title: Hafu (gamer)

text: Wang started taking the game World of Warcraft more seriously when the player versus player (PvP) arena mode was introduced to the game in 2007. At this point, she did not know it was possible to play video games professionally, but her talent called the attention of sponsors, which allowed her to attend the Major League Gaming (MLG) in 2008, and several other tournaments over the next years. Eventually, Hafu switched to another PvP arena game, Bloodline Champions, becoming the DreamHack Summer 2011 champion, along with teammates MegaZero and Iverson.


title: Hafu (gamer)

text: More recently, Wang's main focus has been on her career as a live streamer, although she has taken part in some gaming tournaments, most notably for Hearthstone. Several thousand people regularly view her Twitch streams, and she has over 1 million followers on her channel. In late 2015, she appeared on Smasher's "Legends of Gaming". On August 15, 2019, Hafu joined G2 Esports as a "Teamfight Tactics" streamer. Hafu won the second PogChamps chess tournament in September 2020.


title: Hafu (gamer)

text: In September 2020, Wang began streaming and posting videos of her playing "Among Us", frequently playing with other popular streamers including Disguised Toast, dakotaz, and xChocoBars. The increasing popularity of the game in part allowed her to become the second most-viewed female streamer in the month of November, only being surpassed by Valkyrae.


title: Thimmarusu

text: Thimmarusu: Assignment Valli is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language crime thriller film directed by Sharan Koppisetty and produced by Mahesh S. Koneru and Yarabolu Srujan under the production company East Coast Productions and S Originals. The film stars Satyadev Kancharana, Priyanka Jawalkar and Ajay in lead roles. The film is the remake of 2019 Kannada film "," which itself is based on the 2017 Korean film "New Trial." The music is composed by Sricharan Pakala. The film is named after Mahamanthri Timmarusu of the Vijayanagara Empire. The film was released on 30 July 2021.


title: Thimmarusu

text: The film begins with a man handing taxi driver Aravind, a police informant, a video of suspicious activity. Later that night, a man named Vasu drives across the road to see Aravind dead. Vasu is arrested by corrupt cop Bhupati Raju, who beats him up and frames him.


title: Thimmarusu

text: Producers Mahesh S. Koneru and Yarabolu Srujan announced the film in early September 2020. It is Sharan's second directorial after "Kirrak Party" (2018). Principal photography of the film was started in October 2020. The producers of the film announced in December 2020 that filming was nearing completion as they were projecting a release in January 2021. In an interview to "Eenadu", Satyadev said that the filming was completed in 39 days within a single schedule ["sic"]. The film's original story writer M. G. Srinivas was constantly in contact during the production.


title: Thimmarusu

text: Sangeetha Devi Dundoo felt that, in the story, Rashomon effect was used by the character Ramachandra, by which he tries to look at the crime from different points of views. In an article published by "Firstpost", Hemanth Kumar wrote that the filmmaker draws parallels between historic figures (here, it is Mahamantri Timmarusu) and present-day lawyers. Sibi Jeyya felt that the protagonist of the film, Ramachandra, has similar characteristic features, when compared to Sherlock Holmes. He further said that Sharan Koppisetty has taken much inspiration from the canon of Sherlock Holmes, written by Arthur Conan Doyle.


title: Thimmarusu

text: Soundtrack album and film score is composed by Sricharan Pakala. The music rights were sold to Mango Music label. First single of the album, "The Thimmarusu", was released on 16 July 2021. The song was written by Kittu Vissapragada and features vocals of Raghu Dixit, Jyotsna Pakala, Ambika Sashittal and Yamini Ghantasala.


title: Thimmarusu

text: The film was earlier scheduled to release on 21 May 2021, which later was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic in India. On 8 July 2021, it was announced that the film will be releasing on 30 July 2021. The same month, the film was certified by the Central Board of Film Certification for its release in India.


title: Thimmarusu

text: Praising the performance of various actors, Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" wrote that "‘Thimmarusu’, the Telugu remake of the Kannada film ‘Birbal’, is tauter and leverages the strengths of its lead man, Satya Dev". "The Indian Express" called it a "convoluted thriller" and commented that "the storyline doesn’t always hold up or hold your interest all through as the narrative feels inconsistent and never fully satisfying. At times snail-paced and repetitive, the story takes its own sweet time to unfold".


title: Thimmarusu

text: Writing for "The Times of India", Sravan Vanaparthy stated: ""Thimmarusu" is an earnest attempt and thrills in most parts, but is otherwise let down by a contrived screenplay and a hurried climax" and gave a rating of three out of five. "The Hans India" too rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote that "Satyadev's performance, Brahmaji's humor, story, and twists are major highlights of this film". A critic of "Deccan Chronicle" praised the film's cinematography, editing and music. He further added that the is a decent crime thriller with a unique backdrop and engrossing screenplay.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Beacon Hill is a historic neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, and the hill upon which the Massachusetts State House resides. The term "Beacon Hill" is used locally as a metonym to refer to the state government or the legislature itself, much like Washington, D.C.'s "Capitol Hill" does at the federal level.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Federal-style rowhouses, narrow gaslit streets and brick sidewalks adorn the neighborhood, which is generally regarded as one of the more desirable and expensive in Boston. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Like many similarly named areas, the neighborhood is named for the location of a former beacon atop the highest point in central Boston. The beacon was used to warn the residents of an invasion.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Beacon Hill is bounded by Storrow Drive, and Cambridge, Bowdoin, Park and Beacon Streets. It is about 1/6 of a square mile, and situated along the riverfront of the Charles River Esplanade to the west, just north of Boston Common and the Boston Public Garden. The block bound by Beacon, Tremont and Park Streets is included as well. Beacon Hill has three sections: the south slope, the north slope and the "Flat of the Hill", which is a level neighborhood built on landfill. It is west of Charles Street and between Beacon Street and Cambridge Street.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Located in the center of the Shawmut Peninsula, the area originally had three hills, Beacon Hill and two others nearby; Pemberton Hill and Mount Vernon, which were leveled for Beacon Hill development. The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street. Between 1807 and 1832 Beacon Hill was reduced from 138 feet in elevation to 80 feet. The shoreline and bodies of water such as the Mill Pond had a "massive filling", increasing Boston's land mass by 150%. Charles Street was one of the new roads created from the project.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Before the hill was reduced substantially, Beacon Hill was located just behind the current site of the Massachusetts State House.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023. This reflects a slight (0.3% or 29 individuals) decrease from the 2000 Census. The racial/ethnic make-up of the neighborhood's population is as follows: 86.8% of the population is white, 2% black or African American, 4.1% Hispanic or Latino, 0.1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 5.3% Asian, 0.4% some other race/ethnicity, and 1.3% two or more races/ethnicities.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: According to 2007-2011 American Community Survey estimates, of the 5,411 households in Beacon Hill, 27.3% were family households and 72.7 were non-family households (with 55.7% of those female householders). Of the 1,479 family households 81.6% were married couple families. 36.6% of married couple families were with related children under the age of 18 and 63.4% were with no related children under age 18. Other family types make up 18.4% of Beacon Hill's population, with 90.8% being female householders with no husband present and a majority of these households included children under 18 present.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Codes 02108 and 02114 are:


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The first European settler was William Blaxton, also spelled Blackstone. In 1625 he built a house and orchard on Beacon Hill's south slope, roughly at the location of Beacon and Spruce street. The settlement was a "preformal arrangement". In 1630 Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company. The southwestern slope was used by the city for military drills and livestock grazing. In 1634 a signal beacon was established on the top of the hill. Sailors and British soldiers visited the north slope of Beacon Hill during the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result, it became an "undesirable" area for Boston residents. "Fringe activities" occurred on "Mount Whoredom", the backslope of Beacon Hill.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Beacon Street was established in 1708 from a cow path to the Boston Common. John Singleton Copley owned land on the south slope for pasture for his cows and farmland.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: In 1787 Charles Bulfinch designed the Massachusetts State House. Its construction was completed in 1795, replacing the Old State House in the center of Boston.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The Mount Vernon Proprietors group was formed to develop the trimount area, The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street. when by 1780 the city's neighborhoods could no longer meet the needs of the growing number of residents. Eighteen and a half or 19 acres of grassland west of the State House was purchased in 1795, most of it from John Singleton Copley. The Beacon Hill district's development began when Charles Bulfinch, an architect and planner, laid out the plan for the neighborhood. Four years later the hills were leveled, Mount Vernon Street was laid, and mansions were built along it. One of the first homes was the Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Construction of homes began in earnest at the turn of the century, such as: freestanding mansions, symmetrical pairs of houses, and row houses. Between 1803 and 1805, the first row houses were built for Stephen Higginson.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: In the 1830s, residential homes were built for wealthy people on Chestnut and Mt. Vernon Streets. Some affluent people moved, beginning in the 1870s, to Back Bay with its "French-inspired boulevards and mansard-roofed houses that were larger, lighter, and airier than the denser Beacon Hill."


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: In the early 19th century, there were "fringe activities" along the Back Bay waterfront, with ropewalks along Beacon and Charles Streets.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The south slope "became the seat of Boston wealth and power." It was carefully planned for people who left densely populated areas, like the North End. The residents of opulent homes, called the Boston Brahmins, were described by Oliver Wendell Holmes as a "harmless, inoffensive, untitled aristocracy". They had "houses by Charles Bulfinch, their monopoly on Beacon Street, their ancestral portraits and Chinese porcelains, humanitarianism, Unitarian faith in the march of the mind, Yankee shrewdness, and New England exclusiveness."


