title: Portable toilet

text: The other name common in British English is "Elsan", which dates back to 1925. According to the Camping and Caravanning Club, "Today you will often see campsites refer to their Chemical Disposal Points as Elsan Disposal Points because of the history and popularity of the brand." The Canal and River Trust uses both brand names, in lieu of any unbranded term.


title: Portable toilet

text: One colloquialism for these simple toilets is the "bucket and chuck it" system, although in fact they no longer resemble an open bucket (see bucket toilet). These are designed to be emptied into sanitary stations connected to the regular sewage system. These toilets are not to be confused with the types that are plumbed in to the vehicle and need to be pumped out at holding tank dump stations.


title: Portable toilet

text: Portable urine-diversion dehydration toilets are self-contained dry toilets sometimes referred to as "mobile" or "stand-alone" units. They are identifiable by their one-piece molded plastic shells or, in the case of DIY versions, simple plywood box construction. Most users of self-contained UDDTs rely upon a post-treatment process to ensure pathogen reduction. This post-treatment may consist of long-term storage or addition to an existing or purpose-built compost pile or some combination thereof. A post-treatment step is unnecessary in the case of very modest seasonal use.


title: Portable toilet

text: A commode chair (a chair enclosing a chamber pot) is a basic portable toilet that was used, for example, in 19th-century Europe.


title: Portable toilet

text: The close stool, built as an article of furniture, is one of the earliest forms of portable toilet. They can still be seen in historic house museums such as Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site in Old Montreal, Canada. The velvet upholstered close stool used by William III is on display at Hampton Court Palace; see Groom of the Stool.


title: Portable toilet

text: Early versions of the "Elsan chemical closet" ("closet" meaning a small room, see water closet, WC, and earth closet) were sold at Army & Navy Stores. Their use in World War II bomber aircraft is described at some length by the Bomber Command Museum of Canada; in brief, they were not popular with either the flying crew or the ground crew.


title: Portable toilet

text: African-Americans living under Jim Crow laws (i.e. before the Civil Rights Act of 1964) faced dangerous challenges. Public toilets were segregated by race, and many restaurants and gas stations refused to serve black people, so some travellers carried a portable toilet in the trunk of their car.


title: Portable toilet

text: Since 1974, Grand Canyon guides have used ammo boxes to defecate, according to the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, Arizona.


title: Portable toilet

text: A slang term, now dated or historic, is a "thunder-box" ("Oxford English Dictionary": "a portable commode; by extension, any lavatory"). The term was used particularly in British India; travel writer Stephen McClarence called it "a crude sort of colonial lavatory". One features to comic effect in Evelyn Waugh's novel "Men at Arms":


title: Naked Eyes

text: Naked Eyes are an English new wave band that rose to prominence in the early 1980s. The band had four US top 40 singles.


title: Naked Eyes

text: The group's first hit, "Always Something There to Remind Me", was a cover of the Burt Bacharach/Hal David standard. The band had subsequent hits with more of their own compositions, "Promises, Promises", "When the Lights Go Out", and "(What) In the Name of Love".


title: Naked Eyes

text: Naked Eyes was formed by Pete Byrne and Rob Fisher. The two had formerly been part of a band called Neon, with future members of Tears for Fears.


title: Naked Eyes

text: Naked Eyes were one of the first bands to make significant use of the Fairlight CMI sampling synthesizer on a recording.


title: Naked Eyes

text: The debut album "Burning Bridges" was produced by Tony Mansfield, along with the follow-up album "Fuel for the Fire", which also featured two titles produced by Arthur Baker. Their second and third singles, "Promises, Promises" (the 12" mix of which features vocals from Madonna) and "When the Lights Go Out", were also hit singles in the United States.


title: Naked Eyes

text: Following the release of the band's second album, Byrne moved to California. He performed on Stevie Wonder's "Part-Time Lover", sang backgrounds with Rita Coolidge and Princess Stephanie, and wrote and produced for the Olsen twins. Fisher also explored other projects, doing sessions in London and forming Climie Fisher with Simon Climie.


title: Naked Eyes

text: The group never toured due to the technical difficulties of recreating their studio sound in concert.


title: Naked Eyes

text: Byrne released a solo album "The Real Illusion" in 2001, which featured some of the last tracks he wrote with Fisher for a proposed third Naked Eyes album. In 2005, Byrne put a band together to play Naked Eyes shows, and has been touring regularly since. In 2007, Naked Eyes released "Fumbling with the Covers", an acoustic album which consisted of covers of Bob Dylan, The Beatles and Elvis Costello, among others, along with the Naked Eyes hits.


title: Naked Eyes

text: In the summer of 2008, Naked Eyes completed a US tour along with Belinda Carlisle, ABC and the Human League. Naked Eyes did a US tour with the Go-Go's, Scandal and the Motels in 2014 and has been touring each summer since; Naked Eyes' 2020 tour was postponed to 2021 due to COVID-19 related restrictions.


title: Flag of Greenland

text: The flag of Greenland (, ) was designed by Greenland native Thue Christiansen. It features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red (bottom) with a counter-changed red-and-white disk slightly to the hoist side of centre. The entire flag measures 18 by 12 parts; each stripe measures 6 parts; the disk is 8 parts in diameter, horizontally offset by 7 parts from the hoist to the centre of the circle, and vertically centered.


title: Flag of Greenland

text: Its local name in the Greenlandic language is "Erfalasorput", which means "our flag". The term "Aappalaartoq" (meaning "the red") is also used for both the Greenlandic flag and the flag of Denmark ("Dannebrog"). Today, Greenlanders display both the "Erfalasorput" and the "Dannebrog"—often side by side. The flag of Greenland is the only national flag of a Nordic country or territory without a Nordic Cross.


title: Flag of Greenland

text: Greenland first entertained the idea of a flag of its own in 1973 when five Greenlanders proposed a green, white and blue flag. The following year, a newspaper solicited eleven design proposals (all but one of which was a Nordic cross) and polled the people to determine the most popular. The flag of Denmark was preferred to the others. Little came of this effort.


title: Flag of Greenland

text: In 1978, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, making it an equal member of the "Danish Realm". The home rule government held an official call for flag proposals, receiving 555 (of which 293 were submitted by Greenlanders).


title: Flag of Greenland

text: The deciding committee came to no consensus, so more proposals were solicited. Finally the present red-and-white design by Thue Christiansen narrowly won over a green-and-white Nordic cross by a vote of fourteen to eleven. Christiansen's red-and-white flag was officially adopted on 21 June 1985.


title: Flag of Greenland

text: To honour the tenth anniversary of the "Erfalasorput", the Greenland Post Office issued commemorative postage stamps and a leaflet by the flag's creator. He described the white stripe as representing the glaciers and ice cap, which cover more than 80% of the island; the red stripe, the ocean; the red semicircle, the sun, with its bottom part sunk in the ocean; and the white semicircle, the icebergs and pack ice. The design is also reminiscent of the setting sun half-submerged below the horizon and reflected on the sea. In 1985 it was reported that Greenland's flag had exactly the same motif as the flag of the Danish rowing club HEI Rosport, which was founded before Greenland's flag was chosen. It is not clear whether this is a case of plagiarism or just a coincidence, but the rowing club gave Greenland permission to use their flag.


title: Flag of Greenland

text: The colours of the "Erfalasorput" are the same as those of the "Dannebrog", symbolizing Greenland's place in the Danish realm.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: Sarah Grace Stiles (born June 20, 1979) is an American singer and actress known for her work in Off-Broadway and Broadway theatre.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: She performed the role of Kate Monster/Lucy the Slut in "Avenue Q", and performed in the musical "Vanities", in which she played the character of Joanne. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play in 2015 for her performance in "Hand to God" and the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical in 2019 for her performance in "Tootsie". She also voiced Spinel in "" (2019), and "Steven Universe Future" (2020). She can also be heard as diva Emma Olivia in "As the Curtain Rises", an original Broadway soap opera from the Broadway Podcast Network.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: Stiles was born on June 20, 1979 in Massachusetts and was later raised in Strafford, New Hampshire attending Strafford Elementary School. After middle school, Stiles began her high school career at Coe-Brown Northwood Academy in New Hampshire.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: At the age of 12, Stiles started getting involved with theater productions in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Her first role was the titular character in "Annie" at the Seacoast Repertory Theater. As a teenager, Stiles played two other major roles while living in New Hampshire: Dorothy in "The Wizard of Oz", and Cinderella in "Cinderella". Stiles loved the performing arts so much that she spent her summers working at the Prescott Park Arts Festival in Portsmouth.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: Before she got involved with Broadway productions, she trained at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York City. Stiles is known for her two roles in the Off-Broadway production "Avenue Q",the story of a college student who moves to New York City with big dreams but lives on Avenue Q and has very little money. Stiles plays Kate Monster and Lucy the Slut, who are two puppets that she controls throughout the show.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: After Stiles spent much of her time in the production of "Avenue Q", she later was offered the role of Joanne in "Vanities", a project that Stiles had been involved with for two years. "Vanities" was performed at the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California, but eventually moved to Second Stage in New York. This role in "Vanities" eventually led Stiles to be involved in recording an album for the songs.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: She played the role of Little Red Riding Hood in Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's musical "Into the Woods" at the Delacorte Theater in New York as part of Shakespeare in the Park. She starred opposite Academy Award nominee Amy Adams and Tony Award winners Donna Murphy and Denis O'Hare.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: In 2017, Stiles appeared in the Epix television series "Get Shorty". Stiles also appeared in the 2018 film "Unsane." Additionally in 2018, Stiles was cast in the recurring role of Axe Capital stock trader Bonnie Barella on the Showtime series "Billions" (season 3–present).


