title: Late Spring

text: The most discussed instance of a pillow shot in any Ozu film—indeed, the most famous crux in the director's work—is the scene that takes place at an inn in Kyoto, in which a vase figures prominently. During the father and daughter's last trip together, after a day sightseeing with Professor Onodera and his wife and daughter, they decide to go to sleep, and lie down on their separate futons on the floor of the inn. Noriko talks about what a nice person Onodera's new wife is, and how embarrassed she feels for having called Onodera's remarriage "filthy." Shukichi assures her that she should not worry about it, because Onodera never took her words seriously. After Noriko confesses to her father that she found the thought of his own remarriage "distasteful," she looks over to discover that he is already asleep, or seems to be. She looks up towards the ceiling and appears to smile.


title: Late Spring

text: There follows a six-second medium shot, in the semidarkness, of a vase on the floor in the same room, in front of a "shōji" screen through which the shadows of leafy branches can be seen. There is a cut back to Noriko, now looking sad and pensive, almost in tears. Then there is a ten-second shot of the same vase, identical to the earlier one, as the music on the soundtrack swells, cuing the next scene (which takes place at the Ryōan-ji rock garden in Kyoto, the following day).


title: Late Spring

text: Abé Mark Nornes, in an essay entitled "The Riddle of the Vase: Ozu Yasujirō's "Late Spring" (1949)," observes: "Nothing in all of Ozu's films has sparked such conflicting explanations; everyone seems compelled to weigh in on this scene, invoking it as a key example in their arguments." Nornes speculates that the reason for this is the scene's "emotional power and its unusual construction. The vase is clearly essential to the scene. The director not only shows it twice, but he lets both shots run for what would be an inordinate amount of time by the measure of most filmmakers." To one commentator, the vase represents "stasis," and is thus "an expression of something unified, permanent, transcendent." Another critic describes the vase and other Ozu "still lifes" as "containers for our emotions." Yet another specifically disputes this interpretation, identifying the vase as "a non-narrative element wedged into the action." A fourth scholar sees it as an instance of the filmmaker's deliberate use of "false POV" (point of view), since Noriko is never shown actually looking at the vase the audience sees. A fifth asserts that the vase is "a classic feminine symbol." And yet another suggests several alternative interpretations, including the vase as "a symbol of traditional Japanese culture," and as an indicator of Noriko's "sense that... [her] relationship with her father has been changed."


title: Late Spring

text: The French philosopher-film theorist Gilles Deleuze, in his book "L'image-temps. Cinéma 2" ("Cinema 2: The Time-Image", 1985), cited this particular scene as an example of what he referred to as the "time image." Simply put, Deleuze sees the vase as an image of unchanging time, although objects "within" time (for example, Noriko) do change (e.g., from joy to sadness). "The vase in "Late Spring" is interposed between [Noriko’s] half smile and the beginning of her tears. There is becoming, change, passage. But the form of what changes does not itself change, does not pass on. This is time, time itself, ‘a little bit of time in its pure state’: a direct time-image, which gives what changes the unchanging form in which the change is produced… The still life is time, for everything that changes is in time, but time does not itself change… Ozu's still lifes endure, have a duration, over ten seconds of the vase: this duration of the vase is precisely the representation of that which endures, through the succession of changing states."


title: Late Spring

text: Like many celebrated works of cinema, "Late Spring" has inspired varied and often contradictory critical and scholarly interpretations. The two most common interpretations of "Late Spring" are: a) the view that the film represents one of a series of Ozu works that depict part of a universal and inevitable "life cycle", and is thus either duplicated or complemented by other Ozu works in the series; b) the view that the film, while similar in theme and even plot to other Ozu works, calls for a distinct critical approach, and that the work is in fact critical of marriage, or at least the particular marriage depicted in it.


title: Late Spring

text: Ozu’s films, both individually and collectively, are often seen as representing either a universal human life cycle or a portion of such a cycle. Ozu himself at least once spoke in such terms. "I wanted in this picture ["Early Summer"] to show a life cycle. I wanted to depict mutability ("rinne"). I was not interested in action for its own sake. And I’ve never worked so hard in my life."


title: Late Spring

text: Those who hold this interpretation argue that this aspect of Ozu's work gives it its universality, and helps it transcend the specifically Japanese cultural context in which the films were created. Bock writes: "The subject matter of the Ozu film is what faces all of us born of man and woman and going on to produce offspring of our own: the family… [The terms "shomingeki" or "home drama"] may be applied to Ozu’s works and create an illusion of peculiar Japaneseness, but in fact behind the words are the problems we all face in a life cycle. They are the struggles of self-definition, of individual freedom, of disappointed expectations, of the impossibility of communication, of separation and loss brought about by the inevitable passages of marriage and death." Bock suggests that Ozu’s wish to portray the life cycle affected his decisions on technical matters, such as the construction and use of the sets of his films. "In employing the set like a curtainless stage Ozu allows for implication of transitoriness in the human condition. Allied with the other aspects of ritual in Ozu's techniques, it reinforces the feeling that we are watching a representative life cycle."


title: Late Spring

text: According to Geist, Ozu wished to convey the concept of "sabi", which she defines as “an awareness of the ephemeral”: "Much of what is ephemeral is also cyclical; thus, "sabi" includes an awareness of the cyclical, which is evinced both formally and thematically in Ozu’s films. Often, they revolve around passages in the human life cycle, usually the marriage of a child or the death of a parent." She points out scenes that are carefully duplicated in "Late Spring", evoking this cyclical theme: "Noriko and her father’s friend [Onodera] sit in a bar and talk about [Onodera’s] remarriage, which Noriko condemns. In the film’s penultimate sequence, the father and Noriko’s friend Aya sit in a bar after Noriko’s wedding. The scene is shot from exactly the same angles as was the first bar scene, and again the subject is remarriage."


title: Late Spring

text: A critical tendency opposing the "life cycle" theory emphasizes the "differences" in tone and intent between this film and other Ozu works that deal with similar themes, situations and characters. These critics are also highly skeptical of the widely held notion that Ozu regarded marriage (or at least the marriage in "Late Spring") favorably. As critic Roger Ebert explains, ""Late Spring" began a cycle of Ozu films about families... Did he make the same film again and again? Not at all. "Late Spring" and "Early Summer" are startlingly different. In the second, Noriko takes advantage of a conversational opening [about marriage] to overturn the entire plot... she accepts a man [as husband] she has known for a long time—a widower with a child." In contrast, "what happens [in "Late Spring"] at deeper levels is angry, passionate and—wrong, we feel, because the father and the daughter are forced to do something neither one of them wants to do, and the result will be resentment and unhappiness." Ebert goes on, "It is universally believed, just as in a Jane Austen novel, that a woman of a certain age is in want of a husband. "Late Spring" is a film about two people who desperately do not believe this, and about how they are undone by their tact, their concern for each other, and their need to make others comfortable by seeming to agree with them." The film "tells a story that becomes sadder the more you think about it." Ebert included the film in his "Great Movies" list.


title: Late Spring

text: "Late Spring", in Wood's view, "is about the sacrifice of Noriko’s happiness in the interest of maintaining and continuing 'tradition,' [which sacrifice] takes the form of her marriage, and everyone in the film—including the father and finally the defeated Noriko herself—is complicit in it." He asserts that, in contradiction to the view of many critics, the film "is not about a young woman trying nobly to sacrifice herself and her own happiness in order dutifully to serve her widowed father in his lonely old age," because her life as a single young woman is one she clearly prefers: "With her father, Noriko has a freedom that she will never again regain." He points out that there is an unusual (for Ozu) degree of camera movement in the first half of the film, as opposed to the "stasis" of the second half, and that this corresponds to Noriko’s freedom in the first half and the "trap" of her impending marriage in the second. Rather than perceiving the Noriko films as a "cycle", Wood asserts that the trilogy is "unified by its underlying progressive movement, a progression from the unqualified tragedy of "Late Spring" through the ambiguous 'happy ending' of "Early Summer" to the authentic and fully earned note of bleak and tentative hope at the end of "Tokyo Story"."


title: Late Spring

text: "Late Spring" was released in Japan on September 19, 1949. Basing his research upon files kept on the film by the Allied censorship, Sorensen notes: "Generally speaking, [the film] was hailed with enthusiasm by Japanese critics when it opened at theaters." The publication "Shin Yukan", in its review of September 20, emphasized the scenes that take place in Kyoto, describing them as embodying "the calm Japanese atmosphere" of the entire work. Both "Shin Yukan" and another publication, "Tokyo Shinbun" (in its review of September 26), considered the film beautiful and the former called it a "masterpiece." There were, however, some cavils: the critic of "Asahi Shinbun" (September 23) complained that "the tempo is not the feeling of the present period" and the reviewer from "Hochi Shinbun" (September 21) warned that Ozu should choose more progressive themes, or else he would "coagulate."


title: Late Spring

text: In 1950, the film became the fifth Ozu work overall, and the first of the postwar period, to top the Kinema Junpo poll, making it the Japanese critics' "best film" of 1949. In addition, that year the film won four prizes at the distinguished Mainichi Film Awards, sponsored by the newspaper "Mainichi Shinbun": Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Actress (Setsuko Hara, who was also honored for two other films in which she appeared in 1949).


title: Late Spring

text: In a 2009 poll by Kinema Junpo magazine of the best Japanese films of all time, nine Ozu films appeared. "Late Spring" was the second highest-rated film, tying for 36th place. (The highest-ranking of his films was "Tokyo Story", which topped the list.)


title: Late Spring

text: Ozu's younger contemporary, Akira Kurosawa, in 1999 published a conversation with his daughter Kazuko in which he provided his unranked personal listing, in chronological order, of the top 100 films, both Japanese and non-Japanese, of all time. One of the works he selected was "Late Spring", with the following comment: "[Ozu's] characteristic camera work was imitated by many directors abroads [sic] as well, i.e., many people saw and see Mr. Ozu’s movies, right? That’s good. Indeed, one can learn pretty much from his movies. Young prospective movie makers in Japan should, I hope, see more of Ozu’s work. Ah, it was really good times when Mr. Ozu, Mr. Naruse and/or Mr. Mizoguchi were all making movies!"


