title: Rocketeer

text: Following Stevens' death, IDW began publishing additional Rocketeer comics. In 2011 and 2012, several stories by authors including Jonathan Ross, Kurt Busiek, Mark Waid, and others were collected in "Rocketeer Adventures", volumes one and two, edited by Scott Dunbier. Two full length graphic novels, Mark Waid's "The Rocketeer: Cargo of Doom" and Roger Langridge's "The Rocketeer: Hollywood Horror", which was narrated by a version of Groucho Marx, were published in 2013. Finally, in 2014, Waid published another graphic novel linking the Rocketeer with The Spirit in "The Rocketeer & the Spirit: Pulp Friction".


title: Rocketeer

text: In September, 2014, IDW issued "The Rocketeer: Jet-Pack Adventures", a prose anthology of ten short stories written by authors including Yvonne Navarro, Don Webb, Gregory Frost, Nancy Holder, Nancy A. Collins. Set between 1939 and 1946, the stories feature appearances by such historic figures as Howard Hughes, Hedy Lamarr, Tarzan's Johnny Weissmuller, and writer Zane Grey.


title: Rocketeer

text: Besides pulp characters, actors of the 1940s and 1950s have also visually inspired two characters: Lothar, the villain in "Cliff's New York Adventure", is based on the likeness of acromegalic horror movie star Rondo Hatton; and Cliff Secord's girlfriend Betty is modeled after "Queen of Pinups" Bettie Page.


title: Rocketeer

text: A "Rocket Man" character, with a near-identical rocket backpack and similar uniform, appeared in four Republic Pictures movie serials from 1949 through 1953. The fourth serial, originally conceived as a syndicated Republic TV series, was first released under contractual obligation to movie houses as a regular multi-chapter theatrical serial; two years later, it was re-cut with new footage and additional music added and finally syndicated on NBC television stations as twelve 25-minute episodes. The four Republic Rocket Man serials were: "King of the Rocket Men" (1949), "Radar Men from the Moon" (1952), "Zombies of the Stratosphere" (1952), and "" (serial 1953, TV series 1955)


title: Rocketeer

text: IGN listed the Rocketeer as the 76th Greatest Comic Book Character, stating that the Rocketeer taps into that popular desire to fly. IGN also stated the Rocketeer saga remains a compelling one.


title: Housecarl

text: The institution originated amongst the Norsemen of Scandinavia, and was brought to Anglo-Saxon England by the Danish conquest in the 11th century. They were well-trained, and paid as full-time soldiers. In England, the royal housecarls had a number of roles, both military and administrative, and they fought under Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings.


title: Housecarl

text: Housecarl is a calque of the original Old Norse term, "húskarl", which literally means "house man". "Karl" is cognate to the Old English "churl", or "ceorl", meaning a man, or a non-servile peasant. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" uses "hiredmenn" as a term for all paid warriors and thus is applied to "housecarl", but it also refers to "butsecarls" and "lithsmen". It is not clear whether these were types of "housecarl" or different altogether.


title: Housecarl

text: Originally, the Old Norse word "húskarl" (plural: "húskarlar") (spelled huskarl, pl. huskarlar in Swedish) had a general sense of "manservant", as opposed to the "húsbóndi", the "master of the house". In that sense, the word had several synonyms: "griðmenn" ("home-men") in Norway and Iceland, "innæsmæn" ("inside-men") in Denmark. Housecarls were free men, not to be confused with thralls (slaves or serfs); to this effect, the Icelandic laws also calls them "einhleypingar" ("lone-runners") and "lausamenn" ("men not tied"). Both terms emphasise that they were voluntarily in service of another, as opposed to thralls.


title: Housecarl

text: With time, the term "housecarls" ("húskarlar") came to acquire a specific sense of "retainers", in the service of a lord, in his "hirð", "lid" or "drótt" (all meaning "bodyguard", "troop of retainers"). In Denmark, this was also the sense of the word "himthige", a variant of "húskarl" (""). This meaning can be seen, for instance, on the Turinge stone:


title: Housecarl

text: According to Omeljan Pritsak, this Þorsteinn may have commanded the retinue of king Yaroslav I the Wise. Thus, the housecarls mentioned here would be royal bodyguards ; in any case, it can be seen here that the word "housecarl" now applied to someone who fought in the service of someone.


title: Housecarl

text: In Norway, housecarls were members of the king's or another powerful man's "hirð". The institution of the "hirð" in Norway can be traced back to the ninth century. The texts dealing with royal power in medieval Norway, the "Heimskringla" and the "Konungs skuggsjá" ("King's Mirror"), make explicit the link between a king or leader and his retainers (housecarls and "hirðmenn"). There was a special fine for the killing of a king's man, which in "Konungs skuggsjá" is underlined as an advantage of entering the king's service. Conversely, retainers were expected to avenge their leader if he was killed.


title: Housecarl

text: Sigvatr Þórðarson (also known as Sigvat the Skald), a court poet to two kings of Norway, Olaf II of Norway (saint Olaf) and Magnus the Good (and also to two kings of Denmark), called the retainers of Olaf II of Norway "heiðþegar", meaning "gift- (or pay-)receivers". More precisely, Snorri Sturluson explained that ""heið"-money is the name of the wages or gift which chieftains give". Thus, Sigvat probably referred to an institution similar to the Danish "heimþegar" ("") or to the housecarls of Cnut the Great ("see below"): free men in the service of a king or lord, who gave them gifts as payment of said service. It is known from Icelandic sources that in the 1060s, the royal housecarls were paid with Norwegian coins.


title: Housecarl

text: Six runestones in Denmark, DR 1, DR 3, DR 154, DR 155, DR 296, and DR 297, use the term "heimþegi" (pl. "heimþegar"), meaning "home-receiver" (i.e. one who is given a house by another). The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between "heimþegar" and housecarls: like housecarls, "heimþegar" are in the service of a king or lord, of whom they receive gifts (here, homes) for their service. Johannes Brøndsted interpreted "heimþegi" as nothing more than a local (Danish) variant of "húskarl".


title: Housecarl

text: Johannes Brøndsted suggested that the garrison of the Danish fort of Trelleborg may have consisted of royal housecarls, and that kings Svein Forkbeard and Cnut the Great may have "safeguarded the country by a network of forts manned by the royal housecarls, the mercenaries, the "hird"". Among the Hedeby stones, the Stone of Eric (DR 1) is dedicated by a royal retainer to one of his companions:


title: Housecarl

text: "Sven" is probably king Svein Forkbeard, as elsewhere on the Hedeby stones. Another runestone there, the Skarthi stone (DR 3), was apparently personally raised by king Svein:


title: Housecarl

text: Under Svein Forkbeard and Cnut the Great, when the Danish kings came to rule England, a body of royal housecarls was developed there, with institutions that were partly of Norse inspiration, and partly inspired by canon law ("see below"). But even after the Danish kings had lost England, housecarls continued to exist in Denmark. Such a group of royal retainers was still in place at the beginning of the 12th century, under Niels of Denmark, when, according to Danish historian Svend Aggesen, Aggesen's grandfather, a member of the retinue, was tried for the murder of a fellow housecarl. Svend Aggesen's account of the law governing Cnut the Great's housecarls in 11th century England (the "Witherlogh" or "Lex Castrensis") may reflect, in fact, those governing Danish housecarls in the 12th century. But, by the end of the 12th century, housecarls had probably disappeared in Denmark; they had transformed into a new kind of nobility, whose members no longer resided at the king's court.


title: Housecarl

text: The term entered the English language when Svein Forkbeard and Cnut the Great conquered and occupied Anglo-Saxon England; the housecarls of Cnut were highly disciplined bodyguards. It is unclear, however, whether Cnut's housecarls were all Scandinavians; according to Susan Reynolds, it is likely that some of them were, or became, or were thought of as English.


title: Housecarl

text: Housecarls were only one group of paid mercenaries or "hiredmenn" who fought for England before the Norman Conquest. From the annals, it is not clear whether other paid men were types of housecarl or a different subdivision of retainers. There were groups known as "lithsmen" and "butsecarls", who were mercenaries that were equally adept in land and maritime warfare. Also, there were bands of foreign warriors under the control of foreign commanders, who served not just as a standing army for the king but also as the retinues of important Anglo-Saxon lords. For example, one version of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" refers to Earl Tostig's retainers as "hiredmenn" whereas another version calls them " hus karlas". As Tostig was fighting against the king at the time, then the use of the term "housecarl" seems to have been a synonym for a mercenary or retainer rather than just royal bodyguards. It also would have been used to differentiate between that of the paid warrior and the unpaid militia known as the "fyrd".


title: Housecarl

text: According to 12th century Danish historian Svend Aggesen, Cnut's housecarls were governed by a specific law, the "Witherlogh" or "Lex Castrensis". Their organisation in a band or guild was Scandinavian in character, but the legal process the "Witherlogh" defines is mainly derived from canon law, directly or through Anglo-Saxon laws. Other possible inspirations include the rules of the Jomsvikings and the rules of the Norwegian "hirð". The "Whitherlogh" defined an etiquette: housecarles were to be seated at the kings' tables according to a number of factors, among which skill in war and nobility. They could be disgraced by being moved to a lower place; this was punishment for minor offences, such as not giving proper care to the horse of a fellow housecarl. After three such offences, the offender could be seated at the lowest place, and no-one was to talk to him, but everyone could throw bones at him at will. The murder of another housecarl was punished by outlawry and exile, whereas treason was punished by death and confiscation of all property. Quarrels between housecarles were decided by a specific tribunal ("gemot"), the "Huskarlesteffne", in the presence of the king; depending on the nature of the quarrel, a varying number of testimonies would be required. However, the "Witherlogh" as we know it through Svend Aggesen was redacted more than one century after the time of Cnut; thus, we cannot be sure that it presents an accurate picture of Cnut's housecarls.


