title: Anagnorisis

text: Anagnorisis (; ) is a moment in a play or other work when a character makes a critical discovery. Anagnorisis originally meant recognition in its Greek context, not only of a person but also of what that person stood for. Anagnorisis was the hero's sudden awareness of a real situation, the realisation of things as they stood, and finally, the hero's insight into a relationship with an often antagonistic character in Aristotelian tragedy.


title: Anagnorisis

text: In his "Poetics", as part of his discussion of peripeteia, Aristotle defined anagnorisis as "a change from ignorance to knowledge, producing love or hate between the persons destined by the poet for good or bad fortune" (1452a). It is often discussed along with Aristotle's concept of catharsis.


title: Anagnorisis

text: In the Aristotelian definition of tragedy, it was the discovery of one's own identity or true character (e.g. Cordelia, Edgar, Edmund, etc. in Shakespeare's "King Lear") or of someone else's identity or true nature (e.g. Lear's children, Gloucester's children) by the tragic hero.


title: Anagnorisis

text: Aristotle was the first writer to discuss the uses of anagnorisis, with peripeteia caused by it. He considered it the mark of a superior tragedy, as when Oedipus killed his father and married his mother in ignorance, and later learned the truth, or when Iphigeneia in Tauris realizes in time that the strangers she is to sacrifice are her brother and his friend, and refrains from sacrificing them. Aristotle considered these complex plots superior to simple plots without anagnorisis or peripeteia, such as when Medea resolves to kill her children, knowing they are her children, and does so.


title: Anagnorisis

text: Another prominent example of anagnorisis in tragedy is in Aeschylus's "The Choephoroi" ("Libation Bearers") when Electra recognizes her brother, Orestes, after he has returned to Argos from his exile, at the grave of their father, Agamemnon, who had been murdered at the hands of Clytemnestra, their mother. Electra convinces herself that Orestes is her brother with three pieces of evidence: a lock of Orestes's hair on the grave, his footprints next to the grave, and a piece of weaving which she embroidered herself. The footprints and the hair are identical to her own. Electra's awareness is of her brother's presence, who is the one person who can help her by avenging the death of their father.


title: Anagnorisis

text: The section of Aristotle's "Poetics" dealing with comedy did not survive, but many critics also discuss recognition in comedies. A standard plot of the New Comedy was the final revelation, by birth tokens, that the heroine was of respectable birth and so suitable for the hero to marry. This was often brought about by the machinations of the tricky slave. This plot appears in Shakespeare's "The Winter's Tale", where a recognition scene in the final act reveals that Perdita is a king's daughter rather than a shepherdess, and so suitable for her prince lover.


title: Anagnorisis

text: The earliest use of anagnorisis in a murder mystery was in "The Three Apples", a classical "Arabian Nights" tale, where the device is employed to great effect in its twist ending. The protagonist of the story, Ja'far ibn Yahya, is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed. It is only after the deadline has passed, and as he prepares to be executed, that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along.


title: Anagnorisis

text: Anagnorisis, however, is not limited to classical or Elizabethan sources. Author and lecturer Ivan Pintor Iranzo points out that contemporary "auteur" M. Night Shyamalan uses similar revelations in "The Sixth Sense", in which child psychologist Malcolm Crowe successfully treats a child who is having visions of dead people, only to realize at the close of the film that Crowe himself is dead, as well as in "Unbreakable", in which the character of David realizes that he survived a train crash that killed the other passengers, due to a supernatural power. Another well known example of anagnorisis from popular culture is the revelation that Darth Vader is the father of Luke Skywalker in "The Empire Strikes Back". An extensive account of the history and application of anagnorisis is provided by Terence Cave in his book "Recognitions".


title: Anagnorisis

text: A humorous definition is included in 'The Banner: mock-heroic verse epic, Part 1: Sid' by Robin Gordon:


title: Allee Willis

text: Alta Sherral "Allee" Willis (November 10, 1947 – December 24, 2019) was an American songwriter, multi-media artist, collector, and art director. Willis co-wrote hit songs including "September" and "Boogie Wonderland" by Earth, Wind & Fire. She also co-wrote the song "What Have I Done to Deserve This?", a number 2 hit in both the UK (in 1987) and U.S. (in 1988) for Pet Shop Boys featuring Dusty Springfield. She won two Grammy Awards for "Beverly Hills Cop" and "The Color Purple", the latter of which was also nominated for a Tony Award, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for "I'll Be There for You", which was used as the theme song for the sitcom "Friends". Her compositions sold over 60 million records and she was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2018 as the only woman to be inducted that year.


title: Allee Willis

text: Willis was born and grew up in Detroit, Michigan, where she attended Mumford High School. Her parents were Jewish. Her father, Nathan, was a scrapyard dealer. Her mother, Rose, an elementary school teacher, died suddenly while Willis was a teenager. Willis had a sister, Marlen Frost, and a brother, Kent Willis.


title: Allee Willis

text: Willis's love of black music and culture developed early. As a teenager, Willis said she liked to hang out outside Motown Records to listen to the music coming through the walls. Although she loved her father, race was an issue that sometimes came between them. When she left for college, he wrote, "Stay away from Black culture." Her last words to him were, "I just got the gig to write "The Color Purple"."


title: Allee Willis

text: She attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison and was a journalism major. She said she was a sorority member and later became an activist, "marching and demonstrating" during the 60s. After college, she moved to New York City in 1969 and worked as a secretary at Columbia Records as a copywriter, writing liner notes and advertising material, before turning to songwriting and performing.


title: Allee Willis

text: Her first and only album, "Childstar", in 1974, did not sell well, and she stopped performing because she did not enjoy it. However, the album attracted the interest of Bonnie Raitt, who became the first musician to cover one of her songs. After moving to Los Angeles, she worked as a songwriter at A&M Records from 1977, and also wrote songs with, and for, Patti LaBelle and Herbie Hancock.


title: Allee Willis

text: She worked at a comedy club and hung posters for four years. A mutual friend introduced her to Verdine White, and in turn to Maurice White of Earth, Wind & Fire. In the late 1970s she worked with Maurice White on the lyrics for her first big hit, "September", among other songs, and then co-wrote "Boogie Wonderland" with Jon Lind and "In the Stone" with Maurice White and David Foster.


title: Allee Willis

text: Willis also wrote songs for artists including Debby Boone, Rita Coolidge, Crystal Gayle, Sister Sledge, Jennifer Holliday, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Cyndi Lauper, Crystal Waters, and Taylor Dayne. Songs she co-composed for other artists that became hits include "Lead Me On" by Maxine Nightingale, "Neutron Dance" by the Pointer Sisters, "What Have I Done to Deserve This?" by Pet Shop Boys featuring Dusty Springfield, and "I'll Be There for You" by The Rembrandts. "I'll Be There for You" was used as the theme song of the sitcom "Friends" and went on to become one of the biggest television theme songs yet. Willis jokingly referred to this song as "the whitest song I ever wrote". In 1995 Willis was Emmy-nominated for "I'll Be There for You".


title: Allee Willis

text: In the 1980s, after starting to paint and make motorized sculptures, she became an art director for music videos, and worked on videos for such musicians as Debbie Harry and The Cars. In 1997, she addressed a U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee, to make the case for the property rights of BMI songwriters. She gave a keynote address at the first Digital World conference in 1992 and lectured on interactive journalism and on self-expression in cyberspace. She also co-wrote the Tony-nominated and Grammy-winning Broadway musical "The Color Purple", first performed in 2005. , a major motion picture based on the musical was in the early stages of development, being produced by Steven Spielberg, Oprah Winfrey, Quincy Jones, and Scott Sanders.


title: Allee Willis

text: Willis continued to work as an art director and set designer, and in 2008 won awards for her work with musician Holly Palmer on the music video artwork "Allee Willis Presents Bubbles & Cheesecake". As an artist, she created paintings, ceramics and sculptures, and from 2009 she curated the Allee Willis Museum of Kitsch website. She launched a series of fundraising events in Detroit in 2010, with marching bands, in support of the city.


title: Allee Willis

text: In 2015, Willis appeared as a kitsch expert on episodes of the A&E reality television show "Storage Wars" assisting Mary Padian.


title: Allee Willis

text: On September 28, 2017, Willis premiered "The D", a passion project she wrote, recorded, and produced for her hometown of Detroit, at the Detroit Institute of Arts.


title: Allee Willis

text: She was the only woman in the year 2018 to be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Her compositions are reported to have sold over 60 million records.


title: Allee Willis

text: Before her death in 2019, she made an appearance on the game show "To Tell the Truth". The episode aired on June 18, 2020.


title: Allee Willis

text: Willis was noted for hosting spectacular parties at her home just outside Hollywood. She said: "I always had a music career, an art career, set designer, film and video, technology. The parties really became the only place I could combine everything."


title: Allee Willis

text: From 1992 until her death, Willis was in a relationship with Prudence Fenton, an animator and producer.


title: Allee Willis

text: Willis died in Los Angeles on December 24, 2019, at the age of 72. The cause of death was cardiac arrest.


title: Allee Willis

text: The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Willis won two Grammys from three nominations.


title: UDAN

text: Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik (Hindi for "Let the common citizens of the country fly"), known by its acronym UDAN (Hindi for "flight") is a regional airport development program of the Government of India and part of the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) of upgrading under-serviced air routes. Its goal is to make air travel affordable and improve economic development in India. At the beginning of the scheme, out of total 486 airports, 406 were under-serviced airports, 27 were well-served airports, out of 97 non-RCS airports only 12 were operational airports, out of 18 participating airports under-served regional operational airports (Nov 2016) with regular fixed-wing scheduled flights. UDAN scheme will add to this number by expediting the development and operationalisation of India's potential-target of nearly 425 unserved, under-served, and mostly underdeveloped regional airports with regular scheduled flights. However, there are several issues and criticisms such as poor infrastructure, dominance by larger airlines and degradation of regional airlines, slow implementation that plague this scheme.