title: Sarah Stiles

text: She appeared in the stage musical version of the film "Tootsie" beginning in September 2018, which ran at the Cadillac Palace Theatre in Chicago from Sept. 11 to Oct. 14, 2018. The musical opened on Broadway in April 2019. In the third season of the Epix television series "Get Shorty," Stiles' character, Gladys Parrish, a singer/actress, is cast in the Broadway musical "Tootsie" playing the character Stiles actually played in the musical. This plot development allowed Stiles to recreate one of her numbers from the Broadway show on the TV series.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: Stiles married her husband, Jeff, on October 18, 2020. They live in New York City with their dog, Patti.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: Along with having performed on many different stages in various off-Broadway shows, Stiles has found the time to be involved in three different albums for three plays. Her first album recording was singing for the role of Joanne, for the musical, "Vanities the Musical". Her second album recording was when she sang the character Nazirah for the musical, "The Road to Qatar". Most recently, she can be heard on the album for the musical adaptation of Roald Dahl's "James and the Giant Peach" as the Spider. In 2016, she teamed up with Gary Lucas to record "Gary Lucas' Fleischerei: Music from Max Fleischer Cartoons". In 2020, she released her first EP, "You Can Ukulele With Me". On that album, Stiles shows her skill at playing the ukulele, an instrument she has been known to play: in one episode of "Get Shorty", Stiles played the ukulele for two songs (one of which, "Simple Song of Love (The La La Song)", was performed for her show "Squirrel Heart", and would show up in re-recorded form as the lead-off track from "You Can Ukulele With Me"); and she played it in the aforementioned "Squirrel Heart" show.


title: Sarah Stiles

text: Aside from album recordings, Stiles and her friend Howie have been working on their sketches for their comedy channel on YouTube. The YouTube channel is called Sillyocity, and together, the two of them combine their ideas to make short comedic webisodes.


title: Leah Harvey

text: Leah Harvey (born around 1993) is a British actor. They are known for their role as Salvor Hardin in the 2021 Apple TV+ series "Foundation", which earned them a BAFTA nomination. On stage, they starred as Hortense in a 2019 National Theatre production of "Small Island", and as Lisa in a 2022 Theatre Royal Stratford East production of "The Wonderful World of Dissocia". They have been cast in the upcoming A24 film "Tuesday".


title: Leah Harvey

text: Harvey grew up in Upton Park, East London. They attended the Brampton Manor Academy whilst taking dance and drama classes at the Deborah Day Theatre School Trust on a scholarship. They went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbalom (; ) or concert cimbalom is a type of chordophone composed of a large, trapezoidal box on legs with metal strings stretched across its top and a damping pedal underneath. It was designed and created by V. Josef Schunda in 1874 in Budapest, based on his modifications to the existing Hammered dulcimer instruments which were already present in Central and Eastern Europe.


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbalom is typically played by striking two sticks, often with cotton-wound tips, against the strings which are on the top of the instrument. The steel treble strings are arranged in groups of 4 and are tuned in unison. The bass strings which are over-spun with copper, are arranged in groups of 3 and are also tuned in unison. The Hornbostel–Sachs musical instrument classification system registers the cimbalom with the number 314.122-4,5.


title: Cimbalom

text: The name “cimbalom” is also sometimes used to describe other types of dulcimers, which may have different tuning systems and which may lack the dampers and heavy construction of the concert instrument. In other languages, the words for those other instruments and the concert cimbalom may be similar as well (such as in Romanian or [tsymbaly] in Ukrainian).


title: Cimbalom

text: The modern Hungarian concert cimbalom was designed and created by V. Josef Schunda in 1874 in Budapest based on his modifications to existing folk dulcimers. He demonstrated an early prototype with some improvements at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair, gaining praise from audiences and drawing the attention of highly-placed Hungarian politicians such as József Zichy, Gyula Andrássy, and King Franz Joseph. He then continued to work to modify and improve his design. He extended the length of the strings and redesigned the position of the bridges to improve the tone and musical range. He added heavy dampers which would allow a greater degree of control over the ringing of the strings, and a metal brace inside the instrument which would increase its stability. Four detachable legs were added to support this much larger instrument; its folkloric predecessors had usually been played on a barrel or table.


title: Cimbalom

text: Schunda began serial production of his concert cimbalom in 1874, manufacturing them in a piano shop located on Hajós utca, across the street from the Budapest Opera House in Pest. He also started to develop a playing method and school to popularize his new instrument, eventually recruiting Géza Allaga, a prominent musician and pedagogue, to publish method books. Prominent Hungarian musicians such as Franz Liszt became increasingly interested in the instrument and its possibilities. The instrument quickly became popular among the Bourgeoisie as well as Roma musicians, and by 1906 Schunda had produced over ten thousand instruments.


title: Cimbalom

text: Concert instruments from Schunda onward are fully chromatic. The Schunda tuning system established a standard pitch range of four octaves plus a major 3rd; extending from C to e′′′ (Helmholtz pitch notation). The cimbalom has continued its development and modern concert instruments are often further expanded and have numerous refinements beyond Schunda's design. These instruments can now have a pitch range that extends five fully chromatic octaves from AA to a′′′.


title: Cimbalom

text: Contemporary cimbalom makers also create smaller instruments. These run the gamut from less weighty versions of Schunda's original concert layout to truly portable fully chromatic cimbaloms (which use Schunda's signature tuning pattern and note layout but with reduced range in the bass). Modern makers also continue to craft new and traditional folk style instruments.


title: Cimbalom

text: A smaller more portable version of the concert cimbalom was produced in Ukraine from the 1950s to the 1980s that came with detachable legs and dampers, but could be carried more easily than the larger concert instrument. These instruments were produced by the Chernihiv factory and the Melnytso-Podilsk folk instruments workshop which also produced many types of other folk instruments.


title: Cimbalom

text: Many composers have written for the cimbalom. Zoltán Kodály made extensive use of the instrument in his orchestral suite "Háry János" which helped make the cimbalom known outside Eastern Europe. Igor Stravinsky was also an enthusiast. He owned a cimbalom which he purchased after hearing Aladár Rácz perform on the instrument. He included the cimbalom in his ballet "Renard" (1915–16), his "Ragtime" for eleven instruments, his original (1917) scoring for "Les Noces", and his "Four Russian Songs". Franz Liszt used the cimbalom in his "Ungarischer Sturmmarsch" (1876) and in the orchestral version of his "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6". Béla Bartók used it in his "Rhapsody No. 1 for violin and orchestra" (1928).


title: Cimbalom

text: More recently, other composers including Pierre Boulez, Peter Maxwell Davies, Peter Eötvös, György Kurtág, Miklós Kocsár, Richard Grimes, Louis Andriessen, and Peter Machajdík have made a great use of cimbalom in their works. Henri Dutilleux used it extensively in "Mystère de l'Instant" for chamber orchestra, and "L'arbre des songes" for violin & orchestra. Elvis Costello's orchestral ballet score "Il Sogno" includes several extended cimbalom passages. Harrison Birtwistle's operas ""Gawain"" (1991) and ""The Minotaur"" (2008) each utilize the cimbalom. John Adams uses the instrument prominently in his large 2012 symphonic oratorio "The Gospel According to the Other Mary" as well as in his 2014 dramatic symphony "Scheherazade.2". Cimbalom is used in a popular arrangement of Debussy's "La plus que lente" which the composer approved but did not actually score.


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbalom has occasionally been used in film scores, especially to introduce a "foreign" feel. The cimbalom appears in "Christmas in Connecticut" (1945) in a scene in Felix's (S. Z. Sakall) Hungarian restaurant in Manhattan. It was also featured in the films "Captain Blood" (1935), "The Divorce of Lady X" (1938), and "Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon" (1943).


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbalom was used in the film score for the movie "In the Heat of the Night" (1967). Composer Carmine Coppola made heavy use of the cimbalom in his soundtrack for "The Black Stallion" (1979) to accentuate the Arabian heritage of the majestic horse. Miklós Rózsa used the cimbalom in the main theme and throughout the score for the science-fiction thriller "The Power" (1968). John Barry used it in the title theme for the film "The Ipcress File" (1965), as well as in the main theme of the ITC TV series "The Persuaders!" (1971); in both examples the performer was John Leach. James Horner made use of the instrument in his "Stealing the Enterprise" cue from "" (1984). In addition, John Williams has made less prominent use of the instrument in scores such as "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981). Howard Shore used the cimbalom as well to express Gollum's sneaky nature in Peter Jackson's film "" (2002). The cimbalom is also featured prominently in Hans Zimmer's scoring of "Sherlock Holmes" (2009). Alexandre Desplat uses cimbalom in works such as "The Golden Compass" (2007), "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" (2008), and "The Grand Budapest Hotel" (2014).


title: Cimbalom

text: In television, composer Lalo Schifrin made use of the cimbalom in several scores he wrote for the original "" television series, from which several cues were regularly recycled throughout the series' run.


title: Cimbalom

text: Composer Debbie Wiseman used the cimbalom, played by Greg Knowles, in her score for the BBC television series 'Dickensian' (2015–16).


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbalom, played by John Leach, features prominently in the score of the BBC television drama serial from 1988, 'Babylon Bypassed' by Gareth Glyn.


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbalom was used by Alan Parsons on his "I Robot" and "Tales of Mystery and Imagination" albums and is included in the guest musician acknowledgments. The experimental rock group Mr. Bungle made use of the cimbalom on the "Disco Volante" and "California" albums. It is included in the guest musician acknowledgments. The experimental performance organization Blue Man Group has used a cimbalom in its productions. American progressive chamber group, cordis, uses electric and acoustic cimbalom as a centerpiece in their music. Romanian rock group Spitalul de Urgență has frequently used cimbalom, including a full-time player in some line-ups of the band. New York multi-instrumentalist Rob Burger used a cimbalom on the album "L'Entredeux" (2008) by Tucson chanteuse Marianne Dissard. Alternative rock band Garbage incorporated cimbalom into their track "The Trick Is to Keep Breathing" from their 1998 album "Version 2.0".


title: Cimbalom

text: Portishead have long been successful pioneers of the cimbalom or hammered dulcimer in their groundbreaking work since formation in 1991.


title: Cimbalom

text: In Belarus a cymbaly school was established in 1948 by J. Zynovych. The Belarusian cymbaly differs from the concert cimbalom in timbre and size—it is smaller and produces a sweeter, more mellow tone. Also, pedal dampers are not typically used. Instead, hands and fingers are used to damp the strings.