title: Housecarl

text: A special tax was levied to provide pay in coin to the royal housecarls. According to Saxo Grammaticus, the pay was monthly. Due to these wages, the housecarls can be seen as a type of mercenary; the "Knýtlinga saga" calls them "málamenn" ("men receiving wages"), while Florence of Worcester uses the term "solidarii" ("salarymen") and William of Malmesbury that of "stipendarii" ("paid men"). Furthermore, the housecarles were not bound to indefinite service; but there was only one day in the year during which they could leave the king's service. That was New Year's Eve, a day on which it was customary for Scandinavian kings to reward their retainers with gifts.


title: Housecarl

text: On one hand, the number of housecarls receiving land grants and estates from the king seems to have been rather limited, from the beginning of Cnut's reign up to the Norman conquest in 1066. At that last date, the "Domesday Book" records only thirty-three landholding housecarls in the kingdom; furthermore, these estates were small. Thus, it does not seem that the English landholders were deprived of their properties to provide for land grants to the king's housecarls. On the other hand, some of Cnut's housecarls seem to have been quite prosperous; the Abbotsbury Abbey was founded either by one of them under the reign of Cnut himself, or by his wife under the reign of Edward the Confessor.


title: Housecarl

text: The royal housecarls had some administrative duties in peacetime as the King's representatives. Florence of Worcester recounts how, in 1041, there was a revolt against a very heavy levy in Worcester, and two of king Harthacnut's housecarls, who were acting as tax collectors, were killed.


title: Housecarl

text: Because the main sources on Cnut's housecarls were written at least one century after Cnut's reign, there are several theories about the exact nature and role of these housecarls. Cnut is said to have retained 3,000 to 4,000 men with him in England, to serve as his bodyguard. One theory is that these men were Cnut's housecarls, and that they served as a well-equipped, disciplined, professional, and quite numerous (for the time) standing army at the service of the king. However, another theory is that there was nothing like an important, standing, royal army in 11th century Anglo-Saxon England.


title: Housecarl

text: This debate has direct consequences on the assessment of the housecarls' specificities, and whether or not they were an elite troop. For instance, Charles Oman, in his book "The Art of War in the Middle Ages" (1885), states that the main advantage of the housecarls at Hastings were their "esprit de corps". This view, still widely held today, mainly stems from Svend Aggesen's 12th-century description of Cnut's housecarls as a group characterized by a strict code ("see above"); Aggesen having been used as a main source by L.M. Larson's "The King's Household in England Before the Norman Conquest" (1902). However, more recently, historian Nicholas Hooper criticised Larson and stated that "it is time to debunk the housecarl"; according to Hooper, housecarls were not in effect distinguishable from Saxon thegns, and were mainly retainers who received lands or pay (or both), but without being really a standing army. Hooper asserts that while the Housecarles might well have had superior "esprit de corps" and more uniform training and equipment than the average Thegn, they would not necessarily have been a clearly defined military elite.


title: Housecarl

text: Yet another theory is that the role of a standing army was not assumed, or was not mostly assumed, by the royal housecarls; but that the housecarls were a smaller body of household troops, partly stationed at the king's court. During the reign of Edward the Confessor, a number of sailors and soldiers, the "lithsmen", were paid wages and possibly based in London; those "lithsmen" were, according to some, the main standing armed force, while the housecarls were only acting as a secondary one.


title: Housecarl

text: One reason to doubt the existence of a standing army made of housecarls is that, when there was a revolt in 1051, under the reign of Edward the Confessor, no such standing army was used to crush it, whereas its existence would have allowed for a swift, decisive action against the rebels.


title: Housecarl

text: By the end of the 11th century in England, there may have been as many as 3,000 royal housecarls (the "Þingalið"). As the household troops of Harold Godwinson, the housecarls had a crucial role as the backbone of Harold's army at Hastings. Although they were numerically the smaller part of Harold's army, their possibly superior equipment and training meant they could have been used to strengthen the militia, or "fyrd", which made up most of Harold's troops. The housecarls were positioned in the centre, around their leader's standard, but also probably in the first ranks of both flanks, with the fyrdmen behind them. In the Battle of Hastings, these Housecarls fought after Harold's death, holding their oath to him until the last man was killed.


title: Housecarl

text: The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the housecarls as footmen clad in mail, with conical nasal helmets, and fighting with the great, two-handed Dane axe.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Sherman is a U.S. city in and the county seat of Grayson County, Texas. The city's population in 2020 was 43,645. It is one of the two principal cities in the Sherman–Denison metropolitan statistical area, and it is part of the Texoma region of North Texas and southern Oklahoma.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Sherman was named after General Sidney Sherman (July 23, 1805 – August 1, 1873), a hero of the Texas Revolution. The community was designated as the county seat by the act of the Texas Legislature, which created Grayson County on March 17, 1846. In 1847, a post office began operation. Sherman was originally located at the center of the county, but in 1848, it was moved about east to its current location. By 1850, Sherman had become an incorporated town under Texas law. It had also become a stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route through Texas. By 1852, Sherman had a population of 300 and consisted of a public square with a log court house, several businesses, a district clerk's office, and a church along the east side of the square. In 1861, the first flour mill was built.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: During the 1850s and 1860s, Sherman continued to develop and to participate in regional politics. Because many residents of North Texas had migrated from the Upper South and only a low percentage were slaveholders, considerable Unionist sentiment existed in the region. E. Junius Foster, the publisher of Sherman's antisecessionist Whig newspaper, the "Patriot", circulated a petition to establish North Texas as an independent free state. Following Confederate passage of a conscription law, resistance arose to conscription in North Texas, especially as owners of many slaves were exempt.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: A group of slaveholders in nearby Cooke County feared the Unionists might join others and perform acts of sabotage. In October 1862, a unit of state militia arrested between 150 and 200 men on suspicion of insurrection. In the Great Hanging at Gainesville, 42 of the arrested men were killed, most of them hanged by a mob, while others were sentenced to death by a self-appointed "citizens' court". Following the lynchings, Colonel William Young, who had organized the jury for the "citizens' court", was killed by unknown assailants. Young had been responsible for more than 20 deaths. Newspaper publisher Foster "applauded" Young's death, and was soon gunned down by Capt. Jim Young, the colonel's son.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Pro-Confederate militiamen rounded up even more "suspects" in Sherman, but Confederate Brigadier General James W. Throckmorton intervened to stop the killings. By the time Throckmorton restored order, only five of the originally arrested men were still alive.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Late in the Civil War, pro-Confederate guerrillas led by William Quantrill spent the winter in Sherman. Former guerrilla Jesse James also came to Sherman for his honeymoon. He was photographed seated on his horse in Sherman.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: During the 1860s, secondary education developed in North Texas. The Sherman Male and Female High School began accepting students in 1866, under the patronage of the North Texas Methodist Conference. It became one of three private schools operating in Sherman. The school operated under several names, including the North Texas Female College and Conservatory of Music from 1892 to 1919 and Kidd-Key College and Conservatory, from 1919 to 1935. It gradually lost Methodist support, following the opening of Southern Methodist University in Dallas in 1915. In 1876, Austin College, the oldest continuously operating college in Texas, was relocated to Sherman from Huntsville. The Sherman Female Institute, later called Mary Nash College, opened in 1877 under sponsorship of the Baptist Church. It continued to operate until 1901, when the campus was sold to Kidd-Key College. Carr–Burdette College, a women's college affiliated with the Disciples of Christ, operated from 1894 to 1929. Sherman also has a long history within the Jewish community. By 1873, Jews in the region regularly met for the High Holidays.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: While general depression and lawlessness occurred during the Reconstruction, Sherman remained commercially active. During the 1870s, Sherman's population reached 6,000. In 1875, after two fires destroyed many buildings east of the town square, a number of civic buildings were rebuilt using more permanent materials. This included a new Grayson County Courthouse built in 1876. In 1879, the Old Settlers' Association of North Texas formed and met near Sherman. The organization incorporated in 1898 and purchased Old Settlers' Park in 1909.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: On May 15, 1896, a tornado measuring F5 on the Fujita scale struck Sherman. The tornado had a damage path wide and long, killing 73 people and injuring 200. About 50 homes were destroyed, with 20 of them obliterated.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: In 1901, the first electric "Interurban" railway in Texas, the Denison and Sherman Railway, was completed between Sherman and Denison. The Texas Traction Company completed a interurban between Sherman and Dallas in 1908, and in 1911 purchased the Denison and Sherman Railway. Through the connections in Dallas and Denison, travel to the Texas destinations of Terrell, Corsicana, Waco, Fort Worth, Cleburne, and Denton, became possible, as well as to Durant, Oklahoma, by interurban railways. One popular destination on the Interurban between Sherman and Denison was Wood Lake Park, a private amusement park at the time. By 1948, all interurban rail service in Texas had been discontinued.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: During the Sherman Riot of May 9, 1930, the Grayson County Courthouse was burned down by local citizens in an attempt to lynch George Hughes, an African American suspected of assaulting a white woman. During the riot, Hughes was locked in the vault at the courthouse and apparently died in the fire. Rescue work was hindered by saboteurs cutting the fire hoses. After rioters retrieved Hughes' body from the vault, it was dragged behind a car, hanged, and set afire. The black business section of Sherman was also burned down, and many African Americans fled. Texas Ranger Frank Hamer was in Sherman during this riot, and reported the situation to Texas Governor Dan Moody. Governor Moody sent National Guard troops to Sherman on May 9 and martial law was declared in Sherman for ten days. Fourteen men were later indicted, not for lynching, but for arson and rioting. In the end, only J.B. "Screw" McCasland was convicted and sentenced to prison for arson and for rioting.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Sherman is located slightly east of the center of Grayson County, between Denison to the north and Howe to the south. The city has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.20%, is covered by water.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Sherman is north of Dallas and southwest of Durant, Oklahoma. Gainesville is to the west, and Bonham is to the east.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 43,645 people, 15,687 households, and 10,097 families residing in the city.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: As of the 2010 census, 38,521 people, 14,864 households, and 8,820 families were residing in the city. The population density was 910.0 people/sq mi (351.4/km). The 14,926 housing units averaged 387.2/sq mi (149.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 78.6% White, 11.4% African American, 0.8% Native American, 2.1% Asian, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 19.8% of the population.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Of the 14,864 households, 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were not families. About 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.01.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: In the city, the age distribution was 25.9% under 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: The median income for a household in the city was $43,557. Males had a median income of $31,828 versus $23,363 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,029. About 19.9% of the population was below the poverty line.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Sherman operates under a council-manager form of local government, and is a home rule city under Texas state law. As of 2022, the city was led by City Manager Robby Hefton and Mayor David Plyler.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Most children in Sherman are zoned to the Sherman Independent School District, which includes Sherman High School. Some parts are in Denison Independent School District or Howe Independent School District.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: A small percentage of children attend one of the three private schools in Sherman: Grayson Christian School, St. Mary's Catholic School, or Texoma Christian School.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Austin College, a private, Presbyterian, liberal arts college, relocated to Sherman in 1876. Founded in 1849, it is the oldest college or university in Texas operating under its original charter. Grayson College, a community college based in neighboring Denison, operates a branch campus in Sherman.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: The Sherman Public Library serves the city of Sherman and all citizens. The library underwent a $2 million, floor-to-ceiling renovation in 2017, reopening to the public in August 2018.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: Sherman is served by two U.S. Highways: US 75 (Sam Rayburn Freeway) and US 82. (The latter is locally designated as the Buck Owens Freeway after the famous musician who was born in Sherman.) It is also served by three Texas State Highways, which extend beyond Grayson County: State Highway 11, State Highway 56, and State Highway 91 (Texoma Parkway), one of the main commercial strips that connects Sherman and Denison, and also extends to Lake Texoma.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: General aviation service is provided by Sherman Municipal Airport and North Texas Regional Airport/Perrin Field in Denison.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: TAPS Public Transit is the sole transit provider for Sherman, with curb-to-curb paratransit for all residents.


