title: Tui T. Sutherland

text: Sutherland grew up sharing original ideas and exploring the classics with her younger sister Kari. She married her husband Adam in October 2007, and the two live in Watertown (in the greater Boston area) with their two children, Jonah (born 2010) and Elliot (born 2012).


title: Tui T. Sutherland

text: Though she has generally refrained from revealing private details about her life in her frequent public events, Sutherland's religious background has been noted. Sutherland is known to borrow influences from a variety of religious traditions and backgrounds; she "attended a Baptist missionary school in Paraguay, studied Buddhism in college" and is raising her children within a dual Judeo-Christian context, having "married a wonderful Jewish man". Though she has woven philosophical and spiritual aspects from a variety of sources into her work, she has also said that "religion isn't something talked about as freely" in her daily life, instead hoping that her writing can open up discussions among readers and pose questions to contemplate in the freer, larger-than-life fantasy worlds she creates.


title: Tui T. Sutherland

text: Sutherland has drawn inspiration from locations she has visited over the years, including the Waitomo Caves in New Zealand and the Amber Palace in India.


title: Tui T. Sutherland

text: A long-time fan of "Jeopardy!", she named the sixth dog in the "Pet Trouble" series after it. In 2009, she was a two-day champion on the show, winning a total of $46,200 over three episodes; the first two games she won by a fine margin, whereas she lost the latter game by not wagering enough money on the final clue; had she wagered everything, she would have won the game.


title: Java class file

text: A Java class file is a file (with the filename extension) containing Java bytecode that can be executed on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A Java class file is usually produced by a Java compiler from Java programming language source files ( files) containing Java classes (alternatively, other JVM languages can also be used to create class files). If a source file has more than one class, each class is compiled into a separate class file.


title: Java class file

text: JVMs are available for many platforms, and a class file compiled on one platform will execute on a JVM of another platform. This makes Java applications platform-independent.


title: Java class file

text: Class files are identified by the following 4 byte header (in hexadecimal): codice_1 (the first 4 entries in the table below). The history of this magic number was explained by James Gosling referring to a restaurant in Palo Alto:


title: Java class file

text: "We used to go to lunch at a place called St Michael's Alley. According to local legend, in the deep dark past, the Grateful Dead used to perform there before they made it big. It was a pretty funky place that was definitely a Grateful Dead Kinda Place. When Jerry died, they even put up a little Buddhist-esque shrine. When we used to go there, we referred to the place as Cafe Dead. Somewhere along the line it was noticed that this was a HEX number. I was re-vamping some file format code and needed a couple of magic numbers: one for the persistent object file, and one for classes. I used CAFEDEAD for the object file format, and in grepping for 4 character hex words that fit after "CAFE" (it seemed to be a good theme) I hit on BABE and decided to use it.


title: Java class file

text: At that time, it didn't seem terribly important or destined to go anywhere but the trash-can of history. So CAFEBABE became the class file format, and CAFEDEAD was the persistent object format. But the persistent object facility went away, and along with it went the use of CAFEDEAD - it was eventually replaced by RMI."


title: Java class file

text: Because the class file contains variable-sized items and does not also contain embedded file offsets (or pointers), it is typically parsed sequentially, from the first byte toward the end. At the lowest level the file format is described in terms of a few fundamental data types:


title: Java class file

text: Some of these fundamental types are then re-interpreted as higher-level values (such as strings or floating-point numbers), depending on context.


title: Java class file

text: Since C doesn't support multiple variable length arrays within a struct, the code below won't compile and only serves as a demonstration.


title: Java class file

text: The constant pool table is where most of the literal constant values are stored. This includes values such as numbers of all sorts, strings, identifier names, references to classes and methods, and type descriptors. All indexes, or references, to specific constants in the constant pool table are given by 16-bit (type u2) numbers, where index value 1 refers to the first constant in the table (index value 0 is invalid).


title: Java class file

text: Due to historic choices made during the file format development, the number of constants in the constant pool table is not actually the same as the constant pool count which precedes the table. First, the table is indexed starting at 1 (rather than 0), but the count should actually be interpreted as the maximum index plus one. Additionally, two types of constants (longs and doubles) take up two consecutive slots in the table, although the second such slot is a phantom index that is never directly used.


title: Java class file

text: The type of each item (constant) in the constant pool is identified by an initial byte "tag". The number of bytes following this tag and their interpretation are then dependent upon the tag value. The valid constant types and their tag values are:


title: Java class file

text: There are only two integral constant types, integer and long. Other integral types appearing in the high-level language, such as boolean, byte, and short must be represented as an integer constant.


title: Java class file

text: Class names in Java, when fully qualified, are traditionally dot-separated, such as "java.lang.Object". However within the low-level Class reference constants, an internal form appears which uses slashes instead, such as "java/lang/Object".


title: Java class file

text: The Unicode strings, despite the moniker "UTF-8 string", are not actually encoded according to the Unicode standard, although it is similar. There are two differences (see UTF-8 for a complete discussion). The first is that the code point U+0000 is encoded as the two-byte sequence codice_2 (in hex) instead of the standard single-byte encoding codice_3. The second difference is that supplementary characters (those outside the BMP at U+10000 and above) are encoded using a surrogate-pair construction similar to UTF-16 rather than being directly encoded using UTF-8. In this case each of the two surrogates is encoded separately in UTF-8. For example, U+1D11E is encoded as the 6-byte sequence codice_4, rather than the correct 4-byte UTF-8 encoding of codice_5.


title: Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)

text: The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) is a science museum located in Chicago, Illinois, in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago. It is housed in the former "Palace of Fine Arts" from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. Initially endowed by Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, it was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago and opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition.


text: Among the museum's exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine, captured during World War II, a model railroad, the command module of Apollo 8, and the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train ("Pioneer Zephyr").


text: The Palace of Fine Arts (also known as the Fine Arts Building) at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Co. During the fair, the palace displayed paintings, prints, drawing, sculpture, and metal work from around the world.


text: Unlike the other "White City" buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade.


text: After the World's Fair, the palace initially housed the Columbian Museum, largely displaying collections left from the fair, which evolved into the Field Museum of Natural History. When the Field Museum moved to a new building near downtown Chicago in 1920, the palace was left vacant.


text: School of the Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chicago Park District) won approval in a referendum to sell $5 million in bonds to pay for restoration costs, hoping to turn the building into a sculpture museum, a technical trade school, and other things. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum.


text: At this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $3 million towards the cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $5 million to the project). During its conversion into the MSI, the building's exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw.


text: Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on the building. For the first few years, the museum was often called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum. In 1928, the name of the museum was officially changed to the Museum of Science and Industry. Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family.


text: Sewell Avery, another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a nationwide search for the first director. MSI's Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert, then the science editor of "The New York Times", because he shared Rosenwald's vision.


text: He assembled the museum's curatorial staff and directed the organization and construction of the exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington, and the Technical Museum in Vienna, all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago, which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. Kaempffert resigned in early 1931 amid growing disputes with the second president of the board of directors; they disagreed over the objectivity and neutrality of the exhibits and Kaempffert's management of the staff.


text: The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition. Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.


text: For years, visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but that entrance became no longer large enough to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The newer main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid.


text: In 1983, due to increased attendance, the museum started construction of its underground parking lot, located in three underground levels below the front lawn. Construction of the underground parking lot was finished in the 1990s.


text: For over 55 years, admission to the MSI was free, although some exhibits such as the Coal Mine and U-505 required small fees. General entrance fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $13 in 2008 to $18 in 2015. Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offered throughout the year.


text: On October 3, 2019, the museum announced that it intends to change its name to the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry after a donation of $125 million from the now former Chicago billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin. It is the largest single gift in the museum's history, effectively doubling its endowment. However, president and chief executive officer David Mosena said the formal name change could take some time, due to the complexity of the process. He also said part of the gift will go into funding "a state-of-the-art digital gallery and performance space that will be the only experience of its kind in North America."


text: The museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The museum has several major permanent exhibits. Access to several of the exhibits (including the Coal Mine and "U-505") requires the payment of an additional fee.


text: The first diesel-powered, streamlined stainless-steel train, the "Pioneer Zephyr", is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. The train was once displayed outdoors, but it was restored and placed in the former Great Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot.


text: is one of just six German submarines captured by the Allies during World War II, and, since its arrival in 1954, the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the only one in the United States. The U-boat was newly restored beginning in 2004 after 50 years of being displayed outdoors, and was then moved indoors as "The New U-505 Experience" on June 5, 2005. Displayed in an underground shed, it remains as a popular exhibit for visitors, as well as a memorial to all the casualties of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. Guided tours of the submarine are offered for an additional fee. Near the U-505 there is both a Mold-A-Rama machine and a penny flattening device. Both have U-505 designs.


text: MSI's Henry Crown Space Center includes the Apollo 8 spacecraft, which flew the first mission beyond low earth orbit to the Moon, enabling its crew, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, to become the first human beings to see the Earth as a whole, as well as becoming the first to view the Moon up close (as well as the first to view its far side). Other exhibits include Scott Carpenter's Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft and a lunar module trainer.


text: Located in the Henry Crown Space Center is a domed theater, considered to be the only domed theater in Chicago. The screen of the theater is made of perforated aluminum, allowing the speakers mounted behind the screen to be heard throughout the theater.


text: The "FarmTech" exhibit showcases modern agricultural techniques and how farmers use modern technology like GPS systems to improve work on the farm, and includes a tractor and a combine harvester from John Deere. The exhibit also showcases a greenhouse, a mock up of a kitchen showcasing much the foods we eat is soybean, and how we use cows, from energy to what we drink.


