title: Traci Wolfe

text: During the 1990s, Wolfe volunteered at the Maryland Museum of African Art and lived in Columbia, Maryland.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: "This Little Light of Mine" is a popular gospel song of unknown origin. It was often reported to be written for children in the 1920s by Harry Dixon Loes, but he never claimed credit for the original version of the song, and the Moody Bible Institute where he worked said he did not write it. It was later adapted by Zilphia Horton, amongst many other activists, in connection with the civil rights movement.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: The origin of the song is unclear, but the phrase "This little light of mine" appears published in poetry by 1925 by Edward G. Ivins, a writer in Montana. In 1931, the song is mentioned in a Los Angeles newspaper as "Deaconess Anderson's song". In 1932, the song was mentioned in a 1932 Missouri newspaper. In 1933, the song was mentioned in newspapers as being sung by a chorus at an African Methodist Episcopal conference in Helena, Montana and then various other churches around the United States later that year. In June 1934 John Lomax and Alan Lomax recorded the earliest known recording of the song when they recorded Jim Boyd of Jacksonville, Texas singing at the State Penitentiary in Huntsville, Texas. In 1939 Lomax returned to Texas with Ruby Lomax during their Southern States Recording Trip and recorded the song again. This song and others were sung by a black woman, Doris McMurray who was imprisoned at Thomas Goree Unit in Texas and said that she learned the song from her grandmother in Waco. She sang the following lyrics, taught to her by her grandmother:


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: Many other verses have been added over the years, including impromptu lines appropriate to the occasion. The song is sung around the world, with the simple lyrics and tune resonating with all ages. Harry Dixon Loes, who studied at the Moody Bible Institute and the American Conservatory of Music, was a musical composer and teacher, who wrote or co-wrote several other gospel songs. He wrote a popular adaptation of the song "This Little Light of Mine" in the 1940s, but never copyrighted or claimed credit for writing the original, which remains of unknown origin.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: Often thought of as an African-American spiritual, it can be found in The United Methodist Hymnal, #585, adapted by William Farley Smith in 1987, and in the Unitarian Universalist Hymn Book, Singing the Living Tradition, #118, with harmonies by Horace Clarence Boyer.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: Some claim the song takes its theme from some of Jesus's remarks to his followers. Matthew 5:14-16 of the King James Version gives: "Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid. Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house. Let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven." The parallel passage in Luke 11:33 of the King James Version gives: "No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light." Given that the source is unknown and God and Jesus are not mentioned in the words, it is equally possible that the song reflects a global longing to be seen as a good person trying to make the world a better place.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: The song was sung by Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Godmother of Rock 'N' Roll, as early as 1960. The song has also been secularised into "This Little Girl of Mine" as recorded by Ray Charles in 1956 and later The Everly Brothers. It has often been published with a set of hand movements to be used for the instruction of children.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: Under the influence of Zilphia Horton, Fannie Lou Hamer, and others, it eventually became a Civil Rights anthem in the 1950s and 1960s, especially the version by Bettie Mae Fikes. The Kingston Trio recorded it on "College Concert" in 1962, and The Seekers for their second UK album, "Hide & Seekers" (also known as "The Four & Only Seekers") in 1964. Sam Cooke released his version on the 1964 live album Sam Cooke at the Copa. Over time it also became a very popular children's song, recorded and performed by the likes of Raffi in the 1980s from his album "Rise and Shine", releasing it as a single. It is sometimes included in Christian children's song books.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: Odetta and the Boys Choir of Harlem performed the song on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on September 17, 2001, on the first show after Letterman resumed broadcasting, after having been off the air for several nights following the events of 9/11. Reverend Osagyefo Sekou and other counter-protesters sang "This Little Light of Mine" defiantly before a crowd of white supremacists and alt-right supporters gathered for the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, VA in 2018.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: The song featured on Hoyt Axton's 1963 album Thunder 'N Lightnin' named "This Little Light". LZ7 took their version of the song also named "This Little Light" to number 26 in the UK Singles Chart. The song is also sung in several scenes of the 1994 film "Corrina, Corrina" starring Whoopi Goldberg and Ray Liotta.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: The song was mixed with You Can't Be A Beacon by The Masters V (Later: J.D. Sumner and the Stamps) in 1988.


title: This Little Light of Mine

text: Meghan Markle and Prince Harry chose to end their wedding in May 2018 with a version of the iconic song.


title: Yogini

text: A yogini (Sanskrit: योगिनी, IAST: ) is a female master practitioner of tantra and yoga, as well as a formal term of respect for female Hindu or Buddhist spiritual teachers in Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Greater Tibet. The term is the feminine Sanskrit word of the masculine "yogi", while the term "yogin" is used in neutral, masculine or feminine sense.


title: Yogini

text: A yogini, in some contexts, is the sacred feminine force made incarnate, as an aspect of Parvati, and revered in the yogini temples of India as the Sixty-four Yoginis.


title: Yogini

text: The worship of yoginis began outside Vedic Religion, starting according to Vidya Dehejia with the cults of local village goddesses, the "grama devatas". Each one protects her village, sometimes giving specific benefits such as safety from the stings of scorpions. Gradually, through Tantra, these goddesses were grouped together into a number believed powerful, most often 64, and they became accepted as a valid part of Hinduism.


title: Yogini

text: Historical evidence on "Yogini Kaulas" suggests that the practice was well established by the 10th century in both Hindu and Buddhist tantra traditions. The nature of the yoginis differs between the traditions; in Tantra they are fierce and scary, while in India, celibate female sanyassins may describe themselves as yoginis.


title: Yogini

text: In ancient and medieval texts in Hinduism, a yogini is associated with or directly an aspect of Devi, the goddess. In the 11th century collection of myths, the "Kathāsaritsāgara", a "yogini" is one of a class of females with magical powers, sorceresses sometimes enumerated as 8, 60, 64 or 65. The "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" mentions yoginis. Devi is sometimes portrayed with a superimposed Yogini Chakra, wheel of the 64 Yoginis, placing them as aspects of Devi.


title: Yogini

text: The term "yogini" has been in use in medieval times for a woman who belongs to the Nath Yoga tradition founded around the 11th century. They usually belong to the Shaiva tradition, but some Natha belong to the Vaishnava tradition. Either way, states David Lorenzen, they practice Yoga and their principal God tends to be "Nirguna", that is, without form and semi-monistic, influenced in the medieval era by Advaita Vedanta Hinduism, Madhyamaka Buddhism, and by Tantra. Human yoginis were a large part of this tradition, and many 2nd-millennium paintings depict them and their Yoga practices. Lorenzen states that the Nath yogis were popular with the rural population in South Asia, with medieval era tales and stories about Nath yogis continuing to be remembered in contemporary times, in the Deccan, western and northern states of India and in Nepal.


title: Yogini

text: Women in Tantra traditions, whether Hindu or Buddhist, are similarly called yoginis. In Tantric Buddhism, Miranda Shaw states that many women like Dombiyogini, Sahajayogicinta, Lakshminkara, Mekhala, Kankhala Gangadhara, Siddharajni, and others, were respected yoginis and advanced seekers on the path to enlightenment.


title: Yogini

text: From around the 10th century, yoginis appear in groups, often of 64. They appear as goddesses, but human female adepts of tantra can emulate "and even embody" these deities, who can appear as mortal women, creating an ambiguous and blurred boundary between the human and the divine. Yoginis, divine or human, belong to clans; in Shaiva, among the most important are the clans of the 8 Mothers (matris or matrikas). Yoginis are often theriomorphic, having the forms of animals, represented in statuary as female figures with animal heads. Yoginis are associated with "actual shapeshifting" into female animals, and the ability to transform other people. They are linked with the Bhairava, often carrying skulls and other tantric symbols, and practising in cremation grounds and other liminal places. They are powerful and dangerous. They both protect and disseminate esoteric tantric knowledge. They have siddhis, extraordinary powers, including the power of flight; many yoginis have the form of birds or have a bird as their vahana or animal vehicle. In later Tantric Buddhism, dakini, a female spirit able to fly, is often used synonymously with yogini. The scholar Shaman Hatley writes that the archetypal yogini is "the autonomous Sky-traveller ("khecari")", and that this power is the "ultimate attainment for the "siddhi"-seeking practitioner".


title: Yogini

text: Into the late 20th century, yoginis inspired a "deep sense of fear and awe" among "average" people in India, according to the scholar Vidya Dehejia. She notes that such fear may be ancient, as the "Brahmanda Purana" and the "Jnanarnava Tantra" both warn that transmitting secret knowledge to non-initiates will incur the curse of the yoginis.


title: Yogini

text: In Sanskrit literature, the yoginis have been represented as the attendants or manifestations of Durga engaged in fighting with the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha, and the principal yoginis are identified with the Matrikas. Other yoginis are described as born from one or more Matrikas. The derivation of 64 yoginis from 8 Matrikas became a tradition. By the mid-11th century, the connection between yoginis and Matrikas had become common lore. The mandala (circle) and chakra of yoginis were used alternatively. The 81 yoginis evolve from a group of 9 Matrikas. The 7 Mothers or Saptamatrika (Brahmi, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani (Aindri) and Chamundi), joined by Chandi and Mahalakshmi, form the nine-Matrika cluster. Each Matrika is considered to be a yogini and is associate with 8 other yoginis resulting in the troupe of 81 (9 times 9). Some traditions have only 7 Matrikas, and thus fewer yoginis.


title: Yogini

text: There is no universally-agreed list of the names of the 64 yoginis; Dehejia located and compared some 30 different lists, finding that they rarely corresponded, and that there must have been multiple traditions concerning the 64. She states that the lists can be categorised into those that include the Matrikas among the Yoginis and give the Yoginis high status, and those that do neither. The high status means that the Yoginis are either aspects of the Great Goddess "Devi", or her acolytes.


