title: John Chard

text: Chard remained at Rorke's Drift for several weeks after the battle and assisted with the construction of a new stone perimeter wall. However, conditions at the camp were poor; Chard became ill with fever and was taken to Ladysmith for treatment. Once recovered he was attached to Colonel Evelyn Wood's column for the second invasion of the Zulu Kingdom. Meanwhile, Chard's report of the battle had been dispatched to England and received with enthusiasm by the British press and public. The War Office subsequently promoted Chard to captain and brevet major and awarded him and 10 other defenders of the station with Victoria Crosses, the highest decoration for valour that could be awarded to British troops. The citation for the award was published in the "London Gazette" on 2 May 1879:


title: John Chard

text: Some of Chard and Bromhead's superiors, however, were resentful of the adulation bestowed on the pair. Wood took a particular dislike to his new subordinate. Unimpressed with his temperament and sceptical of his role in the battle, he denounced Chard as a "useless officer" and "a dull, heavy man, scarcely able to do his regular work". Lieutenant General Sir Garnet Wolseley, who thought the desperate defence of the Rorke's Drift was merely a case of "rats [fighting] for their lives which they could not otherwise save" presented Chard with his VC on 16 July. Likely influenced by Wood, he subsequently said of Chard that a "more uninteresting or more stupid-looking fellow I never saw".


title: John Chard

text: Chard was present in the British square during the decisive victory at the Battle of Ulundi and remained in Africa until the end of the war. His arrival back in Portsmouth in October 1879 was greeted with celebration. In addition to a series of presentations and dinners bestowed in his honour, he attended Balmoral Castle to dine with Queen Victoria who was impressed by his modest and unassuming demeanour. Chard returned to duty at Devonport in January 1880 and was posted to Cyprus in December 1881. His brevet majority was substantiated on 17 July 1886 and he returned to England in March 1887 to take up a position in Preston. He was ordered to Singapore in December 1892 and received a promotion to lieutenant colonel. He returned to England in 1896 and took up his final post as Commanding Royal Engineer at Perth, Scotland, and was promoted to colonel on 8 January 1897.


title: John Chard

text: While stationed in Perth, Chard—a lifelong pipe smoker—was diagnosed with cancer of the tongue. He underwent two operations: the second—which took place in March 1897—resulted in the removal of his tongue but despite this it was reported that he could still converse clearly. However, by August it was discovered the cancer was terminal and Chard retired to his brother, Charles', rectory at Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset. After two weeks of "terrible suffering", Chard died on 1 November 1897. He was unmarried. He was buried at The Church of St John the Baptist in Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset.


title: John Chard

text: Chard was buried in the churchyard by the south east transept of the Church of St John the Baptist in Hatch Beauchamp. Among the numerous messages of sympathy and floral tributes was a wreath of laurel leaves sent by the Queen, who had remained in contact with Chard and frequently enquired about his health. The wreath bore the handwritten inscription "A mark of admiration and regard for a brave soldier from his sovereign". In 1899 a stained glass memorial window dedicated to Chard was installed in the south wall of the church's chancel. Another memorial donated by the Royal Engineers was placed in Rochester Cathedral. A display at the Royal Engineers Museum in Gillingham, Kent, commemorates Chard's leadership at Rorke's Drift and includes the Webley Revolver he used in the battle.


title: John Chard

text: Welsh actor Stanley Baker portrayed Chard in the 1964 film "Zulu" which depicted the defence of Rorke's Drift. Baker acquired Chard's campaign medal and a "cast copy" of his Victoria Cross at an auction in 1972 but they were sold by his family after his death in 1976. However, in 1996 the Victoria Cross was discovered to be the original rather than a copy after its metallic characteristics were compared with the bronze ingot from which all Victoria Crosses are cast. The medal was subsequently acquired by Lord Ashcroft, owner of the world's largest collection of VCs, and is on display at the Imperial War Museum, London.


title: John Chard

text: Chard was commemorated by the South African military with the John Chard Decoration and the John Chard Medal which were awarded to members of the Citizen Force. Instituted by Queen Elizabeth in 1952, the Medal and the Decoration were awarded for 12 years and 20 years service respectively until 2003 when they were superseded by the Medalje vir Troue Diens and the Emblem for Reserve Force Service.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: "Faith" is a song written and performed by George Michael, from his 1987 debut solo album of the same name. It held the number-one position on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for four weeks and, according to "Billboard" magazine, was the number-one single of the year in the United States in 1988. The song also reached number one in Australia and Canada and number two on the UK Singles Chart. In 2001, it placed at number 322 on the Songs of the Century list.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: As with the rest of the album, the track was written, arranged, and produced by Michael. It is claimed that the idea came from publisher Dick Leahy's suggestion that Michael write a rock and roll pastiche.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: The song began life in May 1987 at PUK Studios, Denmark with Michael doing a 2-bar LinnDrum loop and Hugh Burns playing the Bo Diddley-style acoustic rhythm guitar part on a nameless metal-bodied acoustic. Long-time bassist Deon Estus laid down a bass part, while the cathedral organ part was recorded with a Yamaha DX7 (although some sources state it is from a Roland D-50). While recording the vocals on the "Faith" album and other subsequent solo albums, Michael would usually write lyrics in front of the mic, and build the lead vocal by singing a line, each time he had Chris Porter rewind the tape so he could drop in at certain points to create the right emotional effect with his voice. For this song, George wanted the vocals to be "dry and in-your-face", like on Prince's songs at the time, which Porter noted "had a very tight delay on the vocals, making him sound very growly but dry and aggressive" - it was that kind of effect they managed to recreate with an AMS digital delay.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: Work on the song later resumed on 1 September 1987, when a new bridge added and a 50s-inspired guitar solo by Burns - played on a Geffen custom Stratocaster - were added at Sarm West Studio 2 in London. According to Porter, the solo was constructed bar-by-bar over a period of 4 hours in a similar fashion to recording George's vocals.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: Michael never thought of releasing "Faith" as a single in the beginning but once he decided it was going to be released he extended the song length to add the guitar solo, as explained in an interview with Countdown in 1988:


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: The song incorporates the famed Bo Diddley beat, a classic rock and roll rhythm. It begins with organ played by Chris Cameron, referencing Wham's song "Freedom", followed by guitar strumming, finger clicking, hand-claps, tambourine and hi-hat.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: The song was featured in the film "Bitter Moon", directed by Roman Polanski. More recently, it featured in Steven Spielberg's "Ready Player One" and plays during the wedding scene in Ridley Scott's "House of Gucci".


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan. It features Michael, with noticeable stubble on his face, wearing a black leather jacket with 'Rockers Revenge' and BSA logo, Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses and a pair of Levi's blue jeans with cowboy boots, playing a guitar near a classic-design Wurlitzer jukebox. Writers Bob Batchelor and Scott Stoddart say the music video positions him as a "masculine sex object", breaking him up into individual body parts such as "stubbled" ["sic"] chin and butt.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: The music video also features part of another song by Michael. The video starts by playing "I Want Your Sex", and then is interrupted by the jukebox starting into "Faith". The intro of "Faith" is the chorus of Wham!'s song "Freedom", played on a church organ.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: The song reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and number two on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in late October and early November 1987. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 10 but was kept off the top spot by "You Win Again" from the Bee Gees.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: On the Billboard Hot 100 chart, "Faith" went from number 54 to number 37, the week of 31 October 1987. It reached number one on 12 December 1987 and remained there for four consecutive weeks. Altogether, "Faith" stayed in the top 10 for nine weeks, the top 20 for 11 weeks and the top 40 for 15 weeks.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: American rap rock group Limp Bizkit covered the song "Faith" in their live performances, using the cover to attract attention to the band. Word of mouth attendance and energetic live performances in which guitarist Wes Borland appeared in bizarre costumes increased the band's cult following. Audiences, in particular, were attracted to Borland's guitar playing and appearance.


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: Despite the success of the song in Limp Bizkit's live performances, producer Ross Robinson was opposed to recording the cover for their debut album, "Three Dollar Bill, Y'all", and tried to persuade the band not to play it on the album. However, the final recording, which incorporated heavier guitar playing and drumming, as well as DJ scratching, impressed Robinson. "I love George Michael and decided to cover 'Faith' for fun. We like to do really aggressive versions of cheesy pop hits," lead singer Fred Durst told "Billboard". "I didn't expect him to get busted in that bathroom but his misfortune actually helped us. We couldn't ask for more of a buzz."


title: Faith (George Michael song)

text: Peter Berg directed a music video featuring a bizarre wedding monologue for the song in promotion for its appearance in his film "Very Bad Things", but Fred Durst was unsatisfied with it and directed a second video which paid tribute to tourmates like Primus, Deftones and Mötley Crüe, who appeared in the video. Borland stated in an interview that George Michael, the writer of the song, hated the cover and "hates us for doing it".


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: Anthony Howell (born 27 June 1971) is an English actor, best known for his starring role as Sgt. Paul Milner in the British TV series "Foyle's War" and Margit/Morgott in "Elden Ring".


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: Howell was born in the Lake District. He trained to be an actor at the Drama Centre in North London. His acting debut came when he began a world tour with Robert Lepage's stage play "The Geometry of Miracles".


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: He subsequently starred in the BBC four-part series "Wives and Daughters" (1999) before joining the 2000 Royal Shakespeare Company season in Stratford-Upon-Avon, where he took leading roles in the three main plays of that year: Orlando in "As You Like It", Benvolio in "Romeo and Juliet" and Antipholous of Ephesus in "The Comedy of Errors", playing opposite David Tennant.


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: After leaving the RSC in 2001 he filmed three TV series; "Ultimate Force", "Helen West" and "Foyle's War", where he would spend almost a decade working alongside Michael Kitchen and Honeysuckle Weeks.


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: In 2005, Howell starred in Agatha Christie's "And Then There Were None" in London's West End. He played the lead in the first stage adaptation of John Fowles's "The French Lieutenant's Woman" which toured the UK in 2006. In 2008, Howell appeared in the Primavera production of "Jingo: A Farce of War" by Charles Wood at London's Finborough Theatre, then toured with the Peter Hall company in an adaptation of Henry James's "Portrait of a Lady" and Ibsen's "A Doll's House".


