night", Michelangelo drew from the ancient "Sleeping Ariadne" for his sculpture's pose. This was in turn influential on Benvenuto Cellini's "Diana of Fontainebleau".


title: Medici Chapel

text: Dusk is a marble sculpture by Michelangelo, datable to 1524–1534. It is paired with "Dawn" on the tomb of Lorenzo II de' Medici.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The creation of "Dusk" started simultaneously with the resuming of work at the New Sacristy of Florence, during 1524, after Clement VII's election to the papal throne. The sculpture's termination date remains unknown; however, the works were interrupted during the Siege of Florence and resumed in 1531. The work remained visibly unfinished in 1534, the year that Michelangelo definitively left Florence.


title: Medici Chapel

text: "Dusk", or "Sunset", is personified as man and is stretched out and nude, as are the other statues in the series. It was modelled, perhaps, after the mountain and river gods at the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome.


title: Medici Chapel

text: If its pair, "Dawn" is in the act of awaking, "Dusk" is falling asleep. The statue lies down with one leg crossing the other, for greater compositional dynamism, one arm resting on his thigh to hold back a falling cloth. The other arm is bent to support the figure. The statue's face is bearded, with a thoughtful, downward gaze.


title: Medici Chapel

text: Among the various iconographic meanings proposed, the statue is seen as an emblem of the phlegmatic temperament or of the elements of water or earth. Michelangelo's study for "Dusk" is known for exemplifying his style of striking, unfinished drawings.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The lantern at the top of the New Sacristy is made out of marble and has an "...unusual polyhedron mounted on the peak of the conical roof". The orb that is on top of the lantern has seventy-two facets and is approximately two feet in diameter. The orb and cross, that is on top of the orb, are traditional symbols of the Roman and Christian power, and recalls the similar orbs on central dome plan churches such as St. Maria del Fiore and St. Peter's. But because it is on a private mausoleum, the Medici family is promoting their own personal power with the orb and cross, laurel wreath, and lion heads, which are all symbols of status and power.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The lantern that holds up the orb helps to accentuate the height and size of the chapel, which is fairly small. The lantern is a bit less than seven meters tall and "...is equal to the height of the dome it surmounts". The lantern metaphorically expresses the themes of death and resurrection. The lantern is where the soul could escape and go from "...death to the afterlife".


title: Medici Chapel

text: The octagonal "Cappella dei Principi" surmounted by a tall dome, 59 m. high, is the distinguishing feature of San Lorenzo when seen from a distance. It is on the same axis as the nave and chancel to which it provides the equivalent of an apsidal chapel. Its entrance is from the exterior, in Piazza Madonna degli Aldobrandini, and through the low vaulted crypt planned by Bernardo Buontalenti before plans for the chapel above were made.


title: Medici Chapel

text: The opulent "Cappella dei Principi", an idea formulated by Cosimo I, was put into effect by Ferdinand I de' Medici. It was designed by Matteo Nigetti, following some sketches tendered to an informal competition of 1602 by Don Giovanni de' Medici, the natural son of Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, which were altered in the execution by the aged Buontalenti. A true expression of court art, it was the result of collaboration among designers and patrons.


title: Medici Chapel

text: For the execution of its astonishing revetment of marbles inlaid with colored marbles and semi-precious stone, the Grand Ducal hardstone workshop, the Opificio delle Pietre Dure was established. The art of "commessi", as it was called in Florence, assembled jig-sawn fragments of specimen stones and porphyry to form the designs of the revetment that entirely cover the walls. The result was disapproved of by 18th- and 19th-century visitors, but has come to be appreciated for an example of the taste of its time. Six grand sarcophagi are empty; the Medici remains are interred in the crypt below. In sixteen compartments of the dado are coats-of-arms of Tuscan cities under Medici control. In the niches that were intended to hold portrait sculptures of Medici, two were executed by Pietro Tacca (1626–42) that feature Ferdinando I and Cosimo II.


title: Psalm 51

text: Psalm 51, one of the penitential psalms, is the 51st psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "Have mercy upon me, O God". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 50. In Latin, it is known as Miserere, () in ), especially in musical settings. The introduction in the text says that it was composed by David as a confession to God after he sinned with Bathsheba.


title: Psalm 51

text: Psalm 51 is based on the incident recorded in 2 Samuel, chapters 11–12. David's confession is regarded as a model for repentance in both Judaism and Christianity.


title: Psalm 51

text: The Midrash Tehillim states that one who acknowledges that he has sinned and is fearful and prays to God about it, as David did, will be forgiven. But one who tries to ignore his sin will be punished by God. The Talmud (Yoma 86b) cites verse 5 in the Hebrew (verse 3 in English versions), "My sin is always before me", as a reminder to the penitent to maintain continual vigilance in the area in which he transgressed, even after he has confessed and been absolved.


title: Psalm 51

text: Charles Spurgeon says Psalm 51 is called "The Sinner's Guide", as it shows the sinner how to return to God's grace. Athanasius would recommend that this chapter be recited each night by some of his disciples. According to James Montgomery Boice, this psalm was recited by both Thomas More and Lady Jane Grey at their executions.


title: Psalm 51

text: Parallels between Psalm 51 and the Ancient Egyptian ritual text Opening of the mouth ceremony have been pointed out by scholar Benjamin Urrutia. These include:


title: Psalm 51

text: Then shalt thou be pleased with the sacrifices of righteousness, with burnt offering and whole burnt offering:


title: Psalm 51

text: Verse 19 in the Hebrew (verse 17 in many modern English translations) suggests that God desires a "broken and contrite heart" more than he does sacrificial offerings. The idea of using brokenheartedness as a way to reconnect to God was emphasized in numerous teachings by Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. In "Sichot HaRan" #41 he taught: "It would be very good to be brokenhearted all day. But for the average person, this can easily degenerate into depression. You should therefore set aside some time each day for heartbreak. You should isolate yourself with a broken heart before God for a given time. But the rest of the day you should be joyful".


title: Psalm 51

text: Several verses from Psalm 51 are regular parts of Jewish liturgy. Verses (in Hebrew) 3, 4, 9, 13, 19, 20, and 21 are said in Selichot. Verses 9, 12, and 19 are said during "Tefillat Zakkah" prior to the Kol Nidrei service on Yom Kippur eve. Verse 17, "O Lord, open my lips", is recited as a preface to the Amidah in all prayer services. Verse 20 is said by Ashkenazi Jews before the removal of the Sefer Torah from the ark on Shabbat and Yom Tov morning; it is also said in the "Atah Horaisa" ("You have been shown") prayer recited before opening the ark on Simchat Torah. In the Sephardi liturgy, Psalm 51 is one of the additional psalms recited on Yom Kippur night.


