title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This piece was given to Diana as a loan from the Queen. The Princess first wore the choker during a state visit to the Netherlands in November 1982. The choker contains four rows of Japanese cultured pearls with a central diamond clasp. The piece is now being worn by the Princess of Wales who uses it as a loan from the King.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This necklace made up of large dark grey and natural pearls, made by London jeweller Leo de Vroomen was gifted to the Princess in 1985 by Prince Charles. It appeared in public only twice: on a trip to Austria in April 1986 and a month later when she visited a school in Japan. It is said the Princess did not like it at all and researchers believe it was given in 1985 when their marriage began to fall apart.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Following the birth of Prince William, the Prince of Wales presented his wife with a gold pendant that had their son's name engraved on it, in Charles' distinctive handwriting. Diana would regularly wear the pendant in private but only wore it once in public, while at a polo match at Windsor in August that same year. This became a tradition in the family, and in 2013 the then Duchess of Cambridge received a gold disc from her sister which bears the name of her eldest son, Prince George, and the first letter of her husband's name. Since the birth of her two younger children, Charlotte and Louis, she has worn a Daniella Draper gold pendant bearing the initials of her three children's names.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Following the birth of Prince William, the Prince of Wales presented his wife with a necklace made up of seed pearls with a diamond set heart in the centre.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Created by Garrard & Co and made out of 187 diamonds and five South Sea pearls, the necklace was worn by Diana during an appearance at a performance of "Swan Lake" by the English National Ballet at the Royal Albert Hall two months before her death in 1997. The necklace was created together with a set of earrings, but following her death the suite was sold with permission from her family. The necklace was sold to a Ukrainian couple in 2010 who put it on sale in 2017 at Guernsey's. It was estimated to be worth about $12 million at the time.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Made out of "900 pearls paired with columns of diamonds and rubies", this eleven-strand choker was one of Diana's favourite pieces, which she often wore at theatre and film premiers.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: A gift from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia to Queen Elizabeth II, it is a fringe necklace in design and set with brilliant and baguette cut diamonds. King Faisal bought the necklace, made by the American jeweller Harry Winston, and presented it to her while on a state visit to the United Kingdom in 1967. The Queen lent the necklace to Diana to wear on a state visit to Australia in 1983.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This necklace was given to Queen Elizabeth II by King Khalid of Saudi Arabia in 1979. It is of the sunray design and contains both round and pear shaped diamonds. Like the King Faisal necklace, it was made by Harry Winston, and the Queen often lent the necklace to Diana.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Diana and Charles became engaged in February 1981. Her engagement ring consisted of 14 diamonds surrounding a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire set in 18-karat white gold. It was created by then-crown jeweller Garrard. The design was inspired by Queen Victoria's sapphire-and-diamond cluster brooch, a wedding present from Prince Albert in 1840, which Victoria donned that day as her "something blue".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Diana's selection of this ring was considered unusual. It was neither custom-made nor unique and was, at the time of her engagement to Charles, featured in Garrard's jewelry collection and available to anyone for purchase. It was reported in the media that Diana selected it because it reminded her of her mother's engagement ring, while others said that she chose it due to its big size. Diana continued to wear the ring even after her divorce from Prince Charles.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: After Diana's death, Princes William and Harry selected mementos from their mother's possessions. Harry chose the engagement ring, while William selected Diana's £19,000 yellow gold Cartier Tank Francaise watch. They eventually exchanged mementos, as Harry reportedly wanted the ring to one day "be sat on the throne of England". When Prince William proposed to Catherine Middleton in the autumn of 2010 in Kenya, he gave her the ring. William later said that giving the ring to his fiancée was a "way of making sure my mother didn't miss out on today and the excitement." Middleton eventually had the ring resized because she had lost weight prior to the wedding. Her finger being an H, she requested Crown Jewellers G Collins and Sons to attach two platinum studs to it to make it a size I.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: After the engagement was announced, some called the ring the "Commoner's Sapphire", a reference to the bride's non-royal origins. Others considered the ring a tragic symbol associated with Diana's failed marriage to the Prince of Wales and untimely death in a car accident in Paris.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The gold for the Princess' wedding band followed royal tradition and was made from one of the last soft nuggets of Welsh gold, mined at Clogau St David's gold mine. That same Welsh gold nugget had also provided gold for the wedding bands of the Queen Mother, the Queen, Princess Margaret, Princess Anne among many other royals. The Princess' Welsh gold band is engraved on the inside with the words: "I Love You, Diana".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: On 30 August 1997, Dodi Fayed purchased a £11,000 "budget" engagement ring from a Repossi boutique in Monte Carlo. This was picked out by the Princess previously. It is believed he died before he could give it to the Princess. It was recovered from Dodi's flat, after the couple's death, along with a receipt listing a "bague de fiançaille" (engagement ring). It was later displayed in a Harrods store.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Diana was wearing a ring given to her by Dodi Fayed when she died. It was a £3,000 Bulgari yellow gold band with diamonds. The diamond band set in yellow gold was not an engagement ring and was worn on the fourth finger of her right hand, where her butler Paul Burrell advised her to wear it. Photographs taken on 30 August, just before the crash, show that the Princess was wearing a gold ring on her right hand. She wore it as a "friendship" ring.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The Princess wore a sapphire cabochon ring during a Christmas photoshoot in 1982 with Prince Charles and their son, Prince William. It is unknown why she never wore it in public, some speculate it belonged to another member of the family and that she wore it to protect her son from getting scratched by her engagement ring while taking photos.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: During a photo session with royal photographer Tim Graham, at her Kensington Palace apartment on 1 February 1983 the Princess wore a Cartier Trinity ring and signet ring with the Prince of Wales feathers which had both been gifts from Prince Charles. The latter had been given to the Princess the night before the wedding along with a note that in part read "just look 'em in the eye and knock 'em dead".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: During her lifetime, Diana possessed a set of aquamarine jewels, including an "emerald cut Aquamarine stunner", which she first wore at the 1997 auction of her clothes at Christie's. She wore it with the eternity ring she had worn often as a teenager which was originally from the Spencer family collection. It is believed she wore the eternity ring and Aquamarine ring together in replacement of her wedding band and engagement ring. She wore the Aquamarine again when she visited Sydney, Australia in the summer of 1997.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The Aquamarine ring, an emerald cut aquamarine flanked by small, solitaire diamonds and set in 24-carat yellow gold, was commissioned by the Princess from Asprey in 1997 and was used by the Princess as a replacement for her engagement ring after her divorce from the Prince of Wales in 1996. It was set on 24-carat yellow gold to match her pre-existing aquamarine bracelet which had been a gift to her from the Royal Family.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The stone was given to her by Lucia Flecha de Lima who was known as the Princess' best friend. The stone that is placed on the ring had been taken out of a mine in Brazil where the Queen's aquamarine pieces were usually taken from. After her death, the ring was passed to her younger son Prince Harry who gave it to his wife Meghan to wear at the couple's wedding reception in 2018.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The ring's estimated value is £75,000 in 2018 but given the fact that it was pre-owned by the princess and the duchess, it would probably now fetch far more than that at auction.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: While at a ball held at the Southern Cross Hotel in Melbourne (1985), Princess Diana was wearing what looks to be an emerald cabochon and diamond ring instead of her engagement ring. The two stones are not aligned but are at an angle to one another, very similar to a style of a bypass ring. She also wore this ring on 11 November 1993 while attending a state banquet hosted by The Yang Di-pertuan Agong of Malaysia at The Dorchester Hotel in London.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: While attending a polo match to support Prince Charles in 1989, the Queen loaned the Princess a square-cut emerald ring which was incorrectly dubbed by the press as "a gift from a doting husband".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Diana's love for pearls started early in her life. While her school friends often wore diamond studs, the future princess usually chose pearls. At the age of 15, Lady Diana Spencer was first seen wearing a pair of simple pearl earrings; she wore them as a bridesmaid at her sister's wedding. These earrings were among the few pieces of jewellery that were not stolen from the princess while living in her London flat prior to her engagement.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: In 1994, Diana and her son Prince William were in the box at central court during the Wimbledon tennis tournament. The Princess was photographed extensively wearing an 18kt gold Signature Tiffany 5 row Bracelet from 1992. She was also seen wearing the bracelet and the matching earrings on 3 July 1994 at the Wimbledon men's finals.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: These platinum earrings were worn by Diana when she fell asleep during an appearance in 1981, which gave her the nickname of “Sleeping Beauty”. She would announce her pregnancy with Prince William shortly after. The earrings were believed to have been on loan from the Queen and matched pearl choker she wore. The center stone of the earrings were either a diamond or opal as reports differ. They have not been seen on any member of the family since her passing.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: On 31 August 1997, the Princess was wearing a pair of gold, kidney bean-shaped earrings with four rolls which were believed to have given to her by Dodi Fayed. It was last worn by the Princess on the day of her death and subsequently became one of the 14 personal effects recovered from the crash scene. Due to the impact of the collision the earrings broke. Nurse Nubmbert received a call from Balmoral in the wake of the Princess' passing and was asked if the Princess was "wearing her favourite gold earrings". When the Princess' body arrived at the hospital she was only wearing the gold earring on her left ear. Paul Burrell received most of the Princess's personal effects at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. He was given only one gold earring and the other one was later found lodged in the Mercedes' dashboard with the clasp missing and slightly dented on 23 October 1997.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The Princess had only 2 pieces of emerald jewellery in her collection, an emerald and diamond bracelet given to her as a wedding gift from her new husband Prince Charles and a pair of diamond and emerald drop earrings which had also been given to the Princess from Charles; this time as a gift for her 22nd birthday. The earrings, consisting of pear-shaped emerald stones suspended on a diamond drop chain (set in platinum). The modern-style earrings dated from the Twenties, and were made to match the Delhi Durbar Parure, a suite of Cambridge emeralds originally owned by Queen Mary.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The Princess purchased these earrings herself from the costume jewellery store Butler and Wilson in the 1980s. The earrings came with 2 interchangeable heart drops, one made of crystal and one made of faux pearl. The Princess wore the earrings with the crystal heart drop while visiting Milan in 1985 during the Prince and Princess' royal tour of Italy. The press misreported that the heart drop earrings were a "priceless gift from the Queen". The Princess wore the faux pearl heart drop while tour of Bosworth Battlefield Visitor Centre near Sutton Cheney on Thursday, 27 June 1985.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: During the Princess's official 1983 visit to Australia, the Queen loaned a pair of pearl drop earrings which had been made by Garrard. The earrings which are set in a modern gold setting were made from stones from the Queen's collection. The earrings were loaned frequently by the Queen to Diana.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The Princess wore pair of large pearl and diamond button earrings which were similar to a pair of earrings favored by the Queen. The earrings were worn regularly during 1993 notably while the Princess attended a dance spectacular in London and while going to Mozart's 'The Magic Flute'. The round pearl with round diamond underneath are likely faux as they are both too identical to each other. It is near impossible to find identical pearls, especially ones of such large size.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Featuring "a circular design of diamonds and a single diamond-encrusted pear", these dangling earrings were worn by Diana at numerous occasions in the 1990s. Diana last wore them at an appearance at the Royal Albert Hall, but had the pearl drops removed for this outing. The earrings were later passed to Prince William who gave them to his wife, the Duchess of Cambridge. The Duchess had the earrings modified and replaced the original pearl drops with smaller pearls. The piece was first worn by the Duchess at the red carpet for the 71st British Academy Film Awards.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The pair of earrings was given to Diana as a wedding present from her husband. The earrings were created by the Collingwood jewelers and worn by Diana at different outings and engagements. She first wore them at an outing a month before her marriage to Charles. They are now under the possession of the Princess's daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Cambridge, who first wore them in 2017 during a state banquet and has continued to wear them occasionally.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: First worn by the Princess of Wales at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival, the earrings were made out of "whopping pear-shaped aquamarines, surrounded by diamonds and suspended from a diamond flower cluster".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Little is known about these diamond and ruby stud earrings other than the fact that a photograph of the Princess wearing them made the cover of "People" magazine - 11 March 1996: "DI-Vorce" - Princess Diana's Divorce Begins.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: An example of mix-and-match statement studs, the earrings were made out of a pearl and a large blue sapphire on one side, and a pearl and large red ruby on the other. The Princess famously wore them during a visit to South Korea in 1992.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Given to the Princess as a wedding present from the Emir of Qatar, the earrings featured "white diamonds in a floral shape and cream-coloured pearls". Diana wore the pair many times at various outings and events.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Alongside 60 other pieces of jewellery, Margaret Greville left Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother) a set of pear-drop earrings that she had bought from Cartier in 1938. The earrings had been made using family stones. The pear-shaped drop diamonds each weigh about 20 carats (4 g). Diana borrowed them in 1983 to wear on her first official visit to Australia. At a state banquet, she wore the earrings with the Spencer Family Tiara.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: On her wedding day, Diana was given this brooch by the Queen Mother as a wedding present. The brooch shows the Prince of Wales's feathers and was often worn by the Princess on a diamond tennis necklace with a cabochon emerald drop. The diamond necklace was from the Saudi suite of jewelry she received as a wedding present. The brooch was originally a gift to Princess Alexandra of Denmark upon her marriage Albert Edward, Prince of Wales in 1863.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The Royal Family Order is an honor presented to female members of the British royal family by Queen Elizabeth II. The order is worn on formal occasions and is pinned to the dress of the recipient on the left shoulder. It depicts a young Queen Elizabeth II in evening gown wearing the ribbon and star of the Order of the Garter. The miniature picture, which was originally painted on ivory but, since 2017 on glass, is bordered by diamonds and surmounted by a Tudor Crown in diamonds and red enamel. The reverse, in silver-gilt, is patterned with rays and depicts the royal cipher and St Edward's Crown in gold and enamel. The watered silk ribbon is a chartreuse yellow colour and formed into a bow.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The Princess had a large collection of costume jewelry made by one of her favorite costume jewelers, Butler & Wilson. In her vast collection of B&W pieces was a snake brooch which was worn by the Princess on 3 May 1986 while in Vancouver, British Columbia.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The brooch was passed to Diana after the death of her friend, art dealer and a former member of the board of directors of the Royal Ballet Adrian Ward-Jackson, in 1991. It featured a central stone and 18 diamond petals.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This bracelet was a wedding gift from Charles and purchased from Wartski. It was one of only two pieces in Diana's personal collection containing real emeralds, a stone Diana didn't often wear.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Diana wore this bracelet notably while at London's Barbican Centre in 1982 and would continue wearing it early on in their relationship. The bracelet was later put aside and was not worn again until she chose it for a gala dinner on her 36th birthday. She teamed it with a pair of emerald earrings, the only other emeralds she had owned which had been a gift from Charles on her 22nd birthday.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This seven-row pearl bracelet with vertical bar spacers was worn by the Princess as attended the Victoria and Albert Museum's "Splendors of the Gonzagas" exhibition on 4 November 1981. The princess was photographed falling asleep here and subsequent photographs were dubbed "The Sleeping Beauty".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: In 1982, the Queen commissioned a diamond bracelet from Garrards. The bracelet which consisted of diamonds with a baguette and brilliant cut was worn regularly by the Queen before being loaned to the Princess in 1983 for her state visit to Australia.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: In 1947, the Queen received a wedding gift from The Swiss Federal Republic which was a specially designed platinum watch by the world's oldest watch factory, Vacheron & Constantin. In 1981, the Queen gave the watch as a wedding gift to the Princess.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: On 27 February 1981, before Diana's marriage to Prince Charles, the future princess was asked by schoolboy Nicholas Hardy "May I kiss the hand of my Future Queen" after giving her a daffodil, during her visit to Cheltenham. Photographs of him kissing her hand were all over the papers and he became the first person to kiss her hand in public.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: For Diana's 20th birthday her then-fiancé Prince Charles gave her a gold woven bracelet along with a Calatrava 18K yellow gold watch by Swiss maker Patek Philippe which cost around £4,000. They were both worn at Windsor in 1983.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Diana did not often wear this piece in public, which was a wedding gift from her husband. Each year on their anniversary, he gave his wife a different charm. The bracelet included a miniature of St Paul's Cathedral, where the couple married, a pair of ballet shoes, as the Princess loved ballet, a polo cap, representing her husband's love of the sport, a bear, as Diana loved teddy bears, an apple that symbolized her fondness for New York, and a pig. Two other charms with the engravings W and H were given to her by the Prince when their two sons were born.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Diana possessed an 18-carat yellow gold framed Tank Louis Cartier watch with a black alligator strap which was a gift from her late father, John Spencer, who died in 1992. By 1996 she stopped wearing the engraved Patek Philippe watch which was a gift from her ex-husband and started wearing a yellow gold Cartier Tank Française watch instead.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: When William and Harry visited Kensington Palace after her death to choose a keepsake from her possessions, William picked the Cartier Tank Française watch and Harry, then 12, the engagement ring. Years later they switched their mementos. The piece now belongs to the Duchess of Sussex, who first wore it for a portrait published in a special edition of "Time 100" in October 2020.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: In 1994, Princess Diana and her son Prince William were in the box at central court during the Wimbledon tennis tournament. The Princess was photographed extensively wearing an 18kt gold Signature Tiffany 5 row Bracelet from 1992. The Princess was also seen wearing the bracelet and the matching earrings on 3 July 1994 at the Wimbledon men's final.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Little is known about this delicate gold bracelet other than the fact that photos of the Princess wearing this bracelet made the cover of "People" magazine, 11 March 1996 titled "DI-Vorce" - Princess Diana's Divorce Begins.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Originally worn as a necklace on 14 November 1985 for a State Banquet for the Emir of Qatar. The Princess later converted the necklace into a pair of sapphire cabochon and diamond bracelet and wore them at the Night of Childhood in Versailles event on 28 November 1994.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: On 24 April 1991 the Princess went to an AIDS hostel for children. Here she was photographed wearing multiple gold pieces of jewellery including a gold overlapping bangle and a long gold cross necklace. The latter was sold privately and now is in the collection of a young Australian.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: A five-strand pearl bracelet set in 24 carat gold with a large aquamarine stone and a diamond flower clasp was given to the Princess during her early days into the royal family and she constantly wore it in the 80s and after her divorce. It has regularly been misquoted as being part of a set as she had started wearing an aquamarine ring that was of almost an identical size to the bracelet; but the bracelet was in fact a pre-existing piece in her collection, having been a gift during her early days as a royal. Another inaccuracy reported by the media was that she had two 5-strand pearl bracelets, one with a diamond flower clasp and another with an aquamarine clasp. But it was later discovered to be the one piece with different sides of the bracelet to have different clasps. Candid photographs taken of the Princess on 9 November 1982 while she was at The Guildhall in London for a fashion show raising funds for Birthright (the charity for which she was patron) show both sides of the bracelet clearly.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This bracelet, which was very similar to her gold cable link bracelet was worn by the Princess during her early years of marriage. The bracelet was first worn on 4 April 1983 and then worn a few more times before being worn for the last time on 1 January 1984. Authors such as Andrew Morton have speculated that it was a gift from her husband during their "happy" years of their marriage.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: A diamond Cartier bracelet worn by Diana during the auction of her outfits in New York in 1997. Not much is known about the bracelet other than it was worn again by the Duchess of Sussex while at Prince Charles' 70th birthday.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This gold chain link bracelet with round spaces was worn by the Princess while at an AIDS hostel for children. Here she was photographed extensively hugging and holding the children who were all diagnosed with AIDS and HIV. She was seen letting these children play and admire her gold jewellery, particularly her long gold cross necklace as well as her shiny engagement ring. She would wear big "chunky" gold jewellery for the children to play with.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Created by Nigel Milne, this bracelet was made out of three rows of pearls "with diamond and pearl spacers and clasp". The piece was famously worn by Diana during her visit to Hong Kong and together with the famous 'Elvis dress'. The piece now belongs to the Duchess of Cambridge, who first wore the bracelet during her official tour of Germany in 2017. It was also worn by the Duchess of Cambridge to a G7 reception in 2021.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This gold bangle had burnished diamonds that were set similarly to a Cartier Style Love bracelet. This bracelet was worn by the Princess in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada on 29 October 1991. Photographs of the Princess on this date show her clearly wearing this bangle. This bangle was also worn by the Princess while attending a Pavarotti concert on 30 July 1991.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: While attending the Cannes Film Festival in 1987, Princess Diana wore an aquamarine and diamond bracelet with a pair of matching drop aquamarine and diamond earrings.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: In the Princess's jewellery collection she had a plain gold bangle which she wore to many semi to informal occasions such as walkabouts. Diana was seen wearing the bangle at European Horse Trials near Burghley House on 10 September 1989 among many other dates. She would regularly wear the bangle with her gold link bracelet.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: While in Chicago in 1996, the Princess wore a double-row amethyst bracelet with an oval amethyst and diamond clasp. This was paired with a dress of the same rich purple color.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This gold charm bracelet was a part of the Princess's jewellery collection for many years but as it was small it was not noticed by many people. This was worn by the Princess while attending a Pavarotti concert on 30 July 1991 as well as on many other occasions.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: On 24 September 1996 the Princess of Wales attended a Charity Gala. While at this event, Diana was seen with a new diamond and sapphire bracelet (on her left wrist). Not much is known about the bracelet. Although the bracelet looks similar to the watch in the Saudi Arabian suite, it is not part of the Saudi Arabian suite as the watch strap from the Saudi Arabian suite had been turned into earrings and a choker.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: This small gold link bracelet was worn by the Princess for informal occasions and was regularly worn with her gold bangle. Among the many dates the Princess wore the pieces together was in Japan while touring a children's hospital on 12 November 1990.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: While attending a Supertramp concert in the early 1990s, the Princess wore a bracelet with black and white stones with silver diamante stars which was believed to have purchased from the famous costume jewellery store Butler & Wilson.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: During an official engagement at the Lord Gage Centre for Old People, a nursing home run by The Guinness Partnership, in 1990, the Princess wore a gold cuff bracelet which featured two blue stones at its centre. The piece has been worn by Diana's daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Sussex, at numerous occasions following her marriage to Prince Harry.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Created by Verdura back in 1944, Diana was seen wearing the bracelet during the auction of her outfits in New York in 1997. The piece is made out of "18k gold and platinum set with 137 round diamonds", and its "interlocking Cs derive from the cipher of Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt". The Princess also wore a pair of earrings at the event, known as Diana Earclips and made out of "mabé pearl, diamond, platinum and 18k yellow gold".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: On 31 August 1997, the Princess was wearing a Bulgari seed-pearl bracelet that was held at each end with diamond-encrusted dragons which were given to her by Dodi Fayed. It was last worn by the Princess on the day of her death and subsequently became one of the 14 personal effects recovered from the crash scene. It is said that due to the impact of the collision the bracelet broke "scattered on the back seat and floor", what was recovered of the bracelet, in part, was "6 white pearls".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: One of the Princess' favorite watches, she had worn it (or one similar) for years as early as 1991. It was last worn by the Princess on the day of her death and subsequently became one of the 14 personal effects recovered from the crash scene.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: During her 1986 visit to Oman, Diana was given a set of crescent-shaped geometric diamond and sapphire necklace, earrings, and bracelet by the Sultan of Oman. The Princess famously wore the set together with the Spencer Tiara during a state visit to Germany in 1987.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: During the final months of the Princess's life she received many pieces of jewellery as gifts from Dodi Fayed. She received a necklace, a pair of earrings, a bracelet, a brooch and a watch which were all matching. She also received a Bulgari yellow gold and diamond band which she called a "friendship ring".