text: A transportation gallery is located on the museum's west wing, containing models of "Ships Through the Ages" and several historic racing cars.


text: "Future Energy Chicago" shows alternative resources, housing developments, and the future of Chicago. The exhibit requires an additional fee.


text: Some areas in the museum aim for younger children, including the "Swiss Jollyball", the world's largest pinball machine built by a British man from Switzerland using nothing but salvaged junk; the "Idea Factory", a toddler water table play area; and the "Circus", featuring animated dioramas of a miniature circus as well as containing a shadow garden and several funhouse mirrors. The Circus exhibit was closed in September 2022.


text: Silent-film star and stock-market investor Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle "doll's house" is on display.


text: Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze contains an interactive theater and stations to learn about patterns in nature, including the Golden Ratio, spirals, fractal branching, and Voronoi patterns.


text: The Great Train Story is a HO-scale model railroad and recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle.


text: The museum includes a replica of Stephenson's Rocket, which was the first steam locomotive to exceed 25 miles per hour.


text: The "999 Empire State Express" steam locomotive was alleged to be the first vehicle to exceed in 1893, although no reliable measurement ever took place (and such a speed was likely impossible). Designed to win the battle of express trains to the World's Columbian Exhibition, it was donated to the museum by the New York Central in 1962. The locomotive was located outside the museum until 1993, when extensive restoration took place and it was moved indoors as an exhibit in the Transportation Zone.


text: Two World War II warplanes are also exhibited. Both were donated by the British government: a German Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber—one of only two intact Stukas left in the world—and a British Supermarine Spitfire. Also on display is the museum's Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship, nicknamed "Texaco 13", which set many world records in flying.


text: "Take Flight" features the first Boeing 727 jet plane in commercial service, donated by United Airlines, with one wing removed and holes cut on the fuselage to facilitate visitor access.


text: In March 2010, the museum opened "Science Storms" in the Allstate Court, as a permanent exhibit. This multilevel exhibit features a water vapor tornado, tsunami tank, Tesla coil, heliostat system, and a Wimshurst machine built by James Wimshurst in the late 19th century. Also housed are Newton's Cradle, the color spectrum, and Foucault pendulum. All artifacts allow guests to explore the physics and chemistry of the natural world.


text: In keeping with Rosenwald's vision, many of the exhibits are interactive. "Genetics: Decoding Life," looks at how genetics affect human and animal development as well as containing a chick hatchery composed of an incubator where baby chickens hatch from their eggs and a chick pen for those that have already hatched, as well as housing genetically modified frogs, mice, and drought resistant plants.


text: The chick hatchery has been part of the museum since 1956. About 20 chicks are hatched a day, around 140 hatch in a week, and up to 8000 hatch in a year. A week after emerging from their shells, the chicks are sent to the Lincoln Park Zoo to be fed to various animals, including lions, crocodiles, snakes, vultures, owls and tigers. This partnership between the museum and the zoo has been operating for decades, with about 7000 chicks being sent to the zoo each year. Some of the chicks hatched are of the Java species of chicken, and these chicks are sent to a farm in La Fox, Illinois that works to preserve the rare breed. There have been numerous efforts to shut down the exhibit, as early as 1998 and as recent as 2017.


text: "ToyMaker 3000", is a working assembly line which lets visitors order a toy top and watch as it is made. The interactive "Fab Lab MSI" is intended as an interactive lab where members can "build anything".


text: The "Coal Mine" re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17, circa 1933. It is one of the oldest exhibits at the museum. In this unique exhibit, visitors go underground and ride a mine train to different parts of the mine and learn the basics of its operation. The experience takes around 30 minutes and requires an additional fee.


text: "Yesterday's Main Street" is a mock-up of a Chicago street from the early 20th century, complete with a cobblestone roadway, old-fashioned light fixtures, fire hydrants, and several shops, including the precursors to several Chicago-based businesses. Included are:


text: Unlike the other shops, Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and The Nickelodeon Cinema can be entered and are functional. Finnigan's serves an assortment of ice cream and The Cinema plays short silent films throughout the day.


text: In spring 2013, the "Art of the Bicycle" exhibit opened, showcasing the history of the bicycle and how modern bikes continue to evolve.


text: "Reusable City" focuses on recycling and other methods that could cut down harmful pollution and especially climate change and the Regenstein Hall of Science, containing a giant periodic table of the elements. Other main level exhibits include: "Fast Forward", which features some aspects of how technology will change in the future; "Earth Revealed", featuring a "Science on a Sphere" holographic globe; and a "Whispering Gallery".


text: The museum is also known for unique and quirky permanent exhibits, such as a walk-through model of the human heart, which was removed in 2009 for the construction of "YOU! the Experience", which replaced it with a , interactive, 3D heart. Also well known are the "Body Slices" (two cadavers exhibited in slices) in the exhibit.


text: Several US Navy warship models are also on display in the museum, and flight simulators including of the new F-35 Lightning II are featured.


text: An F-104 Starfighter on loan to MSI from the US Air Force since 1978 was sent to the Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas, in 1993. In March 1995, Santa Fe Steam Locomotive 2903 was moved from outside the museum to the Illinois Railway Museum. "Telefun Town", a hall dedicated to the wonders of telephone communication, sponsored by the company then known as "The Bell Telephone Company", no longer exists.


text: In addition to its three floors of standing exhibits, the museum hosts temporary and traveling exhibitions. Exhibitions last for five months or less and usually require a separate paid admission fee. Exhibitions at MSI have included "Titanic: The Exhibition", which was the largest display of relics from the wreck of RMS "Titanic"; Gunther von Hagens' "Body Worlds", a view into the human body through use of plastinated human specimens; "Game On", which featured the history and culture of video games; "Leonardo da Vinci: Man, Inventor, Genius"; ""; "Robots Like Us"; "City of the Future"; ""; "The Glass Experience"; ""; "Robot Revolution", which was sponsored by Google and featured numerous hands-on demonstrations and advice from experts for prospective future robot scientists and engineers; and four installments of "Smart Home: Green + Wired", featuring the work of green architect Michelle Kaufmann. "The Science Behind Pixar" exhibit opened May 24, 2018. The "Wired to Wear" exhibit opened on March 21, 2019. The touring exhibit "Marvel: Universe of Super Heroes" officially opened to the public on March 7, 2021.


text: Yearly, from late November to early January, the museum hosts its "Christmas Around the World" and "Holidays of Light" exhibit, featuring Christmas trees from different cultures from around the world. Started in 1942 with just one tree to honor soldiers fighting in World War Two, the tradition spawned into more than 50 trees.


title: Lynn Gunn

text: Lyndsey Gerd Gunnulfsen (born March 15, 1994), usually known by her stage name Lynn Gunn, is an American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Gunn is best known for fronting the American rock band Pvris. She has also collaborated with artists such as Tonight Alive and A Loss for Words.


title: Lynn Gunn

text: Gunn is one of the founders of the electronic alternative rock band PVRIS (pronounced "Paris") in 2012, which was then named Operation Guillotine, started in 2009. By 2013, Gunn had replaced Kyle Anthony as lead vocalist and guitarist. For legal reasons, the name of the band was officially changed to Pvris on July 26, 2013.


title: Lynn Gunn

text: In 2018, Gunn opened up about vocal issues which she had been struggling with during her recent tours, and stated that she was undergoing vocal coaching to relearn how to sing. Gunn had previously acknowledged difficulties with "vocal kinks" and apologized if she had not "seemed herself" during live shows. In a 2019 interview with Kerrang!, Gunn stated that she had visited several ENT doctors who found that there was nothing physically wrong with her, and she felt that she was dealing with psychological blocks which prevented her from singing.


title: Lynn Gunn

text: She has collaborated with other bands and musicians as a singer and songwriter. In 2013, Gunn collaborated with American pop-punk band A Loss for Words on the single "Distance". She co-wrote two tracks for Dissonants, the 2016 album from Australian rock band Hands Like Houses. In 2017, she was featured on the track "Lose Myself" on The Throes of Winter by Seven Lions, and on Circa Waves' album Different Creatures.


title: Lynn Gunn

text: In 2016, it was rumoured that Gunn was going to collaborate on new music with her friend Jenna McDougall, frontwoman of the Australian rock band Tonight Alive. Gunn was featured on the single "Disappear" which appeared on Tonight Alive’s 2018 album "Underworld"


title: Lynn Gunn

text: She briefly filled in for Katie Henderson of The Aces as a guitarist when the band was supporting 5 Seconds of Summer on their Meet You There Tour. In 2019, she collaborated with From Indian Lakes on the single "Did We Change".


title: Lynn Gunn

text: Lyndsey Gunnulfsen grew up in Lowell, Massachusetts. She has spoken about her lifelong fascination with graveyards, death, and the occult, stating that this was the inspiration behind many of the paranormal and macabre themes in her song-writing. Spiritually, she has said she is "into astrology and life paths and weird energetics stuff". Gunn has stated that she has struggled with depression, and that this was a major inspiration for much of her song-writing. Gunn has also cited bands such as Paramore, Radiohead, Florence and the Machine, and The Weeknd as musical influences. Lynn Gunn is a graduate from Lowell High School. Participating in Battle of The Bands at the school with some fellow classmates, she graduated in 2012, was originally going to attend MassArt but ultimately backed out to pursue PVRIS as a full-time project, prior to touring and signing to Rise Records, Gunn has spent some time working at Hot Topic and Guitar Center.