title: Psalm 51

text: In the "Siddur Avodas Yisroel", Psalm 51 is the Song of the Day for Shabbat Parah and Shabbat Ki Tavo. This psalm is also said on Wednesday nights after the recital of "Aleinu" in "Maariv".


title: Psalm 51

text: The most frequently used psalm in the Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches, Psalm 50 (Septuagint numbering) it is called in the Greek language  Ἥ Ἐλεήμων "He Eleḯmon", and begins in Greek  Ἐλέησόν με, ὁ Θεός "Eléïsón me, o Theós".


title: Psalm 51

text: In the Divine Liturgy it is recited by the deacon while he censing the entire church at the conclusion of the Proskomedie, which is also known as killing Satan. It is also a part of many sacraments and other services, notably, as a penitential psalm, during the Mystery of Repentance.


title: Psalm 51

text: In the Agpeya, Coptic Church's book of hours, it is recited at every office throughout the day as a prayer of confession and repentance.


title: Psalm 51

text: In the Catholic Church this psalm may be assigned by a priest to a penitent as a penance after Confession. Verse 7 of the psalm is traditionally sung as the priest sprinkles holy water over the congregation before Mass, in a rite known as the "Asperges me", the first two words of the verse in Latin. This reference lends a striking significance to the Mass as Sacrifice, given that Hyssop was used for the smearing of blood on the lintels at the first Passover.


title: Psalm 51

text: In the Divine Office, it was traditionally said at Lauds on all ferias; the 1911 reform restricted this use to the ferias of Advent and Lent. It is otherwise said as part of the weekly cycle on Wednesday at Matins. In the Liturgy of the Hours, it is prayed during Lauds (Morning Prayer) every Friday.


title: Psalm 51

text: Parts of Psalm 51 are used as a responsorial psalm in both the Revised Common Lectionary and the Roman Catholic Lectionary on Ash Wednesday and on other days.


title: Psalm 51

text: In the Church of England's "Book of Common Prayer", this psalm is appointed to be read on the morning of the tenth day of the month.


title: Psalm 51

text: The Miserere was used for centuries as a judicial test of reading ability. This practice began as a means by which a defendant could claim to be a clergyman, and thus subject only to ecclesiastical courts and not subject to the power of civil courts. This was called pleading the benefit of clergy. The Biblical passage traditionally used for the literacy test was the first verse of Psalm 51. Thus, an illiterate person who had memorized this psalm could also claim the benefit of clergy, and Psalm 51 became known as the "neck-verse" because knowing it could save one's neck by transferring one's case from a secular court, where hanging was a likely sentence, to an ecclesiastical court, where both the methods of trial and the sentences given were more lenient, for example, a sentence of penance.


title: Psalm 51

text: It has been suggested that verse 7 "Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean:" is an early example of the medical use of "Penicillium", the initial source of penicillin.


title: Psalm 51

text: Possibly since the Middle Ages (and recorded in medical literature as early as the 16th century), the supplication and submission conveyed in the psalm has been linked by some common people with the pain and despair of a patient suffering from fecal vomiting, which received the vulgar name "Miserere mei" or "Miserere", inspired by verse 3 ("Miserere mei, Deus, secundum misericordiam tuam"). The condition is a common symptom of intestinal obstruction, which, without urgent surgical treatment, precedes the patient's death.


title: Psalm 51

text: The Miserere was a frequently used text in Catholic liturgical music before the Second Vatican Council. Most of the settings, which are often used at Tenebrae, are in a simple falsobordone style. During the Renaissance many composers wrote settings. The earliest known polyphonic setting, probably dating from the 1480s, is by Johannes Martini, a composer working in the Este court in Ferrara. The extended polyphonic setting by Josquin des Prez, probably written in 1503/1504 in Ferrara, was likely inspired by the prison meditation "Infelix ego" by Girolamo Savonarola, who had been burned at the stake just five years before. Later in the 16th century Orlande de Lassus wrote an elaborate setting as part of his "Penitential Psalms", and Palestrina, Andrea Gabrieli, Giovanni Gabrieli, and Carlo Gesualdo also wrote settings.


title: Psalm 51

text: Heinrich Schütz set Psalm 53 in a metred version in German, "Erbarm dich mein, o Herre Gott", SWV 150, as part of the "Becker Psalter", first published in 1628. Antonio Vivaldi may have written a setting or settings, but such composition(s) have been lost, with only two introductory motets remaining.


title: Psalm 51

text: One of the best-known settings of the Miserere is the 17th century version by Roman School composer Gregorio Allegri. According to a famous story, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, aged only fourteen, heard the piece performed once, on April 11, 1770, and after going back to his lodging for the night was able to write out the entire score from memory. He went back a day or two later with his draft to correct some errors. That the final chorus comprises a ten-part harmony underscores the prodigiousness of the young Mozart's musical genius. The piece is also noteworthy in having been transcribed erroneously by William Smith Rockstro as having numerous high Cs in the treble part. This interpolated version is nevertheless extremely popular and widely recorded.


title: Psalm 51

text: Four settings were written by Marc-Antoine Charpentier (H.157, H.173, H.219, H.193-H.193 a). Louis-Nicolas Clérambault set one Miserere for soloists, chorus and continuo (organ) (date unknown). Sébastien de Brossard set one "Miserere" in 1688 - 89, André Campra set one "Miserere" in 1726 and many by Michel-Richard de Lalande (S15, S27, S87, S41/2, S32/17, S6/3), Costanzo Festa, Johann Sebastian Bach, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi and Saverio Selecchy. Jan Dismas Zelenka wrote two elaborate settings (ZWV 56 and ZWV 57).


title: Psalm 51

text: Modern composers who have written notable settings of the Miserere include Michael Nyman, Arvo Pärt, and James MacMillan. References in secular popular music include the Antestor song "Mercy Lord", from the album "Martyrium" (1994), "In Manus Tuas" ("Salvation" 2003) by the group Funeral Mist, "White As Snow" ("Winter" 2008) by Jon Foreman, the song "Restore To Me" by Mac Powell and Candi Pearson-Shelton from "Glory Revealed" (2007). Bukas Palad Music Ministry includes their version of "Miserere" in their album "Christify" (2010). Modern Christian singer Keith Green put this psalm to music in the song "Create in Me a Clean Heart".