title: Sherman, Texas

text: The city of Sherman is served locally by Wilson N. Jones Regional Medical Center, Texoma Medical Center, and a Baylor Scott & White surgery center.


title: Universal quantification

text: In mathematical logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any" or "for all". It expresses that a predicate can be satisfied by every member of a domain of discourse. In other words, it is the predication of a property or relation to every member of the domain. It asserts that a predicate within the scope of a universal quantifier is true of every value of a predicate variable.


title: Universal quantification

text: It is usually denoted by the turned A (∀) logical operator symbol, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called a universal quantifier ("", "", or sometimes by "" alone). Universal quantification is distinct from "existential" quantification ("there exists"), which only asserts that the property or relation holds for at least one member of the domain.


title: Universal quantification

text: Quantification in general is covered in the article on quantification (logic). The universal quantifier is encoded as in Unicode, and as codice_1 in LaTeX and related formula editors.


title: Universal quantification

text: This would seem to be a logical conjunction because of the repeated use of "and". However, the "etc." cannot be interpreted as a conjunction in formal logic. Instead, the statement must be rephrased:


title: Universal quantification

text: This statement can be said to be more precise than the original one. While the "etc." informally includes natural numbers, and nothing more, this was not rigorously given. In the universal quantification, on the other hand, the natural numbers are mentioned explicitly.


title: Universal quantification

text: This particular example is true, because any natural number could be substituted for "n" and the statement "2·"n" = "n" + "n"" would be true. In contrast,


title: Universal quantification

text: is false, because if "n" is substituted with, for instance, 1, the statement "2·1 > 2 + 1" is false. It is immaterial that "2·"n" > 2 + "n"" is true for "most" natural numbers "n": even the existence of a single counterexample is enough to prove the universal quantification false.


title: Universal quantification

text: is true, because none of the counterexamples are composite numbers. This indicates the importance of the "domain of discourse", which specifies which values "n" can take. In particular, note that if the domain of discourse is restricted to consist only of those objects that satisfy a certain predicate, then for universal quantification this requires a logical conditional. For example,


title: Universal quantification

text: In symbolic logic, the universal quantifier symbol formula_1 (a turned "A" in a sans-serif font, Unicode U+2200) is used to indicate universal quantification. It was first used in this way by Gerhard Gentzen in 1935, by analogy with Giuseppe Peano's formula_2 (turned E) notation for existential quantification and the later use of Peano's notation by Bertrand Russell.


title: Universal quantification

text: For example, if "P"("n") is the predicate "2·"n" > 2 + "n"" and N is the set of natural numbers, then


title: Universal quantification

text: Several variations in the notation for quantification (which apply to all forms) can be found in the "Quantifier" article.


title: Universal quantification

text: The negation of a universally quantified function is obtained by changing the universal quantifier into an existential quantifier and negating the quantified formula. That is,


title: Universal quantification

text: For example, if is the propositional function " is married", then, for the set of all living human beings, the universal quantification


title: Universal quantification

text: If the function is not true for "every" element of , then there must be at least one element for which the statement is false. That is, the negation of formula_7 is logically equivalent to "There exists a living person who is not married", or:


title: Universal quantification

text: It is erroneous to confuse "all persons are not married" (i.e. "there exists no person who is married") with "not all persons are married" (i.e. "there exists a person who is not married"):


title: Universal quantification

text: The universal (and existential) quantifier moves unchanged across the logical connectives ∧, ∨, →, and ↚, as long as the other operand is not affected; that is:


title: Universal quantification

text: A rule of inference is a rule justifying a logical step from hypothesis to conclusion. There are several rules of inference which utilize the universal quantifier.


title: Universal quantification

text: "Universal instantiation" concludes that, if the propositional function is known to be universally true, then it must be true for any arbitrary element of the universe of discourse. Symbolically, this is represented as


title: Universal quantification

text: "Universal generalization" concludes the propositional function must be universally true if it is true for any arbitrary element of the universe of discourse. Symbolically, for an arbitrary "c",


title: Universal quantification

text: The element "c" must be completely arbitrary; else, the logic does not follow: if "c" is not arbitrary, and is instead a specific element of the universe of discourse, then P("c") only implies an existential quantification of the propositional function.


title: Universal quantification

text: By convention, the formula formula_16 is always true, regardless of the formula "P"("x"); see vacuous truth.


title: Universal quantification

text: The universal closure of a formula φ is the formula with no free variables obtained by adding a universal quantifier for every free variable in φ. For example, the universal closure of


title: Universal quantification

text: In category theory and the theory of elementary topoi, the universal quantifier can be understood as the right adjoint of a functor between power sets, the inverse image functor of a function between sets; likewise, the existential quantifier is the left adjoint.


title: Universal quantification

text: For a set formula_19, let formula_20 denote its powerset. For any function formula_21 between sets formula_19 and formula_23, there is an inverse image functor formula_24 between powersets, that takes subsets of the codomain of "f" back to subsets of its domain. The left adjoint of this functor is the existential quantifier formula_25 and the right adjoint is the universal quantifier formula_26.


title: Universal quantification

text: That is, formula_27 is a functor that, for each subset formula_28, gives the subset formula_29 given by


title: Universal quantification

text: those formula_31 in the image of formula_32 under formula_33. Similarly, the universal quantifier formula_34 is a functor that, for each subset formula_28, gives the subset formula_36 given by


title: Universal quantification

text: The more familiar form of the quantifiers as used in first-order logic is obtained by taking the function "f" to be the unique function formula_41 so that formula_42 is the two-element set holding the values true and false, a subset "S" is that subset for which the predicate formula_43 holds, and


title: My Family (film)

text: My Family is a 1995 independent American drama film directed by Gregory Nava, written by Nava and Anna Thomas, and starring Jimmy Smits, Edward James Olmos, and Esai Morales. The film depicts three generations of a Mexican American family who emigrated from Mexico and settled in East Los Angeles.


title: My Family (film)

text: The story is narrated by the family's oldest son, Paco. The film begins with the father of the family, José Sanchez, making a journey that lasts one year on foot from Mexico to Los Angeles. He travels to Los Angeles to meet a distant relative known as "El Californio," who was born in the city when it was still part of Mexico. They become fast friends and grow a corn farm together. However, after several years, "El Californio" nears death. Shortly before dying, "El Californio" says he wants the following written on his tombstone:


title: My Family (film)

text: José meets and marries the love of his life, María, an American citizen. After María is illegally deported to Mexico by the U.S. federal government in a mass roundup, she makes it back to Los Angeles via a long and arduous trip two years later, where she returns home with their new son Chucho.


title: My Family (film)

text: Twenty years later in 1958 or 1959, eldest daughter Irene is getting married. Chucho and Paco have grown up. New additions to the family include Toni, Guillermo "Memo", and brother Jimmy.


title: My Family (film)

text: The film begins to gain momentum after the wedding, when a series of events seal Chucho's fate. One night at a dance hall, Chucho is dancing with his girlfriend, when his rival Butch Mejia starts to bother him. This results in a bloody knife fight between the two, and Chucho accidentally kills him. After this event, Chucho becomes a fugitive of the police. One night when Jimmy is playing ball with his friends, Chucho is shot dead by the LAPD right in front of Jimmy. Other members of the family learn of Chucho's death when they hear gunshots and rush to a nearby street. As an ambulance arrives to take Chucho's lifeless body away, Paco narrates how Chucho's whole life had been on borrowed time.