title: Lynn Gunn

text: Gunn is a prominent LGBT voice in the alternative music scene. She stated in an interview for "Rolling Stone" that she first came out as gay to her parents when she was 18, by leaving a letter under her mother's pillow before she went on tour. "First and foremost I want to be known as is an artist and creative before anything else," she explained in an interview with "Playboy". "I think my sexuality is the last thing to check off on that list." Gunn explained her decision to be vocal about her sexuality in an interview with "Newsbeat" in 2015: "I never had someone to look up to and be like 'oh that person is OK and they're gay.' If I can be that for someone then it's why I'm open about it."


title: Lynn Gunn

text: Gunn was one of several artists invited by GLAAD and "Billboard" to talk about her coming-out story for National Coming Out Day in 2017. Gunn cited her family's supportiveness while she was coming out and encouraged others to reach out for the support around them.


title: Lynn Gunn

text: Gunn presented the Icon Award to Laura Jane Grace of the American punk rock band Against Me! at the 2017 APMA Awards.


title: Bending

text: In applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.


title: Bending

text: The structural element is assumed to be such that at least one of its dimensions is a small fraction, typically 1/10 or less, of the other two. When the length is considerably longer than the width and the thickness, the element is called a beam. For example, a closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing bending. On the other hand, a shell is a structure of any geometric form where the length and the width are of the same order of magnitude but the thickness of the structure (known as the 'wall') is considerably smaller. A large diameter, but thin-walled, short tube supported at its ends and loaded laterally is an example of a shell experiencing bending.


title: Bending

text: In the absence of a qualifier, the term "bending" is ambiguous because bending can occur locally in all objects. Therefore, to make the usage of the term more precise, engineers refer to a specific object such as; the "bending of rods", the "bending of beams", the "bending of plates", the "bending of shells" and so on.


title: Bending

text: A beam deforms and stresses develop inside it when a transverse load is applied on it. In the quasi-static case, the amount of bending deflection and the stresses that develop are assumed not to change over time. In a horizontal beam supported at the ends and loaded downwards in the middle, the material at the over-side of the beam is compressed while the material at the underside is stretched. There are two forms of internal stresses caused by lateral loads:


title: Bending

text: These last two forces form a couple or moment as they are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This bending moment resists the sagging deformation characteristic of a beam experiencing bending. The stress distribution in a beam can be predicted quite accurately when some simplifying assumptions are used.


title: Bending

text: In the Euler–Bernoulli theory of slender beams, a major assumption is that 'plane sections remain plane'. In other words, any deformation due to shear across the section is not accounted for (no shear deformation). Also, this linear distribution is only applicable if the maximum stress is less than the yield stress of the material. For stresses that exceed yield, refer to article plastic bending. At yield, the maximum stress experienced in the section (at the furthest points from the neutral axis of the beam) is defined as the flexural strength.


title: Bending

text: where the second derivative of its deflected shape with respect to formula_3 is interpreted as its curvature, formula_4 is the Young's modulus, formula_5 is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, and formula_6 is the internal bending moment in the beam.


title: Bending

text: If, in addition, the beam is homogeneous along its length as well, and not tapered (i.e. constant cross section), and deflects under an applied transverse load formula_7, it can be shown that:


title: Bending

text: After a solution for the displacement of the beam has been obtained, the bending moment (formula_6) and shear force (formula_10) in the beam can be calculated using the relations


title: Bending

text: Simple beam bending is often analyzed with the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation. The conditions for using simple bending theory are:


title: Bending

text: Compressive and tensile forces develop in the direction of the beam axis under bending loads. These forces induce stresses on the beam. The maximum compressive stress is found at the uppermost edge of the beam while the maximum tensile stress is located at the lower edge of the beam. Since the stresses between these two opposing maxima vary linearly, there therefore exists a point on the linear path between them where there is no bending stress. The locus of these points is the neutral axis. Because of this area with no stress and the adjacent areas with low stress, using uniform cross section beams in bending is not a particularly efficient means of supporting a load as it does not use the full capacity of the beam until it is on the brink of collapse. Wide-flange beams (-beams) and truss girders effectively address this inefficiency as they minimize the amount of material in this under-stressed region.


title: Bending

text: The equation formula_19 is valid only when the stress at the extreme fiber (i.e., the portion of the beam farthest from the neutral axis) is below the yield stress of the material from which it is constructed. At higher loadings the stress distribution becomes non-linear, and ductile materials will eventually enter a "plastic hinge" state where the magnitude of the stress is equal to the yield stress everywhere in the beam, with a discontinuity at the neutral axis where the stress changes from tensile to compressive. This plastic hinge state is typically used as a limit state in the design of steel structures.


title: Bending

text: The equation above is only valid if the cross-section is symmetrical. For homogeneous beams with asymmetrical sections, the maximum bending stress in the beam is given by


title: Bending

text: where formula_21 are the coordinates of a point on the cross section at which the stress is to be determined as shown to the right, formula_22 and formula_14 are the bending moments about the y and z centroid axes, formula_24 and formula_16 are the second moments of area (distinct from moments of inertia) about the y and z axes, and formula_26 is the product of moments of area. Using this equation it is possible to calculate the bending stress at any point on the beam cross section regardless of moment orientation or cross-sectional shape. Note that formula_27 do not change from one point to another on the cross section.


title: Bending

text: For large deformations of the body, the stress in the cross-section is calculated using an extended version of this formula. First the following assumptions must be made:


title: Bending

text: Large bending considerations should be implemented when the bending radius formula_28 is smaller than ten section heights h:


title: Bending

text: In 1877, Rayleigh proposed an improvement to the dynamic Euler–Bernoulli beam theory by including the effect of rotational inertia of the cross-section of the beam. Timoshenko improved upon that theory in 1922 by adding the effect of shear into the beam equation. Shear deformations of the normal to the mid-surface of the beam are allowed in the Timoshenko–Rayleigh theory.


title: Bending

text: The equation for the bending of a linear elastic, isotropic, homogeneous beam of constant cross-section under these assumptions is


title: Bending

text: where formula_40 is the polar moment of inertia of the cross-section, formula_41 is the mass per unit length of the beam, formula_28 is the density of the beam, formula_32 is the cross-sectional area, formula_44 is the shear modulus, and formula_45 is a shear correction factor. For materials with Poisson's ratios (formula_46) close to 0.3, the shear correction factor are approximately


title: Bending

text: This equation can be solved by noting that all the derivatives of formula_1 must have the same form to cancel out and hence as solution of the form formula_50 may be expected. This observation leads to the characteristic equation


title: Bending

text: The general solution of the Timoshenko-Rayleigh beam equation for free vibrations can then be written as


title: Bending

text: The defining feature of beams is that one of the dimensions is much "larger" than the other two. A structure is called a plate when it is flat and one of its dimensions is much "smaller" than the other two. There are several theories that attempt to describe the deformation and stress in a plate under applied loads two of which have been used widely. These are


title: Bending

text: where formula_56 is the displacement of a point in the plate and formula_57 is the displacement of the mid-surface.


title: Bending

text: In terms of displacements, the equilibrium equations for an isotropic, linear elastic plate in the absence of external load can be written as


title: Bending

text: The special assumption of this theory is that normals to the mid-surface remain straight and inextensible but not necessarily normal to the mid-surface after deformation. The displacements of the plate are given by


title: Bending

text: The dynamic theory of plates determines the propagation of waves in the plates, and the study of standing waves and vibration modes. The equations that govern the dynamic bending of Kirchhoff plates are


title: Joe McFadden

text: Joseph McFadden (born 9 October 1975) is a Scottish actor best known for his roles in "The Crow Road," "Sex, Chips & Rock n' Roll, Heartbeat" and "Holby City." McFadden won the 2017 series of the BBC One series "Strictly Come Dancing" with professional dance partner Katya Jones.


title: Joe McFadden

text: The third of four siblings (two older brothers, one younger sister), McFadden was born on 9 October 1975, in Glasgow to Irish immigrants from County Donegal. He was educated at Holyrood R.C. Secondary School in Glasgow, where a drama teacher recognised his talent and recommended him for a part in the ITV Glasgow-based detective show "Taggart".


title: Joe McFadden

text: After taking a role in "Take the High Road", he then developed his career in the theatre with roles as diverse as "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang", "Rent" and "Rainbow Kiss" at the Royal Court. He then took roles in television series "The Crow Road" and "Sex, Chips & Rock n' Roll". He played the title role of Aladdin at The Old Vic opposite Ian McKellen and played Dr Jack Marshland in the original series of the Emmy award-winning Cranford. After that he came to national attention playing PC Joe Mason in the ITV Yorkshire-based period drama "Heartbeat" from 2007 to its finale in 2010.


title: Joe McFadden

text: After that role ended in 2009, he mixed theatre doing National Theatre of Scotland with director John Tiffany and touring in the Alan Ayckbourn play "Haunting Julia and" the Harvey Fierstein play "Torch Song Trilogy" playing Ed. He has also starred in such films as "The Trouble with Men and Women", "Zig Zag Love", "Dad Savage" and "Small Faces".


title: Joe McFadden

text: From January 2014 to December 2017 he had a leading role as Raffaello "Raf" di Lucca in the BBC One medical drama "Holby City". The character was killed off in the two part episode "Group Animal".


title: Joe McFadden

text: In August 2017 he was announced as a participant in the fifteenth series of BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing", partnered with Katya Jones, eventually winning in the final and claiming the prized Glitterball Trophy.