title: Psalm 51

text: Verses 12–13 have been set to music as a popular Jewish inspirational song. Titled "Lev Tahor" ("A pure heart"), this song is commonly sung at "Seudah Shlishit" (the third Shabbat meal).


title: Jason Spezza

text: Jason Rocco Anthony Spezza (born June 13, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. Spezza played 19 career seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 2002 to 2022, and is currently a part of the Toronto Maple Leafs' front office.


title: Jason Spezza

text: After beginning his major junior career at the early age of 15 in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Spezza was selected second overall in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the Ottawa Senators, eventually serving as their team captain following the departure of Daniel Alfredsson. Playing in the American Hockey League (AHL) in 2004–05 due to the NHL lockout, he won the Les Cunningham Award as league MVP with the Binghamton Senators. In 2005–06, Spezza set an Ottawa Senators franchise record with 71 assists, while hitting the 90-point mark for the first of two times in his NHL career. He later played for the Dallas Stars and Toronto Maple Leafs.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Internationally, Spezza represented Canada at three World Junior Championships and two World Championships. When he made his World Junior debut in 2000, he became the third 16-year-old in history to make the team, after Wayne Gretzky and Eric Lindros.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Spezza was born on June 13, 1983, in Mississauga, Ontario. He was born to Italian parents Rino and Donna Spezza along with twin siblings Michelle and Matthew, an ice hockey goaltender who most recently played for the Flint Generals of the International Hockey League (IHL). Growing up in the Toronto area, he watched the Toronto Maple Leafs, but has cited Mario Lemieux as his favourite player as a child. Spezza attended St. Michael's College School.


title: Jason Spezza

text: At age one, Spezza won a baby contest and began his youth modelling career. The victory resulted in Spezza becoming the poster boy for "Baby", a Broadway musical that played at Toronto's O'Keefe Centre in the summer of 1984. At age five, Spezza was chosen for a Minute Maid commercial. Two years later, he modelled clothing for stores Woolco and Kmart.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Spezza played for the Toronto Marlboros in 1997, recording 114 points in 54 games. At age 15, Spezza began his major junior career in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) with the Brampton Battalion in 1998–99, under a rule permitting the then-underage player to play on his hometown team. He scored at more than a point-per-game pace as an underaged player with 71 points in 67 games. He subsequently became the youngest player ever to participate in an OHL All-Star game at age 15. After one season with the Battalion, he was required to enter the OHL Priority Draft and was selected by the Mississauga IceDogs in the team's second season in 1999–2000. He recorded 61 points in 52 games that season before requesting a trade and subsequently being dealt 15 games into the 2000–01 season to the Windsor Spitfires. Spezza went on to record an OHL career-high 116 points in 66 games that season.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Entering the 2001 NHL Entry Draft having been named the Top CHL Prospect, Spezza was drafted second overall by the Ottawa Senators, after Ilya Kovalchuk was selected by the Atlanta Thrashers. The second overall pick originally belonged to the New York Islanders but was traded to Ottawa (along with Zdeno Chára and Bill Muckalt) in exchange for Alexei Yashin on the day of the Draft. During the summer of 2001, Spezza passed on an invitation to the Canadian junior team's summer camp because he said he wanted to prepare for his first NHL camp.


title: Jason Spezza

text: After one more OHL season split between the Spitfires and the Belleville Bulls, resulting in a 105-point season, Spezza began his professional career in the American Hockey League (AHL). He signed his first professional contract with the Senators, a multi-year deal, on September 5, 2001.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Following Spezza's fourth OHL season in 2001–02, he was assigned to the Senators' AHL affiliate the Grand Rapids Griffins for the 2002 Calder Cup playoffs, where he made his professional debut, playing in three playoff games and scoring one goal. He made his NHL debut the next season in 2002–03 with Ottawa, playing in 33 games and recording 21 points, and scored his first NHL goal on October 29, 2002, in a 2–1 loss against the Philadelphia Flyers. However, he played the majority of the season in the AHL with Ottawa's new affiliate, the Binghamton Senators, and was called-up regularly to replace injured Ottawa players. He also competed in three Stanley Cup playoff games with Ottawa during his rookie season, helping the team in its 2003 playoff run to the Eastern Conference Finals. In his playoff debut on May 21, 2003, Spezza assisted on the game-winning goal in Game 3. The Senators came within one game of the Finals, losing to the eventual Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Spezza played his first full NHL season with the Senators in 2003–04 and scored 22 goals and 55 points in 78 games. However, due to the subsequent NHL lockout, Spezza returned to the AHL in 2004–05. Scoring 117 points with Binghamton, he outscored Michael Cammalleri of the Manchester Monarchs by eight points to capture the John B. Sollenberger Trophy as the league's leading scorer. Spezza was also awarded the Les Cunningham Award as league MVP.


title: Jason Spezza

text: With NHL play set to resume in 2005–06, Spezza returned to Ottawa. Having traded centres Radek Bonk and Todd White during the off-season, the Senators started Spezza on the first line between Dany Heatley and rookie Brandon Bochenski, who was Spezza's linemate in Binghamton. Captain Daniel Alfredsson quickly replaced Bochenski on the top line (Bochenski was soon thereafter traded) and the new trio become nicknamed the "CASH" line and "Pizza" line. Wingers Alfredsson and Heatley both finished tied for fourth in league scoring with 103 points, while Spezza tallied 90 points despite an injury-shortened 68-game season. His 71 assists established a team single-season record and was second in the league behind Joe Thornton of the San Jose Sharks (96 assists). In the 2006 playoffs, the Senators defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in the first round, but fell to the Buffalo Sabres in five games. Spezza added 14 points in 10 playoff games.


title: Jason Spezza

text: During the summer of 2006, Spezza underwent successful back surgery. The following season, he continued on the same pace with Heatley and Alfredsson before suffering another injury. He managed a career-high 34 goals and finished with 87 points in 67 games. On May 19, 2007, he scored a goal and an assist as the Senators defeated the Buffalo Sabres in the Eastern Conference Final four games to one. Ottawa moved to the Stanley Cup Final against the Anaheim Ducks, but lost in five games in large part because the Spezza–Heatley–Alfredsson line failed to perform against Samuel Påhlsson's checking line, backed by star defencemen Scott Niedermayer and Chris Pronger. Spezza finished the 2007 playoffs with a franchise-record 22 points, tied with linemates Alfredsson and Heatley.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Beginning the 2007–08 season in the final year of his contract, on November 2, 2007, Spezza signed a new seven-year, $49 million contract with the Senators effective from the 2008–09 season through to the 2014–15 season. Late that season, on February 9, 2008, Spezza scored his first NHL hat-trick during a 6–1 Senators victory over the Montreal Canadiens. Spezza contributed to all of his team's goals for a career-high six-point game. He finished the season tying his career-high in goals with 34 and establishing a new personal mark for points with 92. However, the Senators failed to advance past the first round following their Stanley Cup run the previous season, falling to the Pittsburgh Penguins in four games.