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbal today is a rare instrument found in folk groups (Međimurje and Podravina regions - parts of northern Croatia near Hungarian border).


title: Cimbalom

text: The instrument is used foremost in the historical region of Moravia as a basis for Moravian traditional music ensembles. Foremost in regions of Moravian Slovakia and Moravian Wallachia.


title: Cimbalom

text: Luigi Gaggero teaches since 2004 at the Conservatoire de Strasbourg and at the Académie Supérieure de Musique de Strasbourg. His teaching focuses on classical and on contemporary repertoire for cimbalom.


title: Cimbalom

text: In Athens, a cimbalom school was established in 2004 by M. Papadeas. The Greek musicians play on small portable folk style instruments.


title: Cimbalom

text: Besides the main cimbalom centre in Budapest, there is a very strong school of performance in Debrecen in Hungary.


title: Cimbalom

text: A strong performance school was established in Bucharest. Toni Iordache, a Romani-Romanian "lăutar", was the most famous Romanian cimbalom player.


title: Cimbalom

text: The cimbal is a very popular instrument found in all Slovak regions, as well as in the ethnically Slovak/Hungarian mixed southern regions and among Romani folk ensembles.


title: Cimbalom

text: In Ukraine, the concert Cimbalom was first formally used in the Orchestra of Ukrainian Folk Instruments organized and directed by Leonid Haydamaka from 1922 by Oleksandr Nezovybatko. In time it was replaced by 2 smaller-sized instruments in order to facilitate transportation. Music for the cimbalom has been published in Ukraine from 1930 on. With the serial manufacture of "tsymbaly" by the Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory cimbalom playing became popular in Eastern Ukraine in the post war years. Textbooks for the "tsymbaly" were published in 1966 by O. Nezovybatko, and initially players played on semi-concert instruments manufactured by the Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory. In recent times most professional performers have switched over to the Schunda system of playing on concert-size instruments. Classes for the instrument exist in the Lviv, Kyiv and Kharkiv conservatories. Currently most Ukraine folk instrument ensembles and orchestras such as the Orchestra of Ukrainian Folk instruments and the State Bandurist Capella usually have 2 concert cimbaloms. Roman Kumlyk was a famous player from Hutsul area. After his death, a museum was named for him and is now run by his family.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: Countess Natalya "Natasha" Ilyinichna Rostova (; , named Natasha Rostov in the Rosemary Edmonds version; born 1792, according to the book) is a central fictional character in Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel "War and Peace". She is the daughter of Ilya Rostov, a loving, kind, and generous nobleman. Natasha is based on both Tanya Behrs, Tolstoy's sister-in-law, and Sophia Tolstaya (née Behrs), Tolstoy's wife.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: At the start of the novel in 1805, Natasha is a 13-year-old girl, the daughter of Count Ilya Rostov and Countess Natalya Rostova. She has fallen in love with young Prince Boris Drubetskoy, who lives with his mother Anna Mikhaylovna in the Rostov estate. She becomes close friends with Count Pierre Bezukhov, who frequently visits the Rostovs. When Boris leaves to pursue a career in the staff of General Mikhail Kutuzov, their friendship evaporates. At her first ball, Pierre introduces her to Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. They fall in love and become engaged, but Andrei's father objects to the match.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: He forces Andrei to postpone the marriage for a year, during which he goes on a tour of Europe and finds a tutor for his son. A visit to Andrei's father ends in a falling-out between Natasha and Princess Maria, Andrei's sister. During Andrei's absence, Prince Anatole Kuragin takes advantage of the situation by courting Natasha, even though he is already married. She succumbs to his charms and tries to elope with Kuragin. Although this is thwarted by Natasha's cousin Sonya, Natasha hastily writes to Princess Maria, breaking off the engagement. After her plan to elope is ruined, Natasha attempts suicide. She is rescued by the doctor before she dies.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: As Napoleon advances into Russia, the Rostovs are forced to evacuate their estate and retreat to their Moscow residence. When the Rostovs plan to evacuate Moscow, her parents use the carts for transportation of the wounded soldiers, and Natasha discovers that Andrei is among the wounded soldiers. She devotes all her time to nursing him.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: After the French forces depart Moscow, Natasha again meets Andrei's sister Maria and together they nurse Andrei until he dies. They are reunited with Pierre, whose estranged wife Helene has died. Natasha and Pierre fall in love. Eventually, they marry and have four children.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: The character of Natasha Rostova is difficult to portray on film or television because she ages from a 13-year-old girl in book one to a 28-year-old mother of four at the end of the novel. Several actresses have portrayed Natasha Rostova to critical acclaim.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: In 1956, Audrey Hepburn was cast as Natasha in King Vidor's "War and Peace". She was nominated for a BAFTA Award for best British actress and for a Golden Globe Award for best actress in a drama production. Moreover, Harlow Robinson writes that Hepburn "makes a visually compelling Natasha...".


title: Natasha Rostova

text: Other performances include those of Morag Hood in the 1972 BBC miniseries with Anthony Hopkins as Pierre, Ludmila Savelyeva in Sergei Bondarchuk's adaptation, Clémence Poésy in the 2007 miniseries and Denée Benton (Phillipa Soo Off-Broadway) in the New York musical adaptation, "Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812", which received 12 Tony nominations in 2017. In the 2016 BBC One six-part drama based on the novel, Lily James played Natasha Rostova.


title: Natasha Rostova

text: The "Encyclopedia of Literature" remarks that Natasha "is undoubtedly Tolstoy's ideal woman," while the "Academic American Encyclopedia" describes her as "the embodiment of impulsiveness and spontaneity...". The transformation of her character towards the end of the novel from a joyous, spirited 'waif-like' beauty into a plump, rather slatternly woman who is only interested in her husband and children has been criticized. Dorothea Barrett compares this to the description of a matronly Dinah Morris at the end of "Adam Bede", which she calls 'inappropriate, almost humiliating'.


title: Enterobacter

text: Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus "Enterobacter" is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms (or thermotolerant coliforms) group of bacteria, unlike "Escherichia coli", because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties.


title: Enterobacter

text: Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the International Space Station (ISS) of five "Enterobacter bugandensis" bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that microorganisms on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for the astronauts.


title: Enterobacter

text: The genus "Enterobacter" ferments lactose with gas production during a 48-hour incubation at 35-37 °C in the presence of bile salts and detergents. It is oxidase-negative, indole-negative, and urease-variable.


title: Enterobacter

text: Treatment is dependent on local trends of antibiotic resistance. "Enterobacter huaxiensis" and "Enterobacter chuandaensis" are two recently discovered species that exhibit especially antibiotic resistant characteristics.


title: Enterobacter

text: Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin from the β-Lactam antibiotic class. Imipenem (a carbapenem) is often the antibiotic of choice. Aminoglycosides such as amikacin have been found to be very effective, as well. Quinolones can be an effective alternative.


title: Enterobacter

text: A 2012 study has shown that the presence of "Enterobacter cloacae" B29 in the gut of a morbidly obese individual may have contributed to the patient’s obesity. Reduction of the bacterial load within the patient’s gut, from 35% "E. cloacae" B29 to non-detectable levels, was associated with a parallel reduction in endotoxin load in the patient and a concomitant, significant reduction in weight. Furthermore, the same bacterial strain, isolated from the patient, induced obesity and insulin resistance in germfree C57BL/6J mice that were being fed a high-fat diet. The study concludes that "E. cloacae" B29 may contribute to obesity in its human hosts through an endotoxin-induced, inflammation-mediated mechanism.


title: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

text: Santa Maria delle Grazie ("Holy Mary of Grace") is a church and Dominican convent in Milan, northern Italy, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The convent contains the mural of "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci, which is in the refectory.


title: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

text: Duke of Milan Francesco I Sforza ordered the construction of a Dominican convent and church at the site of a prior chapel dedicated to the Marian devotion of St Mary of the Graces. The main architect, Guiniforte Solari, designed the convent (the Gothic nave), which was completed by 1469. Construction of the church took decades. Duke Ludovico Sforza decided to have the church serve as the Sforza family burial site, and rebuilt the cloister and the apse, both completed after 1490. Ludovico's wife Beatrice was buried in the church in 1497.


title: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

text: The design of the apse of the church has been attributed to Donato Bramante, as his name is inscribed in a piece of marble in the church vaults delivered in 1494. However, some dispute that he worked on the church at all. According to one source, in 1492–1497 Bramante worked on the crossing and the dome as well the transept apses and the coir with apse; this source also attributes a plan and section of the building to Bramante. Some documents mention the name Amadeo, likely Giovanni Antonio Amadeo. There are similarities between this church and Amadeo's design for Santa Maria alla Fontana.


title: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

text: In 1543, the Titian altarpiece depicting Christ receiving the crown of thorns was installed in the Chapel of the Holy Crown, located on the right of the nave. The painting, looted by French troops in 1797, is now in the Louvre. This chapel is frescoed with "Stories of the Passion" by Gaudenzio Ferrari. In the small cloister adjacent to the tribune near the door that leads to the sacristy is a fresco by Bramantino. The church also contained frescoes depicting the "Resurrection and Passion" by Bernardo Zenale.


title: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

text: During World War II, on the night of 15 August 1943, an allied aerial bombardment hit the church and the convent. Much of the refectory was destroyed, but some walls survived, including the one that holds "The Last Supper", which had been sand-bagged in order to protect it. Some preservation works are done to maintain it for the future. It is believed that the current and future preservation works will keep the painting safe for many centuries to come.