title: Late Spring

text: New Yorker Films released the film in North America on July 21, 1972. A newspaper clipping, dated August 6, 1972, indicates that, of the New York-based critics of the time, six (Stuart Byron of "The Village Voice", Charles Michener of "Newsweek", Vincent Canby of "The New York Times", Archer Winsten of "The New York Post", Judith Crist of The Today Show and Stanley Kauffmann of "The New Republic") gave the work a favorable review and one critic (John Simon of "New York" magazine) gave it a "mixed" review.


title: Late Spring

text: Canby observed that "the difficulty with Ozu is not in appreciating his films... [but] in describing an Ozu work in a way that doesn't diminish it, that doesn't reduce it to an inventory of his austere techniques, and that accurately reflects the unsentimental humanism of his discipline." He called the characters played by Ryu and Hara "immensely affecting—gentle, loving, amused, thinking and feeling beings," and praised the filmmaker for his "profound respect for [the characters'] privacy, for the mystery of their emotions. Because of this—not in spite of this—his films, of which "Late Spring" is one of the finest, are so moving."


title: Late Spring

text: Stuart Byron of "The Village Voice" called "Late Spring" "Ozu’s greatest achievement and, thus, one of the ten best films of all time."


title: Late Spring

text: In "Variety", reviewer Robert B. Frederick (under the pseudonym "Robe") also had high praise for the work. "Although made in 1949," he wrote, "this infrequently-seen example of the cinematic mastery of the late Yasujirō Ozu... compares more than favorably with any major Japanese film... A heartwarming and very worthy cinematic effort."


title: Late Spring

text: Modern genre critics equally reviewed the film positively, giving the film an aggregate score of 100% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes from 24 reviews, with an average score of 9.00/10. Kurosawa biographer Stuart Galbraith IV, reviewing the Criterion Collection DVD, called the work "archetypal postwar Ozu" and "a masterful distillation of themes its director would return to again and again... There are better Ozu films, but "Late Spring" impressively boils the director's concerns down to their most basic elements." Norman Holland concludes that "Ozu has created—in the best Japanese manner—a film explicitly beautiful but rich in ambiguity and the unexpressed." Dennis Schwartz calls it "a beautiful drama," in which "there's nothing artificial, manipulative or sentimental." "The Village Voice" ranked the film at number 112 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.


title: Late Spring

text: Leonard Maltin awarded the film four out of four stars, calling it "A transcendent and profoundly moving work rivaling Tokyo Story as the director's masterpiece."


title: Late Spring

text: On August 1, 2012, the British Film Institute (BFI) published its decennial "Sight & Sound" "Greatest Films of All Time" poll, one of the most widely respected such polls among fans and scholars A total of 846 "critics, programmers, academics, distributors, writers and other cinephiles" submitted Top Ten lists for the poll. In that listing, "Late Spring" appeared in 15th place among all films from the dawn of cinema. It was the second-highest ranking Japanese-language film on the list. (Ozu's own "Tokyo Story" appeared in third place. Akira Kurosawa's "Seven Samurai" was the third-highest ranking Japanese-language film on the list, tied at 17th place.) In the previous BFI poll (2002), "Late Spring" did not appear either on the critics' or the directors' "Top Ten" lists. The film ranked 53rd in BBC's 2018 list of The 100 greatest foreign language films voted by 209


title: Late Spring

text: Only one remake of "Late Spring" has so far been filmed: a television movie, produced to celebrate Ozu's centennial, entitled "A Daughter's Marriage" ("Musume no kekkon"), directed by the distinguished filmmaker Kon Ichikawa and produced by the Japanese pay television channel WOWOW. It was broadcast on December 14, 2003, two days after the 100th anniversary of Ozu's birth (and 40th anniversary of his death). Ichikawa, a younger contemporary of Ozu's, was 88 years old at the time of the broadcast. The film recreated various idiosyncrasies of the late director's style. For example, Ichikawa included many shots with vividly red objects, in imitation of Ozu's well-known fondness for red in his own color films (although "Late Spring" was not itself shot in color).


title: Late Spring

text: In addition, a number of works wholly or partly inspired by the original 1949 film have been released over the years. These works can be divided into three types: variations (directed by Ozu himself), homages (by directors other than Ozu), and at least one parody.


title: Late Spring

text: The most obvious variation of "Late Spring" in Ozu's own work is "Late Autumn", which deals again with a daughter who reacts negatively to the (false) rumor of the remarriage of a parent—this time a mother (Setsuko Hara) rather than a father—and ultimately gets married herself. One scholar refers to this film as "a version of "Late Spring".", while another describes it as "a revision of "Late Spring", with Akiko (played by Hara, the daughter in the earlier film) taking the father's role." Other Ozu films also contain plot elements first established by the 1949 film, though somewhat altered. For example, the 1958 film "Equinox Flower" ("Higanbana"), the director's first ever in color, focuses on a marriageable daughter, though as one scholar points out, the plot is a "reversal" of "Late Spring" in that the father at first opposes his daughter's marriage.


title: Late Spring

text: The French director Claire Denis has acknowledged that her critically acclaimed 2008 film "35 Shots of Rum" ("35 Rhums") is a homage to Ozu. "This film is also a sort of... not copy, but it has stolen a lot to [sic] a famous Ozu film called "Late Spring"… [Ozu] was trying to show through few characters… the relation between human beings."


title: Late Spring

text: Because of perceived similarities, in subject matter and in his contemplative approach, to the Japanese master, Taiwanese director Hou Hsiao-hsien has been called "an artistic heir to Ozu." In 2003, to celebrate Ozu's centennial, Shochiku, the studio where Ozu worked throughout his career, commissioned Hou to make a film in tribute. The resulting work, "Café Lumière" ("Kōhī Jikō", 2003), has been called, "in its way, a version of the "Late Spring" story, updated to the early 21st Century." However, unlike the virginal Noriko, the heroine of the Hou film, Yoko, "lives on her own, is independent of her family, and has no intention of marrying just because she's pregnant."


title: Late Spring

text: An offbeat Japanese variant, the 2003 film "A Lonely Cow Weeps at Dawn" ("Chikan gifu: Musuko no yome to...", also known as "A Cow at Daybreak", "Cowshed of Immorality", or "Father in Law"), belongs to the Japanese "pinku" (pink film) genre of softcore films. The drama tells the story of a senile farmer (named Shukichi) who enjoys a bizarrely sexualized relationship with his daughter-in-law (named Noriko). The director, Daisuke Goto, claims that the film was strongly influenced by, among other works, "Late Spring".


title: Late Spring

text: Perhaps the strangest tribute of all is yet another "pink" film, "", also known as "Spring Bride" or "My Brother's Wife" ("Hentai kazoku: Aniki no yomesan", 1983), director Masayuki Suo's first film. It has been called "perhaps the only film that ever replicated Ozu’s style down to the most minute detail. The story, style, characters, and settings constantly invoke Ozu’s iconography, and especially "Late Spring."" As in Ozu's classic, the narrative has a wedding which is never shown on screen and Suo consistently imitates the older master's "much posited predilection for carefully composed static shots from a low camera angle... affectionately poking fun at the restrained and easy going 'life goes on' philosophy of its model." Nornes indicates that this film is significant because it points up the fact that Ozu's films are enjoyed in different ways by two different audiences: as emotion-laden family stories by general audiences, and as exercises in cinematic style by sophisticated film fans.


title: Late Spring

text: "Late Spring" was released on VHS in an English-subtitled version by New Yorker Video in November 1994.


title: Late Spring

text: In 2003, Shochiku marked the centennial of Ozu's birth by releasing a Region 2 DVD of the film in Japan (with no English subtitles). In the same year, the Hong Kong-based distributor Panorama released a Region 0 (worldwide) DVD of the film, in NTSC format, but with English and Chinese subtitles.


title: Late Spring

text: In 2004, Bo Ying, a Chinese distributor, released a Region 0 DVD of "Late Spring" in NTSC format with English, Chinese and Japanese subtitles. In 2005, Tartan released a Region 0, English-subtitled DVD of the film, in PAL format, as Volume One of its Triple Digipak series of Ozu's Noriko Trilogy.


title: Late Spring

text: In 2006, The Criterion Collection released a two-disc set with a restored high-definition digital transfer and new subtitle translations. It also includes "Tokyo-Ga", an Ozu tribute by director Wim Wenders; an audio commentary by Richard Peña; and essays by Michael Atkinson and Donald Richie. In 2009, the Australian distributor Madman Entertainment released an English-subtitled Region 4 DVD of the film in PAL format.


title: Late Spring

text: In June 2010, BFI released the film on Region B-locked Blu-ray. The release includes a 24-page illustrated booklet as well as Ozu's earlier film "The Only Son", also in HD, and a DVD copy of both films (in Region 2 and PAL). In April 2012, Criterion released a Blu-ray version of the film. This release contains the same supplements as Criterion's DVD version.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Divya Drishti () is an Indian supernatural drama television series which aired from 23 February 2019 to 23 February 2020 on Star Plus. Produced under Fireworks Productions, it starred Sana Sayyad, Nyra Banerjee, Sangita Ghosh, Adhvik Mahajan and Mishkat Varma.