title: Jason Spezza

text: The 2008–09 season was a disappointing one for both Spezza and the Senators. Though he managed to remain injury-free and played in all of his team's 82 games for the first time in his NHL career, his point production decreased. Spezza managed 73 points in 82 games, and while still respectable, the numbers were his lowest totals since his first full NHL season in 2003–04. The team struggled all season long and would miss the playoffs for the first time since 1995–96.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Despite missing 22 games due to injury in the 2009–10 season, Spezza still managed to score 23 goals and pick-up 34 assists for 57 points in 60 games to finish second on the team in scoring. In the first round of the 2010 playoffs, the Senators lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two. Spezza finished with one goal and six assists for seven points in the six games. He also led the team in shots on goal with 24. However, Spezza's poor defensive play and costly turnovers in that series resulted in him being booed by fans at Scotiabank Place, and the following off-season was rife with speculation that he would be traded. Spezza himself admitted that he would not object to a trade from Ottawa. Ultimately, no trade occurred.


title: Jason Spezza

text: On December 26, 2010, in a 3–1 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins, Spezza was checked from behind into the boards by Penguins defenceman Kris Letang. Letang received a two-minute penalty for boarding and Spezza was expected to miss four-to-six weeks due to a consequent shoulder injury.


title: Jason Spezza

text: At the end of the 2010–11 season, Spezza was named an interim alternate captain for Ottawa after the team traded away Mike Fisher. In 2011–12, Spezza was named as a permanent alternate captain for the Senators. He remained injury-free and finished fourth in league scoring, earning consideration for the Hart Memorial Trophy. Spezza was ultimately not a finalist for the award, finishing sixth in voting.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Spezza spent time with Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Swiss National League A during the 2012–13 NHL lockout and returned to the Senators once a resolution had been negotiated. He registered two goals and three assists in five games before a back injury sidelined him. The Senators announced on January 31, 2013, that Spezza would be out of the Ottawa line-up for a minimum of two months (and possibly longer) as he required surgery for a herniated disc in his back. The injury occurred in a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins on January 27. Spezza ultimately missed the remainder of the regular season and the first round of the 2013 playoffs. He returned to action on May 19, 2013, for the third game of Ottawa's Eastern Conference Semi-final series against Pittsburgh.


title: Jason Spezza

text: On September 14, 2013, Spezza was named the eighth captain in Senators' franchise history, replacing long-time teammate Daniel Alfredsson, who joined the Detroit Red Wings as a free agent on July 5, 2013.


title: Jason Spezza

text: After the conclusion of his first season as the Senators captain in 2013–14, it was revealed by Senators general manager Bryan Murray that Spezza had requested a trade from the Senators. At the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, a potential trade to the Nashville Predators was negotiated by Murray but rejected by Spezza as the Predators were one of the teams listed in his limited contractual no-trade clause.


title: Jason Spezza

text: On July 1, 2014, Spezza was traded to the Dallas Stars (along with Ludwig Karlsson) in exchange for Alex Chiasson, Alex Guptill, Nick Paul and a second-round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft. On November 21, Spezza signed a four-year contract with Dallas (effective from the 2015–16 season through to the 2018–19 season) worth an annual average value of $7.5 million. He recorded 17 goals and 45 assists in 82 games in his first season with the Stars, as they missed the 2015 playoffs. His offensive production improved the following season, scoring 33 goals in 75 games as the Stars qualified for the 2016 playoffs as the top seed in the Western Conference.


title: Jason Spezza

text: On October 30, 2018, in a 4–1 win over the Montreal Canadiens, Spezza played in his 1,000th career NHL game.


title: Jason Spezza

text: On July 1, 2019, as a free agent, Spezza signed a one-year, $700,000 contract for the 2019–20 season with the Toronto Maple Leafs, the team he supported as a child. On signing, Spezza said, "Just to have a chance to put on a Leaf jersey is going to be pretty special for me." However, Spezza was scratched for Toronto's opening night game against his former team, the Ottawa Senators, in a highly criticized move by Toronto's head coach Mike Babcock. Spezza made his debut with the Maple Leafs in the following game on October 5, against the Columbus Blue Jackets.


title: Jason Spezza

text: On January 17, 2021, the Maple Leafs placed Spezza on waivers after 3 games for salary cap reasons. Spezza's agent indicated that Spezza would retire if claimed by another team. Ultimately, he went unclaimed and cleared waivers to remain with the Maple Leafs. Two and a half weeks later, Spezza would go on to record his eighth and final career hat trick in a 7–3 victory over the Vancouver Canucks on February 4.


title: Jason Spezza

text: On June 16, 2021, Spezza re-signed with the Maple Leafs to a one-year contract extension worth league minimum again, $750,000. Spezza's deal was seen as another hometown discount for the salary cap strapped club, stating "if I could take less, I would" to help the team win. Spezza continuted his strong play in a depth role before being suspended six games on December 8 for a hit to the head of Winnipeg Jets defender Neal Pionk that occurred three days prior after Pionk injured teammate Rasmus Sandin with a knee-on-knee hit. Spezza, who had a reputation as a clean player that had never been suspended or fined once in his 19 seasons in the NHL appealed the decision, with NHL commissioner Gary Bettman reducing the suspension to four games on December 17.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Following the Leafs' elimination in the first round of the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs, Spezza announced his retirement after 19 seasons in the NHL. The Maple Leafs instead offered him a new position as special assistant to general manager Kyle Dubas, which Spezza accepted, saying he was "very grateful to the Leafs for the amazing opportunity to transition into this new role. It enables me to continue to follow my passion; learn and live new experiences within the game I love." Spezza's loyalty to his hometown Maple Leafs factored into his decision, stating that he believed that it was best for the on-ice product for him to retire and open opportunity for young offensive players. Spezza retired with 995 career NHL points, the most of any player who never hit 1,000.