title: Joe McFadden

text: On 21 January 2019 it was announced that McFadden would appear in the 2019-20 UK tour of "Priscilla, Queen of the Desert".


title: Bob Denard

text: Robert Denard (born Gilbert Bourgeaud; 7 April 1929 – 13 October 2007) was a French soldier of fortune and mercenary. Sometimes known under the aliases Gilbert Bourgeaud and Saïd Mustapha Mhadjou, he was known for having performed various jobs in support of "Françafrique"—France's sphere of influence in its former colonies in Africa—for Jacques Foccart, co-ordinator of President Charles de Gaulle's African policy.


title: Bob Denard

text: Having served with the French Navy in the Algerian War, the ardently anti-communist Denard took part in the Katanga secession effort in the 1960s and subsequently operated in many African countries including Congo, Angola, Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe), and Gabon. Between 1975 and 1995, he participated in four coup attempts in the Comoro Islands. It is widely believed that his adventures had the implicit support of the French state, even after the 1981 election of the French Socialist Party candidate, François Mitterrand, despite moderate changes in France's policy in Africa.


title: Bob Denard

text: Born a Roman Catholic, Denard converted first to Judaism, then to Islam, and finally back to Catholicism again. He was polygamously married seven times, and fathered eight children. Denard had a swashbuckling, larger-than-life image as the South African journalist Al J Venter called him "a warrior king out of Homer" who achieved the dream of every mercenary by conquering the Comoros in 1978, which he ruled via a puppet president until 1989. Venter believed Denard to be the most successful of the mercenaries in Africa, and certainly one of the best known.


title: Bob Denard

text: After having served with the French Navy as a Quartermaster in Indochina and in French Algeria, Denard served as a colonial policeman in Morocco from 1952 to 1957. He worked as a demonstrator for washing machines in Paris. In 1954, he was convicted of an assassination plot against Prime Minister Pierre Mendès-France, a left-wing member of the Radical-Socialist Party who was negotiating the end of the Indochina War and withdrawal from Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, and served 14 months in jail. An adamant anti-communist, Denard then took part in many anti-colonialist conflicts, simultaneously on his own behalf and on that of the French state. Once he was freed from jail, he worked for the French secret services during the war in Algeria.


title: Bob Denard

text: He began his mercenary career, which was to span three decades, in Katanga, probably in December 1961 when he and other foreign mercenaries were brought in by the leader of the mercenaries in Katanga, Roger Faulques. Denard fought there until the secessionist movement led by Moise Tshombe collapsed in January 1963. Then, Denard and his men moved to Portuguese Angola.


title: Bob Denard

text: In mid-1963 he was in North Yemen, which was then in the middle of a civil war between a Nasserist government and royalist tribesmen. The royalists were supported by the Western European and Saudi Arabia governments. The French and British sponsored a number of mercenaries to train the royalist volunteers in military techniques, and Denard was among those who joined the Imam al-Badr, leader of the royalists.


title: Bob Denard

text: After about eighteen months Denard returned to the Congo to take employment under Moise Tshombe who was now the prime minister of the central government in Leopoldville from July 1964 till October 1965 when he was dismissed by President Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Denard served for two years in the Congo battling Simba rebels supporters of the late Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, who had been murdered in Katanga in 1961 after having been overthrown by rival politicians and severely tortured while in transit. The Simba rebels were backed by the Chinese and Cubans, including Che Guevara while the central government were tacitly backed by the United States and Belgium. Denard was in charge of his own unit of French mercenaries called "les affreux" ("the awful ones"). He became famous after rescuing civilians encircled by rebels in Stanleyville. Denard helped to support an attempted secessionist revolt on behalf of Tshombe by Katangan separatists in July 1966.


title: Bob Denard

text: A year later Denard sided with Katangan separatists and Belgian mercenaries led by Jean Schramme and Jerry Puren in a revolt in eastern Congo to restore Moise Tshombe to power known as the Mercenaries Revolt. The rebels were soon bottled up in Bukavu. Denard was wounded in the initial rising and flew out with a group of more seriously wounded men to Rhodesia. In January 1968 he invaded Katanga with a force of a hundred men on bicycles in an attempt to create a diversion for a breakout from Bukavu.


title: Bob Denard

text: Denard was involved in mercenary activity in Biafra during the Nigerian civil war during the late 1960s. From 1968 to 1978 he was employed supporting the government in Gabon and was available to carry out military actions on behalf of the French government in Africa. He may have been involved in a raid against Guinea in 1970. He was involved in a failed coup attempt in Benin ("Opération Crevette", or Operation Shrimp), against Mathieu Kérékou, the leader of the People's Revolutionary Party of Benin, in 1977. Although Jacques Foccart denied knowledge of the attempted coup after its failure, he did recognize that it had been backed-up by Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo), Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast), Omar Bongo (Gabon) and Hassan II (Morocco), all allies of France.


title: Bob Denard

text: Denard is known to have participated in conflicts in Rhodesia with 7 Independent Company, Rhodesia Regiment in 1977, Iran, Nigeria, Angola, Zaire and the Comoros, the last-named nation having been subject to more than twenty "coups d'état" in the past decades. For most of his career Denard had the quiet backing of France and the French secret service which wished to maintain French influence over its ex-colonies.


title: Bob Denard

text: He was most active in the Comoros, making four separate attempts to overthrow the government of this small island group. On orders from Jacques Foccart, he ousted the first president, Ahmed Abdallah, who had just unilaterally proclaimed the Comoros' independence on 6 July 1975. Ahmed Abdallah was replaced by Ali Soilih.


title: Bob Denard

text: He then failed at a coup in Benin in 1977 and carried out some operations in Rhodesia from 1977 to 1978 as part of the Rhodesian Army's short-lived French-speaking unit, 7 Independent Company. With the support of the Rhodesian government, he returned to the Comoros with 43 men on 13 May 1978 and carried out a coup against president Ali Soilih, who had turned toward socialist policies. Soilih was killed under mysterious circumstances on 29 May 1978. The official story that Soilih was "shot while trying to escape" is not generally believed. Helped by Denard, Ahmed Abdallah took the presidency back. For eleven years (1978-1989), Denard headed Abdallah's 500-strong presidential guard and had strong influence and business interests in the archipelago, marrying and converting to Islam and eventually becoming a citizen of the country. He adopted the Islamic name "Said Mustapha Mhadjou" upon his conversion.


title: Bob Denard

text: The Comoros also served as his logistic base for military operations in Mozambique and Angola. He was then supported by Paris, as the Comoros provided France for a base to get around the embargo imposed on South Africa because of its government's policy of apartheid. Denard accumulated considerable holdings in the Comoros, composed of hotels, lands, and the presidential guard. According to Xavier Renou, author of a book on private military contractors, Denard foresaw the transition between traditional mercenaries to contemporary private military contractors, creating a small army during his stay in the Comoros in the 1980s.


title: Bob Denard

text: In 1989, fearing a probable coup d'état, president Ahmed Abdallah signed a decree ordering the Presidential Guard, led by Denard, to disarm the armed forces. Shortly after the signing of the decree, a military officer allegedly entered president Abdallah's office and shot him, injuring Denard at the same time. A few days later, Denard agreed to leave the Comoros after meeting French businessman Jean-Yves Ollivier, and was evacuated to South Africa by French paratroopers.


title: Bob Denard

text: Denard then waited in the Médoc region, in France, for his trial for the murder of president Ahmed Abdallah in 1989. With his lieutenant Dominique Malacrino, he had to face charges in May 1999 for his role in the 1989 coup, in which, according to the French prosecution, president Ahmed Abdallah was killed on the orders of Denard because he was about to remove Denard as head of the presidential guard. The prosecution said Ahmed Abdallah was shot on orders from Denard during a faked attack on his palace on the night of 26 November 1989. But a few days before the trial, Abdallah's family dropped their suit, and finally Denard and Dominique Malacrino were acquitted because of lack of evidence. The Comoros experienced its twentieth coup attempt since independence on the day that the trial began.


title: Bob Denard

text: Afterward, president Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim declared that he refused Denard's return to the Comoros. On 6 November 1998, Abdulkarim died under suspicious circumstances. His family suspected a poisoning and asked for an autopsy. The post-mortem examination was refused and Abdulkarim was said to have died of natural causes.


title: Bob Denard

text: On the night of 27 September 1995 Denard launched a fourth coup "Operation Kaskari", in the Comoros. Denard landed on the Comoros with 33 men in Zodiac inflatable boats in an attempted coup against president Said Mohamed Djohar, Abdallah's successor. On 4 October, in accordance with an agreement between France and the Comoros, the French army put an end to the attempt. The French government sent an expeditionary force to capture Denard and his mercenaries. Despite having over 300 armed Comorians ready to fight and having machine gun posts set up, Denard surrendered without a shot being fired. Denard was brought back to France by the French DGSE intelligence agency and spent ten months in a Paris jail. At his trial a number of former Gaullist politicians, including Charles Pasqua, spoke on his behalf.


title: Bob Denard

text: In 2001, Guido Papalia, Italian attorney of Verona, prosecuted Denard for having tried to recruit mercenaries in the far-right Italian movement (through Franco Nerozzi) in order to make a coup against Colonel Azali Assoumani, the current president, also opposed to his return to the Comoros.