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Literary salons and publishing houses were founded in the 19th century. "Great thinkers" lived in the neighborhood, including Daniel Webster, Henry Thoreau and Wendell Phillips.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Development began in the early 19th century. Single family homes often had stores on the first floor for retailers, carpenters and shoemakers. Today, many of the 19th century waterfront landmarks, such as the Charles Street Meeting House, are found far from the water due to the filling that has taken place since then.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The north slope was the home of African Americans, sailors and Eastern and Southern European immigrants. The area around Belknap Street (now Joy Street) in particular became home to more than 1,000 blacks beginning in the mid-1700s. While this community is often described as arising from domestic workers in the homes of white residents on the south slope of the Hill, property records indicate that the black community on the north slope was already well-established by 1805, before the filling-in of the south slope was completed, and so before that slope of Beacon Hill came to be considered an affluent area.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Many blacks in the neighborhood attended church with the whites, but did not have a vote in church affairs and sat in segregated seating. The African Meeting House was built in 1806 and by 1840 there were five black churches. The African Meeting House on Joy Street was a community center for members of the black elite. Frederick Douglass spoke there about abolition, and William Lloyd Garrison formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society at the Meeting House. It became a "hotbed and an important depot on the Underground Railroad."


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Blacks and whites were largely united on the subject of abolition. Beacon Hill was one of the staunchest centers of the anti-slavery movement in the Antebellum era.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The Republican Party was founded by abolitionists. One of the earliest black Republican legislators in the United States was Julius Caesar Chappelle (1852–1904), who served as a legislator in Boston from 1883 to 1886 and whose district included the Beacon Hill area. Chappelle was a popular, well-liked politician and was covered by many of the black newspapers in the United States.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: In the latter part of the 19th century, Beacon Hill absorbed an influx of Irish, Jewish and other immigrants.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Many homes built of brick and wood in the early 19th century were dilapidated by the end of the Civil War and were razed for new housing. Brick apartment buildings, or tenements were built. Yellow brick townhouses were constructed, generally with arched windows on the first floor and a low ceiling on the top, fourth floor. Residential homes were also converted to boarding houses.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The north slope neighborhood transitioned as blacks moved out of the neighborhood and immigrants, such as Eastern European Jews, made their homes in the community. The Vilna Shul was established in 1898, and the African Meeting House was converted into a synagogue.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Better transportation service to the suburbs and other cities led a boom to the city's economy at the beginning of the 20th century. New buildings, "compatible with the surroundings", were built and older buildings renovated. To ensure that there were controls on new development and demolition, the Beacon Hill Association was formed in 1922. Into the 1940s there were attempts to replace brick sidewalks, but the projects were abandoned due to community resistance.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Banks, restaurants and other service industries moved into the "Flat of the Hill", with a resulting transformation of the neighborhood.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Red-light districts operated near Beacon Hill in Scollay Square and the West End until a 1950s urban renewal project renovated the area. To prevent urban renewal projects of historically significant buildings in Beacon Hill, its residents ensured that the community obtained historic district status: south slope in 1955, Flat of the Hill in 1958, and north slope in 1963. The Beacon Hill Architectural Commission was established in 1955 to monitor renovation and development projects. For instance, in 1963, 70-72 Mount Vernon Street was to be demolished for the construction of an apartment building. A compromise was made to maintain the building and its exterior and build new apartments inside.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: In 1955, state legislation Chapter 616 created the Historic Beacon Hill District. It was the first such district in Massachusetts, created to protect historic sites and manage urban renewal. Supporting these objectives is the local non-profit Beacon Hill Civic Association. According to the Massachusetts Historical Commission, the historic districts "appear to have stabilized architectural fabric" of Beacon Hill.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Wealthy Boston families continue to live at the Flat of the Hill and south slope. Inhabitants of the north slope include Suffolk University students and professionals.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The Boston African American National Historic Site is located just north of Boston Common. The historic buildings along today's Black Heritage Trail were the homes, businesses, schools and churches of the black community. Charles Street Meeting House was built in 1807, the church had seating that segregated white and black people. The Museum of African American History, New England's largest museum dedicated to African American history is located at the African Meeting House, adjacent to the Abiel Smith School. The meeting house is the oldest surviving Black church built by African Americans. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial and the 54th Massachusetts Regiment Memorial are located at Beacon Street and Park Street, opposite the Massachusetts State House.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The Massachusetts State House, located on Beacon Street, is the home of the Commonwealth's government. The gold-domed state capitol building was designed by Charles Bulfinch and was completed in 1798. Many of the country's state capitol buildings were modeled after the State House.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The Beacon Hill Civic Association has a long history as a community resource for the Beacon Hill neighborhood. Founded in 1922 by neighbors with the goal of preventing home building and other construction, today it continues as a volunteer advocacy organization focused on improving quality of life in the neighborhood. It was first founded to fight city plans to replace the neighborhood's brick sidewalks. Since then its efforts have been instrumental in preserving Beacon Hill as a historic district, and have expanded to include such initiatives as: working to become the first neighborhood to receive resident parking permits, streamlining trash service, and creating a virtual retirement community serving the neighborhood's elderly.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The Club of Odd Volumes, a historic organization on Mount Vernon Street, serves as a Bibliophiles club, library, and archive. The Headquarters House, also known as William Hickling Prescott House, is a museum run by the Society of Colonial Dames. The country's oldest legal organization, the Boston Bar Association, is on Beacon Street. Beacon Hill Village was the first formal Elder Village in the United States.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Religious organizations include the Vilna Shul, an Orthodox Jewish synagogue, and the Unitarian Universalist Association headquarters. Church of the Advent is a Victorian Gothic Church, faced in brick with 8 massive carillon bells and a 172-foot spire. The Park Street Church, nicknamed "Brimstone Corner" in the 19th century, was used to store gunpowder during the War of 1812. Samuel Francis Smith first sang his song "America the Beautiful" at this church in 1831. Two years earlier William Lloyd Garrison spoke to the congregation about abolishing slavery. One of the few outposts of the small Protestant group the Swedenborgian Church is on Bowdoin Street, and was embroiled in controversy in 2013 over alleged extortion by a former mafioso. While home to a Paulist chapel, Beacon Hill is currently one of only two neighborhoods in Boston that does not contain a Catholic parish church.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Beacon Hill is predominantly residential, known for old colonial brick row houses with "beautiful doors, decorative iron work, brick sidewalks, narrow streets, and gas lamps". Restaurants and antique shops are located on Charles Street.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Louisburg Square is "the most prestigious address" in Beacon Hill. Its residents have access to private parking and live in "magnificent Greek Revival townhouses." Nearby is Acorn Street, often mentioned as the "most frequently photographed street in the United States." It is a narrow lane paved with cobblestones that was home to coachmen employed by families in Mt. Vernon and Chestnut Street mansions.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: The Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street was built in 1796. Charles Bulfinch designed this house, and two additional houses, for the businessman and politician who was instrumental in Beacon Hill's development and Boston becoming the state capital. The Otis House also houses the headquarters of Historic New England, previously known as Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. Other notable houses are the Francis Parkman House and an 1804 townhouse, now the Nichols House Museum. The Nichols House "offers a rare glimpse inside [the] Brahmin life" of Rose Standish Nichols, a landscape artists.


title: Beacon Hill, Boston

text: Suffolk University and its Law School are adjacent to the Massachusetts State House and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The Suffolk University Law School was founded in 1906.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Rugby Club Toulonnais (), also known as RCT but usually Toulon; ) is a French professional rugby union club based in Toulon in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. A current participant in the first-tier Top 14 competition, they have won the national competition on four occasions.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Established in 1908, Toulon currently play their home games at the Stade Mayol, although they have begun to take high-profile matches to the 67,000-seat Stade Vélodrome in Marseille, playing one match there in 2008–09 and two in both 2009–10 and 2010–11. The club colours are red and black. Toulon were Pro D2 champions in 2005, but after finishing 14th in the 2005-06 Top 14 season, they were relegated back down. After signing a number of high-profile players, the club made a strong run at promotion in the 2006–07 season, and succeeded in their promotion quest in 2007–08, winning that season's Pro D2 crown with two rounds to spare. They struggled to avoid relegation for much of the 2008–09 Top 14 season, but a late-season surge brought them to ninth place and safety.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Their 2009–10 Top 14 season was more successful, with a second-place regular-season finish and a semi-final place domestically and a runner-up finish in the 2009–10 European Challenge Cup. In 2012, they again advanced to the Challenge Cup final, losing to Biarritz, and advanced to the Top 14 final, losing to Toulouse. In May 2013 Toulon won the 2013 Heineken Cup Final by 16–15 against Clermont Auvergne, and lost the Top 14 Final against Castres in June. They retained the Heineken Cup with a 23–6 win over Saracens in May 2014. They added a historic third consecutive win with a 24–18 win over Clermont in the 2015 final.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Rugby Club Toulonnais was founded on 3 June 1908 as a merger of "Étoile Sportive Varoise" and members of the "Stade Varois", a club based in nearby La Seyne-sur-Mer. It took the club 23 years to reach the top of French rugby, when they won the 1931 championship against Lyon Olympique Universitaire (6–3, 2 tries to 1). The players were greeted by 30,000 people when they returned from Bordeaux, where the final had been held.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Toulon remained one of the top French clubs, but they lost four finals scattered over 35 years (1948, 1968, 1971 and 1985). The 1985 extra-time defeat by Stade Toulousain left them with many regrets, and playing a spectacular final (36–22) did nothing to alleviate the pain of losing. The Red and Black waited only two more years to finally lay their hands on the Bouclier de Brennus, as they defeated Racing at the Parc des Princes. The third title came in 1992, against Biarritz Olympique, in Serge Blanco's last match and last chance to win the title.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: For eight years, Toulon were not particularly successful and were in heavy financial trouble (a 10 million franc deficit) forced the Ligue Nationale de Rugby to demote them to the Second Division in July 2000. The club missed an immediate return the next year, going down in the final to Montauban, as only one club was promoted that year. It took them five more years to do so as Toulon went on to win the Pro D2 title. But despite immense popular support (gates averaged more than 12,000), and much enthusiasm, they managed to win only three games out of 26 and were relegated after only a season.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: A new president, Mourad Boudjellal, a "Toulonnais" who made his fortune in the comic strip business, promised to build a huge team. He said: "I invented the Top 15, with a team that could be competitive in the Top 14". He signed a high number of first-class players, some of them well above 30, like Jean-Jacques Crenca, Yann Delaigue, Gonzalo Quesada and Dan Luger. He created buzz around the team as he managed to sign former All Blacks captain Tana Umaga, who arrived in Toulon right after the end of the Air New Zealand Cup on 26 October 2006. The contract was rumoured to be around €300,000 (£200,000), which Boudjellal claimed to pay from his own pocket, for only eight to ten matches. In a 2010 interview, Boudjellal would say about his decision to pursue Umaga, "It was incredible, because we were in the second division and I was speaking with the best player in the world. But he said yes and came to play with Toulon."