title: Jason Spezza

text: As a junior, Spezza represented Canada's national junior team three consecutive years. He made his debut at the 2000 World Junior Championships, becoming just the third 16-year-old to make the team in Team Canada history, after Wayne Gretzky and Eric Lindros (this feat was also accomplished the same year by defenceman Jay Bouwmeester and Sidney Crosby in 2004). Spezza contributed 2 assists in 7 games as Canada captured a bronze medal. He returned in 2001 for a second consecutive bronze medal, while improving to three goals and three assists. Spezza made it to the gold medal game with Canada in his third and final World Junior appearance in 2002, but lost to Russia to earn the silver.


title: Jason Spezza

text: As a member of the Senators, Spezza was made a reserve for Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, but did not play. He would make his men's debut for Canada at the 2008 World Championships, being named to the team along with Senators linemate Dany Heatley. He earned a silver medal, losing to Russia in the gold medal game. With the Senators failing to make the NHL playoffs the following year, Spezza again represented Canada at the 2009 World Championships. He won another silver medal, losing to Russia in the gold medal game for the second consecutive year. Spezza, along with Finland's Niko Kapanen and fellow Canadian Steven Stamkos, finished the tournament tied for first in goals scored with seven.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Despite his success with the national team in the two previous World Championships, as well as being named a reserve for the 2006 Olympic team, Spezza was left off Canada's initial summer camp roster in preparation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. However, after veteran Joe Sakic announced his retirement and Ryan Getzlaf declared that he required more time to recover from injury, Spezza was invited to fill in one of the vacant spots.


title: Jason Spezza

text: As the 2012–13 NHL lockout continued, Spezza was named to Canada's roster for the 2012 Spengler Cup held in Davos, Switzerland. Spezza joined fellow NHL stars John Tavares, Tyler Seguin, Patrice Bergeron, Ryan Smyth and Matt Duchene in the Canadian line-up, helping Canada defeat host team HC Davos to capture its first Spengler Cup title since 2007.


title: Jason Spezza

text: At the 2015 World Championships, where Canada won the gold medal for the first time since 2007 with a perfect 10–0 record, Spezza was named best forward and a member of the all-star team; he was the tournament's leading scorer.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Spezza participates in numerous activities outside of hockey, especially the "Spelling with Spezza" program. Winners received a poster of Spezza and a pair of tickets to an Ottawa Senators' home game. The program recognizes the importance of spelling. Spezza visited selected classes registered for the program. In his last season with the Senators, over 600 classes in the Ottawa-Gatineau area participated in Spelling with Spezza. He also contributes to Ronald McDonald House Charities.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Spezza wed his girlfriend, Jennifer Snell, in Ottawa on July 25, 2009. The ceremony took place at Notre Dame Cathedral Basilica and the reception was held across the street at the National Gallery of Canada. Many of his then-current and past teammates were in attendance, including Ray Emery, Antoine Vermette, Brendan Bell, Chris Phillips and Chris Neil, as well as Senators owner Eugene Melnyk.


title: Jason Spezza

text: The couple have four daughters. Spezza and his family resided in the west-end of Ottawa during his tenure with the Senators, but sold the home when he was traded to Dallas.


title: Jason Spezza

text: Spezza was on the cover of the "NHL 2K8" video game for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox and the Xbox 360 video game consoles.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Charlie Kray (9 July 1927 – 4 April 2000) was an English amateur boxer and convicted criminal. He was the elder brother of Ronnie and Reggie Kray.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Charles James Kray was born at 26 Gorsuch Street, Hoxton on 9 July 1927, to Charles David Kray (1907–1983), a wardrobe dealer, and Violet Annie Lee (1909–1982). His father was of Irish descent and his mother was Romani. When Kray was six-years-old, his mother had two identical twins, Ronnie and Reggie Kray, with Reggie born 10 minutes before Ronnie. His sister, Violet (1929) died in infancy.


title: Charlie Kray

text: In 1932, the family moved to Stene Street, near Kingsland Road, Hackney. The family later moved to 178 Vallance Road in Bethnal Green.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Before the war, Kray worked for Lloyd's of London as a messenger boy in the city, earning around 18 shillings a week, which is 90 pence in today's money.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Young Charlie was brought up on stories about fighting and boxing, and often dreamt of winning the Lonsdale Belt as Champion of the World.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Kray soon took up boxing again and trained in the local gyms. His grandfather Cannonball Lee set up a punch bag in the top back room in Vallance Road.


title: Charlie Kray

text: After a spell of rheumatic fever, Kray joined the Naval Cadets, where he continued training seriously. He later joined the Navy where he boxed as a welterweight. However, he started to get terrible headaches and was soon discharged unfit from the Navy, on medical grounds, due to chronic migraines.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Although he did not have the violent reputation of his younger brothers, Kray was still an important component of the family's gangland history.


title: Charlie Kray

text: When the twins empire came crashing down in 1969, Charlie was inevitably dragged down with them. Kray was given a 10-year sentence for being an accessory to the murder of George Cornell. He was released from prison in 1975. After his release, he made money from promoting the family's legend.


title: Charlie Kray

text: In 1997, Kray was given a 12-year sentence for attempting to smuggle cocaine valued at £39m into Britain. Three years into his sentence, Kray's health started to deteriorate.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Kray married Doris "Dolly" Moore on Christmas Day 1948. They had two children, Gary Kray (1951-1995) and Nancy. In an argument, Moore had said that Nancy was not Kray's daughter but then denied it. Gary died from lung cancer on 8 March 1995.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Kray later discovered Moore had been having an affair with George Ince, but stayed with her for the sake of his family. She continued to see Ince behind Kray's back. The couple separated in 1975.


title: Charlie Kray

text: During the 1950s, Kray had a six-month affair with Barbara Windsor, star of the "Carry On films" and "EastEnders". The affair did not last long because his children and their happiness came first and staying with Moore provided them with a stable background.


title: Charlie Kray

text: On the evening of 4 April 2000, Kray died from heart complications at St Mary's Hospital. He was 72. He had been suffering from a heart condition prior to his death. Kray died in the presence of his girlfriend, Diane Buffini, and two other friends. At the time of his death, Kray's only surviving brother Reggie was released from prison to attend his brothers funeral.


title: Charlie Kray

text: Kray's funeral was held at St Matthew's Church, Bethnal Green and he is buried at Chingford Mount Cemetery.


title: Street Outlaws

text: Street Outlaws is an American reality television series. The series premiered on Discovery Channel on June 10, 2013. The show was renewed for a thirteenth season which premiered on April 1, 2019.


title: Street Outlaws

text: During filming on August 7, 2022 into the morning of August 8, Ryan Fellows' gold Nissan S30 bodied car (known as a "Datsun 240Z" when sold in the United States) was involved in crash during filming of the fourth season of "Street Outlaws: Fastest In America" on Las Vegas Boulevard near the Harry Allen Generating Station. The vehicle was involved in a crash, rolled over and burst into flames in Las Vegas, killing the driver, in the race.