title: UDAN

text: UDAN-RCS is both an enabler and a beneficiary of other key Government of India schemes, such as Bharatmala, Sagarmala, Dedicated Freight Corridors, Industrial corridor, BharatNet, Digital India and Make in India, National e-Governance Plan, Startup India and Standup India.


title: UDAN

text: UDAN 1.0: 36 new airports commissioned. 128 flight routes for 70 airports were awarded to 5 airline companies.


title: UDAN

text: UDAN 3.0: This included tourist routes, seaplanes to connect water aerodromes and routes under 'UDAN' in the North-East region.


title: UDAN

text: UDAN 4.0: 78 new routes approved in 2020. In this phase, Kavaratti, Agatti and Minicoy islands of Lakshadweep will also be connected by new routes.


title: UDAN

text: UDAN 4.1: Its focus is on connecting small airports, special helicopter and seaplane routes under UDAN. New routes have also been proposed under Sagarmala seaplane services.


title: UDAN

text: The UDAN Scheme is a key component of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) which was released by the Ministry of Civil Aviation (India) on 15 June 2016. The scheme will be jointly funded by the central government and state governments, several states have come on board by signing the "Memorandum of Understanding" with the union government for this scheme. UDAN RCS will connect an unspecified number of new regional routes, by operationalising 100 regional airports by the end of 2018-2019 financial year, with a target of 13 lakh (1.3 million) annual passenger seats, requiring crore (2 billion rupees) viability gap funding (VGF) annually. Qualifying routes must have three to seven flights per week from the same airport.


title: UDAN

text: The scheme has two components. The first component is to develop new airports and enhance the existing regional airports to increase the number of operational airports for scheduled civilian flights from 70 (in May 2016, total 98 operational including army airports) to at least 150 airports (by December 2018) with regular scheduled flights. Initially more than 100 underserved (no more than 7 scheduled flights per week) and unserved regional airports will be developed by December 2018, for which the initial funding of for the enhancement of 50 regional airports was approved in May 2017. Out of the total 70 airports included in round-I, 43 are regional airports to be newly operationalised. RCS-Udan operations have commenced from 13 regional airports and additional 12 regional airports are ready to receive flights. 18 regional airports still require significant upgrade (November 2017). The second component is to add several hundred financially viable, capped-airfare, new regional flight routes to connect more than 100 underserved and unserved airports in smaller towns with each other as well as with well-served airports in bigger cities by using "Viability Gap Funding" (VGF) where needed. Initially, three separate rounds of bidding for the award of routes will be concluded by the end of 2018. Union government share of "Viability Gap Funding" is from the cess applied to flights to popular routes to main cities and respective state governments have also offered additional benefits to the flight operators to make UDAN-RCS viable.


title: UDAN

text: Number of aircraft jumped 38% to 548 in December 2017 from 395 in 2014, and 50 aircraft are being added every year. Subsequent phases with inclusion of seaplanes will boost the number of potential landing sites from nearly 500 airports to over five lakh (500,000) waterbodies as well as more locations along India's 7,000 km coastline. SpiceJet placed a US$400 million order for 100 of these 12-seater amphibian seaplanes (December 2017).


title: UDAN

text: India has 394 unserved and 16 under-served airports; out of a total of these 410 potential-target unserved and under-served regional airports, INR4500 Crore has been approved in 2016-2017 union budget to revive and further develop 50 airports in the smaller regional towns between 2017 and 2020, 15 airports during 2017–18, another 15 airports during 2018–19, and 20 more airports during 2019–20. A total of 75 airports were operationalised for the civilian flights in India since independence, government has newly operationalised additional 36 regional airports for the civilian flights including 3 civil enclaves within the army airports, with regularly scheduled flights, within the single financial year of 2016–2017, with the target to complete cumulative total of 50 operational regional airports by the end of 2018–2019, and eventually operationalise a cumulative total of 100 regional airports by December 2018.


title: UDAN

text: Indian prime minister Narendra Modi launched the scheme on 27 April 2017 by flagging off the inaugural regional flights between Delhi and Shimla, and also between Kadapa-Hyderabad-Nanded.


title: UDAN

text: Following concessions from the participating state governments at their respective UDAN-RCS airports:


title: UDAN

text: Airport operators (commercial or private companies, central and state governments or their entities such as AAI and Defence Ministry) must agree to provide the following concessions in order to participate in UDAN-RCS scheme:


title: UDAN

text: For the fixed-wing aircraft there is a cap of maximum fare of ₹2,500 per hour of flight for the 50% of the seats (min 9 RCS seats and max 40 RCS seats per fixed-wing flight, and max 12 helicopter RCS seats per heli flight), connecting unserved and under-served regional airports, remaining 50% seats will be priced at market rate. Capped RCS fares will also be graded based on distance, e.g. ₹1,420 for a distance of 151–175 km, ₹1,500 for a distance of 176–200 km, and so on, with a ceiling of maximum ₹3,500 fare for a total distance of 800 km or more.


title: UDAN

text: For the helicopter services maximum fare is also capped at ₹2,500 for every 30-minute leg of flight. Capped helicopter fare will be graded on the time of flight, e.g. ₹2,500 for a flight of 0 to 30 minutes, ₹2,900 for a flight of 31 to 35 minutes, and so on, with a ceiling of maximum ₹5,000 fare for a total flight duration of 60 minutes or more.


title: UDAN

text: The scheme entails making the routes financially viable, without insisting on the financial viability of the regional airports, by lowering the cost of flight operations and through financial support in the form of viability gap funding (VGF). VGF will be available to flight operators on specific routes for the first 3 years of operation.


title: UDAN

text: The demand-driven revival and enhancement of the regional airports with financially viable commercial flight routes is based on the combination of seeking firm proposals from Airlines for the names of airports they wish to fly to and MoU-bound commitment from the state governments for providing various concessions for the airport operations, such as state tax concessions, free land and security, etc. Participating states, Northeast states and Union Territories are required to sign the MoU with the union governments to share the 20% and 10% burden of VGF respectively.


title: UDAN

text: To make the routes viable for commercial airlines, the union government offers flexible code-sharing arrangements, reduced excise on value-added tax on fuel and service tax. Airports, some owned by the Airports Authority of India and others by the respective state governments, will not charge the landing and parking charges and terminal navigation landing charges.


title: UDAN

text: Airlines will be given a Value Gap Funding (VGF) raised from the RCS levy. Starting from 2017, the airfare cap and VGF in this 10-year scheme will be revised quarterly, based on Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers.


title: UDAN

text: RCS subsidy will be raised by levying a cess, which will be revised periodically, on the flight between main trunk routes connecting major cities. Starting from 1 June 2017, it is initially at a flat rate of ₹5,000 per flight, translating into roughly ₹30 per passenger.


title: UDAN

text: While UDAN phase-I had focussed on fixed-wing aircraft, Phase-II included helicopters also. Subsequent phases were supposed to include STOL seaplanes and ski and bush planes operating from STOLports. On 9 December 2017, SpiceJet conducted seaplane trials using a Quest Kodiak aircraft, in association with Japan's Setouchi Holdings, who owned Quest Aircraft company LLC at that time. SpiceJet was planning to buy 100 Quest Kodiak amphibian seaplanes for US$400 million, including long-term parts and maintenance (December 2017) The trials were conducted from Girgaum Chowpatty off the Mumbai coast with Union minister Nitin Gadkari on board. At the occasion, Gadkari claimed that seaplanes had the potential to revolutionise air transport in the country, possibly opening up many more destinations by enhancing the potential pool of landing sites from nearly 500 airports to over five lakh (500,000) waterbodies and thousand more locations along India's 7,000 km long coastline. He said that the Civil Aviation Ministry and Water and River Resources Ministry would soon formulate rules for the seaplane operations along the lines of those in nations like United States, Canada and Japan. A few days later on 12 December 2017, Prime Minister Modi also rode a Quest Kodiak operated from Sabarmati River to Dharoi Dam.


title: UDAN

text: In 2019, the third round of the UDAN scheme awarded 18 air routes connecting six water aerodrome sites to be connected by seaplanes. The water aerodrome sites are Guwahati river front, Nagarjuna Sagar, Sabarmati river front, Shatrunjay Dam, Statue of Unity (Sardar Sarovar Dam) and Umrangso Reservoir.


title: UDAN

text: AAI aims to operationalise, hundreds of routes in several rounds of UDAN-RCS, from at least 100 regional airports by the end of 2018-2019 financial year. AAI will periodically publish the updated list of participating airports and helipads, with collaboration from their owners, such as central govt, state govt, commercial and private parties, and in addition any entity can list their airport or helipad with the government for this scheme. Three rounds of bidding for operationalisation of new routes will be conducted in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 financial years, more rounds of bidding will follow till the end of 2018-2019. Airlines (including seaplane) and helicopter service providers will bid for the routes with at least nine seats and a maximum of 40 seats for the fixed-wing aircraft and a minimum of 5 seats and a maximum of 13 seats for the helicopters. To ensure the sustainability of the routes by lowering the commercial risk, these "specific" routes will be awarded on an exclusive basis to the winning parties. Preference is given to the bidder who bid for zero-VGF (operators who rely on no government subsidized VGF to sustain their operation), for example, in phase-I SpiceJet bid was zero-VGF, and in Phase-II SpiceJet and IndiGo bids were zero-VGF.


title: UDAN

text: This round concluded in April 2017, 5 airlines companies were awarded 128 fixed-wing flight routes to 70 airports (including 27 currently well-served metro airports and 43 regional airports (31 unserved and 12 underserved, 36 out of 43 are newly made operational including 2 civilian enclave within army airports), several of which have already become operational by November 2017 and most of remaining routes will become operational by 15 December 2017. Five airlines are Air Odisha (50 routes, new airline), Air Deccan (34 routes, relaunched airline), Turbo Megha Airways (18 routes), Alliance Air (15 routes, Air India subsidiary) and SpiceJet (11 routes). Several routes are already operational on 13 December 2017 and most of remaining routes, all to be operated by Air Deccan and Air Odisha will become operational by 23 December 2017 and 31 December respectively. SpiceJet was the only bidder with zero-VGF.