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: In 2010, he played Gordon Way in the BBC TV adaptation of Dirk Gently (which was loosely based upon the books by Douglas Adams).


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: Later that year he joined Shakespeare's Globe to perform in "Henry VIII", and also in the world premiere of Howard Brenton's "Anne Boleyn" playing the role of a young Henry VIII opposite Miranda Raison as Anne, roles they both reprised at the Globe in the following year.


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: Two years later he played Trigorin in a new adaptation of Chekhov's "The Seagull" by Evening Standard Award winning writer, Anya Reiss at the Southwark Playhouse.


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: Howell filmed "Dracula" in Budapest, an NBC Universal series starring Jonathan Rhys Meyers. He also voices Victor Belmont in the 2014 video game "", as well as providing the motion capture for the protagonist, Dracula. He also provided the voice and motion capture for Weyland-Yutani employee Christopher Samuels in the 2014 survival horror game, "".


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: In the summer seasons of 2014 and 2015 he appeared on the stage of the Globe in London, in 2014 as Cassius in Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" and in 2015 as Bishop Santa Cruz in Helen Edmundson's "The Heresy of Love".


title: Anthony Howell (actor)

text: In 2018, BBC Radio 4 aired a five part drama called "The Unforgiven". Set in 1984, this was a prequel to the BBC One television series "Waking the Dead", which ran from 2000–2011. "The Unforgiven" is written by "Waking the Dead"'s creator, Barbara Machin, and features the original cast, the exception being Trevor Eve who played Detective Superintendent Peter Boyd in the TV series. Howell was cast in the role of Detective Constable Peter Boyd for the radio series.


title: Spiridon Putin

text: Spiridon Ivanovich Putin (; 19 December 1879 – 19 December 1965) was a Russian chef who was the personal cook of Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin. He was the paternal grandfather of Vladimir Putin.


title: Spiridon Putin

text: Putin was born in Tver Governorate in the Russian Empire. At 12 years old he worked with his cousin at an inn in Tver, and at 15 years old he moved to Saint Petersburg to study cooking.


title: Spiridon Putin

text: Putin worked at the famous Hotel Astoria, where he once served Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin gave Putin a gold ruble as he was impressed with the cuisine and noticed the similarity between their names.


title: Spiridon Putin

text: After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Putin fled to his ancestral home in Tver Governorate. He later returned to Petrograd after which he moved to Moscow.


title: Spiridon Putin

text: In Moscow he became Vladimir Lenin's chef. After Lenin's death in 1924, Putin cooked for his widow Nadezhda Krupskaya and her sister until their deaths years later. During this time Putin also cooked occasionally for Joseph Stalin. Putin most likely served in the employ of the NKVD, the secret police predecessor of the KGB. After Krupskaya's death in 1939, Putin worked as chef in a Moscow Communist Party boarding house at Ilyinsky, Moscow Oblast.


title: Spiridon Putin

text: Putin died in 1965. Of his four sons, two died in World War II and Vladimir Putin's father was crippled in combat. Only one son came back from war unscathed.


title: Spiridon Putin

text: Putin continued working as a chef until shortly before his death on his 86th birthday in Moscow, Soviet Union.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Luxo Jr. is a 1986 American computer-animated short film produced and released by Pixar. Written and directed by John Lasseter, the two-minute short film revolves around one larger and one smaller desk lamp. The larger lamp, named Luxo Sr., looks on while the smaller, "younger" Luxo Jr. plays exuberantly with a ball to the extent that it accidentally deflates. "Luxo Jr." was Pixar's first animation after Ed Catmull and John Lasseter left Industrial Light & Magic's computer division of Cinetron Computer Systems. The film is the source of Luxo Jr., the mascot of Pixar.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Lasseter aimed to finish the short film for the 1986 SIGGRAPH, an annual computer graphics conference attended by thousands of industry professionals. The film would come from his experiments with modeling his Luxo lamp. Lasseter worked to improve the story within the allotted two minutes. In animation, the film demonstrates the use of shadow maps within the rendering software. Lasseter applied the classic animation principles popularized by Disney's Nine Old Men to convey the lamps' emotions. Catmull and Lasseter worked around the clock, and Lasseter even took a sleeping bag into work and slept under his desk, ready to work early the next morning. Ultimately, the film took four and a half months to be completed.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: The short film was finished in time for it to be shown at SIGGRAPH. Before the film finished playing, the audience had already risen in applause. "Luxo Jr." is regarded as a breakthrough in the animation industry as a whole, changing traditionalists' interpretation of computer animation. The short was the first work of animation to use procedural animation, the software written by Eben Ostby. It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film, becoming the first CGI film nominated for an Academy Award.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: The soundtrack music is an uncredited edit of three tunes on Brian Bennett's album "Counterpoint In Rhythm": "Finesse", "Quicksilver", and "Chateau Latour".


title: Luxo Jr.

text: In 2014, "Luxo Jr." was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: In a dark room, a large illuminated balanced-arm desk lamp named Luxo Sr. sees a small yellow ball with a blue stripe and a red star on the front roll-up to him. He eyes the ball curiously and pushes it away, but the ball comes back to him. He pushes it away again, but it rolls past him as Luxo Jr., his happy and excited son, hops over and plays with the ball. Luxo Jr. then balances himself on top of the ball and bounces on it excessively, causing it to deflate. Luxo Jr. flips the deflated ball onto its side and looks up at Luxo Sr., who gently admonishes his son. Luxo Jr. then hops offscreen in shame but is later seen playing with a beach ball. Luxo Sr. looks at the camera, then shakes his head in embarrassment.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: The Graphics Group, which was one-third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm, had been associating with Industrial Light & Magic on computer-generated graphics in the early 1980s. In 1984, the group produced an animated short titled "The Adventures of André & Wally B.", which premiered at the annual SIGGRAPH conference to great fanfare. The group, which numbered 40 individuals, was spun out as a corporation in February 1986 with investment by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple Computer. Jobs paid $5 million to George Lucas for technology rights and put them and $5 million cash as capital into the company. A factor contributing to Lucas' sale was an increase in cash flow difficulties following his 1983 divorce, which coincided with the sudden dropoff in revenues from "Star Wars" licenses following the release of "Return of the Jedi". The newly independent company was headed by Dr. Edwin Catmull as president and Dr. Alvy Ray Smith as Executive Vice President. They were joined on the Board of Directors by Steve Jobs who was chairman.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Pixar's small animation department—consisting of Lasseter, plus the part-time supporting efforts of several graphics scientists—was never meant to generate any revenue as far as Jobs was concerned. Catmull and Smith justified its existence on the basis that more films at SIGGRAPH like "André and Wally B." would promote the company's computers. The group had no film at SIGGRAPH the preceding year, its last year under Lucas's wing, apart from a stained-glass knight sequence they produced for "Young Sherlock Holmes". Catmull was determined that Pixar would have a film to show at its first SIGGRAPH as an independent company in August 1986. "Luxo Jr." was produced by Pixar employee John Lasseter as a demonstration of the Pixar Image Computer's capabilities.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Two other short animations by two of the company's graphics experts were in production during the time in which "Luxo Jr." was conceived. Bill Reeves, who was interested in algorithms to re-create the turbulence of ocean waves, made "Flags and Waves", with waves reflecting a sunset and lapping against the shore. Eben Ostby, a Brown architecture major turned graphics programmer, made "Beach Chair", starring a chair that walked across the sand and nervously approached the water, dipped its front legs in just far enough to test the temperature, then scurried along. Reeves and Ostby also assisted Lasseter with model making and rendering on the short film.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Lasseter's student film at CalArts, "The Lady and the Lamp" (1979), applied Walt Disney's observation that giving lifelike qualities to inanimate objects held comic potential. "Luxo Jr." displayed a further insight, however: that inanimate objects as characters held the potential for dramatic value as well. The film would come from Lasseter's experiments with modeling his Luxo lamp. He had felt an inspiration strike when fellow employee Tom Porter brought his infant son Spencer to work one day and Lasseter, playing with the child, became fascinated with his proportions. A baby's head was huge compared with the rest of its body, Lasseter realized. It struck Lasseter as humorous and he began to wonder what a young lamp would look like. He fiddled with the dimensions of all the parts of his Luxo model—all but the bulb since lightbulbs come from a store and don't grow, he reasoned—and he emerged with a second character, Luxo Jr.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Lasseter initially intended the film as a plotless character study. When he showed some early tests at an animation festival in Brussels, respected Belgian animator Raoul Servais exhorted him, "No matter how short it is, it should have a beginning, a middle, and an end. Don't forget the story." Lasseter protested that the film would be too short for a story. "You can tell a story in ten seconds", Servais responded. Lasseter was convinced. He devised a simple plotline in which the two lamps would play a game of catch with an inflated ball; Luxo Jr. would then approach the ball, hop onto it, bounce until the ball popped under him, and show dejection as the parent lamp looked on. Finally, Luxo Jr. would reappear feeling excited with a new, larger ball. Among the films shown at SIGGRAPH in 1985, Lasseter particularly admired a piece of character animation called "Tony de Peltrie", from a group at the University of Montreal; it featured a strikingly expressive human character, an aging piano player who entertained while inwardly reflecting on better days, which inspired "Luxo Jr."