title: Divya Drishti

text: The story starts with a pregnant woman, Vidya, meeting with her Guruji. They talk about Pishaachini, an evil pishaachini and a former disciple of Guruji, who is going after three powerful and magical gems of Lord Shiva which are with him. If she gets all three of the gems, she will become so powerful no one will be able to stop her. Guruji had given two of the gems, the Tatva Ratna, with the power to control the elements, and the Mayavi Ratna, with the power of illusions and mind control, to two of his disciples for safekeeping. Pishaachini, however, killed these disciples with her magic and acquired both the gems, which she wears on a pendant, and their powers. She is now after the third and the most powerful of the three gems, the Kaal Vijay Ratna, which has the power to give visions of the future and the power to change the future, which is with Guruji himself. Vidya and Guruji go to his cave, where Pishaachini appears and asks Guruji for the Kaal Vijay Ratna. Guruji uses magic and pushes Pishaachini to the side while he throws the gem at Vidya . Pishaachini, recovers and moved in front of the incoming gem to catch it. The Kaal Vijay Ratna then enters her right eye, destroying it and revealing a glowing red light inside it. The gem then goes inside Vidya's womb. Guruji then tells her that her unborn twin children will get the powers of the gem and warns her to beware the dark forces that will come after her and to beware the full moon. He then tells Vidya to run away.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Vidya has two daughters, Divya and Drishti. Gifted with superpowers, Drishti has the ability to see the future while Divya has the power to change the future. Vidya and Sarthak are worried as Pishaachini is hunting them down to steal their powers. They manage to save Divya and Drishti but end up sacrificing themselves. The sisters run away but ultimately get separated and adopted by different families.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Divya and Drishti are all grown up. Divya is carefree and free-spirited, while Drishti is mature and caring. They constantly try to find each other during full moon nights, feeling each other's presence at times, but yet are unable to identify each other.They coincidentally meet at the fair, both realising each other's presence as their hands were touched slightly unknowingly.Chiranjivi spots both of them and try to keep them apart so that pisaachini couldn't follow them. In an attempt to keep Divya and Drishti apart, he arranges a job for Drishti in Bali whose job turns out to become Rakshith Shergill's personal assistant. Even Divya travels to Bali unknown to chiranjivi. Rakshit is engaged to Lavanya but starts developing feelings for Drishti. On the other hand, Divya considers Rakshit to be her Prince Charming and wants to marry him. Dristhi finds out Divya is her sister but is unable to tell her. Through a series of events, Divya marries Shikhar (Rakshit's cousin) while Drishti marries Rakshit. Shikhar is revealed to know everything about Pishaachini and is in cahoots with her. It turns out Shikhar is actually a dupe that Pishaachini placed in the house to do her bidding. Later, Divya also discovers the truth about Dristhi being her sister and both reunite. They decide to find their parents' murderer. Dristhi sees Preeto (Pishaachini) murder Sunny and sees Preeto in her true avatar as Pishaachini. She tells the whole family, including Divya, but no one believes her because Pishaachini resurrects Sunny for 24 hours. Divya eventually comes around to trusting her sister and they both plan on killing Pishaachini before Pisahachnini can hurt them.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Drishti, Divya, Romi (Drishti's adopted brother) and Shikhar join hands to destroy Pishachini. In reality, Shikhar is still working for Pishaachini and letting Pishaachini know everything about the sisters' plan. Divya and Dristhi finally manage to kill Pishaachini but her soul enters Divya's body, turning her into Divyaachini. Drishti manages to separate Divya and Pishaachini with the help of a powerful and mysterious man named Anjaan, who tells her that the only way to destroy Pishaachini is to trap her soul in Divya's body. Drishti stabs Divya, which traps Pishaachini's soul in Divya and Divya regains her consciousness. However, Divya-Drishti's lives are connected, so if one twin dies, so does the other. Anjaan seemingly helps Pishaachini reenter her previous body by removing the dagger from Divya's chest. Anjaan also gives Pishaachini the Kaal Vijay ratna, however it turns out to be fake. In reality, he was saving Divya-Drishti from dying. Divya-Drishti get their powers back and let Lord Shiva protect the Kaal Vijay ratna. Simran (Rakshit's cousin) is attacked by Pishaachini as she wants to activate the Kaal Vijay ratna with a virgin girl's blood. Pishaachini figures out the Kaal Vijay ratna she has is fake. Later, Rakshit is revealed to be Anjaan who possesses powers and is trying destroy Pishaachini. Drishti also finds out that Anjaan is Rakshit by touching his forehead, which lets her see his true intentions.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Everyone come to know that the doors of the hell are opening and many evil power are coming out from hell who will try to get the Kaal Vijay ratna. Pishaachini's right hand, Bicchhu, ends up dying and she takes his poison for later use as it is the most poisonous substance in the world. Pishaachini asks Anjaan to get Rakshit married with Lavanya, without knowing that Anjaan is Rakshit. Her plan is to stop Rakshit from inheriting his powers from his maternal grandfather, Guruji, as well as break Drishti's raksha kavach. Chiranjivi reveals that Pishaachini used to be human and only way to defeat her is to destroy her human ashes. Meanwhile, Simran's wedding with Agham is canceled as her in-laws find out she has gone crazy after Pishaachini's attack. The household is distressed from the broken wedding so Rakshit announces to get married with Lavanya to maintain the wedding atmosphere. He is actually trying to get to the bottom of Pishaachini's plan by marrying Lavanya. Drishti is heartbroken as she doesn't know why Rakshit is doing all this. Amidst all this, Romi follows Anjaan and finds out his real identity. Rakshit reveals that he is faking to help Pishaachini to find out where his dad is. Romi agrees to keep Rakshit's identity a secret and help Rakshit by keeping an eye on Lavanya. Later, Rakshit brings divorce papers for Drishti and she signs it. Divya-Drishti, with Simran's aide, find the place where Pishaachini's ashes are kept. Before Divya-Drishti could destroy the ashes, Pishaachini comes and stops them. On the other hand, Rakshit has arranged for a fake pandit to conduct his wedding with Lavanya so the wedding will be nulled. During the wedding, Lavanya is shown to have turned into an evil lizard being by Pishaachini and her goal is to bite Rakshit and kill him with her poison. Divya-Drishti are left hanging by a bridge after their fight with Pishaachini. While stuck there, Drishti reveals that Anjaan is Rakshit. Finally, Anjaan and Romi come to save the twins. Later, Drishti saves Rakshit after Lavanya poisons him. Lavanya finds out that Divya-Drishti's weakness is dhatura, while Pishaachini finds out that Anjaan is Rakshit.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Pishaachini teams with the evil from hell in order to get the Kaal Vijay ratna for herself. Divya Drishti and others manage to kill the evil powers from hell but Pishaachini becomes successful in taking the ratna and flies away. With all the ratna in hand she tries to merge the power of all ratna but fails. Later, she asks for help from Kaal Devta, the evil Lord of Hell to help her in merging the powers. He tells her that she needs to activate the true power of each of the ratna. He does so with the Tatva and Mayavi Ratna. On Independence Day, Shikhar is revealed to be not the real son of the family, it was Shikhar's imposter who was helping Pishachini in order to gain powers. Divya kills the imposter. Pishaachini successfully activates the Kaal Vijay ratna, but Divya Drishti blow up the building with a bomb Pishaachini placed. The resulting explosion causes Pishaachini to drop all the ratna while fleeing and kills Divya-Drishti.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Pishaachini lives in the Shergill manor and is controlling the family mysteriously. Divya-Drishti reincarnate and gain new powers to stop Pishachini once and for all they get all powers of the three ratna. They re-enter the house to find Pishaachini claiming to be Rakshit's wife. Rakshit has lost his memory due to the blast. Pishaachini gives birth to Patali, her and Kaal Devta's daughter who poses to be Rakshit's daughter. Rakshit regains his memory and along with Divya-Drishti, defeats Patali.


title: Divya Drishti

text: A few days later, a cunning prisoner escapes from hell fooling the Kaal Devta. He comes through Pisachini's den which leads to the Shergill house and realises that they are a very rich family and decides to rob them. Rakshit traces out the real Shikhar through some detectives using his childhood pictures. The prisoner who has now named himself as Murari, is brought to the Shergill family as the real Shikhar. Pishaachini kills Patali and puts the blame on Divya, sending her to hell. Drishti, Rakshit, Romi and Murari rescue her. Murari has flashbacks of his forgotten childhood and realises that he is real Shikhar. The Shergill family then find out that Shikhar is from hell, putting a strain on Divya and Shikhar's newly budding feelings. Now, the mysterious Laal chakor, an old disciple of Guruji, enters. Laal chakor attacks Rashi, killing her to the chagrin of the Shergill family. To find out Laal chakor's secret, Divya-Drishti decide to go into the cave, where many years ago the kaal vijay ratna was given to Vidya(Divya-Drishti's mother). They find the cave locked and the only way to open it is with their and their husbands hands on four handprints. Divya marries Shikhar since his hand fits the last handprint.


title: Divya Drishti

text: After many tries, Divya and Drishti find an oyster, which holds the secret of the cave. Drishti finds out she is pregnant with twins after a sudden vision. During the Shergill family reunion where Rakshit's cousins arrive, Pishaachini casts a spell, barring every exit with walls that form back when they are broken down. To make matters worse, Laal chakor is attacking members of the Shergill family, killing everyone except Divya-Drishti, Rakshit and Shikhar, who escaped using a magic chest Divya-Drishti encountered in the cave. After escaping, they make a plan to lure Laal chakor and Pishaachini to Divya-Drishti's old house by leaving a note in the Shergill house. A fight ensues between the heroes and the two villains. In a dramatic twist, Laal chakor is revealed to be Mahima, Rakshit's mother, leaving everyone, especially Rakshit, devastated.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Mahima reveals that she was jealous of Vidya because she was given the Kaal Vijay Ratna by Guruji, rather than Mahima, his greatest pupil. Mahima vowed revenge and allied with Pishaachini to kill Vidya and get the gems. Mahima says she can bring back the dead family members with some magic water which she will give to them only if Divya-Drishti kill themselves. Divya-Drishti do so, releasing the Tatva Ratna, which Pishaachini takes and the Mayavi Ratna, which Mahima takes. The Kaal Vijay Ratna also came out but disappeared when Divya and Drishti touched hands. Divya and Drishti are resurrected once more, with the help of the two pearls inside the oyster. This came with news that both of them lost their new powers so Drishti can only see the future and Divya only has the power to change the future. Also, Drishti's children were due in 2 days. They return to the Shergill house and they hide in pisaachini's den, where the family is tricking Mahima and Pishaachini into thinking that Divya-Drishti's souls are alive.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Guruji is revealed to be alive, having faked his death and being trapped in the cave by Mahima since then. He allies with Divya-Drishti, who are plotting to destroy Pishaachini and Mahima by turning them on one another. But later he reveals that the Kaal Vijay Ratna was cursed in the first place and he being greedy for powers could not join the three gems and hence approached Vidya, a pure soul who could possibly remove the curse but due to the chaos created by Pishaachini before Vidya touched it led the powers to be split to her children. He later disguised himself as Kaal Devta by killing the real Kaal Devta. Drishti gives birth to her twin children shortly after which Laal chakor is killed by pishachini and Kaal Devta by Rakshit. Pishaachini then acquires all three ratnas which she combines to form the blue Maha Ratna. She transforms into Maha Pishaachini and tries to kill Divya and Drishti but Lord Shiva ends her once and for all. Divya-Drishti are later revealed to have lost their powers which they are okay with. Drishti's twins are later shown to have Divya-Drishti's powers, while the Maha Ratna, thought to have gone back to Lord Shiva, is revealed to still be on Earth and Drishti's children gain them.