title: My Family (film)

text: The third generation, which takes place another twenty years later in the 1970s and 80s, faces situations such as acculturation, assimilation, and past problems of the family.


title: My Family (film)

text: Jimmy completes a stint in prison and returns home. It is revealed that after Chucho's death 20 years back, Jimmy became an angry man following in his footsteps, becoming a fugitive like him. One day, Toni visits the Sanchez home and stuns her parents with the news that she is no longer a nun and has married a priest named David Ronconi. Toni and David become involved in helping political refugees. When they find out that a Salvadoran refugee, Isabel, has become a target for murder and is being held for deportation back to El Salvador, Toni convinces Jimmy to marry her so that she is able to stay in the U.S.


title: My Family (film)

text: Jimmy is resistant to the idea of being a married man; however, Isabel slowly makes herself at home and Jimmy has no choice but to let her stay with him. As Jimmy works on his car listening to "I'm Your Puppet", Isabel comes up to him and changes the music in the cassette-player. She tries to get him to dance with her on the street. At first he doesn't want to, but she finally succeeds in teaching him some steps. He asks her at the end of the song, "Will you teach me how to salsa?" It is here that Jimmy finally lets Isabel into his heart and where they both understand that although other people don't understand them, they know now who they really are together and they finally consummate their marriage.


title: My Family (film)

text: Isabel becomes pregnant shortly thereafter but unfortunately dies after giving birth to their son, Carlitos. Enraged, Jimmy attacks the doctor whom he blames for her death, burglarizes a store, and is jailed, leaving his son to be raised by his parents. When Jimmy gets out of prison 4 years later, he initially doesn't want anything to do with his son, who is a spirited, but trouble-making child. When Jimmy finally sees his son, he is filled with joy and immediately wants to care for him. However, his son hates him, who thinks his real father is a cattle rancher who lives in Texas. After Jimmy decides to change his life around for the good of his son, Carlitos accepts him and moves with him to Texas where Jimmy has secured a good-paying manufacturing job in San Antonio.


title: My Family (film)

text: The film concludes with Jose and Maria, now empty nesters reminiscing about their past as Jose says "God has been good to us, we've been very lucky, and our life it has been very...very good" and the camera pans to a shot of Los Angeles.


title: My Family (film)

text: While the film was distributed by New Line Cinema, many production companies were involved in the making of the film, including: American Playhouse, Francis Ford Coppola's American Zoetrope, Majestic Films International, and Newcomb Productions. Gregory Nava has stated that the film has autobiographic overtones, but the film was more inspirational rather than specific. Nava says, "A lot of the specifics came from other families when I was doing research for the film in East Los Angeles." The final scene is duplicated shot-for-shot from the final scene of Satyajit Ray's 1959 film "The World of Apu".


title: My Family (film)

text: Filming began in 1994. The film was filmed in both California and Mexico. In California locations include: Agoura Hills, Highland Park, Los Angeles and East Los Angeles, California. In Mexico locations include: Ocumicho, Patamba, and Pátzcuaro, all in the state of Michoacán, Mexico.


title: My Family (film)

text: Reviews were generally positive. The film has a 79% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 57 reviews from professional critics, with an average rating of 7.3/10.


title: My Family (film)

text: Roger Ebert, film critic for the "Chicago Sun-Times," liked the direction of the film, and wrote, "Their story is told in images of startling beauty and great overflowing energy; it is rare to hear so much laughter from an audience that is also sometimes moved to tears. Few movies like this get made because few filmmakers have the ambition to open their arms wide and embrace so much life."


title: My Family (film)

text: Film critics Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat, who write for the web based "Spirituality and Practice," liked the film, the acting and the direction of the film. They wrote, "My Family is a touching and often mystical portrait of a multi-generational Mexican-American family in East Los Angeles...Director Gregory Nava ("El Norte") does a fine job orchestrating the many events in this emotionally resonant drama."


title: My Family (film)

text: But not all were so kind. Caryn James, in a film review in "The New York Times" wrote the film was "wildly uneven" and "offers a trite, overblown narration by Edward James Olmos and an often flagging sense of drama." She was also not happy with Nava's direction and wrote, "[Nava] seems so enamored of the texture of Mexican-American life that he glides past any sense of character." Yet, she was very complimentary of Jimmy Smits' performance.


title: My Family (film)

text: "My Family" opened in the United States in wide release on May 3, 1995. In the United Kingdom it opened on October 6, 1995. The film was screened at a few film festivals including the Donostia-San Sebastián International Film Festival, Spain. Sales at the box-office were average. The first week's gross was $2,164,840 and the total receipts for the run were $11,079,373. It grossed just $0.4 million internationally for a worldwide total of $11.5 million. The budget of the film is estimated at $5,500,000.


title: My Family (film)

text: A video was released April 8, 1997 and a DVD version was released on June 9, 2004 by New Line Home Video. A Spanish version video was also released.


title: My Family (film)

text: For the original motion picture soundtrack, the producers include a cross section of Latino music, including a merengue and a mambo. The song "Angel Baby" by Rosie and the Originals, is included as well, sung by Exposé vocalist Jeanette Jurado. In the movie, Jurado made a cameo appearance as Rosie Hamlin performing the song.


title: My Family (film)

text: A CD was released on April 25, 1995, on the Nonesuch Records label. The CD contains 14 tracks including the main title theme written by Mark McKenzie and Pepe Avila. Gregory Nava wrote the liner notes for the CD. Composer Mark McKenzie also released "Con Passione" (2001), a CD that contains various compositions he has written for films including seven tracks for "My Family."


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: Levi Rolla Cooper (born July 24, 1990) is an American professional wrestler, best known for his time in WWE, where he performed under the ring name Tucker. After signing with WWE in 2013, he was assigned to their developmental brand NXT, under the ring name Tucker Knight. He is best known for his partnership with Otis, as part of Heavy Machinery. They were promoted to WWE's main roster in 2019, and disbanded in 2020 as a result of the WWE Draft.


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: Cooper attended North Marion High School where he was a successful amateur wrestler. He wrestled at collegiate level for Portland State University, California State University, Bakersfield and Arizona State University, and placed 8th at the NCAA Wrestling Championships in 2011, earning him All-America status. At ASU, he earned a degree in accounting from the W. P. Carey School of Business.


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: In 2013, after graduating college, Cooper signed a contract with WWE and was assigned to the WWE Performance Center, where he took the ring name Tucker Knight. He made his professional wrestling debut at an NXT live event in Starke, Florida on January 24, 2015, facing Tye Dillinger in a match that resulted in a no contest. He made his television debut on the July 1 episode of "NXT", working as an enhancement talent in a loss to Baron Corbin. Knight continued to make sporadic televised appearances as an enhancement talent throughout the remainder of 2015 and the start of 2016.


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: In July 2016, Knight formed a tag team with Otis Dozovic, calling themselves Heavy Machinery. The duo participated in the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, and they made their television debut on the October 19 episode of "NXT", losing to the team of Austin Aries and Roderick Strong. The duo returned and had their first televised victory on the March 29, 2017 episode of "NXT", defeating the team of Jonathan Ortagun and Q. T. Marshall. On the July 12 episode of "NXT", Heavy Machinery unsuccessfully challenged The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar) for the NXT Tag Team Championship. In March 2018, Heavy Machinery once again participated in the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, but were eliminated by The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) in the first round. At the Greatest Royal Rumble event on April 27, 2018, Knight made his first televised main roster appearance, entering the Royal Rumble match at number 24 and eliminating Drew Gulak before being eliminated by Big E. On the December 19 episode of "NXT", Heavy Machinery wrestled their final match on "NXT", defeating Blake Howell and Danny D'Accardo.


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: On December 17, 2018, it was announced that Heavy Machinery would be debuting on the main roster. They debuted on the January 14, 2019 episode of "Raw", interrupting an interview between Alexa Bliss and Paul Heyman. The following week on "Raw", they defeated The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor) in their in-ring debut. In February, his ring name was shortened to Tucker, while Dozovic's ring name was shortened to Otis. The duo made their pay-per-view debut at WrestleMania 35, where they both competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but neither would win the match. As part of the Superstar Shake-Up, Heavy Machinery was moved to the SmackDown brand. At Stomping Grounds on June 23, Heavy Machinery faced Daniel Bryan and Rowan for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, but were unable to win the titles. The following month at Extreme Rules, Heavy Machinery again competed for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, this time in a triple threat tag team match involving Bryan and Rowan, and The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods), which The New Day won. At Crown Jewel on October 31, Heavy Machinery competed in a tag team turmoil match, but were eliminated by The New Day. At Survivor Series, Heavy Machinery participated in an interbrand tag team battle royal, which was won by Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. At Elimination Chamber on March 8, 2020, Heavy Machinery competed in the namesake match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, where the champions John Morrison and the Miz retained.


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: At the Money in the Bank pay-per-view on May 10, Tucker's partner, Otis, won the Money in the Bank ladder match, earning him a world title match at the time of his choosing. In September, The Miz and John Morrison tried to steal Otis' Money in the Bank contract, but they failed on multiple attempts. During the 2020 WWE Draft, Otis remained on the SmackDown brand, while Tucker was drafted to the Raw brand. The trial over the Money in the Bank contract commenced on the October 23 episode of "SmackDown", with John "Bradshaw" Layfield serving as judge and ordering that Otis would defend his Money in the Bank contract against Miz at Hell in a Cell. At the event on October 25, Tucker betrayed Otis by hitting him with the briefcase, thus turning heel and disbanding Heavy Machinery. On the November 9 episode of "Raw", Tucker would win the 24/7 Championship to claim his first championship within the company, but quickly dropped it to Gran Metalik seconds later. Following this, Tucker would disappear from television and wouldn't reappear until the April 9, 2021 episode of "SmackDown", where took part in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal which he failed to win. He would then be released from his WWE contract on April 15, 2021.