title: Yogini

text: The "Kalika Purana" includes 16 Matrikas among the yoginis. 9 of these Matrikas are of the Brahmi series; Dehejia comments that in this tradition, the yoginis are "64 varying aspects of Devi herself"; they are to be worshipped "individually".


title: Yogini

text: The "Agni Purana" does not include the Matrikas among the yoginis, but states that they are related. It divides the yoginis into 8 family groups, each one led by a Matrika, who is either the mother or another relative of each of her yoginis.


title: Yogini

text: The "Agni Purana", the "Skanda Purana" and the "Kalika Purana" each contain two lists ("namavalis") of yoginis with often wholly differing contents. The "Sri Matottara Tantra" tells that the "Khechari Chakra" and the "Yogini Chakra" are both circles of 64 yoginis, while the "Mula Chakra" has a circle of 81 and the "Malini Chakra" has a circle of 50. The number 8 is auspicious; its square, 64, is "even more potent and efficacious". In tantric texts there are supposedly 64 Agamas and Tantras, 64 Bhairavas, 64 mantras, 64 sites sacred to the Goddess ("pithas"), and 64 extraordinary powers ("siddhis"). Dehejia notes that the yoginis are closely associated with the "siddhis".


title: Yogini

text: Yogini temples are simple compared to typical Indian temples, without the usual towers, gateways and elaborate carvings that attract scholarly attention.


title: Yogini

text: Major extant hypaethral (open air) temples of the 64 yoginis ("Chausathi Jogan") in India built between the 9th and 12th centuries include two in Odisha at Hirapur and Ranipur Jharial; and three in Madhya Pradesh, at Khajuraho, Bhedaghat, and the well-preserved hilltop temple at Mataoli in Morena district.


title: Yogini

text: The iconographies of the yogini statues in the various temples are not uniform, nor are the yoginis the same in each set of 64. In the Hirapur temple, all the yoginis are depicted with their "Vahanas" (animal vehicles) and in standing posture. In the Ranipur-Jharial temple the yogini images are in dancing posture. In the Bhedaghat temple, the yoginis are seated in "lalitasana".


title: Yogini

text: Temple images of yoginis have been made in materials including stone and bronze from at least the 9th century.


title: Yogini

text: The goal of yogini worship, as described in both "Puranas" and Tantras, was the acquisition of "siddhis".


title: Yogini

text: The "Sri Matottara Tantra" describes 8 major powers, as named in the "Yoga Sutras of Patanjali", namely: "Anima", becoming microscopically small, giving knowledge of how the world works; "Mahima", becoming huge, able to view the whole solar system and universe; "Laghima", becoming weightless, allowing levitation and astral travel away from the body; "Garima", becoming very heavy and powerful; "Prakamya", having an irresistible willpower, able to control the minds of others; "Ishitva", controlling both body and mind and all living things; "Vashitva", controlling the natural elements, such as rain, drought, volcanoes, and earthquakes; and Kamavashayita, gaining all one's desires and any treasure.


title: Yogini

text: The "Sri Matottara Tantra" lists many other more or less magical powers that devotees can obtain by invoking the yoginis correctly, from the ability to cause death, disillusion, paralysis, or unconsciousness to provocation, delightful poetry, and seduction.


title: Yogini

text: Yogini worship, intended to yield occult powers, consisted of a set of rituals called "Mahayaga". These took place in the sacred space of the circular temple, appropriate for the working of magic. The yoginis were invoked with offerings of wine, flesh, and blood. The "Sri Matottara Tantra" describes the yoginis delighting in and drunk upon wine; one of them is indeed named Surapriya (lover of wine). The "Kularnava Tantra" provides a recipe for brewing the yoginis' drink, involving dry ginger, lemon bark, black pepper, blossoms, honey and jaggery sugar in water, brewed for 12 days. The yoginis danced and drank blood and wine, according to the "Brhaddharma Purana". The "Kaulavali Nirnaya" adds that blood and meat are needed to worship the yoginis. The sacrifice of animals, always male, is practised at Assam's Kamakhya Temple, where the 64 yoginis continue to be worshipped.


title: Yogini

text: Sculptures at some of the yogini temples such as Shahdol, Bheraghat and Ranipur-Jharial depict the yoginis with "kartari" knives, human corpses, severed heads, and skull-cups. There appear to have been corpse rituals, "shava sadhana", as is described in the "Vira Tantra", which calls for offerings of food and wine to the 64 yoginis, and for pranayama to be practised while sitting on a corpse. The "Vira Cudamani" requires the naked practitioner (the "sadhaka") and his partner to sit on the corpse and practise maithuna, tantric sex. The "Sri Matottara Tantra" instructs that the corpse must be intact, beautiful, and fresh; Dehejia notes that this does not imply human sacrifice, but the selection of the best corpses. In the circle of the Mothers, in front of the statue of Bhairava, the corpse is to be bathed, covered in sandalwood paste, and have its head cut off in a single stroke. The Mothers will, it states, be watching this from the sky, and the "sadhaka" will acquire the 8 major siddhis. Further, flesh from the corpse is eaten; Dehejia states that the practice "is not uncommon" and that in Kamakhya, people avoid leaving a corpse overnight before cremation "for fear of losing it to tantric practitioners".


title: Yogini

text: Dehejia notes that none of the yogini temples have sculptures depicting "maithuna", ritual sex, nor are there any small figures in embrace carved into the pedestal of any yogini statue. All the same, she writes, it is "fairly certain" that "maithuna" was one of the Mahayaga rituals. The "Kularnava Tantra" mentions "the eight and the sixty-four "mithunas"" (couples in embrace); and it proposes that the 64 yoginis should be portrayed "in embrace with the 64 Bhairavas" and that the resulting images should be worshipped. The "Jnanarnava Tantra" describes the 8 Matrikas paired off ("yugma yugma") with the 8 Bhairavas.


title: Yogini

text: The Yogini Chakra, also called the Kaula Chakra or Bhairavi Chakra, is formed as a circle ("Chakra") of at least 8 people, with equal numbers of men and women. Dehejia writes that this meant that pairing was random rather than having people arriving in couples, and that this explained the careful sexual preparations in Kaula texts, such as anointing the body and touching its parts to stimulate both partners. Caste was ignored during such "Chakra-puja" (circle worship), all men being Shiva while in the circle, and all women being Devi, and the women of the lowest castes were thought the best suited to the role.


title: Yogini

text: Dehejia notes, too, that the need for "privacy and secrecy" given such practices readily explained the isolated hilltop locations of the yogini temples, well away from towns with "orthodox Brahmanical thinking favouring vegetarianism and objecting to alcohol", let alone having "maithuna" among the temple rituals.


title: Yogini

text: David Gordon White writes that the modern practice of '"Tantric sex"' (his quotation marks) is radically different from the medieval practice.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: The first of these two to appear was the daughter of Dracula. Like her father, she is also a vampire, although her powers and weaknesses differ from most other vampires. She first appeared in "Giant-Size Chillers Featuring The Curse of Dracula" #1 (June 1974).


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: The second is a demon sorceress who is known as the "Mother of All Demons". She first appeared in "Ghost Rider" #28 (August 1992).


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith, the daughter of Dracula, first appeared in "Giant-Size Chillers Featuring The Curse of Dracula" #1 (June 1974), and was created by Marv Wolfman and Gene Colan. Most of her solo appearances were written by Steve Gerber, who would later use a supporting character he created for these stories, Martin Gold, in the two-issue miniseries "The Legion of Night".


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: The character subsequently appeared in "Vampire Tales" #6 (August 1974), "The Tomb of Dracula" #23 (August 1974), #25 (October 1974) and #28 (January 1975), "Dracula Lives!" #10-11 (January–March 1975), "Marvel Preview" #12 (September 1977), "The Tomb of Dracula" #60 (September 1977), "Marvel Preview" #16 (June 1978), "The Tomb of Dracula" #66-67 (September–November 1978), "The Tomb of Dracula" (vol. 2) #5-6 (June–August 1980), "The Uncanny X-Men" Annual #6 (1982), and her apparent "death" occurred in "Doctor Strange" (vol. 2) #62 (December 1983). She made a posthumous appearance in "Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme" #9 (November 1989).


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith returned years later in "Ghost Rider" vol. 3 #82-85 (February–May 1997), "Spider-Man Unlimited" (vol. 2= #20 (May 1998), "Dracula: Lord of the Undead" #1-3 (December 1998), "Witches" #2 (August 2004), "Nick Fury's Howling Commandos" #2-6 (January–May 2006), and "Legion of Monsters: Morbius" #1 (September 2007).


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith received an entry in "The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition" #18 and in "The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Horror 2005".


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith is Dracula's oldest child and is his only child by his first wife, Zofia, who was forced on Dracula by his father through an arranged marriage. After Dracula's father died, he renounced Zofia and forced her and their infant daughter to leave Castle Dracula so that he could marry his second wife, Maria, the woman he truly loved. Lilith was raised by Gypsies to whom she had been entrusted after her mother's suicide. Lilith's foster-mother was the Gypsy elder Gretchin. When Lilith was a young girl, Dracula, now a vampire thanks to the Gypsy woman Leandra, attacked and murdered many Gypsies, including Gretchin's son Arni, enraging her into seeking revenge. She cast a spell upon Lilith to make her into a vampire, but one with rather different powers: unlike conventional Marvel Comics vampires, she did not fear holy symbols, was not able to be killed by being out in the daylight and did not need to sleep in a coffin lined with her native soil. As part of the curse, she would haunt Dracula, ever opposing him, until Dracula was finally, irrevocably destroyed. Whenever she was "killed", she would be reborn by her spirit taking over the body of an innocent woman who wanted her father dead; this included the ability to shift forms and clothing between Lilith's own form and that of her "hostess".