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Boudjellal continued to sign high-profile veteran players, including captain and former all-time international caps leader George Gregan, reportedly paid €400,000 out of Boudjellal's pocket, All Blacks' former all-time scoring leader Andrew Mehrtens, and Jonny Wilkinson.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Back in Pro D2 for the 2006–07 season, Toulon finish fourth in the league, putting them in the promotion playoffs for a place in the Top 14, but they lost in the promotion semi-finals 21–17 at La Rochelle. The following season Toulon headed the table from early on, never dropping from the top spot on their way to clinching promotion with two rounds to spare. The 2008–09 season proved to be one of consolidation. Umaga had been handed the coaching reins, but as Boudjellal would later say, "The first season in the Top 14 was very difficult and I learned that Tana Umaga was not yet ready to give up playing – and that he's not a manager." The team managed to survive that season, using a late-season surge to avoid a relegation scare. Toulon had a much more successful 2009–10 campaign, with Wilkinson leading the charge. He would be named the top fly-half of the year in France by leading rugby publication "Midi Olympique", and would also be recalled to the England national team. Domestically, Toulon finished second on the league table, losing out to Perpignan for the top spot on a tiebreaker. This finish gave them a spot in the 2010–11 Heineken Cup, and also a first-round bye in that season's Top 14 playoffs. Toulon's domestic campaign ended in the semi-finals with a 35–29 extra-time loss to eventual champion Clermont in Saint-Étienne.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Toulon's 2009–10 Challenge Cup campaign proved more successful. They finished top of their pool and advanced to the knockout stage, crushing Scarlets 38–12 in the quarterfinals and surviving a hard-fought match against Connacht 19–12. Toulon got their preferred final venue of the Vélodrome on 23 May, where they lost to the Cardiff Blues 28–21, missing out on silverware for the season.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: On the day of his arrival in Paris, on 1 May 1895, just before his first concert, Félix Mayol was met by a female friend at the station, who gave him some lily-of-the-valley, a flower people traditionally exchange on 1 May in France. He pinned it on his lapel, his concert was a success and Mayol, who was superstitious, made the lily-of-the-valley his personal emblem. It was taken up by the rugby club in 1921.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: In 1920, its stadium was inaugurated. It is named after Félix Mayol, a very popular concert hall singer from Toulon who had succeeded in Paris in the early 20th century. Shortly after World War I, he purchased what would be the stadium site and donated it to the club. It is one of the few French stadiums to be almost completely surrounded by the city and overlooks the Toulon bay and military harbour in the Mediterranean.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: The club has played in cross-code charity matches with a half each of rugby union and football. On July 18th, 2013, they played Olympique de Marseille in the first ever match of the kind at the Stade Mayol to benefit a local charity with Marc Lièvremont and Eric Cantona as the referees in either half, with Olympique de Marseille winning 36–35.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: Two years later, the club played another such match to benefit a local children's charity at the Stade Mayol against France 98, the charity association team composed of France's 1998 FIFA World Cup winners, and won 33–26. Bernard Laporte served as one of the referees.


title: RC Toulonnais

text: This is a list of former players in alphabetical order showing nationality and the period played for the club.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: Ahmad Senjer (; full name: "Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah") ("b". 1085 – "d". 8 May 1157) was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until in 1118, when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled until his death in 1157.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: Sanjar was born in ca. 1086 in Sinjar, a town situated in northwestern Iraq. Although primary sources state that he was named after his birthplace (Rāvandi, p. 185; Ebn al-Jawzi, XVIII, p. 161) Bosworth notes "Sanjar" is a Turkic name, denoting "he who pierces", "he who thrusts". He was a son of Malik Shah I and participated in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew, namely Mahmud I, Barkiyaruq, Malik Shah II and Muhammad I. In 1096, he was given the province of Khorasan to govern under his brother Muhammad I. Over the next several years Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of Iran with his capital at Nishapur.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: A number of rulers revolted against Sanjar and continued the split of the Great Seljuq Empire that had started upon dynastic wars. In 1102, he repulsed an invasion from Kashgaria, killing Jibrail Arslan Khan near Termez. In 1107, he invaded the domains of the Ghurid ruler Izz al-Din Husayn and captured him, but later released him in return for tribute.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: Sanjar undertook a campaign to eliminate the Assassins within Persia and successfully drove them from a number of their strongholds including Quhistan and Tabas. However, an anecdote indicates that en route to their stronghold at Alamut, Sanjar woke up one day to find a dagger beside him, pinning a note from Hassan-i Sabbah stating that he (Hassan) would like peace. Sanjar, shocked by this event, sent envoys to Hassan and they both agreed to stay out of each other's way.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: In 1117, he marched against the Ghaznavid Sultan Arslan-Shah of Ghazna defeating him at Battle of Ghazni and installing Arslan's brother Bahram-Shah in the throne as a Seljuk vassal.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: On February 26, 1105 Sultan Barkiyaruq died. He chose his younger son, Muizzeddin Malik-Shah, as heir to the throne. Malikshah took the name Malik-Shah II after being proclaimed the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. However, the true power was in the hands of his uncle, Muhammad Tapar. In the same year, Muhammad Tapar dethroned his nephew and started to rule the State himself as sultan. When Muhammad died on April 4, 1118, his son Mahmud II was declared as new sultan.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: When Muhammad's son Mahmud II ascended the throne, Emir of Yazd Garshasp II fell into disgrace; slander about him spread to the court that made him lose confidence, and made Mahmud send a military force to Yazd where Garshasp was arrested and jailed in Jibal, while Yazd was granted to the royal cupbearer. Garshasp, however, escaped and returned to Yazd, where he requested protection from Ahmad Sanjar (Garshasp's wife was the sister of Ahmad).


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: Garshasp urged Ahmad to invade the domains of Mahmud in Central Iran and gave him information on how to march to Central Iran, and the ways to combat Mahmud. Ahmad accepted and advanced with an army to the west in 1119, where he together with "five kings" defeated Mahmud at Saveh. The kings who aided Ahmad during the battle were Garshasp himself, the Emir of Sistan and the Khwarazmshah, including two other unnamed kings. Nizari forces were also present in Sanjar's army. After being victorious, Ahmad then restored the domains of Garshasp II. Ahmad then marched as far as Baghdad, where he agreed with Mahmud that he should marry one of his daughters, and that he should give up strategic territories in northern Persia.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: In 1141, Ahmad, along with Garshasp II, marched to confront the Kara Khitan threat and engaged them near Samarkand at the Battle of Qatwan. He suffered an astounding defeat, and Garshasp was killed. Ahmad escaped with only fifteen of his elite horsemen, losing all Seljuq territory east of the Syr Darya (Jaxartes).


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: Sanjar’s as well as the Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks’ own tribe, in 1153. Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156. It brought chaos to the Empire - situation later exploited by the victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar. Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in Merv (present-day Turkmenistan), in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan, and after a long period of confrontations, the province was finally conquered by Khwarazmians in the early 1200s.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: Sanjar died in 1157 and was buried in Merv. His tomb was destroyed by the Mongols in 1221, during their invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: The death of Sanjar meant the end of the Seljuq dynasty as an empire, since they only controlled Iraq and Azerbaijan afterwards. Sanjar is considered one of the most prominent Seljuq sultans and was the longest reigning Muslim ruler until the Mongols arrived. Although of Turkic origin, Sanjar was highly Iranized, and due to his feats, even became a legendary figure like some of the mythological characters in the Shahnameh. Indeed, medieval sources described Sanjar as having "the majesty of the Khosrows and the glory of the Kayanids". Persian poetry flourished under Sanjar, and his court included some of the greatest Persian poets, such as Mu'izzi, Nizami Aruzi, and Anvari.


title: Ahmad Sanjar

text: Sanjar's only wife was Terken Khatun. She was the daughter of Muhammad Arslan Khan, the ruler of the Kara-Khanid Khanate. She died in April 1156. One of Sanjar's daughters was Mah-i Mulk Khatun. She was born in 1105. In probably 1119, Sanjar married her to his nephew Mahmud II. When she died aged seventeen in 1122, Sanjar sent another daughter, Amir Sitti Khatun, to be his wife. Gawhar Nasab Khatun was the daughter of this union. She died in 1129. Another of Sanjar's daughters married Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustarshid in 1124. Another daughter of Sanjar, Gawhar Khatun married his nephew, Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud in 1134. A daughter of this union was married by Mas'ud to his nephew Dawud, son of Mahmud II. They failed to get on together, and Ma'sud gave his daughter to Dawud's brother, Muhammad II.


title: Military cadence

text: In the United States armed services, a military cadence or cadence call is a traditional call-and-response work song sung by military personnel while running or marching. In the United States, these cadences are sometimes called jody calls or jodies, after "Jody", a recurring character who figures in some traditional cadences; Jody refers to the man with whom a serviceman's wife/girlfriend cheats while he is deployed.


