title: Tata Daewoo

text: In 2004 it was acquired by Tata Motors, India's largest passenger automobile and commercial vehicle manufacturing company. The Tata Daewoo has a collaboration with Tata Motors its parent company in India.


title: Tata Daewoo

text: Tata Daewoo Korea and Afzal Motors-Pakistan signed a Technical Assistance Agreement on 12 December 2005 in Pakistan. The assembling plant of Afzal Motors in Pakistan was inaugurated by Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Shaukat Aziz on 8 January 2007. And assembles Truck Chassis and Daewoo Dump Trucks.


title: Tata Daewoo

text: In 2013, the Vehicular Authority of South Korea has ordered that the trucks sold by Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles, has been recalled due to a steering failure. The 3,276 trucks sold in these country has been repaired and now are in service.


title: Tata Daewoo

text: Tata Daewoo-Korea and BadanBas-Malaysia signed a Technical Assistance Agreement in May 2015 in Malaysia. In 2017 Tata-Daewoo began to sell their trucks under the Daewoo brand in South Korea.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: The existence of frozen soft-tissue remains and DNA of woolly mammoths has led to the idea that the species could be recreated by scientific means. In 2003 the pyrenean ibex was briefly revived, giving credence to the idea that the mammoth could be successfully revived. As of today, several methods have been proposed to achieve this goal, including cloning, artificial insemination, and genome editing. The ethics of reviving the animal have been disputed.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: A proposed scientific use of preserved genetic material found in remains of woolly mammoths is to recreate living mammoths. This has long been discussed theoretically, but was only recently the subject of formal effort due to advances in molecular biology techniques and cloning of mammals. Cloning of mammals has improved in the last two decades. As of date, no viable mammoth tissue or its intact genome has been found to attempt cloning.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: According to one research team, a mammoth cannot be recreated, but the team will try to eventually grow in an "artificial womb" a hybrid elephant with some woolly mammoth traits. Comparative genomics shows that the mammoth genome matches 99% of the elephant genome, so researchers working in the field aim to engineer an elephant with mammoth genes, that code for the external appearance and traits of a mammoth. The outcome would be an elephant-mammoth hybrid with no more than 1% mammoth genes. Separate projects are working on gradually adding mammoth genes to elephant cells "in vitro".


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: Colossal Biosciences, founded in 2021, is one biotechnology company that has publicly stated that its project is to genetically resurrect the woolly mammoth, combining its genes with Asian elephant DNA. It has publicly stated that it intends to complete the project by 2027.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: Cloning involves removal of the DNA—containing nucleus of the egg cell of a female elephant, and replacement with a nucleus from woolly mammoth tissue, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. For example, Akira Iritani, at the Kyoto University in Japan, reportedly planned to do this. The cell would then be stimulated into dividing, and implanted in a female elephant. The resulting calf would have the genes of the woolly mammoth. However, nobody as of date has found a viable mammoth cell to begin the cloning process, and most scientists doubt that any living cell could have survived freezing in the tundra of the Arctic. Because of their conditions of preservation, the DNA of frozen mammoths has deteriorated significantly over the millennia.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: A second method involves artificially inseminating an elephant egg cell with sperm cells from a frozen woolly mammoth carcass. The resulting offspring would be an elephant–mammoth hybrid, and the process would have to be repeated, so more hybrids could be used in breeding. After several generations of cross-breeding these hybrids, an almost pure woolly mammoth would be produced. Whether the hybrid embryo would be carried through the two-year gestation is unknown; in one case, an Asian elephant and an African elephant produced a live calf named Motty, but it died of defects at less than two weeks old.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: There is also another fact to consider, that sperm cells of modern mammals are viable for 15 years at most after deep-freezing. This makes this method unfeasible.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: In April 2015, Swedish scientists published the complete genome (nuclear DNA sequence) of the woolly mammoth. Several projects are working on gradually replacing the genes in elephant cells with mammoth genes. One such project is that of Harvard University geneticist George M. Church, who is funded by the Long Now Foundation, is attempting to create a mammoth–elephant hybrid using DNA from frozen mammoth carcasses. According to the researchers, a mammoth cannot be recreated, but they will try to eventually grow a hybrid elephant with some woolly mammoth traits in an "artificial womb".


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: In 2017, George Church said "Actually it would be more like an elephant with a number of mammoth traits. We're not there yet, but it could happen in a couple of years." The creature, sometimes referred as a "mammophant", would be partly elephant, but with features such as small ears, subcutaneous fat, long shaggy hair and cold-adapted blood. The Harvard University team is attempting to study the animals' characteristics "in vitro" by replacing or editing some specific mammoth genes into Asian elephant skin cells called fibroblasts that have the potential to become embryonic stem cells. By March 2015 and using the new CRISPR DNA editing technique, Church's team had some woolly mammoth genes edited into the genome of an Asian elephant; focusing on cold-resistance initially, the target genes are for the external ear size, subcutaneous fat, hemoglobin, and hair attributes. By February 2017, Church's team had made 45 substitutions to the elephant genome. So far his work focuses solely on single cells. In 2021, Church received $15 million in funding and spun off a new company called Colossal.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: The Mammoth Genome Project at Pennsylvania State University is also researching the modification of African elephant DNA to create a mammoth–elephant hybrid. If a viable hybrid embryo is obtained by gene editing procedures, implanting it into a female Asian elephant housed in a zoo may be possible, but with the current knowledge and technology, whether the hybrid embryo would be carried through the two-year gestation is unknown.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: If any method is ever successful, a suggestion has been made to introduce the hybrids to a wildlife reserve in Siberia called the Pleistocene Park, but some biologists question the ethics of such recreation attempts. In addition to the technical problems, not much habitat is left that would be suitable for mammoth–elephant hybrids. Because both species are [were] social and gregarious, creating a few specimens would not be ideal. The time and resources required would be enormous, and the scientific benefits would be unclear, suggesting these resources should instead be used to preserve extant elephant species which are endangered. The ethics of using elephants as surrogate mothers in hybridisation attempts has also been questioned, as most embryos would not survive, and knowing the exact needs of a hybrid mammoth–elephant calf would be impossible.


title: Revival of the woolly mammoth

text: Researchers from the company Colossal confirmed that their primary goal when trying to revive the woolly mammoth is to better the environment and climate change itself. However, some people are skeptical of climate change being reversed due to the comeback of the woolly mammoth or an animal that is scientifically reproduced like a woolly mammoth. Hence, Colossal is planning on putting such animals produced from the modification of genomes back into the Siberian Tundra to help decrease the rise in the area's temperature. It has been proven that throughout the years, the Siberian Tundra has been warming up, and as a result, it has started releasing carbon dioxide into the air. Researchers believe that the Siberian Tundra will entirely vanish within the upcoming years since, over the past fifty years, the tundra has seen a two-celsius degree increase within their average air temperature. All of this is said to be the result of climate change, in which temperatures at places like the Siberian Tundra are increasing at an alarming rate. At the same time, within the Siberian Tundra, the moss population has grown throughout the years due to the absence of the woolly mammoth within such an environment. With this in mind, scientists consider the woolly mammoths as "ecosystem engineers" in which they balance out the environment by preserving the grasslands within certain areas, like the Siberian Tundra, by breaking up the moss while they walk through the site. They also knocked down trees and, at the same time, provided fertilizer to their surrounding areas with their droppings. Hence, it is said that with the woolly mammoths back in the tundras, the soil within that area would be stopped from eroding and melting, which with this, the woolly mammoths can also help lock away the heat-trapping carbon dioxide that is released to the air.


title: Severance (film)

text: Severance is a 2006 comedy horror film co-written and directed by Christopher Smith. Co-written with James Moran, it stars Danny Dyer and Laura Harris. The film tells a story of group of British and Canadian co-workers who go to a remote mountain forest in Hungary, where they become victims of murderous attacks by a group of poachers.


title: Severance (film)

text: "Severance" received mostly positive reviews. In 2009, media interest in the film was revived following the alleged copycat murder of a UK teenager.


title: Severance (film)

text: A man named George and two women are running through the woods. The women fall into a large pit trap while George is caught by a snare. As he hangs helplessly, a masked poacher approaches and disembowels him with a knife.


title: Severance (film)

text: Some days prior, the European Sales division of Palisade Defence military arms corporation are on a bus to a team-building weekend at a lodge in the Mátra Mountains of Hungary. When a fallen tree blocking the road halts the bus's progress, the driver refuses to take a dirt road through the woods and, after an argument, drives off, leaving the group to walk the remaining distance to the lodge.


title: Severance (film)

text: The lodge turns out to be old and in serious disrepair, but the manager, Richard, convinces them to enter. Inside, they discover a file cabinet full of cryptic Palisade documents, written in Russian. This leads Harris to relate a story he'd heard about the lodge: the lodge was previously a mental institution, and in the early 20th century a Palisade-made nerve gas was used to clear it out after the inmates took over. Jill responds with the story she'd heard: the lodge was a "reeducation center" for Russian war criminals and poachers, and after an escape a Palisade-made nerve gas was used to clear escapees out of nearby buildings. Both mention a lone survivor who swore revenge on Palisade. Steve starts to tell his own story about the lodge's past as a clinic staffed by busty nurses when he finds a human tooth in the meat pie the group is eating for dinner. Chastising Gordon for serving a pie he just found in the kitchen, everyone goes to bed.


title: Severance (film)

text: That night Jill sees someone looking into the lodge from the trees. Though nobody is found outside, everyone but Richard agrees that they should leave the lodge. The next morning Richard grudgingly sends Harris and Jill to the top of the hill to call the bus driver back. Reaching the hill, the two find the bus abandoned and the driver dead in a nearby creek. Back at the lodge, Gordon steps into a bear trap. After several failed attempts by Steve and Billy to pry the trap open, Gordon's left leg is cut through completely under the knee. Harris and Jill arrive in the bus, load everyone in and head back for town. On the way, a spike strip is thrown in front of the bus, which causes it to crash. Harris is thrown clear of the bus in the crash, and is decapitated by a masked poacher with a machete. Jill is captured and tied to a tree, gagged, doused with gasoline, and burned alive. The rest discover Harris's body, prompting them to head back to the lodge for the night.