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith normally appeared, when in her own form, as a tall, beautiful woman with long black hair and a family resemblance to Dracula, dressed in a red and black skin-tight costume and cape with a bat-like ornament in her hair. As a vampire, she could change into a wolf, a bat, or mist (the latter either wholly or partially), and had limited control over weather, as well as the ability to command bats, wolves, dogs, rats and mice. Although she could drink blood, she was not dependent upon it for sustenance.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: In the modern era, Lilith's spirit possessed a woman named Angel O'Hara, who had come to hate her father and want him dead when he accidentally killed her husband, Ted Hannigan, after finding out that she had married him secretly and was carrying his child. Lilith killed Angel's father, but allowed her to live her life when Lilith was not using their shared body. Angel was eventually physically separated from Lilith by Viktor Benzel, a distant descendant of Gretchin and the heir, along with his brother Karl, to much of her occult knowledge; Viktor used this knowledge to create separate bodies for Angel and Lilith.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: At one point, Lilith and Dracula agreed to avoid each other, but the agreement broke down. When Dracula was stripped of his vampiric powers toward the end of the 70-issue series "The Tomb of Dracula", he asked Lilith to bite him and restore his powers, only to be refused. In issue #5 of "The Tomb of Dracula" magazine that soon followed, Lilith and Dracula fought once more and Dracula revealed to Lilith that the curse that made her his eternal nemesis also prevented her from being able to actually kill him. Lilith was destroyed, along with her father and the rest of Earth's vampires, when Doctor Strange used the Darkhold's Montesi Formula to eliminate vampirism and all vampires from the world. The Montesi Formula eventually weakened and both Lilith and her father returned to life. Lilith subsequently appeared as Dracula's antagonist in the three-issue "Dracula: Lord of the Undead" limited series in 1998, and as an agent of Nick Fury's Howling Commandos in 2006.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith, the daughter of Dracula, was ranked #24 on a listing of Marvel Comics' monster characters in 2015.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: The demon Lilith is an ancient demon goddess and sorceress. She gives birth to demons called the Lilin, which have lives of their own, but always remain obedient to their mother.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith is an immortal who had lived in the city of pre-Cataclysm Atlantis, one of its few survivors. Over the centuries, she gave birth to many of her children – (the Lilin) – including Creed, Pilgrim, Fang, Doc, Meatmarket, Skinner, and Nakota. Trapped in the leviathan Tiamat by Atlantean sorcerers, she used her vast magics to influence outside affairs. While thus imprisoned, she encountered Dan Ketch's spirit, and then appeared in a vision to Blackout.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith was finally released from her ancient imprisonment by two unknowing scientist explorers. Discovering that her Lilin children had been scattered across the dimensions centuries ago and that many of them were destroyed by Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze, she soon made enemies of them. She recruited the Lilin and Blackout, and sent Blackout, Creed, and Pilgrim to abduct John Blaze's son, Craig Blaze. She sent the Lilin Fang to attack Morbius. She witnessed Ghost Rider and John Blaze's battle with Steel Vengeance. Alongside the Lilin, she abducted Doris Ketch, Jack D'Auria, and Arthur and Stacy Dolan. She transformed the Darkholders' ninjas and sent them to kill Victoria Montesi. Alongside the Lilin, she battled Ghost Rider, John Blaze, and the Darkhold Redeemers. She then sent the Lilin Skinner to attack Ghost Rider and John Blaze. She then hired the Nightstalkers to kill Ghost Rider and John Blaze. Alongside the Lilin, she again battled Ghost Rider, John Blaze, Morbius, the Nightstalkers, and the Darkhold Redeemers.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: After many attempts to kill the two, her enemies list grew to include Doctor Strange, Morbius the Living Vampire, the Witches, the Nightstalkers and the Midnight Sons. In her first attempt she and most of her children were killed. Many months later her children were reborn with the assistance of Meatmarket, a child that Lilith did not expect would help her. This time they are allied with Centurious the Soulless Man. Their goal was to claim the mystical artifact called the Medallion of Power, and kill its inheritors, John Blaze, Daniel Ketch, and Vengeance. Lilith and her offspring betrayed Centurious and allied with his most hated enemy, Zarathos. However, the Midnight Sons banished Lilith and her offspring to the Shadowside. Zarathos was later turned into stone and killed. Lilith returned to the stony Zarathos, saying she abandoned her old offspring and replaced it with his offspring, promising vengeance for the both of them.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith was one of several demonic beings imprisoned within Avalon at the start of the Secret Invasion, but was then freed by Pete Wisdom during Captain Britain and MI3's battle with the Skrulls. Lilith subsequently joins Satannish and the other freed creatures in killing the invading Skrulls, after hearing them state that any magical creatures that do not serve the Skrulls will not be tolerated. She later joins Dracula's inner circle as he plans to invade the United Kingdom.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Lilith is widely described as one of the most magically skilled demons in the Marvel Universe; regarded as both a sorceress and a goddess. She is able to manipulate eldritch energy for several effects; to strike her opponents and even obliterate them when she exerts her full power on lesser creatures, conjure protective shields capable of protecting vampires from sunlight, fashion new Lilin either from nothingness or by converting other creatures, and to teleport herself or summon others. She is far more powerful and resilient than any of her children, making her a considerable challenge for the likes of Ghost Rider. Additionally, she is able to summon her demon children to Earth's dimension and the more demons she "births", the more her physical strength increases.


title: Lilith (Marvel Comics)

text: Through her genesis based attributes Lilith can literally give birth to countless races beyond those of the demonic lilim; ranging from humans to mutants and mystical beasts, etc. She can just as easily revitalize any of her fallen brood through the act of rebirthing after they die. She does so either through natural copulative procreation, consuming prior offspring, conjuring them out of nothingness, conversion of other species or through asexual reproduction. Her power also enables her to transmigrate living souls consumed into new entities, respawning them as any given species she desires at a later date in time. She can even rebirth herself; as her prior forms often burn out over the course of time, into a younger stronger body than the last.


title: Heitor Pereira

text: Heitor Teixeira Pereira () (born November 29, 1960), or Heitor TP, is a Brazilian composer, songwriter, musician, arranger, and record producer. In his career, Pereira has recorded with the band Simply Red and several famous musicians, such as Elton John, Rod Stewart, k.d. lang, Milton Nascimento, and Jack Johnson; and currently works as a film score composer, as well as a musician at Hans Zimmer's studio, he is best known for being the composer of the "Despicable Me" franchise. Although primarily a guitarist, he also provided backing vocals live for the Simply Red song "Thrill Me".


title: Heitor Pereira

text: In 1994, he released a solo album in the UK called "Heitor TP", which featured guest appearance from Mick Hucknall on the track "Manchester". Heitor left Simply Red to concentrate on his solo career. He played guitar and composed additional music for soundtracks like "Gladiator", "", "The Road to El Dorado", "Pearl Harbor", "I Am Sam", "", "Rango", "Madagascar" and "".


title: Heitor Pereira

text: In 2006, Heitor Pereira won a Grammy Award for 'Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying a Vocalist' on a version of the song "What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" by Chris Botti and Sting.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Sophie Mary Wilson (born Roger Wilson; June 1957) is an English computer scientist, who helped design the BBC Micro and ARM architecture.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Wilson first designed a microcomputer during a break from studies at Selwyn College, Cambridge. She subsequently joined Acorn Computers and was instrumental in designing the BBC Micro, including the BBC BASIC programming language whose development she led for the next 15 years. She first began designing the ARM reduced instruction set computer (RISC) in 1983, which entered production two years later. It became popular in embedded systems and is now the most widely used processor architecture in smartphones. Wilson is currently a director at the technology conglomerate Broadcom Inc. In 2011, she was listed in "Maximum PC" as number 8 in an article titled "The 15 Most Important Women in Tech History". She was made a Commander of the British Empire in 2019.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Born Roger Wilson, she was raised in Leeds, Yorkshire, by parents who were both teachers, her father specialising in English and her mother in physics. From 1975, she studied computer science and the Mathematical Tripos at Selwyn College, University of Cambridge and was a member of their Microprocessor society. In an Easter break from university, Wilson designed a microcomputer with a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, inspired by the earlier MK14, which was used to electronically control feed for cows.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: In 1978, she joined Acorn Computers Ltd, after designing a device to prevent cigarette lighter sparks triggering payouts on fruit machines. Her computer design was used by Chris Curry and Hermann Hauser to build the Acorn Micro-Computer, the first of a long line of computers sold by the company.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: In July 1981, Wilson extended the Acorn Atom's BASIC programming language dialect into an improved version for the Acorn Proton, a microcomputer that enabled Acorn to win the contract with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for their ambitious computer education project. Hauser employed a deception, telling both Wilson and colleague Steve Furber that the other had agreed a prototype could be built within a week. Taking up the challenge, she designed the system including the circuit board and components from Monday to Wednesday, which required fast new DRAM integrated circuits to be sourced directly from Hitachi. By Thursday evening, a prototype had been built, but the software had bugs, requiring her to stay up all night and into Friday debugging. Wilson recalled watching the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer on a small portable television while attempting to debug and re-solder the prototype. It was a success with the BBC, who awarded Acorn the contract. Along with Furber, Wilson was present backstage at the machine's first airing on television, in case any software fixes were required. She later described the event as "a unique moment in time when the public wanted to know how this stuff works and could be shown and taught how to programme."