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: As a wedding present, the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia gave the Princess a suite of jewellery. It consisted of a Burmese sapphire and diamond pendant suspended on a baguette diamond tennis necklace (which also later suspended 'The Prince of Wales feathers diamond pendant'), matching earrings, matching ring, a two-row bracelet of brilliant-cut diamonds with a similar version of the sapphire pendant and a watch with the face set in the same diamond sunray fringe as the pendant and the strap consists of seven oval sapphires see in clusters of diamonds. The entire suite was all made by the Asprey and gifted to the Princess in a green malachite box decorated with a palm tree and crossed swords. The Princess would often wear the necklace, earrings and occasionally the bracelet. She used the stones from the watch and ring to make new pieces of jewellery.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Four of the sapphire and diamond clusters from the watch strap were used to create a pair of earrings, with two clusters as detachable pendant drops. Diana wore these sapphire earrings both in the form of double drop earrings and studs. The piece has now been passed to her daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Cambridge, who wore them at the 2022 Trooping the Colour.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: The central sapphire from the ring was set in the diamond sunray frame of the watch, replacing the watch face and became the centrepiece of a wide choker of midnight-blue velvet backed with Velcro. On either side of the sapphire is a chain of small diamonds, three deep, which runs halfway round the choker. The Princess wore the choker as a headband on her official visit to Japan in 1986, at a State banquet hosted by Emperor Hirohito.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: During an official visit to Canada in 1986, the Princess wore a set of gold necklace and earrings. The earrings had the shape of a butterfly and the necklace also had a piece of golden butterfly in its center. The set was passed to the Princess's younger son who gave it to his wife. Diana's daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Sussex, wore the earrings during her visit to Australia and on the day her pregnancy was announced.