title: Divya Drishti

text: The first promo of the series was released on 24 January 2019 where Sana Sayyad and Sangita Ghosh were introduced.


title: Divya Drishti

text: Originally, the series was planned for 52 episodes and to end in July 2019. But, a good response for it gave an extension and it ended on 23 February 2020 completing 106 episodes.


title: Divya Drishti

text: In October 2019, "The Times of India" criticised the ongoing track then stating: "Divya-Drishti’s latest storyline is crossing all boundaries of bizarreness. This storyline is full of essence which is just opposite of what we expect from a thriller show. We can just wait and hope to witness something very thrilling in the show, something more real than just mere naivety."


title: Divya Drishti

text: "Divya Drishti" was the seventh most watched Hindi urban television show in its debut week (week 9 of 2019) in India, reaching a TRP of 1.9. In week 45, it was at fourteenth position with 4.32 million impressions with trp of 1.7. Since its premiere, the show has maintained its position in the top 20 most-watched Hindi shows.


title: Divya Drishti

text: "Nazar" and "Divya Drishti" had a collaboration where Mohana portrayed by Antara Biswas from Nazar entered the show Divya Drishti teaming up with Pishachini portrayed by Sangita Ghosh for a sequence.


title: Akihiko Yoshida

text: He is well known for his work on the "Final Fantasy" series. He is a frequent collaborator of game designer Yasumi Matsuno.


title: Akihiko Yoshida

text: In 1995, Yoshida joined Square and with each project he took on, he experimented with different styles of graphic design. He has compared his use of color to that of "Kingdom Hearts" character designer Tetsuya Nomura, and the keeping of color consistent between the characters and the game world.


title: Akihiko Yoshida

text: For the game "Tactics Ogre", pencil etchings and CG coloration were used together for the first time. Yoshida considers the tone and style of the game to be the "ideal" art style and thus within his comfort zone. The original tarot card illustrations for the game were done for dot graphics, and reflected a limited color index. When remade for the PlayStation Portable, some staff wanted to use the original illustrations, but Yoshida requested to redraw the illustrations with more detail and color than was possible or required previously.


title: Akihiko Yoshida

text: In designing the character of Vaan for "Final Fantasy XII", initially the character was "rugged" and "tough", but after considering the demographics of the games audience, the character was made younger and thinner. Once the actors motion captured and voice actor Kohei Takeda did the part, the character became slightly less effeminate than was originally designed.


title: Akihiko Yoshida

text: Yoshida set out to create a cast of characters who looked unlike any previous "Final Fantasy" cast. He also stated that the character reflected what Japanese audiences want, but that they try to design characters everyone likes.


title: Akihiko Yoshida

text: In addition to his work in video games, Yoshida designed the original characters for the 2018 directorial debut film of screenwriter Mari Okada entitled "".


title: Akihiko Yoshida

text: He has been cited as a "fantastic" artist by Kotaku, and his work on "Vagrant Story" and "Final Fantasy XII" was called "brilliant" and "refined" by IGN.


title: Tournai

text: Tournai or Tournay ( ; ; ; ; ; ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It lies southwest of Brussels on the river Scheldt. Tournai is part of Eurometropolis Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai, which had 2,155,161 residents in 2008.


title: Tournai

text: Tournai is one of the oldest cities in Belgium and has played an important role in the country's cultural history. It was the first capital of the Frankish Empire, with Clovis I being born here.


title: Tournai

text: Tournai is located in the Picardy Wallonia and Romance Flanders region of Belgium, at the southern limit of the Flemish plain, in the basin of the River Scheldt ("Escaut" in French, "Schelde" in Dutch). Administratively, the town is part of the Province of Hainaut, itself part of Wallonia. It is also a municipality that is part of the French-speaking Community of Belgium. Tournai has its own arrondissements, both administrative and judicial.


title: Tournai

text: Its area of makes it the largest municipality in size in Belgium; it is also the largest in population in Western Hainaut.


title: Tournai

text: The municipality consists of the following districts: Barry, Beclers, Blandain, Chercq, Ere, Esplechin, Froidmont, Froyennes, Gaurain-Ramecroix, Havinnes, Hertain, Kain, Lamain, Marquain, Maulde, Melles, Mont-Saint-Aubert, Mourcourt, Orcq, Quartes, Ramegnies-Chin, Rumillies, Saint-Maur, Templeuve, Thimougies, Tournai, Vaulx, Vezon, Warchin, and Willemeau.


title: Tournai

text: Rocks from the Tournai area date from the Carboniferous Period and have been used to define the Tournaisian Age, a subdivision of the Carboniferous lasting from 359 to 345 million years ago. Tournai stone is a dark limestone which takes a polish and was used particularly in the Romanesque period for sculpted items such as Tournai fonts. It is also hard enough to have been used locally for pavements and kerb-stones. It is sometimes called Tournai marble, though this is geologically inaccurate.


title: Tournai

text: Tournai, known as "Tornacum", was a place of minor importance in Roman times, a stopping place where the Roman road from Cologne on the Rhine to Boulogne on the coast crossed the river Scheldt. It was fortified under Maximian in the 3rd century AD, when the Roman "limes" was withdrawn to the string of outposts along the road. It came into the possession of the Salian Franks in 432. Under king Childeric I, whose tomb was discovered there in 1653, Tournai was the capital of the Frankish empire. In 486, Clovis moved the center of power to Paris. In turn, a native son of Tournai, Eleutherius, became bishop of the newly created bishopric of Tournai, extending over most of the area west of the Scheldt. In 862 Charles the Bald, first king of Western Francia and still to become Holy Roman Emperor, would make Tournai the seat of the County of Flanders.


title: Tournai

text: After the partition of the Frankish empire by the Treaties of Verdun (843) and of Meerssen (870), Tournai remained in the western part of the empire, which in 987 became France. The city participated in 11th-century rise of towns in the Low Countries, with a woollen cloth industry based on English wool, which soon made it attractive to wealthy merchants. An ambitious rebuilding of the cathedral was initiated in 1030. The commune's drive for independence from the local counts succeeded in 1187, and the city was henceforth directly subordinated to the French Crown, as the "seigneurie de Tournaisis", as the city's environs are called. The stone over the Scheldt, with defensive towers at either end, was built in 1290, replacing an earlier wooden structure.


title: Tournai

text: During the 15th century, the city's textile trade boomed and it became an important supplier of tapestry. The art of painting flourished too: Jacques Daret, Robert Campin and Rogier van der Weyden all came from Tournai. It was captured in 1513 by Henry VIII of England, making it the only Belgian city ever to have been ruled by England. It was also represented in the 1515 Parliament of England. The city was handed back to French rule in 1519, following the Treaty of London (1518).


title: Tournai

text: In 1521, Emperor Charles V added the city to his possessions in the Low Countries, leading to a period of religious strife and economic decline. During the 16th century, Tournai was a bulwark of Calvinism, but eventually it was conquered by the Spanish governor of the Low Countries, the Duke of Parma, following a prolonged siege in 1581. After the fall of the city, its Protestant inhabitants were given one year to sell their possessions and emigrate, a policy that was at the time considered relatively humane, since very often religious opponents were simply massacred.


title: Tournai

text: One century later, in 1668, the city briefly returned to France under Louis XIV in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. After the end of the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, under terms of the Treaty of Utrecht the former Spanish Netherlands, including Tournai, came into possession of the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1794, France annexed the Austrian Netherlands during the French Revolutionary Wars and Tournai became part of the department of Jemmape. From 1815 on, following the Napoleonic Wars, Tournai formed part of the United Netherlands and after 1830 of newly independent Belgium. Badly damaged in 1940, Tournai has since been carefully restored.


title: Tournai

text: Tournai is considered to be one of the most important cultural sites in Belgium. The mixed Romanesque- and Gothic-style cathedral of "Notre Dame de Tournai" and the belfry, considered the oldest in Belgium, have been designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. Inside the cathedral, the "Châsse de Notre-Dame flamande", a beautifully ornate 12th-century reliquary, gives witness to Tournai's wealth in the Middle Ages. Other places of interest are the 13th-century Scheldt bridge ("Pont des Trous") and the main square ("Grand Place"), as well as several old city gates, historic warehouses, and a variety of museums.


title: Tournai

text: On rue Barre-St-Brice are two of the oldest private houses in Europe, dating from between 1175 and 1200 and built in the Romanesque style, while the rue des Jésuites includes a Gothic house from the 13th century.


title: Tournai

text: As in many Belgian cities, there are a number of cafés and pubs in the "Grand Place". In the middle of the "Grand Place" there are a series of water fountains while the circular staircase to the top of the belfry can be climbed.


title: Tournai

text: Tournai is a French-speaking town of Belgium. The local language is "tournaisien", a Picard dialect similar to that of other communes of Hainaut and Northern France.


title: Tournai

text: Tournai belongs to Romance Flanders, like Lille, Douai, Tourcoing, and Mouscron. The city of Tournai was one of the greatest cultural and economic centers of the County of Flanders. Some traces can still be seen today:


title: Tournai

text: Although Tournai is in the Flemish cultural area (of the Scheldt), it also possesses some treasures of the Mosan style. Indeed, the two most beautiful shrines of the cathedral, commissioned by the Bishop of Tournai, were made in the region of Liège by the artist Nicholas of Verdun: the shrines of "Saint-Eleutherius" and of "Our Lady of Flanders" (13th century). Those shrines testify to the opulence of the towns of Tournai and Liège during the Middle-Ages. The shrine of "Our Lady of Flanders" has been called one of the seven wonders of Belgium.


title: Tournai

text: The Faculty of architecture, architectural engineering and urban planning of the French-speaking University of Louvain (UCLouvain) is located in Tournai.


title: Momma Named Me Sheriff

text: Momma Named Me Sheriff is an American adult animated sitcom created by Will Carsola and Dave Stewart for Adult Swim. The show serves as a spin-off/sequel series to "Mr. Pickles" and focuses on Old Town's dimwitted Sheriff. The show premiered on Adult Swim on November 18, 2019, unannounced and disguised as an episode of "Mr. Pickles", with the series finale to the original series airing right before. The show was renewed for a second season and premiered on February 15, 2021.


title: Momma Named Me Sheriff

text: The Sheriff patrols Old Town while having different misadventures. He is joined by Stanley Goodman who now works as the deputy.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Batman: Dark Victory is a 14-part American comic book limited series (including a #0 issue) published by DC Comics, featuring the superhero Batman. The series, which ran from 1999 until 2000, was written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Tim Sale, and it serves as a sequel to "". "Batman: Dark Victory" takes place primarily four to five years into Batman's career as a vigilante crimefighter. The plot centers on a series of murders involving Gotham City police officers by a mysterious serial killer only known as the Hangman. Central to the storyline is a territory war between Two-Face and the remnants of the Falcone mob, led by Sofia Falcone.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: The story is also a re-telling of the origins of Batman's sidekick Robin and his adoption by Bruce Wayne. The story brings closure to many characters introduced in Frank Miller's "".