title: Military cadence

text: Requiring no instruments to play, they are counterparts in oral military folklore of the military march. As a sort of work song, military cadences take their rhythms from the work being done (compare "sea shanty"). Many cadences have a call and response structure in which one soldier initiates a line, and the remaining soldiers complete it, thus instilling teamwork and camaraderie for completion. The cadence calls move to the beat and rhythm of the normal speed (quick time) march or running-in-formation (double time) march. This serves the purpose of keeping soldiers "dressed", moving in step as a unit and in formation, while maintaining the correct beat or cadence.


title: Military cadence

text: On top of the psychological effects that cadences produce, they also produce significant physiological effects. Singing a cadence while running or marching helps soldiers keep their heads up, take deeper breaths and exhale more forcefully. This increases oxygen to the lungs and gives the body more energy. This in turn makes the unit healthier and better prepared.


title: Military cadence

text: The word "cadence" was applied to these work songs because of an earlier meaning, in which it meant the number of steps a marcher or runner took per minute. The cadence was set by a drummer or sergeant and discipline was extremely important, as keeping the cadence directly affected the travel speed of infantry. There were other purposes: the "close-order drill" was a particular cadence count for the complex sequence of loading and firing a musket. In the Revolutionary War, Baron von Steuben notably imported European battlefield techniques which persist, greatly modified, to this day.


title: Military cadence

text: A V-Disc issued in 1944 credits the origin of "Sound Off" ("The Duckworth Chant") to Private Willie Lee Duckworth of Sandersville, Georgia, an African American soldier serving in the United States Army.


title: Military cadence

text: This cadence, known as the "Duckworth Chant," still exists with variations in the different branches of the U.S. military. Duckworth's simple chant was elaborated on by Army drill sergeants and their trainees, and the practice of creating elaborate marching chants spread to the Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy.


title: Military cadence

text: A musical version of the chant was recorded by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra (Voc.: Vaughn Monroe & Chorus in New York City) on March 7, 1951. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-4113A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10086.


title: Military cadence

text: A variant of that cadence was used in the 1949 movie "Battleground" and in the 1981 movie "Taps", filmed at Valley Forge Military Academy and College in Wayne, Pennsylvania. It appears in two versions in the film, both ending in the same cadence.


title: Military cadence

text: As soon as 1952, the U.S. Army adopted "The Army Goes Rolling Along" as its service theme song, with the lyric "count off the cadence loud and strong" a reference to Duckworth's cadence. Its melody and lyrics derive from the traditional "When the Caissons Go Rolling Along".


title: Military cadence

text: The United States Marine Corps and US Naval Academy use a modified version of the Old King Cole lyrics, referencing Chesty Puller: "Chesty Puller was a good Marine and a good Marine was he".


title: Military cadence

text: In the United States, what are now known as cadences were called "jody calls" or "jody" (also "jodie") from a recurring character, a civilian named "Jody", whose luxurious lifestyle is contrasted with military deprivations in several traditional calls. The mythical Jody refers to a civilian who remains at home instead of joining the military service. Jody is often presumed to be medically unfit for service, a 4F in WWII parlance. Jody also lacks the desirable attributes of military men. He is neither brave nor squared away. Jody calls often make points with ironic humor. Jody will take advantage of a service member's girlfriend in the service member's absence. Jody stays at home, drives the soldier's car, and gets the soldier's sweetheart (often called "Susie") while the soldier is in boot camp or in country.


title: Military cadence

text: An R-&-B example of the folkloric Jody character is the 1970 hit single from Johnny Taylor, "Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone". Another is the poem "Black Soldier" by the Last Poets on their 1972 album "Chastisement".


title: Military cadence

text: The name derives from a stock character in African-American oral traditions, "Joe the Grinder". The character's name has been transcribed as "Joady", "Jody", "Jodie", "Joe D." or even "Joe the ____" (in dialect, "Joe de ____"), with Joe then identified by occupation. He was a stock villain who maliciously took advantage of another man's absence. Enlisted African-American soldiers incorporated this character into cadence songs during the Second World War.


title: Military cadence

text: Lineberry emphasizes conflicting uses of the calls: they are useful to command, in that they serve as instruments to psychologically detach the soldier from home-life and to inculcate a useful degree of aggression. They are useful to the soldier, who can vent dissatisfaction without taking individual responsibility for the expression. While jodies, strictly speaking, are folklore (they are not taught institutionally, and do not appear, for example, in FM 3-21.5, "Drill and Ceremonies Field Manual"), some are tolerated and even encouraged by leadership, while others are subversive.


title: Military cadence

text: Lineberry offers an alternative, psychologically and functionally oriented taxonomy. There are negative themes (disrespect expressed for deities, women, homosexuals, the enemy, and economically deprived comrades; graphic expression of violence perpetrated on women and the enemy, glorification of substance abuse) but also positive (unit pride, encouragement of comrades) and perhaps in-between, expressions of contempt for death and indifference to mortality.


title: Military cadence

text: In the first and last scenes of the 1949 movie "Battleground", the cadence sung is as follows, with the call initiated by the platoon sergeant (played by James Whitmore) and the "response" from the rest of the platoon:


title: Military cadence

text: Reverent calls are an effort by personnel in armed forces to rebuild the tradition of oratory recounting of military history in the convention of cadences. The effect this instills is a greater reverence in the squad performing and for the force whose story is retold in honorable PT (Physical Training). Each branch of an armed force has its stories, and an example of the base used is the 75th Ranger Regiment (Infantry's "Airborne Ranger") in which references to WWII for example are included to complement the story.


title: Military cadence

text: Comedic calls are often born of reverent calls but sung for comedic value using clean calls, pop-culture references, and jokes to make PT more fun and entertaining. A popular example from the film "Stripes" was "Why did the chicken cross the road?" "To get from the left to the right." "Stepped out of rank, got hit by a tank." "He ain't a chicken no more." Prior to women being commonplace in Army ranks, sexist comedic cadences were more prevalent.


title: Military cadence

text: Obscene, scatological, or controversial jody calls exist, and were typical, especially during and before the Vietnam War. The use of such calls is now discouraged by the US military, which instead emphasizes "clean" versions of traditional jodies. The flexibility of jodies is nearly unlimited, and old jodies have always been revived or rewritten as times and wars change.


title: Military cadence

text: In the last line, the word 'little' is frequently used to replace profanity. This is an example of the minor tweaks that frequently occur in cadences depending on the particular military unit or installation they are used at. A particular cadence, when used by infantry or other combat arms units may include explicit profanity, while the same cadence, when used by a training or medical unit, or especially if officers are present, may be censored to a degree, as above.


title: Military cadence

text: An excerpt from the popular "When I Go to Heaven", also known as "How'd Ya Earn Your Living" or "When I Get to Heaven"


title: Military cadence

text: The popular Cold War era jodie "On the Mountain" is also fairly controversial, especially in noncombatant outfits and among cadet groups.


title: Military cadence

text: Police personnel who train in para-military fashion also have acquired the tradition for its recruits in the police academy.


title: Military cadence

text: Fire academies in the U.S. often train in a para-military style. The following is a common cadence heard in the Fire Academy (Originally by the Marines)


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: "Mort Dinner Rick Andre" is the premiere episode of the fifth season of the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". It is the 42nd episode of the series overall. Written by Jeff Loveness and directed by Jacob Hair, the episode was broadcast on June 20, 2021.


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: Rick and Morty are about to die crashing their spaceship, so Morty calls Jessica, confessing his true feelings for her. Not knowing of his imminent death, Jessica asks if she can come over to watch a movie. Now motivated to keep his date with Jessica, Morty frantically steers the spaceship into a palm tree and splashes down safely in the ocean. Rick, furious, reveals he has been in a longtime war with his nemesis, Mr. Nimbus, who controls the ocean. Nimbus appears, and demands to meet Rick for dinner at Rick's house to negotiate a treaty (which Rick agrees to, using it as a distraction while Summer dives into the Mariana Trench to steal the magic conch shell that gives Nimbus his power).


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: In preparation, Rick has Morty throw bottles of wine into a portal where time moves faster so as to age it, because Nimbus has demanding tastes. Jessica comes over and requests wine, so Morty enters the portal to get it. The portal leads to a farm where a dog-like man named Hoovy helps carry a crate back to the Smith house. Upon returning through the portal, he finds his wife long dead. Hoovy tells his son that Morty did this. Throughout the years, Hoovy's son, grandson, and onward prepare for each of Morty's returns to fetch more wine, so they can kill him. They eventually take Jessica, so Morty goes after her. They trick and trap him, but Morty escapes with Jessica, with the help of Rick and Nimbus - who forgives his enemy, noting that they are nothing without the other.


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: When they return to the Smith home, Jessica, trance-like, shares her new understanding of time and goes home, leaving Morty disappointed. Just as Rick and Nimbus reconcile, Summer abruptly enters with the conch shell, making Nimbus furious again. He gives Rick a savage beating before summoning the police to haul Rick off to jail.


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: In a post-credits scene, Beth and Jerry debate whether they should take Mr. Nimbus up on his offer of a threesome before doing so and being assured by Nimbus that Rick will understand why they did this.


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: "Mort Dinner Rick Andre" was written by Jeff Loveness and directed by Jacob Hair—as was a previous episode, season four's "The Vat of Acid Episode". It is Loveness's fifth screenplay for the series. An animatic of the cold open was published by Adult Swim in July 2020. The episode debuted as the season premiere as initially planned, though the writers considered swapping it with the following episode, "Mortyplicity". The episode features Jim Gaffigan as Hoovy, Dan Harmon as Mr. Nimbus, and Kari Wahlgren as Jessica. Adult Swim published the episode on YouTube.