title: Sophie Wilson

text: The Proton became the BBC Micro and its BASIC evolved into BBC BASIC, whose development was led by Wilson for the next 15 years. As well as programming, she wrote the manuals and technical specifications, realising communication was an important part of being successful.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: In October 1983, Wilson began designing the instruction set for one of the first reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors, the Acorn RISC Machine (ARM). The ARM1 was delivered on 26 April 1985 and worked first time. This processor type was later to become one of the most successful IP cores – a licensed CPU core – and by 2012 was being used in 95% of smartphones.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Wilson designed Acorn Replay, the video architecture for Acorn machines. This included operating system extensions for video access, as well as the codecs, optimized to run high frame rate video on ARM CPUs from the ARM 2 onwards.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: She was a non-executive director of the technology and games company Eidos plc, which bought and created Eidos Interactive, for the years following its flotation in 1990. She was a consultant to ARM Ltd when it was split off from Acorn in 1990.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Since the demise of Acorn Computers, Wilson has made a small number of public appearances to talk about work done there.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: She is now the Director of IC Design in Broadcom's Cambridge, UK office. She was the Chief Architect of Broadcom's Firepath processor. Firepath has its history in Acorn Computers, which, after being renamed to Element 14, was broken up in an acquisition, with the Element 14 name being transferred to a new company, this company eventually being bought by Broadcom in 2000.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Wilson was listed in 2011 in "Maximum PC" as number 8 in an article titled "The 15 Most Important Women in Tech History".


title: Sophie Wilson

text: She was awarded the Fellow Award by the Computer History Museum in California in 2012 "for her work, with Steve Furber, on the BBC Micro computer and the ARM processor architecture." In 2013, Wilson was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. She received the 2014 Lovie Lifetime Achievement Award in acknowledgement for her invention of the ARM processor. In 2016, she became an honorary fellow of her alma mater, Selwyn College, Cambridge. In 2020, she was honoured as a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Wilson was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to computing.


title: Sophie Wilson

text: Wilson underwent gender reassignment surgery and transitioned from male to female in 1994. She enjoys photography and is involved in a local theatre group, where she is in charge of costumes and set pieces and has acted in a number of productions. She has also played a cameo role as a pub landlady in the BBC television drama "Micro Men", in which a younger Wilson is played by Stefan Butler.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: Sindoor Ki Keemat () is an Indian Hindi soap opera starring Vaibhavi Hankare and Shehzad Shaikh. The show was premiered on 14 October 2021, and it was aired on Dangal TV Under the Banner of 4 Lions Films. This show is the remake of the Sun TV's Tamil television series "Roja".


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: The story starts with a girl named Mishri who grew up in a orphanage. She meets a criminal lawyer named Arjun Awasthi, the son of Prathap Awasthi. Arjun hates love and marriage and he also dislikes Mishri. Mishri hates him because of his behaviour. Another character called Priya is Mishri's friend, and is a mercenary and corrupt person who works for a criminal called Saakshi. She hates Mishri and her adopted father Swamiji, and Mishri slaps her.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: In revenge against Mishri and Swamiji, Priya and Saakshi kill a man who turns out to be an ex-partner of Priya. Mishri's father is thought to have carried out the murder, and is imprisoned. During all this, a lawyer, Brij Awasthi, is looking for his long-lost daughter Anu. This turns out to be Mishri. In temple, Mishri meets her biological father Brij, and they fail to recognise each other.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: She decides to find her daughter Anu. But she learns that she is the Anu who is the daughter of Brij Awasthi, she decided to tell her father but gets failed that Priya has stolen her identity and lived in the same home but Priya's work is to pose as the Anu and steal the property of Awasthi family so that she can become rich. Arjun's family decided to engagement with Priya (masquerading as "Fake Anu") to Arjun so that she can steal the property of the family.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: Arjun meets Mishri and says that he can release her father from jail and he can bring Priya and Saakshi to jail. But, they have one condition that she wants to agree to marry him in a one-year contract marriage so that he can take the Mishri's case. She agrees that deal and marries him. But his family members Including his Daadi Annapoorna Awasthi and her father Brij Awasthi dislikes her and blames her for she married to Arjun and her daughter Priya/Anu became a widower. His father Prathap Awasthi, His mother Kalpana and his brother Ashwin also supports her. But Brij's sister Yashoda and his henpecked husband Ballu also dislikes her. And they teamed with Priya to kick Mishri out of the house. But it is everytime gets failed after Arjun saves her. Dadi's older sister, Bhagawati arrives and supports Mishri.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: At the dramatic events, Mishri's ex-boyfriend comes and plans to kill her and his family with the help of Priya. One day, she saves Daadi from falling the cupboard which causes Daadi to misunderstand her and puts a shame on her. And her boyfriend kidnaps her. Who thinks that she had cheated to him. But it was defeated by Arjun and saves Mishri, and Priya pretended to be injured in front of the family and she says that Mishri broke her car and beat her which causes her to break her hand. Daadi files the case against Mishri which causes her to arrest by police. But Arjun threatens Priya by watching the video Where Priya broke her car by her own which was captured in CCTV camera in Arjun's phone and he says that if she says will not release Mishri from going to jail he will release this video in court. A scared Priya tells the court that She is Innocent which causes the court giving her a bail.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: One Day, at the house Annapoorna, Brij, Priya/Anu, Yashoda, Ballu turning Mishri into a Servant at the party at Arjun's house which causes a disheartened to Kalpana, Ashwin and Bhagawati. At the party, Mishri accidentally hits into the women which causes her to dress dirty. She scolds Mishri, But Arjun says to her that she is his wife and not a servant in the house. Mishri also accused for stealing the same women's thing. But the thief is non other than Yashoda. He knows that Yashoda was the one who steals her things so that she can kick Mishri out of the house. Prathap knows about this and slaps Yashoda.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: At Night, Priya listens the conversation between Arjun and Mishri. She later learns that Mishri and Arjun are not married. She knows that Arjun and Mishri was camed to take the case of Mishri and so that he can arrest Priya and Saakshi and they will go to jail.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: Another day, Brij goes into an accident which causes Mishri locks into the room in the hospital which was done By Priya and misunderstands Mishri and they think that Mishri locks Priya to kill her. But in the hospital, Mishri listens the conversation between Doctor and the Nurse it is revealed that Priya's blood is not matching on Brij's Blood. Another thing is Mishri's Blood is matching with Brij's blood she donates her blood to Brij's Blood and she finally says to them that Priya/Anu's blood is not matching on Brij's blood.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: One day, at the Dadi's birthday celebration Priya takes a plan to ruin Mishri's Dadi's birthday so that everyone thinks that it is Mishri's work but it also gets failed after they sees the video of Priya and Mishri's conversation. It is believed that it was Priya who ruined her Dadi and all of her family's photos with black ink, so Daadi slaps her. And then she locks Arjun into the freezer. but it was saved by Mishri itself.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: Arjun's mother, Kalpana, learns the truth about their marriage and she expels Mishri from the house which causes Daadi, Priya, Yashoda, Ballu, Brij, Prathap gets happy and they decided to marry Arjun to Priya. Mishri gets a new lawyer named Mohan, who is Arjun's junior and his enemy. Mohan had a feeling for Mishri. But, Mohan finds about this and locks Mishri into the water tank and saved by Arjun and they reunite and bring Mishri into the house.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: Arjun and Mishri's one-year contract marriage was terminated and then they fall in love and live as husband and wife.


title: Sindoor Ki Keemat

text: The filming of the show was started in October 2021. Producer Gul Khan cast the actress Vaibhavi Hankare as well as the television actor Shehzad Shaikh. They also cast Prerna Sharma. Later Madhavi Gogte was replaced by Kiran Bhargava as Dadi.


title: Tony Armstrong (Australian rules footballer)

text: Tony Armstrong (born 29 September 1989) is an Aboriginal Australian television presenter and former professional Australian rules footballer. Tony played for the Adelaide Football Club, Sydney Swans and Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).


text: He is currently sport presenter of the ABC's morning program "News Breakfast". For his work on this show, he won the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Popular New Talent at the 2022 Logies.


text: Originally from Burrumbuttock, New South Wales and of Barrabinya descent, Armstrong was initially interested in rugby league, but turned to Australian rules football, supporting the Sydney Swans. Armstrong was drafted by Adelaide in the 2007 AFL Draft at pick number 58.


text: Armstrong attended prestigious football school Assumption College, and also played games with TAC Cup sides NSW/ACT Rams and Calder Cannons. After being drafted, he played for SANFL club North Adelaide, and after some fine performances, was rewarded by Adelaide coach Neil Craig with many emergency spots in the lineup. He was named for his AFL debut in round 13, 2009, but was quarantined along with his housemate, teammate and fellow Assumption College graduate Richard Douglas due to a swine influenza scare, and so did not take his place on the field.


text: In September 2011, Armstrong walked out on the Adelaide Crows and requested a trade to the Sydney Swans, the club he supported as a child growing up in NSW. On 16 October 2011, Armstrong was granted his wish and was traded to the Swans in exchange for Lewis Johnston.


text: In April 2012, he made his debut for the Swans; he replaced club captain Adam Goodes, who was suspended for the match. Goodes is one of Armstrong's childhood idols.


text: At the end of 2013 AFL season, Armstrong was delisted by Sydney Swans and then joined Collingwood as a delisted free agent. He made his debut for Collingwood in round 19 of the 2014 AFL season.


text: Armstrong was delisted at the conclusion of the 2014 AFL season but was re-drafted by Collingwood in the rookie draft. At the conclusion of the 2015 season, after only playing one senior game, Armstrong was again delisted by Collingwood.


text: In March 2020, Armstrong began hosting the show "Yokayi Footy", a collaboration between NITV and the AFL.


text: In June 2020, Armstrong joined ABC as a producer and presenter of sports news on ABC Radio and Television presenting sport on "ABC News", commentating for "Grandstand AFL" on ABC Sport and hosting the summer series of "Offsiders".


text: In March 2021, ABC announced that Armstrong would fill in for Paul Kennedy on ABC TV's "News Breakfast" presenting sport from Tuesday to Friday for 3 months whilst Kennedy works on ABC's "7.30". Catherine Murphy presented sport on Monday. In July 2021, Armstrong was appointed as sport presenter on "News Breakfast" replacing Kennedy.


text: In November 2021, ABC announced that Armstrong would host "A Dog’s World" on ABC TV"," a three-part series that seeks to understand our ever-evolving relationship with dogs.


text: In June 2022, Armstrong won the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Popular New Talent at the 2022 Logie Awards for his work on the ABC News Breakfast show.