title: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

text: Nowadays the "Sacrestia vecchia", or the Old Sacristy, designed and constructed by Donato Bramante, is the seat of a Dominican Cultural Centre ("Centro Culturale alle Grazie"), in which the brethren organize and host conferences on various themes pertaining to spirituality, philosophy, art, literature and sociology, in addition to musical concerts and artistic exhibitions.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: A number of aircraft have been claimed to be the fastest propeller-driven aircraft. This article presents the current record holders for several sub-classes of propeller-driven aircraft that hold recognized, documented speed records in level flight. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) records are the basis for this article. Other contenders and their claims are discussed, but only those made under controlled conditions and measured by outside observers. Pilots during World War II sometimes claimed to have reached supersonic speeds in propeller-driven fighters during emergency dives, but these speeds are not included as accepted records. Neither are speeds recorded in a dive during high-speed tests with the Supermarine Spitfire, including Squadron Leader J.R. Tobin's in a 45° dive in a Mark XI Spitfire (date unknown) and Squadron Leader Anthony F. Martindale's breaking in the same aircraft in April 1944. Flight Lieutenant Edward Powles' in Spitfire PR.XIX PS852 during an emergency dive while carrying out spying flights over China on 5 February 1952 is also discounted. This would otherwise be the highest speed ever recorded for a piston-engined aircraft.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: Aircraft that use propellers as their prime propulsion device constitute a historically important subset of aircraft, despite inherent limitations to their speed. Aircraft powered by piston engines get virtually all of their thrust from the propeller driven by the engine. A few piston engined aircraft derive some thrust from the engine's exhaust gases, and there are certain hybrid types like the Motorjet that use a piston engine to drive the compressor of a jet engine, which supplies the primary thrust (although some types also have a propeller powered by the piston engine for low speed efficiency). All aircraft prior to World War II (except for a tiny number of early jet aircraft and rocket aircraft) used piston engines to drive propellers, so all Flight airspeed records prior to 1944 were necessarily set by propeller-driven aircraft. Rapid advances in first liquid-fueled rocket engine-powered aircraft – with a record set in October 1941 by a German example — and axial-flow jet engine technology during World War II meant that no propeller-driven aircraft would ever again hold an absolute air speed record. Shock wave formation in propeller-driven aircraft at speeds near sonic conditions, impose limits not encountered in jet aircraft.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: Jet engines, particularly turbojets, are a type of gas turbine configured such that most of the work available results from the thrust of the hot exhaust gases. Turbofans, both the high-bypass versions used in all modern commercial jetliners, and the low-bypass versions in most modern military aircraft, produce a combination of jet thrust from the exhaust of burnt fuel, and air thrust from what amounts to an internal propeller. High-bypass turbofan engines achieve most of their thrust from a fan driving air backwards through the engine casing, and driven by a gas turbine, which also contributes jet thrust via its exhaust. The two are in one large engine casing with the fan (propeller) at the front and the jet engine behind, with both turbine exhaust and fan-driven air exiting the rear of the engine casing. Turboprop engines are similar, but use an external propeller rather than an internal fan (propeller) inside an engine casing. The hot exhaust gas from a turboprop engine gives a small amount of thrust, however the propeller is the main source of thrust.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: The Soviet Tu-95 bomber is able to reach in level flight, but no official FAI record has been recognized. The FAI lists a Piaggio P.180 Avanti as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft with speed of “over a recognized course”, in this case Fort Worth to Atlanta, set on 6 Feb 2003 by Joseph J. Ritchie.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: Probably the fastest aircraft ever fitted with an operating propeller was the experimental McDonnell XF-88B, which was made by installing an Allison T38 turboshaft engine in the nose of a pure jet-powered XF-88 Voodoo. This unusual aircraft was intended to explore the use of high-speed propellers and achieved supersonic speeds. This aircraft exceeded the speed of sound (Mach 1.2) on the propeller alone, but only in a dive, and it wasn't in two directions, which is necessary for the FAI's record book.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: An oft-cited contender for the fastest propeller-driven aircraft is the XF-84H Thunderscreech. This aircraft is named in Guinness World Records, 1997, as the fastest in this category with a speed of (Mach 0.83). While it may have been "designed" as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft, this goal was not realized due to severe stability problems. This record speed is also inconsistent with data from the National Museum of the United States Air Force, which gives a top speed of (Mach 0.70), slower than the current record.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: The more "traditional" class of propeller-driven aircraft comprises those powered by piston engines, which include nearly all aircraft from the Wright brothers up through World War II. Today piston engines are used almost exclusively on light, general aviation aircraft. The official speed record for a piston plane was held by a modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, the "Rare Bear", with a speed of on 21 August 1989 at Las Vegas, New Mexico, United States of America. This record was retired as a new weight class based system was introduced to allow more pilots to set new records across a wider range of aircraft. On September 2, 2017, Steve Hinton Jr, in the modified P-51 Mustang "Voodoo" set the new record of in the C-1e class (the same weight class Rare Bear would fall into). This record is also the fastest for any propeller driven piston aircraft.


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: The 1903 Wright Flyer did during its first flight; the Bleriot XI reached in 1909. Fabric-covered biplanes of the World War I era and shortly after could do up to . In 1925 U.S. Army Lt. Cyrus K. Bettis flying a Curtiss R3C won the Pulitzer Trophy Race with a speed of .


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: Speeds of all-metal monoplanes of the 1930s jumped to with the Macchi M.C.72 floatplane. The Messerschmitt Me 209 V1 set a world speed record of almost on 26 April 1939, and the Republic XP-47J (a variant of the P-47 Thunderbolt) is claimed to have reached . A P-51H Mustang managed . A prototype Republic XP-72, designed as a successor to the P-47, managed . The prototype of the twin-engined de Havilland Hornet (RR915) (383 built) reached as did a prototype Hawker Fury monoplane when fitted with a Napier Sabre VII, and a prototype of the successor to the Supermarine Spitfire, the Supermarine Spiteful, reached . The fastest German propeller-driven aircraft that flew in WWII (but which did not see combat) was the twin-DB 603-powered Dornier Do 335 "Pfeil/Arrow" which had a claimed top speed of .


title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: In the 1950s two turboprop tailsitter fighter prototypes were designed for the US Navy, the Convair XFY "Pogo" () and the Lockheed XFV (), but both had less powerful engines than intended and conflicting demands of vertical and horizontal flight further compromised flight speeds so they never got close to these numbers.


title: Something Corporate

text: Something Corporate (also known as "SoCo") was an American rock band from Orange County, California, formed in 1998. Their last line-up included vocalist and pianist Andrew McMahon, guitarists Josh Partington and Bobby Anderson, bassist Kevin Page and drummer Brian Ireland.


title: Something Corporate

text: Following their formation, Something Corporate recorded demos that were eventually released as an independent, studio album entitled "Ready... Break". Soon after, they were signed to MCA Records but were released under the Drive-Thru Records banner for their debut EP "Audioboxer". Their first single, "If You C Jordan", was their most successful, peaking at number 29 on the Alternative Songs chart. Their first album released through the major label was "Leaving Through the Window" (2002) which premiered at Number 1/Hot Shot Debut on the Billboard" Top Heatseekers" chart on June 8, 2002 and eventually peaked at number 101 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Something Corporate

text: Something Corporate went on hiatus in 2004 and no longer had any recording contracts with their record labels. During the hiatus, McMahon found success in his side-project Jack's Mannequin. Something Corporate briefly reunited in October 2006 (at a Jack's Mannequin show) to play a short set. In December 2009, Something Corporate officially announced their reunion to tour in 2010 and released a greatest hits album. McMahon announced during an August 3, 2010, visit to Milwaukee that the band had collectively sold over 1 million total records in the band's ten years of existence. On September 9, 2022 the band reunited to play a surprise show for McMahon’s 40th birthday at House of Blues in Anaheim, CA.


title: Something Corporate

text: Lauren Conrad of "" and "" fame married former band member William Tell in 2014. Conrad stated she first met Tell playing a concert when she was 16. The couple have two sons: Liam James Tell born July 5, 2017 and Charlie Wolf Tell born October 9, 2019.


title: Something Corporate

text: Andrew McMahon and Brian Ireland had a class together at Dana Hills High School, during which the pair often talked about music. Ireland received a drum set for Christmas, and the pair subsequently started a band with bassist Kevin "Clutch" Page. The group, known as Left Here, was formed for a Battle of the Bands contest. Despite winning, they ended up breaking up shortly afterwards. In September 1998, McMahon, Page, and Ireland, merged with lead guitarist Josh Partington and rhythm guitarist Reuben Hernandez, to form Something Corporate. Following a few shows, McMahon realised that he would be unable to pursue a career in music if he was in education. McMahon's parents were supportive of his music, but suggested doing college applications if the band didn't work out within a year. The group were unable to secure gigs due to being underage outside of parties and various Battle of the Bands competitions. During this time, the group shared an apartment in Dana Point, where McMahon wrote a number of the band's early material.


title: Something Corporate

text: Throughout high school the band tried to play at local venue the Coach House, which was owned by Gary Folgner. He kept declining the band's offers as they didn't have any releases out. However, when Folgner saw the band live, he gave them money to record their debut album "Ready... Break" at the Coach House and Galaxy Theater. The band released "Ready... Break" in November 2000. On March 27, 2001, Something Corporate announced an official change to the band's lineup; Hernandez was replaced by William Tell. The band signed with MCA Records and Drive-Thru Records and released the band's official debut effort, an EP titled "Audioboxer" (2001). It was promoted nationwide through tours, in-store performances at Tower Records stores and a television appearance on "The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn" on February 25, 2002. The EP featured the single "If U C Jordan", with its music video starring "American Pie's" Chris Owen.


title: Something Corporate

text: In May 2002, Something Corporate released their debut major label album, "Leaving Through the Window". It contained the singles "I Woke Up in a Car" and "Punk Rock Princess". The album hit number one on the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers chart and number 101 on the "Billboard" 200. Something Corporate released a half-hour home video on DVD, titled "A Year in the Life" in November 2002. Furthermore, they released the B-sides compilation EP "Songs for Silent Movies", only available in Japan.


title: Something Corporate

text: In October 2003, Something Corporate released their second full-length record, "North". The album debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200. They launched the album with an appearance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", performing the songs "If U C Jordan" and "Space", the latter of which became the only single from the album. In February 2004, it was confirmed that William Tell had left Something Corporate to pursue a solo career. Bobby Anderson, formerly of the band River City High, became Tell's replacement. After Tell's departure Ireland assisted in the recording of his debut album, "You Can Hold Me Down". Ireland has several credits on the album, including drums, programming, and background vocals. Ireland also toured and performed live as part of Tell's band. On May 20, 2004, Something Corporate filmed its concert at the Ventura Theater in Ventura, California. The footage was released as the band's second DVD, "Live at the Ventura Theater", on November 9. The band supported its release with a short two-week college tour in November.