title: UDAN

text: 502 new regional fixed-wing and helicopter routes were bid in 196 proposals (55 counter-proposals from 10 airlines, and 141 initial proposals from 17 airlines including 108 for the fixed-wing and 33 for helicopters) to connect 126 airports and heliports (49 unserved, 15 under-served, 38 well-served and 24 helipads). Second round results will be awarded in late December 2017. SpiceJet and IndiGo are bidders with zero-VGF.


title: UDAN

text: The central government has received bids for 111 routes from 15 airlines under the third round of auction for the UDAN scheme. SpiceJet and IndiGo has bid for 37 routes and 20 routes in the third round of auctions. Ghodawat Enterprises Private Limited has bid for total of 15 routes in this round. The Centre did not include chopper routes under the third round of auctions, as there have already been.


title: UDAN

text: Started on 3 December 2019. In this phase, The Viability Gap Funding has been revised. The funding that was provided for Category 2 and 3 air crafts (which generally have >20 seats) has now been enhanced to all flights in the states of HP, Uttarakhand, J&K, North Eastern states and the islands. Also, the phase will allow operation of helicopter and seaplanes. The phase also plans to promote short-haul routes, meaning no monetary support will be given to operators with stages more than 600 km.


title: UDAN

text: Poor infrastructure including the lack of operational readiness of airports in remote areas and lack of availability of bays in the private airports in the large metro cities, shortage of pilots, lack of favourable rules and still pending reforms in DGCA (aviation regulator) and AAI rules and regulations are the main hurdles, most of these the government is responsible for (c. 22 December 2017). Situation will get worse as airlines plan to add 900 aircraft, such as IndiGo 448 (399 A320s and 49 ATRs by 2028 to its existing 150 aircraft), SpiceJet 157 (107 B737-800s and 50 Bombardier Q400s during the 2018–2023 period to its existing 57 aircraft), GoAir 119 (A320 during 2018–2022 to its existing 34), AirAsia 60 (by 2025 to its existing 14), Air India 19 (3 B777-300ER and 16 A320 planes by March 2019 to its existing 155), Zoom Air 19 (5 CRJ-200 and 14 CRJ-900 planes to its existing 2), Vistara 5 (to its existing 17) and TruJet 6 (ATR72-500/600 from 2018 to 2022 to its existing 4). AAI announced that as the part of its infrastructure upgrade plans over next 4 years (2021) it will add 273 bays at 24 major airports against the industry requirement of 300 overnight parking bays at 30 airports in next 5 years (c. 22 December 2017). The solution lies in the policy intervention, such as reserving at least 25% bays for the regional routes at the metro airports.


title: UDAN

text: A 2019 analysis by "Outlook" of the first two phases of RCS routes notes that the success rate of UDAN was less than 20 per cent. Of the 440-odd air routes allotted to 14 major and fledgling airlines under the two phases of UDAN, not more than 40 to 60 routes were operating regularly. This was because smaller operators such as Zoom Air, Trujet, Pinnacle Airlines, Heritage and AAA Aviation had succumbed to operational issues. Industry experts pointed out several operational, technical, procedural and financial problems in the scheme that failed to create a proper ecosystem for smaller operators due to which the operational costs of the operators of small aircraft went so high that the government subsidy could not compensate. The scheme hence benefited only the operators of larger aircraft like the ATR 72 and the Airbus A320.


title: UDAN

text: A close examination of the distribution of successful UDAN routes by operator, shows most of the successful routes have come from large operators like SpiceJet and IndiGo. Both these airlines have chosen to not take the Viability Gap Funding subsidy, but are instead leveraging the scheme strategically towards gaining additional slots for themselves at congested Tier-1 airports and gaining monopoly status on routes. Aviation consultancy firm CAPA India had predicted that the success of the scheme would depend on the participation established airlines, since in its current form, UDAN does not make a business case for small and independent operators who cannot benefit from the economies of scale. In its report, “Indian Aviation Outlook for FY2019", CAPA India pointed out that "the chances of failure of regional airlines operating older aircraft, dispersed across multiple stations without rigorous demand assessment, and in the absence of a maintenance ecosystem is significant". However, UDAN cannot run without small aircraft operators as only small aircraft can land and take off from the majority of the 400 airports that the scheme intends to bring online.


title: UDAN

text: The scheme also faced criticism for the financing model it had adopted. A viability gap funding structure, where a surcharge was levied on tickets on existing routes, which would be used to refund part of the ticket costs for the airlines flying on UDAN route, was adopted which didn't go down well with various quarters.


title: UDAN

text: Critics have also pointed out issues in Scheme execution such as AAI's selection of airports that lack supporting economic activity. Leisure and native traffic alone will not stimulate demand at small airports. Demand for air travel is created and sustained by the presence of industries and the services sector. Critics blame faulty planning of the AAI and political influence. Demand surveys have failed to correctly predict future passenger traffic demand.


title: Skin grafting

text: Skin grafting, a type of graft surgery, involves the transplantation of skin. The transplanted tissue is called a skin graft.


title: Skin grafting

text: Skin grafting often takes place after serious injuries when some of the body's skin is damaged. Surgical removal (excision or debridement) of the damaged skin is followed by skin grafting. The grafting serves two purposes: reducing the course of treatment needed (and time in the hospital), and improving the function and appearance of the area of the body which receives the skin graft.


title: Skin grafting

text: A full-thickness skin graft is more risky, in terms of the body accepting the skin, yet it leaves only a scar line on the donor section, similar to a Cesarean-section scar. In the case of full-thickness skin grafts, the donor section will often heal much more quickly than the injury and causes less pain than a partial-thickness skin graft.


title: Skin grafting

text: Allografts, xenografts, and prosthetic grafts are usually used as temporary skin substitutes, that is a wound dressing for preventing infection and fluid loss. They will eventually need to be removed as the body starts to reject it. Autologous grafts and some forms of treated allografts can be left on permanently without rejection. Genetically modified pigs can produce allograft-equivalent skin material, and tilapia skin is used as an experimental cheap xenograft in places where porcine skin is unavailable and in veterinary medicine.


title: Skin grafting

text: When grafts are taken from other animals, they are known as heterografts or xenografts. By definition, they are temporary biologic dressings which the body will reject within days to a few weeks. They are useful in reducing the bacterial concentration of an open wound, as well as reducing fluid loss.


title: Skin grafting

text: For more extensive tissue loss, a full-thickness skin graft, which includes the entire thickness of the skin, may be necessary. This is often performed for defects of the face and hand where contraction of the graft should be minimized. The general rule is that the thicker the graft, the less the contraction and deformity.


title: Skin grafting

text: Cell cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) procedures take skin cells from the person needing the graft to grow new skin cells in sheets in a laboratory; because the cells are taken from the person, that person's immune system will not reject them. However, because these sheets are very thin (only a few cell layers thick) they do not stand up to trauma, and the "take" is often less than 100%. Research is investigating the possibilities of combining CEA and a dermal matrix in one product.


title: Skin grafting

text: Experimental procedures are being tested for burn victims using stem cells in solution which are applied to the burned area using a skin cell gun. Recent advances have been successful in applying the cells without damage.


title: Skin grafting

text: In order to remove the thin and well preserved skin slices and strips from the donor, surgeons use a special surgical instrument called a dermatome. This usually produces a split-thickness skin graft, which contains the epidermis with only a portion of the dermis. The dermis left behind at the donor site contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands, both of which contain epidermal cells which gradually proliferate out to form a new layer of epidermis. The donor site may be extremely painful and vulnerable to infection. There are several ways to treat donor site pain. These include subcutaneous anesthetic agents, topical anesthetic agents, and certain types of wound dressings.


title: Skin grafting

text: The graft is carefully spread on the bare area to be covered. It is held in place by a few small stitches or surgical staples. The graft is initially nourished by a process called plasmatic imbibition in which the graft "drinks plasma". New blood vessels begin growing from the recipient area into the transplanted skin within 36 hours in a process called capillary inosculation. To prevent the accumulation of fluid under the graft which can prevent its attachment and revascularization, the graft is frequently meshed by making lengthwise rows of short, interrupted cuts, each a few millimeters long, with each row offset by half a cut length like bricks in a wall. In addition to allowing for drainage, this allows the graft to both stretch and cover a larger area as well as to more closely approximate the contours of the recipient area. However, it results in a rather pebbled appearance upon healing that may ultimately look less aesthetically pleasing.


title: Skin grafting

text: An increasingly common aid to both pre-operative wound maintenance and post-operative graft healing is the use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). This system works by placing a section of foam cut to size over the wound, then laying a perforated tube onto the foam. The arrangement is then secured with bandages. A vacuum unit then creates negative pressure, sealing the edges of the wound to the foam, and drawing out excess blood and fluids. This process typically helps to maintain cleanliness in the graft site, promotes the development of new blood vessels, and increases the chances of the graft successfully taking. NPWT can also be used between debridement and graft operations to assist an infected wound in remaining clean for a period of time before new skin is applied. Skin grafting can also be seen as a skin transplant.


title: Skin grafting

text: This is based upon the principle of mobilizing a full segment of skin from an area to the site needing tissue replacement. The flaps are triangularly shaped opposite each other. It can be used in direct excision and closure of a bad scar to produce a better looking and healing scar. It helps to elongate and break up a linear scar. It also gives a good result in the release of linear contractures. Z-plasty is described as the plastic surgeon's best friend being of paramount importance and a frequently used method in both single multiple forms.


title: Skin grafting

text: Rejection may occur in xenografts. To prevent this, the person receiving the graft usually must be treated with long-term immunosuppressant drugs.


title: Skin grafting

text: Most skin grafts are successful, but in some cases grafts do not heal well and may require repeat grafting. The graft should also be monitored for good circulation.


title: Skin grafting

text: Recovery time from skin grafting can be long. Graft recipients wear compression garments for several months and are at risk for depression and anxiety consequent to long-term pain and loss of function.