title: Severance (film)

text: Gordon later gets captured. Discovering a newly opened door, the four head into the basement which leads to an underground prison. Through one door, they find the now-dead Gordon with the Palisade logo carved into his torso, and a poacher who fires a shotgun at them. They hide in a nearby cell, where Billy dies from a chest wound. Richard escapes out the back into the woods. While trying to kill the poacher, Maggie falls through the rickety floor. The poacher turns around and takes aim at Maggie, but Steve saves her by killing the attacker. Maggie takes the poacher’s shotgun and shoots him in the head.


title: Severance (film)

text: Believing they are safe, Maggie and Steve exit the lodge, but discover several more armed, Russian-speaking poachers, awaiting them outside. The two run into the woods and come across Richard, who has stepped on a Palisade-made land mine and cannot move without detonating it. Richard guides Maggie and Steve through the minefield. Meanwhile, the poachers use a fallen branch to pass over the minefield and torment Richard with insults and stones. Accepting his situation, Richard does his best to save the others and steps off the mine, killing himself as well as two of the poachers.


title: Severance (film)

text: Steve and Maggie come to another building, the "real" Palisade lodge. Inside, they find their boss George, who is partying with two escorts Steve ordered earlier. George brings out a prototype missile launcher and fires it at the approaching poachers, but the missile locks on to a passing commercial jet instead, destroying it. The five run into the woods, leading to the events shown in the beginning of the film.


title: Severance (film)

text: Maggie and Steve are left to fight the poachers with what they have at hand. At one point, Maggie breaks her leg, but is saved when one of the escorts, rescued by Steve, arrives and shoots their attacker. Steve, Maggie and the escorts make it to a rowboat, and as they paddle off to safety Steve jokingly quips, "Foursome?"


title: Severance (film)

text: "Severance" was released in the United Kingdom on DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on 8 January 2007. In the United States it was released on DVD by Magnolia Pictures on 27 September 2007. "Severance" has also been released on DVD in Australia by Warner Home Video, in France by Fox Pathé Europa, in Germany by Splendid Film and in Hong Kong by Deltamac.


title: Severance (film)

text: "Severance" received generally favorable reviews. The film holds an approval rating of 64% on the film critic site Rotten Tomatoes based on 89 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The consensus reads: "A twisted and bloody spoof on office life, "Severance" nicely balances comedy and nasty horror." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 62 out of 100 sampled from 23 critics' reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Severance (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" commended Smith's "mischievous blending [of] "The Office" with "Friday the 13th"", awarding the film three stars out of four. Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave not such a positive review, saying, "It is being billed as "Deliverance" meets "The Office" – a tellingly misleading description," giving the film only two out of five stars. In 2012, "Total Film" ranked it as the 36th best independent horror film of all time.


title: Severance (film)

text: Mentioned in the film, the CRM-114 land mine is a reference to the CRM-114 radio discriminator in "Dr. Strangelove". "Severance" and "Dr. Strangelove" both end with the song "We'll Meet Again".


title: Severance (film)

text: On 28 April 2009, the BBC reported that the murder of a 17-year-old student from Norfolk was allegedly based on a scene from the film. According to the BBC news report, "Norwich Crown Court was told how Simon Everitt, from Great Yarmouth, was tied up and petrol poured down his throat before he was set on fire. Simon's body was found in woodland at Mautby in June 2008." Jurors at the trial of Jonathan Clarke and two other co-defendants were played a scene from "Severance" and told that, when Mr. Clarke had watched the DVD, "he made a comment to this effect: 'Wouldn't it be wicked if you could actually do that to someone in real life?'" On 29 May 2009, the trio were convicted of Everitt's murder.


title: ARM Cortex-A55

text: The ARM Cortex-A55 is a central processing unit implementing the ARMv8.2-A 64-bit instruction set designed by ARM Holdings' Cambridge design centre. The Cortex-A55 is a 2-wide decode in-order superscalar pipeline.


title: ARM Cortex-A55

text: The Cortex-A55 serves as the successor of the ARM Cortex-A53, designed to improve performance and energy efficiency over the A53. ARM has stated the A55 should have 15% improved power efficiency and 18% increased performance relative to the A53. Memory access and branch prediction are also improved relative to the A53.


title: ARM Cortex-A55

text: The Cortex-A75 and Cortex-A55 cores are the first products to support ARM's DynamIQ technology. The successor to big.LITTLE, this technology is designed to be more flexible and scalable when designing multi-core products.


title: ARM Cortex-A55

text: The Cortex-A55 is available as SIP core to licensees, and its design makes it suitable for integration with other SIP cores (e.g. GPU, display controller, DSP, image processor, etc.) into one die constituting a system on a chip (SoC).


title: ARM Cortex-A55

text: ARM has also collaborated with Qualcomm for a semi-custom version of the Cortex-A55, used within the Kryo 385 CPU core. This semi-custom core is also used in some Qualcomm's mid-range SoCs as Kryo 360 Silver and Kryo 460 Silver.


title: Judenrat

text: A Judenrat (, "Jewish council") was a World War II administrative agency imposed by Nazi Germany on Jewish communities across occupied Europe, principally within the Nazi ghettos. The Germans required Jews to form a "Judenrat" in every community across the occupied territories.


title: Judenrat

text: The "Judenrat" constituted a form of self-enforcing intermediary, used by the Nazi administration to control larger Jewish communities. In some ghettos, such as the Łódź Ghetto, and in Theresienstadt, the Germans called the councils "Jewish Council of Elders" ("Jüdischer Ältestenrat" or "Ältestenrat der Juden"). Jewish communities themselves had established councils for self-government as early as the Middle Ages. The Jewish community used the Hebrew term "Kahal" (קהל) or "Kehillah" (קהילה), whereas the German authorities generally used the term "Judenräte".


title: Judenrat

text: The Judenräte are notorious today for their collaboration with the Nazi regime, almost always under extreme coercion. The extent of their collaboration and its consequences remain the subject of considerable disagreement among historical scholars.


title: Judenrat

text: The structure and missions of the "Judenräte" under the Nazi regime varied widely, often depending upon whether meant for a single ghetto, a city or a whole region. Jurisdiction over a whole country, as in Nazi Germany, was maintained by "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland" (Reich's Association of the Jews in Germany) established on 4 July 1939.


title: Judenrat

text: In the beginning of April 1933, shortly after the National Socialist government took power, a report by a German governmental commission on fighting the Jews was presented. This report recommended the creation of a recognized 'Association of Jews in Germany' ("Verband der Juden in Deutschland"), to which all Jews in Germany would be forced to associate. Appointed by the Reichskanzler, a German People's Ward was then to assume responsibility of this group. As the leading Jewish organization, it was envisioned that this association would have a 25-member council called the "Judenrat". However, the report was not officially acted upon.


title: Judenrat

text: The Israeli historian Dan Michman found it likely that the commission, which considered the legal status and interactions of Jews and non-Jews before their emancipation, reached back to the Medieval Era for the term "Judenräte". This illuminates the apparent intent to make the Jewish emancipation and assimilation invalid, and so return Jews to the status they held during the Medieval Era.


title: Judenrat

text: The first actual "Judenräte" were established in occupied Poland under Reinhard Heydrich's orders on 21 September 1939, during the German assault on Poland, and later in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union.


title: Judenrat

text: The "Judenräte" were to serve as a means to enforce the occupation force's anti-Jewish regulations and laws in the western and central areas of Poland, and had no authority of their own. Ideally, a local "Judenrat" was to include rabbis and other influential people of their local Jewish community. Thus, enforcement of laws could be better facilitated by the German authorities by using established Jewish authority figures and personages, while undermining external influences.


title: Judenrat

text: Further "Judenräte" were established on 18 November 1939, upon the orders of Hans Frank, head of the "Generalgouvernment". These councils were to have 12 members for Jewish communities of 10,000 or fewer, and up to 24 members for larger Jewish communities. Jewish communities were to elect their own councils, and by the end of 1939 were to have selected an executive and assistant executive as well. Results were to be presented to the German city or county controlling officer for recognition. While theoretically democratic, in reality the councils were often determined by the occupiers. While the German occupiers only minimally involved themselves in the voting, those whom the Germans first chose often refused participation to avoid becoming exploited by the occupiers. As a rule, therefore, the traditional speaker of the community was named and elected, preserving the community continuity.


title: Judenrat

text: The Nazis systematically sought to weaken the resistance potential and opportunities of the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe. The early "Judenräte" were foremost to report numbers of their Jewish populations, clear residences and turn them over, present workers for forced labour, confiscate valuables, and collect tribute and turn these over. Failure to comply would incur the risk of collective punishments or other measures. Later tasks of the "Judenräte" included turning over community members for deportation. Ultimately, these policies and the cooperation of Jewish authorities led to massive Jewish deaths with few German casualties because of the minimal resistance. Once under Nazi control and checked for weapons, large numbers of Jews could ultimately be easily murdered or enslaved. The sadness of the catastrophically large number of deaths because of this lack of resistance led to the saying "never again".


title: Judenrat

text: Through these occupation measures, and the simultaneous prevention of government services, the Jewish communities suffered serious shortages. For this reason, early "Judenräte" attempted to establish replacement service institutions of their own. They tried to organize food distribution, aid stations, old age homes, orphanages and schools. At the same time, given their restricted circumstances and remaining options, they attempted to work against the occupier's forced measures and to win time. One way was to delay transfer and implementation of orders and to try playing conflicting demands of competing German interests against each other. They presented their efforts as indispensable for the Germans in managing the Jewish community, in order to improve the resources of the Jews and to move the Germans to repeal collective punishments.