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Apart from the film's hoped-for promotional value, Catmull and Smith rationalized the project as a test of "self-shadowing" in the rendering software- that is, the ability of objects to shed light and shadows on themselves. Before self-shadowing, CGI shadows were made by adding a flattened and darkened version of the shadowed object.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: On the technical level, the film demonstrates the use of shadow maps to simulate the shifting light and shadow given by the animated lamps. The lights and the color surfaces of all the objects are calculated, each using a RenderMan surface shader, not surface textures. The articulation of "limbs" is carefully coordinated, and power cords trail believably behind the moving lamps.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Because time and money were tight, Lasseter reduced the setting to its simplest elements. The background would be plain black and there would be no camera movement. His energies would rather be focused instead on working out techniques based on classic animation principles to convey emotion. Even though the characters were faceless and wordless, Lasseter shaped such subtleties as the speed of the child's hops and the way it carried its head to convey in an instant when the child was feeling joy and when it was feeling sad. At every moment, the parent and child seemed to have a definite frame of mind. On the cinematic level, it demonstrates a simple and entertaining story, including effectively expressive individual characters. Catmull and Lasseter worked around the clock, and Lasseter even took a sleeping bag into work and slept under his desk, ready to work early the next morning.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: "Luxo Jr.", alongside "Flags and Waves" and "Beach Chair", premiered at SIGGRAPH in the Dallas Convention Center Arena, where the audience of six thousand immediately recognized the short film as a breakthrough. Before "Luxo Jr." finished playing at SIGGRAPH, the crowd had already risen in applause. "Pixar's marketing department did not go out of its way to point out that none of the film, not a single frame, had been rendered on a Pixar Image Computer", wrote David Price in his book "The Pixar Touch". The audience was captivated by the far more realistic look than "André and Wally B.". More significant than its photorealism, however, was its emotional realism. "It was perhaps the first computer-animated film that enabled viewers to forget they were watching computer animation", wrote Price.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Afterward, Lasseter saw Jim Blinn, a longtime professional colleague, approaching him, obviously readying a question. Lasseter braced for a question about the shadowing algorithm or some other recondite technical issue that he knew equally little about. Blinn instead asked whether the big lamp was the mother or the father. Although the memories of those involved are now hazy, Lasseter elsewhere referred to the parent lamp as the father. Lasseter then realized that he had succeeded in applying the Disney touch of thought and emotion to his characters.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: ""Luxo Jr." sent shock waves through the entire industry – to all corners of computer and traditional animation. At that time, most traditional artists were afraid of the computer. They did not realize that the computer was merely a different tool in the artist's kit but instead perceived it as a type of automation that might endanger their jobs. Luckily, this attitude changed dramatically in the early '80s with the use of personal computers in the home. The release of our "Luxo Jr." [...] reinforced this opinion turnaround within the professional community." – Edwin Catmull, Computer Animation: A Whole New World, 1998.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: The short film was released for home video as part of "Tiny Toy Stories" in 1996, the VHS and DVD releases of "Toy Story 2" in 2000, and "Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1" in 2007.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: In 1986, "Luxo Jr." received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film. It was the first CGI film nominated for an Academy Award. Spinoffs of the short called "Surprise", "Light & Heavy", "Up and Down", and "Front and Back" have appeared on "Sesame Street", which are now available on the "Pixar Short Films Collection – Volume 1".


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Luxo Jr., without the cord, now serves as the mascot for Pixar Animation Studios, appearing in its production logo before and after every feature film (except for original printings of "Toy Story" (1995), where he only appears after the film; the post-2009 prints featured the Pixar logo at the start of the film before transitioning to the opening scene). He hops in from the right, stops next to the letter "I" in "PIXAR". An idea flies into his head. Excited, Luxo Jr. playfully bounces on it until he has completely squashed it down as he did to his rubber ball in the short. He then looks around to check if the letter had been squashed down. As the text "Animation Studios" fades in, then angles his head toward the camera, now resembling a lowercase I, which was the idea he had. At this point, all the light typically fades to black except for his head, which goes out with a click after a moment. Occasionally, the head fades in time with the light—this is usually the case when the logo appears right before a Pixar feature film—but this is exceptional. It was designed by Pete Docter and animated by Hi Tech Toons.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Some variations of this sequence were created for specific Pixar films. For "Cars" (2006), the message "Celebrating 20 Years" appeared as the background faded out, with Luxo Jr.'s head used as the zero, using the closing version as the base. Pixar was founded in 1986; "Cars", released in 2006, marked its 20th anniversary.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: In the second trailer for "WALL-E" (2008), at the end of the film itself, and on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and PC versions of the video game, Luxo Jr.'s bulb burns out when he turns to look at the camera. WALL-E rolls in from the right, replaces the bulb with an energy-saving fluorescent bulb (in-keeping with the film's environmental themes), and pats Luxo Jr. on the head before going back the way he came. However, he trips over the letter "R" in PIXAR as he goes, so he stops and positions his body to take its place, after which Luxo Jr. looks at the camera. WALL-E slightly peeks his eyes out, and the lights go out normally, except for the trailer. The film concludes with the "BNL" jingle and logo afterward.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: A new variant of the sequence, optimized for 3-D projection, was first played with the 3D version of "Up" (2009). The same animation as the regular logo plays as normal. However, the camera pans to the right while zooming out from the "P" in the PIXAR letters; therefore Luxo Jr. is seen approaching from the center when he is first seen and is in his usual position near the end. Also, the subtitle (Animation Studios) zooms in as it appears.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Another anniversary variation was created for the 2011 film "Cars 2" (2011), with the message "Celebrating 25 Years" appearing as the background faded out. The C appeared in the same position as Luxo Jr.'s head, which subsequently faded away to leave only the text, again celebrating Pixar's anniversary. This variation appears only in theatrical releases of the said film. However, in the DVD and Blu-Ray releases and TV airing, the standard logo is seen instead.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: On "Coco" (2017), the last sound is replaced by a bell tolling, which continues into the film's opening.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: In "Toy Story Toons", Luxo Jr. looks up to the falling curtain, which reveals the title, Woody and Buzz. Both pose as soon as the curtain fell completely.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: 30th and 35th Anniversary versions were supposed to appear on "Finding Dory" (2016) and "Luca", but they did not make it into the final films.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Yet another variation was used in "Incredibles 2" (2018), where Luxo Jr. is colored in black and the background is reddish-yellow to match the Incredibles logo's colors.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: In 2019, the Pixar logo was reanimated using the Presto Animation System. The only changes is the base and LED bulb of Luxo Jr., alongside minor color correction.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: Another variation of the logo is also seen after the credits of "Toy Story 4" (2019) where instead of Luxo Jr., Duke Caboom (voiced by Keanu Reeves) rides in on his motorcycle and bounces the letter "I" down with it and receives a high-five from the Combat Carl Soldier who had missed out on one earlier in the film at which the logo instantly cuts to black (the clap sound substituting for the light clicking off). The start of the movie simply uses the regular sequence. At the end of the regular sequence, it starts to rain. The screen turns dark, with the Luxo Jr.'s light shining through the rain, a la the closing version of the regular sequence, until lightning flashes, transitioning into the opening scene.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: At the end of "Soul", after Luxo Jr. turns off his bulb, Terry appears. She says "Oi! Movie's over. Go home!" and then disappears.


title: Luxo Jr.

text: In "Pixar Popcorn", each short featured a variation of the Pixar logo that focuses on Luxo Jr. doing something in relation with popcorn.


title: Old World vulture

text: Old World vultures are vultures that are found in the Old World, i.e. the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and which belong to the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, buzzards, kites, and hawks.


title: Old World vulture

text: Old World vultures are not closely related to the superficially similar New World vultures and condors, and do not share that group's good sense of smell. The similarities between the two groups of vultures are due to convergent evolution, rather than a close relationship. They were widespread in both the Old World and North America during the Neogene.


title: Old World vulture

text: Old World vultures are probably a polyphyletic group within Accipitridae, belonging to two separate not closely related groups within the family. Most authorities refer to two major clades: Gypaetinae ("Gypaetus, Gypohierax" and "Neophron") and Aegypiinae ("Aegypius", "Gyps", "Sarcogyps", "Torgos", "Trigonoceps" and possibly "Necrosyrtes"). The former seem to be nested with Perninae hawks, while the latter are closely related and possibly even synonymous with Aquilinae. Within Aegypiinae, "Torgos", "Aegypius", "Sarcogyps" and "Trigonoceps" are particularly closely related and possibly within the same genus. Despite the name of the group, "Old World" vultures were widespread in North America until relatively recently, until the end of the Late Pleistocene epoch around 11,000 years ago.


title: Old World vulture

text: Both Old World and New World vultures are scavenging birds, feeding mostly from carcasses of dead animals. Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. A particular characteristic of many vultures is a semi-bald head, sometimes without feathers or with just simple down. Historically, it was thought that this was due to feeding habits, as feathers would be glued with decaying flesh and blood. However, more recent studies have shown that it is actually a thermoregulatory adaptation to avoid facial overheating; the presence or absence of complex feathers seems to matter little in feeding habits, as some vultures are quite raptorial.


title: Old World vulture

text: More than half of the Old World vulture species are listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. Population declines are caused by a variety of threats that vary by species and region, with most notable declines in Asia due to diclofenac use. Within Africa, a combination of poisonings and vulture trade (including use as bushmeat and traditional medicine) account for roughly 90% of the population declines. And because vultures are scavengers, their population decline can have cultural, public health, and economic implications for communities and be even more problematic than the decline of other endangered species. Vulture populations are particularly vulnerable because they typically feed in large groups and easily fall victim to mass poisoning events.


title: Old World vulture

text: Diclofenac poisoning has caused the vulture population in India and Pakistan to decline by up to 99%, and two or three species of vulture in South Asia are nearing extinction. This has been caused by the practice of medicating working farm animals with diclofenac, which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory and pain-killing actions. Diclofenac administration keeps animals that are ill or in pain working on the land for longer, but, if the ill animals die, their carcasses contain diclofenac. Farmers leave the dead animals out in the open, relying on vultures to tidy up. Diclofenac present in carcass flesh is eaten by vultures, which are sensitive to diclofenac, and they suffer kidney failure, visceral gout, and death as a result of diclofenac poisoning. The drug is poisonous enough that only a small amount of animal carcases need to contain it to have detrimental effects on vulture populations.


title: Old World vulture

text: Meloxicam (another NSAID) has been found to be harmless to vultures and should prove an acceptable alternative to diclofenac. Bans on diclofenac in veterinary practices have been implemented in Pakistan and Nepal and selling or using the drug in India can result in jail time. But while the Government of India banned diclofenac, over a year later, in 2007, it continued to be sold and remains a problem in other parts of the world.