text: In September 2010, Armstrong was caught by police drink driving at over four times the legal limit. He had his driver's licence suspended for one year and his car was impounded. Additionally, the Adelaide Crows fined him $5,000 and suspended him for four matches.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of one or more faults within some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability, mission-critical, or even life-critical systems. The ability of maintaining functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as graceful degradation.


title: Fault tolerance

text: A fault-tolerant design enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The term is most commonly used to describe computer systems designed to continue more or less fully operational with, perhaps, a reduction in throughput or an increase in response time in the event of some partial failure. That is, the system as a whole is not stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. An example in another field is a motor vehicle designed so it will continue to be drivable if one of the tires is punctured, or a structure that is able to retain its integrity in the presence of damage due to causes such as fatigue, corrosion, manufacturing flaws, or impact.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Within the scope of an "individual" system, fault tolerance can be achieved by anticipating exceptional conditions and building the system to cope with them, and, in general, aiming for self-stabilization so that the system converges towards an error-free state. However, if the consequences of a system failure are catastrophic, or the cost of making it sufficiently reliable is very high, a better solution may be to use some form of duplication. In any case, if the consequence of a system failure is so catastrophic, the system must be able to use reversion to fall back to a safe mode. This is similar to roll-back recovery but can be a human action if humans are present in the loop.


title: Fault tolerance

text: The first known fault-tolerant computer was SAPO, built in 1951 in Czechoslovakia by Antonín Svoboda. Its basic design was magnetic drums connected via relays, with a voting method of memory error detection (triple modular redundancy). Several other machines were developed along this line, mostly for military use. Eventually, they separated into three distinct categories: machines that would last a long time without any maintenance, such as the ones used on NASA space probes and satellites; computers that were very dependable but required constant monitoring, such as those used to monitor and control nuclear power plants or supercollider experiments; and finally, computers with a high amount of runtime which would be under heavy use, such as many of the supercomputers used by insurance companies for their probability monitoring.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Most of the development in the so-called LLNM (Long Life, No Maintenance) computing was done by NASA during the 1960s, in preparation for Project Apollo and other research aspects. NASA's first machine went into a space observatory, and their second attempt, the JSTAR computer, was used in Voyager. This computer had a backup of memory arrays to use memory recovery methods and thus it was called the JPL Self-Testing-And-Repairing computer. It could detect its own errors and fix them or bring up redundant modules as needed. The computer is still working, as of early 2022.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Hyper-dependable computers were pioneered mostly by aircraft manufacturers, nuclear power companies, and the railroad industry in the USA. These needed computers with massive amounts of uptime that would fail gracefully enough with a fault to allow continued operation while relying on the fact that the computer output would be constantly monitored by humans to detect faults. Again, IBM developed the first computer of this kind for NASA for guidance of Saturn V rockets, but later on BNSF, Unisys, and General Electric built their own.


title: Fault tolerance

text: In general, the early efforts at fault-tolerant designs were focused mainly on internal diagnosis, where a fault would indicate something was failing and a worker could replace it. SAPO, for instance, had a method by which faulty memory drums would emit a noise before failure. Later efforts showed that to be fully effective, the system had to be self-repairing and diagnosing – isolating a fault and then implementing a redundant backup while alerting a need for repair. This is known as N-model redundancy, where faults cause automatic fail-safes and a warning to the operator, and it is still the most common form of level one fault-tolerant design in use today.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Voting was another initial method, as discussed above, with multiple redundant backups operating constantly and checking each other's results, with the outcome that if, for example, four components reported an answer of 5 and one component reported an answer of 6, the other four would "vote" that the fifth component was faulty and have it taken out of service. This is called M out of N majority voting.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Historically, the motion has always been to move further from N-model and more to M out of N due to the fact that the complexity of systems and the difficulty of ensuring the transitive state from fault-negative to fault-positive did not disrupt operations.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Tandem and Stratus were among the first companies specializing in the design of fault-tolerant computer systems for online transaction processing.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Hardware fault tolerance sometimes requires that broken parts be taken out and replaced with new parts while the system is still operational (in computing known as "hot swapping"). Such a system implemented with a single backup is known as single point tolerant and represents the vast majority of fault-tolerant systems. In such systems the mean time between failures should be long enough for the operators to have sufficient time to fix the broken devices (mean time to repair) before the backup also fails. It is helpful if the time between failures is as long as possible, but this is not specifically required in a fault-tolerant system.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Fault tolerance is notably successful in computer applications. Tandem Computers built their entire business on such machines, which used single-point tolerance to create their NonStop systems with uptimes measured in years.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Fail-safe architectures may encompass also the computer software, for example by process replication.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Data formats may also be designed to degrade gracefully. HTML for example, is designed to be forward compatible, allowing Web browsers to ignore new and unsupported HTML entities without causing the document to be unusable. Additionally, some sites, including popular platforms such as Twitter (until December 2020), provide an optional lightweight front end that does not rely on JavaScript and has a minimal layout, to ensure wide accessibility and outreach, such as on game consoles with limited web browsing capabilities.


title: Fault tolerance

text: A highly fault-tolerant system might continue at the same level of performance even though one or more components have failed. For example, a building with a backup electrical generator will provide the same voltage to wall outlets even if the grid power fails.


title: Fault tolerance

text: A system that is designed to fail safe, or fail-secure, or fail gracefully, whether it functions at a reduced level or fails completely, does so in a way that protects people, property, or data from injury, damage, intrusion, or disclosure. In computers, a program might fail-safe by executing a graceful exit (as opposed to an uncontrolled crash) in order to prevent data corruption after experiencing an error. A similar distinction is made between "failing well" and "failing badly".


title: Fault tolerance

text: A system that is designed to experience graceful degradation, or to fail soft (used in computing, similar to "fail safe") operates at a reduced level of performance after some component failures. For example, a building may operate lighting at reduced levels and elevators at reduced speeds if grid power fails, rather than either trapping people in the dark completely or continuing to operate at full power. In computing an example of graceful degradation is that if insufficient network bandwidth is available to stream an online video, a lower-resolution version might be streamed in place of the high-resolution version. Progressive enhancement is an example in computing, where web pages are available in a basic functional format for older, small-screen, or limited-capability web browsers, but in an enhanced version for browsers capable of handling additional technologies or that have a larger display available.


title: Fault tolerance

text: In fault-tolerant computer systems, programs that are considered robust are designed to continue operation despite an error, exception, or invalid input, instead of crashing completely. Software brittleness is the opposite of robustness. Resilient networks continue to transmit data despite the failure of some links or nodes; resilient buildings and infrastructure are likewise expected to prevent complete failure in situations like earthquakes, floods, or collisions.


title: Fault tolerance

text: A system with high failure transparency will alert users that a component failure has occurred, even if it continues to operate with full performance, so that failure can be repaired or imminent complete failure anticipated. Likewise, a fail-fast component is designed to report at the first point of failure, rather than allow downstream components to fail and generate reports then. This allows easier diagnosis of the underlying problem, and may prevent improper operation in a broken state.


title: Fault tolerance

text: A single fault condition is a situation where one means for protection against a hazard is defective. If a single fault condition results unavoidably in another single fault condition, the two failures are considered as one single fault condition. A source offers the following example:


title: Fault tolerance

text: Providing fault-tolerant design for every component is normally not an option. Associated redundancy brings a number of penalties: increase in weight, size, power consumption, cost, as well as time to design, verify, and test. Therefore, a number of choices have to be examined to determine which components should be fault tolerant:


title: Fault tolerance

text: An example of a component that passes all the tests is a car's occupant restraint system. While we do not normally think of the "primary" occupant restraint system, it is gravity. If the vehicle rolls over or undergoes severe g-forces, then this primary method of occupant restraint may fail. Restraining the occupants during such an accident is absolutely critical to safety, so we pass the first test. Accidents causing occupant ejection were quite common before seat belts, so we pass the second test. The cost of a redundant restraint method like seat belts is quite low, both economically and in terms of weight and space, so we pass the third test. Therefore, adding seat belts to all vehicles is an excellent idea. Other "supplemental restraint systems", such as airbags, are more expensive and so pass that test by a smaller margin.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Another excellent and long-term example of this principle being put into practice is the braking system: whilst the actual brake mechanisms are critical, they are not particularly prone to sudden (rather than progressive) failure, and are in any case necessarily duplicated to allow even and balanced application of brake force to all wheels. It would also be prohibitively costly to further double-up the main components and they would add considerable weight. However, the similarly critical systems for actuating the brakes under driver control are inherently less robust, generally using a cable (can rust, stretch, jam, snap) or hydraulic fluid (can leak, boil and develop bubbles, absorb water and thus lose effectiveness). Thus in most modern cars the footbrake hydraulic brake circuit is diagonally divided to give two smaller points of failure, the loss of either only reducing brake power by 50% and not causing as much dangerous brakeforce imbalance as a straight front-back or left-right split, and should the hydraulic circuit fail completely (a relatively very rare occurrence), there is a failsafe in the form of the cable-actuated parking brake that operates the otherwise relatively weak rear brakes, but can still bring the vehicle to a safe halt in conjunction with transmission/engine braking so long as the demands on it are in line with normal traffic flow. The cumulatively unlikely combination of total foot brake failure with the need for harsh braking in an emergency will likely result in a collision, but still one at lower speed than would otherwise have been the case.


title: Fault tolerance

text: In comparison with the foot pedal activated service brake, the parking brake itself is a less critical item, and unless it is being used as a one-time backup for the footbrake, will not cause immediate danger if it is found to be nonfunctional at the moment of application. Therefore, no redundancy is built into it per se (and it typically uses a cheaper, lighter, but less hardwearing cable actuation system), and it can suffice, if this happens on a hill, to use the footbrake to momentarily hold the vehicle still, before driving off to find a flat piece of road on which to stop. Alternatively, on shallow gradients, the transmission can be shifted into Park, Reverse or First gear, and the transmission lock / engine compression used to hold it stationary, as there is no need for them to include the sophistication to first bring it to a halt.