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: Tucker made his video game debut as a playable character in "WWE 2K19 "and has since appeared in "WWE 2K20 " and in "WWE 2K Battlegrounds and also in WWE 2K22".


title: Tucker (American wrestler)

text: On the 22nd August 2021, Tucker was unveiled on the judging panel for the annual Kip Clips Wrestling Promo Competition via the Kip Clips YouTube channel.


title: Second normal form

text: Second normal form (2NF) is a normal form used in database normalization. 2NF was originally defined by E. F. Codd in 1971.


title: Second normal form

text: Put simply, a relation is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute of the relation is dependent on the whole of every candidate key. Note that it does not put any restriction on the non-prime to non-prime attribute dependency. That is addressed in third normal form.


title: Second normal form

text: A functional dependency on part of any candidate key is a violation of 2NF. In addition to the primary key, the relation may contain other candidate keys; it is necessary to establish that no non-prime attributes have part-key dependencies on "any" of these candidate keys.


title: Second normal form

text: Since {Manufacturer country} is a non-prime attribute functionally dependent on a part of a candidate key, the relation is in violation of 2NF.


title: Second normal form

text: The relation is not in 2NF. {Manufacturer, Model} is a candidate key, and Manufacturer country is dependent on a proper subset of it: Manufacturer. To make the design conform to 2NF, it is necessary to have two relations:


title: Frozen custard

text: Frozen custard is a cold dessert similar to ice cream, but made with eggs in addition to cream and sugar. It is usually kept at a warmer temperature compared to ice cream, and typically has a denser consistency.


title: Frozen custard

text: Egg yolks have been integrated into ice creams since at least the 1690s, though there are several notable invention stories that are associated with modern commercializations of this practice.


title: Frozen custard

text: One early commercialization of frozen custard was in Coney Island, New York, in 1919, when ice cream vendors Archie and Elton Kohr found that adding egg yolks to ice cream created a smoother texture and helped the ice cream stay cold longer. In their first weekend on the boardwalk, they sold 18,460 cones.


title: Frozen custard

text: A frozen custard stand at the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago introduced the dessert to a wider audience. Following the fair, the dessert's popularity spread throughout the Midwest; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in particular, became known as the "unofficial frozen custard capital of the world".


title: Frozen custard

text: Per capita, Milwaukee has the highest concentration of frozen custard shops in the world and the city supports a long-standing three-way competition between Kopp's Frozen Custard, Gilles Frozen Custard and Leon's Frozen Custard.


title: Frozen custard

text: Major frozen custard chains in the United States include Culver's, headquartered in Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, with outlets in 26 states; Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, based in Wichita, Kansas, with more than 300 locations nationwide; and Andy's Frozen Custard, based in Springfield, Missouri, with over 117 locations in 14 states. Other chains serving frozen custard include Ted Drewes, Rita's, The Meadows, and Abbott's.


title: Frozen custard

text: In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration requires any product marketed as frozen custard to contain at least 10 percent milkfat and 1.4 percent egg yolk solids. The FDA also allows the names “french ice cream” or “french custard ice cream” to be used. If it has a smaller percentage of egg yolk solids, it is considered ice cream.


title: Frozen custard

text: Actual frozen custard is a very dense dessert. Soft serve ice creams may have an overrun as large as 100%, meaning half of the final product is composed of air. Frozen custard, when made in a continuous freezer, will have an overrun of 15–30% depending on the machine manufacturer (an overrun percentage similar to gelato). Air is not pumped into the mix, nor is it added as an "ingredient" but gets into the frozen state by the agitation of liquid similar to whisking a meringue. The high percentage of butterfat and egg yolk gives the frozen custard a thick, creamy texture and a smoother consistency than ice cream. Frozen custard can be served at −8 °C (18 °F), warmer than the −12 °C (10 °F) at which ice cream is served, to make a soft serve product.