title: Old World vulture

text: Poisoning accounts for a majority of vulture deaths in Africa. Ivory poachers poison carcasses with the intent of killing vultures, since vultures circling over a carcass alert authorities to a kill. An increase in demand for ivory has both increased the rate of elephant poachings as well as increased the rate at which vultures are killed off by consuming the poisoned elephant remains. In Kruger National Park, White-backed Vultures will be eradicated in the next 60 years if poisoned carcasses are not detected and neutralized. Eliminating carcass poisoning is challenging because it is far easier to carry out than to regulate. Park officials often lack the training to identify toxic chemicals before it is too late and calling on average community members to turn in perpetrators reports is challenging if financial incentives to do so are insufficient.


title: Old World vulture

text: Vultures are also unintentionally poisoned when they consume carcasses of predators that have been poisoned by livestock farmers. For those who rely on livestock to make a living, illegal pesticides are often used on fruits, meats, or even the water in a wateringhole in order to eliminate large predators that threaten their livestock. Agricultural poisoning is relatively easy as it does not require specific skills and the poison is cheap with a long shelf life.


title: Old World vulture

text: Vultures in Africa are killed for use in traditional medicine as part of the African vulture trade. Vultures can be targeted for the industry directly or collected from other poisoning events, but close to 30% of vulture deaths recorded in Africa can be tied back to belief-based use. In South Africa, vulture consumption events have been estimated to occur 59,000 times a year. Vulture heads are believed to provide clairvoyance or good luck like winning the lottery. The length of time a vulture can be used by healers is dependent on size and species. Some healers have been recorded using Cape Vultures for 6 years because they are said to last longer than other species. Others use 1-2 individuals a year but this rate is unsustainable given the estimated number of healers.


title: Old World vulture

text: In Southern Africa, traditional medicine is called Muthi. For some healers it is believed to cure illnesses, while others believe it cures curses. Vulture muthi involves separate body parts being dried, burned, or ground up. The results may be consumed by mixing with food, drinking, snorting, or applying to cuts. Some healers look for signs of poisoning when purchasing vultures, but others are unaware of how to do this and are at risk of poisoning their clients.


title: Old World vulture

text: Collisions with electrical infrastructure account for roughly 9% of vulture deaths in Africa. Some organizations in South Africa are working with power companies to mitigate this threat.


title: Old World vulture

text: As vultures play an important role in ecosystems, their population decline can have cultural, public health, and economic implications for communities.


title: Old World vulture

text: The decline in vultures has led to hygiene problems in India as carcasses of dead animals now tend to rot, or be eaten by rats or feral dogs, rather than be consumed by vultures. Rabies among these other scavengers is a major health threat. India has one of the world's highest incidences of rabies.


title: Old World vulture

text: For communities such as the Parsi, who practice sky burials in which human corpses are put on the top of a Tower of Silence, vulture population declines can have serious cultural implications.


title: Old World vulture

text: Conservation efforts would be most effective in large, protected areas because vultures are most populous in those. Small but frequent poisoning events have a more detrimental effect on vulture populations than larger, infrequent events because population recovery is more successful when there is a longer time between poisonings. To increase populations, vultures can be reintroduced to poison-free protected areas near other groups of vultures to keep the populations high. This will make it easier for vultures to maintain some individuals after a poisoning event. A project named "Vulture Restaurant" is underway in Nepal in an effort to conserve the dwindling number of vultures. The "restaurant" is an open grassy area where naturally dying, sick, and old cows are fed to the vultures.


title: Old World vulture

text: Organizations across Africa are working to reduce threats to vulture species with efforts to change and create policies to protect species both at the national and international scale. Proposed strategies to reduce poisoning events include mobile phone numbers to report offenders, campaigns to educate about poisoning risks to humans, and improving response speed to poisoning events. Poison response training would be an important implementation in conservation efforts because this is one of the most prevalent threats to vulture populations.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: Lamon Tajuan Brewster (born June 5, 1973) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2010. He held the WBO heavyweight title from 2004 to 2006, and is best known for scoring an upset knockout victory over Wladimir Klitschko to win the vacant title. He was ranked as the world's No.8 heavyweight by BoxRec at the conclusion of 2004. As an amateur, Brewster won the U.S. national championships in 1995, and a silver medal at that year's Pan American Games, both in the heavyweight division. Following his retirement from the sport in 2011, he became an entrepreneur and founded a consulting business.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: Brewster won the 1995 U.S. national amateur championship as a heavyweight. Additional highlights include:


title: Lamon Brewster

text: Brewster turned professional in 1996 and was undefeated for his first three years as a pro until losing decisions to Clifford Etienne and Charles Shufford in 2000.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: On April 10, 2004, Brewster faced Wladimir Klitschko in a fight for the vacant World Boxing Organization championship that had been vacated by Corrie Sanders, who had upset Klitschko by knocking him out in the second round of their fight in 2003, when he decided to challenge Vitali Klitschko for the World Boxing Council title vacated when Lennox Lewis retired.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: Brewster was dominated in the early going, knocked down once in the fourth round. In the fifth round, Brewster hurt Klitschko with a left hook that forced the Ukrainian fighter to use the ropes to hold himself up, which resulted in a knockdown. As the round ended, Brewster hit Klitschko with a combination of punches that caused him to go down after the bell sounded. Seeing Klitschko struggle to return to his feet, referee Robert Byrd stopped the fight and awarded a technical knockout victory to Brewster. Klitschko claimed foul play resulted in his defeat but an investigation found nothing.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: For eleven years, Brewster remained the last boxer to defeat Klitschko in the ring, until Tyson Fury defeated Klitschko in a 2015 heavyweight fight. Brewster remains the second last boxer to knock Klitschko out in a bout, preceding Anthony Joshua, who won by TKO on the 11th round defeating Wladimir Klitschko on 30 April 2017.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: Brewster lost his WBO title by unanimous decision on April 1, 2006 to Sergei Liakhovich from Belarus in an action-packed fight. In an interview following the fight, Brewster said that he could not see with his left eye after the first round. It was later confirmed that he had suffered a detached retina in his left eye and he had to undergo surgery.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: Lamon Brewster returned to the ring on July 7, 2007, losing his rematch against Wladimir Klitschko after trainer Buddy McGirt stopped the fight after the sixth round. The fight took place in Köln (Cologne), Germany, for the IBF & IBO heavyweight title.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: After two tune-up bouts, he was upset by Gbenga Oloukun by an eight-round points decision. The following year he was stopped by rising contender Robert Helenius.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: At one point in his career, Brewster was managed by "The Simpsons" co-creator, professional poker player and philanthropist, Sam Simon. Later Brewster left Simon and signed with manager Al Haymon.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: On January 9, 2011, Lamon Brewster officially announced his retirement as a professional boxer. Brewster cited an eye injury from his last fight with Helenius as the reason for this retirement. Further, he indicated that he believes that Helenius tampered with his gloves which caused the resulting injury to Brewster. He underwent four unsuccessful surgeries to restore sight in his left eye. Further surgery allowed him to regain vision in the eye.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: From 1993–97 Brewster was married to actress Tichina Arnold (of "Martin" and "Everybody Hates Chris" fame). Brewster remarried his current wife "Juana" Brewster in October 2000, and together they have two daughters and a son. Brewster also has one older daughter from a previous relationship. He is also the cousin of former IBF and WBO heavyweight champion Chris Byrd. Brewster has made several television appearances as well as public service announcements through his career.


title: Lamon Brewster

text: Brewster founded "Fighting Connection Consulting" in July 2011 providing expertise to professional fighters on training methods, psychology, nutrition, conditioning, team building, and publicity.


title: Poland and the euro

text: Poland does not use the euro as its currency. However, under the terms of their Treaty of Accession with the European Union, all new Member States "shall participate in the Economic and Monetary Union from the date of accession as a Member State with a derogation", which means that Poland is obliged to eventually replace its currency, the złoty, with the euro.


title: Poland and the euro

text: There is no target date for Polish euro adoption, and no fixed date for when the country will join ERM-II (the fifth euro convergence criterion).


title: Poland and the euro

text: Euro adoption will require the approval of at least two-thirds of the Sejm to make a constitutional amendment changing the official currency from the złoty to the euro. The ruling Law and Justice Party opposes euro adoption. Former PM Donald Tusk has said that he may agree to a referendum on euro participation in order to gain their support for a constitutional amendment. There is not yet any official information on the design process for the Polish national sides of the euro coins.


title: Poland and the euro

text: Plans to join the eurozone began back in 2003 before the accession to the EU, when the contemporary premier Leszek Miller stated that Poland would join the eurozone between 2007 and 2009. One of the leaders of Civic Platform party (PO) Jan Rokita was certain that the best way to converge to euro was through a unilateral euroization. Nevertheless, euroization is against the rules of the EU and it cannot be adopted by any Member State without the approval of the Union. Lastly, the plan was not finalized and Poland suspended it.


title: Poland and the euro

text: During the rule of the Law and Justice, Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland and League of Polish Families coalition, the euro was not a priority on Poland's agenda. In 2006 prime minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz stated that the accession to euro area was only possible after 2009, as the Polish deficit could decrease to 3% of GDP by the end of 2007. The negotiations about Poland joining the eurozone have been postponed. The then-prime minister Jarosław Kaczyński held an even more sceptical position. In his opinion the euro was disadvantageous for Poland, as it would cause an increase in prices and złoty would lose stability.


title: Poland and the euro

text: The euro adoption process in Poland is regulated by the "Strategic Framework for National Euro Changeover Plan" (adopted by the Council of Ministers in 2010) and the "National Euro Changeover Plan" (approved in 2011 by the Committee for European Affairs). The plan comprises an economic impact assessment of the euro adoption, followed by a chapter on the measures needed to ensure Polish compliance with the "Maastricht convergence criteria", and finally a roadmap for the euro changeover process.