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: The character Mr. Nimbus was conceived for an earlier episode, but went unused. Loveness called him either the "antithesis" or "purest form" of Rick. Roiland interpreted that Mr. Nimbus is not unique in being Rick's "nemesis", and that he is not comparable to Rick in levels of power. However, in contrast to Rick's usual seeming invincibility, he is more restrained in this episode and must "play by the rules and not do any crazy shit". Roiland saw Morty's storyline as more significant: it originated from a discarded idea where Morty would accidentally forget a copy of the movie "Beverly Hills Cop III" (1994) in a pocket dimension and would return a few days later to find that 4,000 years had passed and a society had built itself around the movie. He said that it made sense to use a pocket dimension to store wine, to age it more quickly.


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: The title takes its name from "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), a dialogue-heavy comedy-drama film set at a dinner between two friends. The "Community" episode "Critical Film Studies" (2011) was an homage to this film on which Harmon previously worked. Kevin Perry of "The Independent" believed that the title is a misdirect as it leads the audience to expect the episode to focus more on conversation between Rick and Mr. Nimbus, rather than Morty's wine expedition.


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: Joe Matar of "Den of Geek" said that the episode mirrored the season four premiere "" in not following a cliffhanger from the previous season and featuring a storyline about temporality, Jessica, and the outcome of romantic failure for Morty. Mr. Nimbus makes a comment to Rick about Diane—who has been implied to be Beth's mother and Rick's former wife in previous episodes. Harmon said that Rick's backstory would be further explored in the future. Morty is irritated at having to follow Rick's instructions, demonstrating his changing character from the more meek portrayal in season one. Harmon said of this that "Morty is not changing because he's aging [but] because he's been in the show for so long".


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: Rating the episode 3.5 out of five stars, Joe Matar of "Den of Geek" described the episode as "smart and well-written" but familiar in its conceit of time passing faster inside the pocket dimension. Matar praised that the storyline's resolution involving Jessica was "funny and insane" and gave a lukewarm review of Mr. Nimbus, saying that he "just didn't find Nimbus particularly funny, but... didn't hate him either".


title: Mort Dinner Rick Andre

text: David Opie of "Digital Spy" praised the series premiere, saying, "It's just as inventive as ever, and by not resetting the status quo, there's more room for character development." "The Independent"s Kevin Perry praised the choice to center Morty in the episode as "most promising in terms of where the show could now be headed" and serving to "remind fans why they fell in love with the show in the first place".


title: Count Zero

text: Count Zero is a science fiction novel by American-Canadian writer William Gibson, originally published in 1986. It is the second volume of the Sprawl trilogy, which begins with "Neuromancer" and concludes with "Mona Lisa Overdrive", and is an example of the cyberpunk subgenre.


title: Count Zero

text: "Count Zero" was serialized by "Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine" in the 1986 January (100th issue), February and March issues, accompanied by black and white art produced by J. K. Potter. The January cover is devoted to the story, with art by Hisaki Yasuda. The magazine version was edited to contain less swearing and sexual content.


title: Count Zero

text: Seven years after the events of "Neuromancer", strange things begin to happen in the Matrix, leading to the proliferation of what appear to be voodoo gods (hinted to be the fractured remains of the joined AIs that were Neuromancer and Wintermute).


title: Count Zero

text: Two powerful multinational corporations, Maas Biolabs and Hosaka, are engaged in a battle for control over a powerful new technology (a biochip), using hackers and the Matrix as well as espionage and violence.


title: Count Zero

text: The title of the book, other than being the pseudonym of the main character Bobby Newmark, was also claimed by Gibson to be a word-play on the computer programming term "count zero interrupt". According to a frontleaf of the book, in a "count zero interrupt", an interrupt of a process decrements a counter to zero. The exact quote is "On receiving an interrupt, decrement the counter to zero." The 1982 edition of the alleged first computer dictionary, written by Charles Sippl, father of Roger Sippl, defines a "count zero interrupt" as a pulse interrupt which produces a zero result in a clock counter. The term, however, is not generally understood.


title: Count Zero

text: Thread One: In the southwestern US, Turner, a corporate mercenary soldier, has been hired by former partner Conroy to help Christopher Mitchell, a brilliant researcher and bio-hacker, make an illegal career move from Maas' corporate fortress built into a mesa in the Arizona desert to Hosaka, a rival corporation. The attempt is a disaster, and Turner ends up escaping with the scientist's young daughter, Angie Mitchell, instead. She carries the plans, implanted in her brain by her father, of the secrets of the construction of the extremely valuable "biosoft" that has made Maas so influential and powerful. This "biosoft" is what multibillionaire Josef Virek (see thread three) desires above all else so that he can make an evolutionary jump to something resembling omniscience and immortality. During their flight from both Maas and Hosaka agents, Turner and Angie stay with Rudy, the former's estranged brother, and Sally, his partner and caretaker. Rudy identifies a device implanted in Angie's skull: her father had apparently altered her nervous system to allow her to access the Cyberspace Matrix directly, without a "deck" (a computer with an interface directly into the user's brain), but she is not conscious of this. During their stay, Turner has a one-night stand with Sally and then leaves for the Sprawl with Angie where he meets with Bobby's group in a shopping mall besieged by agents of Maas and Conroy.


title: Count Zero

text: Thread Two: In Barrytown, New Jersey a young amateur computer hacker, Bobby Newmark, self-named "Count Zero", is given a piece of black market software by some criminal associates "to test". When he plugs himself into the matrix and runs the program, it almost kills him. The only thing that saves his life is a sudden image of a girl made of light who interferes and unhooks him from the software just before he flatlines. After fleeing his house (which is immediately thereafter destroyed) he meets Lucas, Beauvoir, and Jackie, a group fascinated by and dedicated to the recent appearance of voodoo deities in Cyberspace, who take him into their protection as they are collectively targeted by various corporate agents. It is eventually revealed that Bobby's mysterious savior is Angie (see Thread One); the two only meet physically at the very end of the book.


title: Count Zero

text: Thread Three: Marly Krushkova, the former owner of a Paris art gallery whose reputation was destroyed when she was tricked into trying to sell a forgery, is recruited by ultra-rich, reclusive art patron Josef Virek to find the unknown creator of a series of futuristic collage boxes styled after the work of Joseph Cornell. Unbeknownst to her, the reason behind Virek's interest in these boxes is related to indications of biosoft construction in the design of one, which he suspects may be contained in the others.


title: Count Zero

text: These plotlines come together at the end of the story. Virek—the hunter of immortality and unlimited power—becomes the hunted. It is hinted that multiple AIs inhabiting cyberspace are the fragmented, compartmentalized remains of two AIs, Neuromancer and Wintermute (introduced in the first book of Gibson's Sprawl series, "Neuromancer"), having joined together. The AIs were designed by the head of a multi-generational techno-oligarchical family, the Tessier-Ashpools. These AI units now interface with humanity in the form of different Haitian voodoo gods, as they have found these constructs to be the best representations of themselves for communicating. Hackers worldwide are becoming aware that there is something weird loose in the cyberspace matrix, but most are reluctant to talk about (or deal with) "voodoo spooks" supposedly haunting cyberspace. The "voodoo gods" gave Mitchell the information to develop the biosoft, instructing him to insert a biosoft modification in his daughter's brain, and then sent the Cornell boxes into the world to attract and enable the disposal of the malicious Virek.


title: Count Zero

text: A pair of epilogue chapters resolve the fates of the protagonists, until "Mona Lisa Overdrive". Angie has attained celebrity status as a simstim star, and has entered a relationship with Bobby who is employed as her 'bodyguard'. Marly has returned to Paris and now curates one of the largest art galleries in the city. Turner has returned to his childhood home (the same one occupied by Rudy and Sally earlier in the book) to raise the child conceived during his affair with Sally; Rudy was killed by Conroy's agents when they were trailing Turner and Angie.


title: Count Zero

text: The Cyberspace Matrix, a synergistically linked computer network of databases that encompasses all information on Earth, has become home to sentient beings. But most of humanity remains unaware.


title: Count Zero

text: At the beginning of the novel, Bobby is a small-time "cowboy" (hacker) who wants to be a big name in cyberspace. He is given what he naïvely trusts is an "ICE breaker" (hacking software), unaware that he is in fact being used to test some unknown software to see what it does. He is directed to use the software to infiltrate a black ICE database which nearly ends up killing him. The acronym ICE is shorthand for "Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics". The most formidable of these data defense networks are powerful enough to trace back and kill any hacker making an attempt to defeat them. This is legally sanctioned or is, at least, not illegal. But at the last moment Bobby is rescued, while in Cyberspace and dying, by an image of a girl, Angela Mitchell, who is somehow able to enter cyberspace without using a "deck" (computer).


title: Count Zero

text: Bobby realizes his target must now know where he lives, so he flees. Shortly after leaving his apartment, he is brutally mugged for his deck and left for dead, only to be rescued and given medical attention by the owners of the software Bobby tried out, a small group who are very interested in what happened to him in Cyberspace. Bobby and Angela (who are roughly the same age) meet at the end of the book. Bobby makes a minor appearance in the third Sprawl novel, "Mona Lisa Overdrive".


title: Count Zero

text: Turner (the only name by which he is known in the novel) is a mercenary who is employed by various corporations to help vital employees of competing corporations "defect" to Turner's employers. The novel begins with an account of a job in New Delhi in which Turner was nearly killed by a Slamhound, a type of mobile bomb. After three months of reconstructive surgery in Singapore, Turner takes a vacation in Mexico, where he meets and becomes sexually involved with a woman named Allison. While on the beach with Allison, Turner sees a familiar yacht close to shore and a powerboat from the yacht approaching the beach, bearing the logo of the Hosaka Corporation. Turner tells Allison to leave while he waits for the raft's passenger to come ashore. He already knows that the passenger is Conroy, another mercenary with whom Turner has worked in the past. Conroy recruits Turner for another "extraction" job; this time, Conroy and Turner are to help a man named Christopher Mitchell leave Maas Biolabs for Hosaka. Mitchell carries with him the expertise to design and manufacture "biochips", a technology superior to the nearly ubiquitous silicon microprocessors of the era. Maas Biolabs holds the patents and secrets to biochip technology and will use every means it can to prevent Mitchell's escape. Conroy also reveals that Allison is a "field psychologist" working for Hosaka to monitor Turner and help his recovery.