title: Bob Denard

text: On 9 March 2006, attorney Olivier Bray asked for five years of prison for the 1995 coup d'état against Said Mohamed Djohar under the code-name "Eskazi", and sentences between one and four years for his 26 accomplices. During the three-week-long trial, Denard and his accomplices tried to convince the court that they had acted with implicit support of French authorities. Dominique Malacrino talked about the "numerous phone calls of Jacques Foccart, then responsible for the African office at the Elysée palace" to Denard. Emmanuel Pochet, another suspect, declared that Denard had "support from senior officers of the special forces of the DGSE", the French external intelligence agency. Olivier Feneteau, another suspect, declared that he had belonged in the past to the "action service" of the DGSE. On 9 March, Denard's lawyer presented declarations by former president Djohar, who had stated, during an interview to Comorian newspaper "Kashkazi" at the end of October 2005, that his security chief, Captain Rubis, a French officer that the French authorities had recommended to him, "was aware of the coup".


title: Bob Denard

text: In June 2006 Denard, who by then was suffering from Alzheimer's, was found guilty of "belonging to a gang who conspired to commit a crime", and was given a five-year suspended jail term. During the trial, the role of the French secret services in the 1995 coup against Saïd Djohar was recognized, but not deemed sufficient to discharge the mercenaries of their guilt. However, the knowledge of the French authorities of the attempted coup was one of the reasons given by the Court to abstain from ordering a firm prison sentence. During his trial in 2006 before the Court of Appeal, a former head of the foreign intelligence service explicitly stated that "When special services are unable to undertake certain kinds of undercover operation, they use parallel structures. This was the case of Bob Denard." In July 2007, he was sentenced by the Court of Appeal to four years in prison (three of them suspended). However, he never served his sentence for health reasons.


title: Bob Denard

text: His death was announced by his sister on 14 October 2007. In 2011, his story was the basis of the film "Mister Bob."


title: Bob Denard

text: Born a Catholic, Denard converted to Judaism in Morocco, then to Islam in the Comoros, and finally back to Catholicism. His funeral took place at the Paris church of Saint-François Xavier.


title: Euro Car Segment

text: Excepting those of the Europe-wide safety assessment programme Euro NCAP, vehicle segments in Europe do not have formal characterization or regulations. Although the definition is vague, there is little overlap between segments A–F based on weight and size parameters.


title: Euro Car Segment

text: Models segments tend to be based on comparison to well-known brand models. For example, a car such as the Volkswagen Golf might be described as being in the Ford Focus size class, or vice versa. The VW Polo is smaller, so it belongs one segment below the Golf, while the bigger Passat is one segment above.


title: Euro Car Segment

text: The names of the segments were mentioned, but not defined, in 1999 in an EU document titled "Case No COMP/M.1406 HYUNDAI / KIA REGULATION (EEC) No 4064/89 MERGER PROCEDURE".


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: The Midnight Special is an American late-night musical variety series originally broadcast on NBC during the 1970s and early 1980s, created and produced by Burt Sugarman. It premiered as a special on August 19, 1972, then began its run as a regular series on February 2, 1973; its last episode was on May 1, 1981. The 90-minute program followed the Friday night edition of "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson".


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: Like its syndicated late-night cousin "Don Kirshner's Rock Concert", the show typically featured guest hosts, except for a period from July 1975 through March 1976 when singer Helen Reddy served as the regular host. Wolfman Jack served as the announcer and frequent guest host. The program's theme song, a traditional folk song called "Midnight Special", was performed by Johnny Rivers.


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: "The Midnight Special" was noted for featuring musical acts performing live, which was unusual since most television appearances during the era showed performers lip-synching to prerecorded music. The series also occasionally aired vintage footage of older acts, such as Bill Haley & His Comets. The program also featured occasional performances of comedians such as Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, and George Carlin.


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: In 1972, producer Burt Sugarman pitched the program as a means for NBC to capitalize on "The Tonight Show"s large audience. At the time, none of the Big Three television networks had programming on after 1:00 am Eastern time, as common practice by most stations was to sign off after the final program. Despite a lack of competition in that timeslot, NBC initially rejected the idea. The rejection led Sugarman to buy the air time for the premiere on his own as a brokered show, convincing Chevrolet to become the show's first sponsor. It premiered with ratings high enough for NBC to reconsider its decision, and the network subsequently bought the program. NBC also reasoned that the additional weekly hour and a half of programming would allow NBC to recoup some revenue lost as a result of the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, which banned the advertising of tobacco on television effective January 1, 1971. The program remained a part of NBC's late-night lineup until 1981.


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: The pilot for the series aired on August 19, 1972. It was presented as a 90-minute special encouraging young people to vote in the upcoming Presidential election. Several months later, on February 2, 1973, it premiered as a weekly series. Within eight months of its premiere, "The Midnight Special" had proven that programming in the later time period was viable, and NBC would expand its programming in the time slot to five days a week with the addition of the talk show "Tomorrow," hosted by Tom Snyder, the other four nights.


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: "The Midnight Special"s original time slot was from 1:00–2:30 a.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones (Midnight to 1:30 a.m. Central and Mountain). When "The Tonight Show's" run time was shortened from ninety to sixty minutes in September 1980, "The Midnight Special" was moved to 12:30 a.m. (ET/PT)/11:30 p.m. (CT/MT), maintaining its 90-minute run time.


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: In 1978, at the height of the disco craze, the set was changed to resemble a disco nightclub complete with a platform dance floor. Wolfman Jack stood behind an elevated DJ booth. By fall 1979, as the genre's popularity waned, the disco set was replaced.


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: The series was canceled by NBC at the request of Dick Ebersol as part of a deal for him to take over the then-ailing "Saturday Night Live". Because there was no time for NBC to develop a new show from scratch in light of the urgent "SNL" situation, "The Midnight Special" was replaced by "SCTV", a weekly Canadian sketch comedy series performed by members of the Toronto satellite of Chicago's The Second City improvisational troupe. That program, in turn, would later be replaced with another music show, "Friday Night Videos," in 1983, also produced initially by Ebersol.


title: The Midnight Special (TV series)

text: In 2006, a DVD collection entitled "Burt Sugarman's Midnight Special" was made available by Guthy-Renker through television and radio infomercials. In 2014, an 11-DVD collection entitled "The Midnight Special" was released by Star-Vista through standard retail channels.


title: John McGiver

text: John Irwin McGiver (November 5, 1913 – September 9, 1975) was an American character actor who made more than a hundred appearances in television and motion pictures over a two-decade span from 1955 to 1975.


title: John McGiver

text: The owl-faced, portly character actor with his mid-Atlantic accent and precise diction, was often cast as pompous Englishmen and other stuffy, aristocratic and bureaucratic types. He was known for his performances in such films as "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1961); "The Manchurian Candidate" (1962), "Who's Minding the Store?" (1963) and "Man's Favorite Sport?" (1964). He appeared on many television shows and commercials during the 1960s and early 1970s, including the first of a long running popular series of commercials for the American Express charge card ("Do you know me?").


title: John McGiver

text: McGiver was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Irish immigrants. He graduated from the Jesuit-run Regis High School in Manhattan in 1932.


title: John McGiver

text: He earned a B.A. in English from Fordham University in 1938 and master's degrees from Columbia University and Catholic University. He became an English teacher and worked as an actor and director in New York's Irish Repertory Theater. He interrupted those activities and enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 and served as an officer in the U.S. Army's 7th Armored Division in Europe during World War II. Returning to civilian life, he continued to teach English and speech at Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx and worked occasionally in off-Broadway plays until 1955, when he became a full-time actor.


title: John McGiver

text: In 1959, McGiver appeared in the episode "The Assassin" of NBC's espionage drama "Five Fingers". In 1962, he appeared as Gramps in the episode "The Seventh Day of Creation" of the NBC medical drama about psychiatry, "The Eleventh Hour". He appeared in the "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" episodes ""Six People No Music"" and ""Fatal Figures"", and the "Twilight Zone" episode "Sounds and Silences". In 1971 he guest-starred in "Alias Smith and Jones" (season 1, episode 8, 'A Fistful of Diamonds'). In 1964, he appeared in "Man's Favorite Sport?". Between 1963 and 1964, McGiver appeared in five episodes of "The Patty Duke Show" as J.R. Castle, who was Martin Lane's boss at the fictional newspaper "The Chronicle".


title: John McGiver

text: In the 1964–1965 television season, McGiver played the widower Walter Burnley, the head of the complaint department of a fictitious Los Angeles department store in the CBS sitcom "Many Happy Returns". He was also in an episode of "Gilligan's Island" in 1966, "The Man With a Net". He also made one guest appearance on ABC's hit fantasy sitcom "Bewitched". McGiver later played the role of an unhinged religious fanatic, Mr. O'Daniel, in the 1969 film "Midnight Cowboy".


title: John McGiver

text: McGiver was married to Ruth Schmigelsky from 1947 until his death; they had ten children: Brigit, Maria, Terry, Basil, Clare, Oliver, Ian, Clemens, Boris, and Cornelia. Boris, the ninth child in the McGivers' large family, followed in his father's footsteps, working as a professional actor in films and on television since 1987.


title: John McGiver

text: McGiver, at age 61, died of a heart attack on September 9, 1975 at his home in West Fulton, New York. His remains were cremated.


title: Curse of the ninth

text: The curse of the ninth is a superstition connected with the history of classical music. It is the belief that a ninth symphony is destined to be a composer's last and that the composer will be fated to die while or after writing it, or before completing a tenth.


title: Curse of the ninth

text: The curse of the ninth superstition originated in the late-Romantic period of classical music. According to Arnold Schoenberg, the superstition began with Gustav Mahler, who, after writing his Eighth Symphony, wrote "Das Lied von der Erde", which, while structurally a symphony, was able to be disguised as a song cycle, each movement being a setting of a poem for soloist and orchestra. Then he wrote his Ninth Symphony and thought he had beaten the curse, but died with his Tenth Symphony incomplete.