title: Judenrat

text: This had, however, very limited positive results. The generally difficult situations presented often led to perceived unfair actions, such as personality preferences, sycophancy, and protectionism of a few over the rest of the community. Thus, the members of the community quickly became highly critical of, or even outright opposed their "Judenrat".


title: Judenrat

text: Tadeusz Piotrowski cites Jewish survivor Baruch Milch stating "Judenrat became an instrument in the hand of the Gestapo for extermination of the Jews... I do not know of a single instance when the Judenrat would help some Jew in a disinterested manner." through Piotrowski cautions that "Milch's is a particular account of a particular place and time... the behavior of Judenrat members was not uniform."


title: Judenrat

text: While some scholars have described the institution of the Judenrats as a collaborationist one, the question of whether participation in the Judenrat constituted collaboration with the Germans remains a controversial issue to this day. The view that Jewish councils collaborated in the Holocaust has been challenged by Holocaust historians including Isaiah Trunk in his 1972 book, "Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation". Summarizing Trunk's research, Holocaust scholar Michael Berenbaum writes: "In the final analysis, the Judenräte had no influence on the frightful outcome of the Holocaust; the Nazi extermination machine was alone responsible for the tragedy, and the Jews in the occupied territories, most especially Poland, were far too powerless to prevent it." This remains a topic of considerable scholarly disagreement.


title: Judenrat

text: "Judenräte" were responsible for the internal administration of ghettos, standing between the Nazi occupiers and their Jewish communities. In general, the "Judenräte" represented the elite from their Jewish communities. Often, a "Judenrat" had a group for internal security and control, a Jewish Ghetto Police (German: Jüdische Ghetto-Polizei or Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst). They also attempted to manage the government services normally found in a city, such as those named above. However, the Germans requiring them to deliver community members for forced labor or deportation to concentration camps, placed them in the position of cooperating with the German occupiers. To resist such orders was to risk summary execution, or quick replacement and inclusion in the next concentration-camp shipment.


title: Judenrat

text: In a number of cases, such as the Minsk ghetto and the Łachwa ghetto, "Judenräte" cooperated with the resistance movement. In other cases, "Judenräte" cooperated with the Germans (although, as discussed above, the extent of this collaboration remains debated).


title: Boarding School Juliet

text: , also known as Juliet of Boarding School, is a Japanese "shōnen" manga series written and illustrated by Yōsuke Kaneda. It began serialization in Kodansha's "Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine" in 2015, moved to "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" in 2017 and ended in 2019. Sixteen "tankōbon" volumes of the manga have been released. The manga is published digitally in English by Kodansha USA under the Kodansha Comics imprint from April 10, 2018. A light novel adaptation, written by Tadahito Mochizuki and illustrated by Kaneda, was published by Kodansha in a single volume on February 9, 2017. An anime television series adaptation by Liden Films aired from October 6 to December 22, 2018, in the Animeism programming block. A live-action television drama was released on April 4, 2022 to June 21, 2022. The story of the series is based on the Shakespeare play "Romeo and Juliet".


title: Boarding School Juliet

text: "Boarding School Juliet" takes place at Dahlia Academy Boarding School, where students come from two rivalling countries known as the "Nation of Touwa" and "Principality of West". This academy segregates its student body into two dormitories which reflects their nationality: the "Black Dogs" housing those from Touwa, and the "White Cats" housing those from the West. The story follows Romio Inuzuka, the 1st Year Leader of the "Black Dog Dormitory". Romio has had an unrequited love for Juliet Persia, the 1st Year Leader of the "White Cat Dormitory", since childhood. Initially hesitant, Romio decides to confess his love and resolves to change the world if it meant staying by Juliet's side. Juliet, impressed by Romio's determination, accepts his love. However, now both Romio and Juliet must work hard to keep their relationship a secret from other dorm mates while trying to avoid trouble.


title: Boarding School Juliet

text: "Boarding School Juliet" is written and illustrated by Yōsuke Kaneda. The manga series began serialization in Kodansha's eighth issue of "Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine" in 2015 (with the one-shot having debuted the series in the first 2015 issue), before moving to "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" in 2017. As of November 15, 2019, sixteen volumes have been compiled in "tankōbon" format. In August 2019 it was announced that the manga would end on September 4. The series has been licensed in English for digital publication by Kodansha USA, who released the first volume under their Kodansha Comics imprint on April 10, 2018.


title: Boarding School Juliet

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced in March 2018. The anime series is directed by Seiki Takuno and animated by Liden Films, with Takao Yoshioka written the scripts, Yūki Morimoto designed the characters and Masaru Yokoyama composed the music. The series aired from October 6 to December 22, 2018, during the Animeism programming block on MBS, TBS, BS-TBS. The series was streamed on Amazon Prime Video in Japan and markets other than China. The series' opening theme titled "Love With You" is performed by fripSide, and the ending theme titled is performed by Riho Iida. The series ran for 12 episodes.


title: Afro-pessimism

text: Afro-pessimism is a critical framework that describes the ongoing effects of racism, colonialism, and historical processes of enslavement in the United States, including the trans-Atlantic slave trade and their impact on structural conditions as well as the personal, subjective, and lived experience and embodied reality of African Americans; it is particularly applicable to U.S. contexts. According to the 2018 Oxford Bibliography entry on Afro-pessimism written by Patrice Douglass, Selamawit D. Terrefe, and Frank B. Wilderson III, Afro-pessimism can be understood as "a lens of interpretation that accounts for civil society's dependence on anti-black violence—a regime of violence that positions black people as internal enemies of civil society". They argue this violence "cannot be analogized with the regimes of violence that disciplines the Marxist subaltern, the postcolonial subaltern, the colored but nonblack Western immigrant, the nonblack queer, or the nonblack woman". According to Wilderson, the scholar who coined the term as it functions most popularly today,Afro-pessimism theorizes blackness as a position of, using the language of scholar Saidiya Hartman, "accumulation and fungibility", that is as a condition of, or relation to, ontological death, as opposed to a cultural identity or human subjectivity.


title: Afro-pessimism

text: Jared Sexton locates the foundational thread of Afro-pessimism in the "motive force of a singular "wish" inherited in no small part from black women's traditions of analysis, interpretation, invention, and survival". As opposed to humanist anthropologists, historians, sociologists, and political scientists who engage the history of black subjectivity as one of entrenched political discrimination and social ostracization, Afro-pessimists across disciplines have argued that Black people are constitutively excluded from the category of the self-possessing, rights-bearing human being of modernity. Wilderson writes that "Blacks do not function as political subjects; instead, our flesh and energies are instrumentalized for postcolonial, immigrant, LGBT, and workers' agendas."


title: Afro-pessimism

text: Wilderson has cited the work of Saidiya Hartman, Zakiyyah Iman Jackson, Joy James, Achille Mbembe, Christina Sharpe, Hortense Spillers, and Sylvia Wynter as influences and predecessors of the framework, although not of all these scholars agree with such characterization of their own work. Sharpe has named Dionne Brand, particularly her 2001 work "A Map to the Door of No Return: Notes to Belonging", as writing in conversation with the concepts of Afro-pessimism by "mapping and creating a language for thinking, for articulating black (social) life lived alongside, under, and in the midst of the ordinary and extraordinary terror of enforced black social death".


title: Afro-pessimism

text: Other accounts have traced similar lines of thinking to Frantz Fanon and 20th-century black revolutionary movements, such as the Black Power movement. In the late 20th century, scholars including Derrick Bell, Lewis Gordon, and Cornel West developed concepts of antagonism and abjection that bear similarities to components of Afro-pessimism but without reaching the same conclusions.


title: Afro-pessimism

text: Orlando Patterson's book "Slavery and Social Death", first published in 1982, forms a theoretical point of departure for almost all strands of Afro-pessimism. In a 2018 interview on the Kerner Report, Patterson had this to say about Afro-pessimism: "We're going through a period of extreme despair about the situation of African-Americans. The most extreme form of this despair is a movement called Afro-pessimism, which holds that Black Americans are still viewed as they were viewed in the slavery days as different, inferior, and as outsiders. I find myself in an odd situation because the Afro-pessimists draw heavily on one of my books, 'Slavery and Social Death,' which is ironic, because I'm not a pessimist. I don’t think we're in a situation of social death, because one of the elements of social death is that you're not recognized as an integral member of the civic community, the public sphere, and we certainly are, on the political and cultural levels. And we're very integrated in the military, which is the quintessence of what defines who belongs. The Afro-pessimists are right, though, to point to persisting segregation in the private sphere."