title: Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Similar to the Princess' Swan Lake suite, the Collingwood diamond girandole suite was another set of jewellery only worn by the Princess and not owned. The Collingwood jewellers were the jewellers favoured by the Spencer family and thus loaned Lady Diana Spencer a pair of diamond earings and matching necklace to be worn for her official engagement photographs taken by Lord Snowdon at Highgrove House in 1981. Collingwood initially planned on giving her the set as a wedding gift however it was deemed "inappropriate" by palace officials. The jewellers presented the Princess with a pair of diamond and pearl earrings instead which was worn heavily by the Princess. The Collingwood diamond suite subsequently were sold by an Iranian jeweler in Dusseldorf, Genio Hakimi, who claimed they were Spencer heirlooms that had been sold to pay for the wedding, using the photographs as proof.


title: Gin and Juice

text: "Gin and Juice" is a song by American rapper Snoop Dogg. It was released on January 18, 1994, as the second single from his debut album, "Doggystyle".


title: Gin and Juice

text: The lyrics depict a party filled with sex, marijuana, and alcohol continuing into the small hours of the morning. The iconic chorus, sung by David Ruffin Jr (D-Ruff), the son of former Temptation David Ruffin is:


title: Gin and Juice

text: One critic describes the chorus as representative of "the G-funk tableau" emphasizing cruising culture, consumption of depressants, and materialism. The last line is an example of antimetabole, the figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures. The focus on money is shared throughout hip hop, including "It's All About the Benjamins", "Money Makes the World Go Round", "Get Money", and "Foe tha Love of $".


title: Gin and Juice

text: "Gin and Juice" was produced by Dr. Dre and contains an interpolation from Slave's "Watching You" in its chorus and a sample from George McCrae's "I Get Lifted" as its bassline; additional vocalists on the song include Dat Nigga Daz, Jewell, Heney Loc, and Sean "Barney" Thomas.


title: Gin and Juice

text: "Gin and Juice" peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States. It earned a gold certification from the RIAA and sold 700,000 copies.


title: Gin and Juice

text: "Gin and Juice" was nominated for the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. It was listed as number eight on VH1's 100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs.


title: Gin and Juice

text: The song's music video, directed by Dr. Dre, Calvin Caday and Anita Sisaath, also producers of 2Pac's "Dear Mama", features a teenaged Snoop Dogg throwing a wild house party after his parents leave. His parents return home angry and evict the partygoers to confront Snoop Dogg. Ricky Harris plays Snoop's father, and Dr. Dre, Warren G, Nate Dogg and Daz Dillinger make cameo appearances. Six-year-old rapper Lil Bow Wow plays Snoop's little brother who is jumping on the couch in the intro. "I was in the 'Gin and Juice' video," comedian Eddie Griffin recalled. "I pop out of this little Volkswagen full of weed smoke with my hair standing on end."


title: Gin and Juice

text: The small-budget idea was later re-purposed in videos such as J-Kwon's "Tipsy" and Oowee's "Why Cry", which features Snoop and is a shot-by-shot remake of the "Gin and Juice" video. The music video was parodied in the video for "DPG/K", where Snoop, carried on the front of a bicycle by Daz, gets hit by a car driven by B.G. Knocc Out and Dresta, two of Eazy-E's protégés with whom Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre had feuds at the time.


title: Gin and Juice

text: In April 2005, the video was fourth on MTV2 and XXL's list of the 25 Greatest West Coast Videos. Snoop Dogg wears hockey jerseys of the now-defunct Springfield Indians of the American Hockey League and Pittsburgh Penguins (with the name and number 'GIN AND JUICE' 94 on the back) in the video.