title: Something Corporate

text: In summer 2004, the band grew exhausted from spending years on the road and decided to take a break. The band promised the break would not be a permanent one in a 2005 interview with "Concert Pipeline". McMahon said "I think for all of us it just got to the point where we were like 'Let's just go be our own people for a minute'-- not out of a desire to leave the band or break up Something Corporate-- quite the opposite. Let's reconnect with all the things that spawned the band in the first place." In January and February 2005, the band toured across the U.S. alongside Straylight Run, Hidden in Plain View, The Academy Is..., and Armor for Sleep. In April, 2005 the band played an outdoor concert at Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity at Indiana University as part of Little 500 festivities.


title: Something Corporate

text: During the hiatus, McMahon, Hernandez, and Anderson formed a side project named Jack's Mannequin. The band released an album entitled "Everything in Transit" in August 2005. The day that recording for the album was completed, McMahon was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He has since gone into remission. In 2008, McMahon released a second album with Jack's Mannequin, "The Glass Passenger". The album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200, surpassing the success he achieved with Something Corporate. Partington also formed the band Firescape, who have released an EP and studio album. In 2006, Ireland joined the Louisiana-based band Streamline as their drummer. He wrote two songs ("Let Go" and "Anything") for Streamline's 2009 EP, "The Alchemist and the Arsonist" but left the band in November 2009. Ireland formed the band Live Oak Revue with his brothers, Derek and Matt Ireland, and friend Zak Salazar and released the EP, "When the Dawn Breaks", on June 21, 2011. McMahon is featured on the track "Sinner's Heart."


title: Something Corporate

text: In December 2005, the band announced they would re-group in January 2006 for rehearsals and plan to write their third album. In July 2006, McMahon said the group's hiatus wouldn't be permanent, and that they talked of touring early-to-mid 2007 and enter the studio after McMahon was finished working on the second Jack's Mannequin album. In October 2006, Something Corporate reunited to perform three songs; "Konstantine", "I Woke Up in a Car" and "Hurricane". They played at the end of McMahon's set with Jack's Mannequin at the Bamboozle Left festival. In December 2007, McMahon said that Something Corporate's status as a band could be described as is in "suspended animation". He told "Alternative Press" that he is more "nostalgically charged" than "creatively charged" to make another Something Corporate record.


title: Something Corporate

text: In a February 2009 interview with Lansing State Journal, Andrew McMahon discussed the future of Something Corporate. He said, "As for releasing a full-length with a tour in the classic sense, I don't see that happening. But we're all great friends, and I do see us putting together new material and hitting the road. The fans have been so supportive and such a huge part of our lives that I would feel horrible not to at least give them something."


title: Something Corporate

text: On December 3, 2009, it was announced that they would be playing the Bamboozle Left Festival in Anaheim, California on March 28, 2010. On February 22 at the House of Blues in Chicago, Andrew McMahon announced that Something Corporate will be at Bamboozle Chicago on May 15.


title: Something Corporate

text: On March 29, 2010, AbsolutePunk.net reported that Something Corporate will also be playing Bamboozle Right in East Rutherford, New Jersey, on May 1.


title: Something Corporate

text: In February 2010, Andrew McMahon announced that Something Corporate was planning a greatest hits release for the spring of 2010. The band returned to the studio to re-record two old songs which originally appeared on their canceled "Galaxy Sessions" album: "Letters to Noelle" and "Wait". Adam Young of Owl City produced a new remix of "I Woke Up in a Car". The greatest hits album, named "" was released on April 27, 2010. On May 15, 2010, Something Corporate announced their August 2010 Reunion Tour on their website. In August 2011, McMahon said the band went back on hiatus.


title: Something Corporate

text: On November 11, 2016 at the Seventh Annual Dear Jack Benefit, McMahon, Page, Ireland, Partington and Tell reunited to perform “Konstantine” and


title: Something Corporate

text: The final show of Andrew McMahon In The Wilderness' 2022 Hello Gone Days tour took place on September 9, 2022, in Anaheim, California and was a celebration of McMahon's 40th birthday. As part of the show, a surprise Something Corporate reunion was staged, where McMahon, Kevin Page, Brian Ireland, Josh Parrington, and William Tell played a 5-song set. Wilderness band member Zac Clark sat in on keys.


title: Something Corporate

text: AllMusic biographer Jason Birchmeier described the band's sound "polished, literate, radio-ready alt-rock.""Leaving Through the Window" and "North" have been described as pop punk.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Ulrich "Uli" Hoeneß (, ; born 5 January 1952) is the former president of German football club Bayern Munich and a former footballer for West Germany who played as a forward for club and country. Hoeneß represented Germany at one World Cup and two European Championships, winning one tournament in each competition.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: During his playing career he was mainly associated with Bayern Munich, with whom he won three league championship titles and three European Cup titles. He later served as the club's general manager. In 2014 he pleaded guilty to tax evasion, ultimately serving 18 months in prison for the offence.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß was born in Ulm, Württemberg-Baden. He attended the Hans-Multscher-Grundschule before changing to the Schubarth-Gymnasium, both located in Ulm.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: In 1970, he played as left-sided forward with amateurs TSG Ulm 1846 and was recruited by Udo Lattek, then manager of Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich. Hoeneß immediately made an impact, scoring six times in 31 matches as the Bavarians finished in second position, behind Borussia Mönchengladbach, and adding the domestic cup.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: During his eight-and-a-half-year stint with Bayern, Hoeneß enjoyed great success, winning a total of eight major titles, including three league titles and as many European Cups. In the 1973–74 edition of the latter competition, the final replay against Atlético Madrid, he produced one of his most outstanding performances, scoring two goals in the 4–0 victory. However, in the final of the following year's European Cup against Leeds United, he was brutally fouled by Frank Gray and suffered an injury on his right knee from which he never fully recovered.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: In late 1978, Hoeneß was loaned to Bayern neighbours 1. FC Nürnberg, where it was hoped he could get more match practice. His recovery failed, however, and he was forced to hang up his boots at a mere 27. He had appeared in 250 matches in Germany's top division, netting 86 times.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß played 35 times for West Germany. His debut came on 29 March 1972, he scored the final goal in a 2–0 friendly win in Hungary.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: As one of six Bayern players in the German squad, Hoeneß won both UEFA Euro 1972 and the 1974 FIFA World Cup. In the final of the latter, against Holland, he committed a foul on Johan Cruyff in the opening minute that led to a goal from the subsequent penalty, but West Germany came from behind to win 2–1. He also played with the national side in Euro 1976 in Yugoslavia, where he missed the decisive West German shot in the penalty shootout loss against Czechoslovakia, skying it over the crossbar.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß had retained his amateur status until 1972, allowing him to take part in that year's Summer Olympic Games. There, he played alongside future Bayern coach Ottmar Hitzfeld as West Germany failed to qualify for the semifinals of the tournament, losing 3–2 to East Germany, a match in which Hoeneß scored his only goal of the tournament. This historic match was also the first between West Germany and East Germany.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Immediately after retiring as a player in May 1979, Hoeneß was appointed commercial/general manager of Bayern Munich. On 27 November 2009, after 30 years as a general manager, Hoeneß was elected president of the club. Since Hoeneß joined, Bayern's management the club has had continued success on and off the field, winning 24 Bundesliga titles, 14 DFB-Pokal titles, two Champions League titles, one UEFA Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one FIFA Club World Cup and the Intercontinental Cup.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: During his reign, the club experienced strong growth in revenue and stature. Between 2002 and 2005, Bayern also built a state-of-the-art stadium, the Allianz Arena, at a cost of €340 million. Hoeneß was one of the catalyst for the building of the stadium.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: In August 2016, Hoeneß announced that he would seek re-election to the post of president of Bayern Munich. He was re-elected in November 2016 with more than 97% of the votes, as there were no other candidates for this position.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: On 1 May 2019, Hoeneß celebrated 40 years of working for Bayern's management. When he started on 1 May 1979, Bayern had twelve employees, 12 million Deutschmarks in revenue, and 8 million marks of debt. In November 2018, Bayern had over 1,000 employees and their revenue had risen to €657.4 million.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: On 15 November 2019, Hoeneß retired as Bayern's president and was succeeded by Herbert Hainer. Hoeneß spent 49 years at Bayern, both as player and in management of the club.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß and his wife Susanne have two children, Sabine and Florian, and have been married for over 40 years. Hoeneß is a son of a master butcher, and now co-owns HoWe Wurstwaren KG, a Nuremberg-based bratwurst factory. Hoeneß's younger brother Dieter also had a very successful career as a player in the Bundesliga and for the West Germany national team.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: On 17 February 1982, Hoeneß was the sole survivor of the crash of a light aircraft in which three others died. He was on his way to a West German national team friendly. Sleeping in the rear of the plane, he sustained only minor injuries.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß has provided financial assistance, either personally or through organizing benefit games, to other German league teams like FC St. Pauli, Hertha BSC, Borussia Dortmund, 1860 München and Hansa Rostock.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß has helped former Bayern players like Sebastian Deisler (depression), Breno (depression) and Gerd Müller (alcoholism) in times of need.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: In April 2013, it was reported that Hoeneß was being investigated for tax evasion. He was reported to have held a Swiss bank account for the purpose of evading taxes due on investment income, and to owe between €3.2 million and €7 million in taxes to the German state. The reports came after journalists "gained access to a document meant only for internal use by tax officials." Prosecutors from Munich carried out raids in offices of two Bavarian tax offices after Hoeneß filed a complaint. Despite increasing public criticism, Hoeneß has remained in his position as president and chairman of the supervisory board of Bayern Munich.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß was accused of tax evasion and his trial began on 10 March 2014. The FC Bayern München AG supervisory board had a "unanimous opinion" that Hoeneß should continue in his role despite being sent to trial.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: During the trial, he admitted evading 28.5 million euros in taxes. He was subsequently found guilty of seven serious counts of tax evasion and sentenced to three and a half years in prison on 13 March 2014. The following day he resigned from his roles as President of Bayern Munich e.V. and chairman of the board of Bayern Munich AG and announced that he would not be appealing against his sentence.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: Hoeneß was to serve his sentence at Landsberg Prison. Hoeneß submitted a request to be confined to a different prison, however, he reported to Landsberg on 2 June 2014. During the first two weeks of his sentence, Hoeneß was housed in a larger cell with a cellmate "for medical reasons" and to help adjust to life behind bars. After the initial two weeks, he was moved into a single cell. On 2 January 2015, Hoeneß was granted day release. He had to return to prison at 6 p.m. every night.