title: Count Zero

text: Turner is a disciplined professional, but is troubled by memories of past jobs that ended tragically as well as his relationship with his gifted brother Rudy (who is a reclusive alcoholic and drug addict). Turner comes to realize that the unsuccessful attempt to "bring over" Christopher Mitchell from Maas to Hosaka resulted from a betrayal and suspects that Conroy is behind it. He also recognizes that Angie Mitchell was sent out from the Maas facility by her father, and that she is in grave danger. He resolves to protect her while finding out who is pursuing her and why.


title: Count Zero

text: Marly, prior to the beginning of the story, operated a small art gallery in Paris. She was disgraced (and became notorious) when she attempted to sell a forged box assemblage that was supposedly a lost piece by the American sculptor Joseph Cornell. She was unaware that the piece was a fake; the forgery had been commissioned by the gallery's co-owner (and Marly's then-lover) Alain, who embezzled money from the gallery to finance the commission and then convinced Marly that the piece was an authentic long lost Cornell. Unemployed and living with her friend Andrea, Marly receives a job offer from the immensely wealthy businessman Josef Virek. During her interview, conducted via a very advanced simstim link, Virek informs Marly that he has collected several remarkable box assemblages similar to those created by Cornell. Virek then hires Marly to find out who is producing the pieces, offering her unlimited financial support during the course of her search.


title: Count Zero

text: Marly is not, however, easily led, and quickly realizes there is more than meets the eye in her new job. Though she welcomes the opportunity to get out of her current situation, Marly does not fully trust the mysterious and secretive Virek. This mistrust only deepens when it becomes clear that she is being followed and monitored by Virek's agents, in particular Virek's right-hand man, Paco. Marly tries to stay a step ahead of Virek and Paco while discovering the identity of the boxes' creator.


title: Count Zero

text: Dave Langford reviewed "Count Zero" for "White Dwarf" #76, and stated that "This may not have the impact of "Neuromancer"s first window on Gibson's future, but it's a far better novel."


title: Count Zero

text: "Count Zero" was nominated for the Locus and British Science Fiction Awards in 1986, as well as the Hugo and Nebula awards in 1987.


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: Yoo Yeon-jung (; born August 3, 1999), known mononymously as Yeonjung, is a South Korean singer signed under Starship Entertainment and Yuehua Entertainment. She is best known for being a member of the South Korean-Chinese girl group WJSN, and for finishing 11th in the survival show "Produce 101", making her a member of I.O.I.


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: Yoo was born on August 3, 1999, in Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. In 2017, Yoo was accepted through rolling admission into the musical theatre program of the Performance & Film Department at Dankook University.


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: Yoo, together with Kim Tae-ha and Shim Chae-eun represented Starship Entertainment in the Mnet reality-survival program "Produce 101", which aimed to form an eleven-member girl group that would promote for a year under YMC Entertainment. Yoo placed 11th with a total of 136,780 votes in the final episode and debuted as a member of I.O.I.


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: While still an active member of I.O.I, Yoo was introduced as the thirteenth member of WJSN on July 11. Yoo made her official debut with WJSN on August 17, 2016. They released their second mini album "The Secret" with all 13 members. Yoo collaborated with Yoo Seung-woo on the track "I Will Be On Your Side" which was released on November 10, 2016. Yoo, together with bandmate Dawon, released the track "Fire & Ice" as part of "" OST. The track was released on December 16, 2016. On May 31, 2017, Yoo released the soundtrack "You're Dazzling" for the television series "Queen for Seven Days". Yoo collaborated with Brother Su and participated in the soundtrack of "Love Playlist 2" with the track "Toy". She was featured in DinDin's "#Drive". "Meloholic" was released for the OCN drama "Meloholic". She then collaborated with Maktub on the single "Marry You".


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: Yoo released two soundtracks for television series in 2018, "Your Name Is..." and "Stay With You" for "The Undateables" and "Where Stars Land" respectively. "Tell Me, Please" was released as the second part of the soundtrack of "Melting Me Softly" on October 14, 2019. Yoo also made her acting debut, making a cameo in "A Korean Odyssey".


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: In September 2019, Yoo participated in the survival program show, "V-1", to select the Vocal Queen among the various girl group members, where only the top 12 girl group members in votes would progress and perform on the show. Yoo eventually won the competition after defeating Dreamcatcher's Siyeon in the finals.


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: In September 2020, Yoo participated in MBN's "Lotto Singer". She released "Spider Lily" on October 31, 2020, as part of the soundtrack of "More Than Friends".


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: On May 4, 2021, Yoo and the members of I.O.I celebrated their 5th debut anniversary with a reunion live stream show called "Yes, I Love It!".


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: Yoo together with Dawon participated in "". They performed with Xitsuh and Koo Jun-yup and eventually became the final winner. On August 10, Yoo and Dawon released a cover song of Taeyeon's "Starlight" for "NORAE-ing LIVE of Time". The pair went on to make an appearance on Jo Se-ho's "Jo Se-ho's Wine Bar". Yoo collaborated with MJ of Sunny Side on the track "Guardian Angel", which was released on October 31, 2021.


title: Yoo Yeon-jung

text: Yoo, together with Seola, released a soundtrack "100 percent" in January 2022, as part of the soundtrack of "Best Mistake 3". She is also set to make her musical debut as the female lead in "Lizzie" on March 24, 2022.later, in July 2022, Yoo joined the stage play "Crash Landing on You", an adaptation of the television series. Yoo will be playing the role of Seo Dan, the original role of Seo Ji-hye in the TV drama version.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus), also known as the oriental small-clawed otter and the small-clawed otter, is an otter species native to South and Southeast Asia. It has short claws that do not extend beyond the pads of its webbed digits. With a total body length of , it is the smallest otter species in the world.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter lives in riverine habitats, freshwater wetlands and mangrove swamps. It feeds on molluscs, crabs and other small aquatic animals. It lives in pairs, but was also observed in family groups with up to 12 individuals.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and in some areas also by hunting.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: "Lutra cinerea" was the scientific name proposed by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1815 for an otter collected in Batavia. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several zoological specimens were described:


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Results of a mitochondrial cytochrome B analysis published in 1998 indicated that it should be subordinated to the genus "Aonyx". Results of a molecular study published in 2008 showed that the Asian small-clawed otter is a sister taxon of "Lutrogale", lending support to retaining the genus "Amblonyx" or expanding "Aonyx" to make it monophyletic. They genetically diverged about .


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter groups with the African clawless otter ("Aonyx capensis") and the smooth-coated otter ("Lutrogale perspicillata") into a sister clade with the genus "Lutra". Hybridisation of Asian small-clawed otter females with smooth-coated otter males occurred in Singapore. The resulting offspring and their descendants bred back into the smooth-coated otter population, but maintained the genes of their small-clawed otter ancestors. Today, a population of at least 60 hybrid otters are present in Singapore.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter has deep brown fur with some rufous tinge on the back, but paler below. Its underfur is lighter near the base. The sides of the neck and head are brown, but its cheeks, upperlip, chin, throat and sides of the neck are whitish.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Its skull is short, and the naked rhinarium rounded above. The muzzle has long coarse vibrissae on either side. Its eyes are located toward the front of the head. The small ears are oval-shaped with an inconspicuous tragus and antitragus. Its paws are narrow with short digits that are webbed to the last joint. There are short hairs on the lower sides of the interdigital webs. The four-lobed plantar pads are longer than wide. The claws are short, almost erect, and in some individuals even absent.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter is the smallest otter species in Asia. In head-to-body length, it ranges from with a long tail. The tapering tail is thick and muscular, especially at the base, and more than half the length of the body. Hind feet are long. Length of skull ranges from . It does not have upper premolars and only four postcanine teeth above.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter's native range comprises parts of India to Southeast Asia including the islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Palawan. It lives in freshwater wetlands such as swamps, meandering rivers, irrigated rice fields as well as estuaries, coastal lagoons and tidal pools. It occurs in West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, and in coastal regions of Odisha. In Karnataka, Nilgiri and Palni hills in Tamil Nadu, it lives in shallow mountain creeks up to an elevation of .


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: In West Java, it inhabits areas along slow-flowing irrigation channels, pond areas and rice fields surrounded by vegetation that offers shelter. It also occurs in mangroves.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: In the 1980s, a few Asian small-clawed otters escaped from captivity in England and established a population in the wild.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: It lives in groups of up to 15 individuals. In the Bangladesh Sundarbans, 53 individuals were recorded in of water courses in 13 locations between November 2014 and March 2015. Group size ranged from one to 12 individuals.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Group members communicate using 12 or more distinct calls, and utter a variety of yelps and whimpers. When disturbed, they scream to rally the help of others.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: When swimming on the surface, otters row with the forelimbs and paddle with the hind limbs. When diving under water, they undulate their bodies and tails. Captive otters swim at speeds of .


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Observations of wild Asian small-clawed otters revealed that they smear their spraint at latrine sites, using their hind feet and tails. Large groups smeared more than groups of three or fewer animals. The frequency of latrines with smeared scats varied in different locations, indicating a preference for certain sites. Spraint smearing most likely facilitates social ties among group members and is associated with territorial marking displays. They use grassy or sandy banks for resting, sun bathing and grooming. In marshes, they use mostly islands.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter feeds mainly on crabs, mudskippers and "Trichogaster" fish. Its diet varies seasonally. When and where available, it also catches snakes, frogs, insects, rats and ricefield fish like catfish, "Anabas testudineus" and "Channa striata".