title: Gin and Juice

text: "Gin and Juice" has been covered by other groups, including alternative country group the Gourds in 1996, lounge singer Richard Cheese in 2004, comedians Naked Trucker and T-Bones in 2007 and singer and actor Paul Simon in 2010, during the Night of Too Many Stars event hosted by Jon Stewart. In 2004, a radio edit version of the song (used because the original version had explicit lyrics not suitable for television at the time) was played by a group of homeless drug addicts on the radio as they mock the pompous Dr. Stegman on the ABC miniseries "Kingdom Hospital" by horror novelist Stephen King. The song was the cover version sung by "The Gourds" eight years prior to the miniseries' syndication.


title: Don Valentine

text: Donald Thomas Valentine (June 26, 1932 – October 25, 2019) was an American venture capitalist who concentrated mainly on technology companies in the United States. He had been referred to as the "grandfather of Silicon Valley venture capital". The Computer History Museum credited him as playing "a key role in the formation of a number of industries such as semiconductors, personal computers, personal computer software, digital entertainment and networking."


title: Don Valentine

text: Valentine grew up in the Bronx, New York, was Catholic, and came from a family with Danish background. He went to Mount Saint Michael Academy. After graduating with a B.A. from Fordham University, Valentine began his career as a sales engineer at Raytheon. He was in the position for less than a year before moving on to Fairchild Semiconductor, where he built up the sales force for seven years. He left and joined National Semiconductor, working as a senior sales and marketing executive.


title: Don Valentine

text: In 1972, Valentine founded venture capital firm Sequoia Capital. Initially, the company focused on early venture investments with small, risky tech companies. Sequoia's first investment was in Atari in 1975 before the company was sold for $28 million to Warner Communications. Sequoia was one of the original investors of Apple Computer and Atari after Valentine met Steve Jobs when he was a line engineer for Atari, and in 1978, Sequoia invested $150,000 in Apple Inc. Sequoia Capital has also made early investments in companies including LSI Logic, Oracle Corporation, Cisco, Electronic Arts, Google, YouTube and many others.


title: Don Valentine

text: Valentine was a chairman of NetApp and Traiana. He served on the boards of many other technology companies including Apple, Atari, C-Cube, Cisco Systems, Electronic Arts, Linear Technology, LSI Logic, Microchip Technology, NetApp, Oracle, PMC-Sierra. Valentine was featured in the documentary film "Something Ventured" which premiered in 2011.


title: Don Valentine

text: Valentine died on October 25, 2019, at age 87. He is survived by three children and seven grandchildren who all live in the Bay Area.


title: Identity V

text: Identity V is a free-to-play asymmetrical multiplayer survival horror game developed and published by Chinese company NetEase. It was released in July 2018 for mobile devices. It is available on the iOS App Store, Android Google Play Store, and Windows computers. The game follows a detective named Orpheus as he unravels the mystery behind a mysterious killing game within a manor.


title: Identity V

text: The gameplay is structured around five players participating in competitive matches, where one of them is tasked with eliminating the other players before they fulfill objectives and escape.


title: Identity V

text: Quick Matches and Rank Matches consist of five players. One player is a Hunter, and the remaining four are Survivors. Each Survivor is classified into 4 different categories: Decode types, Assist types, Contain types, and Rescue types. The Hunter's objective is to find and eliminate all Survivors before they can escape. To do this, the Hunter must pursue each Survivor individually, then eliminate them by placing them down on a Rocket Chair. Meanwhile, the Survivor's objective is to try to escape via two Exit Gates by deciphering five Cipher Machines and entering the password, or the Dungeon if there's one Survivor left. The Dungeon will appear only if there are under four ciphers remaining. The Hunter is able to win the match by eliminating at least three Survivors, while the Survivors are able to win should three Survivors escape. The Survivors will also be able to rescue teammates from Rocket Chairs in order to have an advantage in this area before the elimination process is over. If only two Survivors are eliminated and two have escaped, the match will end in a tie. Rewards vary based on the game mode. There are various characters to choose from, each having their own abilities in-game. The Secondary Skills system gives the Hunter advantages during matches.


title: Identity V

text: Unlocking new characters requires Clues, which are obtained through playing matches and finishing quests. Up to two characters on both factions are available for free to use on each day.


title: Identity V

text: Other game modes exist with different rules. In Duo Hunters, two Hunters team up against a group of eight Survivors. This game mode features telephone booths from which characters of both factions can purchase unique items.


title: Identity V

text: In Tarot, a team of three Survivors (two Squires and a King) and one Hunter (playing as their team's Knight) face off against another team of the same composition, whose goal is to eliminate the opposing King before their rivals do. A special version, called Crystal Ball Tarot, gives certain characters temporary buffs through the activation of crystal balls.


title: Identity V

text: A fourth mode added in 2021, known as Chasing Shadows, features six Survivors who have to race against each other in an obstacle course.


title: Identity V

text: A fifth mode added in August 2022, called Frenzy Rhapsody, features six Survivors split into two teams and incorporates Dodgeball elements into gameplay.


title: Identity V

text: Identity V features two different ranking systems, in the form of Character Points and Tier Divisions. Both are used only in Ranked Matches, available at specific time slots during the day.


title: Identity V

text: Character Points are earned by playing ranked matches while using a specific character, and are used to determine one's spot on the leader boards. Character points are specific to each character and may slowly decrease over time. Character Points will also be reset when a new Season arrives. Badges can be earned for a specific character depending on how much points are earned.


title: Identity V

text: Identity V also features eight Tiers split into subdivisions, which players can be sent up and down depending on their performance. Winning Ranked matches earns Rank Points and losing loses Rank Points. Once a certain number of Rank Points is reached, the player can go up to the next subdivision if they gain Rank Points in their next ranked match. The tier bracket the player ends up in will determine what reward they get once the season ends. Similar to Character Points, Tier Divisions are reset when a new Season arrives.


title: Identity V

text: Alongside normal Rank Matches, players can participate in Five Players ranking matches, available at specific time slots during weekends. Five Players ranking mode uses a different set of Tiers and subdivisions but otherwise retains the same rules as normal Rank Matches.


title: Identity V

text: The player initially assumes the role of Orpheus, an amnesiac detective who, on a case of a missing child, arrives at the Oletus Manor, the main setting of the game. The Oletus Manor is a large manor owned by a mysterious individual that holds "games" of the Hunter and the hunted. Throughout the duration of his stay, "Orpheus" collects evidence from written records, or "diaries", allowing him to visualize "games" from a participant's perspective.


title: Identity V

text: On October 28, 2021, NetEase released a major expansion pack called "Time of Reunion" that further explores the story line, particularly Orpheus's past and his involvement in the manor games.


title: Identity V

text: The game is somewhat notable for its crossover events, usually with media franchises containing elements of horror, murder mystery, or actions.


title: Identity V

text: Identity V has collaborated with video game franchises "Danganronpa" and "Persona", the film "Edward Scissorhands", and the manga/anime series "The Promised Neverland", "Death Note", Junji Ito's "Tomie", and "Case Closed".


title: Identity V

text: From June to July 2022, Identity V featured a crossover event with the Chinese television series "Link Click". The game was meant to collaborate with the manga series "Bungo Stray Dogs" in September to October 2022, but a programming error delayed the launch to November through December. Identity V has also collaborated with the game Project Zero II, with the crossover launching in November 2022 and continuing into that December.


title: Identity V

text: Dave Aubrey of Pocketgamer gave it a 3.5-star review, saying that the game is "well made, well-polished, and pretty darn fun."


title: Visa requirements for Peruvian citizens

text: Visa requirements for Peruvian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Peru. As of March 15, 2022, Peruvian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 135 countries and territories, ranking the Peruvian passport 36th overall and 8th in the American continent in terms of world travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: Visa requirements for Peruvian citizens

text: The United Kingdom introduced Visa free access for Peruvian citizens for stays less than six months starting on November 9, 2022.


title: Visa requirements for Peruvian citizens

text: South American countries do not even require a passport as a document to allow Peruvian citizens to visit their countries as tourist; a national or state-issued ID card is enough. Nevertheless, this piece of identification must be in a good conservation state and less than ten years from its issue date, according to agreements signed in Mercosur's treaties.


title: Visa requirements for Peruvian citizens

text: Peru is an associated member of Mercosur. As such, its citizens enjoy unlimited access to any of the full members (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) and other associated members (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador) with the right to residence and work, with no requirement other than nationality. Citizens of these nine countries (including Peru) may apply for the grant of "temporary residence" for up to two years in another country of the bloc. Then, they may apply for "permanent residence" just before the term of their "temporary residence" expires.


title: Visa requirements for Peruvian citizens

text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:


title: Perkins Engines

text: Perkins Engines Company Limited, a subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc since 1998, is primarily a diesel engine manufacturer for several markets including agricultural, construction, material handling, power generation, and industrial. It was established in Peterborough, England in 1932. Over the years Perkins has expanded its engine catalogue, producing thousands of different engine specifications including diesel and petrol engines.


title: Perkins Engines

text: F. Perkins Limited, established on 7 June 1932, was founded by Frank Perkins and Charles Wallace Chapman, in Queen Street, Peterborough, to design and manufacture high-speed diesel engines. Chapman was the design engineer (technical director) and company secretary and had a ten percent shareholding in the company. He continued working at F. Perkins Limited for more than a decade before re-joining the Royal Navy Reserve, though remaining a consultant to the company. Frank Perkins obtained further initial support from directors Alan J. M. Richardson and George Dodds Perks.