title: Curse of the ninth

text: This superstition, however, was only hatched by Mahler. Before him, Beethoven and Schubert had died before or while writing their tenth symphonies. Upon realizing this, Mahler created the curse of the ninth and led this superstition into popularity by seemingly proving it true. This superstition has, however, lost popularity, and while it is spoken about, proof of it has not happened recently as it did in the era of Beethoven and Mahler. As Maddy Shaw Roberts writes, "The Curse of the Nine is a great story, and it probably fueled a lot of the angst behind Mahler’s heart-wrenching symphonies. But perhaps it’s best to treat it as a superstition."


title: Curse of the ninth

text: After Mahler, some composers cited as examples of the curse include Ralph Vaughan Williams, Kurt Atterberg, David Maslanka, Vincent Persichetti, Alfred Schnittke, Roger Sessions and Elie Siegmeister.


title: Curse of the ninth

text: In 2012, composer Philip Glass stated, "Everyone is afraid to do a ninth. It is a jinx that people think about".


title: Curse of the ninth

text: The curse of the ninth symphony was addressed in the sixth episode of the 19th season of the British crime series "Midsomer Murders" in 2018.


title: Log–log plot

text: In science and engineering, a log–log graph or log–log plot is a two-dimensional graph of numerical data that uses logarithmic scales on both the horizontal and vertical axes. Power functions – relationships of the form formula_1 – appear as straight lines in a log–log graph, with the exponent corresponding to the slope, and the coefficient corresponding to the intercept. Thus these graphs are very useful for recognizing these relationships and estimating parameters. Any base can be used for the logarithm, though most commonly base 10 (common logs) are used.


title: Log–log plot

text: where "m" = "k" is the slope of the line (gradient) and "b" = log "a" is the intercept on the (log "y")-axis, meaning where log "x" = 0, so, reversing the logs, "a" is the "y" value corresponding to "x" = 1.


title: Log–log plot

text: To find the slope of the plot, two points are selected on the "x"-axis, say "x" and "x". Using the above equation:


title: Log–log plot

text: where "F" is shorthand for "F"("x") and "F" is shorthand for "F"("x"). The figure at right illustrates the formula. Notice that the slope in the example of the figure is "negative". The formula also provides a negative slope, as can be seen from the following property of the logarithm:


title: Log–log plot

text: The above procedure now is reversed to find the form of the function "F"("x") using its (assumed) known log–log plot. To find the function "F", pick some "fixed point" ("x", "F"), where "F" is shorthand for "F"("x"), somewhere on the straight line in the above graph, and further some other "arbitrary point" ("x", "F") on the same graph. Then from the slope formula above:


title: Log–log plot

text: In other words, "F" is proportional to "x" to the power of the slope of the straight line of its log–log graph. Specifically, a straight line on a log–log plot containing points ("F", "x") and ("F", "x") will have the function:


title: Log–log plot

text: To calculate the area under a continuous, straight-line segment of a log–log plot (or estimating an area of an almost-straight line), take the function defined previously


title: Log–log plot

text: and integrate it. Since it is only operating on a definite integral (two defined endpoints), the area A under the plot takes the form


title: Log–log plot

text: These graphs are useful when the parameters "a" and "b" need to be estimated from numerical data. Specifications such as this are used frequently in economics.


title: Log–log plot

text: One example is the estimation of money demand functions based on inventory theory, in which it can be assumed that money demand at time "t" is given by


title: Log–log plot

text: where "M" is the real quantity of money held by the public, "R" is the rate of return on an alternative, higher yielding asset in excess of that on money, "Y" is the public's real income, "U" is an error term assumed to be lognormally distributed, "A" is a scale parameter to be estimated, and "b" and "c" are elasticity parameters to be estimated. Taking logs yields


title: Log–log plot

text: where "m" = log "M", "a" = log "A", "r" = log "R", "y" = log "Y", and "u" = log "U" with "u" being normally distributed. This equation can be estimated using ordinary least squares.


title: Log–log plot

text: Another economic example is the estimation of a firm's Cobb–Douglas production function, which is the right side of the equation


title: Log–log plot

text: in which "Q" is the quantity of output that can be produced per month, "N" is the number of hours of labor employed in production per month, "K" is the number of hours of physical capital utilized per month, "U" is an error term assumed to be lognormally distributed, and "A", formula_29, and formula_30 are parameters to be estimated. Taking logs gives the linear regression equation


title: Log–log plot

text: Log–log regression can also be used to estimate the fractal dimension of a naturally occurring fractal.


title: Log–log plot

text: However, going in the other direction – observing that data appears as an approximate line on a log–log scale and concluding that the data follows a power law – is not always valid.


title: Log–log plot

text: In fact, many other functional forms appear approximately linear on the log–log scale, and simply evaluating the goodness of fit of a linear regression on logged data using the coefficient of determination ("R") may be invalid, as the assumptions of the linear regression model, such as Gaussian error, may not be satisfied; in addition, tests of fit of the log–log form may exhibit low statistical power, as these tests may have low likelihood of rejecting power laws in the presence of other true functional forms. While simple log–log plots may be instructive in detecting possible power laws, and have been used dating back to Pareto in the 1890s, validation as a power laws requires more sophisticated statistics.


title: Log–log plot

text: These graphs are also extremely useful when data are gathered by varying the control variable along an exponential function, in which case the control variable "x" is more naturally represented on a log scale, so that the data points are evenly spaced, rather than compressed at the low end. The output variable "y" can either be represented linearly, yielding a lin–log graph (log "x", "y"), or its logarithm can also be taken, yielding the log–log graph (log "x", log "y").


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: Pluto is the debut studio album by American rapper Future. It was released on April 17, 2012, through A1 Recordings and Freebandz, and distributed by Epic Records. The album features guest appearances from Drake, R. Kelly, T.I., Trae tha Truth and Snoop Dogg, with the production, which was handled by Will-A-Fool, Sonny Digital and K.E. on the Track, among others.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: "Pluto" was supported by five singles: "Tony Montana", "Go Harder", "Magic (Remix)", "Same Damn Time" and "Turn On the Lights". The album received generally positive reviews from critics, debuting at number eight on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 41,000 copies in its first week. It was reissued with an alternate track list in 2012 as "Pluto 3D".


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: The lead single from the album, "Tony Montana", was released on April 16, 2011. The record version of the song, which features a guest appearance from Canadian rapper Drake, was released on July 6, 2011. The music video for "Tony Montana" was released on October 27, 2011. The song peaked at number four on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: "Go Harder" was released digitally as the album's second single on November 29, 2011, and impacted rhythmic contemporary radio on January 10, 2012.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: "Magic (Remix)" featuring T.I., was released as the album's third single on January 23, 2012. The music video for "Magic (Remix)" was released on January 31, 2012. The song peaked at number 69 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: The album's fourth single, "Same Damn Time", was released on March 24, 2012. The music video was released on April 6, 2012. The remix to "Same Damn Time", which features guest appearances from Diddy and Ludacris, was released on May 16, 2012. The music video for "Same Damn Time (Remix)" was released on July 22, 2012. The song peaked at number 92 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: The album's fifth single, "Turn On the Lights", was released on April 13, 2012. The song peaked at number 50 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it the album's most successful single to date. In 2012, it was announced that Future scored the number one spot on the Mediabase Urban Mainstream chart for his Mike Will-produced single, "Turn On the Lights". It became his most successful song on the latter three charts, and his most successful single as a lead artist. In 2012, Future released the remix to "Turn On the Lights" featuring Lil Wayne.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: "Pluto" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 68, based on 10 reviews.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: David Jeffries of AllMusic called it "fat and redundant at 15 tracks, but it delivers whenever you desire that purple and woozy, Cudi-meets-Khalifa flavor", and wrote that "Future comes off as a memorable name in spite of his narrow style". "Pitchfork"s Jordan Sargent wrote that, "though it will sound instantly recognizable, his personality, voice, and skewed take on pop-rap make it instantly different". Andrew Nosnitsky of "Spin" called its songs "so well-defined" with "more advanced experiments" than Future's previous mixtapes and stated, "The more adventurous listener might wonder what he could accomplish if he broke free of his genre's gravitational pull entirely".


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: In a mixed review, Alex Macpherson of "Fact" found the album too conventional, calling it "template rap", and stated, "Both Future's drugged-out vocal style and the chintzy production, so arresting in isolation, become wearying". Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club" called "Pluto" a "sporadically engrossing, frequently frustrating curiosity" and commented that it "is a more compelling listen than an album with so many atrocious lyrical turns has any right to be". In his consumer guide, critic Robert Christgau gave the album a two-star honorable mention, he cited "Turn On the Lights" and "Permanent Scar" as highlights and quipped, "The truth is, his Auto-Tuned flow has more future in it than his intermittently interplanetary rhymes". Joshua Errett of "Now" said, ""Pluto" nicely refreshes current rap trends and offers some genuinely forward-thinking hooks". Calvin Stovall of "XXL" said, ""Pluto" may be far from the sun, but Future shines brightest when he aligns with the stars".