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: In 2004, Loeb and Sale produced a follow-up titled "", focusing on Catwoman's movements in Italy. The story takes place during the events of "Dark Victory", between Valentine's Day (when Catwoman leaves Gotham) and Labor Day.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: It has been several months after the killer known as "Holiday" was apprehended. "Holiday" was actually Alberto Falcone, attempting to one-up his father, and prove he is more than capable of handling the family business. Janice Porter has replaced Harvey Dent as Gotham City's District Attorney and despises Batman's methods, although Commissioner Gordon tries to sway her opinion.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Bruce blames himself for letting Harvey go beyond saving and become a villain himself, serving time in Arkham Asylum, like many of the people Dent put there. Batman becomes even more of a loner, refusing Gordon's assistance, and Catwoman's. During a visit to Dent's cell, there is a large breakout of most of the inmates of Arkham. Alberto is not one of them. Batman insists Sofia Gigante had some hand in the breakout, but she assures him she does not, as since their last visit she now uses a wheelchair and has a brace on her head.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Janice Porter allows the release of Alberto to house arrest in his brother Mario's custody at their father's old estate. Shortly after his release, Clancy O'Hara's body is found hanged from the Gotham city bridge, his old patrol. Taped to his chest is a newspaper clipping, headlined "Holiday goes free", with a hangman riddle written on it.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Batman interrogates the Riddler, the only man whom Holiday did not kill, but he assures Batman that he has not the faintest idea as to why Holiday did not kill him. In the Falcone estate, Alberto begins to hear his father's voice, telling him to continue his work as the Holiday killer. Soon after the Riddler meets with Batman, saying that the killer assumes that another person is playing their twisted game, the corrupt ex-commissioner Gillian B. Loeb is found hanged from his stairs in his mansion, another riddle on his chest.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Later, another corrupt officer, Detective Flass is found hanged outside the strip club where he worked as a bouncer. Batman believes that Alberto is the newly dubbed "Hangman" killer, or knows who the person is. He interrogates him, but learns nothing and leaves to search for Harvey Dent.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Entering the sewers, Batman fights Solomon Grundy, and he leads Batman to Harvey's new office. Searching his office, there is an explosion and Batman loses Two-Face underground. In Gordon's office, he is talking and trying to persuade Janice to accept Batman, and she agrees, as long as he follows the law.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Another hanging, Sgt. Pratt with another note on his chest. All of the notes have come from Harvey's old desk as the D.A.; all of the evidence suggests that he is the killer.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: During the "Hangman" killings, Bruce is also struggling with his relationship with Selina Kyle, so much so that she eventually leaves Gotham and only left him a note.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Janice Porter has been shown meeting a mysterious man several times throughout the investigation, and it is eventually revealed to be Harvey. Another hanging is found, this time in front of Harvey's old house. Officer Merkel is found with another note on his chest. Harvey, now completely taken over by his darker side, conducts his own investigation throughout the escaped criminals, questioning all of them as to the identity of the Hangman killer. Gordon is almost hanged on the roof of the precinct, but is saved by Two-Face who assures the men that he is not the Hangman killer.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Multiple attacks on organized crime by the Joker are perpetrated, and he eventually assaults the Falcone estate, attacking the members of the family before being apprehended by Batman. Another hanging is found inside the garage of the precinct. Batman adopts a young Dick Grayson as his family is killed during a mob sabotage, and he begins his training to be his partner.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: During a police raid on the underground hideout of Two-Face, Batman assists Gordon and they eventually catch him. During all of which, Alberto is still hearing his father's voice telling him to continue his work. He is eventually pushed to the point of almost committing the murder of his sister, but resists the temptation. Two-Face is put on trial, but escapes when the other criminals assault the court.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Another hanging of a police officer, and Two-Face is still the prime suspect. Janice is kidnapped by the Joker and the Scarecrow, and when she argues with Two-Face, he kills her. They dump the body into Alberto Falcone's bed, to convince him he killed her. Finally, he breaks the facade and it is revealed that the Calendar Man had secretly placed microphones all over the house and manipulated him.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Batman investigates Mario Falcone's penthouse, and is almost hanged but frees himself due to metal braces to protect his neck, and attacks Catwoman. She reveals that she investigated Sofia Gigante, and that she could find no record of her visiting a physical therapist, despite the fact that she uses a wheelchair. After escaping the estate, Sofia and Alberto meet inside the family mausoleum; she smothers him, telling him he is not a real Falcone.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: At the Batcave, Dick correctly translates the clues left behind that they refer to protecting the Falcone crime family, and Batman scrambles to leave. At his hideout, Two-Face is attacked when several explosions rip through his lair; the criminals attempt to escape when Two-Face is attacked. Finally, the Hangman killer is revealed as Sofia Gigante. She had killed everyone who had helped Harvey to become the District Attorney and further his career, and left clues to make it look like it was him all along. Her final ploy was to pretend to be paraplegic, leaving her as the last suspect. During the ensuing fight, Sofia is shot by Two-Face and Batman gives chase.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Dick intervenes, now wearing a uniform as "Robin", and he assists Batman in the recapture of the criminals. Joker shoots Two-Face, and he falls presumably to his death. Mario Falcone, now a broken man, torches his family's estate, leaving his family destroyed. Selina Kyle arrives at Carmine's grave, and confesses the truth that she knows that he was her father, but cannot prove it yet. Two-Face is revealed to have Carmine Falcone's body, and it was frozen, presumably, by Mr. Freeze. Dick takes an oath with Batman in the Batcave to help him in his crusade against crime.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: In the introduction to the trade paperback, Tim Sale states that he was hesitant to join with Jeph Loeb on the project as he did not care for Robin, given his stark contrast to Sale's interpretation of Batman. Loeb, however, insisted that the teaming of the two characters was essential to the story. A major theme of the story concerns how the three protagonists of "The Long Halloween" now feel alone. Throughout the book Batman struggles with this, his refusal to accept help from Commissioner Gordon, as well as with his fear of being wrong, a side-effect of the Scarecrow's fear gas. Catwoman even slaps Batman when he shows no interest in what might happen to Two-Face. Dick Grayson is depicted in the story as one of Bruce Wayne's only anchors left to humanity.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: The entire series has been collected in trade paperbacks, hardcovers, an absolute edition, a noir edition, and a deluxe edition:


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Hilary Goldstein of IGN Comics said that ""Dark Victory" is not quite as good as """ and added that "it's too heavily dependent on the original to stand on its own", but praised how "Dark Victory" "uses the events of "" to further explore the psychological makeup of the Dark Knight" and "add[s] new context to the Batman we all know and love." Goldstein later ranked "Dark Victory" #10 on a list of the 25 best Batman graphic novels, but the list has been updated since its release in 2005 and is now ranked at #7.


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Dave Wallace of Comics Bulletin said that "Dark Victory" "doesn't quite live up to the high standards set by "The Long Halloween"" but praised "Loeb's note-perfect understanding of what makes the Batman tick" and added that "Tim Sale's artwork also keeps on hitting new highs." Wallace concluded that "Dark Victory" is "definitely worthy of your attention and a place on your bookshelf."


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: Sion Smith of Counter Culture said that "where "Dark Victory" really works is in its patience. Its willingness to let the story go where it needs to in its own time is a godsend", and added that "Tim Sale's depiction of a city at war with itself is one of the freshest views of Gotham we've seen in a long time, while Loeb's storytelling is as fluent as I've come to expect from him."


title: Batman: Dark Victory

text: "Dark Victory", along with its predecessor "The Long Halloween", are personal favorites of "Dark Knight Trilogy" star Christian Bale, and served as prime inspirations for his take on playing Bruce Wayne/Batman.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: The 2022 PGA Championship was a professional golf tournament, held May 19–22 at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was the 104th PGA Championship. This was the fifth PGA Championship at Southern Hills and its eighth major championship. The event was originally scheduled to be played at Trump National Golf Club Bedminster in New Jersey, but was moved to Southern Hills following the January 6 storming of the US Capitol.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Defending champion Phil Mickelson withdrew from the tournament amid controversy over his remarks about LIV Golf. It was the first time he had missed the PGA Championship since 1992, and the first time the defending champion did not play since 2008, when Tiger Woods was sidelined after knee surgery.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Justin Thomas defeated Will Zalatoris in a three-hole aggregate playoff to win his second PGA Championship (2017). Thomas came from seven shots behind at the start of the final round to win, tying the largest comeback in PGA Championship history. Mito Pereira, the 54-hole leader in his first PGA Championship appearance, led by one shot playing the 72nd hole before hitting his drive into a water hazard and making a double-bogey to finish a shot out of the playoff.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: This was the first major championship to go to a playoff since the 2017 Masters, a span of 19 consecutive majors, the longest in history.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Southern Hills had previously hosted the PGA Championship in 1970, 1982, 1994, and 2007; it also hosted the U.S. Open in 1958, 1977, and 2001.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: The field for the PGA Championship is sometimes regarded as the strongest in professional golf, routinely having the highest "strength of field rating" of the year according to the Official World Golf Ranking. A number of qualification criteria are used to determine the field, which includes past PGA champions, recent major winners, top finishers in the 2021 PGA Championship, Ryder Cup players, tournament and leading money winners on the PGA Tour, and twenty PGA club or teaching professionals. The PGA of America also issue invitations to players outside of these criteria, which is generally seen to include the top-100 in the world rankings.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: This list details the qualification criteria for the 2022 PGA Championship and the players who qualified under them; any additional criteria under which players qualified is indicated in parentheses.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: 10. Top 70 from special money list on the PGA Tour from the 2021 AT&T Byron Nelson to the 2022 Wells Fargo Championship