title: Perkins Engines

text: Before Chapman and Perkins, the diesel engine was considered a heavy and slow-revving workhorse, lacking performance. Chapman's concept was the high-speed diesel – an engine that could challenge petrol-driven ones as the primary motor power. The company's first high-speed diesel engine was Perkins' four-cylinder "Vixen", which made its debut in 1932. In October 1935, Perkins became the first company to hold six world diesel speed records for a variety of distances, set at the Brooklands race track in Surrey. Sales were strong and by the time of World War II, the company made two series of engines, P4 and P6. Soon after the war, the company went public, and established a number of licensees for local manufacturing and sale.


title: Perkins Engines

text: F. Perkins Ltd was purchased by its largest customer, Massey Ferguson, in 1959. Keeping its separate identity, the business continued under the name of Perkins Engines and in 1994 became a subsidiary of LucasVarity. Development continued and Perkins updated its engines to meet stricter emissions rules while developing new engine series for power generation and forklift trucks. Manufacturers such as Dodge, Ford, Grosspal, and Ranquel used Perkins engines in their diesel-driven products for more than two decades. Other manufacturers including GEMA, Araus, Bernardin and Rotania used Perkins impellers for harvesters at length.


title: Perkins Engines

text: Pertrak was founded in 1961 as a licensee of Perkins Engines of England, and was dedicated to the manufacture of engines for pickups, trucks, and tractors. The most productive period for the company was in the 1970s when they produced 200,000 engines. In 2010, the last engine was made in Ferreyra, Córdoba, when the license was dropped. Throughout this period of almost 40 years, more than 500,000 engines were produced. The factory continues to make engine parts for other makes such as Fiat and Scania.


title: Perkins Engines

text: Being a supplier to Caterpillar Inc since the 1970s, Perkins was bought by Caterpillar in 1998 for , creating what they claimed was the world's largest diesel engine manufacturer. Perkins now has manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, United States, Brazil, China, India, and a joint venture with Ishikawajima-Shibaura-Machinery company in Japan.


title: Perkins Engines

text: On 1 June 2018, Steve Ferguson became President of Perkins Engines, replacing Ramin Younessi, after having worked as the general manager of Caterpillar's Advanced Component Manufacturing Department and overseeing operations at 15 global facilities. Ferguson is a vice-president of Caterpillar.


title: Perkins Engines

text: Various Perkins diesel engines have been made for industrial, agricultural, construction, material handling, marine and power generation markets, and Perkins gas-based engines (natural gas, landfill gas, digester gas, bio gas and mine gas) are used for continuous power generation.


title: Perkins Engines

text: Perkins' 4.99 1.6 litre (99 cubic inch) and the P4C engine [192 cubic inch], producing 45 or , were popular in Europe and Israel for taxis and commercially driven cars during the 1950s and early 1960s; many cars, including American imports, were retrofitted with these engines for taxi use, with kits made by Hunter NV of Belgium. Perkins engines were also used as standard factory equipment in Jeeps and Dodge trucks in the United States in the 1960s. They also continued to be popular in European trucks from their original customer, Commer and other companies.


title: Perkins Engines

text: The Perkins 6.354 medium duty engine was designed to be compact enough to replace petrol/gasoline V8 engines in trucks, despite its in-line six-cylinder design. Producing in early years (later rising to 120 hp), it had a small jackshaft driven by the timing gears for the auxiliary drive, with the oil pump driven by a quill shaft so it could run auxiliary equipment at engine speed with simple couplings.


title: Perkins Engines

text: After acquiring Rolls-Royce Diesels of Shrewsbury in 1984, Perkins continued to supply British Rail with engines for its diesel multiple units. Perkins went on to purchase L Gardner & Sons in the summer of 1986 to complement their line of lighter diesel engines.


title: Perkins Engines

text: Perkins engines are found in a wide range of machinery including tractors, generators, industrial tools, and machinery. While Perkins has customers in many sectors, the main consumer of their engines is Caterpillar, who is also their parent company. Caterpillar has several divisions that consume Perkins engines, the main two being Caterpillar Excavators and Caterpillar Diesel Generators through their subsidiary, F G Wilson. Perkins also has a subsidiary named Perkins Marine, which produces small engines for marine propulsion.


title: Amigurumi

text: According to the Crochet Guild of America (CGOA), there are earlier records of crocheted or knitted dolls made in China; early examples include three-dimensional dolls worked in crochet.


title: Amigurumi

text: According to Yoshihiro Matushita, there are records (dating from 1185) of analogous techniques in Japan, such as needle binding, a fabric creation technique predating knitting and crocheting. During the Edo period (1603–1867), Japan traded with the Dutch and, as a result, it is believed that knitting was introduced as a technique. Knitting evolved with the samurai, who were experts in creating garments and decorations for their katana and winter wear.


title: Amigurumi

text: During the Meiji era (1868–1912), Japan transitioned from being a feudal society into a more modern model. It was also during that period that industrialization started in the country. The educational model was changed and thousands of students were sent abroad to learn practices from the west. More than 3,000 westerners were hired to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan.


title: Amigurumi

text: According to Dai Watanabe, "Women were invited to teach western needleworks during that time." She also identifies the first stuffed crocheted motif, "Seiyo-keito-amimono-kyouju" (), a twigged loquat with a leaf and more fruit motifs, which started appearing in 1920.


title: Amigurumi

text: Cute "amigurumi" are the most aesthetically popular (see kawaii and "chibi" for more relevant cultural details). "Amigurumi" may be used as children's toys but are generally purchased or made solely for aesthetic purposes. Although "amigurumi" originated in Japan, the craft has become popular around the world.


title: Amigurumi

text: "Amigurumi" can be knitted, though they are usually crocheted out of yarn or thread, using the basic techniques of crochet (such as single crochet stitch, double crochet, and invisible decrease). "Amigurumi" can be worked as one piece or, more usually, in sections which are sewed or crocheted together. In crochet, "amigurumi" are typically worked in spiral rounds to prevent "striping", a typical feature of joining crochet rounds in a project.


title: Amigurumi

text: Small gauge crochet hooks or knitting needles are typically used to achieve a tight gauge that does not allow the stuffing to show through the fabric. Stuffing can be standard polyester, wool, or cotton craft stuffing, but may be improvised from other materials. Wires, such as pipe cleaners or floral wire, may be used to make the doll posable. Plastic pellets, glass pebbles, and even stones may be inserted beneath the stuffing to distribute weight at the bottom of the figure.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: This is a demography of the population of Bahrain including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: Most of the population of Bahrain is concentrated in the two principal cities, Manama and Al Muharraq.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: Regarding the ethnicity of Bahrainis, a "Financial Times" article published on 31 May 1983 found that ""Bahrain is a polyglot state, both religiously and racially. Discounting temporary immigrants of the past ten years, there are at least eight or nine communities on the island"". These may be classified as:


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: Non-nationals make up more than half of the population of Bahrain, with immigrants making up about 52.6% of the overall population. Of those, the vast majority come from South and Southeast Asia: according to various media reports and government statistics dated between 2005 and 2009 roughly 350,000 Indians, 150,000 Bangladeshis, 110,000 Pakistanis, 45,000 Filipinos, and 8,000 Indonesians. 11,000 people from the United Kingdom live in Bahrain, 0.73% of its total population.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: Birth registration of Bahrain is available from 1976, death registration started in 1990. Between 1976 and 2011 the number of baby births roughly doubled but the birth rate of babies decreased from 32 to 13 per 1,000. The death rate of Bahrain (1.9 per 1,000 human beings in 2011) is among the lowest in the world.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: Islam is the official religion forming 74% of the population. Current census data does not differentiate between the other religions in Bahrain, but the country has about 9% Christian citizens and about 40 Jewish citizens.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: According to the website of Ministry of Information Affairs, 74% of the population are Muslim, with Christians being the second largest religious group, forming 10.2% of the population, Jews making up 0.21%. The percentage of local Bahraini Christians, Jews, Hindus and Baha’is is collectively 0.2%.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: Bahraini citizens of Muslim faith belong to the Shi'a and Sunni branches of Islam. The last official census (1941) to include sectarian identification reported 52% (88,298 citizens) as Shia and 48% as Sunni of the Muslim population. Unofficial sources, such as the Library of Congress Country Studies, and "The New York Times", estimate sectarian identification to be approximately 45% Sunni and 55% Shia. An official Bahraini document revealed that 51% of the country's citizens are Sunnis, while the Shiite population has declined to 49% of the Muslim population.