title: Fault tolerance

text: On motorcycles, a similar level of fail-safety is provided by simpler methods; firstly the front and rear brake systems being entirely separate, regardless of their method of activation (that can be cable, rod or hydraulic), allowing one to fail entirely whilst leaving the other unaffected. Secondly, the rear brake is relatively strong compared to its automotive cousin, even being a powerful disc on sports models, even though the usual intent is for the front system to provide the vast majority of braking force; as the overall vehicle weight is more central, the rear tyre is generally larger and grippier, and the rider can lean back to put more weight on it, therefore allowing more brake force to be applied before the wheel locks up. On cheaper, slower utility-class machines, even if the front wheel should use a hydraulic disc for extra brake force and easier packaging, the rear will usually be a primitive, somewhat inefficient, but exceptionally robust rod-actuated drum, thanks to the ease of connecting the footpedal to the wheel in this way and, more importantly, the near impossibility of catastrophic failure even if the rest of the machine, like a lot of low-priced bikes after their first few years of use, is on the point of collapse from neglected maintenance.


title: Fault tolerance

text: In addition, fault-tolerant systems are characterized in terms of both planned service outages and unplanned service outages. These are usually measured at the application level and not just at a hardware level. The figure of merit is called availability and is expressed as a percentage. For example, a five nines system would statistically provide 99.999% availability.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Research into the kinds of tolerances needed for critical systems involves a large amount of interdisciplinary work. The more complex the system, the more carefully all possible interactions have to be considered and prepared for. Considering the importance of high-value systems in transport, public utilities and the military, the field of topics that touch on research is very wide: it can include such obvious subjects as software modeling and reliability, or hardware design, to arcane elements such as stochastic models, graph theory, formal or exclusionary logic, parallel processing, remote data transmission, and more.


title: Fault tolerance

text: All implementations of RAID, redundant array of independent disks, except RAID 0, are examples of a fault-tolerant storage device that uses data redundancy.


title: Fault tolerance

text: A lockstep fault-tolerant machine uses replicated elements operating in parallel. At any time, all the replications of each element should be in the same state. The same inputs are provided to each replication, and the same outputs are expected. The outputs of the replications are compared using a voting circuit. A machine with two replications of each element is termed dual modular redundant (DMR). The voting circuit can then only detect a mismatch and recovery relies on other methods. A machine with three replications of each element is termed triple modular redundant (TMR). The voting circuit can determine which replication is in error when a two-to-one vote is observed. In this case, the voting circuit can output the correct result, and discard the erroneous version. After this, the internal state of the erroneous replication is assumed to be different from that of the other two, and the voting circuit can switch to a DMR mode. This model can be applied to any larger number of replications.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Lockstep fault-tolerant machines are most easily made fully synchronous, with each gate of each replication making the same state transition on the same edge of the clock, and the clocks to the replications being exactly in phase. However, it is possible to build lockstep systems without this requirement.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Bringing the replications into synchrony requires making their internal stored states the same. They can be started from a fixed initial state, such as the reset state. Alternatively, the internal state of one replica can be copied to another replica.


title: Fault tolerance

text: One variant of DMR is pair-and-spare. Two replicated elements operate in lockstep as a pair, with a voting circuit that detects any mismatch between their operations and outputs a signal indicating that there is an error. Another pair operates exactly the same way. A final circuit selects the output of the pair that does not proclaim that it is in error. Pair-and-spare requires four replicas rather than the three of TMR, but has been used commercially.


title: Fault tolerance

text: "Failure-oblivious computing" is a technique that enables computer programs to continue executing despite errors. The technique can be applied in different contexts. First, it can handle invalid memory reads by returning a manufactured value to the program, which in turn, makes use of the manufactured value and ignores the former memory value it tried to access, this is a great contrast to typical memory checkers, which inform the program of the error or abort the program. Second, it can be applied to exceptions where some catch blocks are written or synthesized to catch unexpected exceptions. Furthermore, it happens that the execution is modified several times in a row, in order to prevent cascading failures.


title: Fault tolerance

text: The approach has performance costs: because the technique rewrites code to insert dynamic checks for address validity, execution time will increase by 80% to 500%.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Recovery shepherding is a lightweight technique to enable software programs to recover from otherwise fatal errors such as null pointer dereference and divide by zero. Comparing to the failure oblivious computing technique, recovery shepherding works on the compiled program binary directly and does not need to recompile to program.


title: Fault tolerance

text: It uses the just-in-time binary instrumentation framework Pin. It attaches to the application process when an error occurs, repairs the execution,


title: Fault tolerance

text: tracks the repair effects as the execution continues, contains the repair effects within the application process, and detaches from the process after all repair effects are flushed from the process state. It does not interfere with the normal execution of the program and therefore incurs negligible overhead. For 17 of 18 systematically collected real world null-dereference and divide-by-zero errors, a prototype implementation enables the application to continue to execute to provide acceptable output and service to its users on the error-triggering inputs.


title: Fault tolerance

text: The circuit breaker design pattern is a technique to avoid catastrophic failures in distributed systems.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Redundancy is the provision of functional capabilities that would be unnecessary in a fault-free environment.


title: Fault tolerance

text: This can consist of backup components that automatically "kick in" if one component fails. For example, large cargo trucks can lose a tire without any major consequences. They have many tires, and no one tire is critical (with the exception of the front tires, which are used to steer, but generally carry less load, each and in total, than the other four to 16, so are less likely to fail).


title: Fault tolerance

text: The idea of incorporating redundancy in order to improve the reliability of a system was pioneered by John von Neumann in the 1950s.


title: Fault tolerance

text: Two kinds of redundancy are possible: space redundancy and time redundancy. Space redundancy provides additional components, functions, or data items that are unnecessary for fault-free operation. Space redundancy is further classified into hardware, software and information redundancy, depending on the type of redundant resources added to the system. In time redundancy the computation or data transmission is repeated and the result is compared to a stored copy of the previous result. The current terminology for this kind of testing is referred to as 'In Service Fault Tolerance Testing or ISFTT for short.


title: Fault tolerance

text: There is a difference between fault tolerance and systems that rarely have problems. For instance, the Western Electric crossbar systems had failure rates of two hours per forty years, and therefore were highly "fault resistant". But when a fault did occur they still stopped operating completely, and therefore were not "fault tolerant".


title: Finding Frances

text: "Finding Frances" is the series finale of American docu-reality comedy series "Nathan for You". It premiered on November 9, 2017, on Comedy Central. The seventh episode of the fourth season and the 32nd overall, it was directed by Nathan Fielder and co-written with Leo Allen, Carrie Kemper, Michael Koman, Adam Locke-Norton, and Eric Notarnicola. "Finding Frances" follows Nathan as he attempts to help septuagenarian Bill Heath track down Frances, a lost love from his youth. It has an extended runtime of 84 minutes and a more serious tone than previous episodes. While it was initially billed as simply the season finale, one year later Comedy Central confirmed that Fielder had decided to end the series. "Finding Frances" received universal acclaim and was named one of the most memorable TV episodes of 2017 by the "New York Times".


title: Finding Frances

text: 78-year-old Bill Heath (who first appeared in second-season episode '"Souvenir Shop / E.L.A.I.F.F." as a Bill Gates impersonator) frequently visits the "Nathan for You" production office. During his visits Bill is preoccupied by a woman named Frances Gaddy, whom he dated in his youth and lost touch with. Nathan decides to use the show's resources to help him track down Frances. They fly to Bill's hometown of Little Rock, Arkansas to start the search. Shortly after arriving Nathan is troubled to learn from Bill's niece that he has never been a Bill Gates impersonator. Bill denies ever saying he was.


title: Finding Frances

text: Frances graduated from Dumas High School in Dumas, Arkansas, so they form a plan to gain access to the high school's archive of yearbooks. They pose as the producers of "Mud 2: Never Clean", a fictional sequel to "Mud", because it was filmed in Dumas. Under this veil of legitimacy, they find the correct yearbook. After Bill finds Frances' photo, Nathan flies in age progressionist Cornelius Ladd (who appeared in the episode "Sporting Goods Store / Antique Shop") to create a contemporary photo of Frances. They post flyers with the image around town and are contacted by a man who thinks it may be his great-grandmother, but when they go meet her, she is not Frances Gaddy.


title: Finding Frances

text: Bill attends his 60th reunion at Little Rock Central High, which gives Nathan the idea to hold a 57th reunion at Dumas High School in hopes that an alumnus who knows Frances' whereabouts will attend. However, no one at the reunion knows where she is or has heard from her.


title: Finding Frances

text: Bill finds letters he received from Frances 50 years ago and they confirm a deep love affair that was marred by Bill's infidelity and other untoward behavior. Nathan hires an escort, Maci, to see how Bill would conduct himself with a woman, but when Bill refuses to meet Maci, Nathan goes instead. Nathan enjoys meeting her and hires her for several more dates where they spend time together and eventually kiss in a hotel room.


title: Finding Frances

text: They visit Frances' family grave plot and use her father's name to locate his obituary; Frances' married name and her Michigan home are listed there. After finding her Facebook page, Nathan is troubled by Bill's distaste for Frances' husband and his stated desire for Frances to leave her husband and marry him. Nathan hires June, an actress who looks like Frances, to role play what Bill and Frances' reunion meeting might be like. Bill acts inappropriately toward June until Nathan asks Bill and June to switch roles. In the role of Frances, Bill appears to understand that she might harbor some frustration toward him.


title: Finding Frances

text: Nathan and Bill find Frances' address and fly to Michigan. They park down the street from her house and Nathan encourages Bill to call Frances because arriving with cameras might startle her. During the call, Bill seems frustrated that Frances doesn't recognize his voice. Frances shares that she is a grandmother and is happy with her life. Bill says he was just calling to hear her voice and they end the call pleasantly. After, Bill says that there's no need to go to her home.