title: Skin grafting

text: Skin grafting, in more rudimentary forms, has been practiced since ancient times. The Ebers Papyrus of ancient Egypt contains a brief treatise on xenografting. Around 500 years later, members of the Hindu Kamma caste are described as performing skin grafts which included the usage of subcutaneous fat. The 2nd century AD Greek philosopher Celsus is also known to have developed a method to reconstruct the foreskins of Jewish men using skin grafts, as circumcision was considered barbaric in Greek and Roman society.


title: Skin grafting

text: More modern uses of skin grafting were described in the mid-to-late 19th century, including Reverdin's use of the pinch graft in 1869; Ollier's and Thiersch's uses of the split-thickness graft in 1872 and 1886, respectively; and Wolfe's and Krause's use of the full-thickness graft in 1875 and 1893, respectively. John Harvey Girdner demonstrated skin graft transplant from a deceased donor in 1880. Today, skin grafting is commonly used in dermatologic surgery. Recently Reverdin's technique is used but with very small (less than 3 mm diameter). Such small wounds heal in a short time without scars. This technique is called SkinDot.


title: Skin grafting

text: There are alternatives to skin grafting including skin substitutes using cells from patients, skin from other animals, such as pigs, known as Xenograft and medical devices that help to close large wounds. Xenograft was originally known as "zoografting." Other animals that can be used include dogs, rabbits, frogs, and cats, with the greatest success achieved with porcine skin. Other skin substitutes include Allograft, Biobrane, TransCyte, Integra, AlloDerm, Cultured epithelial autografts (CEA).


title: Skin grafting

text: There are medical devices that helps close large wounds. The device uses skin anchors that are attached to healthy skin, an adjustable tension controller then exerts a constant pulling tension on sutures looped around the skin anchors, the device gradually closes the wound over time.


title: Sooty

text: Sooty is a British children's television media franchise created by Harry Corbett incorporating primarily television and stage shows. The franchise originated with his fictional glove puppet character introduced to television in 1955, with the franchises focused around the adventures of the character – a mute yellow bear with black ears and nose, who is kind-hearted but also cheeky, performs magic tricks and practical jokes, and squirts his handler and other people with his water pistol, including on other television programmes he guest stars on. The franchise itself also includes several other puppet characters who were created for television, some of whom became the backbone to performances, and features additional elements including an animated series, two spin-off series for the direct-to-video market, and a selection of toy merchandising.


title: Sooty

text: The franchise remained in the ownership of Corbett until his retirement in 1976, before being passed on to his son Matthew. The rights to the franchise were placed on sale and sold in 1996, with Matthew later retiring and handing over control of the puppet characters to Richard Cadell in 1998. After the franchise suffered some setbacks in 2004, Cadell bought the rights in 2007 and has since focused on ensuring the survival of the brand with new stage shows and television programmes.


title: Sooty

text: The "Sooty" franchise is focused upon the adventures of Sooty, a fictional glove puppet character created by magician and puppeteer Harry Corbett in the 1950s, alongside his other friends Sweep and Soo. Although fundamentally focused upon programmes for British children's television, "Sooty" also incorporates stage shows, both of which make use of a mixture of slapstick comedy, prop comedy – ranging from gunge, cream pies and water pistols – magic tricks, and music. All routines in both are primarily aimed at providing family-friendly entertainment suitable for young children. In addition, the franchise also include merchandising, ranging from annuals to toys. One such product that was sold was a toy musical instrument – referred to as a "xylophone", but in reality a toy glockenspiel – based upon the same instrument use by Sooty up until the 1980s.


title: Sooty

text: The creation of the franchise is traced back to 1948, when Corbett came across an all yellow bear glove puppet during a holiday in Blackpool. Purchasing the item, he made use of it to entertain his children during that time, including his newborn son Peter, naming the puppet Teddy. In time, his use of the puppet to entertain children with a variety of comedic routines and magic tricks earned him a place on the BBC's talent competition, "Talent Night", being held at Belle Vue, Manchester in 1952. Corbett proved popular with viewers and became the overall winner, landing him a job as a regular performer on the BBC children's show "Saturday Special", where his puppet immediately appealed to children, turning him into an overnight success. When the BBC offered him his own programme – to begin with, consisting of a few episodes at 12 guineas each – he opted to redesign Teddy's appearance to make him stand-out on black and white television screens. The overall change involved the use of black dust (or 'soot') upon the ears and nose, which inspired Corbett to change the puppet's name from Teddy to Sooty. The new look cemented the foundations of the franchise.


title: Sooty

text: The franchise focuses primarily on three different characters, with the most prominent being the titular character themselves – Sooty. Corbett's design for the character was that all his puppets were yellow bears who bore the distinct features of black ears and nose. When portrayed in performances on television and stage shows, the character was cheeky and naughty, fond of playing practical jokes, but was also kind-hearted and good. Part of the character's design that Corbett devised, was for Sooty being mute in his appearances and thus communicating with others by 'whispering' in their ear, to which the recipient often repeats what was said for the audience to understand. The character often retains two items that are iconic in his appearance: a magic wand, which he uses for spells conducted to the catchphrase of "Izzy wizzy, let's get busy!" – which Corbett devised – and tapping it to "Shave and a Haircut"; and a water pistol, which symbolises his cheekiness by often being used to soak others around him – including on programmes he is a guest on, such as soaking talk show hosts. On television programmes, the presenter – Sooty's owner and main puppeteer – often acts as narrator for scenes involving the character and other puppets, thus providing a 'voice' for Sooty during their narration to portray the character speaking normally with other puppet characters.


title: Sooty

text: The other two characters in the franchise were created to accompany Sooty in performances, effectively forming the backbone of television and stage shows, and were created by Corbett. The first character, Sweep, was designed to be a dog and friend of Sooty, who would be portrayed as being dim-witted but good-natured, who would often make mistakes that would cause problems for others, often get his own back on others when tricked, and have an obsession with bones. An aspect of the character's design was his voice – in performances he would speak in a high-pitched squeak that would have some form of sentences, but would often be translated by the main puppeteer for audience to understand more clearly. The concept was created by Corbett's brother Leslie Corbett through the use of a saxophone reed, and became a permanent element of the character upon his debut. The second character, Soo, was designed as a panda bear, who would be portrayed as sweet, shy, and mainly responsible, acting as a motherly character to the other two. In later years, the character tends to sometimes hate being tricked by the others, but does not mind enjoying a laugh when someone else is being tricked. Unlike the other two, Soo was designed to have a voice, in order to provide ease in production of television episodes.


title: Sooty

text: After his initial performances with his puppet between 1952 and 1955, Harry Corbett introduced Sooty officially with his own programme, "Sooty"; the title was changed to "The Sooty Show" in 1967. The programme, run on BBC 1 between 1955 and 1967 and made as a replacement for "Muffin the Mule", focused primarily on a series of comedic sketches involving Sooty conducting simple tasks or ventures, which would sometimes go wrong and result in a mess that they would need to deal with. The show expanded on the routines used in episodes by featuring slapstick humour suitable for young children, magic tricks, and the inclusion of songs and music. The glove puppet gained a sufficient profile from television exposure that his likeness became a feature on charity collection boxes used by the Royal National Institute of Blind People in the late 1950s.


title: Sooty

text: Corbett expanded on the programme further with the inclusion of story-telling, and the creation of additional characters that would co-star with Sooty. The two most prominent additions were made during his tenure with the BBC: Sweep in 1957, handled by his brother Leslie Corbett; and Soo in 1964, voiced by his wife Marjorie and brought in after backlash on the BBC's desire not to include a female character. In 1967, Corbett fell into disagreement with the BBC, in particular with the new controller of BBC 1 that year, Paul Fox, who decided that Corbett be replaced with another person presenting his programme. Faced with the prospect of this or his programme being cancelled, Corbett decided to sign a deal with ITV to bring Sooty to commercial television, having earlier performed with the character in one of the channel's first product advertisement. The move led to him expanding on the characters that featured in the programme, including: Butch, another dog who occasionally plays the part of a villain; Ramsbottom, a snake; and 'Enry the Robot, a robot with light up eyes who keeps breaking down.


title: Sooty

text: Alongside his television work, Corbett also created travelling shows with Sooty and various works for charity, but the switch to ITV created a tighter schedule that increased his workload. As a result, Corbett's work affected his health badly, culminating in him having a heart attack in December 1975. Knowing he would need to retire, Corbett opted to hand over control of his puppets and the franchise to his son Peter, who was now performing in children's television under the stage name of Matthew Corbett, with his own programme. Despite retiring, Corbett's role in children's television earned him an OBE for his services in January 1976, with his character Sooty being given a special one alongside him during his ceremony, while he continued to provide assistance on "The Sooty Show" as a guest star, making his final appearance in 1984 – five years before his death in 1989.


title: Sooty

text: Following his father's retirement, Matthew Corbett took sole responsibility for the puppets on "The Sooty Show", although he was forced to forgo his own programme as a direct result. Matthew maintained the programme's format until 1981 before making changes. These included discontinuing the use of an audience and comedic sketches, dropping a number of puppet characters – leaving only Sooty, Sweep and Soo as the main stars – and setting the show to a sitcom format set within a suburban home, in which Matthew and the puppets faced a misadventure in each episode. Elements such slapstick comedy, comedic messes, practical jokes, music and guests remained a part of the programme under the new format. Alongside the transformation of "The Sooty Show", Matthew branched out into stage shows featuring Sooty, bringing him closer to his audiences.


title: Sooty

text: Production on the new format of the television programme was aided by Connie Creighton, who had worked alongside Matthew's father and was given a co-star role on several episodes, while following his mother's retirement from her role, the voice of Soo was cast to Brenda Longman; Sweep's handler was also replaced, with Brian Sanford replacing Matthew's brother. Episodes of the programme mostly were aimed at comedic value, but elements of education were included in some stories; a spin-off educational series generated for pre-school audiences, titled "Learn With Sooty", was later released between 1989 and 1991. Although Matthew had dropped several characters from the show's old format, some returned in a guest capacity, while a new one was introduced in 1990 called Little Cousin Scampi – a character that Matthew devised as being part of Sooty's family, and who communicated in the same manner as Sooty.