title: Demographics of Bahrain

text: Foreigners, overwhelmingly from South Asia and other Arab countries, constituted 52.6% of the population in 2020. Of these, 50.9% are Muslim and 49.1% are non-Muslim, including Christians (primarily: Catholic, Protestant, Syriac Orthodox, and Mar Thoma from South India), Hindus, Buddhists, Baháʼís, and Sikhs.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Salvatore Giuliano (; Sicilian: Turiddu or Sarvaturi Giulianu; 16 November 1922 – 5 July 1950) was an Italian bandit, who rose to prominence in the disorder that followed the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943. In September of that year, Giuliano became an outlaw after shooting and killing a police officer who tried to arrest him for black market food smuggling when 70% of Sicily's food supply was provided by the black market. He maintained a band of subordinates for most of his career. He was a flamboyant, high-profile criminal, attacking the police at least as often as they sought him. In addition, he was a local power-broker in Sicilian politics between 1945 and 1948, including his role as a nominal colonel for the Movement for the Independence of Sicily. He and his band were held legally responsible for the Portella della Ginestra massacre, though there is some doubt about their role in the numerous deaths which occurred.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The widespread international press coverage he attracted made him an embarrassment to the Italian government, and throughout his banditry, up to 2,000 police and soldiers were deployed against him. He was murdered on 5 July 1950. The historian Eric Hobsbawm described him as the last of the "people's bandits" (à la Robin Hood) and the first to be covered in real time by modern mass media.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Giuliano was born on 16 November 1922, in Montelepre, a rural village in western Sicily, the fourth and youngest child of Salvatore Giuliano, Sr. and Maria Lombardo. His parents were landed peasants who had spent some of their earlier lives in the United States where they had earned the money to buy their farmland.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Turi or Turridu – as he was known to distinguish him from his father – attended primary school in the village from the age of 10 to 13. Although he was a good student, when his older brother Giuseppe was drafted into the Italian armed forces in 1935, he left school to help his father cultivate the family farm. He soon tired of the drudgery of farm work, hired a substitute from the village to take his place, and began trading in olive oil, which brought additional income to the family. Later in life he claimed that he quit school as much from youthful impulsiveness as from economic necessity.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The outbreak of World War II brought him opportunities in the form of jobs installing road barriers and telephone infrastructure. He performed well, but was dismissed from both jobs after disputes with his bosses. At the time of the Allied Invasion of Sicily in July 1943, Giuliano was once again trading in olive oil.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The most immediate trouble caused by the Allied invasion was the breakdown of government structures and the legal distribution of food. Especially in the cities, up to 70% of the food was supplied through the black market, including small-scale operators to large scale, well-financed and well-organized operations. With a horse brought home from the war by his brother and a Beretta handgun for protection, Giuliano was soon a participant in the black market.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMGOT) used the remnants of the previous fascist government, especially the Polizia and Carabinieri, to suppress the black market. Since their pay was irregular and most of their income was bribes from major black marketeers, they focused their attention on minor operators. On 2 September 1943, Giuliano was caught at a Carabinieri check point transporting two sacks of black market grain. While trying to negotiate his release in return for surrendering the grain, Giuliano drew his gun when another black marketeer was apprehended. When one of the officers raised his weapon, Giuliano shot and killed him. He was shot in the back as he fled. After the escape and an operation arranged by his family, he hid out in the family home.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: On Christmas Eve 1943, the Carabinieri moved into Montelepre to apprehend Giuliano. The operation included mass arrests—a dragnet. He escaped, but angered by the dragnet, he shot and killed another officer. Benefitting from his intimate knowledge of the surrounding mountainous terrain Giulano was able to evade the authorities, while visiting his family occasionally. On 30 January 1944, he helped the escape of eight fellow villagers from the jail in Monreale. Six of them joined him and formed a band that was able to expand operations.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: With no income and outside of the law, Giuliano turned to banditry, and later extortion and kidnapping. His exclusive target was the wealthy, partly from identification with poor peasants, but mostly for efficiency—the rich had more money. Thanks to Sicily's omerta tradition, local peasants were reluctant to cooperate with law enforcement, and Giuliano made them his allies and effective co-conspirators. Throughout his career he paid up to ten times the going market rate for his supplies to the locals. They became good sources of intelligence about rich targets for his crimes, as well as law enforcement activity. While Giuliano's core band was never larger than 20 men, peasants from Montelepre and nearby Giardinello would join him in the mountains temporarily for the excellent pay the bandit offered. This pattern continued until the last few beleaguered months of his career.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The bandit also won allegiance by enforcing rough justice in the area he came to dominate. On at least one occasion, he killed a rogue bandit committing crimes in his name. He shot Montelepre's postmaster for stealing parcels from America. Storekeeper Giuseppe Terranova was executed for extortionate prices and usury. He intervened with a local gabelotto, an estate manager, to lease land to farmers from Montelepre.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: If benevolence failed, Giuliano killed informers and enemies ruthlessly. Whenever possible they were allowed a minute to pray before death and a note of responsibility was left; to warn other spies, and to make sure that neither Giuliano nor other bandits would be accused of crimes they didn't commit. From time to time, he and his men would attack Carabinieri and Polizia outposts and patrols, often killing lawmen. They killed 87 Carabinieri and 33 Polizia from 1943–49.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Giuliano was admired for his bravery and resistance—but even more because he routinely prevailed in contests of power—the ultimate measure of worth in Sicilian culture, with its premium on individualism and settling one's own scores. The peasantry identified strongly with him and protected him.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The bandit's most famous exploit occurred early in his career in 1944—the robbery of the Duchess of Pratameno. He and his men sneaked into her estate unnoticed, and Giuliano was in her salon before she knew what was occurring. He kissed her hand and showed respect for her noble status, but then demanded all of her jewelry. When she refused, Giuliano threatened to kidnap her children. After she handed the loot over, he took a diamond ring from her hand, which he wore for the rest of his life, and borrowed John Steinbeck's "In Dubious Battle" from her library before leaving (which was returned with a respectful note a week later). By mid-1945, Giuliano's daring, good looks, and theatrical flair were the talk of Sicily, and soon beyond.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: In April 1945 venturing onto the larger stage of politics, Giuliano issued a public declaration of his support for MIS, the Movement for the Independence of Sicily (also referred to as Separatism). Separatism coalesced in the aftermath of the invasion, drawing on long-simmering anger at Sicily's neglect by the central government, and the sudden fluidity of the political situation. The movement was dealt a severe blow when, for political and war strategy reasons, the Allies, who had courted, if not encouraged separatist leaders, handed control of Sicily to the Badoglio government in Rome in February 1944. Strong sentiment for independence still existed in Sicily, but the three main Italian political parties of post-war Italy, Christian Democratic, Communist, and Socialist—were all opposed to Sicilian independence. After a government enabled campaign of violent repression, the MIS decided to augment its political campaign with armed resistance. Their small armed contingent, the EVIS, operated in Catania Province in eastern Sicily. To strengthen their forces and divert attention from their army, the leaders of MIS and EVIS enlisted Giuliano, who after negotiating for substantial funding, accepted the rank of Colonel, and agreed to conduct an armed campaign in his zone. He recruited 40–60 young men (in addition to his regular band), provided them with uniforms, ranks, and weapons, and trained them. Among the recruits was Gaspare Pisciotta, nicknamed Aspanu. He and Turi would be virtually inseparable friends for the rest of Giuliano's life, and by the end of the MIS military campaign Pisciotta would become his second-in-command, also for the rest of the chieftain's life. Contrary to many reports, the Montelepre native was neither a cousin, nor a close childhood friend of Giuliano.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: On 27 December 1945, Giuliano launched his insurrection with an attack on a Carabinieri outpost—two days before the MIS army was put out of existence at San Mauro. Their campaign, the most publicly spectacular of the bandit's career, created havoc for the police forces and government. Martial law was declared in Montelepre and the surrounding region on 13 January 1946, and continued for 126 days—at times incorporating army units. Giuliano's campaign was so effective that up to 500 police officers and soldiers were deployed against him. During the MIS campaign, the national Minister of the Interior Giuseppe Romita offered 800,000 lire for the capture of Giuliano—who responded with a 2 million lire reward for the capture of Romita. The chieftain and his men eventually realized the political hopelessness of their situation, and the revolt dissolved, as the new recruits went back to their ordinary lives. Giuliano helped at least 2 of his men to emigrate to the U.S. The EVIS campaign drew widespread news coverage, and made the bandit an international figure.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: After the revolt the MIS resumed its political campaign, which was plagued by poor organization. Through surrogates, Giuliano campaigned for the MIS in the towns where he was the major power. On 2 June 1946 Giardinello, Monreale, and Montelepre voted heavily for the Separatists, but island wide, they received only 9% of the vote.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: For the rest of 1946 and until his death, Giuliano's main activity and source of revenue was kidnapping, often carried out by the squad of Antonio Terranova, the bandit's most formidable and resourceful operative. Giuliano and his men treated their captives well—almost chivalrously—often giving them favorite foods, reading to them to alleviate boredom, and providing necessary medicines. Negotiations were usually conducted through various mafiosi. More than one kidnap victim remembered time with Giuliano in a positive light, despite its hardships. Giuliano also used the threat of kidnapping to extort money from wealthy Sicilians—some preferred kidnapping because the bandit stuck to his own rule that no one would be kidnapped twice, while the number of extortions had no limit.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Giuliano's next foray into politics ended in disaster. In the 1947 Sicilian regional election, the MIS won 9% of the vote, but began a steady deterioration from which it never recovered. The winner of the election with 30% of the vote was the Popular Bloc, Communists-Socialists, against less than 20% for the Christian Democrats. The island's conservatives and reactionaries were alarmed, and called on Giuliano for help. Their main aim was to intimidate the peasantry and thwart calls for land reform and redistribution. Although Giuliano identified with the peasantry and had progressive ideas for land reform close to left-wing doctrine, he was staunchly anti-Communist, based on stories of the U.S. he heard from his parents. This, and his practical desire for a pardon from Sicily's power brokers, inclined him to cooperate with the existing, predominantly right-wing power structure against the left. Giuliano may have been influenced by his interview early in 1947 with US pulp journalist Michael Stern. The American wore his WWII journalist sergeant's uniform to lend himself official credibility during his interview. Giuliano spoke to Stern as though the writer represented the US government, presenting a letter addressed to President Truman. The bandit emphasized his antipathy for Communism to Stern, who did nothing to discourage the bandit's mistaken notion that he was an official representative of the U.S. government. The interview led to a 5-page article in Life Magazine, (23 Feb 1948, pp. 60–4). Stern's subterfuge may have unwittingly influenced the bandit to cooperate with the Sicilian right.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The target of the right-wing vested interests was a famous annual May Day celebration at the Portella della Ginestra. A few days before the festivities, Giuliano received a letter that was evidently the culmination of negotiations. After reading it, the bandit chieftain burned it and announced, "The hour of our liberation has come. We are going to attack the Communists, to go to fire on them on May 1 at Portella della Ginestra." One of his bandits protested that women and children would be present. The chieftain replied that only leaders would be targeted. Giuliano's behavior before and after the armed action indicate that he believed that he and his men would be offered pardons for their crimes if all went well on May Day, an outcome ostensibly guaranteed by some prominent Sicilian. According to Giuliano's later statements, "his" main aim of the day was the capture of Girolamo Li Causi, head of the Communist party of Sicily—any other action was a diversionary tactic to facilitate Li Causi's capture. Although scheduled to speak, Li Causi did not attend.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Between 3000 and 5000 peasants attended. As the official proceedings began, three volleys of gunfire erupted from an ambush on adjoining Mount Pizzuta. Bullets from the third volley went into the crowds. The result was mass terror and many casualties—11 dead (including a woman and 3 children), and between 2 and 3 dozen wounded. Giuliano, the perpetrator of massed gunfire along with his band, left the scene quickly and surreptitiously, reportedly unaware of the massacre. When he learned what had transpired, he was distraught over the deaths and angry that his plans had gone awry.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The reaction throughout Italy was profound shock, followed by demands to punish the perpetrators. Initial suspicion fell on the Mafia and Sicily's large landowners. Characteristically, major Mafiosi in the area had alibis so good that Sicilians and others knowledgeable in their ways assumed that they had been arranged in advance. Some of their local chieftains had also given warnings to likely May Day celebrants before the event. There were reports of four armed local Mafiosi leaving the Portella area shortly after the massacre, but when Giuliano's involvement became known, investigation of the Mafia halted, and the bandits became the inquiry's focus. Giuliano and his men were isolated and a convenient target for officialdom, while the Mafia was well-connected politically and difficult to deal with.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Pisciotta and eleven other members of the Giuliano band were convicted for the massacre in 1952. While alive, Giuliano himself made various, somewhat inconsistent statements about the matter, always insisting that the bloodshed was unintended. He threatened to reveal the names of the men behind his actions, but never did. During the trial for the massacre, Pisciotta named the main conspirators as Leone Marchesano, a Palermo Mafioso and politician, and Prince Giuseppe Aliata of Monreale, with politician Cusumano Geloso as their intermediary—Pisciotta met only Geloso. His claims were confirmed by a letter delivered in 1969 to Giuseppe Montalbano, a long time leftist opponent of the reactionary establishment of Sicily. The writer, Antonio Ramirez—a prominent Palermo politician—ordered the letter delivered after his death. It stated that Gioacchino Barbera, a ranking Mafioso, had confirmed Pisciotta's accusations concerning Sicilian power-brokers, and also confirmed Giuliano's claim that the main conspirators did not intend the massacre. Barbera revealed all this to Ramirez during a December 1951 conversation. Billy Jaynes Chandler concludes that Sicily's reactionary establishment was the casus belli of the massacre, but that thanks to omerta and time, the details will never be revealed. A plaque erected by leftists in memory of the victims at Portella della Ginestra blames "landed barons and the Mafia."*