title: Poland and the euro

text: On 10 September 2008, speaking at the launch of an economic forum in a Polish resort of Krynica-Zdrój, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk announced the ruling government's objective to join the Eurozone in 2012, which was confirmed by the government on 28 October 2008. However, Poland's then President Lech Kaczynski wanted euro adoption put to a referendum. Finance Minister Dominik Radziwill said on 10 July 2009 that Poland could meet the fiscal criteria by 2012 and enter the Eurozone in 2014. On 5 November 2009, speaking at the news conference, Polish Deputy Finance Minister Ludwik Kotecki said the government may announce a national strategy for euro adoption in mid-2010. In an interview for Rzeczpospolita daily 22 October 2009 he also said Poland could adopt the euro in 2014 if the general government deficit is reduced in 2012. Former President Lech Kaczyński said at a news conference that Poland was unable to join Eurozone before 2015, and even that date was still very optimistic. Also, Polish government officials had confirmed that Poland wouldn't join Eurozone in 2012. On Friday, 11 December 2009, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk said Poland could join the eurozone in 2015. Speaking during Finance Ministry-organized seminar on the euro-adoption process on 15 December 2009, Deputy Minister of Finance Ludwik Kotecki said the year 2015 is more likely than 2014, however he declined to specify the official target date.


title: Poland and the euro

text: In the years following the 2008 global financial crisis, economic statistics showed that the devaluation of its floating currency the złoty led Polish products to become more competitively priced to foreign buyers, and because of that Poland had a higher economic GDP growth in subsequent years than if the country had been a part of the eurozone. The Polish government advocated in 2012 that it would only be wise for Poland to join the eurozone once the euro crisis had ended, based on the argument that delaying their accession would minimise the risk for Poland to become one of the net financial creditors to other eurozone countries in financial difficulties.


title: Poland and the euro

text: In December 2011, Polish foreign minister Radosław Sikorski said that Poland aimed to adopt the euro on 1 January 2016, but only if "the eurozone is reformed by then, and the entrance is beneficial to us." The current Polish government plans to comply with all the Euro convergence criteria by 2015. In autumn 2012 the Monetary Policy Council of the Polish National Bank published its official monetary guidelines for 2013, confirming earlier political statements that Poland should only join the ERM-II once the existing eurozone countries have overcome the current sovereign-debt crisis, to maximise the benefits of monetary integration and minimise associated costs. The governor of the National Bank, Marek Belka, has stated that the euro won't be adopted before the end of his term in 2016.


title: Poland and the euro

text: In late 2012, Tusk announced that he planned to launch a "national debate" on euro adoption the following spring, and in December 2012 Polish Finance Minister Jacek Rostowski said that his country should strive to adopt the euro as soon as possible. On 21 December 2012, it was announced by the Ministry of Finance that they planned to update the country's National Euro Changeover Plan in 2013, mainly due to the recent institutional changes in the eurozone which require additional considerations. One of the key details investigated as part of the work to update the plan is whether or not an amendment to Article 227 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland will need to be passed to change the currency from the Złoty to the euro and to enact changes to the central bank. The opposition Law and Justice Party opposes euro adoption and the governing parties do not have enough seats in the Sejm to make the required constitutional amendment. The Polish Finance Minister emphasised that the government's support for euro adoption remained unchanged as a strategic goal, and would not be changed in the updated plan. At the same time, however, recent turbulences in the EU and in the world have caused the government to adopt a kind of additional criterion for euro adoption, namely the stabilization of the euro area.


title: Poland and the euro

text: In January 2013, Polish President Bronislaw Komorowski stated that a decision on euro adoption should not be made until after parliamentary and presidential elections scheduled for 2015, but that in the meantime the country should try to comply with the convergence criteria. In February 2013, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, leader of the Law and Justice Party stated that "I do not foresee any moment when the adoption of the euro would be advantageous for us" and called for a referendum on euro adoption. Rostowski has stated that Poland won't set a target date for the switch since the country first needs to carry out reforms to prepare itself. In March 2013, Tusk said for the first time that he would be open to considering a referendum on euro participation – decided by simple majority – provided that it was part of a package in which the parliament first approved the necessary constitutional amendment to adopt the euro subject to approval in a referendum. In April 2013 Marek Belka, head of National Bank of Poland, said that Poland should demand to be permitted to adopt the euro without first joining the ERM-II due to concerns over currency speculation. Following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Belka said that Poland needed to reevaluate its reluctance to join the eurozone. In June 2014, a joint statement by the finance minister, central bank chief and president of Poland stated that Poland should begin a debate shortly after the 2015 parliamentary elections about when to adopt the euro, leading to a roadmap decision that might even include identification of a target date.


title: Poland and the euro

text: In October 2014, the Deputy Prime Minister Janusz Piechociński suggested that Poland should join the Eurozone in 2020 at the earliest. The newly elect Prime Minister, Ewa Kopacz, having replaced Donald Tusk for the final year of the government's term, at the same time commented: "Before answering the question which target date should be set for the euro changeover, we must ask another: What is the situation of the eurozone and where are they going? If the eurozone will strengthen, then Poland should fulfill all the criteria for inclusion, which would in any case be good for the economy." The PM hereby referred to the earlier political decision of first letting the "National Coordination Committee for Euro Changeover" complete its update of the changeover plan, which await a prior establishment of the banking union, before setting a target date for euro adoption. More recently, Krzysztof Szczerski, the foreign affairs advisor to Poland's new President Andrzej Duda, said in July 2015 that "Poles should decide in a referendum whether they want to embrace the euro".


title: Poland and the euro

text: In the 2015 Polish parliamentary election, the winning party became the eurosceptic Law and Justice, which opposes euro adoption. On 13 April 2019 at a convention, Jarosław Kaczyński, the leader of Law and Justice Party (PiS) stated: "We will adopt the euro someday, because we are committed to do so and we are and will be in the European Union, but we will accept it when it is in our interest". He came forth with a declaration, according to which the euro wouldn't be introduced until Poland's economy catches up with Western economies. In his view Poland should accept the euro only when the national economy will reach 85% of GDP per capita of Germany. Later on Jarosław Kaczyński and premier Mateusz Morawiecki maintain that convergence to euro at this point would be harmful for Poland.


title: Poland and the euro

text: While Donald Tusk held the post of the premier in Poland first steps have been taken towards creation of the interinstitutional organizational structure for euro adoption. On 13 January 2009 a new body of Government Plenipotentiary for Euro Adoption in the Republic of Poland was established. The position of the first Government Plenipotentiary took Ludwik Kotecki.


title: Poland and the euro

text: According to Regulation of the Council of Ministers from 28 December 2015, the position of Government Plenipotentiary for Euro Adoption in Poland has been suspended.


title: Poland and the euro

text: The adoption of the euro in Poland has been the subject of economic analysis by Polish finance experts. In 2017, the Robert Schuman Foundation and Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Poland prepared a report of three possible scenarios as a result of Poland acceding to the euro area. According to the report, delaying introduction of the euro would be a net negative for Poland. Other research has included government reports drawn up by the Ministry of Finance in Poland in 2005 and two reports by the National Bank of Poland (NBP) in 2004 and 2009. The NBP report from 2009 concluded that in the long-term, Poland's GDP would expand by an extra 7.5% if it became a member of the eurozone, with most of that benefit coming in the first 10 years after joining. In a 2014 analysis, the NBP stated that in the wake of the eurozone crisis, "The chance of accelerating economic growth in Poland as a result of adopting the euro depends on whether the institutions of the euro area and the potential of the Polish economy are strengthened."


title: Poland and the euro

text: The reports note that part of the possible positive effects is contingent on an execution of changes, such as a reform of public finance or reduction of public debt.


title: Poland and the euro

text: On the other side, the team of NBP analysts lists possible negative effects of the convergence to the euro:


title: Poland and the euro

text: In 2010, the Eurozone's debt crisis caused Poles' interest to cool, with two out of five Poles opposed to entry. In March 2011, research by CBOS showed that 60% of Poles were against adopting the euro while 32% were supportive, a decrease from 41% in April 2010. Surveys in the first half of 2012 indicated that 60% of Poles were opposed to adopting the common currency. Public support for the euro continued to fall, reaching record lows in the CBOS polls from July 2012, where only 25% of those polled supported a switch to the euro. However, polls conducted by "TNS Polska" throughout 2012–2015 have consistently shown support for eventually adopting the euro, though that support depends on the target date (as revealed by the detailed data in the table below).


title: Poland and the euro

text: The Eurobarometer poll does not take adoption timing issues into concern, meaning that this result can not be directly compared to the above results of the "TNS Polska" surveys, as a percentage of those being surveyed might respond with a more negative bias (assuming the survey question is about if they favour "adoption now"" rather than favour ""adoption either now or at a later point of time perceived as being more optimal for their country"").


title: Poland and the euro

text: The adoption support found by the 2012–15 surveys in the above table, was detected while a majority of Poles in the same surveys said they expected the euro adoption would negatively impact the Polish economy. In example, 58% of the surveyed in May 2012 had this belief. A later poll for the German Marshall Fund published in September 2012, even found 71% of Poles believed an immediate switch to the euro would be bad for the Polish economy.


title: Poland and the euro

text: The Maastricht Treaty originally required that all members of the European Union join the euro once certain economic criteria are met. As of May 2018, Poland met 2 out of the 5 criteria.


title: Poland and the euro

text: Since 1989, the European Commission and ECB prepare Convergence Reports on countries that do not participate in the euro area. According to Article 140 TFEU, at least once every 2 years Reports must be issued on Member States that did not join the eurozone.


title: Poland and the euro

text: The report of 2018 verify that Poland meets 2 out of 4 economic criteria related to price stability and public finances. Poland does not meet 2 criteria of exchange rate stability and long-term interest rates. Moreover, Polish law is not completely compatible with the EU Treaties. The NBP Act and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland are not fully compatible with the Article 131 of the TFEU, which is related to lack of political approval in Poland. In order to fulfil legal compatibility Poland has to change three articles of the Constitution. First article to be changed is Article 227(1), which improperly defines the main goal of the National Bank of Poland. Secondly, Article 203(1) of the Constitution defines too broadly the competences of the Supreme Audit Office towards the National Bank. Finally, according to Article 198(1), President of the NBP carries responsibility before the State Tribunal, which is against requirements of the independence of the national central bank.


title: Don Brewer

text: Donald George Brewer (born September 3, 1948) is an American drummer and singer. He is the longest serving and only remaining original member of rock band Grand Funk Railroad.


title: Don Brewer

text: Brewer was born in Flint, Michigan, on September 3, 1948, the son of Clara Eileen (née Waterman) and Donald A. Brewer, and is a graduate of Swartz Creek High School.