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The size of crabs found in spraints in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary ranged in carapace width from .


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Captive Asian small-clawed otters were observed to leave shellfish in the sun, so that the heat causes them to open. That way, they consume the crustaceans without having to crush the shells.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Information about the Asian small-clawed otter's mating and breeding behaviour has been studied in captive environments. Captive pairs are monogamous. The estrous cycle of females lasts 28 to 30 days with estrus lasting between one and 13 days. Usually, mating takes place in the water.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: About two weeks before parturition, both female and male engage in building a nest. They collect grass, hay or straw and carry this material into the breeding chamber. Between one and seven pups are born in a litter. Pups are born with closed eyes, which open in the fifth week.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Newborn pups weigh between and reach a weight of after 60 days. They start exploring the environs of the breeding den at the age of ten weeks. At about three months, they enter and paddle in shallow water under the guidance of the mother. They become independent at the age of four to five months.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter is threatened by poaching for its fur, loss and destruction of habitats such as hill streams, peat swamp forests and mangroves for aquaculture projects. Threats in India include deforestation, conversion of natural habitat for tea and coffee plantations, overfishing of rivers and water pollution through pesticides.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: It is the most sought after otter species for the illegal pet trade in Asia. At least 711 Asian small-clawed otters were offered for sale through online websites by 280 traders in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam between 2016 and 2017.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Between December 2015 and October 2018, 49 Asian small-clawed otters were confiscated from wildlife traffickers in Thailand, Vietnam and Japan; 35 of them were bound for sale in Japan.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Asian small-clawed otter was listed on CITES Appendix II and is protected in almost all range countries prohibiting its killing. Since August 2019, it is included in CITES Appendix I, thus strengthening its protection in regards to international trade.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: The Association of Zoos and Aquariums established a Species Survival Plan for the Asian small-clawed otter in 1983 to encourage research on captive breeding.


title: Asian small-clawed otter

text: Asian small-clawed otters suffering from osteoporosis display resorption of hyperactive bone and cartilage by osteoclasts in many bone sites, which causes pockmarks on all the bones.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: In mathematics, the magnitude or size of a mathematical object is a property which determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object's magnitude is the displayed result of an ordering (or ranking)—of the class of objects to which it belongs.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: They proved that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and "magnitude" is still primarily used in contexts in which zero is either the smallest size or less than all possible sizes.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: The magnitude of any number formula_1 is usually called its "absolute value" or "modulus", denoted by formula_2.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: Absolute value may also be thought of as the number's distance from zero on the real number line. For example, the absolute value of both 70 and −70 is 70.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: A complex number "z" may be viewed as the position of a point "P" in a 2-dimensional space, called the complex plane. The absolute value (or "modulus") of "z" may be thought of as the distance of "P" from the origin of that space. The formula for the absolute value of is similar to that for the Euclidean norm of a vector in a 2-dimensional Euclidean space:


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: where the real numbers "a" and "b" are the real part and the imaginary part of "z", respectively. For instance, the modulus of is formula_6. Alternatively, the magnitude of a complex number "z" may be defined as the square root of the product of itself and its complex conjugate, formula_7, where for any complex number formula_8, its complex conjugate is formula_9.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: A Euclidean vector represents the position of a point "P" in a Euclidean space. Geometrically, it can be described as an arrow from the origin of the space (vector tail) to that point (vector tip). Mathematically, a vector x in an "n"-dimensional Euclidean space can be defined as an ordered list of "n" real numbers (the Cartesian coordinates of "P"): "x" = ["x", "x", ..., "x"]. Its magnitude or length, denoted by formula_12, is most commonly defined as its Euclidean norm (or Euclidean length):


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: The Euclidean norm of a vector is just a special case of Euclidean distance: the distance between its tail and its tip. Two similar notations are used for the Euclidean norm of a vector "x":


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: A disadvantage of the second notation is that it can also be used to denote the absolute value of scalars and the determinants of matrices, which introduces an element of ambiguity.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: By definition, all Euclidean vectors have a magnitude (see above). However, a vector in an abstract vector space does not possess a magnitude.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: A vector space endowed with a norm, such as the Euclidean space, is called a normed vector space. The norm of a vector "v" in a normed vector space can be considered to be the magnitude of "v".


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: In a pseudo-Euclidean space, the magnitude of a vector is the value of the quadratic form for that vector.


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: When comparing magnitudes, a logarithmic scale is often used. Examples include the loudness of a sound (measured in decibels), the brightness of a star, and the Richter scale of earthquake intensity. Logarithmic magnitudes can be negative, and cannot be added or subtracted meaningfully (since the relationship is non-linear).


title: Magnitude (mathematics)

text: Orders of magnitude denote differences in numeric quantities, usually measurements, by a factor of 10—that is, a difference of one digit in the location of the decimal point.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: "Tyrannosaurus" is one of the most iconic dinosaurs and is known from numerous specimens, some of which have individually acquired notability due to their scientific significance and media coverage.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: The first-named fossil specimen which can be attributed to "Tyrannosaurus rex" consists of two partial vertebrae (one of which has been lost) found by Edward Drinker Cope in 1892. Cope believed that they belonged to an "agathaumid" (ceratopsid) dinosaur, and named them "Manospondylus gigas", meaning "giant porous vertebra" in reference to the numerous openings for blood vessels he found in the bone. The "M. gigas" remains were later identified as those of a theropod rather than a ceratopsid, and H.F. Osborn recognized the similarity between "M. gigas" and "Tyrannosaurus rex" as early as 1917. However, due to the fragmentary nature of the "Manospondylus" vertebrae, Osborn did not synonymize the two genera.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: The holotype of "Tyrannosaurus rex", a partial skull and skeleton originally called AMNH 973 (AMNH stands for American Museum of Natural History), was discovered in the U.S. state of Montana in 1902 and excavated over the next three years. Another specimen (AMNH 5866), found in Wyoming in 1900, was described in the same paper under the name "Dynamosaurus imperiosus". At the time of their initial description and naming, these specimens had not been fully prepared and the type specimen of "T. rex" had not even been fully recovered. In 1906, after further preparation and examination, Henry Fairfield Osborn recognized both skeletons as belonging to the same species. Because the name "Tyrannosaurus rex" had appeared just one page earlier than "Dynamosaurus" in Osborn's 1905 work, it was considered the older name and has been used since. Had it not been for page order, "Dynamosaurus" would have become the official name.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: CM 9380 is the type specimen used to describe "Tyrannosaurus rex". Fragments of (then) AMNH 973 were first found in 1902 by Barnum Brown, assistant curator of the American Museum of Natural History and a famous paleontologist in his own right. He forwarded news of it to Osborn; it would be three years before they found the rest of it. In 1905 when the type was described by Osborn, previous knowledge of dinosaur predators at the time were based on Jurassic carnosaurs, so the short fore-arms of the "Tyrannosaurus" were treated with extreme caution, with suspicion that bones of a smaller theropod had become jumbled with the remains of the bigger fossil. Following the 1941 entry of the United States into World War II, the holotype was sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh for protection against possible bombing raids. The specimen, now labeled CM 9380, is still mounted in Pittsburgh, at first with the tail acting as a tripod in the old-fashioned kangaroo pose. It has since received a modernization of its posture (mounted by Phil Fraley and crew) and can now be found balancing with tail outstretched. Along with a more lifelike posture, the specimen also now includes a composite reconstruction of the skull by Michael Holland. It has been reconstructed in recent years, it measured an estimated 11.9 meters in length and an estimated weight of 7.4–14.6 metric tonnes, 9.1 metric tonnes being the average estimate in that study, although most earlier studies have suggested lower weight figures.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: AMNH 5027 was discovered and excavated in 1908 by Barnum Brown in Montana, and described by Osborn in 1912 and 1916. At the time of discovery, a complete cervical (neck vertebrae) series for "Tyrannosaurus" was not previously known, so it was this specimen that brought the short, stocky tyrannosaur neck to light. Compared to later specimens (BMNH R7994 and FMNH PR2081, for instance) the cervical series of AMNH 5027 is much more gracile, so with later discoveries the distinction between tyrannosaurid necks and the necks of carnosaurs became more obvious. This specimen also provided the first complete skull of "Tyrannosaurus rex". In total, Brown found five partial "Tyrannosaurus" skeletons. The skeleton of this specimen was used as the iconic symbol for the Jurassic Park film series.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Osborn planned to mount the similarly sized AMNH 5027 and AMNH 973 together in dynamic poses. Designed by E.S. Christman, the scene was to depict a rearing "Tyrannosaurus" (AMNH 5027) snapping at another cowering one (AMNH 973), as they fought over the remains of a hadrosaur, described at the time as "Trachodon". However, technical difficulties prevented the mount from being executed. One obvious problem was that the Cretaceous Dinosaur Hall was too small to accommodate this dramatic display, and AMNH 5027 was already mounted by itself as the central attraction of the hall. The forearms of "Tyrannosaurus" were not well documented and the hands were unknown, so for the sake of the display, the forearms of AMNH 5027 were given three fingers, based on the forelimbs of "Allosaurus" (the more allosaur-like arms were replaced several years later when better fossils of tyrannosaurid arms were found).