title: Frozen custard

text: Another difference between commercially produced frozen custard and commercial ice cream is the way the custard is frozen. The mix enters a refrigerated tube and, as it freezes, blades scrape the product cream off the barrel walls. The now frozen custard is discharged directly into containers from which it can be served. The speed with which the product leaves the barrel minimizes the amount of air in the product but, more importantly, ensures that the ice crystals formed are very small.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Jody Wilson-Raybould (born March 23, 1971), also known by her initials JWR and by her Kwak’wala name Puglaas, is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the member of Parliament (MP) for the British Columbia (BC) riding of Vancouver Granville from 2015 to 2021. She was initially elected as a member of the Liberal Party – serving as justice minister and attorney general from 2015 to 2019, and briefly as veterans minister and associate national defence minister in 2019 – until she was expelled from caucus amid the SNC-Lavalin affair. She continued to sit in Parliament as an Independent and was reelected in 2019, but did not run in 2021. She published a political memoir in 2021. Before entering federal politics, she was a BC provincial Crown prosecutor, a treaty commissioner and regional chief of the BC Assembly of First Nations.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould's mother is a Euro-Canadian and her father is a descendant of the Musgamagw Tsawataineuk and Laich-kwil-tach peoples, which are part of the Kwakwakaʼwakw, also known as the Kwak’wala-speaking peoples. She is a member of the We Wai Kai Nation. Wilson-Raybould carries the Kwak’wala name Puglaas which roughly translates to "woman born to noble people".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould is the daughter of Bill Wilson, a First Nations hereditary chief, politician, and lawyer, and Sandra Wilson, a teacher. She was born at Vancouver General Hospital. On Canadian national television in 1983, Wilson-Raybould's father informed then-Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau that his two daughters hoped to become lawyers and then Prime Minister some day. Her parents divorced when Wilson-Raybould was a small child and she was raised by her mother on Vancouver Island, attending Robert Scott Elementary School in Port Hardy, British Columbia, where her mother also taught, and later Comox, British Columbia, graduating from Highland Secondary School.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould studied political science and history at the University of Victoria where she was awarded her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1996. She then studied for a law degree from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law. She married Tim Raybould (b. 1966), a First Nations consultant, lobbyist and social anthropologist, on November 29, 2008.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould is a lawyer by profession and was called to the bar in 2000 after articling at the Vancouver law firm of Connell Lightbody. She was a provincial Crown prosecutor in Vancouver's Main Street criminal courthouse in the Downtown Eastside, Canada's poorest neighbourhood, for three years from 2000 to 2003. Defence lawyer Terry La Liberté described her as a smart, fair, and skilled prosecutor who treated defendants with compassion, saying, "She has actually talked to the people who are affected. She has worked with these people and made choices about their future in a really meaningful way." Wilson-Raybould called it an eye-opening experience, saying, “I always knew that there was an over-representation of indigenous peoples and vulnerable people in the criminal justice system but it became certainly more pronounced to me being down there for almost four years." She also said her experience as a prosecutor reconfirmed her commitment to public service and its importance.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In 2003, she took a position as a process advisor at the BC Treaty Commission, a body established to oversee the negotiations of modern treaties between First Nations and the Crown. In 2004, she was elected commissioner by the chiefs of the First Nations Summit. She served as commissioner for nearly seven years, one and a half of which she spent as the acting chief commissioner, earning a reputation for bringing opposing sides together in the complex treaty negotiation process. City of Vancouver first-ever Aboriginal Relations Manager Ginger Gosnell-Myers, then a youth representative on roundtables Wilson-Raybould organized, said working with her as a young person "felt like I was being heard for the first time in a process that was normally exclusionary. She went out of her way to make sure that this diversity was reflected". As a Commissioner, she helped to advance a number of treaty tables, including Tsawwassen First Nation, which became the first in BC to achieve a treaty under the BC Treaty Process. Wilson-Raybould also helped the establishment of a "Common Table" of 60 plus First Nations and the Crown.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould was elected to council for the We Wai Kai Nation in January 2009, a role that she credits for strengthening her understanding and commitment to work at the provincial and national level advocating for First Nations' governance. As a councillor for We Wai Kai she was instrumental in helping her community develop a land code and to move out from under the "Indian Act". As a result of this work she was appointed as her nation's representative to the national First Nations Lands Advisory Board (LAB), and was subsequently elected from among her peers to sit as a board member for the LAB as well as a member of the finance committee.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: As councillor for We Wai Kai Nation, Wilson-Raybould was also central to We Wai Kai developing a financial administration law (establishing a transparency and accountability through regulatory framework for establishing budgets and controlling expenditures), assuming property taxation powers under the "First Nations Fiscal Management Act" and becoming a borrowing member of the First Nations Finance Authority (FNFA). Wilson-Raybould was appointed the We Wai Kai representative to the FNFA. The borrowing members of the FNFA elected Wilson-Raybould as chair in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The FNFA is a not-for-profit that pools the public borrowing requirements of qualifying First Nations and issues bonds on the strength of a central credit. Under Wilson-Raybould, the FNFA issued its inaugural debenture in 2014 in the amount $96 million. This issue was reopened in 2015 adding an additional $50 million.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould was first elected regional chief of the BC Assembly of First Nations in 2009. The regional chief is elected by the 203 First Nations in BC. She is credited with bringing the chiefs together, which was reflected in her being re-elected regional chief in November 2012. She won on the first ballot with nearly 80% of the vote.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: As regional chief, Wilson-Raybould concentrated on the need for nation building, good governance, and empowering indigenous peoples to take the practical steps necessary to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and to realize the promise of the recognition of aboriginal and treaty rights in section 35 of the "Constitution Act, 1982". She focused on reconciliation between First Nations and the province of BC and Canada by advancing 1) the cause of First Nations' strong and appropriate governance, 2) fair access to lands and resources, 3) improved education and 4) individual health. In 2011 and 2012, Wilson-Raybould co-authored the "BCAFN Governance Toolkit: A Guide to Nation Building. Part 1 of the Governance Toolkit – The Governance Report", which has been acclaimed as the most comprehensive report of its kind in Canada, setting out what First Nations in BC are doing with respect to transitioning their governance from under the Indian Act to a post-colonial world based on recognition of aboriginal title and rights.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In 2012, Wilson-Raybould and the BCAFN launched Part 2 of the Governance Toolkit – The Governance Self-Assessment and Part 3 – Guide to Community Engagement: Navigating Our Way Beyond the Post-Colonial Door. In 2014, a second edition of The Governance Report was released. In 2015, Wilson-Raybould and the BCAFN released A User's Guide to the BCAFN Governance Toolkit: Supporting Leaders of Change.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould held portfolio responsibilities on the Assembly of First Nations national executive for governance and nation building, the Chiefs Committee on Claims (including additions to reserve and specific claims) and chaired the comprehensive claims joint working group. During her first terms as Regional Chief, Wilson-Raybould worked with colleagues, including Senator Gerry St. Germain to introduce Bill S-212, the First Nations Self-Government Recognition Act. This Senate public bill would have provided a mechanism for First Nations to be recognized by the federal government as "self-governing" following the development of an internal constitution and after a community ratification vote on a self-government proposal. The bill died on the order paper.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould participated in the 2012 Crown–First Nations Gathering delivering a strong message on the need to resolve First Nations issues including the need for governance reform and moving beyond the "Indian Act" to support a strong economy. In the wake of the Idle No More protests and despite criticism from some First Nation leaders, Wilson-Raybould participated in high-level talks with then Prime Minister Stephen Harper. She expressed concern that very little progress had been made nationally on First Nations' issues since the 2012 First Nations–Crown Gathering and suggested concrete solutions to these issues. She stated her message very straightforwardly as follows: societies that govern well simply do better economically, socially and politically than those that do not. Good governance increases societies' chances of meeting the needs of their peoples and developing sustainable long-term economic development, and that First Nations are no different.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould attributes the lack of progress by the Conservative government during this time as one of her motivations to run for the federal Liberals in the 2015 federal election.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould has served as a director of Capilano University. As a former board member for the Minerva Foundation for BC Women (2008–2010), Wilson-Raybould was instrumental in the development of the "Combining Our Strength Initiative" – a partnership of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women. In addition to her duties as director of the Lands Advisory Board and Chair of the First Nations Finance Authority Wilson-Raybould has also been a director of the Nuyumbalees Cultural Centre since 2013.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould has spoken publicly on such topics as aboriginal law, treaties, the environment, financial transparency, good governance and reconciliation. Prior to federal politics, she made numerous presentations before parliamentary committees including the Senate Standing Committee on Human Rights, the Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal Peoples and the House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Peoples and Northern Development. Wilson-Raybould has travelled extensively to work on Indigenous peoples' rights and leadership issues, including to the Philippines, Taiwan and Israel.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould was the co-chair of the 2014 Biennial Liberal Convention held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She secured the nomination for Vancouver Granville on July 31, 2014. Wilson-Raybould was seen to be close to Liberal leader Justin Trudeau who approached her to run for the Liberals during the 2013 AFN Annual General meeting in Whitehorse. Her areas of core policy concern and competence include: democratic reform, balancing the environment and the economy, Aboriginal affairs and affordable housing. Wilson-Raybould visited the Great Bear Rainforest with Justin Trudeau in 2014.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Following the announcement of the nomination, Chief Isadore Day of the Serpent River First Nation (located in Ontario), alleged that Wilson-Raybould was in conflict of interest by continuing to act as regional chief while holding the Liberal Party nomination. Wilson-Raybould denied that her decision to run gave rise to a conflict. In response to Chief Day's allegation, the BC Assembly of First Nations adopted a unanimous resolution in support of Wilson-Raybould, and expressed full confidence she would be able to continue to perform her duties as regional chief while also serving as a Liberal candidate. Numerous First Nations supporters rallied behind Wilson-Raybould on social media, calling her a figure who could make "changes from the inside" and harshly criticizing Chief Day for meddling in BC affairs. "Chief Isadore Day has time to write letters about B.C., while his own community struggles?" wrote one member of Serpent River First Nation in a Facebook post. Wilson-Raybould said she would take a leave of absence during the campaign and if a conflict did arise before then, she would resign.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould stepped down from the position of regional chief in June 2015 in accordance with the transition plan approved in September 2014 by consensus of the chiefs following her nomination.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould began serving as Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada (MOJAG) on November 4, 2015, becoming the first Indigenous person and third woman to hold the office. On November 12, 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau gave Wilson-Raybould her mandate letter, which asked her to deliver on, among other matters, responding to the Supreme Court of Canada's decision on medical assistance in dying, reviewing the government's litigation strategy, conducting a review of the changes in the criminal justice system and sentencing reforms over the previous decade (including looking to increase the use of restorative justice processes and other initiatives to reduce the rate of incarceration amongst Indigenous Canadians), creating the process to legalize and strictly regulate cannabis, restoring a modern Court Challenges Program, introducing government legislation to add gender identity as a prohibited ground for discrimination under Canadian law, and reforming the Supreme Court of Canada nomination process to ensure that it is transparent, inclusive and accountable to Canadians. In December 2016, along with Ralph Goodale, the minister of public safety and emergency preparedness, she submitted the National Security Green Paper, "Our Security, Our Rights: National Security Green Paper, 2016", a consultation paper aimed at informing further public discussion on issues of national security.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: During the first six months in office, she introduced major legislation on medical assistance in dying, one of her key mandate letter commitments. In collaboration with her colleague, Minister of Health Jane Philpott, Wilson-Raybould led the effort to pass Bill C-14, which received royal assent on June 17, 2016.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould also introduced Bill C-16, which amended the "Canadian Human Rights Act" to add gender identity and gender expression to the list of prohibited grounds for discrimination, which was another key mandate letter commitment. The legislation also amended the "Criminal Code" to extend protections against hate propaganda, and it received royal assent on June 16, 2017.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Her mandate letter called for a review of the government's litigation strategy to "end appeals or positions inconsistent with the government's commitments, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, or Canadian values". As part of that commitment, on January 11, 2019, she issued the Directive on Civil Litigation Involving Indigenous Peoples. The directive guides the Government of Canada's legal approaches, positions and decisions taken in civil litigation involving Aboriginal and treaty rights, and the Crown's obligation towards Indigenous peoples. In 2017 she published the first-ever Litigation Year in Review with a subsequent edition in 2018.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In February 2017, Prime Minister Trudeau named Wilson-Raybould chair of the Working Group of Ministers on the Review of Laws and Policies Related to Indigenous Peoples, a Cabinet working group responsible for reviewing federal laws and policies that impact the rights of Indigenous peoples. Through consultation with Indigenous groups and experts, the Working Group adopted Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples to guide their work. Those Principles were released on July 14, 2017, and have been the subject of considerable commentary. Wilson-Raybould authored an op-ed on the subject in "The Globe and Mail" and devoted a major speech to the Assembly of First Nations Annual General Assembly to the Principles and their importance.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: As Minister of Justice, Wilson-Raybould introduced Bill C-45, the "Cannabis Act" on April 13, 2017. After passage by Parliament in June 2018, it enabled the nationwide legalization of cannabis in October the same year. The passage of C-45 makes Canada the second country to legalize the recreational use of cannabis. The new law legalizes, strictly regulates and controls access to cannabis and came into force on October 17, 2018.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On April 13, 2017, Wilson-Raybould also introduced Bill C-46, which is the most comprehensive reform to the "Criminal Code" transportation regime in more than 40 years, including to drug and alcohol-impaired driving. The reforms were said to create a new, modern, simplified, and more coherent system to better deter and detect drug and alcohol-impaired driving. Bill C-46 was notable for bringing forward limits for drug impaired driving, and allowing mandatory roadside alcohol screening. The bill received royal assent in June 2018.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: As part of her mandate to "undertake modernization efforts to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system", Wilson-Raybould introduced Bill C-75, a package of law reforms to deal with delays in the criminal justice system. The bill also included other pieces of legislation which had not advanced past first reading in the House of Commons. Those included bills C-28 (Victim Surcharge), C-38 (Human Trafficking), and C-39 (Charter Cleanup). Bill C-75 addresses areas such as bail reform, administration of justice offences, changes to preliminary inquiries, jury selection and reclassification of offences. Bill C-75 included an amendment to end the use of peremptory challenges. The introduction of the bill came shortly after a controversial decision rendered in the Gerald Stanley trial. Gerald Stanley, a non-indigenous farmer, was acquitted in the shooting death of Colton Boushie, a 22-year-old Cree man, in Battleford, Saskatchewan. The decision was rendered by an all-white jury after the few potential jurors with Indigenous ancestry that reported for jury-duty were eliminated through peremptory challenges. Wilson-Raybould's tweet in response to the verdict sparked significant controversy with claims of undermining the justice system by questioning the jury's verdict, while others supported her empathy, and commitment to ensuring justice for all Canadians. Wilson-Raybould continued to oversee broad reforms and a review of the criminal justice system in Canada.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould also introduced Bill C-51, which received royal assent and came into force on December 13, 2018. Bill C-51 was the first update to sexual assault laws in over 25 years. It clarifies the law of sexual assault, and addresses concerns about how the law is applied in practice. In addition, it repeals "Criminal Code" provisions struck down by Canadian courts and codifies certain Supreme Court jurisprudence. Bill C-51 amended the "Department of Justice Act" to create an obligation for the government to table a Charter Statement for every piece of proposed legislation outlining its impact on the rights protected in the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In May 2018, Wilson-Raybould introduced Bill C-78, the first major amendments to Canadian family law in over 20 years. She said bill C-78 aims to promote the best interests of the child and make Canada's family justice system more accessible and efficient, while addressing issues such as child poverty, access to justice and family violence. This legislation complements the judicial resources for Unified Family Courts announced in Budget 2018, which is a commitment in the Mandate Letter of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In her role as Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, Wilson-Raybould also introduced Bill C-84, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (bestiality and animal fighting) on October 18, 2018. The changes brought forward in this legislation aim to amend Section 160 of the Criminal Code, which adds a definition of bestiality as any contact for sexual purpose between a person and an animal. Bill C-84 also amends Section 445.1(1)(b) and 447 which amend current and existing laws pertaining to animal fighting. The new amendments seek to include the breeding or training of an animal to fight another animal, the building or maintenance of an arena for animal fighting, or the promoting, arranging or receiving money for the fighting of animals as offences under this section of the Criminal Code.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In October 2016, Wilson-Raybould oversaw changes to the process for appointing judges across Canada, with the stated goal of ensuring the process "is transparent and accountable to Canadians, and promotes greater diversity on the bench". For instance, the government introduced changes to the structure and composition of the Judicial Advisory Committees, which are tasked with evaluating candidates who apply to the bench. In addition, the government began collecting and publishing demographic statistics related judicial applicants and appointees. In June 2018, it was reported that the government had been "naming women to the bench at an unprecedented rate". Wilson-Raybould introduced a new process for appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada. The government has taken the position that justices appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada must be functionally bilingual. The first justice appointed under the new process, Justice Malcolm Rowe from Newfoundland and Labrador, was sworn in on October 31, 2016. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the name of his second appointment to the Supreme Court of Canada, Justice Sheilah Martin from Alberta, on November 29, 2017.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In 2018, Wilson-Raybould ordered an internal and external review of the extradition of Hassan Diab to France. The extradition had occurred under one of her predecessors, Rob Nicholson. Diab's lawyer, Donald Bayne, criticized the internal review, saying the justice department lawyer conducting the internal review was in a conflict of interest because he had played a role in the extradition. Murray Segal, former attorney general of Ontario, was appointed to conduct the external review. He completed his review after Wilson-Raybould had ended her tenure as attorney general. The review cleared Canadian prosecutors of any wrongdoing, but also made recommendations to improve the extradition process. Bayne called the review a "whitewash".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould was also criticized by the lawyer for Glen Assoun, who said she delayed for 18 months in acting on a Justice Department recommendation that he receive a new trial. Her successor, David Lametti, recommended a new trial, which ultimately led to Assoun's release. In addition, the prosecutor, Mark Scott, at Assoun's new trial, referenced what he called the "considerable period of time since the minister's decision has been pending."