title: Don Brewer

text: Brewer started his first band, called 'The Red Devils', at the age of 12. After leaving 'The Red Devils', Brewer formed another band named the 'Jazzmasters' for whom he played drums and sang. In 1964, Brewer joined former DJ Terry Knight as well as bassist Herm Jackson, guitarist Curt Johnson, and keyboardist Bobby Caldwell and formed the band Terry Knight and the Pack. In 1966, he experienced his first top 40 hit with "I (Who Have Nothing)".


title: Don Brewer

text: In 1968, Brewer left Terry Knight and the Pack along with bandmate Mark Farner and recruited Mel Schacher, the bassist for the hit band ? and the Mysterians, and formed Grand Funk Railroad. They hired Terry Knight as their manager. Grand Funk Railroad released their first album "On Time" in 1969 which sold over a million copies. In 1973, Grand Funk released the album "We're an American Band", featuring the hit song "We're an American Band". This track, written and sung by Brewer, was the band's first #1 single. Still popular, the song has since been recorded by other artists. In addition to playing drums for Grand Funk, Brewer also provided lead vocals for a number of songs, including the first and third verses of "Some Kind of Wonderful" (1974). Brewer was the baritone lead singer for the group, in contrast to the tenor vocals of Mark Farner. In 1974, the label Qualico released the album "Monumental Funk", recorded by Mark Farner and Brewer.


title: Don Brewer

text: In 1977, following the initial breakup of Grand Funk, Brewer and former Grand Funk bandmates Mel Schacher and Craig Frost formed a new band named 'Flint'. Flint released one self-titled album in 1978 before disbanding. He also continued in other musical endeavors, including producing for the band The Godz (from Columbus, Ohio) their self-titled debut album "The Godz" in 1978.


title: Don Brewer

text: In 1981, Brewer and Farner resurrected Grand Funk for the album "Grand Funk Lives" that cracked the Billboard albums chart. Two years later, they split again and Brewer joined Bob Seger's Silver Bullet Band. In 1996 Brewer, Schacher, and Farner reunited as Grand Funk. Farner decided to leave the band at the end of 1998 to resume his solo career. In 2000, Brewer and Schacher added vocalist Max Carl, former Kiss guitarist Bruce Kulick and keyboardist Tim Cashion to the line-up. This band has been touring the U.S. and Canada playing about 40 shows per year.


title: Don Brewer

text: Brewer played the bongo on Frank Zappa's song "Let Me Take You to the Beach" from the album "Studio Tan", released in 1978.


title: Don Brewer

text: Brewer was featured in "Classic Rock Drum Solos" DVD (2007), performing a solo from when he and Grand Funk Railroad sold out Shea Stadium in 1971. In 2000, Brewer performed as a guest clinician at "Modern Drummer" Magazine's annual Drum Festival event. In 2006, Brewer rejoined Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band for their 2006–07 tour; it was his first appearance with the band since he played for them on their 1983 tour. He also played with them on their 2011 tour and during Seger's 2014–2015 "Ride Out" U.S. concert tour.


title: Don Brewer

text: Brewer lives in Jupiter, Florida, with his wife Sunny Quinn, together since 1985. They have two daughters, and five grandchildren.


title: Vin Baker

text: Vincent Lamont Baker (born November 23, 1971) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He appeared in four consecutive All-Star Games. As of 2018, Baker serves as an assistant coach for the Milwaukee Bucks.


title: Vin Baker

text: Baker played for Old Saybrook High School in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. He first started on Old Saybrook's varsity in his junior year. Baker was passed over by the bigger Division I schools and signed a scholarship offer from the Hartford Hawks.


title: Vin Baker

text: During Baker's inaugural season in 1989, he averaged 4.7 points and 2.9 rebounds per game, which earned him a place on the North Atlantic Conference (now America East Conference) All-Rookie Team. Named a starter for his sophomore season, Baker averaged 19.7 PPG and 10.4 RPG and a first team All-NAC spot. As a Junior, Baker averaged 27.6 PPG (2nd in the country), 9.9 RPG, and 3.7 blocks per game (5th in the country), though the team finished with an abysmal 6–21 record. Entering his final season, Baker was called "America's Best-Kept Secret" by "Sports Illustrated" and the conference's most dominant player since Reggie Lewis by "Street & Smith's College/Prep Basketball Preview" in 1992. Baker averaged 28.3 PPG (4th in the country) and finished with 792 points in only 28 games, a conference record that still remains in the NAC. He finished with 2,238 points, a school record that still stands. However, Baker was not able to translate his immense scoring abilities into team success, as none of his teams ever made the NCAA tournament, and the best his Hartford teams ever finished in a season was .500 (14–14).


title: Vin Baker

text: After a college career at the University of Hartford, Baker was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 8th pick of the 1993 NBA draft. He played four seasons in Milwaukee, during which he was the leading star (alongside Glenn Robinson) and received three all-star selections.


title: Vin Baker

text: On March 14, 1995, Baker recorded a triple double, with 12 points, 12 rebounds, and 12 assists, in a win against the Charlotte Hornets. On April 11, 1995, Baker scored 31 points, grabbed 12 rebounds, and recorded 9 assists in a 114–100 victory over the Detroit Pistons.


title: Vin Baker

text: On March 1, 1997, Baker recorded a career-high 6 blocks, alongside 20 points and 15 rebounds, in a 103–92 loss against the Sacramento Kings.


title: Vin Baker

text: Despite his personal success as a player while in Milwaukee, the Bucks were not able to make the postseason during his tenure with the team.


title: Vin Baker

text: After four seasons with the Bucks, he was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics following the 1996–97 NBA season in a three-team deal that sent Tyrone Hill and Terrell Brandon to the Bucks, and Shawn Kemp and Sherman Douglas to the Cleveland Cavaliers.


title: Vin Baker

text: Baker helped the SuperSonics to a strong 1997-98 NBA season and a first round win over the Minnesota Timberwolves, while proving to be a valuable replacement for Kemp. On May 12, 1998, in a decisive Game 5 of a hard-fought Western Conference Semifinals against the Los Angeles Lakers (both teams finished the season with a 61–21 record, though Seattle had home-court advantage due to a tiebreaker), Baker led Seattle with 29 points and 9 rebounds in a losing effort.


title: Vin Baker

text: On February 1, 2000, Baker scored 33 points, recorded 5 assists, and 5 rebounds, in a 104–96 victory against Karl Malone and the Jazz.


title: Vin Baker

text: After four years in Seattle, Baker was traded to the Boston Celtics with Shammond Williams for Kenny Anderson, Vitaly Potapenko and Joseph Forte. While his career averages include 15.1 points per game, his numbers had dropped considerably in the twenty-first century. After the 1998–99 NBA lockout season in Seattle, Baker's weight ballooned to near 300 pounds and his game suffered tremendously. While Baker was able to get his weight down to around 250, Baker revealed that he was a recovering alcoholic who used to binge in hotel rooms and at home after playing poorly. In an interview with the "Boston Globe", Baker said Celtics coach Jim O'Brien smelled alcohol on him in practice and confronted him about it. The team suspended him and he was eventually released.


title: Vin Baker

text: The Rockets would ultimately release Baker on October 7, 2005. He would spend the 2005–06 NBA season in a reserve role with the Los Angeles Clippers.


title: Vin Baker

text: Baker signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on October 1, 2006, reuniting him with head coach Dwane Casey, who served as an assistant coach when Baker was in Seattle. His tenure in Minnesota would be short-lived, though. Baker was released from the Timberwolves on November 13, 2006. He never played in a regular season game after being on the inactive list for the first six games.


title: Vin Baker

text: Baker has a non-profit foundation called the Stand Tall Foundation. The Stand Tall Foundation is an organization that helps give kids a better future by financially assisting with different charitable and volunteer organizations. The goal of the Stand Tall Foundation is to help young people with their education, personal development and general well-being.


title: Vin Baker

text: On June 3, 2011, Baker was hired as an assistant high school boys basketball coach at St. Bernard School in Uncasville, Connecticut.


title: Vin Baker

text: In 2014, Baker was named to a team assembled by Dennis Rodman as part of his "basketball diplomacy" effort in North Korea; the team was assembled to play an exhibition game against the North Korean Senior National Team to celebrate the birthday of Kim Jong-un.


title: Vin Baker

text: As of December 2015, Baker was managing a Starbucks location in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. Baker later became Fox Sports Milwaukee's home team broadcaster.


title: Vin Baker

text: As of 2019, Baker serves as an assistant coach for the Milwaukee Bucks. He won a championship with the Bucks in that role during 2021.


title: Vin Baker

text: Baker's mother is Jean Baker. His father, Rev. James Baker, is an auto mechanic and Baptist minister. Baker has a wife and four children.


title: Vin Baker

text: On June 19, 2007, Baker was arrested in Norwich, Connecticut for drunk driving after leaving Foxwoods Resort Casino.


title: Vin Baker

text: On June 21, 2008 "ml-implode.com" reported that Baker's Durham, Connecticut home was foreclosed and put up for sale for $2.3 million. The house was purchased by U.S. Bank for $2.5 million at an auction on June 28, 2008. Baker reportedly lost over $100 million due to financial troubles.


title: Vin Baker

text: Baker has struggled with depression and alcoholism. Baker cites these issues as the main reason his career seemingly derailed out of nowhere. In 2013, the "New York Daily News" reported that he had stopped drinking alcohol on April 17, 2011.


title: Learjet 60

text: The Learjet 60 is a mid-size cabin, medium-range business jet aircraft manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace in Wichita, Kansas. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW305A engines, it has a range (with 4 passengers and 2 crew) of with NBAA reserves, ISA. In July 2012 Bombardier Aerospace announced a temporary "production pause" of the latest variant Learjet 60XR to begin in the fourth quarter of 2012.


title: Learjet 60

text: The Learjet 60 is an improved version of the Learjet 55, with a longer fuselage and more powerful turbofan engines. It first flew on 10 October 1990 and received FAA certification in January 1993.