title: Street Outlaws

text: According to Sinclair News affiliate KSNV reports, Warner Bros. Discovery and Pilgrim Media Group (producers) had not authorised a film permit but had a Nevada Department of Transportation permit to close the street for filming.


title: Street Outlaws

text: The incident reignited a controversy from 2015, when the National Hot Rod Association threatened to revoke licences of competitors who participate in Street Outlaws. NHRA events, held on closed circuits, have necessary crash walls and catch fencing, along with rescue times at proper points. Street Outlaws shows filmed on streets do not have barriers and it is unknown if safety crews are on the level of the NHRA Safety Safari.


title: Street Outlaws

text: A racing video game based on the series, Street Outlaws: The List, was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 22, 2019, and for Microsoft Windows on November 29, 2019. It was developed by Team6 Game Studios and published by GameMill Entertainment in North America and Maximum Games in Europe. "Switch Player" gave the game 2 out of 5 stars and summarized that "Street Outlaws: The List is a total drag. Not only is the racing boring to the level of watching paint dry, but the mechanical upgrading of vehicles is complex for those who aren’t knowledgeable about cars. Only devout fans of the show or hardcore racing fans will find pleasure here."


title: Street Outlaws

text: A sequel, Street Outlaws 2: Winner Takes All, was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Nintendo Switch on September 21, 2021, and for Microsoft Windows on December 3, 2021.


title: Kalathil Santhippom

text: Kalathil Santhippom () is a 2021 Indian Tamil language sports action drama film written and directed by N. Rajasekar with dialogues penned by R. Ashok. The film stars Jiiva, Arulnithi, Manjima Mohan and Priya Bhavani Shankar. The film is based on the sport of kabaddi and the friendship between two men Ashok and Anand who were initially regarded as rivals. The film also marked the posthumous release of actor Naadodigal Gopal who died in 5 March 2020 prior to the film release. It had its theatrical release on 5 February 2021 and opened to positive reviews from critics. And became an average hit at the box office


title: Kalathil Santhippom

text: Ashok (Jiiva) and Anand (Arulnithi) are rivals on the Kabaddi court but are the thickest of friends outside it. The film essentially is a drama that explores the hurdles they face together with regards to their families and personal romantic relationships, and how they overcome all that.


title: Kalathil Santhippom

text: Actor Jiiva's father and veteran film producer R. B. Choudary announced that he would produce the film helmed by filmmaker N. Rajasekar. It marked 90th film project for R. B. Choudary under his production banner Super Good Films. Jiiva and Arulnithi were roped into play as the main male lead actors in the film and it also marked the first collaboration between them. Manjima Mohan and Priya Bhavani Shankar were roped into play the female leads in the film starring as love interests opposite to Jiiva and Arulnithi respectively.


title: Kalathil Santhippom

text: Jiiva] and Arulnithi both were taught the basic skills of the sport of kabaddi from few professional kabaddi players based from Karaikudi. The film director revealed that the kabaddi related sequences were shot on a set for about seven days which also featured real professional kabaddi players. Raju Sundaram served as the choreographer in the film. The portions of the film were predominantly shot in Chennai, Karaikudi and Thenkasi.


title: Kalathil Santhippom

text: The title of the film and the first look poster of the film were unveiled by actor Dhanush via his Twitter account on 4 August 2019 indicating that the film was in post-production stage.


title: Kalathil Santhippom

text: The music and background music of the film were scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja and lyrics for the songs were penned by Pa. Vijay and Viveka. The first single of the film "Yaar Antha Oviyaththai" was released in 26 October 2020 and opened to positive reviews from audience.


title: Kalathil Santhippom

text: The shooting of the film was wrapped up in February 2020 but the theatrical release of the film was postponed on multiple occasions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was initially supposed to hit the screens on 26 October 2020 but it was postponed due to the uncertainties caused by the impact of the COVID-19. The film release was later pushed back to 28 January 2021 after filmmakers regained hopes of releasing the film in theatres following the release of "Master". However, the theatrical release of the film was rescheduled again for the third time on 5 February 2021.


title: Concetta Tomei

text: Concetta Tomei (born December 30, 1945) is an American theatre, film and television character actress, best known for her roles as Major Lila Garreau on the ABC series "China Beach" (1988–1991) and as Lynda Hansen on the NBC series "Providence" (1999–2002).


title: Concetta Tomei

text: Tomei was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin. She earned a degree in education from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and worked four years as a teacher before deciding to pursue her love of theatre at the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University). She earned a BFA and moved to Houston, Texas, where she worked for the Alley Theatre for two years before moving to New York City. In the Milwaukee area, she studied at Sunset Playhouse with Alan Furlan.


title: Concetta Tomei

text: Tomei appeared in the original cast of several pioneering Off-Broadway productions, including Caryl Churchill's "Cloud Nine" and Larry Kramer's "The Normal Heart". She appeared opposite Kevin Kline in the New York Shakespeare Festival's "Richard III" (winning New York's Bayfield Shakespearean award for her performance) and starred with David Bowie in the Broadway production of "The Elephant Man", continuing in the national tour.


title: Concetta Tomei

text: In the 1980s, she moved to California and appeared in many regional theatres, including Los Angeles' Mark Taper Forum, the Oregon Contemporary Theatre, and San Francisco's ACT. She was a regular cast member in the TV-series "China Beach", which ran from 1988 to 1991. She was also in the cast of the short-lived "Madman of the People" (1994–95). She appeared in recurring roles in several TV series, including "L.A. Law", "Falcon Crest", "Picket Fences", "Max Headroom", and "Judging Amy". She also appeared in the films "Murder in Three Acts" (1986), "The Betty Ford Story" (1987) and "In Love and War" (1987).


title: Concetta Tomei

text: In 1991 and 1994, Tomei guest appeared in Season 3 Episode 10 of the TV sitcom "Wings" titled "The Late Mrs. Biggins,” and Season 5 Episode 21, titled “Roy Crazy”; in both episodes, she played the former wife of Roy Biggins. In 1991, she also had the role of Mrs. Crandell in the cult film "Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead". She starred in the 1992 miniseries "The Burden of Proof". In 1997 she portrayed Minister Odala in "" episode "Distant Origin". From 1999 to 2002, Tomei appeared in 63 episodes of the NBC television series "Providence", costarring with Melina Kanakaredes and Mike Farrell. In 2005, Tomei guest appeared in an episode of "The King of Queens". One year later, in 2006, she returned to Off-Broadway with an acclaimed performance in Sarah Ruhl's "The Clean House". In 2007 she appeared opposite Kevin Kline and Jennifer Garner in a Broadway production of the play "Cyrano de Bergerac"., which was also recorded and broadcast on PBS's "Great Performances" in 2009.