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Upon her move to the Department of Veterans Affairs Canada, Wilson-Raybould issued a public statement which outlined her milestones as the former minister of justice and attorney general and stated that an attorney general must be "non-partisan, more transparent in the principles that are the basis of decisions, and, in this respect, always willing to speak truth to power".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On January 14, 2019, Trudeau made a cabinet shuffle, assigning Wilson-Raybould the veterans affairs portfolio. The move was seen as a demotion, and initially believed to be related to Wilson-Raybould's positions on Indigenous reconciliation; Don Martin, host of CTV News Channel's Power Play called it a 'hit job' and suggested it could be due to her criticism of the pace of reconciliation under the Trudeau government, while the president of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs, Grand Chief Stewart Phillip called the decision "disappointing and disturbing", saying "[the] removal of these critical and well-respected ministers, during a period of significant conflict and tension, demonstrates Trudeau's lack of resolve to address Canada's deplorable relationship with Indigenous peoples." In a written statement, Wilson-Raybould said she would not talk about the shuffle, but did talk about her work as minister of justice, about the unique responsibilities of the dual minister of justice and attorney general role in Canadian government, and about the importance of avoiding the appearance of political interference.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On February 8, 2019, "The Globe and Mail" reported that sources close to the government said that the Prime Minister's Office allegedly had attempted to influence Wilson-Raybould concerning an ongoing prosecution of SNC-Lavalin while she was Minister of Justice and Attorney General. When asked about the allegations, Justin Trudeau said that the story in "The Globe and Mail" was false and that he had never "directed" Wilson-Raybould concerning the case. Wilson-Raybould did not comment on the matter, citing solicitor-client privilege. She resigned from the Trudeau cabinet on February 12. Trudeau said he did not anticipate her resignation and expressed disappointment over her decision, as it was not reflective of the conversations they had had during their recent meetings. Following Wilson-Raybould's resignation, Trudeau expressed his opinion that his government abided by all rules, did its job properly, and that if anyone within the government – including the former attorney-general – felt otherwise, the responsibility lay with Wilson-Raybould to address these concerns directly to him or the conflict of interest and ethics commissioner. She retained Thomas Albert Cromwell as counsel in order to determine the scope of information she was allowed to share with the public.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Support came from across Canada on social media, with #StandWithJody making 463,000 impressions between the February 14 and 24, while her popular credibility on this issue had reached 73%, according to a February 14 Public Square Research poll.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On February 20, Wilson-Raybould addressed the House of Commons with the hope to "have the opportunity to speak my truth". On February 27, Jody Wilson-Raybould gave extended testimony to the House of Commons justice committee on this matter.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On March 25, CTV News reported that relations between Wilson-Raybould and the Prime Minister first began to fray in 2017, when Trudeau disagreed with a recommendation by Wilson-Raybould to appoint the conservative Manitoba judge Glenn Joyal to the Supreme Court of Canada. The report was based on earlier reporting by The Canadian Press which relied on "well-placed" anonymous sources. Wilson-Raybould denied to CTV News that there was any conflict over the Supreme Court recommendation. The report suggests the Prime Minister could have had reasons unrelated to the SNC-Lavalin affair for moving Wilson-Raybould out of the Justice portfolio. In his column in the National Post, Andrew Coyne questioned this conclusion, pointing out that Trudeau had originally claimed Wilson-Raybould would "still be [Attorney-General] today" had Scott Brison not resigned and necessitated a cabinet shuffle.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Conservative MP Peter Kent called the leak a "disgusting act of desperation" and said it could only have come from someone who had or was currently working in the Prime Minister's Office. Paul Wells of "Maclean's" also accused the Trudeau government of being the source of the leak. He further suggested the leak was an attempt to damage Wilson-Raybould and as an excuse to remove her from the Liberal caucus in the future. Following publication of details of the judicial appointment process, Wilson-Raybould condemned the leaks and called for an independent investigation. Trudeau initially refused to deny his office was involved in the leaks. The following day, he said his office did not play "any part in leaking".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On March 29, a telephone call, secretly recorded by Wilson-Raybould, between herself and Privy Council Clerk Michael Wernick, was released wherein Wernick told Wilson-Raybould that Trudeau wanted a deferred prosecution agreement for SNC-Lavalin "one way or another". The call accompanied a submission of forty pages supplementing her original testimony, including copies of texts and emails, outlining Wilson-Raybould's view of events.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On April 2, 2019, Trudeau expelled Wilson-Raybould from the Liberal caucus in the House of Commons and stripped her of the Liberal Party nomination for the 2019 Canadian federal election, referring to her secretly recording her conversation with the Privy Council Clerk as being "unconscionable". Opposition party leaders condemned the move, with Conservative leader Andrew Scheer saying, "if you tell the truth, there is no room for you in the Liberal Party". New Democratic leader Jagmeet Singh said that Wilson-Raybould tried to "put integrity and what's right for Canadians over what helps the Liberals" and that she "deserved better", and Green leader Elizabeth May said Wilson-Raybould had shown honour and integrity in her work, and that "the laws weren't broken because she held firm".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On August 14, 2019, Mario Dion, the conflict of interest and ethics commissioner, released a report that said Trudeau contravened section 9 of the "Conflict of Interest Act" by improperly pressuring Wilson-Raybould. The report details lobbying efforts by SNC-Lavalin to influence prosecution since at least February 2016, including the lobbying efforts to enact deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) legislation. The report analyses SNC-Lavalin's interests and finds that the lobbying effort advanced private interests of the company, rather than public interests. The report's analysis section discusses the topics of prosecutorial independence and Shawcross doctrine (dual role of Attorney General) to draw the conclusion that the influence was improper and a violation of "Conflict of Interest Act".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Responding to the report, Trudeau said he accepted it and took responsibility but disagreed with its findings. Andrew Scheer renewed his calls for a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) investigation, while Elizabeth May and Jagmeet Singh reiterated their calls for an inquiry. An RCMP spokesperson declined to confirm or deny whether an investigation is underway, saying that the police force is carefully reviewing the facts and will take "appropriate actions as required".