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: For the remainder of 1947, Giuliano maintained a low public profile while continuing his kidnap and ransom enterprise, occasionally engaging in ambushes and firefights with the law forces as opportunities presented themselves or to assert dominance in his area of operations. The killing of a Carabiniere colonel in October 1947 occasioned a brief incursion of 1000 law enforcers and mass arrests, but failed to capture Giuliano or any member of his band. In January 1948, Giuliano and Pisciotta felt secure enough to make an early evening appearance in a popular cafe' in the town of Carini. The event was covered well by the Sicilian press, which speculated that it followed a tryst in the same town.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: After the Portella della Ginestra massacre, Giuliano's family was interrogated regularly and often incarcerated. (His house was under such surveillance that he could no longer visit.) Moved by their plight and desperate for some sort of pardon, the bandit once again answered the call of conservative politicians to work on their behalf in the 1948 elections.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: In 1948 the parties of the Italian right and center were determined to undo the left's 1947 victory, and they were seeking every possible vote. The politicians couldn't afford to ignore the votes Giuliano controlled. Leone Marchesano, Santo Fleres, head of the Mafia and the Liberal Party in Partinico, and prominent Christian Democrat Bernardo Mattarella from the Mafia stronghold of Castellamare del Golfo all talked directly with Giuliano—who would not campaign without promises from the highest level of Sicilian power brokers. He was guaranteed a full pardon if he delivered a large majority of the votes in his district. He delivered extravagant majorities for the center-right's victory on 18 April. The bandit waited for weeks after the election for word of his pardon—and he was finally informed that Minister of the Interior Mario Scelba, himself a Sicilian, had denied it, and advised that Giuliano and his men could emigrate to Brazil where Prince Aliata had vast estates and the bandits would be protected.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Giuliano, who had held up his end of a bargain, was outraged and promised retaliation. Shortly after seeing his mother and Mariannina for what would be the last time at a June picnic in the countryside, the bandit learned that, besides the broken promise of a pardon, Santo Fleres' Mafia faction was informing law enforcement of Giuliano's movements. On 17 July 1948 two local Partinico bandits, hired by Giuliano, assassinated Fleres in that town's square. Thereafter, most of the Mafia organizations worked against Giuliano, effectively sealing his eventual fate. In the first action by any Mafiosi after Fleres' death, Giuliano opted out late from a law enforcement-Mafia fake escape to Tunisia by speedboat, probably forewarned by a still friendly Mafia faction or politician. Law enforcement also stepped up its own campaign against the bandit—from the middle of 1948 until Giuliano's death Montelepre was occupied in some state of siege by law enforcement, making the inhabitants' lives miserable. By the end of the year, all of his family was imprisoned.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Toward the end of 1948, a bit of relief arrived in the person of Maria Cyliakus, a Swedish dilettante journalist estranged from her Greek industrialist husband. Through audacity and luck she managed to visit, interview, and photograph Giuliano in the mountains, enhancing his notoriety throughout Europe, and giving Cyliakus her own burst of celebrity status.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Although Giuliano was under considerable duress by the beginning of 1949, he still had strengths to draw from. While his core band was diminished, men from the vicinity would still join him for the high wages he offered until the last months of 1949. His kidnapping and extortion rackets still produced sufficient income. For the first eight months of the year, he dominated the forces of law in his bailiwick—staging numerous ambushes and occasionally attacking their headquarters.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The publicity from Giuliano's continued mastery over the forces of law and order caused great consternation to Italy's Christian Democratic government, and in August Minister of the Interior Scelba dispatched Colonel Ugo Luca, commander of Carabinieri in Lazio, to 'observe' enforcement activity in Sicily, then overseen by Ciro Verdiani. Aged 58 and known as the "Italian Lawrence" Luca had a stellar military record, especially distinguished in intelligence work, and had been recommended to Scelba as a possible replacement for Verdiani. When Giuliano learned that Verdiani and Luca planned to visit the Bellolampo Carabinieri outpost between Palermo and Montelepre on 19 August, he prepared an ambush. After the two officials made a quick inspection, Giuliano and his men detonated a large explosion on the road under their convoy on its return to Palermo. Eight men were killed and over ten wounded. Had Luca and Verdiani returned in the vehicle they had ridden to Bellolampo, they would have been seriously wounded or killed. As a direct result, Verdiani was sent to Italy's Alpine region and Luca was dispatched to Sicily, along with 500 additional Carabinieri, to head up the campaign against Giuliano.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Luca would be Giuliano's last state opponent. His second-in-command was Captain Antonio Perenze, who had fought against guerillas in Libya and Ethiopia. After initial demonstrations of bravado in the field by the two leaders, Luca implemented his 'isolate and neutralize' strategy. He began by dividing the bandits' operational area into seventy zones, each to be patrolled by 20 men, who were given superior radio communications equipment demanded by Luca. Most of the men assumed civilian dress. They remained in the field, not retreating to safe stations and barracks each night. They were also ordered to cultivate good relations with the populace, eschewing pointless intimidation. Luca also sought to infiltrate the band or turn some of its members. Other officials had used similar tactics, but none were as thorough and relentless as the colonel.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Shortly after Luca's arrival, a meeting of major Mafiosi decreed that its members were to work with the colonel to eliminate the bandits. The Mafia men did not want a law officer of Luca's caliber on the island any longer than necessary. Mafiosi all over western Sicily received and forwarded information to the task force.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Giuliano was isolated and his operations essentially crippled by October. None of his attacks on the Carabinieri or Polizia during Luca's command were successful. Only one of the 120 law officers killed by Giuliano and his band met his end during Luca's command. Individual arrests of bandits began in late September and on 13 October, most of Giuliano's key squad and its leader, Giuseppe Cucinella, were captured in a gun battle in Palermo. Cucinella and his men had been located and Luca informed by Mafiosi from Palermo. Smaller scale arrests, following the same pattern took place throughout the colonel's campaign.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Under duress in the territory he formerly dominated, Giuliano (and sometimes Pisciotta) surrendered most of his independence, and retreated to the protection of a Mafia branch in Castelvetrano, near the south coast, headed by Nicola 'The American' Piccione, repatriated from a successful career in the United States. The bandit's primary residence while in the Castelvetrano region was the home, in the heart of the city, of Gregorio de Maria, a childhood friend of Piccione's subordinate Giuseppe 'Pino' Marotta. De Maria, an erudite and reclusive attorney, formed a bond with Giuliano as the bandit's intellectual mentor.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Although Ciro Verdiani had been replaced and dispatched, he maintained his contacts and continued to meddle in Sicily. To spite Luca and their mutual superiors, in December 1949 he arranged for Jacopo Rizza of Oggi magazine to interview Giuliano and Pisciotta in the countryside near Salemi. The interview, published in successive issues of the weekly, caused a sensation and embarrassed the government. Verdiani did much more, meeting with Giuliano near Castelvetrano, also in December. He agreed to help Giuliano and Pisciotta into exile, although his ultimate aim was almost certainly to kill the bandits and claim credit for the deed. The two men remained in contact until the last day of Giuliano's life, but in the end Verdiani's machinations failed.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: In January 1950 a Sicilian carabiniere, Giovanni Lo Bianco, coerced Giuliano's treasurer, Benedetto Minasola, into betraying the bandit. Minasola set up band members to be captured by the authorities one at a time until April, when Giuliano had no more active operatives. Minasola was then able to persuade Aspanu Pisciotta to betray his closest friend—Pisciotta was an easy target, having long doubted Verdiani's plot to get himself and Giuliano out of the country.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: On 19 June, Pisciotta met with Colonel Luca and agreed to work with him to eliminate Giuliano. After deliberation and intrigue among Luca's command, it was decided to kill Giuliano on the morning of 5 July in Castelvetrano. Pisciotta would lure Giuliano out to the street, and a squad of Carabinieri led by Captain Perenze would assassinate the bandit chieftain. Unfortunately for Luca, one of Verdiani's partisans was at the planning meeting, and Verdiani sent Giuliano a letter warning of Pisciotta's betrayal. When Aspanu arrived at the de Maria house after midnight on 5 July, Turi confronted him with Verdiani's communique—somehow, Pisciotta convinced him that he was more trustworthy than the policeman but didn't dare to suggest they leave the house for the ambush. After both men laid down, ostensibly to sleep, Pisciotta waited until Giuliano was asleep. He then shot him twice killing him instantly. Aspanu ran outside, told a waiting Perenze what he'd done, and was spirited out of town. Perenze and his squad hauled Giuliano's corpse to a nearby courtyard, shot it with several rounds, and with Luca concocted a story of an informer, Giuliano's plan to flee the country by plane from Mazzara del Vallo, and the bandit's death in a running gun battle.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The next morning, Luca and Perenze repeated the story to the press in the courtyard, while visitors traipsed through to see Giuliano's body. Many observers, especially locals who'd heard rumors that didn't coincide with the official account, were skeptical of the official story. In the afternoon after the body had been moved to the local morgue, Maria Lombardo arrived. She fainted upon seeing the body, was revived, and identified her son. She insisted on kissing the bloodstains on the ground where he had lain in the courtyard.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Thanks to official wrangling, the body remained in Castelvetrano until 19 July (allowing hundreds of locals to view it in the interim). The burial in Montelepre that afternoon was private, on official orders to prevent publicity.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The official story was unraveled by Tommaso Besozzi of the Milanese weekly L'Europeo. In the 16 and 24 July issues, he named Pisciotta as the murderer, but substituted misleading initials for Minasola. In spite of later official testimony by Pisciotta, de Maria, and Perenze confirming Besozzi's reportage, the concocted story remains as the official account.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Aspanu Pisciotta remained at large until 5 December when he emerged from a concealed space in his family's home and was arrested. He had been hiding there since shortly after Giuliano's murder, when the Carabinieri command, who couldn't grant the amnesty he sought, turned him loose.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: A trial, which officially concerned the massacre at Portella della Ginestra convened at Viterbo, Lazio on 12 June 1950, but was quickly adjourned and reconvened in 1951. It then spun into a wide examination of Giuliano's career. There were thirty six defendants, all with attorneys, many of whom wanted to expand the scope of the trial to embarrass the conservative government. All of the defendants except Pisciotta denied even being present at the May Day event. Pisciotta named many of the names previously cited, but also included Mario Scelba, Minister of the Interior. His revelations often occurred during barely coherent outburts—his behavior indicated a man in the grip of fear and uncertainty. On 11 May 1951, he admitted murdering Giuliano.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: A great deal of testimony, some the most dramatic of the proceedings, concerned a reputed diary that Giuliano kept, naming the powerful politicians with whom he collaborated. Pisciotta, Perenze, Luca, Marotta, and especially de Maria figured in its saga. De Maria was accused by a Mafioso, Stefano de Peri of telling him that he had destroyed the memoirs. None of the accused admitted to knowing what became of Giuliano's journal. Testimony concluded late in 1951, and in May 1952 twelve defendants, including Terranova and Pisciotta, were sentenced for life; four were given shorter sentences, and the remainder were acquitted. More trials followed: the last arrest of a Giuliano confederate on related charges was in 1964, and the last prisoner among them was released by 1980.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: On 10 February 1954, a few days after he talked to Pietro Scaglione, an assistant prosecutor from Palermo, Aspanu Pisciotta was assassinated by poison in his cell at Ucciardone Prison in Palermo while breakfasting with his cellmate father. The dose was a substantial 20 centigrams of strychnine, enough to kill 40 dogs. When Ciro Verdiani and Cusumano Geloso died before their natural life expectancies, suspicions of poisoning were voiced. Benedetto Minasola was murdered in 1960. The Mafioso suspected of poisoning Pisciotta was shot in 1961, and Scaglione was killed by the Mafia while serving as Prosecutor General of Palermo in 1971.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Michael Stern's first impression of the bandit was "Errol Flynn portraying Pancho Villa". Gavin Maxwell pointed out that Giuliano was a romantic, hankering after justice from an early age—the bandit's favorite author, Emilio Salgari, made a career from idealistic, romantic novels, and Giuliano was still reading them in his twenties living rough in the mountains. Gaia Servadio sees the bandit as a tool of the Mafia, whose notoriety and success were not the product of his personal qualities, but entirely a function of his mafioso protectors. She judges that he was easily eliminated once the protectors withdrew their support. For John Dickie, the "truth" of Giuliano resides not in his character, but in the tangle of power and politics that enmeshed his life—centered on the Mafia. Natalia Danesi Murray described Giuliano as a "theatrical megalomaniac."