title: Concetta Tomei

text: From 1997 to 2011, Tomei played guest roles on TV shows, such as "7th Heaven", "Touched by an Angel", "Second Time Around", "The King of Queens", "Weeds", "Numb3rs", "Kitchen Confidential", "The Closer", "Cold Case", "Ghost Whisperer", "Nip/Tuck", "Rubicon", "Necessary Roughness", and "".


title: Concetta Tomei

text: In 2017, she appeared in two episodes of "The Mick" titled "The Grandparents" & "The Matriarch" , as Tippy Pemberton, the twisted, abusive grandmother of Sabrina, Chip and Ben.


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: "Open Arms" is a song by American rock band Journey. It was released as a single from the "Heavy Metal" soundtrack and their 1981 album, "Escape". Co-written by band members Steve Perry and Jonathan Cain, the song is a power ballad whose lyrics attempt to renew a drifting relationship. It is one of the band's most recognizable radio hits and their biggest US "Billboard" Hot 100 hit, reaching number two in February 1982 and holding that position for six weeks (behind "Centerfold" by the J. Geils Band and "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts).


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: "Open Arms" has been covered by various recording artists. American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey enjoyed an international hit with the song in 1996; hers is arguably the best-known version of the song in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The song has also been covered by such artists as American singer and songwriter Barry Manilow, R&B group Boyz II Men and Canadian singer Celine Dion. It is a favorite on reality television singing competitions as well, being performed by contestants on US shows "The Voice" and "American Idol", and on the UK's "The X Factor."


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: Journey's recording of "Open Arms" has been described as one of the greatest love songs ever written; VH1 named the song as the greatest power ballad of all time. Mike DeGagne of AllMusic described it as "one of rock's most beautiful ballads", which "gleams with an honesty and feel only Steve Perry could muster."


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: Journey recorded "Open Arms" for their seventh studio album, "Escape", which was produced by Kevin Elson and Mike Stone. Jonathan Cain had begun writing the song while he was still a member of The Babys, but Babys vocalist John Waite turned down the melody as "sentimental rubbish". Cain eventually finished the song with Steve Perry during the writing sessions for "Escape", changing the key from A to D and changing the melody slightly, but it was almost left off the album; Journey's guitarist Neal Schon reportedly disliked the song because "it was so far removed from anything [Journey] had ever attempted to record before". Drummer Steve Smith recalls that Schon noted that it "sounds kinda Mary Poppins", added to which the other members of the band were against the idea of performing ballads.


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: In 2005 Perry commented on the emotions he felt while producing "" and listening to the band performing the song 24 years previously: "I had to keep my head down on the console when "Open Arms" was on. There is one line in the song that I always wanted to be a certain way. I have ideals about certain things. The line "wanting you near" — I just wanted that line to go up and soar. I wanted it to be heartfelt. Every time it would come by I would just have to keep my head down and try to swallow the lump in my throat. I felt so proud of the song."


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: In the Journey episode of VH1's "Behind the Music", Perry recalls the recording sessions for the song becoming an ordeal; Schon taunted Perry and Cain in the studio. But when the band performed it in concert for the first time during their Escape Tour in the fall of 1981, the audience was thunderstruck, much to Schon's disbelief. After two encores, the band left the stage and Schon suddenly said, "Man, that song really kicked ass!" Perry recalled being incensed at Schon's hypocrisy. "I looked at him, and I wanted to kill him," he later said.


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: During an episode of the radio show "In the Studio with Redbeard" devoted to the album "Escape", Jonathan Cain said he was ill with a bad cold when he recorded the piano track to "Open Arms" and wanted to re-do the track. Everybody else disagreed and they used the track Cain recorded while "under the weather".


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: "Open Arms" was used on the soundtrack to the animated Canadian film "Heavy Metal" (released to theatres in August 1981), and it was released as the third single from "Escape" in January 1982 in the United States. It was also featured on two occasions during scenes of the 1982 film "The Last American Virgin". It became one of Journey's biggest singles there, and the most successful of the five singles released from "Escape" (only one other, "Who's Crying Now", reached the top five). It stayed at number 2 for six weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100, kept from the number one spot by "Centerfold" by the J. Geils Band and "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, and it was also a top ten hit on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. The single was less successful on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, only reaching the top forty.


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: The song and its status as a power ballad has been remembered years following its original release. One critic praised "Open Arms" as "a lyrical rock ballad and one of the band's best-written songs", while the Associated Press wrote that the song was "fueled by Perry's operatic, high-flying vocal style." It has also been referred to as a "wedding anthem" (in a December 2005 "Lumino" article), and VH1 placed the song at number 1 on their "25 Greatest Power Ballads" list. AllMusic said "One of rock's most beautiful ballads, "Open Arms" gleams with an honesty and feel only Steve Perry could muster," and a review of a Journey concert in the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution" characterized the song as a "classic ballad". Steve Perry told the "Boston Globe", "I can't tell you how many times I get a tap on the shoulder and somebody says...'This was my prom song'." The song was later included on Journey's box set "Time" (1992) and the compilation album "The Essential Journey" (2001).


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: In 2003 "American Idol" contestant Clay Aiken performed the song during a key semi-final round of the show, and later in a duet with fellow Idol Kelly Clarkson (the winner from the previous year) on their joint February—April 2004 concert tour. "Open Arms" was included on the set list for Britney Spears' 1999 ...Baby One More Time Tour, and it was also used as the love theme for Japanese director Eiichiro Hasumi's film "Umizaru" (2004). Matt Stone and Trey Parker, the creators of the animated television comedy "South Park", frequently reference and parody Journey and their music in their work. In Episode 132 of "South Park", entitled "Erection Day" (2005), a little girl playing piano in a talent competition begins to sing the opening to "Open Arms" ("Lying beside you, here in the dark...") before the scene ends. In the 2007 film "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry" the song is played during a gay benefit costume party. "Open Arms" is one of twelve greatest hits re-recorded by Journey featuring current lead vocalist Arnel Pineda on the second disc of their latest 2008 album "Revelation". The song also appeared in the 1982 film "The Last American Virgin" as well as a 1982 episode of the US daytime soap opera "General Hospital". The song was used in the Season 3 finale of "Cobra Kai".