title: Sooty

text: "The Sooty Show" came to its conclusion in 1992, whereupon Matthew created a sequel for ITV that launched in 1993 under the title of "Sooty & Co.". The new programme operated under the same format as its predecessor, but with episodes set mainly within a bric-a-brac shop in Manchester. While Creighton remained a part of the programme for a number of series, Longman was given a physical role as co-star in several episodes, alongside her role as Soo's voice actor, with the programme featuring several stories that ventured out into new locations. Matthew continued to conduct further stage shows, and also entered himself and Sooty as guests on other programmes. In 1996, Matthew sold the rights to the "Sooty" brand to the Global Rights Development Fund (a subsidiary of the Bank of Yokohama) for £1.4 million, creating Sooty International Limited whose intentions would be to bring Sooty to "true international stardom", but leaving Matthew to be the frontman for the franchise. In 1997, Matthew devised an animated spin-off, titled "Sooty's Amazing Adventures", which ran between 1997–98 and featured a different style of adventures to the live-action show, including voices for Scampi and Sweep, and a different voice actor for Soo. The spin-off lasted two series, before Matthew concluded it in preparation for his retirement in December 1998, following the finale of "Sooty & Co."


title: Sooty

text: Following his retirement, Matthew Corbett bequeathed his puppets to Richard Cadell, a fan of Sooty and a skilled magician, who focused on producing a new "Sooty" programme for ITV titled "Sooty Heights", which launched in 1999. Like its predecessor, the new programme stuck to the same format, but with episodes set within a beachside hotel that the characters ran, with Cadell joined by Liana Bridges – a co-star whom he worked with on a number of episodes in the final series of "Sooty & Co." By the end of 1999, The Britt Allcroft Company had purchased a 50% stake in the franchise, held under Sooty International Limited, and created a joint-venture company called Bridgefilms, which would also handle distribution rights to existing Britt Allcroft property "Magic Adventures of Mumfie". The Britt Allcroft Company was rebranded as Gullane Entertainment in 2000.


title: Sooty

text: While Cadell continued to operate stage shows and produce a second spin-off series, titled "Sooty's Magic", for the direct-to-video market, "Sooty Heights" was changed by Gullane Entertainment in 2001. As well as being renamed as "Sooty", it also saw Bridges being replaced with Vicki Lee Taylor, the presentation style of the programme being changed, including the stage sets, and the addition of two new puppet characters to the cast: the return of Butch; and the introduction of a new character called Miki – a Brazilian cat. However, the programme faced extensive cutbacks in production in 2002 after Gullane Entertainment was bought out by rival company HIT Entertainment. These changes, which included new puppet designs for the characters, effectively saw several puppeteers, including Longman, leaving the programme, while effectively causing the cancellation of "Sooty" in 2004. After HIT Entertainment were unable to offer ITV a new programme from the franchise in 2006, the company was forced to place the rights to the franchise up for sale in October 2007.


title: Sooty

text: In June 2008, Cadell bought the rights with the intention of saving the franchise and ensuring its future. Alongside conducting new stage shows, he also began work on producing a new programme, which eventually launched on CITV in 2011 under the title of "Sooty". Although the format remained the same, the setting focused on misadventures within a holiday park that they helped to run, while scripts were focused on younger audiences. Filming of the series took place at Brean Leisure Park, which Cadell co-owned with his brother, until it was put up for sale in 2014. Additional series were still made, but focused on other locations, with the programme moving to ITVBe. Cadell continued to keep Sooty in the public eye, making guest appearances with him, and at times the other characters, on other programmes. In 2017, Sooty was officially inducted into The Magic Circle based upon the magic tricks he conducted with his handlers.


title: Sooty

text: After the expiry of the license at Brean, Cadells Limited announced in February 2022 to sign a new deal with Crealy Theme Park & Resort to open a Sooty-focused theme park area in May 2022.


title: Sooty

text: During Matthew Corbett's reign, seven stage shows were performed repetitively. For the first half of the tours, Matthew and Connie Creighton would present, and during the second half, while Matthew was busy writing and filming the TV shows, Connie and Spencer K. Gibbens would present.


title: Sooty

text: After Matthew retired, six stage shows toured the country. All starred Richard Cadell; three of them also featured Richard's "Sooty Heights" co-star, Liana Bridges, with the fourth starring Amanda Howard in Liana's place.


title: Sooty

text: From 2005 to 2008, annual shows, featuring the puppet characters and various different presenters, toured around the UK.


title: Sooty

text: From 2009, stage shows again featured Richard Cadell. The first, "Sooty in Space", was a reworking of one of Matthew Corbett's scripts, and toured the country throughout the year.


title: Sooty

text: On 20 June 2014 the "Radio Times" confirmed that "Sooty: The Movie" was in production. It was set to go in production in 2016.


title: Sooty

text: Wink Taylor, Alex Skerratt and Richard Cadell are writing the film. Matthew Corbett will appear in the movie, Cadell has confirmed.


title: Sooty

text: In 2021 "Sooty and The Trifle of Doom" was announced to be distributed by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution.


title: Sooty

text: For most years from 1957 to 1998, there was a Sooty "Annual"; no annual was published in 1987, 1988, or 1990. The early annuals were published by the London "Daily Mirror". Later annuals were published by Purnell and Sons.


title: Sooty

text: In 1973 a single and album were released. The single was "Super Sonic Sooty Spug" with "My Friend and I" on the B-side. The album was "Around the World with Sooty...Harry Corbett and Sweep". This comprised eight songs with a linking story. The songs included both the A and B-sides of the single. These were released on the Music for Pleasure label.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: Chester Karol "Ziggy" Sobotka is a fictional character on the HBO drama "The Wire", played by actor James Ransone. Though his father Frank Sobotka was a well-respected stevedore union leader, Ziggy's thoughtless and immature behavior gained him little respect among other members of the union and The Greek's crime organization.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: Ziggy is Frank Sobotka's son and Nick's cousin. He is a Baltimore dock worker and involved his father's stevedores union, but is also involved in criminal activity. Like most of the dock workers, Ziggy frequents Delores' bar, where he amuses the other customers with his drunken antics, such as publicly exposing himself. His work on the docks is often poor, resulting in him regularly being fired and reinstated by his father. Due to his lack of seniority, Ziggy receives little work.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: He is often portrayed as a clumsy and inept beneficiary of his father's position and is more interested in goofing off. He is close to Nick, who often bails him out when his various money-making schemes backfire. Despite his shortcomings, however, he has a better understanding of technology than many of his colleagues. He uses his computer research skills to assist Nick in his dealings with the Greeks.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: When thirteen dead women are discovered in one of Sobotka's shipping containers, Ziggy is dealing drugs supplied by "White Mike" McArdle. He tries unsuccessfully to convince the more streetwise Nick to join him. He sells the drugs at street level using an East Baltimore dealer known as Frog. When Frog lies about being robbed and keeps the money, White Mike severs ties with Ziggy.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: He turns to smuggling with his cousin, starting with a container of digital cameras. During a meeting with George "Double G" Glekas, a front man for an international smuggling operation, Ziggy's knowledge of the product helps to secure a better deal. However, when Glekas sees Ziggy taking pictures, he angrily smashes the camera. When Ziggy uses his share of the money to buy a new leather coat, Nick chastises him for flashing his newfound wealth. This also earns him the disdain of Maui.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: Turning to a drug dealer named Cheese for a fresh supply, Ziggy finds himself ripped off again. Cheese's group steals his car, delivers a beating and threatens to kill him if he does not pay within a week. The debt is ultimately cancelled when Nick enlists the help of the Greeks, since they are shown to supply the entire operation. The two of them smuggle chemicals that the Greeks use to process cocaine. When offered payment in the form of drugs, Nick opts for cash instead to stop Ziggy from failing at another scheme. Ziggy accepts regular installments from Nick until he decides that his pride has been hurt too much and dramatically throws a pile of bills away in refusal.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: After losing a fight with Maui, in response to a fake paternity suit prank, Ziggy buys a duck and takes it to Delores' bar. He feeds the duck too much alcohol and becomes upset when it dies. In an attempt to prove his smuggling skills, Ziggy begins stealing cars with Johnny Fifty. He announces this to Glekas, who reluctantly agrees to participate. Upon delivery, Glekas refuses to part with the agreed sum, sending Ziggy into a rage. He returns with a gun and kills Glekas with a barrage of gunshots. He also wounds a boy working in the warehouse.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: Ziggy breaks down in tears when he comes to his senses and confesses to the police when they arrive. While being interviewed by Sergeant Jay Landsman at the Homicide division, he agrees to sign a murder confession Landsman had prepared based on Ziggy’s statements. Ziggy requests the document be changed to reflect that Double G “begged” for his life. Frank later visits Ziggy in jail and apologizes for not doing more to help his son. Ziggy tells Frank that the union had always come before him, harkening back towards the memories they had shared previously on the docks. Ziggy is convicted of the murder and is last seen walking to his cell in a prison, serving out his sentence.


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: The actor who portrays Ziggy, James Ransone, is a Baltimore native and has described the character as representative of the difficulties people face just trying to get by in Baltimore. The character's creators have deemed him "the angry prince of goofs."


title: Ziggy Sobotka

text: In an online interview, David Simon stated that Ziggy is loosely based on a real stevedore named Pinkie Bannion whose antics have become a local legend around the docks. According to Simon, Bannion "used to take his duck to the bar and repeatedly expose 'pretty boy' and all else. As they said in Bawlmer about Pinkie: 'That boy ain't right.'"


Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry is a 2021 American documentary film directed by R. J. Cutler and centered around singer-songwriter Billie Eilish. The film details Eilish's rise to fame since the release of her 2016 single "Ocean Eyes" and the creative process behind Eilish's debut studio album "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?" (2019), with the title referencing a lyric from the album track "Ilomilo". The film was released in select theaters via Neon and on Apple TV+ on February 26, 2021.


title: Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry

text: Rather than a linear narrative, the film follows several intertwining plot threads in a stream-of-consciousness style.


text: Recording for the film began in 2018 and was completed in early 2020. "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote in December 2019 that the film was developed with a budget between $1 million and $2 million. They also claimed that the film was worth $25 million before being purchased by Apple TV+, but this claim was later denied by Eilish's team.


text: "Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry" was officially announced via Eilish's social media profiles on September 28, 2020, but had begun developing attention as soon as late 2019, and more after she discussed it in several press interviews in early 2020.


text: "Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry" was released to widespread acclaim. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 96% of 101 critics have given the film a positive review, with a 7.3 out of 10 average rating. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry" offers an enlightening -- and sometimes uncomfortable -- look behind the scenes of a young star's ascension." According to Metacritic, the documentary received "generally favorable reviews", based on an average score of 70 out of 100 from 23 critic reviews. It was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards, including the Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Nonfiction or Reality Program, Outstanding Sound Editing, Outstanding Picture Editing, and Outstanding Music Direction. The film also was shortlisted for Best Documentary Feature at the 94th Academy Awards.


title: RAD140

text: RAD140 is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that is developed by Radius Health, Inc. for use in androgen replacement therapy. It was licensed to Ellipses Pharmaceuticals in 2020. Some of the potential benefits under investigation are for the treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and bone loss.


title: RAD140

text: The first-in-human study was initiated in October of 2017 and completed in September 2020 in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.


title: RAD140

text: In early 2020 a single case report of drug-induced liver injury following use of RAD 140 was published.


title: RAD140

text: RAD 140 slightly increased lean muscle mass when used in primates, by targeting androgen receptors in skeletal tissue.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: "Cupid's Chokehold" is a song by American rap rock band Gym Class Heroes, featuring the vocals of Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy. The song relies heavily on the music and chorus from Supertramp's hit song "Breakfast in America" written by Roger Hodgson. It peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number one on the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40 radio chart, number three on the UK Singles Chart, and number three on the Canadian Hot 100.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: It was first released in 2005 on "The Papercut Chronicles", and re recorded for their album "As Cruel as School Children" (which was re released on November 4, 2006, with "Cupid's Chokehold" as an additional track). There are two music videos for this song, one for each version.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: The second version includes female backing vocals, which are not included in version one. The second version of the video does contain the backing vocals of the first video. However, the female voice is integrated into the chorus behind Patrick Stump's vocals. The song has been featured on "Discover and Download" and "Total Request Live".


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: Several versions were produced. The most common one features slow tempo and female backing vocals while the other one has a quicker tempo and Patrick Stump doing backing vocals, along with Rand Bellavia (of Ookla the Mok). The song won an ASCAP award on April 9, 2008, for being one of the most played songs in ASCAPs repertory from the end of 2006 through the end of 2007. As of September 2011, the song has sold 1,936,000 digital downloads.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: The first version of the "Cupid's Chokehold" video directed by Andrew Paul Bowser for the album "The Papercut Chronicles" features MC Travis McCoy working at a toy factory. While working, he stumbles upon a "prototype toy" which turns out to be a life size doll. The doll acts as McCoy's girlfriend in the video and fulfills his every wish.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: However, she eventually becomes tired of being exploited and expresses this in a humorous scene where the two are playing Scrabble (she spells out the words 'krush', 'kill', and 'destroy'). The doll then begins to malfunction, and McCoy has no choice but to destroy her. He pushes her off a bridge, and she appears to be dead.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: At the end of the video, she is awakened by Patrick Stump, who also appears to be a robot. The two fall in love and walk down the road together.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: The second version of the "Cupid's Chokehold" is the official video directed by Alan Ferguson for the album "As Cruel as School Children" and is a more literal interpretation of the lyrics of the song. The second version is more widely recognized because music networks such as MTV and VH1 play this version instead of the original, and because the original does not appear on iTunes. The video begins with a dancing Cupid (portrayed by Princetón), who shoots McCoy with a love arrow as he passes a girl, portrayed by actress, singer Porscha Coleman. Patrick Stump can be seen watching from behind a newspaper as this happens.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: The two are madly in love at first, but as the video moves forward, the two begin fighting, and their relationship meets its end when McCoy's girlfriend walks in on him and his friends gambling. Cupid tries a second time to get McCoy into a relationship. This time, McCoy's girlfriend is more romantically involved with McCoy, but she becomes increasingly angry when he invites his friends to a party her parents are hosting. The relationship ends when McCoy comes home to find his girlfriend on top of a masked man in a compromising position. He proceeds to beat up the guy.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: McCoy's final relationship is with one of his fans in the audience at one of the band's performances (played by McCoy's then-girlfriend, Katy Perry). Initially, she went up to him when they were at a bar. This time the relationship works out, and Cupid does not have to shoot McCoy with an arrow even though he is prepared to at first.


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: However, Cupid himself gets shot with an arrow by a female Cupid, and the video closes with the two of them dancing together with McCoy & Perry watching from in front. (Cupid also dances several times before the ending). In this version of the music video, when McCoy and his friends are interrupting his girlfriend's party, McCoy raps a small part of "Wejusfreestylin Pt. 2" from "The Papercut Chronicles".


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: In the UK, some music channels had a re-edited version of the video with the party scene cut to a minimum (Party scene ends with girlfriend closing the door).


title: Cupid's Chokehold

text: Musically, this version has the word Girlfriend repeated constantly in the background not found in other versions of the song exclusive to the video.


title: Made in China 2025

text: Made in China 2025 () (MIC25, MIC 2025, or MIC2025) is a national strategic plan and industrial policy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to further develop the manufacturing sector of the People's Republic of China, issued by Premier Li Keqiang and his cabinet in May 2015. As part of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Five-year Plans, China aims to move away from being the "world's factory"—a producer of cheap low-tech goods facilitated by lower labour costs and supply chain advantages. The industrial policy aims to upgrade the manufacturing capabilities of Chinese industries, growing from labor-intensive workshops into a more technology-intensive powerhouse.


title: Made in China 2025

text: The stated goals of Made in China 2025 include increasing the Chinese-domestic content of core materials to 40 percent by 2020 and 70 percent by 2025. To help achieve independence from foreign suppliers, the initiative encourages increased production in high-tech products and services, with its semiconductor industry central to the industrial plan, partly because advances in chip technology may "lead to breakthroughs in other areas of technology, handing the advantage to whoever has the best chips – an advantage that currently is out of Beijing’s reach."


title: Made in China 2025

text: Since 2018, following a backlash from the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere, the phrase "MIC 2025" has been de-emphasized in government and other official communications, while the program remains in place. The Chinese government continues to invest heavily in identified technologies. In 2018, the Chinese government committed to investing roughly US$300 billion into achieving the industrial plan. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, at least an additional $1.4 trillion was also invested into MIC 2025 initiatives. Given China's current middle income country status, the practicality of its disproportionate expenditure on pioneering new technologies has been called into question.


title: Made in China 2025

text: Since the 2010s, China has become an emerging superpower as the second largest economy and the largest one on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. It faces manufacturing competition from countries with lower wages, like Vietnam, as well as from highly industrialized countries. In order to maintain economic growth, standards of living, and meet the demand of its increasingly educated workforce, China undertook stimulating the potential of its economic and technological competitiveness with MIC 2025, to become a "world-leading manufacturing power." Alan Wheatley of British think tank Chatham House indicated, in 2018, that a broad and growing Chinese middle class is necessary for the country's economic and political stability.


title: Made in China 2025

text: China believes in its industrial policy programs, which it sees as key to its economic success. Its leaders hope that government investment in crucial technology sectors will lead to a strong position in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The key objective of the Made in China 2025 program is, in a world which it views as increasingly dominated by U.S.-China competition, to identify key technologies, such as AI, 5G, aerospace, semiconductors, electric vehicles and biotech, indigenize those technologies with the help of national champions, secure market share domestically within China, and ultimately capture foreign markets globally.


title: Made in China 2025

text: The Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. described MIC 2025 as an "initiative to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry", which is directly inspired by Germany's proposed Industry 4.0 strategy. It is a comprehensive undertaking to move China's manufacturing base higher up the value chain and become a major manufacturing power in direct competition with the United States.


title: Made in China 2025

text: In order to achieve the stated goals, a number of specific policies have been implemented, including:


title: Made in China 2025

text: For better implementation of the policies the Chinese Communist Party also implemented 5 strategic initiatives


title: Made in China 2025

text: Industries integral to MIC 2025 include aerospace, biotech, information technology, smart manufacturing, maritime engineering, advanced rail, electric vehicles, electrical equipment, new materials, biomedicine, agricultural machinery and equipment, pharmaceuticals, and robotics manufacturing, many of which have been dominated by foreign companies.


title: Made in China 2025

text: MIC 2025 lists the following 10 key industries that the Chinese government targets for becoming a world leader.


title: Made in China 2025

text: Premier Li has indicated advanced standards in industries are absolutely essential to foster innovation and eliminate bottlenecks in industrial development. China has a growing middle class who are demanding higher quality goods and services. Compared with overseas competition, the quality and innovation of Chinese goods have not caught up. Premier Li talks about the quality revolution. This revolves around entrepreneurship and craftsmanship. It will involve embracing a culture of continuous innovations and refinement in quality of goods produced.


title: Made in China 2025

text: The amount of state funding to support the MIC 2025 industries has not been publicized, but is estimated to be "in the order of hundreds of billions of dollars" of state funding, low interest loans, tax breaks and miscellaneous subsidies. This amount includes US$2.9 billion for the Advanced Manufacturing Fund and US$20.2 billion for the National Integrated Circuit Fund.


title: Made in China 2025

text: China's investment in 5G is seen as part of the MIC 2025 program. As of early 2020, China had around 200,000 5G towers in use; by the end of the year, it aims to have more than 500,000, with an ultimate goal of 5 million. In its 14th five-year plan, China's National People's Congress approved the spending of $1.4 trillion in 5 to 6 years to build 5G networks, "install cameras and sensors to create smart cities, and integrate this network with industry to accelerate progress in smart manufacturing."