title: Learjet 60

text: The modifications that converted the Learjet Model 55 into a Model 60 resulted from an aerodynamics improvement program and a need to increase the capacity of the Learjet product line. Several of these modifications were a first for Learjet, including an all-new inboard wing cuff added to the inboard sections of the “Longhorn” wing and an all-new wing-to-body fairing. By increasing the wing chord and the leading edge droop, the wing cuff improved handling during approach and landing, while the wing-to-body fairing reduced the interference drag between the wing and the fuselage. Since the engines were new for this aircraft, a new engine pylon had to be designed.


title: Learjet 60

text: The lines of the cockpit have not changed but the fuselage was lengthened. In addition, the blend between the fuselage and the empennage was all new. While it appears as if area ruling was the intention of the blending, the blend design was really driven by attaching the original Learjet Model 35 empennage onto the larger Learjet Model 60 fuselage.


title: Learjet 60

text: The final aerodynamic improvements to the Model 60 included the creation of the distinctive "ogive" winglet trailing edge. This lengthening of the chord near the interface of the winglet and the wing improved the interaction of the wing's pressure spike with the winglet's pressure spike. The result was a significant lowering of the drag in this area and a significant improvement of the wing's efficiency. On the prior “Longhorn” wing the interference between the winglet and the wing nearly canceled the effects of the winglet. The single ventral fin was also replaced with two ventral fins that Learjet called "Delta Fins" to improve stall characteristics and promote aerodynamic stability.


title: Learjet 60

text: The Learjet 60 is notable for its time-to-climb performance, climbing to 41,000 feet (12,497 m) in 18.5 minutes at maximum weight. It also distinguished as the last legacy Learjet, using a variation of the wing that designer Bill Lear adapted from the Swiss military aircraft, the FFA P-16. The next-generation Learjet was to be the Learjet 85 and was an all-new design by Bombardier Aerospace slated for delivery in 2013.


title: Learjet 60

text: The Learjet 60, while a tremendous performer, also maintains the highest incident/accident rate in its class with most accidents occurring during landing. The use of the original Lear 23 gear and wheels (albeit it with an added brake rotor, bringing the total to 3 per wheel assembly) left the 60 (and the 55 before it) notably under-geared and under-braked. According to the NTSB most of these failures are caused by pilot-error as the aircraft can be unforgiving.


title: Learjet 60

text: Production of the Learjet 60 ended in 2007 after 318 aircraft had been built. The Learjet 60XR was a variation with upgraded Proline 21 avionics and slight improvements to the cabin, with production beginning at serial number 319.


title: Learjet 60

text: Bombardier launched a new variant in 2005 designated the Learjet 60XR and following certification deliveries started in 2007.


title: Learjet 60

text: It features three-rotor disc brakes, good for 450–600 landings, Rockwell Collins Pro Line 21 avionics, upgraded AHRS and FMS, electronic charts, enhanced MFD and optional XM radio weather.


title: Learjet 60

text: Cabin space is better utilized with five floor plans, LED lighting, better insulation and improved cabin management system.


title: Learjet 60

text: The 60XR has the largest Learjet cabin, its cross-section is competitive but its length is shorter than other mid-size jets like the Hawker 800XP.


title: Learjet 60

text: The small wing evolved from the Learjet 23, with the tip tanks replaced by winglets, and runway requirements are long for the aircraft.


title: Learjet 60

text: A typically equipped 60XR weighs more than the original Model 60, tanks-full payload is and four-passenger range is .


title: Learjet 60

text: Long-range cruise varies from TAS at FL 350–430 and ISA conditions, while normal cruise speed is Mach 0.76 or TAS.


title: Learjet 60

text: The FADEC-controlled PW305A turbofans have a 6,000 h TBO and reserves amount to $360 per hour per engine.


title: Learjet 60

text: In September 2018, there were 112 Model 60XRs in service, priced between $2.5 million for a 2007 model to $4.0 million for a 2013 one.


title: Josh Server

text: Joshua Aaron Server (born April 11, 1979) is an American actor best known for being the only "All That" cast member to remain through all six original seasons.


title: Josh Server

text: Server began on "All That" at age 14 to tape the pilot for the show. His characters include Detective Dan, Earboy, Jimmy Bond Agent 1/7, and Bernie Kibbitz. In 1997, he and a few cast members starred in the 1997 feature film "Good Burger" (based on the "All That" sketch of the same name).


title: Josh Server

text: While he was on "All That", Server made guest appearances on other Nickelodeon shows. He appeared in a Season 3 episode of "The Secret World of Alex Mack" in 1996. Starting in 1997, he and other "All That" alumni were panelists on the Nickelodeon game show, "Figure It Out" where he appeared until 1998. In 1999, he then appeared in the Season 3 finale of "Kenan & Kel", and the pilot for "The Amanda Show", along with "All That" fellow alumnus, Kenan Thompson.


title: Josh Server

text: After he and the last cast members of the original "All That" had left, Server moved on to host "Oh Yeah! Cartoons" for Season 3 in 2000-2001. Afterward, he made another guest appearance in a Season 3 episode of "100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd" in 2002.


title: Josh Server

text: Server returned to "All That" for its 10th Anniversary special which aired in 2005, reprising a few of his characters. In 2006, he made a guest appearance in a third season episode of "Drake & Josh".


title: Josh Server

text: In 2006, Server began starring in the web series "Laugh Out Loud" with Kenan Thompson. In early 2007, he appeared in a season 3 episode of "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide" and an episode of "Sam & Cat" in 2014.


title: Josh Server

text: He's made several "All That" reunion-type appearances, such as 2015 New York Comic-Con and a 2018 episode of "Wild 'n Out", culminating in recurring in the 2019 revival of "All That", along with Denberg, and Mitchell, starting with the season premiere.


title: Josh Server

text: Server was born in Highland Park, Illinois. He has a younger sister who was born in 1982. He is good friends with all of his castmates on "All That", including Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell. He is also good friends with Nickelodeon series stars Drake Bell, Josh Peck, and Miranda Cosgrove. Server had stated in the 1998 collector's guide, "", that his hobbies include going to the movies, rollerblading, the beach, and working out. Server is Jewish.


title: Victor Drai

text: Victor Drai (born July 25, 1947) is a Moroccan-Franco American nightclub owner, entrepreneur and film producer. Drai rose to prominence in the 1980s, producing the movies "The Woman in Red" (1984) and "Weekend at Bernie's" (1989), before leaving the industry to open a string of high-profile restaurants and nightclubs.


title: Victor Drai

text: Drai was born in Casablanca, Morocco, to Jewish parents. He dropped out of school at 14 to move to Paris, France, with his family. In 1968, he launched a ready-to-wear line called Vicadam, which featured velvet jeans.


title: Victor Drai

text: In 1974, Drai met Jacqueline Bisset on a flight from Los Angeles to Paris and the two began a transatlantic relationship. Drai sold the fashion line and relocated to the United States to be with Bisset and began a new business flipping Beverly Hills mansions.


title: Victor Drai

text: In 1982, Drai and then-girlfriend Kelly LeBrock traveled to Paris where they saw the movie "Pardon Mon Affaire". With the help of David Begelman, Drai produced a remake titled "The Woman in Red" which was released in 1984. Based on that movie's success, Drai then produced a series of comedies including another French remake, "The Man with One Red Shoe" (1985), and "Weekend at Bernie's" (1989).


title: Victor Drai

text: In 1985, Victor Drai Productions had set up a two-year, non-exclusive pact with MGM/UA Entertainment Co., whereas the first of the film projects were set up for the start of the fall of 1985, and represent the directorial debut of actor Henry Winkler.


title: Victor Drai

text: In 1993, Drai made the decision to open a restaurant, which he felt would be a more family-friendly career. He contracted French chef Claude Segal, who'd replaced Wolfgang Puck at the upscale restaurant Ma Maison in 1985. With Segal, he opened the restaurant Drai's at 730 La Cienega Boulevard on Restaurant Row in Los Angeles.


title: Victor Drai

text: In 1995, Drai opened a second Drai's in Las Vegas. A couple years later, he started an afterhours club, "That started everything", Drai stated. In December 2013, he opened a steakhouse on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles called Rare by Drai's.


title: Victor Drai

text: In March 2010, he opened Drai's Hollywood, a rooftop restaurant, pool and nightclub at the W Hotel in Hollywood.


title: Victor Drai

text: In 1997, Drai opened Drai's restaurant on the Las Vegas Strip. Two years later, Drai added a nightclub to the restaurant, re-branding it Drai's After Hours. In Vegas Seven's 2012 Nightclub Awards, Drai's After Hours won "Best Place to Disappear". He currently operates Drai's After Hours nightclub at The Cromwell Las Vegas.


title: Victor Drai

text: In 2007, Drai took over La Bete at Wynn Las Vegas and re-branded it Tryst. In 2012, Vegas Seven's Nightclub Awards awarded Tryst "Best Place to Impress". In 2013, Tryst placed #8 in the Top 100 Nightclub & Bar Roster for "Nightclub & Bar Magazine".


title: Victor Drai

text: Drai opened XS nightclub at Encore Las Vegas in 2008. In 2010, XS won Nightclub & Bar Awards for "New Club of the Year" and "Mega-Club of the Year. " In 2013, Nightclub & Bar Magazine awarded XS the "Mega-Club of the Year. " Technomic named XS number one nightclub in the US for 2010. In 2010, Drai was bought out of his managing partnership at Steve Wynn's Tryst and XS to pursue other endeavors.


title: Victor Drai

text: On March 2, 2017, he opened Drai's Vancouver which was located inside Trump International Hotel & Tower Vancouver.


title: Victor Drai

text: He opened Drai's Beachclub & Nightclub, on Memorial Day weekend 2014, at The Cromwell Las Vegas. This 65,000-square-foot venue has a party pool and an indoor/outdoor club spread out over two levels on top of the new Cromwell Hotel. Drai also opened a beach club and a nightclub in Dubai and plans to expand his empire to other cities.


title: Victor Drai

text: Drai was a romantic and business partner of Jacqueline Bisset's from 1973 to 1980. Drai has been married three times. In 1984, he married Kelly LeBrock; their marriage ended two years later in 1986. His second marriage was in 1990 to Loryn Locklin. On April 24, 2016, he married his third wife, Yolanda Krupiarz. Drai has one son, Dustin Drai, who is vice president of entertainment and marketing for Drai's Beachclub, Nightclub and Afterhours; and three young daughters.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: Elizabeth Shakespear Nel (née Layton; 14 June 1917 – 30 October 2007) was a personal secretary to Winston Churchill from 1941 to 1945.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: Elizabeth Layton was born on 14 June 1917 in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Her father, a veteran of the First World War suffered from tuberculosis. He was advised because of his health to emigrate to either British Columbia or Australia. The family moved to Canada and settled in Vernon, British Columbia.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: She attended a secretarial college in London, before working at an employment bureau. In the summer of 1939, she returned to Canada on holiday. After training in air raid precautions, she returned to London, where she obtained work with the Red Cross. It was from here she was sent to Downing Street.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: In late May 1941 at around 22:30, she first met Winston Churchill. She sat at a silent typewriter where she immediately fell foul of the Prime Minister by making a mistake. He liked his speeches typed in double-spaced lines as he dictated, but she used single spacing. She was ordered from the room as Churchill berated her, using the words "fool", "mug" and "idiot".