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: 11. Playing members of the 2021 Ryder Cup teams, who are ranked within the top 100 on the Official World Golf Ranking as of May 9, 2022


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: 12. Winners of official tournaments on the PGA Tour from the 2021 PGA Championship until the start of the championship


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: 14. If necessary, the field is completed by players in order of PGA Championship points earned (per 10)


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Two-time champion Rory McIlroy shot 65 (−5), his lowest round in his PGA Championship career, to take a one-shot lead over Tom Hoge and Will Zalatoris. Beginning his round on the 10th hole, McIlroy birdied four holes in a row on his first nine and did not make a bogey until the sixth hole, his 15th. He finished the round by making an 18-foot putt for birdie on the ninth, taking the first-round lead at a major championship for the first time since the 2014 Open Championship and first after any round since winning the 2014 PGA Championship.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Hoge made only one bogey to go with five birdies, while Zalatoris birdied three of his first four holes to equal Hoge's four-under 66. 2017 champion Justin Thomas was even-par making the turn after bogeys on holes eight and nine before making three birdies on the back-nine to shoot 67 (−3), the lowest score in the afternoon.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: World No. 1 and Masters champion Scottie Scheffler eagled the par-5 fifth hole to go two-under on his round but made four bogeys on the back-nine to finish with a one-over 71. Tiger Woods was two-under through five holes before making seven bogeys the rest of his round, finishing at four-over 74.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Will Zalatoris shot a bogey-free round of 65 (−5) to take a one-shot lead over Mito Pereira at nine-under. Zalatoris birdied three holes in a row on his back-nine to get to eight-under for the tournament. At the par-4 17th hole, after his drive went into the trees to the right of the fairway, Zalatoris hit his approach to seven feet and made the putt for sole possession of the 36-hole lead.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Pereira, playing in just his second major championship and first PGA Championship, was two-under on his round at the turn before making four birdies on his second nine. He had a six-foot birdie putt on the ninth (his 18th) to shoot 63 but missed, settling for a six-under 64 to finish at eight-under.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Playing in the more difficult morning conditions, Justin Thomas birdied the ninth (also his 18th) for a second consecutive round of 67 (−3). At six-under for the tournament, he held the lead as he finished his round before being passed by Zalatoris and Pereira in the afternoon.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Bubba Watson made nine birdies in a tournament-record round of 63 (−7), narrowly missing a 22-foot putt on the 18th for the first 62 in PGA Championship history. He was the third player to shoot 63 in a major at Southern Hills, along with Raymond Floyd in 1982 and Tiger Woods in 2007. He finished at five-under and in fourth place.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Overnight leader Rory McIlroy made two bogeys on the front-nine and didn't make a birdie until the 12th, settling for a one-over 71 to fall back to a tie for fifth place at four-under. Woods, in the same group with McIlroy, double-bogeyed the 11th hole after hitting a chip shot over the green into a bunker to fall to five-over and outside the cutline, but he rebounded with birdies at the 13th and 16th to finish at three-over and make the cut by two shots.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: The 36-hole cut came at 144 (+4) and better; 79 players advanced to the weekend. Notables to miss the cut included World No. 1 Scottie Scheffler, the reigning Masters champion, and two-time major champion Dustin Johnson.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Mito Pereira, in his PGA Championship debut, shot a one-under 69 to take a three-shot lead into the final round. Beginning the round a shot behind Will Zalatoris, Pereira birdied two of his first five holes and opened up as much as a four-shot lead on the front-nine before three consecutive bogeys from holes 8 to 10.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: He rebounded with a 17-foot birdie putt on the par-5 13th, then hit his approach on the par-3 14th to six feet for another birdie. He finished the round by making a 27-foot putt for birdie on the 18th green to finish at nine-under for the tournament. He became the first player to lead after 54 holes in his tournament debut since John Daly in 1991.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Zalatoris, the overnight leader, bogeyed four holes on his front-nine, including a three-putt on the par-3 sixth hole. He made his first birdie on the round on the 13th, holing a 35-foot putt. After a bogey on the 16th when he could not advance his ball out of the right rough off the tee, he hit his second on the par-4 17th inside four feet for a birdie to climb back to six-under for the tournament, three shots back of Pereira.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Matt Fitzpatrick and Cameron Young both shot 67 (−3) to climb into contention. Fitzpatrick birdied four of his last 10 holes, including both 17 and 18, to join Zalatoris at six-under and a tie for second place. Young drove the green on the 17th and made a 24-foot putt for eagle to finish at five-under and alone in fourth place.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: 2017 champion Justin Thomas began the round in third place but shot 74 (+4) to fall seven shots off the lead at two-under. Two-time champion Rory McIlroy also shot 74, including a triple-bogey at the 11th; he finished at even-par. Bubba Watson was alone in second place while playing the front-nine but went four-over on the back-nine to join a group tied for seventh place at two-under.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Tiger Woods shot a nine-over 79, including a stretch of five bogeys in a row for the first time in his major championship career, before withdrawing from the tournament after the round.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Will Zalatoris, beginning the round three shots behind Mito Pereira, tied the lead with two birdies in his first five holes while Pereira was one-over. Zalatoris made bogey on the par-3 sixth hole after hitting his approach over the green into thick bushes and taking a drop on the cart path, then failed to get up-and-down from a greenside bunker on the seventh for another bogey as Pereira again went three ahead with a birdie at the fifth hole. Pereira bogeyed both the seventh and eighth holes but managed to save par from a bunker on the ninth to make the turn at seven-under, one shot ahead of Zalatoris and Cameron Young.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Zalatoris bogeyed the 12th, while Young tied Pereira at six-under when the leader also bogeyed the hole. Pereira reached the green on the par-5 13th hole in two shots and two-putted for birdie, while Young fell two behind after hitting his tee shot on the par-3 14th into a bunker. Young three-putted for a double-bogey on the 16th and finished the round at four-under following a 71. Pereira's tee shot on the 14th flew over the green and he made another bogey, dropping his lead again to just one shot. Zalatoris also three-putted for bogey on the 16th before holing a seven-foot birdie putt at the 17th to reach five-under.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: While the leaders were struggling, Justin Thomas, who began the round seven shots behind, was quickly moving up the leaderboard. He birdied the ninth hole, then made a 64-foot putt from the front of the 11th green for another birdie. He made his second consecutive birdie on the 12th hole to reach four-under, then got up-and-down from a bunker on the short 17th for another birdie that moved him to five-under. At the 18th, he hit his approach to 10 feet but missed the birdie putt, settling for a par and a three-under round of 67.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Zalatoris made an eight-foot par putt on the 18th to tie Thomas for the clubhouse lead at five-under. Leading by one playing the 18th, Pereira hit his drive to the right into a water hazard, found the rough on his third shot, then chipped over the green. He suffered a double-bogey on the hole, dropping down to four-under and a shot out of the playoff.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: After both Thomas and Zalatoris birdied the par-5 13th hole to begin the playoff, Thomas drove the green on the 17th and two-putted for birdie while Zalatoris settled for par. When Zalatoris missed a lengthy birdie putt on the 18th, Thomas needed only to two-putt for par to win his second major title, both at the PGA Championship.


title: 2022 PGA Championship

text: Thomas' seven-shot comeback after 54 holes tied John Mahaffey in 1978 for largest in PGA Championship history.


title: Christian Convery

text: Christian Convery is a Canadian actor. He plays the role of Gus in the Netflix fantasy series "Sweet Tooth".


title: Christian Convery

text: Convery made his film debut in the romantic comedy "Hearts of Spring" by Marita Grabiak as Conner, released in April 2016., followed by roles that year in "Supernatural" and "Van Helsing", and then "Legion" and "Lucifer" in 2017. In November 2016 he was seen in the TV film "My Christmas" "Dream" by Hallmark Entertainment in his first leading role alongside Danica McKellar and David Haydn-Jones as the latter's son Cooper Stone.


title: Christian Convery

text: In 2019, he was honored again with a Young Artist Award in the Streaming Series or Film category. In the 2018 drama film, "Beautiful Boy" with Timothée Chalamet and Steve Carell, he played the role of Jasper Sheff. He had a leading role as Morgan in the Disney Channel series "Pup Academy". He was also seen in the 2019 television film "Descendants 3". Convery appeared as Will in Playing with Fire alongside John Cena, John Leguizamo, Judy Greer and Keegan-Michael Key. In 2020, he won the Best Lead Actor award in the Television Series for "Pup Academy".


title: Christian Convery

text: In the Netflix fantasy series "Sweet Tooth" with Will Forte and Nonso Anozie, he had a leading role as deer-man-boy Gus in 2021. For the drama "The Tiger Rising", based on the book by Kate DiCamillo he stood with Dennis Quaid and Queen Latifah as Rob Horton on camera.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Timothy John Marshall (born 1 May 1959) is a British journalist, author and broadcaster, specialising in foreign affairs and international diplomacy. Marshall is a guest commentator on world events for the BBC, Sky News and a guest presenter on LBC, and was formerly the diplomatic and also foreign affairs editor for Sky News.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: He has written seven books including "Prisoners of Geography" – a New York Times Best Seller and #1 Sunday Times bestseller. He also released a children's illustrated version of this book in 2019, "Prisoners of Geography: Our World Explained in 12 Simple Maps", nominated for Waterstones Book of the Year. Other titles include "The Power of Geography" a #2 Sunday Times bestseller; "Shadowplay: The Inside Story Of Europe's Last War", and 2018 Sunday Times bestseller "Divided: Why We’re Living In An Age Of Walls".