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: Airtel Payments Bank is an Indian payments bank with its headquarters in New Delhi. The company is a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: On 5 January 2022, it was granted the scheduled bank status by Reserve Bank of India under second schedule of RBI Act, 1934.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In 2015, eleven companies received In-principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India to set up Payments Bank under the guidelines for Licensing of Payments Bank.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: On 11 April 2016, Airtel Payments Bank became the first company to receive the Payments Bank license from the Reserve Bank of India under Section 22 (1) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Airtel Payments Bank started with an 80:20 partnership between Bharti Airtel and Kotak Mahindra Bank.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: Bharti Airtel launched Airtel Payments Bank in September 2016 and went live with its pilot project in Rajasthan in November 2016. It was launched nationally in January 2017 to support the cashless revolution promised by the Government of India.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In August 2021, Kotak Mahindra sold its stake to Bharti Enterprises. As on 31 December 2021, 99.9% equity capital of the Bank is owned by the Bharti Group of Companies. The bank turned profitable in the quarter ended 30 September 2021, with an annual revenue run rate of Rs 1,000 crore.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: Airtel Payments Bank has 62 million users and serves them through its digital platform and a retail-based distribution network. The Bank has built a network of over 500,000 neighborhood banking points.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In September 2017, Airtel Payments Bank launched UPI enabled digital payments to facilitate secure digital payments. Customers need to link their bank accounts on BHIM before they can make UPI payments. For UPI-based payments and transfers, customers are not required to furnish their bank details to enable transactions.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: Airtel Money is a digital wallet by Airtel Payment Bank that allows users to make payments using "My Airtel app" or USSD.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: It also provides products like a savings account where customers can be onboarded digitally, adhering to video KYC norms.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In 2021, The Bank launched ‘Airtel Safe Pay’ that provides an additional layer of payment validation compared to the industry norm of two-factor authentication.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In July 2019, Airtel Payments Bank partnered with Bharti AXA General Insurance. Airtel Payments Bank and Bharti Axa Life Insurance have started to provide the government's insurance plan Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana in August 2018. In 2019, Airtel Payments Bank started offering Atal Pension Yojana (a Government of India initiative) through its platform.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: Airtel Payments Bank’s total distribution reach is twice that of the total ATMs and bank branches in the country. Aadhaar enabled payment system is a segment, having Aadhaar-linked accounts of any bank, to do transactions at over 500 thousand banking points of the Airtel Payments Bank. It allows customers to carry out transactions by using their Aadhaar number or Virtual ID to access their bank accounts.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In May 2021, Airtel Payments Bank launched DigiGold, a digital platform for its customers to make investments in gold. DigiGold has been launched in partnership with SafeGold, a provider of digital gold.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In 2018–19, Airtel Payments Bank reported a loss of ₹338 crore, while it registered a loss of ₹272 crore in the financial year 2017–18. In FY 20, its revenues rose 87% to ₹474 crore. It turned profitable in the quarter ended September 2021 and has achieved an annual revenue run rate of Rs 1,000 crores.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: In December 2021, money deposited with Airtel Payments Bank surged 75 per cent to Rs 1,000 crore as compared to 2020. Total share capital infused till date is Rs 2,348 crores as per financials.


title: Airtel Payments Bank

text: The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) suspended Bharti Airtel and Airtel Payment Bank's licence for eKYC of Aadhar on 16 December 2017, following complaints from customers that their accounts were being opened without their consent. Some even received their LPG subsidies in their Airtel Payment Bank accounts. However, on 12 July 2018, Airtel Payments Bank received requisite approvals from the Reserved Bank of India and Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to resume on-boarding new customers using of Aadhaar-based e-KYC.


The 2016 United States Senate election in Alaska was held on November 8, 2016, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Alaska, concurrently with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.


title: 2016 United States Senate election in Alaska

text: Incumbent Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski won re-election to a third term in office. The primaries were held on August 16. She was challenged by several candidates, including Democrat Ray Metcalfe, a former Republican state legislator; Independent Margaret Stock, an attorney; and Libertarian Joe Miller, who had defeated Murkowski for the Republican nomination six years before.


text: Murkowski was re-elected with 44.4% of the vote, becoming the first person in history to win three elections to the U.S. Senate with pluralities but not majorities, having taken 48.6% in 2004 and 39.5% in 2010. Miller's 29.2% finish was then the best ever for a Libertarian candidate in a U.S. Senate election in terms of vote percentage. This record was surpassed four years later by Ricky Dale Harrington Jr., who received 33.4% of the vote in the 2020 Senate election in Arkansas, which had no Democratic candidate.


text: After Republican U.S. Senator Frank Murkowski was elected Governor of Alaska in 2002, he appointed his daughter Lisa to the Senate to replace him. She was elected to a full term in 2004 but was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Tea Party challenger Joe Miller. She ran as a write-in candidate in the general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 39.5% of the vote to Miller's 35.5% and Democratic nominee Scott McAdams' 23.5%. She is one of only two U.S. Senators to be elected via write-in votes, the other being Strom Thurmond in 1954.


text: As Murkowski was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010, it had been speculated that she would be challenged from the right again in 2016.


text: Candidates from the Alaska Democratic Party, Alaska Libertarian Party and Alaskan Independence Party appear on the same ballot, with the highest-placed candidate from each party receiving that party's nomination.


text: Cean Stevens was originally the only Libertarian to file, and was the sole Libertarian in the primary. Stevens withdrew after winning the nomination, and the Alaska Libertarian Party nominated Joe Miller as her replacement.


title: Charulata

text: Charulata (Spelt as "Cārulatā"; ) is a 1964 Indian drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray. Based upon the novel "Nastanirh" by Rabindranath Tagore, it stars Soumitra Chatterjee, Madhabi Mukherjee and Sailen Mukherjee. The film is considered one of the finest works of Ray.


title: Charulata

text: Both the first and the last scenes are critically acclaimed. The first scene, with almost no dialogues shows Charu's loneliness and how she looks at the outside world through the binoculars. In the last scene when Charu and her husband are about to come closer and hold their hands, the screen freezes. This has been described as a beautiful use of freeze frame in cinema.


title: Charulata

text: Charulata is based on the story "Nastanirh (the Broken Nest)" by Rabindranath Tagore, set in Calcutta in 1879 (Ray sets the film in 1897). The Bengali Renaissance is at its peak, and India is under British rule. The film revolves around Charulata (Madhabi Mukherjee), the intelligent and beautiful wife of Bhupati (Sailen Mukherjee). He edits and publishes a political newspaper. Bhupati is an upper-class Bengali intellectual with a keen interest in politics and the freedom movement.


title: Charulata

text: Charu is interested in the arts, literature and poetry. Although Bhupati loves his wife, he has no time for her. She has little to do in the house run by a fleet of servants. Sensing her boredom, Bhupati invites Charu's elder brother Umapada and his wife Manda to live with them. Umapada helps in running the magazine and the printing press. Manda, with her silly and crude ways, is no company for the sensitive, intelligent Charulata.


title: Charulata

text: Amal (Soumitra Chatterjee), Bhupati's younger cousin, comes to visit. Bhupati asks him to encourage Charu's cultural interests. Amal is young and handsome, and he is in the same age group as Charu. He has literary ambitions and shares her interests in poetry. He provides her with much needed intellectual companionship and attention. An intimate and teasing friendship develops between Charulata and Amal. There is a hint of rivalry when she publishes a short story on her own without his knowledge, following his publishing of a poem that she had forbidden him from getting published. He realizes that Charulata is in love with him, but he is reluctant to reciprocate due to the guilt involved.


title: Charulata

text: Meanwhile, Charu's brother and sister-in-law swindle Bhupati of his money and run away. It destroys Bhupati's newspaper and the press. The episode shatters Bhupati who admits his hurt to Amal. He tells Amal that now Amal is the only one he can trust.


title: Charulata

text: Amal is overcome with the guilt of betraying his cousin. He is also uncomfortable with Charu's higher intellect that he has helped nurture. He leaves unannounced . He leaves behind a letter to Bhupati and forbids Charu to stop writing .


title: Charulata

text: Charu is heartbroken but hides her disappointment. Bhupati accidentally enters her room and finds her crying over Amal. Bhupati realizes Charu's feelings for Amal. He is broken, shocked and bewildered.


title: Charulata

text: He rushes out of the house and wanders aimlessly in his carriage. On his return, Charu and Bhupati make a hesitant gesture to reach out, but their extended hands remain frozen in a tentative gesture.


title: Charulata

text: "Charulata" is based on the 1901 novella "Nastanirh" ("The Broken Nest") by Bengali author Rabindranath Tagore. Ray later said that he liked the novella because "it has a western quality to it and the film obviously shares that quality. That's why I can speak of Mozart in connection with "Charulata" quite validly." Ray decided to set the film in the 1897 instead of in 1901 and spent many months researching the historical background. For the first time in his career he worked without a deadline both during pre-production and during the shooting. Ray worked closely with art director Bansi Chandragupta and no interior scene was shot on location. All sets were either built or remodeled to accurately portray India in the 1880s. Ray once called "Charulata" his favourite of his films.


title: Charulata

text: Charulata holds one of the higher ratings for an Indian film in Rotten Tomatoes, a 96% rating based on 26 reviews with an average rating of 9.2/10. It has been widely regarded as one of the great films made in Indian cinema history, and has won wide critical acclaim overseas as well.


title: Charulata

text: In "Sight and Sound", Penelope Houston praised the film, stating that "the interplay of sophistication and simplicity is extraordinary". A review in "The New York Times" stated the film "moved like a majestic snail, as do all Ray films". In 1965, "The Times of London" remarked that the film's depiction of values seemed influenced by the English, stating that "this stratum of Indian life was more English than England". Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called the film "extraordinarily vivid and fresh." In 1992 "Sight & Sound Critics' Poll of Greatest Films of All Time" Charulata received 4 votes. The film ranked 6th in the British Film Institute's critics' poll and 7th in its user poll of "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time in 2002.


title: Charulata

text: Much to Ray's dismay, the film was rejected at Cannes, a move protested by the likes of David Lean and Ingmar Bergman. The film was, supposedly, an all-time favourite of Jean-Luc Godard.


title: Charulata

text: It was shown as part of the Cannes Classics section of the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. It was awarded Best Director by the Berlin Film Festival.


title: Charulata

text: On the occasion of birth centenary of Ray, senior journalist B.M. Hanif of "Prajavani" newspaper had reported on 21 May 2020 that speculations were rife at the time of release that the story was based on the life of Rabindranath Tagore, his brother Jyotirindranath Tagore (who was 12 years elder to him) and his sister-in-law Kadambari Devi (who was two years elder to him) considering the fact that the story takes place in 1879-1880 when Rabindranath was 19 years old and that Kadambari Devi committed suicide four months after Rabindranath was married at the age of 23 in 1883 to the 9 or 11 year old Mrinalini Devi.


title: Charulata

text: The film contains a famous scene in which Charu (Madhabi Mukherjee) sings Rabindranath Tagore's song "Fule Fule Dhole Dhole" on a swing, while looking at Amal (Soumitra Chatterjee). The scene is referenced in the Bollywood film "Parineeta" during the song sequence, "Soona Man Ka Aangan". Indeed, "Parineeta"s Lalita (Vidya Balan) is dressed to resemble "Nastanirh"/"Charulata"s Charu. Furthermore, "Parineeta" is based upon the novel "Parineeta" by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay who was a noted contemporary of Tagore (and who wrote novels concerned with social reform).


title: Charulata

text: In 2013, The Criterion Collection released a restored high-definition digital transfer and new subtitle translations.


title: Charulata

text: In the United Kingdom, it was 2013's ninth most-watched foreign-language film on television, with 113,600 viewers on Channel 4.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: The Fresh Kills Landfill was a landfill covering in the New York City borough of Staten Island in the United States. The name comes from the landfill's location along the banks of the Fresh Kills estuary in western Staten Island.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: The landfill opened in 1948 as a temporary landfill, but by 1955 it had become the largest landfill in the world, and it remained so until its closure in 2001. At the peak of its operation, in 1986, Fresh Kills received 29,000 tons of residential waste per day, playing a key part in the New York City waste management system. From 1991 until its closing it was the only landfill to accept New York City's residential waste. It consists of four mounds which range in height from and hold about 150 million tons of solid waste. The archaeologist Martin Jones characterizes it as "among the largest man-made structures in the history of the world."