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: Chris Richards of "The Washington Post" placed the album at number four on his list of the top-10 albums of 2012. "The New York Times" Jon Caramanica included the album in his top-10 albums list, ranking it at number nine. Jody Rosen of "Slate" placed the album at number one on his top-20 albums list for 2012. "Spin" ranked the album number 11 on its list of 50 Best Albums of 2012. The album was listed 34th on "Stereogum"s list of top 50 albums of 2012 and subsequently listed 100th on their list of top 100 albums of the 2010s. "Consequence" ranked the album number 36 on its list of top-50 albums of the year. "Pitchfork" placed the album at number 37 on its list of 50 Best Albums of 2012.


title: Pluto (Future album)

text: "Pluto" debuted at number eight on the US "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 41,000 copies. As of December 2012, the album had sold 217,000 copies in the United States. In 2022, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of 1,000,000 units in the United States.


title: The Empty Child

text: "The Empty Child" is the ninth episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme "Doctor Who", which was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 May 2005. It was the first episode written by Steven Moffat, who later became the showrunner and main writer of the series in 2010 following Russell T Davies' departure, and was directed by James Hawes. "The Empty Child" is the first of a two-part story, which concluded with "The Doctor Dances", on 28 May.


title: The Empty Child

text: In the episode, the alien time traveller the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) and his travelling companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) arrive in 1941 during the London Blitz, where they find that the city has been terrorised by a strange child in a gas mask repeatedly asking for his mother.


title: The Empty Child

text: The episode marks the first appearance of John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, who would become a recurring character in "Doctor Who" and the lead character of the spin-off series "Torchwood". "The Empty Child" was watched by 7.11 million viewers in the UK. The two-part story has been cited by critics amongst the best of the show, and it won the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form.


title: The Empty Child

text: The Ninth Doctor and Rose follow a time-travelling metal cylinder to London in 1941, during the Blitz. The Doctor tries to track the cylinder, while Rose discovers a young boy wearing a gas mask on a nearby roof. Rose climbs on a nearby rope, but she realises too late that the rope is the tethering cable of a barrage balloon, and is carried off the ground. Captain Jack Harkness, a former time agent from the future posing as a Royal Air Force officer, rescues Rose with his camouflaged spaceship before Rose falls from the balloon. Jack mistakes Rose for a potential customer of an object that he is willing to sell. Rose plays along, but insists she needs to discuss the matter with her partner before buying.


title: The Empty Child

text: Meanwhile, the Doctor returns to the TARDIS to find its phone ringing; despite caution from Nancy, a young woman nearby, not to answer it, he does, only to hear the voice of a child asking "Are you my mummy?" He follows Nancy to a house left empty from the recent air raid sirens, where Nancy and some orphaned children eat a meal abandoned by the homeowners. The Doctor tries to learn more from Nancy, but the boy in the gas mask knocks at the door. Nancy orders the children to leave by the back entrance, and warns the Doctor not to touch the boy. The Doctor opens the door anyway, but the child is gone. The Doctor catches up to Nancy and convinces her to give him more information. Nancy reveals that she knew the cylinder fell near a nearby hospital, and its appearance is tied to the boy.


title: The Empty Child

text: The Doctor arrives at the hospital and discovers several patients wearing gas masks fused to their bodies. Dr Constantine explains that Jamie, Nancy's brother, was the first patient with this symptom. Suddenly, Constantine changes into another gas mask-wearing person, and the other patients all rise to start chasing the Doctor. Rose and Jack arrive and quickly escape with the Doctor. The Doctor forces Jack to admit that the crashed cylinder is just a worthless Chula medical transport. The three are trapped in a room as the converted patients converge on them, all asking "Are you my mummy?" Nancy, who had returned to the home to get more food, is also cornered by Jamie, the boy, as he reaches out to her.


title: The Empty Child

text: This episode had the working title "World War II". Early versions of this script quoted this episode's title as being "An Empty Child". This is a reference to "An Unearthly Child", the very first episode of "Doctor Who". The episode's television listings information and the DVD cover also mention that "London is being terrorised by an unearthly child". In Davies's initial pitch, Captain Jack was originally called 'Captain Jax', an interstellar alien soldier. The name Jax was eventually dropped, as was Jack's original characterisation, instead being a human conman from the 51st century.


title: The Empty Child

text: The filming took place during the fourth production block. Special effects shots were completed at Unit Q2 in Newport on 17 and 18 December 2004. From 4 to 8 January and from 11 to 14 January scenes at Cardiff Royal Infirmary were filmed. On 9 and 10 January scenes shot in alleyways were filmed in Womanby Street, Cardiff. The bar scenes were also shot on 10 January at Headlands School in Penarth. The scene in which Rose hangs from the barrage balloon was filmed in a hangar at RAF St Athan and then in the Vale of Glamorgan, on 17 January. From 18 to 20 January filming involving Jack's ship and the TARDIS took place at the studio at Unit Q2. Extra TARDIS scenes were shot on 7 February. Scenes in the Lloyd's house were filmed on 28 January. Glamorgan House in Cardiff was used for the officers' club scene on 8 February. Location filming also took place at the Barry Tourist Railway. Barry Island and its now-demolished Butlins holiday camp had previously been the filming location of the Seventh Doctor serial, "Delta and the Bannermen".


title: The Empty Child

text: The sound of Dr Constantine's skull cracking as his face changes into a gas mask was considered too horrific in its full form by the production team and was cut before broadcast. However, writer Steven Moffat claims on the DVD commentary to this episode that the sound was discussed but never put on. According to the "Doctor Who Confidential" episode "Fear Factor", the effect was added in the version of the episode presented on "The Complete First Series" box set. Casting for Captain Jack Harkness began around June with particular consideration to John Barrowman per the request of executive producer Julie Gardener.


title: The Empty Child

text: Unlike previous episodes, the "next episode" trailers were shown after the end credits instead of immediately preceding them, possibly in reaction to comments after "Aliens of London" about having the cliffhanger for that episode spoiled.


title: The Empty Child

text: Writer Steven Moffat says in the DVD commentary for this episode that the Doctor's reply to Rose asking him what she should call him ("Doctor who?") was originally going to be, "I'd rather have "Doctor Who" than "Star Trek"," a metafictional dig at the latter programme. This is the first televised "Doctor Who" story to make a direct reference to "Star Trek". The Chula ships are named after Chula, an Indian/Bangladeshi fusion restaurant in Hammersmith, London where the writers celebrated and discussed their briefs on the scripts they were to write for the season after being commissioned by Russell T Davies. This meeting was videotaped, and is available on the DVD release of Doctor Who — The Complete First Series.


title: The Empty Child

text: The episode was initially smaller in scale and personal with writer Steven Moffat saying that "there was no big enemy and the major fear factor was a little boy looking for his mummy. "Doctor Who" can be small and domestic, and brilliantly effective."


title: The Empty Child

text: "The Empty Child" received overnight ratings of 6.6 million viewers, a 34.9% audience share. When final ratings were calculated, the figure rose to 7.11 million viewers. The episode received an Audience Appreciation Index score of 84.


title: The Empty Child

text: "SFX" stated that the two-part story had "everything", particularly praising Moffat's script. In 2012, Dave Golder of the magazine labelled "The Empty Child" as a good example of the science fiction "Creepy Kid Episode". Dek Hogan of Digital Spy disliked Barrowman as Captain Jack, but called it a "particularly creepy episode of the series" despite Jack and "the brevity of Richard Wilson's neat and spooky little cameo". He later called "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" the best episodes of the series. "Now Playing" magazine reviewer Arnold T. Blumburg gave the episode a grade of a B, describing it as "solid" with elements of the original series, though he noted a lot was thrown at the audience and he was not impressed with Barrowman's Jack yet.


title: The Empty Child

text: In a poll conducted by "Doctor Who Magazine" in 2009, the two-part story was ranked the fifth best episode of "Doctor Who". In a similar poll conducted in 2014, readers ranked the two-part story the seventh best "Doctor Who" story of all time. "The Daily Telegraph" named the story the fourth best of the show in 2008. In 2011 before the second half of the sixth series, "The Huffington Post" labelled "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" as one of five essential episodes for new viewers to watch. In 2013 Doctor Who TV rated The Empty Child as the twentieth scariest villain.


title: The Empty Child

text: "The Empty Child", along with its conclusion "The Doctor Dances", won the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Short Form).


title: Ali Shariati

text: Ali Shariati Mazinani (, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century and has been called the "ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", although his ideas did not end up forming the basis of the Islamic Republic.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Ali Shariati (Ali Masharati) was born in 1933 in Mazinan, a suburb of Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran. His father's family were clerics. His father, Mohammad-Taqi, was a teacher and Islamic scholar. In 1947, he opened the Centre for the Propagation of Islamic Truths in Mashhad, in Khorasan Province. It was a social Islamic forum which became embroiled in the oil nationalisation movement of the 1950s. Shariati's mother was from a small land-owning family. His mother was from Sabzevar, a little town near Mashhad.


title: Ali Shariati

text: In his years at the Teacher's Training College in Mashhad, Shariati came into contact with young people who were from less privileged economic classes of society, and for the first time saw the poverty and hardship that existed in Iran during that period. At the same time, he was exposed to many aspects of Western philosophical and political thought. He attempted to explain and offer solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional Islamic principles interwoven with, and understood from, the point of view of modern sociology and philosophy. His articles from this period for the Mashhad daily newspaper, "Khorasan", display his developing eclecticism and acquaintance with the ideas of modernist thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal of Pakistan, among Muslims, and Sigmund Freud and Alexis Carrel.