title: Finding Frances

text: Nathan and Bill return to Los Angeles and some time later, Bill gives Nathan a serving platter to thank him for his help. He asks Nathan to connect him with June, and Bill and June later meet up for a lunch date. Nathan flies back to Arkansas to meet Maci in a pavilion next to a construction site. In the final shot, a drone camera flies away from the couple, revealing the camera crew arranged around them.


title: Finding Frances

text: The episode was co-written by series co-creator and star Nathan Fielder with Leo Allen, Carrie Kemper, Michael Koman, Adam Locke-Norton, and Eric Notarnicola. According to Fielder, when he and his team initially decided to film the search for Frances, "it turned into this two-hour feature-length documentary they aired as a special."


title: Finding Frances

text: The episode premiered on Comedy Central on November 9, 2017. Fielder held a special screening of "Finding Frances" that evening at Regency Village Theater. That the episode was the series finale was not announced until nearly a year after it aired; in October 2018, Comedy Central released a statement that Fielder had decided to end the series.


title: Finding Frances

text: "Finding Frances" speaks to themes of love and regret. Of the episode's themes, Rachel Pickett wrote in "The Maneater", "Not only does the episode speak to regret and lost opportunities in love, but it does it in a way that is often shockingly profound and truthful, especially given the medium in which Fielder chooses to tell his stories." Karen Han of "The Daily Beast" referred to it as "a meditation on love and the passage of time" in a manner similar to "Twin Peaks".


title: Finding Frances

text: Critics discussed how the episode complicates reality television and scripted works within the depiction of Maci and Nathan's relationship; Errol Morris wrote in "the New Yorker", "What’s the difference between a bad impersonator and a meta-impersonator? Or between true love and delusion? What makes something real? That we believe in it? That we can convince others to? These questions all come to a head in Fielder’s season finale." Similarly, Cameron R. Flatt of "Vox" stated, "Whether the entire thing is genuinely real, completely scripted or, most likely, something in between, that’s not the point. Through his attempts to blur the lines of fact and fiction, Fielder himself has lost that line."


title: Finding Frances

text: The episode received universal acclaim. John Hugar of "The A.V. Club" described it as "likely the best episode in a show full of brilliant ones. It was an unflinching look at regret and one’s refusal to move on and accept that things can’t be changed." He also noted that unlike the other episodes in the series, "Finding Frances" had a much more somber tone. Karen Han referred to it in the "Daily Beast" as "unquestionably one of the best TV episodes of the year, definitely the best standalone, and perhaps just as worthy of the argument over what counts as TV and what counts as a movie..." Dale Eisinger of "Spin" described the episode's positioning within the series: "...all four seasons of "Nathan For You" have built toward this. The only semblance of narrative over the years has been Nathan himself trying to create friendships or romances from his oddball escapades. Nathan, who tends toward an on-screen awkwardness that distances himself from his subjects, often fails at this...But, in the end, the viewer sees how all the gears interlock, and how the entire enterprise seems to be borne of the best intentions."


title: Finding Frances

text: Errol Morris reviewed the episode in a "New Yorker" essay, and called the ending "utterly remarkable. I guess you could say that it breaks the fourth wall. But I’m not sure that there’s a fourth wall to be broken here."


title: Finding Frances

text: "Finding Frances" was named to "Best TV Episodes of 2017" lists by the "New York Times", The Ringer, and "Vox".


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Diabolus in Musica (Latin for "The Devil in Music") is the eighth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released on June 9, 1998, by American Recordings. Guitarist Jeff Hanneman wrote most of the album's content, which has been described as Slayer's most experimental. It was the band's first album to be played mostly in C tuning, and named after a musical interval known for its dissonance. Lyrical themes explored on the album include religion, sex, cultural deviance, death, insanity, war, and homicide.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, "Diabolus in Musica" peaked at number 31 on the "Billboard" 200, selling over 46,000 copies in its first week of sales. By 2009, it had sold over 306,000 copies in the United States.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Paul Bostaph returned to Slayer in early 1997 after his short-lived side project The Truth About Seafood, and the band entered the recording studio a few months later. "Diabolus in Musica" was recorded at Ocean Way Recording, and complete by September 1997. It was scheduled to be released the following month, but got delayed until the middle of 1998, after American Recordings was taken over by Columbia Records.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman described the writing process as, "When we were writing this album I was looking for something to beat; I wanted something to beat, but nothing impresses me right now. Nothing sounded really aggressive or heavy enough to inspire me to beat it, so I just had to come up with my own shit."


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Adrien Begrand of "PopMatters" felt Slayer introduced characteristics to its music including tuned down guitars, murky chord structures, and churning beats. He believed these characteristics were adopted in response to the then-burgeoning nu metal scene. Drummer Paul Bostaph claims the album is his favorite as he thought the album was "as experimental as Slayer got". As a result, "Diabolus in Musica" was described as nu metal, and has also been described as groove metal.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: "Diabolus in Musica" is a Latin term for "The Devil in Music" or tritone. Medieval musical rules did not allow this particular dissonance. According to one mythology, the interval was considered sexual and would bring out the devil; Slayer vocalist and bassist Tom Araya jokingly said that people were executed for writing and using the interval.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Araya held concern about the lyrics that King penned to "In the Name of God", voicing his opinion to guitarist Hanneman. King's viewpoint was; "It's like, 'C'mon, man, you're in Slayer. You're the antichrist — you said it yourself on the first album!' You can't draw the line like that. Whether he agrees with it or not, he didn't write it — I wrote it. So you have to say, 'Well, it's just a part of being in this band.' Now Jeff and I, we don't give a fuck. If Jeff wrote something I had a problem with, I would never even raise a fucking finger. I'd be like, 'Fuck yeah, let's do it! Gonna piss someone off? Alright!'"


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Following the release of the album, the band commenced the Diabolus in Musica tour. From 1998 to 1999, Slayer toured with Sepultura, System of a Down, Fear Factory, Kilgore, Clutch, Meshuggah, and Sick of It All. Slayer released a promotional 3-track album called "Diabolus in Musica Tour Sampler". The album features 3 tracks, one from "Diabolus in Musica" ("Stain of Mind"), "Ship of Gold" off tourmate Clutch's "The Elephant Riders" and "Suite-Pee" (Clean Version) from the debut album by System of a Down.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: "Diabolus in Musica" was released on June 9, 1998, by American Recordings. In its first week of release, the album sold 46,000 copies in the United States, and debuted at number 31 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set "Soundtrack to the Apocalypse", Adrien Begrand of PopMatters called "Diabolus in Musica" "a unique record [...] It's as if they're stepping in to show the young bands how to do it right, as songs like 'Bitter Peace', 'Death's Head', and the terrific 'Stain of Mind' blow away anything that young pretenders have put out." Writing in "The Guardian", journalist Joel McIver said although the album was as musically heavy and lyrically dark as any of Slayer's previous releases, it exhibited the groove-based style of the then-popular nu metal sound.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: However, not all reviews were positive. Reviewing a Slayer concert at Irving Plaza during the Diabolus in Musica tour, Ben Ratliff of "The New York Times"' panned the album for its murky production, saying: "Eight of the 11 songs on "Diabolus in Musica", a few of which were played at the show, are in the same gray key, and the band's rhythmic ideas have a wearying sameness too." Reviewing Slayer's 2001 album "God Hates Us All", Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borivoj Krgin described "Diabolus in Musica" as "a feeble attempt at incorporating updated elements into the group's sound, the presence of which elevated the band's efforts somewhat and offered hope that Slayer could refrain from endlessly rehashing their previous material for their future output." Sarah Vowell of "Spin" gave the album a four out of ten rating, stating that "Fifteen years into Slayer's career, they're still deploying the same fast beats and sluggish riffs and batty banter." concluding that "This is loudness without fun, blasphemy without subversion, darkness with no shades of gray. The drums are miked really well, though."


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Songs from the album were rarely played live following the return of drummer Dave Lombardo in 2002, with "Stain of Mind" being the only constant.


title: Diabolus in Musica

text: Kerry King has expressed regrets in making "Diabolous in Musica."In the "Nu Metal" episode of the 2011 VH1 documentary series "Metal Evolution", he said the following in retrospect about the album:


title: Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!

text: "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!" is a song by Dutch Eurodance group Vengaboys, released as a single in October 1998 from the band's debut album, "Up & Down - The Party Album" (1998). It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in June 1999 and peaked atop the charts of Flanders, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden while also topping the Canadian "RPM" Dance 30 chart. It was a top-ten hit in several other countries, including Australia, France, and Italy.


title: Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!

text: The song was written by Vengaboys producers Danski and Delmundo, with the first verse interpolating the ABBA song "Lay All Your Love on Me" written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. It was released to radio in the United States in June 1999 and re-released to US radio in June 2017. In the United Kingdom, Positiva Records issued the song as two CD single.


title: Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!

text: "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!" is a Eurodance and pop song that runs for 3 minutes and 22 seconds. It is written in the key of F-sharp major and maintains a tempo of 138 beats per minute in common time.


title: Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!

text: The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending 20 June 1999. It has sold over 620,000 copies in the UK as of July 2014.


title: Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!

text: The song received mixed reviews, though most were generally positive. It was named the fifth "worst ever summer song" in a survey conducted by Tony Blackburn and music e-tailer www.bol.com. AllMusic editor William Cooper wrote that "the campy approach can be overbearing, but the upbeat, tuneful material on this release is difficult to dislike." Andrew Cowen from the "Birmingham Post" described the song as being "as daft as the title". While Craig Seymour of "The Buffalo News" named it a "boppy uptempo tune" that is "sure to please the aerobics instructor in all of us". "BuzzFeed" listed the song at number 66 in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s" in 2017. Can't Stop the Pop described it as "a relentless tour-de-force of Eurodance". They added that "it's like a slightly poppier take on 2 Unlimited, with perfectly crisp, dizzying Wurlitzer-synth melodies and a thumping beat that evokes the spirit – if not quite the reality – of mid-‘90s club nights." A writer from the "Daily Record" said that Vengaboys were ready "for their biggest hit yet", adding that it, like their previous singles, was "another full on party anthem". The writer also wrote that the song "has more bounce than a bouncy castle", and added, "Start singing it and you won't stop all day. Band of the year anyone?"