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: In October 2008, reclamation of the site began for a multi-phase, 30-year site redevelopment. The landfill has been developed into Freshkills Park.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: New York's municipal incinerators peaked in capacity with twenty-one plants in 1937 and declined during World War II when salvage and conservation programs reduced the use and discard of combustible materials. The result was the closing of nine of the city's incinerators and a sharp reduction in the combustion of waste by 1944. By 1946, only ten incinerators were in operation, with capacity having declined by half since 1937. This meant more solid waste for the city's eight landfills to handle. However, the two landfills in Brooklyn and the two in the Bronx had, respectively, just one and two years left before reaching capacity. Only one landfill, Edgemere Landfill in Queens, had a long-term future, and as such, an alternative site had to be found.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: In 1946, New York City purchased a site, which was considered worthless swampland in what was then a rural agricultural area in Staten Island, for a proposed three-year municipal waste dump, as a temporary solution to the closing of the Rikers Island Landfill. The plan was endorsed by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority chairman, Robert Moses. He wanted the area to be developed as Staten Island's industrial base, as it was opposite the Arthur Kill from the heavy industry of New Jersey. Moses saw the project as key to the development of the island, and with it, the possibility of more parkland, highways, industry, and possibly even an airport.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Staten Island residents and their representatives opposed the plan. Assemblyman Edmund P. Radigan introduced a secession bill in the Legislature. A bill was passed (later vetoed by the governor) requiring all garbage to be incinerated before being placed in a landfill. Ellsworth B. Buck, called for the federal government to step in and stop the project. Cornelius Hall, when he was the city's public works commissioner, opposed the project, but when he became the Borough President of Staten Island, he surprised residents by backing the plan, saying: "I am firmly convinced that a limited landfill project can be undertaken at Fresh Kills, a project that would prove of great value to the island through the reclamation of valuable land from now worthless marshland. Hall intended the landfill to be part of a proposed belt highway along Staten Island's west shore, which was approved by Moses in exchange for his support of the landfill. Hall went on to say "I want [landfilling] operations limited to [a] period not to exceed three years ... I am going along with this proposal because I believe ... we are in a position to use this fill to our advantage, for the development of the West Shore of Staten Island, which is essential.". The talk of using Fresh Kills for only three years may have been a ploy to allow Hall to save face politically. As described in an inter-departmental report from 1946: "Because of the substantial sums involved in the preparation and acquisition of the [Fresh Kills] site, [in order to justify this expense] the City must dispose of refuse at this location for a number of years."


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: One of the first steps taken was the dredging of the marsh to allow the passage of the city's garbage scows. The landfill accepted its first scow in April 1948. Shortly before the landfill opened, an expansion of the landfill project was approved by the City Planning Commission, which called for a project organized in 13 sections. The landfill was planned to be structured in layers, with a layer of garbage covered by a layer of ash (the remains of burnable trash from the city's incinerators), another layer of garbage, and then a layer of dirt to contain the smell. At the end of the landfill's usable life, new real estate would be created, allowing the landfill to top off at above sea level. The plan called for Fresh Kills to be used for 20 years, then developed as a multiuse area with residential, recreational, and industrial components. In 1950, the height was increased to . By 1955, Fresh Kills was the largest landfill in the world, serving as the principal landfill for household garbage collected in New York City.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Operations during the 1960s were conducted in three locations named "Plant 1", "Plant 2", and "Brookfield Avenue." Plant #1 was located at the site of an old factory on the south side of the junction of the Great Fresh Kills, and Little Fresh Kills. It was reachable via Muldoon Avenue. Plant #2 was located a bit upstream on the north side of Fresh Kills near where Richmond Creek branches off. It was reachable from Victory Boulevard. The Brookfield Avenue site was north of the Arthur Kill Road and Brookfield Avenue intersection.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Plant 1 was the administrative headquarters, and also the leading repair facility. Plant 1 and Plant 2 were for marine unload operations. Barges arrived from the other boroughs (primarily Manhattan and Brooklyn). Refuse was picked up by a crane (called a "digger") using a clamshell bucket and deposited in a caterpillar-tracked side-dump vehicle called an "Athey wagon" (not related to the equipment of the same name used for oil drilling).


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Two wagons were then pulled to the active dumpsite by a tractor (Caterpillar D7, D8, D9) and emptied. The Plant 1 digger was electric, but the Plant 2 one was steam-powered. The diggers were supplemented by other cranes (mostly mounted on barges). A typical day would unload twelve barges (six at each plant). Operations were carried out from 8am to midnight six days a week. The midnight to 8 am shift was for maintenance.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: A wooden trestle bridge was built across Fresh Kills creek to expand the Plant 2 operating area. This bridge allowed dumping east to Richmond Avenue. As the actual dump site moved further from paved roads, it became more difficult for trucks to unload. The Brookfield Avenue site was opened in 1966 and used exclusively for trucks.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: During this period, the dump was in a state of flux. Original plans showed the dump with a twenty-year lifespan. One proposal for the West Shore Expressway bridge across Fresh Kills included a tide gate, which would have blocked Plant 2's marine access. The bridge, when finally built in 1959, actually enhanced operations. The bridge was finished long before the rest of the expressway and was used by workers to travel between the two plants.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Initially, the land where the landfill was located was a salt marsh in which there were tidal wetlands, forests, and freshwater wetlands. The subsoil was made up of clay, with sand and silt as the top layer of soil. The tidal marsh, which helped to clean and oxygenate the water that passed through it, was destroyed by the dump. The fauna were largely replaced by herring gulls. The native plant species were driven out by the common reed, a grass which grows abundantly in disturbed areas and can tolerate both fresh and brackish water. The stagnant, deoxygenated water was also less attractive to waterfowl, and their population decreased. Samuel Kearing, who had served as sanitation commissioner under Mayor John V. Lindsay, remembered in 1970 his first visit to the Fresh Kills project:


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: It had a certain nightmare quality. ... I can still recall looking down on the operation from a control tower and thinking that Fresh Kills, like Jamaica Bay, had for thousands of years been a magnificent, teeming, literally life-enhancing tidal marsh. And in just twenty-five years, it was gone, buried under millions of tons of New York City's refuse.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Animals were also a problem. Feral dog packs roamed the dump and were a hazard to employees. Rats also posed a problem. Attempts to suppress the population with poison failed. The area was declared a wild bird sanctuary, and some hawks, falcons, and owls were brought in. The area became a popular spot for birdwatching. Because of the predatory birds, rat sightings, especially during the day, dropped dramatically.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: From 1987 through 1988, in an environmental disaster known as the syringe tide, significant amounts of medical waste from the Fresh Kills landfill, including hypodermic syringes and raw garbage, washed up onto beaches on the Jersey Shore, in New York City, and on Long Island. This event forced the closing of beaches on the Atlantic coast. After much deliberation, New York City was required to pay $1 million for past pollution damages as well as pay for the cleanup. No reparations were paid to the business owners on the Jersey Shore for revenues lost during the months of inactivity.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: As a result of intense community pressure, a state law was passed in 1996 requiring that the landfill cease accepting solid waste by the end of 2001. By 1997, two of the four landfill mounds were closed and covered with a thick, impermeable cap. The landfill received its last barge of garbage on March 22, 2001.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: At its peak of operation in 1986–87, Fresh Kills received as much as 29,000 tons of trash per day. It was estimated that, if kept open, the landfill would have eventually reached a height of or more. At this height, it would have been taller than Todt Hill making it the highest point on the East Coast south of Mount Desert Island in Maine. Under local pressure from Staten Island Borough President Guy Molinari, and with the support of mayor Rudy Giuliani, New York state governor George Pataki, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the landfill site was finally closed on March 22, 2001, though it was temporarily reopened soon after for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in Manhattan (see below). The garbage once destined for Fresh Kills was shipped to landfills in other states, primarily in Pennsylvania, but also in Virginia and Ohio. Some garbage was also sent to New Jersey for incineration.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Fresh Kills was temporarily re-opened to be used as a sorting ground for roughly one-third of the rubble from Ground Zero. More than 1,600 personal effects were retrieved during this time.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Thousands of detectives and forensic evidence specialists worked for over 1.7 million hours at Fresh Kills Landfill to try to recover remnants of the people killed in the attacks. A final count of 4,257 human remains was retrieved, but only 300 people were identified from these remains. A memorial was built in 2011, which also honors those whose identities were not able to be determined from the debris. The remaining waste was buried in a portion of the landfill; it is highly likely that this debris still contains fragmentary human remains.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: The Fresh Kills site is to be transformed into reclaimed wetlands, recreational facilities and landscaped public parkland, the most significant expansion of the New York City parks since the development of the chain of parks in the Bronx during the 1890s. The new park will be designed by James Corner Field Operations, the landscape architecture firm also responsible for the design of the High Line in Manhattan.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: In January 2005, Staten Island Borough President James Molinaro announced plans to open three roads leading out of the former landfill to regular traffic, as part of an effort to ease the road congestion. Construction on the actual park began in 2008. The three-phase development of the park, which will include a September 11 memorial, is expected to last 30 years. The draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was published for public review in May 2008. As of mid-2011, construction drawings for the first phase of development in the South Park section were completed.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: The Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for implementing the plan for turning the landfill into a park. They used a Draft Master Plan that integrated three aspects—programming, wildlife, and circulation—and proposed five main parks: the Confluence, North Park, South Park, East Park, and West Park. With an eventual size of , Freshkills Park will be three times the size of the 843-acre Central Park. It will consist of a variety of public spaces and facilities for a multitude of activity types. The site is large enough to support many sports and programs including nature trails, horseback riding, mountain biking, community events, outdoor dining, sports fields, and canoeing/kayaking.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Schmul Park, the first section of Freshkills Park, opened to the public in 2012. Although the park is not scheduled for completion until 2037, the Parks Department reported that in 2010–11 two hundred species of wildlife had been seen in the former landfill. These included red-winged blackbirds, American goldfinches, red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, osprey, ring-necked pheasants, tree swallows, turkey vultures, and northern snapping turtles.