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Marshall is founder and editor of news web platform thewhatandthewhy.com, a site for journalists, politicians, foreign affairs analysts and enthusiasts to share their views on world news events.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Marshall was educated at Prince Henry's Grammar School, a state-funded comprehensive school in the market town of Otley, near Leeds, West Yorkshire.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Marshall began his journalistic career reporting for LBC and was their Paris Bureau Correspondent for three years. He has also reported for the BBC and has written for a number of national newspapers. He was also the longstanding Foreign Affairs Editor and then Diplomatic Editor for Sky News.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: During over twenty-four years at Sky News, Marshall reported from thirty countries and covered the events of twelve wars. He has reported from Europe, the United States, (covering three US Presidential Elections), and Asia, as well as from the field in Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia during the Balkan wars of the 1990s. He spent the majority of the 1999 Kosovo crisis in Belgrade, where he was one of the few western journalists who stayed on to report from one of the main targets of NATO bombing raids. He was in Kosovo on the day NATO troops advanced into Pristina.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Marshall reported from the front line during the invasion of Afghanistan and spent time in Iraq, reporting on the country's transition to democracy. He has reported from Libya, Egypt, Syria and Tunisia during the uprisings across the Arab World. As Sky News Middle East Correspondent, based in Jerusalem, he covered Israel's Gaza disengagement in August 2005. He was also Sky News Europe Correspondent, heading up their Brussels news bureau and also regularly contributed to the channel's former World News Tonight international news bulletin (including as stand-in host).


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Marshall's blog, 'Foreign Matters', was short-listed for the Orwell Prize 2010. In 2004 he was a finalist in the Royal Television Society's News Event category for his Iraq War coverage. He won finalist certificates in 2007, for a report on the Mujahideen, and in 2004 for his documentary 'The Desert Kingdom' which featured exclusive access to Crown Prince Abdullah and his palaces.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: One of his most notable moments on Sky News involved a six-hour unbroken broadcast during the first Gulf War. He was the last journalist to interview Pakistan's Benazhir Bhutto ahead of her return from exile and subsequent assassination.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Marshall's book, "Prisoners of Geography", was released in the UK in July 2015 and in the U.S. in October 2015. He continues to broadcast and comment on foreign affairs and is a regular guest on BBC, Sky News and on Monocle 24 Radio's 'Midori House'.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: He is the founder and editor of thewhatandthewhy.com. Launched in February 2015, the site analyses world events and has contributions from writers from the world of politics and journalism.


title: Tim Marshall (journalist)

text: Tim Marshall is reported to be a supporter of Leeds United - on Politics Live on 22 February 2022, a Leeds United logo was visible at his home in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire. In his book "Shadowplay: The Inside Story of Europe's Last War", Marshall says he was supporting Bayern Munich in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final against Manchester United because he was a Leeds United supporter.


title: Operation Ivy

text: Operation Ivy was the eighth series of American nuclear tests, coming after "Tumbler-Snapper" and before "Upshot–Knothole". The two explosions were staged in late 1952 at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Proving Ground in the Marshall Islands.


title: Operation Ivy

text: The Operation Ivy test series was the first to involve a hydrogen bomb rather than an atomic bomb, further to the order of President Harry S. Truman made on January 31, 1950 that the US should continue research into all forms of nuclear weapons. The bombs were prepared by the US Atomic Energy Commission and Defense Department aboard naval vessels, and were capable of being detonated remotely from the control ship Estes.


title: Operation Ivy

text: The first "Ivy" shot, codenamed "Mike", was the first successful full-scale test of a multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon ("hydrogen bomb") using the Teller-Ulam design. Unlike later thermonuclear weapons, "Mike" used deuterium as its fusion fuel, maintained as a liquid by an expensive and cumbersome cryogenic system. The bomb was launched on November 1, 1952 and detonated on Elugelab Island yielding 10.4 megatons, almost 500 times the yield of the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, resulting in the total vaporization of the island. Eight megatons of the yield was from fast fission of the uranium tamper, creating massive amounts of radioactive fallout. The detonation left an underwater crater 6,240 ft (1.9 km) wide and 164 ft (50 m) deep where Elugelab Island had been. Following this successful test, the "Mike" design was weaponized as the EC-16, but it was quickly abandoned for solid-fueled designs after the success of the Castle Bravo shot.


title: Operation Ivy

text: The outcome of the test was reported to incoming president Eisenhower by Atomic Energy Commission Chairman, Gordon Dean, as follows: “The island of Elugelab is missing!”


title: Operation Ivy

text: Four USAF F-84G Thunderjets equipped with filters were flown through the mushroom cloud's stem to collect radiochemical samples for analysis. "Red Flight" Leader Virgil Meroney of the nascent 1211th Test Squadron flew into the stem of the explosion first. In five minutes, he had gathered all the samples he could, and exited. Jimmy Priestly Robinson, age 28, a captain with the 561st Fighter-Day Squadron, was lost near the end of his mission. After re-emerging from the cloud, both he and his wingman, pilot Captain Bob Hagan, encountered difficulties picking up rendezvous and runway navigational beacons due to "electromagnetic after effects" of the detonation. Robinson hit an area of severe turbulence, spinning out and barely retaining consciousness. He regained control of his plane at 20,000 feet, but the electromagnetic storm had disrupted his instruments. In rain and poor visibility, without working instruments, Hagan and Robinson were unable to find the KB-29 tanker aircraft to refuel. By the time they were successful in finding the signal, they were dangerously low on fuel, and before reaching the runway on Enewetak, both had depleted their reserves. While Hagan was able to glide and made an extraordinary successful dead-stick landing on the runway, Robinson was instead too far out to follow the same path and therefore attempted to land on water. Robinson's jet crashed and sank 3.5 miles short of the island. Robinson's plane flipped and his body was never found. Approximately a year after his disappearance, Robinson was awarded a posthumous Distinguished Flying Cross for his service. In 2002, a memorial stone at Virginia’s Arlington National Cemetery was erected.


title: Operation Ivy

text: As a result of the above collection of samples from the explosion by U.S. Air Force pilots, scientists found traces of the isotopes plutonium-246 and plutonium-244, and confirmed the existence of the predicted but undiscovered elements einsteinium and fermium.


title: Operation Ivy

text: The second test, "King", fired the highest-yield (500 kilotons) nuclear fission (A-bomb) weapon to date using only nuclear fission (no fusion nor fusion boosting). This test used an unretarded free-fall bomb from a B-36 bomber. The bomber suffered minor heat and blast damage and safely returned to base. This "Super Oralloy Bomb" was intended as a backup to the earlier "Mike" test, if the fusion weapon had failed. King yielded 540 kilotons, 25 times more powerful than the "Fat Man" weapon.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into America, Europe, and New Zealand. In these regions it has devastated native populations of elms that did not have resistance to the disease. The name "Dutch elm disease" refers to its identification in 1921 and later in the Netherlands by Dutch phytopathologists Bea Schwarz and Christine Buisman, who both worked with professor Johanna Westerdijk. The disease affects species in the genera "Ulmus" and "Zelkova"; therefore it is not specific to the Dutch elm hybrid.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: DED is spread in North America by three species of bark beetles (Family: Curculionidae, Subfamily: Scolytinae):