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The academics Monte Finkelstein and Eric Hobsbawm both emphasize Giuliano's historical role as an instrument of the existing power elite of Sicily. Finkelstein characterizes him as, "a tool of the landowners and conservatives... manipulated to slaughter innocent peasants in the name of halting Communism." Hobsbawm notes ambiguity and naivete' in Giuliano's political role:


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Hobsbawm classifies Giuliano as a "social bandit", which he defines as "peasant outlaws whom the lord and state define as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case men to be admired, helped and supported." He further defines Giuliano as a member of the "noble robbers" subset of social bandits—Robin Hood being the prototype.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Central to Billy Jaynes Chandler's analysis is Giuliano's personality and psychology. The bandit definitely saw himself as a romantic, heroic figure. He mused about his epitaph: "Here lies Giuliano, hero of Sicily." He made photos of himself heroically astride a horse, labeled, "Robin Hood." He cultivated his image carefully, with an eye on history. He was, according to Chandler, audacious (turning the tables on the Carabinieri Christmas Eve, 1943), intelligent and astute (when negotiating with EVIS and, later, with Sicily's power brokers). At the same time, he was unsophisticated and naive—an inexperienced village boy negotiating with far more worldly men when he played politics. Compounding his naivete' was his monumental ego and overly grand self-conception. Maria Lombardo shared his conception—she told Michael Stern that the three outstanding personages of history were Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and her son, Turi. Eric Hobsbawm agrees with Chandler's assessment of the bandit, emphasizing the role of the MIS leaders in persuading Giuliano see himself as a major political player.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: In historical context, Chandler concurs with Hobsbawm's assessment of Giuliano as a "heroic robber". Giuliano can also be interpreted through the prism of Samuel L. Popkin's rational peasant concept, according to Chandler. The bandit's acquisitive urge coincides well with the rational peasant model, and he and his mother engaged in mafia-like rational acquisitiveness by demanding a fee from a bakery attempting to open a branch in Montelepre. But his "foolhardy, impulsive" killing of a police officer in 1943 was the polar opposite of careful calculation. The ordinary peasants who joined his armed actions in the moments of greatest need were more rational—willing to take significant risks from time to time for a better payday than they would ordinarily earn in the difficult years after the war. Mafiosi arising from the peasantry are even better examples of rationality: their entire lives are dedicated to material acquisition.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Giuliano's dearest wish was to be pardoned for his crimes, and the only people who could possibly accommodate him were the power elite of Sicily (and Italy)—and so he did business with them. As Chandler says, this made him "above all else, an outlaw who accommodated himself to the existing structure of power." Hobsbawm again agrees with Chandler—with more emphasis on the politics and ideology of the situation.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Three residents of Montelepre during the years of Giuliano's banditry have added their commentary to the historical record.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: At a sparsely attended Separatist commemorative ceremony in 1980, his sister Mariannina gave her view of his character: "He was good and honest. Turridu did what he did only from fear and out of poverty."


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Padre diBella, Montelepre's parish priest, summed up the tumult of the bandit's life, and its effect on the village: "And all this for a few bags of flour!"


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: In spite of the hardship and misery experienced by the villagers during Giuliano's banditry, one of them—Saverio—remarked to Tomaso Besozzi, "What times those were, eh? When Giuliano was king of the mountain, and made the world tremble."


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Over the years doubts about Giuliano's death have been expressed. According to some Giuliano fled from Sicily to Tunis and went on to live in the United States. The historian Giuseppe Casarrubea, son of one of the victims of Giuliano, compiled material to demonstrate that the body buried as Giuliano belonged to someone else. On 15 October 2010, the Public Prosecutor's Office in Palermo decided to exhume the body and compare its DNA with living relatives of Giuliano.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: The DNA tests showed a 90% likelihood that the skeleton belongs to Giuliano. The DNA match between the skeleton and Giuliano's relations means that Sicilian prosecutors are now archiving the probe they opened in 2010 into the possibility that someone was murdered and passed off as Giuliano.


title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: Novelist Mario Puzo published "The Sicilian", a dramatized version of Giuliano's life, in 1984. The book was made into a film in 1987, directed by Michael Cimino and starring Christopher Lambert as Giuliano.