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: Mariah Carey co-produced her cover of the song with Walter Afanasieff for her fifth album, "Daydream" (1995). Carey's career has crossed paths with Journey's: the band's drummer Steve Smith played drums on many of her earlier singles, and its bassist for a short period in the mid-1980s, Randy Jackson, has worked with her for a long time.


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: The single was released as the album's third single between late 1995 and early 1996 in most markets outside the United States. It became a number 4 hit in the United Kingdom and was performed live on the BBC's flagship chart television show, "Top of the Pops". It also reached the top-ten in Ireland, Poland and New Zealand; and the top-twenty in Iceland and the Netherlands. The single's music video, directed by Larry Jordan, is a live performance of the song by Carey at Madison Square Garden. The video for the Spanish version of the song, "El Amor Que Soñé", was recorded after the MSG show as Mariah performed to the studio track.


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: A UK CD single for "Open Arms" included the "Daydream" track "I Am Free" and live versions of "Fantasy" and "Vision of Love" (1990). Another version of the CD single comprised the album cuts of "Hero" (1993) and "Without You" (1994), and a radio edit of "I'll Be There" (1992).


title: Open Arms (Journey song)

text: The cover was universally panned by critics. Bill Lamb felt it was "simply an uninspired song selection." Stephen Thomas Erlewine also criticized the cover, calling it "second rate". "Open Arms" received a negative review from Stephen Holden as well, who called it a "sobbing remake". Rolling Stone called it an "ill-advised" cover.


title: Axiom's End

text: Axiom's End is a 2020 science fiction novel by American writer Lindsay Ellis. Set in 2007, the novel is about a U.S. government coverup of contact with extraterrestrial life. "Axiom's End" entered "The New York Times" Best Seller list at number 7. It is Ellis' debut novel.


title: Axiom's End

text: In an alternate version of the United States in 2007, famous whistleblower Nils Ortega leverages his large online following to repeatedly attack the Bush administration, alleging a series of government cover-ups. The nature of Nils's work forced him to flee the country, abandoning his family. Nils's daughter, Cora Sabino, is a young college dropout living with her mother and her two younger siblings in Southern California, where her paternal aunt Luciana, a former federal agent, also resides. Cora's family find themselves under constant supervision by agents of the U.S. government, including a high-ranking CIA official named Sol Kaplan.


title: Axiom's End

text: Following a meteor strike not far from where they live, Cora's family is abducted by government agents while Cora flees from a monstrous alien creature that broke into their house at night. The alien eventually catches Cora, implanting a tracking and communication device into her, using her as a human puppet to launch an infiltration of the Googleplex for unknown reasons. This infiltration fails when a mysterious pulse of energy knocks out the alien controlling Cora. It is revealed that the alien came to Earth to figure out how another member of his species died while being held in captivity by the government. Cora and the alien strike a wary alliance, as Cora wants to reunite with her abducted family members while the alien needs a human interpreter. Cora names the alien Ampersand, after the government's leaked codename for the meteor. Cora contacts Luciana in an attempt to convey Ampersand to his fellow aliens, called "amygdalines," who are being held in the Cheyenne Mountain Complex. Ampersand bonds with Cora as she attempts to create translations between the amygdaline language, called "Pequod-phonemic," and English. Ampersand reveals to Cora that the majority of amygdaline "Oligarchs" voted to commit planetary genocide against an alien race, against the wishes of Ampersand and a sole few other Oligarchs. It was determined that the dissenting Oligarchs, including Ampersand, were genetically defective, causing their flight to Earth with "the Genome," a mysterious package of genetic information. Ampersand notes that, within a few centuries, the amygdaline race will likely attempt genocide against humanity as well.


title: Axiom's End

text: Nils and his followers continue to attack the government, embroiling George W. Bush in a scandal around an alleged attempt to cover up first contact with an alien species. Amidst a public outcry, Bush resigns, and Dick Cheney is sworn in as president. Cora and Ampersand argue over cultural differences between humans and amygdalines, and Cora storms off. Meanwhile, a hostile amygdaline, Obelus, arrives at Cheyenne Mountain and attacks the facility. Cora escapes with the Genome, but Ampersand and the other amygdalines are lost. In transit, the Genome hatches from its egg, revealing itself to be a fragile, newborn amygdaline. After surviving a car crash and severe injuries, Cora leaves the Genome with Luciana and attempts to track down Ampersand. Upon meeting with Cora, Ampersand heals her wounds, makes amends, then urges her to leave him for her own safety. She begins to do so, but doubles back when she realizes that Obelus has found Ampersand and is attempting to negotiate. Eavesdropping on their conversation, Cora discovers that Ampersand and Obelus are pair-bonded. Obelus abducts Cora and the other amygdalines as insurance in exchange for Ampersand bringing Obelus the Genome. Amidst an altercation between Cora and Obelus's guards, she is badly injured. Upon waking up, she realizes that Ampersand has arrived with the Genome, but is refusing to turn it over. Ampersand telepathically instructs Cora to run while he detonates an energy pulse which knocks all the amygdalines unconscious. In an outburst of anger, Cora attempts to kill the dazed Obelus with a garden shovel. Obelus overpowers and severely wounds both Cora and the Genome before they are transported away by Ampersand. While healing Cora, Ampersand tells her that he is bonded too closely with Obelus to allow Cora to kill him. The Genome dies, and Obelus appears, having quickly tracked down Ampersand and Cora. Suspicious that Obelus is genetically defective, and prompted by a tip from Cora, Obelus's guards attack and kill Obelus. Ampersand escapes carrying the still-wounded Cora. The guards deliberate and, having killed their superior, quickly evacuate the planet. Cora sees Ampersand standing over Obelus's body before she falls unconscious.


title: Axiom's End

text: Cora awakes in a hospital, attended to by her mother and siblings, who have been released from government custody after Nils publicizes their abduction. Luciana mentions that Cora was dropped off at the hospital by an unknown entity. That night, Ampersand appears in Cora's hospital room and, at her request, curls up next to her. Ampersand reveals that, in a moment of desperation, he pair-bonded with Cora in order to track her when she was under Obelus's arrest. Strongly affected by the revelation that they have pair-bonded, Cora asks Ampersand not to leave her. Though he agrees, he notes that, given their disparate constitutions, they will never truly know each other.


title: Axiom's End

text: The book was released as an audiobook by Macmillan Audio, with narration by Abigail Thorn and Stephanie Willis. It was nominated for an Audie Award for Science Fiction in 2021.