title: Ali Shariati

text: In 1952, he became a high-school teacher and founded the Islamic Students' Association, which led to his arrest following a demonstration. In 1953, the year of Mossadeq's overthrow, he became a member of the National Front. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Mashhad in 1955. In 1957, he was arrested again by the Iranian police, along with sixteen other members of the National Resistance Movement.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati then managed to get a scholarship for France, where he continued his graduate studies at University of Paris. He left Paris after earning a PhD in sociology in 1964. During this period in Paris, Shariati started collaborating with the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1959. The following year, he began to read Frantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his work into Persian. Shariati introduced Fanon's thought into Iranian revolutionary émigrée circles. He was arrested in Paris on 17 January 1961 during a demonstration in honour of Patrice Lumumba.


title: Ali Shariati

text: The same year he joined Ebrahim Yazdi, Mostafa Chamran and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in founding the Freedom Movement of Iran abroad. In 1962, he continued studying sociology and the history of religions in Paris, and followed the courses of Islamic scholar Louis Massignon, Jacques Berque and the sociologist Georges Gurvitch. He also came to know the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre that same year, and published Jalal Al-e Ahmad's book "Gharbzadegi" (or "Occidentosis") in Iran.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati then returned to Iran in 1964, where he was arrested and imprisoned for engaging in subversive political activities while in France. He was released after a few weeks, at which point he began teaching at the University of Mashhad.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati next went to Tehran, where he began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute. These lectures were hugely popular among his students and were spread by word of mouth throughout all economic sectors of society, including the middle and upper classes, where interest in his teachings began to grow.


title: Ali Shariati

text: His continued success again aroused the interest of the government, which arrested him, along with many of his students. Widespread pressure from the people, and an international outcry, eventually led to his release on 20 March 1975, after eighteen months in solitary confinement.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati was allowed to leave for England. He died three weeks later in a Southampton hospital under "mysterious circumstances", but in Ali Rahnema's biography of Shariati, he is said to have died of a heart attack. He is buried next to Sayyidah Zaynab, the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the daughter of Ali, in Damascus, where Iranian pilgrims often visit.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati sought to revive the revolutionary currents of Shiism. His interpretation of Shiism encouraged revolution in the world, and promised salvation after death. He referred to his brand of Shiism as "red Shiism" which he contrasted with non-revolutionary "black Shiism" or Safavid Shiism. His ideas have been compared to the Catholic Liberation Theology movement founded in South America by Peruvian Gustavo Gutierrez and Brazilian Leonardo Boff.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati was a prominent Islamist philosopher, who argued that a good society would conform to Islamic values. He suggested that the role of government was to guide society in the best possible manner rather than manage it in the best possible way. He believed that the most learned members of the Ulema (clergy) should play a leadership role in guiding society because they best understand how to administer an Islamic value system based on the teachings of the Prophets of God and the 12 Shia Twelver Imams. He argued that the role of the clergy was to guide society in accordance with Islamic values to advance human beings towards reaching their highest potential—not to provide/serve the hedonistic desires of individuals as in the West.


title: Ali Shariati

text: At the same time, Shariati was very critical of some clerics and defended the Marxists. "Our mosques, the revolutionary left and our preachers," he declared, "work for the benefit of the deprived people and against the lavish and lush... Our clerics who teach jurisprudence and issue "fatwas" are right-wingers, capitalist, and conservative; simply our "fiqh" is at the service of capitalism."


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati's works were highly influenced by the Third Worldism that he encountered as a student in Paris—ideas that class war and revolution would bring about a just and classless society—from one side, and the epistemic decolonisation thinking of his time from the other side. He is said to have adopted the idea of "Gharbzadegi" from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and given it "its most vibrant and influential second life".


title: Ali Shariati

text: He sought to translate these ideas into cultural symbols of Shiism that Iranians could relate to. Shariati believed Shia should not merely await the return of the 12th Imam, but should actively work to hasten his return by fighting for social justice, "even to the point of embracing martyrdom," saying "every day is Ashoura, every place is the Karbala".


title: Ali Shariati

text: When he was writing the three letters to Fanon, unlike him, Shariati believed that it is not true that one must put away religion to fight imperialism. He felt that people could fight imperialism solely by recovering their cultural identity. In some countries, such an identity was intertwined with fundamental religious beliefs. Shariati refers to the maxim of returning to ourselves.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Social theorist Asef Bayat has recorded his observations as a witness and participant in the Iranian revolution of 1979. He asserts that Shariati emerged at the time of the revolution as "an unparalleled revolutionary intellectual" with his portraits widely present during the marches and protests and his nickname as "mo'allem-e enqilab" (revolutionary mentor) chanted by millions and whose literature and tapes had already been widely available before the revolution. "My father," recalls Bayat, "barely literate, had his own copies" of Shariati's works.


title: Ali Shariati

text: It seems that his eagerness to explore socialism began with the translation of the book "Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist" by the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar (). According to this book, Abu Dhar was the very first socialist. Then, Shariarti's father declared that his son believed that the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental. Even some thinkers described Shariati as the modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran. Of all his thoughts, there is his insistence on the necessity of revolutionary action. Shariati believed that Marxism could not provide the Third World with the ideological means for its own liberation. One of his premises was that Islam by nature is a revolutionary ideology. Therefore, Islam could relate to the modern world as an ideology. According to Shariati, the historical and original origin of human problems was the emergence of private ownership. He believed that in the modern era, the appearance of the machine was the second most fundamental change in the human condition. In fact, private ownership and the emergence of the machine, if considered one of two curves of history, belong to the second period of history. The first period is collective ownership. However, Shariati gave a critique of the historical development of religion and the modern philosophical and ideological movements and their relationship to both private ownership and the emergence of the machine.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati developed the idea of the social, cultural and historical contingencies of religious knowledge in sociology. He believed in the earthly religion and in the social context in which the meaning of society is construed. He also emphasized that he understood religion historically because he was a sociologist. He said he was concerned with the historical and social Tawhid, not with the truth of the Quran or of Muhammad or Ali.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Completely contrary to Hegel and his philosophy of history, Shariati believed that it is not true that the civilized human is less conscious than modern people but rather there is a difference between them. The civilized man could talk on himself more than the universe and the new people are so concerned with reality and the universe that there is no place for himself and mysticism and religion. Of course he knows the movement of soul in Hegel's philosophy and history in one sense as right.


title: Ali Shariati

text: In the first place, Shariati criticised western liberal democracy. He pointed out that there is a direct relationship between democracy, liberalism and the plundering of nations. He believed that liberal democracy is the enemy of humankind. He also referred to the fact that the ruling economic system of liberal democracy is unjust and contrary to the rights of people. He maintained that in such a society, someone who is weak is already subjected to defeat and annihilation. There are basic foundations in Shariati's thoughts and his criticism of liberal democracy. The first foundation is related to the contrast between the religious worldview and the non-religious one. He explained history, society and humanity according to a monistic worldview. He explained liberalism as something with inequality and discrimination. Freedom and equality based on spirituality were the very basis of pre-modern societies which were devastated in one period of history.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Shariati believed that the government of Imam Ali could be considered the best form of democracy. On this occasion, he tried to interpret the behaviour of Imam Ali in contrast with his enemy. He called this democracy Commitment democracy. It appears that Shariati did not accept the western definition of democracy although he had no problem with democracy. According to him, a religious government is a democratic right of Muslim citizens. He believed that one of the basic problems of western democracy is demagogy. Nowadays the votes of voters are directed to special channels with the help of advertising instruments. In such a condition only one who is critically conscious can dispose of distractions and surface-level arguments, and vote effectively for themselves and their communities. He maintains that the western democracy based on gold, cruelty and tricking (Zar, Zour va Tazvir) is an anti-revolutionary regime that is different from ideological Guidance.


title: Ali Shariati

text: For explaining better the commitment to democracy, he at first divides between two concepts. One of them is Syasat and the other is politic. Syasat is a philosophy by the government that want to have the responsibility of changing and becoming the society, not its being and existence. In fact, Syasat is a progressive and dynamic thing. The aim of the government in the philosophy of Syasat is to change social foundations, institutions and even all the norms of society namely culture, morality and desires etc. in simple word, Syasat want to make exist the people. On contrary, there is no making in politics. In other words, politics is the following of having people not making them. Of course, Shariati prefers Syasat on politics because the former is more progressive. He considers making human (Ensan Sazi). In fact, his utopia is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom. Commitment democracy appeared out of his lecture in Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous lecture with the name of Ummah and Imamate. According to him, Imam is one who wants to guide humans not only in political, social and economic dimensions but also in all existential dimensions. He believes that Imam is alive everywhere and every time. On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical belief but a revolutionary guide philosophy. He added that Imam has to guide people not according to his desire like a dictator but to Islamic ideology and authentic values.


title: Ali Shariati

text: Some scholars classify him among the current religious neo-thinkers. According to this standpoint, Shariati accepted the rationality of the West. Shariati called the theoretical foundation of the West as civilization and called its appearances as "Tajadod" [Renewal]. He emphasized accepting civilization and criticized tajadod. He also believed that civilization has to be considered as something deep. He also highly acknowledged the importance of empirical science and knowledge. He appreciated the empirical methodology. He also criticized traditionalism for its disregard for scientific methodology. On another hand, he criticized the Modernists because they confuse the Western ideological theories with valid scientific epistemology. According to Shariati, the knowledge of reason is self-evident. Therefore, he suggested thinking of reason as the axiom for understanding the other sources namely the holy book or Quran, ḥadīth ('tradition'), sīra (Prophetic biography) and ijmāʿ (consensus). Shariati also dismissed consensus as a source for understanding religion. He insisted on the concepts of knowledge and time along with the holy book and tradition and stressed the important role of methodology and changing of viewpoint.