title: Dutch elm disease

text: In Europe, while "S. multistriatus" still acts as a vector for infection, it is much less effective than the large elm bark beetle, "S. scolytus". "H. rufipes" can be a vector for the disease, but is inefficient compared to the other vectors. "S. schevyrewi" was found in 2003 in Colorado and Utah.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Other reported DED vectors include "Scolytus sulcifrons", "S. pygmaeus", "S. laevis", "Pteleobius vittatus" and "Р. kraatzi". Other elm bark beetle species are also likely vectors.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: 'Field resistance' is an umbrella term covering the various factors by which some elms avoid infection in the first place, rather than survive it. A clear example would be the European White Elm "Ulmus laevis" which, while having little or no genetic resistance to DED, synthesizes a triterpene, Alnulin, rendering the bark distasteful to the vector beetles, obliging them to look further afield for more suitable elms. Another would be the inability of the beetles to see elms which did not break the silhouette. 'Weeping' elms are often spared infection owing to the beetles' aversion to hanging upside-down while feeding.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: In an attempt to block the fungus from spreading farther, the tree reacts by plugging its own xylem tissue with gum and tyloses, bladder-like extensions of the xylem cell wall. As the xylem (one of the two types of vascular tissue produced by the vascular cambium, the other being the phloem) delivers water and nutrients to the rest of the plant, these plugs prevent them from travelling up the trunk of the tree, starving the tree of water and nutrients, therefore, eventually killing it.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: The first symptom of infection is usually an upper branch of the tree with leaves starting to wither and yellow in summer, months before the normal autumnal leaf shedding. This morbidity spreads in a progressive manner throughout the tree, with further dieback of branches. Eventually, the roots die, starved of nutrients from the leaves. Often, not all the roots die: the roots of some species, notably the English elm, "Ulmus minor" 'Atinia' (formerly "Ulmus procera"), can repeatedly put up suckers, which flourish for approximately 15 years, after which they, too, succumb.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Dutch elm disease was first noticed in continental Europe in 1910, and spread slowly and eventually extended to all other countries except Greece and Finland. Barendina Gerarda Spierenburg compiled records of trees displaying symptoms from 1900 - 1905 onwards in the Netherlands and her publication of this information in 1921 was one part of the start of extensive research and practical measures to try to halt the disease. In addition the fungus that caused the disease was isolated in 1921 in The Netherlands by Bea Schwarz, a pioneering Dutch phytopathologist, and this discovery would lend the disease its name. Following this, in the 1920s and 30s Christine Buisman, working in the Netherlands and USA, identified the sexual stage of the fungal pathogen and also developed methods for experimental infections of elm seedlings that led to selection of resistant trees.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: In Britain, the disease was first identified in 1927 by T R Peace on English elm in Hertfordshire. This first strain was a relatively mild one, which killed only a small proportion of elms, more often just killing a few branches, and had largely died out by 1940 owing to its susceptibility to viruses.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: In around 1967, a new, far more virulent, strain arrived in Britain, apparently via east coast ports on shipments of rock elm "U. thomasii" logs from Canada destined for the small-boat industry, confirmed in 1973 when another consignment was examined at Southampton Docks. This strain proved both highly contagious and lethal to European elms; more than 25 million trees died in the United Kingdom alone, while France lost 97% of its elms. The disease spread rapidly northwards, reaching Scotland within 10 years.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: By 1990, very few mature elms were left in Britain or much of continental Europe. One of the most distinctive English countryside trees (See John Constable's painting "Salisbury Cathedral from the South-West"), the English elm "U. minor" 'Atinia', is particularly susceptible as it is the elm most favoured by the Scolytus beetles. Thirty years after the outbreak of the epidemic, nearly all these trees, which often grew to more than 45 m high, are gone. The species still survives in hedgerows, as the roots are not killed and send up root sprouts ("suckers"). These suckers rarely reach more than 5 m tall before succumbing to a new attack of the fungus. However, established hedges kept low by clipping have remained apparently healthy throughout the nearly 40 years since the onset of the disease in the United Kingdom.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: The largest concentrations of mature elms in Europe are now in Amsterdam and The Hague. In 2005, Amsterdam was declared the "Elm City of Europe": the city's streets and canals are lined with at least 75,000 elms, including several generations of research-elms (see below: Resistant trees). Some 30,000 of the 100,000 mature trees in The Hague are elms, planted because of their tolerance of salty sea-winds. Since the 1990s, a programme of antifungal injections of the most prominent 10,000 elms, and of sanitation felling, has reduced annual elm losses in The Hague from 7% to less than 1% (see below: Preventive treatment). The losses are made up by the planting of disease-resistant cultivars. The largest concentration of mature elm trees remaining in England is in Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, where of the 30,000 elms in 1983 15,000 still stand (2005 figures), several of which are estimated to be over 400 years old. Their survival is owing to the isolation of the area, between the English Channel and the South Downs, and the assiduous efforts of local authorities to identify and remove infected sections of trees immediately when they show symptoms of the disease. Empowered by the Dutch Elm Disease (Local Authorities) (Amendment) Order 1988, local authorities may order the destruction of any infected trees or timber, although in practice they usually do it themselves, successfully reducing the numbers of elm bark beetle "Scolytus" spp., the vector of elm disease. Sanitary felling has also, to date, preserved most of the 250,000 elms on the Isle of Man, where average temperature and wind speed inhibit the activity of the beetles, which need a temperature of at least 20 degrees to fly and a wind speed of less than five metres per second. The largest concentration of mature elms in Scotland is in Edinburgh, where over 5000 remained in 2009 from some 35,000 in 1976. The city council gives the overall number of elms as 15,000 (2016). Edinburgh's Leith Links and Meadows have some of the highest concentrations of mature elms among U.K. parks (2014). A policy of sanitary felling has kept losses in the city to an average of 1000 a year. Elm was the most common tree in Paris from the 17th century; before the 1970s there were some 30,000 "ormes parisiens". Today, only 1000 mature elms survive in the city, including examples in the large avenues (Avenue d'Italie, Avenue de Choisy, Boulevard Lefebvre, Boulevard de Grenelle, Boulevard Garibaldi) and two very old specimens, one in the garden of the Tuileries in front of the l'Orangerie and another in the Place Saint-Gervais in front of l'hôtel de ville de Paris. Losses are now being made up with disease-resistant cultivars, especially the Dutch-French research elm 'Nanguen' (), named for the ancient Roman name for the city: Lutetia.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: DED was first reported in the United States in 1928, with the beetles believed to have arrived in a shipment of logs from the Netherlands destined for use as veneer in the Ohio furniture industry. Quarantine and sanitation procedures held most cases within 150 miles of metropolitan New York City until 1941 when war demands began to curtail them. The disease spread from New England westward and southward, almost completely destroying the famous elms in the "Elm City" of New Haven, Connecticut, reaching the Detroit area in 1950, the Chicago area by 1960, and Minneapolis by 1970. Of the estimated 77 million elms in North America in 1930, over 75% had been lost by 1989.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: The disease first appeared on the planted rows of American elm trees ("Ulmus americana") on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The United States National Park Service (NPS) used a number of methods to control the epidemic, including sanitation, pruning, injecting trees with fungicide and replanting with DED-resistant American elm cultivars (see "Ulmus americana" cultivars). The NPS combated the disease's local insect vector, the smaller European elm bark beetle ("Scolytus multistriatus"), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides. As a result, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for more than 80 years.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: DED reached eastern Canada during World War II, and spread to Ontario in 1967, Manitoba in 1975 and Saskatchewan in 1981. In Toronto, 80% of the elm trees have been lost to Dutch elm disease; many more fell victim in Ottawa, Montreal and other cities during the 1970s and 1980s. Quebec City still has about 21,000 elms, thanks to a prevention program initiated in 1981. Alberta and British Columbia are the only provinces that are currently free of Dutch elm disease, although, in an isolated case, an elm tree in Wainwright, Alberta, was found diseased in June 1998 and was immediately destroyed. The presence of DED was monitored in this area during subsequent years but was not seen again. Today, Alberta has the largest number of elms unaffected by Dutch elm disease in the world.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: The provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan all prohibit the pruning of elm trees during the middle of the year (taking effect in April, and lasting through the end of September, July, and August respectively), which they deem to be the most active time of year for bark beetles. It is also illegal to use, store, sell, or transport elm firewood.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: The largest surviving urban forest of elm trees in North America is believed to be in the city of Winnipeg, where close to 200,000 elms remain – at least double that of Amsterdam, the "Elm City of Europe". The city spends $3 million annually to aggressively combat the disease using Dursban Turf and the Dutch Trig vaccine.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Dutch elm disease has reached New Zealand. It was found in Napier where it was eradicated and was also found in the Auckland Region in 1989. The Ministry of Agriculture funded a national management programme but it was cancelled to allow more funds to be available for pests of a higher priority. A major outbreak occurred in New Zealand in July 2013, particularly at the site of Kingseat Hospital, south of Auckland. Auckland has 20,000 elms.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: The first attempts to control Dutch elm disease consisted of pruning trees to remove and burn diseased timber. While this method was effective in New York State and adjacent areas, its cost made it uneconomical except in large cities where elms were considered valuable attractions.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: In the US, when Dutch elm disease spread away from the Atlantic coast, control focused on controlling the bark beetle by using insecticides such as DDT and dieldrin, which were sprayed heavily across all parts of elm trees, usually twice a year in the spring and again at a lower concentration in the summer. In its early years, it was generally thought by observers that pesticides did slow the spread of the disease across the United States but as early as 1947, concern was raised that many bird species were killed in large numbers by ingesting poisoned invertebrates. In areas sprayed during the 1950s, local people observed birds such as the American woodcock, American robin, white-breasted nuthatch, brown creeper and various "Poecile" species dying. Biologist Rachel Carson consequently argued for improved sanitation and against spraying elms, which she saw as having been more effective in areas with earlier and greater experience countering Dutch elm disease. Although modern critics of Carson have argued that the bird deaths were caused by other factors such as mercury poisoning in the soil, spraying against elm bark beetles declined very rapidly after 1962, a trend aided by fungicides without dangerous side-effects being discovered for the first time after many years of research.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Lignasan BLP (carbendazim phosphate), introduced in the 1970s, was the first fungicide used to control Dutch elm disease. This had to be injected into the base of the tree using specialized equipment, and was never especially effective. It is still sold under the name "Elm Fungicide".


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Arbotect (thiabendazole hypophosphite) became available some years later, and it has been proven effective. Arbotect must be injected every two to three years to provide ongoing control; the disease generally cannot be eradicated once a tree is infected. Arbotect is not effective on root graft infections from adjacent elm trees. It is more than 99.5% effective for three years from beetle infections, which is the primary mode of tree infection.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Alamo (propiconazole) has become available more recently, though several university studies show it to be effective only for the current season in which it is injected. Alamo is primarily recommended for treatment of oak wilt.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Multistriatin is a pheromone produced by female elm bark beetles, which can be produced synthetically. It has potential in being used to trap male beetles, which carry the fungus.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Because of the ban on the use of chemicals on street and park trees in the Netherlands, the University of Amsterdam developed a biological vaccine by the late 1980s. Dutch Trig is nontoxic, consisting of a suspension in distilled water of spores of a strain of the fungus "Verticillium albo-atrum" that has lost much of its pathogenic capabilities, injected in the elm in spring. The strain is believed to have enough pathogenicity left to induce an immune response in the elm, protecting it against DED during one growing season. This is called induced resistance. Trials with the American elm have been very successful; in a six-year experiment with the American elm in Denver, CO, annual Dutch elm disease losses declined significantly after the first year from 7 percent to between 0.4 and 0.6 percent; a greater and more rapid reduction in disease incidence than the accompanying tree sanitation and plant health care programs.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Preventive treatment is usually justified only when a tree has unusual symbolic value or occupies a particularly important place in the landscape.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Research to select resistant cultivars and varieties began in the Netherlands in 1928, followed by the United States in 1937 (see "Ulmus americana" cultivars). Initial efforts in the Netherlands involved crossing varieties of "U. minor" and "U. glabra", but later included the Himalayan or Kashmir elm "U. wallichiana" as a source of antifungal genes. Early efforts in the USA involved the hybridization of the Siberian elm "U. pumila" with American red elm "U. rubra" to produce resistant trees. Resulting cultivars lacked the traditional shape and landscape value of the American elm; few were planted.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: In 2005, the National Elm Trial (USA) began a 10-year evaluation of 19 cultivars in plantings across the United States. The trees in the trial were exclusively American developments; no European cultivars were included. Based on the trial's final ratings, the preferred cultivars of the American elm ("Ulmus americana") are ‘New Harmony’ and ‘Princeton’. The preferred cultivars of Asian elms are the Morton Arboretum introductions and ‘New Horizon’.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Recent research in Sweden has established that early-flushing clones are less susceptible to DED owing to an asynchrony between DED susceptibility and infection.


title: Dutch elm disease

text: Elms are tested for resistance by inoculation with the fungal pathogen in late May when the tree's growth is at its annual peak. Clones raised for testing are grown to an age of 3 or 4 years. In Europe, the inoculum is introduced into the cambium by a knife wound. However this method, developed in the Netherlands, was considered too severe in America, where the principal disease vector is the bark beetle "Scolytus multistriatus", a far less effective vector than the larger beetle endemic to Europe, "Scolytus scolytus", which is unknown in America. In the method devised by the USDA, the inoculum is introduced to the cambium via a 2 mm-diameter hole drilled through the bark in the lower third of the tree. This method was further refined by the University of Wisconsin team, which drilled holes in the branches to simulate natural infection by the bark beetles feeding in the twig crotches, but results from this method were found to exaggerate the genetic resistance of the host. Consequently, tests were conducted on specimens in a controlled environment, either in greenhouses or customized plant chambers, facilitating more accurate evaluation of both internal and external symptoms of disease.