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: She accompanied Churchill as he travelled abroad in the war years. Layton met President Franklin D. Roosevelt while in Washington D.C. with Churchill at the White House. Another trip saw her as part of the British delegation to the Yalta Conference in the Crimea. Churchill proposed a toast to "Miss Layton" at a banquet during the conference. She was the only woman present. Her last work in wartime was to take dictation of Churchill's VE-Day speech.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: She and Churchill wept in his room after his defeat in the 1945 general election. After the loss, Layton told the Churchills of her plans to marry Frans Nel. He was a South African soldier who had been released from a prisoner-of-war camp following his capture at Tobruk. Churchill and his wife Clementine, upon hearing the news, advised them to have four children, reciting together, "One for Mother, one for Father, one for Accidents and one for Increase." In 1946, her first child was born.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: In 1958, she released a memoir titled "Mr. Churchill's Secretary". Churchill initially objected to the publication, sending a telegram. However, his views softened and he removed his objection when the matter was broached again.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: After the war, she migrated with her husband to South Africa. In later years, she was invited back to London on several occasions, including in 1990 for the 50th anniversary of Churchill becoming Prime Minister. She also returned in 2005 to join the Queen for the opening of the Churchill museum in the underground Cabinet War Rooms, beneath what is now the Treasury on Horse Guards Road.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: She had two siblings: a brother Michael and sister Alison. Her brother served as a pilot in the Second World War.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: After the war, she married South African soldier Frans Nel and settled in Port Elizabeth. They had a son and two daughters. Her husband died in 2000.


title: Elizabeth Nel

text: She is portrayed in the 2017 British film "Darkest Hour" by Lily James. In this film, Nel is portrayed as starting to work as Churchill's secretary, on 10 May 1940, during the Battle of France. In reality she did not become his secretary until a year later in May 1941. The movie furthermore says her brother died during the retreat to Dunkirk; another fictional detail.


title: Queens of the Stone Age discography

text: The discography of Queens of the Stone Age, an American rock band, consists of seven studio albums, one live album, three extended plays, fourteen singles, three promotional singles and twenty music videos.


title: Queens of the Stone Age discography

text: Queens of the Stone Age (also known as QOTSA) was formed in 1996 by guitarist and vocalist Josh Homme (formerly of Kyuss) under the name Gamma Ray. The band signed with the independent label Loosegroove Records and released the "Kyuss/Queens of the Stone Age" extended play in 1997. In 1998, the band released its full-length debut, "Queens of the Stone Age". The band subsequently signed with Interscope Records and released its first album for a major label, "Rated R", which became the first Queens of the Stone Age album to chart.


title: Queens of the Stone Age discography

text: In 2001, the band was joined by vocalist Mark Lanegan, and released their third album, "Songs for the Deaf" in 2002. The album brought the band to a new level of commercial success, and a full-fledged tour followed in support of the album. Queens of the Stone Age released a follow-up album, "Lullabies to Paralyze", in 2005. The album peaked at number five on the "Billboard" 200, selling 97,000 copies during its first week. Two years later, the band released its fifth studio album, "Era Vulgaris", which debuted and peaked at number fourteen on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Queens of the Stone Age discography

text: After a four-year hiatus, Queens of the Stone Age released "...Like Clockwork" on June 4, 2013, and four more years later saw the release of "Villains" on August 25, 2017.


title: Dracula (Hammer film series)

text: Dracula is the title of several horror film series centered on Count Dracula, who is accidentally resurrected, bringing with him a plague of vampirism, and the ensuing efforts of the heroic Van Helsing family to stop him.


title: Dracula (Hammer film series)

text: The original series of films consisted of nine installments, which starred iconic horror actors Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing as Count Dracula and Doctor Van Helsing respectively. The series of films is part of the larger Hammer Horror series.


title: Dracula (Hammer film series)

text: Production of "Dracula" began at Bray Studios on 17 November 1957 with an investment of £81,000. As Count Dracula, Lee fixed the image of the fanged vampire in popular culture. Christopher Frayling writes, ""Dracula" introduced fangs, red contact lenses, décolletage, ready-prepared wooden stakes and – in the celebrated credits sequence – blood being spattered from off-screen over the Count's coffin." Lee also introduced a dark, brooding sexuality to the character, with Tim Stanley stating, "Lee's sensuality was subversive in that it hinted that women might quite like having their neck chewed on by a stud".


title: Dracula (Hammer film series)

text: In 2017 a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for "Time Out" magazine saw "Dracula" ranked the 65th best British film ever. "Empire" magazine ranked Lee's portrayal as Count Dracula the 7th Greatest Horror Movie Character of All Time.


title: Dracula (Hammer film series)

text: Upon publishing extracts of their screenplay for "Anno Dracula" in an updated version of the first book in the series, author Kim Newman revealed the film would use the likeness of Peter Cushing to represent the severed head of the deceased Van Helsing, establishing elements of the Hammer Productions "Dracula" film series as the backdrop for the film adaptation's events, specifically an imagined alternate ending to the 1958 "Dracula" film. The fourth book in the series, subtitled , follows the character of the same name originally introduced in "Dracula A.D. 1972".


title: Gary Sánchez

text: Gary Sánchez Herrera (born December 2, 1992) is a Dominican professional baseball catcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees and Minnesota Twins. He made his MLB debut with the Yankees in 2015. He was named the American League's Rookie of the Month and Player of the Month for August 2016. Sánchez burst onto the scene with a record-breaking rookie debut in 2016, finishing second in Rookie of the Year voting despite playing in only 53 games. He was named an All-Star and Silver Slugger in 2017. Sánchez is the fastest catcher in MLB history to hit 100 home runs.


title: Gary Sánchez

text: Sánchez grew up in La Victoria, Dominican Republic. His parents separated when he was young and he, his three brothers, and one sister were raised by their mother, Orquidia Herrera, and her mother, Agustina Pena, though they saw their father frequently. One of his brothers, Miguel Sánchez, played in the Seattle Mariners organization.


title: Gary Sánchez

text: Sánchez signed with the New York Yankees as an international free agent in July 2009, receiving a $3 million signing bonus. Before the 2010 season, "Baseball America" ranked him as the Yankees' seventh-best prospect. He began his professional career playing for the Gulf Coast Yankees. On August 18, 2010, he was promoted to the Staten Island Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League. He finished the season hitting .329/.393/.543 with eight home runs and 43 runs batted in (RBIs) in 47 games.


title: Gary Sánchez

text: Before the 2011 season, Sánchez was ranked among the top prospects in baseball. He was rated as the second best prospect in the Yankees organization and 30th best prospect overall by Baseball America. He spent the season playing for the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League. He played in 82 games before suffering a season ending finger injury. He finished the season hitting .256/.335/.485 with 17 home runs and 52 RBIs.


title: Gary Sánchez

text: Before the 2012 season, Sánchez was ranked as the Yankees fourth best prospect by "Baseball America". He began the 2012 season with Charleston and received a midseason promotion to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League.


title: Gary Sánchez

text: Sánchez began the 2013 season with Tampa. After batting .254 with 13 home runs and 61 RBIs, the Yankees promoted him to the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League on August 3. He was added to the Yankees' 40-man roster after the 2013 season. Sánchez began the 2015 season with Trenton and was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All-Star Futures Game. After the Futures Game, the Yankees promoted Sánchez to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League, where he hit a home run in his first at-bat.


title: Gary Sánchez

text: After the conclusion of the RailRiders' 2015 season, the Yankees promoted Sánchez to the major leagues. He made his major league debut as a pinch hitter on October 3. He went hitless in two at bats during the regular season. The Yankees included him on their 25-man roster for the 2015 American League (AL) Wild Card Game. The Yankees then assigned Sánchez to the Arizona Fall League (AFL) after the season. He led the AFL in home runs, and was named the Fall Stars Game Most Valuable Player, and the second-best prospect in the AFL by "Baseball America". As a result of his strong season, the Yankees felt comfortable trading fellow catcher John Ryan Murphy during the offseason.


title: Gary Sánchez

text: Sánchez competed with Austin Romine to serve as the backup catcher to Brian McCann on the Yankees' Opening Day roster in 2016, but he began the season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. He was called up to the majors for one game in May, where he went 0-for-4. The Yankees again promoted Sánchez to the major leagues on August 3, and he recorded his first major league hit, a single off Hansel Robles, that same day. On August 10, Sánchez went 4-for-5, with his first major league home run and 3 singles. On August 16, Sánchez had his first two home run game against the Toronto Blue Jays. On August 22, Sánchez was named AL Player of the Week, after hitting four home runs with a .523 average. Sánchez became the first player in MLB history with at least 11 home runs and 31 hits in his first 23 career games. On August 29, Sánchez was named AL Player of the Week for the second straight week, and on September 3 MLB named him AL Player of the Month and Rookie of the Month. On September 21, Sánchez hit his 18th and 19th


title: Gary Sánchez

text: For the 2016 season, Sánchez played in 53 games for the Yankees with a .299 batting average, 20 home runs, and 42 RBIs. On defense, in 2016 he had the best average pop time to second base (1.90 seconds) of all major league catchers. He finished second in the voting for AL Rookie of the Year, behind Michael Fulmer.