title: Made in China 2025

text: Barry Naughton, a professor and China expert at the University of California, San Diego, questioned whether it is sensible for China, considering it is still a middle income country, to be taking "such a disproportionate part of the risky expenditure involved in pioneering new technologies". He commented that while it does not make sense from a purely economic perspective, Chinese policymakers have "other considerations" when implementing their industrial policy such as Made in China 2025.


title: Made in China 2025

text: A European Commission published report calling for the European Union (EU) to increase its industrial and research performance and to "develop a trade policy that can ensure a level playing field for EU companies in China and for Chinese companies in the EU", in response to the Made in China 2025 (MIC 2025) policy. It recognizes MIC 2025 as being similar to the "German and Japanese approaches to innovation and economic development".


title: Made in China 2025

text: The EU Chamber of Commerce in China said that MIC 2025 would increase Chinese protectionism favouring domestic companies. In a report they have written that the MIC 2025 initiative distorts the market, and that market-based innovation provides a better way to pass through middle-income status than industrial policies. Jörg Wuttke, president of the chamber, said: "Very often these major plans, with lots of money, where government bureaucrats decide who's the winner and who's the loser, end up in tears."


title: Made in China 2025

text: Japanese commentators note that MIC 2025 has led to growing exports of Japanese high-value goods such as semiconductor manufacturing equipment and production line robotization equipment and see it as a business opportunity, but fear that China may become a strong competitor in the long run.


title: Made in China 2025

text: A report by the Korea International Trade Association (KITA) sees MIC 2025 as a step towards Chinese self-sufficiency, threatening Korean exports, but also acknowledges opportunities for Korea due to changing industry demands. KITA calls for a response by improving Korean innovation, preventing brain-drain and loss of intellectual property through mergers and acquisitions, preventing unfair trade practices by China and actively playing into market opportunities that arise from MIC 2025.


title: Made in China 2025

text: Aggressive campaigns to recruit Taiwanese chip industry talent with lucrative offers resulted in the loss of more than 3,000 chip engineers to MIC 2025, and raised concerns of a "brain drain". Charles K. Kao, considered Taiwan's "Godfather of DRAM" was among those to leave Taiwan for a position in China, spending five years with Tsinghua Unigroup which, two years after Kao was hired, had also recruited Sun Shih-wei, formerly vice chairman of United Microelectronics.


title: Made in China 2025

text: At the start of the 2010 decade, United States policy makers began to make defensive adjustments against China's growing position in the digital world. These adjustments consisted of regulated the amount of imports and exports, regulating financial investments, creating financial sanctions and visa bans. In recent years, the United States has taken a more offensive strategy to compete against China. The United States has inserted themselves into the digital world by increasing their own investments in their research and development fields and also banning the use of certain Chinese made technology inside universities and other sites of academia. The offensive measures to compete with China have been proven to be more effective in slowing Chinese influence over the technology sector. However, they take more time to have a sufficient influence unlike their defensive counterparts. Researchers believe the defensive measures being taken are meant to yield the rapid growth of China in order to allow time for the United States strategy to take place.


title: Made in China 2025

text: The growth of the Made in China 2025 initiative is seen by the United States as a threat to national security. U.S officials believe that if Beijing continues to create a significant gap throughout the technology sector officials in Washington should be concerned about breaches inside government departments and agencies. This has fostered the creation of a process by the United States government called “technological decoupling". The United States is strategically finding different means of separation away from technology originating in the borders of China. This is implemented through establishing restrictions on Chinese goods and services or the creation Made in USA corporations to compete domestically.


title: Made in China 2025

text: Throughout the 2010's, the rise in popularity of the technological decoupling theory has come because of the United States shifted view of China and the Xi Jinping ran regime. In pervious decades, U.S policy makers saw the growth and benefits in China as mutual gains in their own borders as well. However, the unique intensity around Chinese policy decisions in recent years have proven to give a voice to a growing weariness about their future agenda. The United States and China continue to sustain a healthy amount of economic interaction, but how they view one another has shifted to a more competitive level.


title: Made in China 2025

text: In 2018, the Council on Foreign Relations, an American think tank, stated that MIC 2025, with its government-sponsored subsidies, is a "threat to U.S. technological leadership". The Li Keqiang government maintained that MIC 2025 aligns with the country's World Trade Organization obligations. On 15 June 2018, the Trump administration imposed higher tariffs on Chinese goods, escalating trade tensions between China and the U.S. The tariffs primarily apply to manufactured goods included in the Made In China 2025 plan, such as those integral to IT and robotics industries.


title: Made in China 2025

text: The U.S. began individual investigations over Chinese companies participating in the MIC 2025 plan, such as Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit, based on concerns over technology theft and national security.


title: Made in China 2025

text: On November 14, 2022, President Joseph Biden and President Xi Jinping met in person for the first time to discuss future relations between the two nations. The meeting touched on improving bilateral relations between the two nations. However, President Biden released a statement summarizing that they will not attempt to contain Chinese development in the technology or financial sectors. Rather, they will continue to "vigorously" compete alongside China. Biden emphasized his strong opposition against a build up of arms that could lead to the two hegemonies promoting the start of a new cold war.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Besides eight principal queens (Ashtabharya), the Hindu god Krishna, an avatar of the god Vishnu and the king of Dvaraka, wedded a number of captured women, whose number is mentioned as 16,000 or 16,100 in different scriptures.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Krishna accepted them as his ceremonial wives upon their insistence, to save their honour from the society who saw them as slaves of the demon king Narakasura. The chief amongst them is sometimes mentioned to be Rohini. When Krishna slew Narakasura, he accepted the hand in marriage of all of the captive women upon their insistence to safeguard their dignity. After their marriage, these junior wives all chose to live in Dvaraka.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Apart from his five principal wives, Krishna is described to have married several thousand women, he rescued from the demon Narakasura. The "Bhagavata Purana" and the "Mahabharata" state that 16,000 women were rescued, however the "Vishnu Purana" and the "Harivamsa" (appendix of the "Mahabharata") differ and set the number as 16,100. Generally all of them are unnamed, however many commentators of the "Bhagavata Purana" regard Rohini to be their leader, though such an explicit mention is not found in the scripture.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: The "Bhagavata Purana" mentions that the captive women are princesses. The "Vishnu Purana" says that they are daughters of gods, "siddha"s (saints), demons and kings. According to the "Kalika Purana" and the "Adi Parva" book of the Hindu epic "Mahabharata", they were "apsara"s (celestial female spirits). In the "Dana Dharma" chapter of the "Shanti Parva" book affixed centuries later, they are blessed by the goddess Bhudevi to be wives of Krishna.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Some legends narrate that events in their past life led to them being wives of Krishna. A king had 16,000 daughters. While the king was sitting in court with the princesses, Vishnu arrived disguised as a sage. The daughters flocked around Vishnu, making their father angry who cursed them. When the daughters cried and begged for forgiveness, the king blessed them that in their next birth, they would be wives of Vishnu. In other versions, the damsels plead to others for liberation from the curse. The creator-god Brahma, on the advice of his son and divine sage Narada or the sage, himself give the princesses the boon to be wives of Vishnu.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Narakasura was the king of Pragjyotisha. He was the demon (asura) son of Vishnu's boar avatar Varaha and the earth-goddess Bhumi (Prithvi). As the son of Bhumi, he was also called Bhauma or Bhaumasura (asura suffix appended). He conquered the three worlds: heaven, earth and underworld. On earth, he captured 16,000 princesses of defeated nations. In heaven, he stole the earrings of Aditi, mother of Indra - the king of gods and heaven. In the underworld, he seized the imperial umbrella of Varuna, the god of the waters.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: The captive women were imprisoned at Audaka on the top of the mountain Maniparvata in his kingdom. Various demons including the five-headed Mura and his seven sons guarded the kingdom's gates. Narakasura's ten sons guarded the women.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Indra comes to Krishna and pleads with him to save the universe from Narakasura's tyranny. Krishna and his third wife Satyabhama fly on their mount the eagle-man Garuda to Pragjyotisha. Krishna slays Mura, his sons, Narakasura's army, and finally the demon-king himself. Bhumi surrenders all stolen items, including the captive women to Krishna. When Krishna arrives in the palace of the captive women, each of them prays to Krishna to accept her as his wife. Krishna complies and sends them to his capital with Narakasura's plunder and four-tusked white elephants gifted by Bhumi. After returning Aditi's earrings to Indra in heaven, Krishna returns to Dwarka and marries the rescued women, making them his junior wives, saving them from destitution and infamy.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: The "Bhagavata Purana" describes the life of Krishna's wives after their marriage. Each of the junior wives was given a home, with hundreds of maid-servants. Krishna divides himself into several forms, one for each wife, and spends the night with each wife simultaneously. In the morning, all his forms unite into one body of Krishna when Krishna works as the king of Dvaraka.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: In another story narrated in the "Bhagavata Purana", Narada, Vishnu's devotee and wandering sage, was curious to find out how Krishna was managing to live with his 16,008 wives and came to Dvaraka to check. Krishna welcomed Narada with all the honors due to him being a sage. Narada then visited every one of the houses of Krishna's 16,008 wives and was surprised to see Krishna present in every house with his wife in an atmosphere of total domesticity, laughing and joking with his wife and taking care of his children, and helping his wife in household chores. Watching this phenomenon, Narada was convinced that it was divinity in the form of Krishna, a complete and manifold manifestation who had enjoyed the company of his 16,008 consorts at the same time. He also concluded that Krishna was a divine supreme being. Having satisfied himself of the divine powers of the Lord Himself, Narada embarked on his usual voyages around the world singing the praise of Krishna. A variant tells that the mischief-maker sage Narada requested Krishna to gift him one of his many wives, as he was a bachelor. Krishna told him to win any wife for himself if he was not with her. Then Narada went round to each of the houses of Krishna's 16,008 wives but found Krishna in every house that he visited, and thus Narada had to remain a bachelor.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: In the "Bhagavata Purana", Rohini and Krishna are described to have an unspecified number of sons, out of which only Diptiman and Tamratapta are named. The sons are said to represent all the children of the junior wives.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: The "Bhavishya Purana", the "Skanda Purana" and the "Varaha Purana" narrate that some of Krishna's junior wives were infatuated with Samba, the handsome, trouble-maker son of Krishna and one of his senior queens, Jambavati. One wife, Nandini, disguised herself as Samba's wife and embraced him. For this incest, Krishna cursed Samba to be inflicted with leprosy and his wives to be kidnapped by Abhira robbers after his death.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: The "Bhagavata Purana" records the wailing of Krishna's queens and their subsequent leap in Krishna's funeral pyre immolating themselves (see "sati"). The "Mausala Parva" book of the "Mahabharata" which describes the death of Krishna and end of most of his race records only four of Krishna's wives, including Rohini, committing sati. Dvaraka submerges in the ocean and the rest of its inhabitants including Krishna's widows accompany Krishna's friend Arjuna to his capital Hastinapura. On the way, Abhira robbers attack the entourage and plunder their wealth and kidnap some of Krishna's widows. Some of the widows burn themselves alive. When the entourage reaches Hastinapura, all other widows retire to the forest for austerities ("Tapas").