title: Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!

text: Insider said that "this sweet and poppy hit is a total earworm and chances are you still remember it all these years later." A reporter from the "Milton Keynes Citizen" branded it a "spine-chilling teeny-pop chart hit". The song was featured at number fifteen on "The People"s list of "top songs of 1999". Pop Rescue wrote that "this song is so catchy – with its thumping beats, simple melody, and easy to remember chorus. It includes plenty of big ‘woaahhohohohoh‘ dance vocals and robotic vocal samples." Katjusa Cisar from the "Wisconsin State Journal" described it as "a sublime mix of catchy melodies, booming bass and stupidly simple lyrics, dating back to the days when Euro dance-pop was at its peak."


title: Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!

text: In November 1999, "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!" was used in an advert in Japan for Nissan for their Wingroad 5-door estate. In 2001, British furniture retailer DFS used the song to front a promotion campaign and their sales increased by ten per cent. Lisa Vaas from "eWeek" reported that an internet viral game containing malware had been used to gain remote control of computers; once in control, the attackers would "torture" their victims by playing "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom". In 2012, US recording artist Rye Rye sampled the song in the chorus to her single "Boom Boom". It was also used during the credits of the last editions of the "Jeux sans frontières" in 1999.


title: DearMoon project

text: The dearMoon project is a lunar tourism mission and art project conceived and financed by Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa. It will make use of a SpaceX Starship spacecraft on a private spaceflight flying a single circumlunar trajectory around the Moon. The passengers will be Maezawa and eight other civilians, and there may be one or two crew members. The project was unveiled in September 2018 and was scheduled to launch in 2023. The project objective is to have eight passengers travel with Maezawa for free around the Moon on a six-day tour. Maezawa expects that the experience of space tourism will inspire the accompanying passengers in the creation of something new. The art would be exhibited some time after returning to Earth to help promote peace around the world.


title: DearMoon project

text: Maezawa had previously contracted in 2017 with SpaceX for a lunar flyby in a much smaller Dragon 2 spacecraft launched by a Falcon Heavy launch vehicle, which would have carried only two passengers. According to a SpaceX announcement in early 2018, the Falcon Heavy plan was shelved in light of the development of Starship.


title: DearMoon project

text: On February 27, 2017, SpaceX announced that they were planning to fly two space tourists on a free-return trajectory around the Moon, now known to be billionaire Yusaku Maezawa, and one friend. This mission, which would have launched in late 2018, was planned to use the Crew Dragon 2 capsule already developed under contract for NASA's Commercial Crew Program and launched via a Falcon Heavy rocket. As well as being a source of income for the company, any mission would serve as technology development for SpaceX's further plans to colonize Mars.


title: DearMoon project

text: At the time of the 2017 announcement, the Crew Dragon 2 capsule was still under development and the Falcon Heavy had yet to fly. Industry analysts noted that the schedule proposed by SpaceX might be too ambitious, as the capsule was expected to need modifications to handle differences in flight profile between the proposed lunar flight and its main use for crew transfer to space stations orbiting Earth.


title: DearMoon project

text: In February 2018, SpaceX announced it no longer had plans to certify the Falcon Heavy for human spaceflight and that lunar missions would be flown on Starship (then called "BFR"). Then, on September 14, 2018, SpaceX announced that the previously contracted passenger would be launched aboard Starship to flyby the Moon in 2023. Starship will have a pressurized volume of , large common areas, central storage, a galley, and a solar storm shelter.


title: DearMoon project

text: The project was announced in 2018 with the original intent to bring a crew of artists to the Moon. In this latest release, Maezawa calls for applicants to make up a crew of eight individuals from around the world for the week-long lunar trip.


title: DearMoon project

text: On February 7, 2019, the "dearMoon" YouTube channel posted a video in which Maezawa discusses the movie "First Man" with director Damien Chazelle and lead actor Ryan Gosling. In the video, Maezawa officially invites Chazelle to come with him on his "dearMoon project", making Chazelle the first person to be publicly invited to go. However, Chazelle answered that he had to think about it and discuss it with his wife. On March 3, 2021, Yusaku Maezawa announced that eight members of the public will be selected to fly on "dearMoon". On July 16, 2021, Yuzaku Maezawa uploaded a video that reveals 1 million people have joined, but there was still no information on who won the 8 seats.


title: DearMoon project

text: The "dearMoon project" passengers will be Yusaku Maezawa and eight accomplished artists that Maezawa has invited to travel with him for free. Maezawa expects this flight to inspire the artists in their creation of new art, which will be presented some time after their return to Earth. He hopes this project will help promote peace around the world.


title: DearMoon project

text: Initially proposed to launch in 2023, the circumlunar mission is expected to take 6 days to complete. In 1970, Apollo 13 followed a similar trajectory around the Moon. During the 2020s NASA's Artemis 2 is expected to launch on similar trajectories, while Artemis 1 entered a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon for 6 days. The circumlunar Artemis 2 mission is planned to be crewed and to be launched in 2024.


title: Commodification

text: Within a capitalist economic system, commodification is the transformation of things such as goods, services, ideas, nature, personal information, people or animals into objects of trade or commodities. A commodity at its most basic, according to Arjun Appadurai, is "anything intended for exchange," or any object of economic value.


title: Commodification

text: Commodification is often criticized on the grounds that some things ought not to be treated as commodities—for example, water, education, data, information, knowledge, human life, and animal life.


title: Commodification

text: The earliest use of the word "commodification" in English attested in the "Oxford English Dictionary" dates from 1975. Use of the concept of commodification became common with the rise of critical discourse analysis in semiotics.


title: Commodification

text: The terms "commodification" and "commoditization" are sometimes used synonymously, particularly in the sense of this article, to describe the process of making commodities out of anything that used not to be available for trade previously; compare anthropology usage.


title: Commodification

text: However, other authors distinguish them (as done in this article), with "commodification" used in social contexts to mean that a non-commercial good has become commercial, typically with connotations of "corrupted by commerce", while "commoditization" is used in business contexts to mean when the market for an existing product has become a commodity market, where products are interchangeable and there is heavy price competition. In a quip: "Microprocessors are commoditized. Love is commodified."


title: Commodification

text: Concepts that have been argued as having become commercialized include broad items such as patriotism, sport, intimacy, language, nature or the body.


title: Commodification

text: Commodifications of humans have been discussed in various context, from slavery to surrogacy. Auctions of cricket players by Indian Premier League, Big Bash League and others is also discussed to be a case of human commodification. Virginity auctions are a further example of self-commodification. "Human commodity" is a term used in case of human organ trade, paid surrogacy (also known as commodification of the womb), and human trafficking. Slave trade as a form of human trafficking is a form of the commodification of people. According to Gøsta Esping-Andersen, people are commodified or 'turned into objects' when selling their labour on the market to an employer.


title: Commodification

text: Commodification of animals is one of the earliest forms of commodification, which can be traced back to the time when domestication of animals began. It includes animal slavery in all forms, including use of animals for food, medicine, fashion and cosmetics, medical research, labor and transport, entertainment, wildlife trade, companionship, and so forth. Scholars say that the commodification of nonhuman animals in food systems is directly linked to capitalist systems that prioritize "monopolistically inclined financial interests" over the well-being of humans, nonhumans, and the environment. Over 200 billion land and aquatic animals are killed every year to provide humans with animal products for consumption, which many scholars and activists have described as an "animal holocaust". The extensive use of land and other resources for the production of meat instead of grain for human consumption is a leading cause of malnutrition, hunger, and famine around the world.


title: Commodification

text: American author and feminist bell hooks described the cultural commodification of race and difference as the dominant culture "eating the other". To hooks, cultural expressions of Otherness, even revolutionary ones, are sold to the dominant culture for their enjoyment. And any messages of social change are not marketed for their messages but used as a mechanism for the dominant ones to acquire a piece of the "primitive". Any interests in past historical culture almost always have a modern twist. According to Mariana Torgovnick:


title: Commodification

text: What is clear now is that the West's fascination with the primitive has to do with its own crises in identity, with its own need to clearly demarcate subject and object even while flirting with other ways of experiencing the universe.


title: Commodification

text: hooks states that marginalized groups are seduced by this concept because of "the promise of recognition and reconciliation".


title: Commodification

text: When the dominant culture demands that the Other be offered as sign that progressive political change is taking place, that the American Dream can indeed be inclusive of difference, it invites a resurgence of essentialist cultural nationalism.


title: Commodification

text: Commodification of indigenous cultures refers to "areas in the life of a community which prior to its penetration by tourism have not been within the domain of economic relations regulated by criteria of market exchange” (Cohen 1988, 372). An example of this type of cultural commodification can be described through viewing the perspective of Hawaiian cultural change since the 1950s. A Hawaiian Luau, which was once a traditional performance reserved for community members and local people, but through the rise of tourism, this tradition has lost part of its cultural meaning and is now mostly a "for profit" performance.


title: Commodification

text: Digital commodification is when a business or corporation uses information from an online community without their knowledge for profit. The commodification of information allows a higher up authority to make money rather than a collaborative system of free thoughts. Massive corporations like Google, Apple, Facebook, Netflix, and Amazon have something of a monopoly online, meaning that the commodification of online communities is accelerated and concentrated. Digital tracking, like cookies, have further commodified the use of the internet because the information is often used for advertising, giving each click, view, or stream monetary value, even if it is an interaction with free content.