title: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Staten Island Transfer Station occupies a small portion of the site of the former Fresh Kills Landfill near the old Plant #2 at . The transfer station—an integral part of New York City's Solid Waste Management Plan—is expected to process an average of 900 tons per day of Staten Island-generated residential and municipal waste. The waste is compacted inside the facility into sealed by intermodal shipping containers. These containers are then loaded, four containers each car, onto flatbed rail cars to be hauled by rail to a Republic Services landfill in South Carolina. The eight-mile (13 km) Staten Island Railway freight service, which connects the facility to the national rail freight network via the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge, was reactivated in April 2007, after it had been closed in 1991.


title: The Point!

text: The Point! is the sixth studio album by American songwriter and musician Harry Nilsson, released in late 1970. It was accompanied by an animated film adaptation directed by Fred Wolf, which aired in early February 1971 on the ABC-TV network. Its lead single, "Me and My Arrow", peaked at number 34 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: The Point!

text: "The Point!" is a fable that tells the story of a boy named Oblio, the only round-headed person in the Pointed Village, where by law everyone and everything must have a point. Nilsson explained his inspiration for "The Point!": "I was on acid and I looked at the trees and I realized that they all came to points, and the little branches came to points, and the houses came to point. I thought, 'Oh! Everything has a point, and if it doesn't, then there's [still] a point to it.'"


title: The Point!

text: The round-headed Oblio has had to wear a pointed hat since birth to conceal his "pointless" condition from his pointy-headed peers. However, Oblio is accepted in the town despite his nonconformity, until one day, when the son of an evil count is unwittingly dishonored by Oblio. The count's son challenges Oblio to a one-on-one game of Triangle Toss, where participants catch triangles on their heads. Oblio wins with the help of his dog Arrow. In a fit of rage, the count, who wants his son to rule the land one day, confronts the good-hearted but timid king to reaffirm the law of the land, which states that those who are pointless must be banished from the kingdom and into the Pointless Forest. A jury reluctantly convicts both Oblio and Arrow, leaving the king with no choice but to send the pair away.


title: The Point!

text: Oblio and Arrow are sent to the Pointless Forest, but soon discover that even the Pointless Forest has a point. They meet curious creatures like giant bees, a "pointed man" pointing in all directions who proclaims "A point in every direction is the same as no point at all", a man made of rocks, three dancing fat sisters, and a walking, talking tree who helps Oblio see that everyone has a point, though it might not be readily displayed.


title: The Point!

text: Oblio and Arrow spend the night in the Pointless Forest, then awaken to a large stone hand with the finger pointing to their "destination point". They take the road indicated by the hand and make their way back to the Land of Point, where they receive a hero's welcome from the land's citizens, and the king. Oblio begins to tell his story but is interrupted by the furious count, who is then silenced by the king.


title: The Point!

text: Oblio tells the king and the people of the land that everything has a point, including the Pointless Forest, and himself. Angered, the count pulls off Oblio's pointed hat, but is taken aback when he sees a point on top of Oblio's bare head.


title: The Point!

text: Upon this revelation the points of everyone else in the land disappear and pointed buildings become round.


title: The Point!

text: "The Point!" album, unlike the later film, features Nilsson himself telling the story directly to the listener, providing all the characters' voices as well as the narration.


title: The Point!

text: A small comic book was included with the vinyl record when it was first released. The comic was illustrated by Gary Lund, who was also the production designer of the animated film.


title: The Point!

text: A Deluxe CD of the album was released with demos and a bonus track on November 19, 2002, by BMG Heritage.


title: The Point!

text: "The Point", an animated adaptation of the story, first aired February 2, 1971, and was the first animated feature ever to air in prime time on US television; it appeared on the ABC television network as an "ABC Movie of the Week". The film was directed by Fred Wolf and produced by Murakami-Wolf Films in association with Nilsson House Music. In this version, there is a framing device of a father telling his son the fable as a bedtime story. In its initial airing, the voice of the father was provided by a friend of Nilsson's, Dustin Hoffman, who agreed to take $20,000 for his narration to be used on one broadcast, so for later airings of the film, the narration had to be re-recorded. The initial re-recording was done by actor Alan Barzman. The VHS and DVD releases feature another of Nilsson's friends, Ringo Starr, as the father. Another version, seen on cable television in the '80s and '90s, featured narration by Alan Thicke. The voices of Oblio and the narrator's son were provided by Mike Lookinland, best known for playing Bobby Brady on the television series "The Brady Bunch".


title: The Point!

text: A 50th anniversary Blu-ray edition of the animated version (with the Ringo Starr narration) was released in February 2020.


title: The Point!

text: In the mid-1970s, Esquire Jauchem, artistic director of the Boston Repertory Theater, adapted and directed a stage musical version that starred 18-year-old David Morse as Oblio. The production later toured to the Trinity Repertory Company in Providence. In 1991, Nilsson gave Jauchem permission to remount his adaptation of "The Point!" at the Chapel Court Theatre in Hollywood, run by Richard and Tamara Merson, who had been involved in the Mermaid Theatre production in London as well.


title: The Point!

text: In 1977, a stage adaptation of "The Point!" was presented at the Mermaid Theatre in London. Featured in the cast were Davy Jones and Micky Dolenz, both former members of the band The Monkees and long-time friends of Nilsson. In order to accommodate the expansion of "The Point!" to a full-length musical, other Nilsson songs from various points in his career were incorporated. An original cast album was released in the United Kingdom by MCA. A CD version was released by Varèse Sarabande on July 1, 2016, under license from Geffen, which controls the MCA Records catalogue via Universal Music.


title: Eungyo

text: Eungyo (), also called A Muse in some countries, is a 2012 South Korean erotic romantic film adaptation of author Park Bum-shin's novel Eun-gyo. A 70-year-old poet falls in love with a high school girl and is inspired to write a short story about her, but his star student, who is jealous of the relationship, steals his literary work.


title: Eungyo

text: Lee Jeok-yo (Park Hae-il) is a respected national poet in his 70s. His thirty-something assistant Seo Ji-woo (Kim Mu-yeol) recently published his first book, described as a genre novel with psychological insight, and it has shot to the top of the bestseller lists. Finding a young high schoolgirl, Eun-gyo (Kim Go-eun), asleep on a chair on his porch, Jeok-yo, instantly enamored, agrees to give her a part-time job cleaning his home. As Jeok-yo spends more time in Eun-gyo's company, long-lost feelings are awakened within him, and her exuberance, sense of fun, and genuine warmth towards him make him see himself as the young man he used to be. His love and need for her grow not only because he finds her incredibly beautiful, but also because of how she makes him feel. Deeply smitten, Jeok-yo begins to write a short story about his imagined sexual relationship with the young woman. However, as the two get ever closer, Ji-woo condemns their relationship as inappropriate and repugnant, and he steals the short story to publish under his own name.


title: Eungyo

text: The novel, which revolves around a relationship between a poet in his 70s and a 17-year-old high school girl, had sparked heated debate as soon as it began to appear in serialized form on author Park Bum-shin's personal blog.


title: Eungyo

text: Park said, "I've never been this excited for a film adaptation of my work. I'm thrilled because this novel is based on my own personal thoughts as I grew older. It's a very special piece of mine, and I trusted director Jung's caliber of delving into human psychology and desire." Park visited the film crew twice during the production of the movie, and presented autographed copies of his novel to the leading actors and actresses.


title: Eungyo

text: Director Jung Ji-woo said he chose Park Hae-il for the role, instead of an older actor, for a specific reason, saying, "This movie deals with what it is like to age, and what it is like to want something when you've lost your youth. I thought that the theme would be delivered more effectively when such a role is given to an actor who is much younger."


title: Eungyo

text: Before shooting, Park visited Pagoda Park to observe elderly men, and went through hours of discussion with the director to perfect his character. Jung praised Park's "incredible tolerance," undergoing eight hours of special make-up daily and learning the weary gait and gesture of a man in his 70s.