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: After the report was made public, Wilson-Raybould released a statement saying it is a vindication of her positions on prosecutorial independence and the role of Attorney General. She stated that the report confirms that she acted appropriately at all times and that the staff of the Prime Minister's Office acted improperly.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Prior to her removal from caucus, Wilson-Raybould had said she would run as the Liberal candidate for Vancouver Granville in the 2019 federal election. When she was removed from the caucus, she was also stripped of the Liberal Party nomination. On May 27, Wilson-Raybould announced that she would run for re-election as an Independent candidate.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On July 24, 2019, it was announced that Wilson-Raybould would be releasing a book about how to move forward with reconciliation with Indigenous peoples. The book, titled "From Where I Stand", was released by UBC Press on September 20.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On October 21, 2019, Wilson-Raybould defeated Liberal candidate Taleeb Noormohamed by 3,177 votes, becoming the first woman to be elected as independent member to Canadian Parliament.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Her memoir, titled " 'Indian' in the Cabinet: Speaking Truth to Power", was published September 14, 2021 by HarperCollins Canada, days before the 2021 Canadian federal election.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In 2011, Wilson-Raybould was awarded a Minerva Foundation for BC Women award. In 2012, she received the distinguished alumni award from the University of Victoria. She has also been included in Vancouver Magazines "Power 50" (2012 and 2014). In 2015, Wilson-Raybould was selected by the Canadian Board Diversity Council as a Diversity 50 candidate, a list of Canada's most diverse board ready candidates.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On April 6, 2017, Wilson-Raybould received the inaugural Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business, Indigenous Women in Leadership Award. The 2018 award winner was Roberta L. Jamieson, the first First Nation woman in Canada to earn a law degree, and the president and CEO of Indspire.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Wilson-Raybould was featured in Paulina Cameron's 2017 book "Canada 150 Women: Conversations with Leaders, Champions, and Luminaries" which profiles the achievements and struggles of ground-breaking female role models.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In 2017, Wilson-Raybould was named Policy-Maker of the Year by the Macdonald-Laurier Institute. She was featured in their December 2017 edition of their magazine 'Inside Policy'.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: In 2018, Wilson-Raybould was recognized by Harvard Women's Law Association as one of their 2018 International Women's Day Honourees and provided a keynote address at their annual event.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: MADD Canada honoured Wilson-Raybould as the recipient of a 2018 Citizen of Distinction award for her outstanding efforts to strengthen Canada's impaired driving laws, and in particular her contributions to bringing forward Bill C-46. The Citizen of Distinction Award is presented annually to individuals, groups or organizations that have made a major provincial/territorial or national contribution to the anti-impaired driving movement in Canada, leaving a lasting legacy in the areas of research, prevention and education, legal issues or victim issues.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: On March 7, 2018, Wilson-Raybould, alongside Judge Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi, the president of the International Criminal Court (ICC), unveiled an Inuit inukshuk which had been donated to the ICC by the Government of Canada to mark Canada's support for the ICC. The unveiling took place at the ICC's premises in The Hague.


title: Jody Wilson-Raybould

text: Her book "Indian in the Cabinet: Speaking Truth to Power" was a nominee for the 2021 Balsillie Prize for Public Policy.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Janet King is an Australian television drama program which began airing on ABC1 from 27 February 2014. It was created as a spin-off from the 2011 legal drama "Crownies". It follows the story of Senior Crown Prosecutor Janet King (Marta Dusseldorp), tracking her journey in Series 1 in the Department of Public Prosecutions to a Royal Commission into Serious Firearm Crime in Series 2 to the National Crime Commission in Series 3.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Various cast members who appeared alongside Dusseldorp in "Crownies" also appeared in "Janet King". A number of new characters were also created. The show was commissioned for an eight part series and filming began in 2013. A second series aired from March 2016, and a third began in May 2017.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Shortly before the final episode of the ABC1 legal drama "Crownies" was broadcast in November 2011, David Knox from TV Tonight reported that the series could continue in the form of a spin-off. The drama had suffered from modest ratings and mixed critical reviews during its 22-part run. ABC1 controller, Brendan Dahill explained ""Crownies" won't be coming back as "Crownies". But we are talking to (producers) Screentime about a spin-off. There are lots of things I love about "Crownies" and lots of things that were done brilliantly, and I'm really proud of "Crownies". I'm genuinely surprised it didn't engage a bigger audience than it did. Genuinely surprised. But I don't want to throw the baby out with the bathwater. There are plenty of brilliant things in it and we're talking to Screentime at the moment."


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Dahill stated that the spin-off would not be season two of "Crownies" and that it would take the characters in different directions. He told Knox that there were certain elements of "Crownies" that worked well and he did not want to lose them because of poor ratings. He continued "So what Screentime have come up with is a really great compromise that allows us to keep the best bits, and learn and move on." Knox added that a spin-off is rare in Australian television drama, but not unprecedented. On 20 August 2012, ABC TV confirmed that it had commissioned the "Crownies" spin-off, "Janet King". The series was billed as an 8-part legal and political thriller. "Janet King" was produced by Karl Zwicky, Jane Allen and Lisa Scott, with Hilary Bonney acting as story consultant. Greg Haddrick, Jane Allen, Kris Mrksa and Shaun Grant wrote the series.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Dahill said he was excited about "Janet King" and the fresh new direction it would take. Carole Sklan, ABC's Head of Fiction, commented "Screentime has developed an exciting drama series about the fabulous character, Janet King. The series looks at the dilemmas of a contemporary woman who returns to work after a year's maternity leave and is flung into a shocking prosecution that involves layers of intrigue played out at the highest levels of power. Janet King's case leads her through some astounding twists and revelations that impact on her life on every level." Screentime's Des Monaghan said that it had become clear to Screentime and the ABC that viewers had developed "a great deal" of affection for the character of Janet King and the cast of "Crownies", so he was "delighted" that there would be a chance to build on that.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: On 30 June 2015, it was announced that ABC had renewed "Janet King" for a second eight-part series. At the ASTRA Conference in September 2016, Dusseldorp confirmed four scripts for the third series had been written. The third series began airing from 25 May 2017, replacing "Seven Types of Ambiguity". It focuses on organised crime in the sporting world, with Janet heading up a National Crime Commission investigation. Her former colleague Richard Stirling (Hamish Michael) is now a barrister for some of the athletes involved, while Owen Mitchell (Damian Walshe-Howling) has become the head of the DPP.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Anthony Soegito from "If Magazine" revealed that Marta Dusseldorp would return as Janet King, while many of the characters that became established on "Crownies" would also make appearances. These included; Hamish Michael (Richard Stirling), Ella Scott Lynch (Erin O'Shaughnessy), Andrea Demetriades (Lina Badir), Peter Kowitz (Tony Gillies), Christopher Morris (Andy Campbell), Indiana Evans (Tatum Novak), Jeanette Cronin (Tracey Samuels), Aimee Pedersen (Ashleigh Larsson) and Lewis Fitz-Gerald (David Sinclair). Knox revealed that Vince Colosimo had been cast as Chief Superintendent Jack Rizzoli, while Damian Walshe-Howling was cast as Owen Mitchell, a rising star prosecutor. John Howard, Sonia Todd, Jessica Napier, Deborah Kennedy and Tiriel Mora also have roles in the series. Todd Lasance and Daniel Lissing did not reprise their respective roles as Ben McMahon and Conrad De Groot.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Joining Dusseldorp as title character Janet King for series 2 include former "Crownies" originals; Hamish Michael (Richard Stirling), Andrea Demetriades (Lina Badir), Christopher Morris (Andy Campbell) and Peter Kowitz (Tony Gillies), as well as, "Janet King" season one cast members, Damian Walshe-Howling (Owen Mitchell) and Terry Serio (Terry Renner). New faces include Leah Purcell, Philip Quast, Anita Hegh, Aaron Jeffery, Genevieve Hegney, Nicholas Hope and Ewen Leslie.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Dusseldorp, Michael, Demetriades, Morris, Kowitz, Walshe-Howling, Hegh all returned for the third series. Joining them was Don Hany, Robert Mammone, Susie Porter, Andrew Ryan, Huw Higginson, Steve Le Marquand, Arka Das, Adam Demos, Geraldine Viswanathan and Zoe Terakes. John Bach was cast as Janet's estranged father Graham King. Todd Lasance reprised his "Crownies" role of Ben McMahon.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: The series went into production in early 2013. Grant Brown, Peter Andrikidis, and Ian Watson were hired to direct the episodes. Filming finished by June 2013. It began broadcasting on 27 February 2014. Filming on the second series commenced in October 2015 for 11 weeks. The series was mostly shot in Bankstown, and locations included the former library, the Compass Centre, and Saigon Place. The third series went into production during the week commencing 7 November 2016.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Ben Neutze from Crikey said that Janet was an "audience favourite" from "Crownies". He also noted that Dusseldorp's acting profile had been raised following her appearance in "A Place to Call Home". He predicted that the combination would secure success for the show and ABC. Ben Pobjie, writing for "The Sydney Morning Herald", praised the series for trying "to keep things varied and interesting. Most likely aware of the pitfalls of such a familiar genre, the show moves at a neat pace."


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: Series 1 was released on a three disc DVD on 18 April 2014, and released in the U.S. on 21 June 2016. Series 2 was released in the U.S. on 25 October 2016. Series 3 was released in the U.S. on 26 September 2017.


title: Janet King (TV series)

text: In the United States, the series premiered on Acorn TV on 14 March 2016. The show also airs in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Spain. Although the series has never been shown in the UK, all seasons are available to view on the STV Player, the video on demand service owned by STV, the ITV affiliate in North and Central Scotland.


title: Fighting words

text: Fighting words are written or spoken words intended to incite hatred or violence from their target. Specific definitions, freedoms, and limitations of fighting words vary by jurisdiction. The term "fighting words" is also used in a general sense of words that when uttered tend to create (deliberately or not) a verbal or physical confrontation by their mere usage.


title: Fighting words

text: In Canada, freedom of expression is generally protected under Section 2 of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Criminal Code, however, limits these freedoms and provides for several forms of punishable hate speech. The form of punishable hate speech considered to encompass "fighting words" is identified in Section 319:


title: Fighting words

text: The fighting words doctrine, in United States constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.


title: Fighting words

text: In 1942, the U.S. Supreme Court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in "Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire". It held that "insulting or 'fighting words', those that by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace" are among the "well-defined and narrowly limited classes of speech the prevention and punishment of [which] … have never been thought to raise any constitutional problem."


title: Fighting words

text: Chaplinsky, a Jehovah's Witness, had purportedly told a New Hampshire town marshal who was attempting to prevent him from preaching that he was "a damned racketeer" and "a damned fascist" and was arrested. The court upheld the arrest and wrote in its decision that