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Gopis, milkmaids from the life of young Krishna - who was a herdsman, are sometimes called his 16,000 wives. This mythology of Krishna's love with gopis is also described theologically as devotional worship of Krishna. The gopis risked having a relationship with him. It is also said he assumed 16,000 forms at the same time to be with all of them for love play.


title: Junior wives of Krishna

text: Another theory relates the Krishna, who plays the flute and the lover of music, and his 16,000 wives to the 16,000 "raga"s or musical modes or passions or affections of the mind in Indian classical music, and their wives - the "Ragini"s (female "raga"). The "Ragini"s selected one of these "raga"s to which to modulate her strains for affecting and securing the heart of Krishna, the amorous and harmonious deity. Krishna who was devoted to music received and enjoyed every variety of modulation, multiplied to the number of 16,000, fancifully personified in the form of the women derived from "Bhauma" (a name of Narakasura), a five-stringed musical instrument.


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: The is a fictional principality in Nintendo's "Mario" series. It is the setting of most main-series "Mario" games with an inconsistent presentation. There is no established canon regarding the topography of the "Mario" universe, and many areas are not certain to be part of the "Mushroom Kingdom".


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: The Mushroom Kingdom is a principality ruled by Princess Peach (however the manual for the first game in the series mentions Peach’s father as the “Mushroom King”) also known as Princess Toadstool as head of state, in the fictional universe of Mario games. In the instruction manual of "Super Mario Bros." (1985), Peach debuts as the princess of the kingdom, with Toadsworth as her steward.


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: A minority of humans like Princess Peach, Mario, and Luigi live in the kingdom with the majority of the kingdom being populated with Toad citizens. Other characters that populate the Mushroom Kingdom in Mario games include colonies of Yoshis, Goombas, and Koopas. Other creatures in Peach's territory include Boos.


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: The kingdom's most famous currency is various colors of coins, also featured in almost all adaptations of Mario games. Dispersed across the land are brown brick blocks and golden "question-mark blocks", which may contain coins or power-ups. The main mode of transportation in the Mushroom Kingdom are warp pipes. Some pipes merely travel a short distance (such as over and underground), while some pipes are linked to entirely different worlds, also featured as different levels in games that feature warp pipes. New warp tools and areas have been introduced in games since including the secret "warp whistle" in "Super Mario Bros. 3" and cannons in "New Super Mario Bros."


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: Princess Peach's Castle is a large Central European-style red-and-white castle decorated with a stained-glass above the main doors representing the princess. Inhabited by the princess and her Toad retainers, the castle first appeared in-game in "Princess Toadstool’s Castle Run" (1990) but is really depicted in "Super Mario RPG" (1996) and is the central hub in "Super Mario 64". Its design has remained relatively consistent since, in games such as "Mario Kart 64", "Paper Mario", "", "Super Mario Galaxy", and "Super Mario Odyssey" (where it is the Mushroom Kingdom's capital city), and the "Mario Kart" series. Peach's Castle is generally located in the center of the kingdom. It can serve as the final world or as headquarters, as a navigation hub or as a feature access point. In "The Super Mario Bros. Movie", Peach's Castle reappears, this time being located on the tallest hill in the kingdom, requiring a Warp Pipe to reach it.


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: Toad Town is the capital of the Mushroom Kingdom as seen in the "Paper Mario" and "Mario & Luigi" series. It is generally located next to Peach's castle. Several species reside in the city, in particular Toads.


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: Bowser's Castle is the abode of Bowser, arch-villain of the "Super Mario" video games. The castle has often been destroyed and rebuilt and appears differently in each game it is featured in. It is usually filled with lava pits, booby traps, and Bowser's minions. Variations on Bowser's Castle appear in nearly every "Mario" game, and every "Mario Kart" game features at least one track titled "Bowser's Castle". The plot of "New Super Mario Bros. U" involves Bowser taking over Peach's Castle and making it look like his own. However, Bowser's Castle is often depicted in its own kingdom, that being Bowser's Kingdom.


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: The Mushroom Kingdom has been revamped several times over the course of the "Mario" games, similar to the kingdom of Hyrule in "The Legend of Zelda" series. In "Super Mario Bros.", for example, the Mushroom Kingdom encompasses 32 different levels of varying terrain. "Super Mario Bros. 3" expands on this concept with a map screen to add topography to the kingdom. The games do not follow these landscape variants exactly, but still are recurring themes in the "Mario" series. For example, even though "Super Mario World" is set in Dinosaur Land, its geography very similar to the Mushroom Kingdom. The paintings that lead to the different levels in "Super Mario 64" follow this idea.


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: The "Super Smash Bros." series includes four different arenas based on the Mushroom Kingdom. The original "Super Smash Bros." includes the unlockable stage "Mushroom Kingdom" which is graphically based on the original "Super Mario Bros." "Super Smash Bros. Melee" includes a re-vamped "Mushroom Kingdom" which omitted Piranha Plants and warp pipes from the original stage, and its stage "Mushroom Kingdom II" is based on the Subcon setting of "Super Mario Bros. 2". "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" includes the level "Mushroomy Kingdom", which primarily appears as an abandoned, derelict version of "World 1-1" of "Super Mario Bros." In "Super Smash Bros. for Wii U", the "Mushroom Kingdom U" stage is based on "New Super Mario Bros. U".


title: Mushroom Kingdom

text: The Mushroom Kingdom is depicted as a location from the "Mario" series. The fictional land is present in the Super Nintendo World theme park. GamesRadar+ wrote a humorous article listing the "Top 7 most disturbing things about the Mushroom Kingdom", listing facts such as "the kingdom's greatest hero is a dumpy plumber", "the political system is a complete mess", and "everything is alive" as examples. Animation Domination High-Def ran a short titled "Real Plumber in Mario World." "Game Informer" lauded the fact that "Super Mario Maker" allowed players to "build the Mushroom Kingdom of [their] dreams", writing "since Mario first won the hearts of gamers across the world in the early '80s, fans have been sketching up their own ideas for "Mario" levels on paper and imagining what sort of worlds they could create for the iconic plumber to explore." Theyab Al-Tamimi created a comedy fanbook, "Science of the Mushroom Kingdom", exploring the species of flora in the Mushroom Kingdom; this was later recommended to readers by "Kotaku". Screen Rant stated that the Mushroom Kingdom "is a place full of mystery". A fan-created mod of "" titled "Super Skyrim Bros" turns the game environment into the Mushroom Kingdom.


title: Arpita Pal

text: Arpita Chatterjee ("née" Pal) is an Indian actress, who mostly appears in the Odia and Bengali film industry in India. She is married to actor Prosenjit Chatterjee.


title: Arpita Pal

text: She made her film debut in 1999 with the film "Tumi Ele Tai", directed by Prabhat Roy. Some of the other films in which she has starred include "Deva", "Devdas", "Inquilaab", "Prem Shakti", "Pratarok", "Dada Thakur", "Pratibad", "Utsab" and "Anupama". Post-marriage, she took a break from her film career to focus on family life. In 2009, she returned to acting in "Ekti Tarar Khonje", directed by Abhik Mukhopadhyay.


title: Arpita Pal

text: She has acted in films of directors like Shakti Samanta and Rituporno Ghosh and has also appeared in commercials for ITC and Saffola. In 2014, she signed for her first Bollywood film "Shab", directed by Onir.


title: Röhm scandal

text: The Röhm scandal resulted from the public disclosure of Nazi politician Ernst Röhm's homosexuality by anti-Nazis in 1931 and 1932. As a result of the scandal, Röhm became the first known homosexual politician.


title: Röhm scandal

text: Röhm was an early member of the Nazi Party and was close to party leader Adolf Hitler. Röhm was homosexual, although he tried to separate his personal and political life. In the late 1920s, he lived in Bolivia where he wrote letters to a friend, Karl-Günther Heimsoth, in which he candidly discussed his sexual orientation. Röhm's double life began to fall apart when he returned to Germany in 1930 and was appointed leader of the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), the Nazi Party's original paramilitary wing. Although the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany supported the repeal of Paragraph 175, the German law criminalizing homosexuality, both parties used homophobia to attack their Nazi opponents and inaccurately portrayed the Nazi Party as dominated by homosexuals. Their goal was to prevent or delay the Nazi seizure of power, which ultimately occurred in early 1933.


title: Röhm scandal

text: Beginning in April 1931, the SPD newspaper published a series of front-page stories about alleged homosexuality in the SA, which turned out to be based on forgeries. SPD leaders set out to obtain authentic evidence of Röhm's sexuality and, if possible, convict him under Paragraph 175. Röhm was tried five times, but never convicted. During the German presidential election in March 1932, the SPD released a pamphlet edited by ex-Nazi with Röhm's letters to Heimsoth. This second round of disclosures sparked a plot by some Nazis to murder Röhm, which fell through and resulted in additional negative press for the party.