title: Eungyo

text: Kim Go-eun was a drama major at Korea National University of Arts who had never appeared in a film or TV series before, not even in a minor role, having only previously acted in student productions or school plays. She met Jung in 2011 through a circle of friends and was not even aware that auditions for the film were being held. "I ended up having an audition after chatting with the director. There wasn't even any time for me to prepare," Kim recalled. She was chosen among some 300 actresses who auditioned to play the role of innocent yet sensual Eun-gyo. Looking for an actress that "had to be ordinary and alive at the same time," Jung said he decided on Kim "by discussing the book and her personal thoughts about Eun-gyo [...] What I liked about Go-eun was that she didn't try to impress me at all. She didn't try to please anybody. She didn't try to look pretty in front of the camera. She was just herself. That's what drew me to her." He flatteringly said she was similar to his previous "Happy End" leading lady, acclaimed actress Jeon Do-yeon. Novelist Park Bum-shin agreed that she was right for the role upon meeting her, saying, "She was perfect for the forever virgin and forever young image that Eun-gyo symbolizes." Kim said of her film debut, "It took a lot of courage to play this role. [...] I don't think physical beauty alone could have unleashed so much passion in a man who had lived for over 70 years with a heart of a stone. Eun-gyo is very spontaneous and is too innocent to have thought about the consequences of what she is doing, but she also has a mature side. She lacks parental care and love, so she desires this from a surrogate father figure, and becomes obsessed with the idea." Co-star Park Hae-il described her as "fresh, dreamy and attractive. Kim Go-eun "is" Eun-gyo."


title: Eungyo

text: The last line of the character, who is also a victim of domestic violence, was written by Jung, and does not exist in the novel. "I never knew how pretty I was (until I met you)," Eun-gyo tells the poet. Jung said, "It’s really about a young girl's journey learning about herself and her own worth. I wanted to capture the moments when she realizes how precious she is to herself and to others."


title: Eungyo

text: Upon its release the film attracted some controversy for its depiction of sex between a 70-year-old man and a high school-aged girl.


title: Eungyo

text: The film opened on April 25, 2012 and notched 630,000 admissions in its first week. Overall, the film has sold 1,343,916 tickets.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Brigadier Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat, 4th Baron Lovat, (9 July 1911 – 16 March 1995) was a prominent British Commando during the Second World War and the 25th Chief of the Clan Fraser of Lovat. Known familiarly as Shimi Lovat, an anglicised version of his name in Scottish Gaelic; his clan referred to him as MacShimidh, his Gaelic patronym. During Operation Overlord, he led the Special Service Brigade at Sword Beach and to successfully capture Pegasus Bridge, famously accompanied by his piper, Bill Millin.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Winston Churchill described Lovat as 'the handsomest man to slit a throat', being a renowned and feared military leader. Indeed, Hitler supposedly placed a bounty of 100,000 marks on his head, dead or alive in 1944. While the 15th Lord de jure, he was the 17th Lord Lovat de facto, but for the attainder of his Jacobite ancestor, the 11th Lord Lovat, who was famously executed in 1747. He was also 4th Baron Lovat in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Born at his ancestral home of Beaufort Castle near Beauly, Inverness-shire, Fraser was the son of Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat (commonly known as the 16th Lord), and Laura, daughter of Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale. After being educated at Ampleforth College (where he was a member of the Officer Training Corps) and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the University's Cavalry Squadron, Fraser was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Lovat Scouts (a Territorial Army unit) in 1930. He transferred to the regular army while still a second lieutenant, joining the Scots Guards in 1931. The following year, Fraser succeeded his father to become the 15th Lord Lovat (referred to as the 17th Lord Lovat) and 25th Chief of the Clan Fraser. He was promoted lieutenant in August 1934. Lovat resigned his regular commission as a lieutenant in 1937, transferring to the Supplementary Reserve of Officers.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: He married Rosamond Broughton (1917–2012), the daughter of Sir Henry John Delves Broughton, on 10 October 1938, with whom he had six children. Lord and Lady Lovat lived at Beaufort Castle.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: In June 1939, just months before the Second World War, Lord Lovat also resigned his reserve commission. In July, however, as war approached, he was mobilized as a captain in the Lovat Scouts. In 1940 together with his Stirling cousins and friends, including Donald Cameron of Lochiel, Lovat planned to create a new unorthodox group of shock fighters (Commandos) who would combine sea, air and land attacks using surprise as a key component. It was essential to use volunteers only. Crucial to the plan was the personal blessing of Sir Winston Churchill which they duly obtained. Lovat was personally involved in the training of the Commando troops on the West coast of Scotland. He was eventually attached to and led No. 4 Commando. On 3 March 1941, Nos 3 and 4 Commando launched a raid on the German-occupied Lofoten Islands. In the successful raid, the commandos destroyed fish-oil factories, petrol dumps, and 11 ships. They also seized encryption equipment and codebooks. As well, the commandos captured 216 German troops; 315 Norwegians chose to accompany the commandos back to Britain.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: As a temporary major, Lord Lovat commanded 100 men of No. 4 Commando and a 50-man detachment from the Canadian Carleton and York Regiment in a raid on the French coastal village of Hardelot in April. For this action he was awarded the Military Cross on 7 July 1942. Lord Lovat became an acting lieutenant-colonel in 1942 and was appointed the commanding officer of No. 4 Commando, leading them in a successful component of the abortive Dieppe Raid (Operation Jubilee) on 19 August. His commando attacked and destroyed a battery of six 150 mm guns. Lovat was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: The raid as a whole was a disastrous failure with over 4,000 casualties sustained, predominantly Canadian. Yet No. 4 Commando executed its assault, with most men returning safely to Britain.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: According to Hilary Saunders, the official biographer of the Commandos the men "were to arouse such a passion of hate and fear in the hearts of their enemies that first Von Runstedt and then Hitler in 1942 ordered their slaughter when captured down to the last man. Lovat had 100,000 Reich marks placed on his head, dead or alive. The infamous "Commando Order".


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: In planning Operation Overlord, in 1944 Lord Lovat was made a brigadier and appointed the Commander of the newly formed 1st Special Service Brigade. Lord Lovat's brigade was landed at Sword during the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944. Lord Lovat reputedly waded ashore in battle dress contrary to the legend in the film the Longest Day which had him wearing a white jumper under his battledress, with "Lovat" inscribed into the collar while armed with a .45-70 Winchester underlever rifle. (The latter claim is disputed; however, in some earlier pictures y/1942 he is seen with a bolt-action .30-06 Winchester Model 70 sporting rifle). However, in his memoirs, 'March Past', Lovat states that he was armed with a "short barreled U.S. Army carbine" (presumably an M1 carbine) on D-Day.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Lord Lovat instructed his personal piper, Bill Millin, to pipe the commandos and himself ashore, in defiance of specific orders not to allow such an action in battle. When Private Millin demurred, citing the regulations, he recalled later, Lord Lovat replied: "Ah, but that’s the War Office. You and I are both Scottish, and that doesn’t apply".


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Lovat's forces swiftly pressed on, Lovat himself advancing with parts of his brigade from Sword to Pegasus Bridge, which had been defiantly defended by men of the 2nd Bn the Ox & Bucks Light Infantry (6th Airborne Division) who had landed in the early hours by glider. Lord Lovat's commandos arrived at a little past 1 p.m. at Pegasus Bridge though the rendezvous time as per the plan was noon. It is a common misconception that they reached almost exactly on time, late by only two and a half minutes. Upon reaching the rendezvous, Lord Lovat apologised to Lieutenant-Colonel Geoffrey Pine-Coffin, of 7th Parachute Battalion. He went on to establish defensive positions around Ranville, east of the River Orne. The bridges were relieved later in the day by elements of the British 3rd Infantry Division.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: During the Battle of Breville on 12 June, Lord Lovat was seriously wounded whilst observing an artillery bombardment by the 51st Highland Division. A stray shell fell short of its target and landed amongst the officers, killing Lieutenant-Colonel A. P. Johnson, commanding officer of the 12th Parachute Battalion, also seriously wounding Brigadier Hugh Kindersley of the 6th Airlanding Brigade.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Lord Lovat was a stalwart of the Inverness Highland aristocracy. In 1942 he was appointed a Deputy lieutenant of the county, and two years later a Justice of the Peace. Lord Lovat made a full recovery from the severe wounds he had received in France but was unable to return to the army (he transferred to the reserve in 1949). In early 1945 Churchill sent him to Moscow as his envoy in a Parliamentary delegation to pay his respect to Stalin and the Presidium. Churchill notes in the final volume of his biography of the Second World War that at the crucial meeting with Stalin and President Roosevelt at Yalta in 1945 when the boundaries of Europe were being discussed Stalin kept coming back again and again, in conversation, to military questions: Stalin said he had acquired a new interest in life, says Churchill, an interest in military affairs. "He liked young military fighters like Lord Lovat". ref: WC: the Second World War, volume VI, p. 344 Yalta finale. Winston Churchill requested that he become Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms in the House of Lords; however, Lord Lovat declined the offer and in 1945 joined the Government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, "becoming responsible for the functions of the Ministry of Economic Warfare when these were taken over by the Foreign Office", resigning upon Winston Churchill's election defeat. In 1946 he was made a Commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John. His formal retirement from the army came on 16 June 1962, he retained the honorary rank of brigadier.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Lord Lovat's involvement in politics continued throughout his life, in the House of Lords where he spoke on Scottish Affairs and served in the Inverness County Council for the next forty-two years where he pressed for modernising improvements. He also devoted much of his time to the family estates of 250,000 acres in the highlands and to Fraser Clan affairs. He bred a pedigree herd of shorthorn cattle and was an international judge of cattle travelling widely to Canada, America, Latin America and Australia in that regard. He lectured on agronomy and loved racing. He was chieftain of Lovat Shinty Club, the local shinty team which bears his family name. Lord Lovat experienced a great deal of sadness in his final years; two of his sons predeceased him in accidents within days of each other. In 1994, a year before his death, the family's traditional residence, Beaufort Castle, was sold by his eldest son, Simon Fraser, to pay inheritance taxes.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: "The Longest Day", a 1962 film based on the book of the same name, features "Lord Lovat", played by Peter Lawford.