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: The mount retained a rearing pose similar to the initial proposal. By the 1980s it was generally accepted that such a pose would have been anatomically impossible in life, and the skeleton was re-mounted in a more accurate, horizontal pose during a renovation of the museum's dinosaur halls in the early 1990s. The mount can still be seen on display on the fourth floor of the American Museum. The American Museum of Natural History features AMNH 5027 in its famed Hall of Saurischian Dinosaurs to this day.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: A small but nearly complete skull of "Nanotyrannus lancensis", frequently considered to be a juvenile "T. rex", was recovered from Montana in 1942. This skull, Cleveland Museum of Natural History (CMNH) 7541, measures in length and was originally classified as a species of "Gorgosaurus" ("G. lancensis") by Charles W. Gilmore in 1946. In 1988, the specimen was re-described by Robert T. Bakker, Phil Currie, and Michael Williams, then the curator of paleontology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, where the original specimen was housed and is now on display. Their initial research indicated that the skull bones were fused, and that it therefore represented an adult specimen. In light of this, Bakker and colleagues assigned the skull to a new genus, named "Nanotyrannus" for its apparently small adult size. The specimen is estimated to have been around long when it died. However, a detailed analysis of the specimen by Thomas Carr in 1999 showed that the specimen was, in fact, a juvenile, leading Carr and many other paleontologists to consider it a juvenile specimen of "T. rex". The current classification of CMNH 7541 is not universal.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: In 1966, a crew working for the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County under the direction of Harley Garbani discovered another "T. rex" (LACM 23844) which included most of the skull of a very large, mature animal. When it was put on display in Los Angeles, LACM 23844 was the largest "T. rex" skull on exhibit anywhere.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: "Black Beauty" (specimen number RTMP 81.6.1) is a well-preserved fossil of "Tyrannosaurus rex". The nickname stems from the apparent shiny dark color of the fossil bones, which occurred during fossilization by the presence of minerals in the surrounding rock; it was the first "Tyrannosaurus rex" specimen to receive a nickname, beginning a trend that continues with most major "T. rex" finds. Black Beauty was found in 1980 by a high school student, Jeff Baker, while on a fishing trip with a friend in the region of the Crowsnest Pass, Alberta. A large bone was found in the riverbank and shown to their teacher. Soon afterward, the Royal Tyrrell Museum was contacted, and excavation of the sandstone matrix surrounding the fossils began in 1982. The dig site where the fossil was found is located at approximately formula_1 near the confluence of the Crowsnest and Willow Rivers, and consisted of rock belonging to the Willow Creek Formation. The specimen is housed in the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: In 2009, a paper by Jack Horner and colleagues illustrated the concept of parasitic infections in dinosaurs by analysing the lesions found on the cranial bones of Black Beauty. The specimen has been used to study comparative morphology between tyrannosaurids and "Tyrannosaurus" individuals.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Replicas of Black Beauty have been shown in some exhibitions and museums, including both simple skull montages and complete skeletons. Casts are on display in museums around the world.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Stan is the nickname given to a fossil found in Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, close to Buffalo in 1987 by Stan Sacrison, who also discovered the "Tyrannosaurus" specimen nicknamed "Duffy". The original fossils are now housed at Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc. center. It is a well known specimen, and one of the most complete, with 199 bones recovered. About 30 casts of the original fossil have been sold worldwide, each for a price of about $100,000. Stan's skeleton was auctioned for $31.8 million in a 2020 Christie's New York sale, making it a record-breaking dinosaur sale, with the buyer eventually being revealed as the under construction Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi in the Saadiyat Cultural District.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Like many other fossils of "Tyrannosaurus rex", the skeleton of Stan shows many broken and healed bones. These include broken ribs and damages in the skull. One of the most prominent injuries are in the neck and the skull. A piece of bone is missing at the rear, and the skull also bears a hole 1 inch wide, probably made by another "Tyrannosaurus". Also, two of the cervical vertebrae are fused, and another has additional bone growth. This could have been caused by another "Tyrannosaurus" bite. The bite marks are healed, indicating that Stan survived the wounds. Stan could also have been infected by "Trichomonas"-like parasites.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: In 1988, local rancher Kathy Wankel discovered another "Tyrannosaurus rex" in Hell Creek sediments on an island in the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge of Montana. This specimen was excavated by a team from the Museum of the Rockies led by paleontologist Jack Horner, with assistance from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The specimen, given the number MOR 555 but informally called the "Wankel rex," includes approximately 46 percent of the skeleton, including the skull, as well as what at the time was the first complete "T. rex" forelimb. It has an estimated length of around and a weight between and in newer figures. It is estimated that the "Wankel rex" was 18 years old when it died, an adult but not completely grown. The "Wankel rex" was also one of the first fossil dinosaur skeletons studied to see if biological molecules still existed within the fossilized bones. Doctoral candidate Mary Schweitzer found heme, a biological form of iron that makes up hemoglobin (the red pigment in blood).


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: It was long on exhibit at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana. In June 2013, the Corps loaned the specimen to the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution museum in Washington, D.C., for 50 years. (The Museum of the Rockies continues to display a cast reconstruction of the skull by Michael Holland). The specimen went on temporary display on National Fossil Day, 16 October 2013, and was exhibited until the museum's dinosaur hall exhibit closed for renovation in the spring of 2014. The skeleton, named "The Nation's T. rex" became the centerpiece of the dinosaur hall when it reopened in 2019. Casts of MOR 555 are on display at the National Museum of Scotland, the Australian Fossil and Mineral Museum, and the University of California Museum of Paleontology. A bronze cast of the specimen, known as "Big Mike", stands outside the Museum of the Rockies.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Susan Hendrickson of the Black Hills Institute discovered the best-preserved "Tyrannosaurus" currently known, in the Hell Creek Formation near Faith, South Dakota, on 12 August 1990. About 90% of the skeleton was recovered, allowing the first complete description of a "Tyrannosaurus rex" skeleton. This specimen, named "Sue" in honor of its discoverer, soon became embroiled in a legal battle over its ownership. The owner of the land the fossil was found, Maurice Williams, as well the Sioux Tribe he belonged to, claimed ownership, the Institute had considered itself to have. In 1997, the suit was settled in favor of Williams and the fossil was returned to Williams' ownership. Williams quickly offered up "Sue" for auction by Sotheby's in New York, where it was sold to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago for US$8.4 million—the highest price ever paid for a fossil before being surpassed by Stan.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Sue has a length of , stands tall at the hips, and according to the most recent studies estimated to have weighed between 8.4 and 14 metric tons when alive. It has been hypothesised that Sue's impressive size may have been achieved due to a prolonged ontogenic development, since it is the third oldest "Tyrannosaurus" known. Sue's age at the time of death was estimated by Peter Mackovicky and the University of Florida to be 28 years old, over 6–10 years older than most big "Tyrannosaurus" specimens, like MOR 555, AMNH 5027 or BHI 3033. The only known specimen of "T. rex" that is older than Sue is Trix.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Preparation of "Sue" (FMNH PR2081) was completed at the Field Museum and the skeleton was placed on exhibit on 17 May 2000.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Peck's Rex (also known as "Peckrex", "Rigby's rex" and "Tyrannosaurus" "imperator") is the nickname given to a fossil specimen found in Montana in 1997. The discovery was made by Louis E. Tremblay on 4 July 1997 working under the supervision of J. Keith Rigby Jr. who led the excavation and bone preparation. The fossil got its nickname after Fort Peck, which is located close to the place of discovery.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: The fossil of Peck's Rex is relatively well preserved. The skeleton includes a relatively complete skull with jaws, multiple vertebrae of the back and tail, a well preserved gastralium, and hipbone with complete ischium and pubis. The left hindleg is relatively complete with a femur, missing only some toe bones. The forelimbs include the scapula and furcula, both humeri and right hand phalanges, as well as metacarpal III. Peck's Rex has been the subject of research regarding parasitic infections in dinosaurs. The forelimbs of Peck's Rex have also been studied as they show evidence of use. This evidence includes the construction of metacarpal III, as well as repeated fractures in the furcula—possibly caused by heavy loads or pressure (Carpenter and Lipkin, 2005).


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Peck's Rex real fossilized bones are exhibited at The Museum of the Rockies as part of a full body mount completed with plaster replacing the missing bones, and was nicknamed Montana's Rex. This was made since their old main "T. rex" complete real skeleton; Wankel Rex (now nicknamed Nation's Rex) was sent to Washington DC Smithsonian's museum to occupy a central part in the museum's dinosaur hall, featuring a dynamic mount showing the apex predator devouring a "Triceratops" carcass.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: It has been stated by Pete Makovicky, the Chicago museum's lead curator of dinosaurs, that this specimen is in the same size range as "Sue" and "Scotty".


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Bucky is a fossil of a juvenile specimen on display at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is the first juvenile "Tyrannosaurus" ever placed on permanent exhibit in a museum. The dinosaur remains were found in 1998 in the Hell Creek Formation near the town of Faith, South Dakota. The skeleton, transported by water, ended up in a low shallow valley along with bones from an "Edmontosaurus" and "Triceratops". It was discovered by rancher and cowboy Bucky Derflinger. Bucky was well preserved and easily prepared by the Black Hills Institute in South Dakota. Part of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis Dinosphere exhibit, Bucky is displayed along with Stan, an adult "Tyrannosaurus", in a hunting scene. Both dinosaurs are attacking a "Triceratops" specimen known as "Kelsey".


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Bucky is one of the few dinosaur fossils found with a furcula; Bucky's furcula was the first one found for the genus "Tyrannosaurus." Bucky also has a nearly complete set of gastralia, or belly ribs, and an ulna, or lower arm bone. As of now, 101 bones, or about 34% of Bucky's skeleton, has been discovered and verified. Bucky is the sixth-most complete "Tyrannosaurus rex" out of more than 40 that have been discovered.


title: Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

text: Jane is a fossil specimen of small tyrannosaurid dinosaur, officially known as BMRP 2002.4.1, discovered in the Hell Creek Formation in southern Montana in 2001. Despite having a typically female name, Jane's sex is unknown—the specimen was named after Burpee Museum benefactor Jane Solem. The specimen was found in the summer of 2001 by Carol Tuck and Bill Harrison on an expedition led by Burpee Museum curator Michael Henderson. After four years of preparation, Jane was put on display at Rockford, Illinois' Burpee Museum of Natural History as the centerpiece of an exhibit called "Jane: Diary of a Dinosaur."