title: Uli Hoeneß

text: There was an alleged attempt to extort €200,000 from Hoeneß whereby he and his family would be subjected to violence unless he paid up. A man was arrested in connection with the scheme. His imprisonment ended on 29 February 2016.


title: Rotating bolt

text: Rotating bolt is a method of locking the breech (or rear barrel) of a firearm closed for firing. Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse developed the first rotating bolt firearm, the "Dreyse needle gun", in 1836. The Dreyse locked using the bolt handle rather than lugs on the bolt head like the Mauser M 98 or M16. The first rotating bolt rifle with two lugs on the bolt head was the Lebel Model 1886 rifle. The concept has been implemented on most firearms chambered for high powered cartridges since the 20th century.


title: Rotating bolt

text: Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher, who had earlier developed a non-rotating bolt straight-pull rifle, developed the Steyr-Mannlicher M1895, a straight-pull rifle with a rotating bolt, which was issued to the Austro-Hungarian Army. Mannlicher then developed the M1893 auto rifle which had a screw delayed bolt and later the Mannlicher M1900 operated by a gas piston. This was an inspiration for later gas operated, semi-automatic and selective fire firearms (such as the M1, M14, M16, the L85A1/A2 and the AK-47/74) in which the bolt, upon contact with the breech, rotates and locks into place, the lugs on the bolt locking into the breech or barrel extension.


title: Rotating bolt

text: Upon closing, the bolt goes forward into barrel extension or locking recesses in the receiver, and then rotates; at this point it is locked in place. The bolt remains locked until the action is cycled, either manually by the operator, or mechanically by delayed blowback, recoil operation or gas operation which then rotates the bolt and unlocks it from the breech so that it can be withdrawn in order to extract and eject the spent casing, and the next round can be chambered. In gas operation, the gas port, which meters a portion of the combustion gases into the action in order to cycle the weapon, is typically located either midway down the barrel or near the muzzle of the weapon. In this way it functions as a delay, ensuring that the bolt remains locked until chamber pressure has subsided to a safe level.


title: Rotating bolt

text: Rotating bolts are found in delayed blowback, gas-operated, recoil-operated, bolt action, lever-action and pump-action weapon designs. Another form of delayed blowback which the bolt head rotates as the firing pin strikes locking the chamber until the gas pressure reaches a safe level to extract. As the firing pin retracts, the bolt head turns anti-clockwise unlocking the breech.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: The film follows the lives and loves of four middle-class, thirty-seven-year-old women who are friends and who live in Kobe: unemployed Jun, housewife Sakurako, divorced nurse Akari, and married arts administrator Fumi. After attending a seminar by a New Age communications guru, Ukai, Jun casually reveals that she has been having an affair with a younger man and plans to divorce her husband. The other women are shocked, with some more hurt than others that Jun kept so many secrets from them. However, over time, especially during a vacation that Jun plans, they rekindle and re-contextualize their bonds with each other. The three friends attend Jun's court case to support her, which affects their perception of their own lives and relationships in intertwining stories.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: Free-spirited and independent Jun is married to a biologist, Kohei, who strongly opposes the divorce and calmly believes that he can convince her to give up. In court, Jun admits that Kohei did not physically abuse her, but that their marriage was rife with emotional and psychological abuse. She maintains that she tried hard to be a good wife, but Kohei emotionally rejected her, and his lack of interest in sex prevented her from achieving her dream of having a baby. However, her court case goes poorly when her infidelities are admitted on tape, and she does not come across as sympathetic, or having tried to fix her marriage. Though she tries to incite Kohei to violence in private, he ignores the attempts and continues to try to get her to stop the divorce proceedings. Kohei later reveals to the rest of the friends that she is pregnant with his child. Frustrated by the lack of progress in the divorce proceedings, she flees on a ferry to an unknown destination, knowing that being separated from him long enough will automatically grant a divorce. Jun disappears for the rest of the movie, and Kohei mentions that she is in a shelter specializing in women trying to divorce their husbands.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: The tough, no-nonsense Akari chafes at work with a younger and inexperienced colleague, Yuzuki, who she is training. Akari is the least forgiving of the friends and holds the longest grudges when there is a fight, but her lack of a serious personal romantic relationship leads her to invest time and energy into her friends. Though she is looking for a partner, she finds it difficult to connect with other men and struggles with whether or not she desires intimacy. A doctor at the hospital attempts to start a relationship with her, but she rebuffs him. Later, she reprimands Yuzuki harshly for making what could have been a serious mistake, and afterwards, she accidentally falls down the stairs and breaks her leg. As she recovers, she attends an art event that Fumi is hosting, and though Ukai is slated to interview the star of the show, Kozue, he spontaneously walks out. Akari, who is attracted to him, follows him and joins him at a club. At the same club is Hinako, who was at the same event, and Akari learns that she is Ukai's sister. After they share a heart-to-heat, Hinako spontaneously kisses her, and in turn Akari kisses Ukai when he interrupts them. Eventually, Akari returns to work, where Yuzuki apologizes for not being a good enough worker. Akari, no longer as cold to Yuzuki as before, hugs her.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: Sakurako, the more emotional of the friends, is married to overworked salaryman Yoshihiko, and they have a teenage son, Daiki. They also live with Yoshihiko's mother, Mitsu, who Sakurako does not feel comfortable around. Mitsu warns the couple of Daiki's relationship with another girl, but they brush off her complaints until Daiki reveals that he needs money for his girlfriend's abortion. Yoshihiko orders Sakurako to bring the money to the family and apologize, much to Sakurako's distress, and when she pleads to him for help and solidarity, he retorts that he is too busy with work, and she is responsible for domestic matters. Sakurako finds the experience humiliating, but Mitsu attends the meeting with her and takes the lead, which causes them to finally bond. After Sakurako reveals to Daiki that Jun was responsible for her and Yoshihiko becoming lovers, Daiki ends up at the ferry to run away with his girlfriend, only to find that she has stood him up. Instead, he sees Jun off and thanks her for being responsible for his birth. Meanwhile, Sakurako, disappointed and disillusioned with Yoshihiko, embarks on her own affair. She tells him that she slept with another man, and that she will not apologize or ask for his forgiveness. Yoshihiko seems unmoved and leaves for work; when he slips down the stairs, Sakurako hurries to help him and see him off, then continues on with her household chores as if nothing happened. As Yoshihiko walks to work, he eventually breaks down in tears.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: Fumi is married to Takuya, who is an editor to a prized young writer, Kozue. Fumi grows increasingly insecure over their relationship, fearing that their marriage is flawed and only to keep up appearances. This is exacerbated when the rest of the friends spot Takuya and Kozue walking together, and comment on how attractive Kozue is. Takuya organizes a reading of one of Kozue's short stories. Ukai is slated to interview her when it is over, but when he spontaneously walks out, Kohei is brought on to replace him. Surprisingly, Kohei is a sensitive and engaged interviewer, and the session goes well, which alters the friends' opinions of him even as they disapprove of his dogged refusal to let Jun have her divorce. During the dinner with Kohei and Kozue, Kozue bluntly states that she believes that the other friends are projecting their feelings onto Kohei, and that even they don't understand Jun's feelings. This causes tension in the group, exacerbated when the others begin to notice Takuya's affection for Kozue. Fumi loses her nerve and storms out of the dinner, but Takuya does not follow her, and instead stays with Kozue to drive her home. On the drive, Kozue confesses she has feelings for Takuya. Takuya stays with her that night instead of returning home. The next morning, Fumi confronts Takuya and breaks up with him. Takuya apologizes for hurting her and leaves; Fumi watches him go and then collapses on the floor, while Takuya is involved in a serious car accident and is brought to Akari's hospital, where he falls into a coma.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: Fumi and Akari have a moment on the hospital roof, and Fumi admits that she blames herself, as she had handed him the car keys after he had forgotten them. Akari, who had fought with Sakurako at the dinner with Kohei, promises to make up with her. Fumi leaves to be by Takuya's side when he wakes up, but not before agreeing with Akari to plan another trip with Sakurako and Jun.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: The film was first developed while Hamaguchi was an artist in residence at KIITO Design and Creative Center Kobe in 2013. It came out of an improvisational acting workshop he held for non-professionals, with many of the film's performers having participated in the workshop.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the 68th Locarno Festival on 14 August 2015. It was released in Japan on 12 December 2015.