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: There is some suggestion that the charlatan commando character "Trimmer" in Evelyn Waugh's Sword of Honour trilogy of novels is based on Lovat. Lovat was closely associated with Waugh's forced resignation from the Commandos, which is the subject of an exchange of correspondence between them which Waugh pasted into his war diaries. In an article in "Standpoint" magazine, Paul Johnson wrote:


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser, Master of Lovat and 15th Lord Lovat (9 July 1911  –16 March 1995), was the son and eldest child of Simon Joseph Fraser, 14th Baron Lovat (25 November 1871 –18 February 1933), and the Hon. Laura Lister (12 January 1892 –24 March 1965). His younger brother was Hon. Sir Hugh Charles Patrick Joseph Fraser (23 January 1918 –6 March 1984).


title: Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat

text: The 15th Lord Lovat's first son and heir Simon Augustine Fraser, Master of Lovat, and his fourth son Andrew predeceased him in 1994 within days of each other. The 15th Lord Lovat then died a year later in 1995. The title then passed to his grandson Simon Christopher Fraser, who became the 16th Lord Lovat.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Robin Berry Janvrin, Baron Janvrin, (born 20 September 1946) is a British courtier who was private secretary to Elizabeth II from February 1999 to September 2007.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, Robin Berry Janvrin is the son of Vice Admiral Sir Richard Janvrin and Nancy Fielding. He was educated at Marlborough College, Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and Brasenose College, Oxford, from which he received a first class bachelor's degree in philosophy, politics and economics in 1969, and of which he was made an Honorary Fellow in 1999. In 1962, he was selected to attend Camp Rising Sun in upstate New York.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Janvrin entered the Royal Navy in 1964, was commissioned as an acting sub-lieutenant on 1 September 1966, promoted lieutenant on 4 March 1971, and served until 2 July 1975. He subsequently became a member of the Castaways' Club. On leaving the navy, Janvrin joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He was a Second Secretary in 1975 and was appointed First Secretary at the mission to NATO in 1976. He was officially appointed an Officer of the Diplomatic Service on 7 February 1979. Janvrin was First Secretary in New Delhi from 1981 to 1984, during which time he was made a member of the 4th Class of the Royal Victorian Order for services during the Queen's state visit to India.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Janvrin was then counsellor and deputy head of the Department for the Personnel Department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from 1985 to 1987.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: On 1 June 1987 Janvrin was recruited as press secretary to the Queen, though it was initially thought that he would be appointed assistant press secretary. On 19 October 1990 he became assistant private secretary to the Queen, and in 1996 the deputy private secretary. He was promoted a commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1994 New Year Honours, a companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1997 New Year Honours, and a knight commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1998 New Year Honours. In February 1999 he succeeded Sir Robert Fellowes (later Lord Fellowes) as private secretary to the sovereign. He was promoted to knight commander of the Order of the Bath in the 2003 New Year Honours.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Janvrin was also a trustee of the Queen's 80th Birthday Trust, and is the chairman of trustees of The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Janvrin retired in September 2007, and was succeeded as private secretary by Christopher Geidt. He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 2007 Birthday Honours and, on 24 July, it was announced that Janvrin would be made a life peer, as one of the ten public servants per Parliament whom the Prime Minister may nominate for a peerage upon their retirement. His title was gazetted as "Baron Janvrin", of Chalford Hill in the County of Gloucestershire on 10 October, and he sits as a crossbencher in the House of Lords. On the day of his retirement, 8 September, Janvrin was also promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order by the Queen. In October, the Queen appointed Lord Janvrin to be a permanent lord-in-waiting in the royal household.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: In the 2008 New Zealand New Year Honours, Lord Janvrin was made a companion of the Queen's Service Order for "services to New Zealand as Private Secretary to The Queen".


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: On 7 January 2008 Janvrin took up his appointment of deputy chairman, HSBC Private Bank (UK). Janvrin is also chairman of The Leadership Council, a research and thought leadership body in the UK. In 2008, he replaced Sir Christopher Mallaby as president of the British Entente Cordiale Scholarship trust.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Janvrin married Isabelle de Boissonneaux de Chevigny, daughter of Yann de Boissonneaux de Chevigny, in 1977.


title: Robin Janvrin, Baron Janvrin

text: Janvrin was portrayed by Roger Allam in Stephen Frears' "The Queen" (2006) starring Oscar-winner Dame Helen Mirren. The film, which deals with the immediate aftermath of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997, inaccurately portrays Janvrin, then deputy private secretary to the Sovereign, as private secretary. In 1997, the position of Private Secretary was occupied by Robert Fellowes - who was also Diana's brother-in-law, being married to her sister Jane.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The Danube Swabians ( ) is a collective term for the ethnic German-speaking population who lived in various countries of central-eastern Europe, especially in the Danube River valley, first in the 12th century, and in greater numbers in the 17th and 18th centuries. Most were descended from earlier 18th-century Swabian settlers from Upper Swabia, the Swabian Jura, northern Lake Constance, the upper Danube, the Swabian-Franconian Forest, the Southern Black Forest and the Principality of Fürstenberg, followed by Hessians, Bavarians, Franconians and Lorrainers recruited by Austria to repopulate the area and restore agriculture after the expulsion of the Ottoman Empire. They were able to keep their language and religion and initially developed strongly German communities in the region with German folklore. Thousands also came from Eastern Europe.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The Danube Swabians were given their German name by German ethnographers in the early 20th century. In the 21st century, they are made up of ethnic Germans from many former and present-day countries: Germans of Hungary; Satu Mare Swabians; Germans of Croatia, Bačka, the Banat Swabians; and the Vojvodina Germans of Serbia's Vojvodina and Croatia's Slavonia, especially those in the Osijek region. They called themselves "Schwowe" in a Germanized spelling, or "Shwoveh" or "Shwova" in an English spelling; in the singular first person, a Danube Swabian identified as a "Shwobe".


title: Danube Swabians

text: In Serbo-Croatian, Danube Swabians, alongside the local populace would refer to themselves as Švabo, or Njemci, referring to their ethnic origin. However, the Carpathian Germans and Transylvanian Saxons are not included within the Danube Swabian group.


title: Danube Swabians

text: After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following the First World War, the settlement areas of the Danube Swabians were divided into three parts by the Allied Powers. One part remained with Hungary, the second part was allocated to Romania, and the third part fell to the newly established state of Yugoslavia. In this atmosphere of ethnic nationalism, the Danube Swabians had to fight for legal equality as citizens and for the preservation of their cultural traditions. In the 1930s, Nazi Germany promoted National Socialist ideas to the Danube Swabians and claimed the right to protect them as part of its reason for expanding into eastern Europe.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The Danube Swabians faced particular challenges in the Second World War, when the Axis powers, including Germany, overran many of the nations where they lived. While they were initially favored by the occupiers, some were moved from their homes. As the war progressed and Germany needed more soldiers, the men were conscripted. Many atrocities took place during and after the war, as a result of the complicated allegiances, brutality of the Nazis, and partisan reaction to it.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Toward the end of the Second World War, tens of thousands of Danube Swabians fled west ahead of the advancing Soviet army. After the war, the remaining Danube Swabians were disenfranchised, their property seized, and many were deported to labor camps in the Soviet Union. Hungary expelled half of its ethnic Germans. In Yugoslavia, the local "ethnic Germans" were collectively blamed for the actions of Nazi Germany and branded as war criminals. Immediately after the end of the war, partisan troops conducted mass executions of numerous Yugoslav Danube Swabians. Survivors were later confined to labor and internment camps by the Yugoslavian authorities. Following the dissolution of the camps, the majority of the remaining Yugoslav Danube Swabians left the country, seeking refuge in Germany, other parts of Europe, and the United States.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Of the 1.4 to 1.5 million pre-war population of Danube Swabians, the overwhelming majority of the survivors resettled in German-speaking countries: about 660,000 in Germany and about 150,000 in Austria. Danube Swabians also resettled in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia. The diaspora communities of Danube Swabians maintain their language and customs in numerous societies and clubs. The number of organizations is shrinking as the generations that lived in the Danube Swabian homelands die.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Beginning in the 12th century, German merchants and miners began to settle in the Kingdom of Hungary at the invitation of the Hungarian monarchy ("see Ostsiedlung"). Although there were significant colonies of Carpathian Germans in the Spiš mountains and Transylvanian Saxons in Transylvania, German settlement throughout the rest of the kingdom had not been extensive until this time.


title: Danube Swabians

text: During the 17th–18th centuries, warfare between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire devastated and depopulated much of the lands of the Danube valley, referred to geographically as the Pannonian plain. The Habsburgs ruling Austria and Hungary at the time resettled the land with Germanic settlers from Swabia, Hesse, especially Fulda (district), Palatinate, Baden, Franconia, Bavaria., Austria, Alsace-Lorraine and the Rhön Mountains, and Hunsrück. Despite differing origins, the new immigrants were all referred as Swabians by their neighbor Croats, Serbs, Hungarians, and Romanians, because the majority of the first settlers were Swabians. The Bačka settlers called themselves "Shwoveh," the plural of "Shwobe" in the polyglot language that evolved there. The majority of them boarded boats in Ulm, Swabia, and traveled to their new destinations down the Danube River in boats called "Ulmer Schachteln". The Austro-Hungarian Empire had given them funds to build their boats for transport. The total number of German settlers who emigrated from different parts of Germany to Hungary between 1686 and 1829 is estimated at around 150,000. The official name Danube Swabians has been used for this population group since 1922.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The Stifoller or Stiffolder are a subgroup of the Danube Swabians who practise Folk Catholicism, settled in some 25–30 Villages at Baranya County and 4 villages in Tolna County of southwest Hungary between 1717 and 1804, mostly in 1720 Their ancestors once came from the Diocese of Fulda at Fulda and the surrounding Rhön Mountains in Germany.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Stiffoller kept their German tradition and a special dialect until today, called "Stiffollerisch", resembling the South Hessian dialect of Schlüchtern in Germany, example: "Mir rede unsri Shwowish Moddersproch". As can be seen in the title, they refer to themselves as Shwovish.