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 14 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.5/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: The four lead actresses shared the best actress award and the film earned a special mention for its script at the 2015 Locarno Film Festival. The film was voted the third best Japanese film of 2015 in the Kinema Junpo poll of critics. Upon its release in the United States, Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" wrote that "Hamaguchi is a genius of scene construction, turning the fierce poetry of painfully revealing and pugnaciously wounding dialogue into powerful drama that’s sustained by a seemingly spontaneous yet analytically precise visual architecture". He selected the film as one of the 10 best of 2016, and later as the best Japanese film of the 21st century. Vadim Rizov also held the latter opinion, saying, "The logline is that it’s a drama about five Japanese women charting their friendship, using duration to build character depth, and that’s absolutely true, but there’s so much more". Dan Sullivan in "Film Comment" stated, "Buoyed by four captivating performances from its unheralded actresses, "Happy Hour" is a fascinating, towering confection of contradictions". Ben Konigsberg in "The New York Times" wrote that "If 'Happy Hour' doesn't quite deliver all it promises, that may only be because it promises quite a lot".


title: Happy Hour (2015 film)

text: The film was placed at number 85 on "The A.V. Club"s "100 Best Movies of the 2010s" list, number 27 on "Slant Magazine"s "100 Best Films of the 2010s" list, and number 94 on "IndieWire"s "100 Best Movies of the Decade" list.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: The Mumbai cricket team is a cricket team representing the city of Mumbai in Indian domestic cricket. The team's primary home ground is the Wankhede Stadium in South Mumbai. Secondary home venues include the MCA ground in Bandra Kurla Complex Ground and Brabourne Stadium. The team comes under the West Zone designation. It was formerly known as the Bombay cricket team, but changed when the city was officially renamed from Bombay to Mumbai.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: Mumbai is the most successful team in the history of Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic cricket competition, with 41 titles, the most recent being in 2015–16. It also has 14(1 shared) Irani Cup titles to its name, also the most by any team. Mumbai has produced some of the greatest Indian cricketers of all time such as Sachin Tendulkar, Sunil Gavaskar, Rohit Sharma, Vijay Merchant, Ajinkya Rahane, Polly Umrigar, and Dilip Vengsarkar.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: Mumbai is one of three teams located in the state of Maharashtra (the others being the Maharashtra cricket team and the Vidarbha cricket team), and has always competed as a separate team from the rest of the state. Despite this division, Mumbai has become India's most successful domestic team. It has played in 44 of the 67 Ranji finals through 2014 winning 40.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: Bombay won the first-ever Ranji Trophy competition in 1934–35 with Vijay Merchant starring in the final against Northern India. The title was retained the following season with a victory over Madras in the final. Bombay quickly showed themselves to be one of the strongest teams in the competition with 7 victories in the first 20 seasons of the Ranji Trophy. When playing Maharashtra in a semi-final of the 1948–49 season at Pune, Mumbai became the first and only team in first-class history to score over 600 runs in both innings of the same match – 651 and 714.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: However, it was after this period that their dominance was at its zenith. From 1955–56 to 1976–77, Bombay won 20 out of 22 titles including 15 in a row from 1958–59 to 1972–73. Bombay continued to regularly reach the Ranji Trophy final up to the mid-1980s.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: The latter half of the 1980s was Bombay's least successful period with no final appearances in 5 consecutive seasons. However, they were able to regain some of their former glory from the 1990s onwards winning an additional 6 Ranji Trophies from 1993–94 to 2003–04 under the new name of Mumbai.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: In 2006–07, Mumbai won their 37th Ranji Trophy with victory over Bengal in the final at Wankhede Stadium. This win was particularly memorable as the team had recovered from the setbacks of losing their first three games and is reduced to 0/5 in the semi-final against Baroda.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: Mumbai's dominance of the Ranji Trophy has led to many consecutive appearances in the Irani Trophy with much success including 15 wins. However, they have failed to beat the Rest of the India team since 1998.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: The team is known for its batting and spin bowling and has produced many of the Indian cricket team's top batsmen over the years. Players who have appeared in the national team include:


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: The Mumbai Cricket Association or MCA is the governing body for cricket in Mumbai and its surrounding regions like Thane and Navi Mumbai.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: The association comes under the west zone. The Association was established in 1930 and it has a Constitution. Sharad Pawar was re-elected as the president of Mumbai Cricket Association (MCA) after defeating Vijay Patil by a margin of 27 votes at the biennial elections held in Mumbai. The Mumbai cricket team is the team for the Mumbai cricket association in the Ranji Trophy. The team has won over 41 titles, the most recent being in 2015–16. It has also come runner-up in the final of the Ranji Trophy a total of 5 times.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: The association owns the Wankhede Stadium, near Churchgate railway station built-in 1975. The office of the association is located in the same building.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: To promote democratic values and to bring in new ideas and enthusiasm, the constitution provides that no individual can continue in any post for more than eight years (four terms of 2 years) consecutively.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: After completing 8 years in a position he/she can occupy the same post after a gap of 4 years (2 terms of 2 years each). The Mumbai Cricket Association does not have a system of individual membership. Rather it has 350 ordinary members and 25 Associate members who are affiliated with the Association.


title: Mumbai cricket team

text: Only ordinary members are eligible to vote during elections. If any ordinary member is found to be inactive in terms of cricket activity for more than 3 years the Club to which he/she belongs is demoted as an Associate member and if the club is still inactive for 3 years it automatically loses its membership.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Samuel Richardson (baptised 19 August 1689 – 4 July 1761) was an English writer and printer known for three epistolary novels: "Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded" (1740), "Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady" (1748) and "The History of Sir Charles Grandison" (1753). He printed almost 500 works, including journals and magazines, working periodically with the London bookseller Andrew Millar. Richardson had been apprenticed to a printer, whose daughter he eventually married. He lost her along with their six children, but remarried and had six more children, of which four daughters reached adulthood, leaving no male heirs to continue the print shop. As it ran down, he wrote his first novel at the age of 51 and joined the admired writers of his day. Leading acquaintances included Samuel Johnson and Sarah Fielding, the physician and Behmenist George Cheyne, and the theologian and writer William Law, whose books he printed. At Law's request, Richardson printed some poems by John Byrom. In literature, he rivalled Henry Fielding; the two responded to each other's literary styles.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Richardson, one of nine children, was probably born in 1689 in Mackworth, Derbyshire, to Samuel and Elizabeth Richardson. It is unsure where in Derbyshire he was born because Richardson always concealed the location, but it has recently been discovered that Richardson probably lived in poverty as a child. The older Richardson was, according to the younger:


title: Samuel Richardson

text: His mother, according to Richardson, "was also a good woman, of a family not ungenteel; but whose father and mother died in her infancy, within half-an-hour of each other, in the London pestilence of 1665".


title: Samuel Richardson

text: The trade his father pursued was that of a joiner (a type of carpenter, but Richardson explains that it was "then more distinct from that of a carpenter than now it is with us"). In describing his father's occupation, Richardson stated that "he was a good draughtsman and understood architecture", and it was suggested by Samuel Richardson's son-in-law that the senior Richardson was a cabinetmaker and an exporter of mahogany while working at Aldersgate-street. The abilities and position of his father brought him to the attention of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. However, as Richardson claims, this was to Richardson senior's "great detriment" because of the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion, which ended in the death of Scott in 1685. After Scott's death, the elder Richardson was forced to abandon his business in London and live a modest life in Derbyshire.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: The Richardsons were not exiled forever from London; they eventually returned, and the young Richardson was educated at Christ's Hospital grammar school. The extent that he was educated at the school is uncertain, and Leigh Hunt wrote years later:


title: Samuel Richardson

text: However, this conflicts with Richardson's nephew's account that "'it is certain that [Richardson] was never sent to a more respectable seminary' than 'a private grammar school' located in Derbyshire".


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Little is known of Richardson's early years beyond the few things that Richardson was willing to share. Although he was not forthcoming with specific events and incidents, he did talk about the origins of his writing ability; Richardson would tell stories to his friends and spent his youth constantly writing letters. One such letter, written when Richardson was almost 11, was directed to a woman in her 50s who was in the habit of constantly criticizing others. "Assuming the style and address of a person in years", Richardson cautioned her about her actions. However, his handwriting was used to determine that it was his work, and the woman complained to his mother. The result was, as he explains, that "my mother chid me for the freedom taken by such a boy with a woman of her years" but also "commended my principles, though she censured the liberty taken".


title: Samuel Richardson

text: After his writing ability was known, he began to help others in the community write letters. In particular, Richardson, at the age of 13, helped many of the girls that he associated with to write responses to various love letters they received. As Richardson claims, "I have been directed to chide, and even repulse, when an offence was either taken or given, at the very time that the heart of the chider or repulser was open before me, overflowing with esteem and affect". Although this helped his writing ability, he in 1753 advised the Dutch minister Stinstra not to draw large conclusions from these early actions:


title: Samuel Richardson

text: He continued to explain that he did not fully understand females until writing "Clarissa", and these letters were only a beginning.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: The elder Richardson originally wanted his son to become a clergyman, but he was not able to afford the education that the younger Richardson would require, so he let his son pick his own profession. He selected the profession of printing because he hoped to "gratify a thirst for reading, which, in after years, he disclaimed". At the age of 17, in 1706, Richardson was bound in seven-year apprenticeship under John Wilde as a printer. Wilde's printing shop was in Golden Lion Court on Aldersgate Street, and Wilde had a reputation as "a master who grudged every hour... that tended not to his profit".


title: Samuel Richardson

text: While working for Wilde, he met a rich gentleman who took an interest in Richardson's writing abilities and the two began to correspond with each other. When the gentleman died a few years later, Richardson lost a potential patron, which delayed his ability to pursue his own writing career. He decided to devote himself completely to his apprenticeship, and he worked his way up to a position as a compositor and a corrector of the shop's printing press. In 1713, Richardson left Wilde to become "Overseer and Corrector of a Printing-Office". This meant that Richardson ran his own shop, but the location of that shop is unknown. It is possible that the shop was located in Staining Lane or may have been jointly run with John Leake in Jewin Street.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: In 1719, Richardson was able to take his freedom from being an apprentice and was soon able to afford to set up his own printing shop, which he did after he moved near the Salisbury Court district close to Fleet Street. Although he claimed to business associates that he was working out of the well-known Salisbury Court, his printing shop was more accurately located on the corner of Blue Ball Court and Dorset Street in a house that later became Bell's Building. On 23 November 1721, Richardson married Martha Wilde, the daughter of his former employer. The match was "prompted mainly by prudential considerations", although Richardson would claim later that there was a strong love-affair between Martha and him. He soon brought her to live with him in the printing shop that served also as his home.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: A key moment in Richardson's career came on 6 August 1722 when he took on his first apprentices: Thomas Gover, George Mitchell, and Joseph Chrichley. He would later take on William Price (2 May 1727), Samuel Jolley (5 September 1727), Bethell Wellington (2 September 1729), and Halhed Garland (5 May 1730).


title: Samuel Richardson

text: One of Richardson's first major printing contracts came in June 1723 when he began to print the bi-weekly "The True Briton" for Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton. This was a Jacobite political paper which attacked the government and was soon censored for printing "common libels". However, Richardson's name was not on the publication, and he was able to escape any of the negative fallout, although it is possible that Richardson participated in the papers as far as actually writing one himself. The only lasting effect from the paper would be the incorporation of Wharton's libertine characteristics in the character of Lovelace in Richardson's "Clarissa", although Wharton would be only one of many models of libertine behaviour that Richardson would find in his life. In 1724, Richardson befriended Thomas Gent, Henry Woodfall, and Arthur Onslow, the latter of those would become the Speaker of the House of Commons.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Over their ten years of marriage, the Richardsons had five sons and one daughter – three of the boys were successively named Samuel after their father, but all three died young. Soon after the death of William, their fourth child, Martha died on 25 January 1731. Their youngest son, Samuel, was to live past his mother for a year longer, but succumbed to illness in 1732. After his final son died, Richardson attempted to move on with his life. He married Elizabeth Leake, whose father was a printer, and the two moved into another house on Blue Ball Court. However, Elizabeth and his daughter were not the only ones living with him because Richardson allowed five of his apprentices to lodge in his home. Elizabeth had six children (five daughters and one son) with Richardson; four of their daughters, Mary, Martha, Anne, and Sarah, reached adulthood and survived their father. Their son, another Samuel, was born in 1739 and died in 1740.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: In 1733, Richardson was granted a contract with the House of Commons, with help from Onslow, to print the "Journals of the House". The 26 volumes of the work soon improved his business. Later in 1733, he wrote "The Apprentice's Vade Mecum", urging young men like himself to be diligent and self-denying. The work was intended to "create the perfect apprentice". Written in response to the "epidemick Evils of the present Age", the text is best known for its condemnation of popular forms of entertainment including theatres, taverns and gambling. The manual targets the apprentice as the focal point for the moral improvement of society, not because he is most susceptible to vice, but because, Richardson suggests, he is more responsive to moral improvement than his social betters. During this time, Richardson took on five more apprentices: Thomas Verren (1 August 1732), Richard Smith (6 February 1733), Matthew Stimson (7 August 1733), Bethell Wellington (7 May 1734), and Daniel Green (1 October 1734). His total staff during the 1730s numbered seven, as his first three apprentices were free by 1728, and two of his apprentices, Verren and Smith, died soon into their apprenticeship. The loss of Verren was particularly devastating to Richardson because Verren was his nephew and his hope for a male heir that would take over the press.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Work continued to improve, and Richardson printed the "Daily Journal" between 1736 and 1737, and the "Daily Gazetteer" in 1738. During his time printing the "Daily Journal", he was also printer to the "Society for the Encouragement of Learning", a group that tried to help authors become independent from publishers, but collapsed soon after. In December 1738, Richardson's printing business was successful enough to allow him to lease a house in Fulham. This house, which would be Richardson's residence from 1739 to 1754, was later named "The Grange" in 1836. In 1739, Richardson was asked by his friends Charles Rivington and John Osborn to write "a little volume of Letters, in a common style, on such subjects as might be of use to those country readers, who were unable to indite for themselves". While writing this volume, Richardson was inspired to write his first novel.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Richardson made the transition from master printer to novelist on 6 November 1740 with the publication of "". "Pamela" was sometimes regarded as "the first novel in English" or the first modern novel. Richardson explained the origins of the work:


title: Samuel Richardson

text: After Richardson started the work on 10 November 1739, his wife and her friends became so interested in the story that he finished it on 10 January 1740. Pamela Andrews, the heroine of "Pamela", represented "Richardson's insistence upon well-defined feminine roles" and was part of a common fear held during the 18th century that women were "too bold". In particular, her "zeal for housewifery" was included as a proper role of women in society. Although "Pamela" and the title heroine were popular and gave a proper model for how women should act, they inspired "a storm of anti-Pamelas" (like Henry Fielding's "Shamela" and "Joseph Andrews" and Eliza Haywood's "The Anti-Pamela") because the character "perfectly played her part".


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Later that year, Richardson printed Rivington and Osborn's book which inspired "Pamela" under the title of "Letters written to and for particular Friends, on the most important Occasions. Directing not only the requisite Style and Forms to be observed in writing" Familiar Letters; "but how to think and act justly and prudently, in the common Concerns of Human Life". The book contained many anecdotes and lessons on how to live, but Richardson did not care for the work and it was never expanded even though it went into six editions during his life. He went so far as to tell a friend, "This volume of letters is not worthy of your perusal" because they were "intended for the lower classes of people".


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Multiple sequels to Pamela were written by other writers, such as "Pamela’s Conduct in High Life", which was written by John Kelly and published by Ward and Chandler in September 1741. Published that same year were two anonymous sequels: "Pamela in High Life" and "The Life of Pamela", the latter being a third-person retelling of both Richardson's original novel and Kelly's continuation. These unofficial sequels capitalized off the character’s popularity and readers desire to learn what happened to Pamela and Mr. B after the conclusion of Richardson’s novel. This compelled Richardson to write a sequel to the novel, "Pamela in her Exalted Condition", in December 1741. The novel had a poorer reception than the first, as Peter Sabor writes, “the continuation is a far blander affair than the original work,” focusing on Pamela’s gentility and married life. The public's interest in the characters was waning, and this was only furthered by Richardson's focusing on Pamela discussing morality, literature, and philosophy.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: After the failures of the "Pamela" sequels, Richardson began to compose a new novel. It was not until early 1744 that the content of the plot was known, and this happened when he sent Aaron Hill two chapters to read. In particular, Richardson asked Hill if he could help shorten the chapters because Richardson was worried about the length of the novel. Hill refused, saying,


title: Samuel Richardson

text: In July, Richardson sent Hill a complete "design" of the story, and asked Hill to try again, but Hill responded, "It is impossible, after the wonders you have shown in "Pamela", to question your infallible success in this new, natural, attempt" and that "you must give me leave to be astonished, when you tell me that you have finished it already". However, the novel was not complete to Richardson's satisfaction until October 1746. Between 1744 and 1746, Richardson tried to find readers who could help him shorten the work, but his readers wanted to keep the work in its entirety. A frustrated Richardson wrote to Edward Young in November 1747:


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Richardson did not devote all of his time just to working on his new novel, but was busy printing various works for other authors that he knew. In 1742, he printed the third edition of Daniel Defoe's "Tour through Great Britain". He filled his few further years with smaller works for his friends until 1748, when Richardson started helping Sarah Fielding and her friend Jane Collier to write novels. By 1748, Richardson was so impressed with Collier that he accepted her as the governess to his daughters. In 1753, she wrote "An Essay on the Art of Ingeniously Tormenting" with the help of Sarah Fielding and possibly James Harris or Richardson, and it was Richardson who printed the work. But Collier was not the only author to be helped by Richardson, as he printed an edition of Young's "Night Thoughts" in 1749.


title: Samuel Richardson

text: By 1748 his novel "Clarissa" was published in full: two volumes appeared in November 1747, two in April 1748, and three in December 1748. Unlike the novel, the author was not faring well at this time. By August 1748, Richardson was in poor health. He had a sparse diet that consisted mostly of vegetables and drinking vast amounts of water, and was not robust enough to prevent the effects of being bled upon the advice of various doctors throughout his life. He was known for "vague 'startings' and 'paroxysms'", along with experiencing tremors. Richardson once wrote to a friend that "my nervous disorders will permit me to write with more impunity than to read" and that writing allowed him a "freedom he could find nowhere else".


title: Samuel Richardson

text: However, his condition did not stop him from continuing to release the final volumes "Clarissa" after November 1748. To Hill he wrote: "The Whole will make Seven; that is, one more to attend these two. Eight crouded into Seven, by a smaller Type. Ashamed as I am of the Prolixity, I thought I owed the Public Eight Vols. in Quantity for the Price of Seven". Richardson later made it up to the public with "deferred Restorations" of the fourth edition of the novel being printed in larger print with eight volumes and a preface that reads: "It is proper to observe with regard to the "present Edition" that it has been thought fit to restore many Passages, and several Letters which were omitted in the former merely for shortening-sake."


title: Samuel Richardson

text: The response to the novel was positive, and the public began to describe the title heroine as "divine Clarissa". It was soon considered Richardson's "masterpiece", his greatest work, and was rapidly translated into French in part or in full, for instance by the abbé Antoine François Prévost, as well as into German. The Dutch translator of "Clarissa" was the distinguished Mennonite preacher, Johannes Stinstra (1708–1790), who as a champion of Socinianism had been suspended from the ministry in 1742. This gave him sufficient leisure to translate "Clarissa", which was published in eight volumes between 1752–1755. However, Stinstra later wrote in a letter to Richardson of 24 December 1753 that the translation had been "a burden too heavy for [his] shoulders". In England there was particular emphasis on Richardson's "natural creativity" and his ability to incorporate daily life experience into the novel. However, the final three volumes were delayed, and many of the readers began to "anticipate" the concluding story and some demanded that Richardson write a happy ending. One such advocate of the happy ending was Henry Fielding, who had previously written "Joseph Andrews" to mock Richardson's "Pamela". Although Fielding was originally opposed to Richardson, Fielding supported the original volumes of "Clarissa" and thought a happy ending would be "poetical justice". Those who disagreed included the Sussex diarist Thomas Turner, writing in about July 1754: ""Clarissa Harlow" [sic], I look upon as a very well-wrote thing, tho' it must be allowed it is too prolix. The author keeps up the character of every person in all places; and as to the maner [sic] of its ending, I like it better than if it had terminated in more happy consequences."


title: Samuel Richardson

text: Others wanted Lovelace to be reformed and for him and Clarissa to marry, but Richardson would not allow a "reformed rake" to be her husband, and was unwilling to change the ending. In a postscript to "Clarissa", Richardson wrote: