title: Andi Eigenmann

text: After giving birth, Eigenmann returned to acting via "Kahit Puso'y Masugatan" in 2012, along with Gabby Concepcion, Jake Cuenca and Iza Calzado. In the same year, she also starred in a horror film "Pridyider" with Janice de Belen and JM de Guzman under Regal Films, and in a romantic drama film "A Secret Affair" with Derek Ramsay and Anne Curtis produced by Viva Films. Before "A Secret Affair", Eigenmann signed a contract with Viva Artists Agency, a talent management of Viva Entertainment, where her mother Jaclyn Jose came from. In 2013, she top-billed the daytime fantasy horror drama series "", and later appeared in the 2014 fantasy drama series "Dyesebel".


title: Andi Eigenmann

text: In October 2017, Eigenmann revealed that she was quitting the "artista life," but she later clarified it is the lifestyle of showbiz that she is not quitting acting altogether. However, in 2018 she starred in "The Maid in London", her last film before she left the limelight for good.


title: Andi Eigenmann

text: On 23 November 2011, Eigenmann gave birth to a daughter named Adrianna Gabrielle "Ellie" Eigenmann via Caesarean section. When asked about the identity of her child's father, Eigenmann claimed that actor Jake Ejercito, son of former Philippine President Joseph Estrada, is the father of her daughter Ellie, saying that "he was there since the beginning and he loves my daughter like his own, and so he's the father." Eigenmann said that she never took a DNA paternity test for her child. Eigenmann and Ejercito split in 2014.


title: Andi Eigenmann

text: In 2018, Eigenmann entered into a relationship with professional surfer Philmar Alipayo. On 23 July 2019, she gave birth to her second child and first with Alipayo, a daughter named Keliana Alohi "Lilo" Eigenmann Alipayo. In August 2020, Eigenmann announced she was pregnant with her third child and second with Alipayo. The couple announced in a video on their YouTube channel released December 13, 2020 that the child is a boy. Eigenmann and Alipayo then announced via Instagram on December 20 that they were engaged. On January 17, 2021, Andi gave birth to her third child, a boy named Koa, announcing it on her Instagram account on January 19. The family is based in Siargao., Surigao del Norte in the Philippines.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting plasma cells, various degrees of fibrosis (scarring) and a usually prompt response to oral steroids. In approximately 51–70% of people with this disease, "serum" IgG4 concentrations are elevated during an acute phase.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: It is a relapsing-remitting disease associated with a tendency to mass forming, tissue-destructive lesions in multiple sites, with a characteristic histopathological appearance in whichever site is involved. Inflammation and the deposition of connective tissue in affected anatomical sites can lead to organ dysfunction, organ failure, or even death if not treated.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Early detection is important to avoid organ damage and potentially serious complications. Treatment is recommended in all symptomatic cases of IgG4-RD and also in asymptomatic IgG4-RD involving certain anatomical sites.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: IgG4-related disease has been described as an indolent condition. Although possibly based on opinion rather than on objective assessments, symptoms, if any, are commonly described as mild in the medical literature.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: This can be in spite of considerable underlying organ destruction. People are often described as being generally well at the time of diagnosis, although some may give a history of weight loss.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Pain is generally not a feature of inflammation. However, it may occur as a secondary effect, for example, due to either obstruction or compression.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Often diagnosis is made due to the presence of painless swellings or mass lesions, or due to complications of masses, e.g. jaundice due to involvement of the pancreas, biliary tree or liver. Symptoms are commonly attributed to other conditions and other diagnoses may have been made years before diagnosis, e.g. urinary symptoms in men attributed to common prostate conditions. Lesions may also be detected incidentally on radiological images, but can be easily misdiagnosed as malignancies.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: IgG4-RD can involve one or multiple sites in the body. With multiorgan involvement, the sites involved can be affected at the same time (synchronously) or at different unrelated periods (metachronously).


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Several different diseases that have been known for many years are now considered to be manifestations of IgG4-RD. These include: type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis, interstitial nephritis, Riedel's thyroiditis, Mikulicz's disease, Küttner's tumor, inflammatory pseudotumors (in various sites of the body), mediastinal fibrosis and some cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: heart; hard palate, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, adrenal gland, ovary, uterus, ureter, bladder, urachus, and synovium. Approximately 1/3 of cases exhibit increases in blood eosinophil counts, either eosinophilia or hypereosinophilia.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Radiologic evidence suggestive of involvement of the superior vena cava and seminal vesicle has been reported in confirmed cases of IgG4-RD.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: In an article from 1977, histological research into 349 cases of Küttner's tumor (now known as 'IgG4-related sialadenitis') identified four distinct stages of the fibroinflammatory process:


title: IgG4-related disease

text: This may reflect the inflammatory process and development of fibrosis that occurs in other organs involved in IgG4-RD.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Diagnosis requires tissue biopsy of an affected organ with characteristic histological findings. Serum immunoglobulin G4 is often elevated but this is not always the case.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: The goal of treatment is the induction and maintenance of remission so as to prevent progression of fibrosis and organ destruction in affected organ(s).


title: IgG4-related disease

text: An international panel of experts have developed recommendations for the management of IgG4-RD. They concluded that in all cases of symptomatic, active IgG4-RD that treatment is required. Some cases with asymptomatic IgG4-RD also require treatment, as some organs tend to not cause symptoms until the late stages of disease. Urgent treatment is advised with certain organ manifestations, such as aortitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, proximal biliary strictures, tubulointerstitial nephritis, pachymeningitis, pancreatic enlargement and pericarditis.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: In untreated patients with active disease, the recommended first-line agent for induction of remission is glucocorticoids unless contraindications exist. Glucocorticoids characteristically result in a rapid and often dramatic improvement in clinical features and often a resolution of radiographic features. However, where advanced fibrotic lesions have resulted in irreversible damage, the response to glucocorticoids and other current treatment options may be poor or even absent.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Although not validated yet in clinical trials, the common induction regime is prednisolone 30–40 mg per day for 2–4 weeks, then gradually tapered over 3 to 6 months. Recurrences during or after tapering of glucocorticoids are frequent, however. Steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents might be considered, depending on local availability of these drugs, for use in combination with glucocorticoids from the start of treatment in order to reduce the side-effects of prolonged glucocorticoid usage. Steroid-sparing agents that have been used include rituximab, azathioprine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide, although trials are needed to ascertain the effectiveness of each drug in IgG4-RD.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Following a successful induction of remission, maintenance therapy might be given in some cases, for example when there is a high risk of relapse or in patients with organ-threatening manifestations. Common maintenance therapy is prednisolone 2.5–5 mg per day, or use of a steroid-sparing agent instead.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Relapses are common, and a previous history of relapse appears to be a strong predictor of future relapse. When relapse occurs while off therapy and there has been a prolonged disease remission following initial glucocorticoid induction, then the relapse can usually be managed successfully with a re-induction strategy using glucocorticoids. Introducing a steroid-sparing agent might also need to be considered for relapses; however, none has been tested in prospective, controlled studies, and evidence for their efficacy beyond that offered by concomitant glucocorticoid therapy is scarce.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: In one retrospective cohort study, baseline concentrations of serum IgG4, IgE and blood eosinophils were found to be independently predictive of relapse risk following treatment with rituximab with or without glucocorticoids; the higher the baseline values, the greater the relapse risk and the shorter the time to relapse.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: When organ involvement causes local mechanical problems, further organ-specific interventions may be necessary. For example, when a tumefactive lesion causes obstruction of the bile duct, it may be necessary to insert a biliary stent to allow the bile to drain freely.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Similarly, ureteral or vascular stents, surgical resection or radiotherapy may be considered for various different presenting problems.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Research is also underway to evaluate the effect and safety of plasmablast-directed therapy with a monoclonal antibody (XmAb5871) which inhibits B-cell function without depleting these immune cells. XmAb5871 targets CD19 with its variable domain and has an Fc domain that has increased affinity to FcγRIIb.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: As recognition of IgG4-RD is relatively recent, there are limited studies on its epidemiology. It is therefore difficult to make an accurate estimation of prevalence. Furthermore, age of onset is almost impossible to estimate; age at diagnosis is frequently misused as the age of onset.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: A 2011 study estimated the incidence of IgG4-RD in Japan at 2.8–10.8/million population, with a median age of onset of 58 years.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: Prior to 2011, IgG4-RD used to get mentioned in the medical literature under various different names.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: At the 2011 International Symposium on IgG4-Related Diseases, the consensus name of IgG4-related disease was endorsed for the condition. This name had already been agreed upon as a consensus name among Japanese investigators, notably choosing not to use the term 'systemic' as that might lead to malignant tumours in other organs getting incorrectly diagnosed as being just another manifestation of the IgG4-related condition.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: However, some experts at the international symposium did express reservations about naming the disease after IgG4, as its role in pathogenesis is questionable and the use of serum IgG4 concentrations as a biomarker is unreliable.


title: IgG4-related disease

text: An expanded term, 'Immunoglobulin G4-related disease', has sometimes been used also. However, this term was never referenced in the 2012 recommendations for nomenclature, and its use would appear to be erroneous.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Rockstar San Diego, Inc. (formerly Angel Studios, Inc.) is an American video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Carlsbad, California. The studio is best known for developing the "Midnight Club" and "Red Dead" series.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Colombian entrepreneur Diego Angel founded the company as Angel Studios in January 1984 after studying film in Chicago, where he grew fond of computer animation. The studio began with a focus on animation and visual effects for multimedia productions such as advertisements, films, and music videos. Notable productions include the film "The Lawnmower Man" and the music video for Peter Gabriel's song "Kiss That Frog". Angel Studios began working in the video game industry during the 1990s, creating cutscenes for Ed Annunziata's "" (1994) and "Mr. Bones" (1996). The company developed full games with Nintendo ("Major League Baseball Featuring Ken Griffey Jr." and "Ken Griffey Jr.'s Slugfest") and Microsoft ("Midtown Madness" and "Midtown Madness 2"), and produced a port of Capcom's "Resident Evil 2" for the Nintendo 64.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Rockstar Games was impressed with the studio's work on "Midtown Madness" and offered a long-term partnership in 1999, which resulted in the creation of the "Midnight Club" and "Smuggler's Run" series. Angel Studios was acquired by Rockstar Games' parent company, Take-Two Interactive, in November 2002 and became Rockstar San Diego. Angel left the studio in May 2005 and returned to Colombia. Since 2004, Rockstar San Diego has operated an internal game engine team that develops Rockstar Games' proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine, which is used in most of the publisher's titles. The studio led the development of further "Midnight Club" games, "Red Dead Revolver" (2004), "Red Dead Redemption" (2010), and its expansion pack "Undead Nightmare". The studio collaborated with other Rockstar Games studios on "Max Payne 3" (2012), "Grand Theft Auto V" (2013), and "Red Dead Redemption 2" (2018).


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Wanting to become a film director, Angel Studios founder Diego Angel moved from Medellín, Colombia, to Chicago in 1971, when he was in his early 20s. He enrolled at Columbia College Chicago to study film and attended the Art Institute of Chicago. During his studies, Angel grew fond of computer animation, describing computers as "the future of art". In 1984, Angel moved with his wife and two children from Chicago to San Diego because he had friends and relatives there, and because the Spanish-language street names and proximity to Spanish-speaking Mexico made him feel at home. He established Angel Studios as a work-for-hire animation studio in January 1984 in Carlsbad, California. Angel obtained a computer and an office but, within a few days, realized he could not run a business and be an art director at the same time, and lacked the knowledge to operate the computers. Angel consequently hired an art director and a system operator. Angel Studios did not find a paying client for its first six months in operation and garnered only in revenue in its first year. Angel said he was "suffering" due to a scarcity of work in the company's first two years in business. The company's first project was an educational video for the University of California, San Diego, followed by commercials for Nintendo, Polaroid Corporation, Asiana Airlines, and Cobra Golf, among others. Other early projects were productions for NASA and Rohr, Inc., as well as animated logos for Home Box Office and ESPN.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: After the first year, the brother-in-law of Angel's wife invested in the company and Angel secured a bank loan. In the second year, revenues reached and by 1989, Angel Studios had six employees and worth of equipment. To ensure key employees would remain with the company, Angel made three of them partners in March 1989. Brad Hunt, Angel Studios' chief technology officer, and Michael Limber, the chief operating officer and later chief creative officer, were among the founding partners. The company grew to twelve employees by February 1993. Angel used a philosophy he called the "three P's" (passion, patience, and perseverance), which meant he would not accept every offer that came his way, choosing instead to accept projects that showcased his team and its technology. Studio employees said that Angel treated them like family: he paid them well, gave them plenty of vacation time, and occasionally shared a bottle of Patrón-brand tequila on Friday afternoons, an event he called "Sippy Wippy".


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Much of the 3D work produced by Angel Studios was for films and music videos. Successes came with the computer-generated imagery and visual effects in the 1992 film "The Lawnmower Man" and the music video for Peter Gabriel's song "Kiss That Frog". One of the two major scenes the studio produced for "The Lawnmower Man" is considered the first virtual sex scene. For this project, the company's team consisting of Hunt, Limber, and Jill Knighton Hunt developed Scenix, a software set that provided a "visual programming language". By March 1992, Angel Studios was working on a virtual reality game adaptation of its scenes from the movie. The "Kiss That Frog" music video was part of a simulator ride exhibited in an 18-seat mobile theater, the Mind Blender, which went on tour in 1993. The video received the "Best Special Effects in a Video" award at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. For "The Enertopia Symphony", a 13-minute short film that was shown at the Electric Energy Pavilion at Expo '93, the studio produced a six-and-a-half-minute stereoscopic animation from live-action 3D photography directed by Peter Anderson. It contracted the agency Spear/Hall & Associates to handle its marketing in August 1993.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: During the early 1990s, Angel Studios collaborated on tech demos for Silicon Graphics's high-end computers and received some of these computers in return. One of Silicon Graphics' clients was Genyo Takeda of Nintendo, who was impressed with Angel Studios' work. He met with the company and signed an agreement that made Angel Studios a partner for Nintendo's upcoming Nintendo 64 console. The studio shifted its focus to video game development and Nintendo announced it as one of the studios on its "Dream Team" of third-party developers for the Nintendo 64 in February 1995. Around this time, Angel consciously steered the studio away from "high-risk, capital-intensive" projects, even if they offered rich potential. Limber cited Angel's business decisions as the biggest factor in the company's survival of the dot-com bubble, which severely impacted the San Diego-area multimedia industry. In retrospect, Angel said he never had a business plan or mission statement and made decisions by gut feeling. Around this time, Angel Studios accepted game designer Ed Annunziata's pitch to create cutscenes for the Sega CD version of "". Pleased with the result, Annunziata invited the studio to work on cutscenes for his next game, "Mr. Bones" for the Sega Saturn. "Mr. Bones" was released in 1996 with cutscenes and additional artwork by Angel Studios.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: As part of Nintendo's "Dream Team", the company developed two sports games featuring the American baseball player Ken Griffey Jr.—"Major League Baseball" and "Slugfest"—which were released for the Nintendo 64 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Although critics praised both games, Angel decided against making further sports titles because Angel Studios was "not a sports company". Angel Studios continued its work for the Nintendo 64, collaborating with designer Shigeru Miyamoto on a vehicular combat game titled "Buggie Boogie". Miyamoto issued three-month contracts to the company, not retaining any documents and returning every three months to check on the game's progress. Angel Studios spent 45 days creating a "design bible" for its first meeting with Miyamoto, who rejected it and asked the studio to "find the fun" over the next three months. The game would have seen vehicles consume each other, absorbing their DNA to obtain their powers. After six to nine months, the title was canceled as Nintendo prioritized a prototype of "Diddy Kong Racing". Angel Studios was left with a "well-polished" tech demo, which it used to pitch its development services to other publishers. Upon Miyamoto's request, the team began working on a fantasy golf game.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: In late 1997, Angel Studios was contracted to develop a port of Capcom's PlayStation game "Resident Evil 2" for the Nintendo 64. According to Angel, this was the first collaboration between Capcom and a non-Japanese video game company. The development had a budget of and the work was done in two years by nine full-time developers. The port was released in November 1999 and was considered a success: The studio condensed the game's data to less than 10% of its original size, fitting the original version's two compact discs onto a single Nintendo 64 cartridge. In a 2018 retrospective on "Resident Evil 2" and its ports, "Eurogamer" John Linneman called the conversion "one of the most ambitious console ports of all time". Matt Casamassina of "IGN" opined the port marked the studio as fit to develop for Nintendo's recently announced Project Dolphin console, which became the GameCube. Angel attributed much of his company's early video game success to his good relationships with Asian publishers.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Another Angel Studios project was "Ground Effect", a hovercraft racing game that was due to be published in February 1998 by Inscape, which was acquired by Graphix Zone in February 1997. The studio's film "Oceania" was exhibited at the Virtual Reality Pavilion of Expo '98. The studio contributed to an adventure ride called "Virtual Jungle Cruise", which debuted at the June 1998 opening of the first DisneyQuest interactive theme park in Orlando, Florida. Interactive Light published Angel Studios' beat 'em up-style arcade video game "Savage Quest" in 1999. Around this time, Angel proposed the development of a racing video game despite market saturation. He encouraged his employees to work independently and take ownership over the game's different parts. This policy was considered a major factor in the game's quality. The game was released as "Midtown Madness" in May 1999 as part of Microsoft's "Madness" racing game franchise. Fred Marcus, a designer and programmer on "Midtown Madness", stated the studio's impressive physics demos were key to its publishing contracts. The game was followed by "Midtown Madness 2", developed by Angel Studios and released in 2000. The studio continued working with Microsoft on a game involving a virtual girlfriend, planned as an Xbox launch title called "XGirl". "Sky Pirates VR", a pirate-themed attraction based on Steven Spielberg's "vertical reality" system, was exhibited in GameWorks theme parks. The attraction debuted in Detroit in 2000 and expanded to Schaumburg, Illinois, by December that year.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Rockstar Games, an American video game publisher, became interested in working with Angel Studios after the release of "Midtown Madness", and wanted to use their combined expertise to develop what became the "Midnight Club" and "Smuggler's Run" series. As part of their relationship, Angel Studios worked on "Oni 2: Death & Taxes", a canceled sequel to the 2001 game "Oni", itself owned by Rockstar Games' parent company, Take-Two Interactive. In a November 2000 interview, Rockstar Games' Sam Houser said: "I love Angel Studios ... I am not going to stop working with them." "Daily Radar" ranked Angel Studios fourth on its 2001 list of the five best developers for Sony platforms, citing the strength of "" and the first "Smuggler's Run" game on the PlayStation 2.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Around 2002, Angel discussed selling his company with Microsoft, Activision, and Rockstar Games. He had befriended Sam Houser and his brother Dan, two of Rockstar Games' founders, over a shared love of tequila. The company sought to acquire Angel Studios' Angel Game Engine as a proprietary game engine to replace Criterion Games' RenderWare, which it had used for the "Grand Theft Auto" series. Rockstar Games initially presented what Angel considered a low-ball. When he did not respond, Rockstar Games presented an offer Angel said he could not refuse and convinced him that the studio would have the creative freedom he wanted. Take-Two announced it had acquired Angel Studios on November 20, 2002. It paid in cash, 235,679 shares of restricted common stock (valued at ), and in prepaid royalties; a total price of . Angel Studios and its 125 employees became part of Rockstar Games as Rockstar San Diego. The headcount increased to 230 by 2003. As part of a cultural shift that some employees felt was abrupt, Rockstar Games scrapped the studio's policy of a week-long recess for all employees after each game's launch.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: After the acquisition, Rockstar Games executives reviewed the studio's development projects to determine what was worth keeping. Dan Houser noted "Red Dead Revolver", which he described as "this cowboy game that looked very good", caught the review team's attention despite being unplayable. The project stemmed from Angel Studios' and Capcom's partnership on the "Resident Evil 2" port: Capcom's Yoshiki Okamoto had approached the studio with the idea for an original intellectual property titled "S.W.A.T.", a third-person shooter involving a seven-piece SWAT team. This later adopted a Western theme at Okamoto's recommendation. Angel Studios began work on the game in 2000 with Capcom's supervision and funding. The development was troubled, partly due to cultural differences between the two companies, and the game remained unplayable. After Okamoto left Capcom, the company stopped funding the game in July 2003 and formally canceled it in August. Rockstar Games acquired "Red Dead Revolver" from Capcom and resumed its development by December that year. The crunch at Rockstar San Diego increased for a rapid release of the game, which came in May 2004 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: In 2003, Rockstar San Diego began developing "Agent", an open-world stealth game for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, under the leadership of producer Luis Gigliotti. The concept for an untitled Justice League game was scrapped in favor of "Agent". Unlike previous Angel Studios games, the prototype stage for "Agent" began with a full-size team, which was given little time to complete the prototype, leading to a crunch at the studio. Artists from the company traveled to Cairo and Washington, D.C., two of the settings for "Agent", to capture reference photographs. The four artists who traveled to Cairo took more than 10,000 pictures. When police detained artists for their photography in both locations, the situation in D.C. was quickly resolved while the one in Cairo took significantly more time. The development continued once both teams had returned. At the same time, Rockstar Games and the Houser brothers kept requesting changes so frequently the studio could not keep up, causing further crunch. Three people connected to the studio—one active employee and two former employees—died during this time, adding to a toxic studio culture. After a year of work, Gigliotti left the studio and formed Concrete Games for the publisher THQ. Eleven of "Agent" lead developers followed Gigliotti the next day and several "Red Dead Revolver" lead developers were put in charge of "Agent" to compensate for these departures. Under the new leadership, the developers spent another year upgrading the internal game engine for "Agent". Shortly thereafter, the game was put on hold indefinitely. The sister studio Rockstar North would eventually develop a game of the same name and announce it in 2009.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: After Electronic Arts acquired Criterion Games in 2004, Rockstar San Diego established the RAGE Technology Group team to develop the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) from the Angel Game Engine. The engine was introduced with "Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis", which was developed by the studio and released for the Xbox 360 and Wii in 2006. RAGE would go on to be used in most of Rockstar Games' titles for personal computers and consoles, including "Red Dead Redemption", "Grand Theft Auto IV", "Max Payne 3", "Grand Theft Auto V", and "Red Dead Redemption 2". Founder and president Angel had been working from Rockstar San Diego's offices, Rockstar Games' New York City headquarters, and Colombia since the acquisition and eventually decided not to renew his contract with Rockstar Games. The Houser brothers tried to persuade him to stay, but Angel felt homesick and left the company in May 2005 to return to Colombia. In Medellín, he tried to create game development opportunities, such as a master's degree in video game programming at EAFIT University. They ultimately faltered due to a lack of government support and talent in the area. Alan Wasserman, who had joined Rockstar San Diego in 2003, became the studio's general manager. The studio opened two paid internship positions for Entertainment Technology Center students in December 2005 and soon began recruiting employees to produce next-generation games.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: In August 2006, two former Rockstar San Diego 3D artists—Terri-Kim Chuckry and Garrett Flynn—filed a class-action lawsuit on behalf of over one hundred ex-employees, claiming unpaid overtime compensation. The case, "Garrett Flynn, et al. v. Angel Studios, Inc./Rockstar Games et al.", was prepared with assistance from Thomas Urmy Jr. of the law firm Shapiro Haber & Urmy LLP, and it was settled out of court in April 2009 with Rockstar Games awarding the former employees . The wives of several Rockstar San Diego employees, under the pseudonym "Rockstar Spouse", published an open letter in January 2010, alleging executives had imposed poor working conditions on studio developers since March 2009. This was followed by several former employees anonymously and publicly describing similar experiences. While a former staffer at Rockstar Games confirmed the post's claims, Rockstar Games denied all claims and said it was "saddened if any former members of any studio did not find their time here enjoyable or creatively fulfilling". The International Game Developers Association described the alleged working conditions as "deceptive, exploitative, and ultimately harmful".


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: In January 2010, it was reported that the company management had gradually laid off employees working on the "Midnight Club" series and outsourced its development. Other key employees quit rather than work on "Red Dead Redemption". During the development of "Red Dead Redemption", mismanagement led to delays and increased development costs. Two months after the game's May 2010 release, about 40 of Rockstar San Diego's 180 staff members were laid off. Steve Martin, who had been a producer at the studio since 2009, succeeded Wasserman as studio manager. The studio headcount shrank to 128 employees by February 2011. "Red Dead Redemption" became a commercial and critical success, selling 13 million copies within two years. Speaking to investors, Take-Two's chief executive officer, Strauss Zelnick, announced that the game would become one of the company's strategic permanent franchises. The game won several year-end accolades, including multiple Game of the Year awards. "Business Insider" found that "Red Dead Redemption" was, as of 2017, the 37th-best game ever made when measured by critical reception scores.


title: Rockstar San Diego

text: Beginning in 2011, Rockstar San Diego largely cooperated with other Rockstar Games studios. It played a supporting role (alongside Rockstar North and Rockstar Leeds) in the development of Team Bondi's 2011 game "L.A. Noire". For 2012's "Max Payne 3", Rockstar San Diego was part of Rockstar Studios, a collaborative effort of all Rockstar Games studios. To expand, the studio was hiring further employees by February 2012. Rockstar Games then paid in August 2014 to renew its lease on Rockstar San Diego's of office space in the Faraday Corporate Center in Carlsbad for eight years. The studio collaborated with Rockstar North on "Grand Theft Auto V", which was released in 2013. More recently, the company was one of eight studios that worked on "Red Dead Redemption 2", which came out in 2018. The development of that game again faced allegations of labor issues. Some employees reported that they were ordered to work overtime, frequently doing 80-hour weeks. In July 2019, Martin left the company to join the Chinese conglomerate Tencent, opening the subsidiary studio Lightspeed LA the following year.


title: Negar Khan

text: Negar Khan (born 18 July 1984; also credited as Nigar Khan) is an Iranian-born Norwegian actress. She is best known for her Bollywood item songs and film work.


title: Negar Khan

text: Khan is fluent in the Persian, Azeri, Norwegian, English and Urdu languages. Khan has a bachelor's degree in "Marketing & Advertising" and two master's degree in international business and film & television.


title: Negar Khan

text: She married Sahil Khan on September 21, 2004, but divorced in July 2005. In 2009, she had a new romance with someone from India while keeping a low profile.


title: Negar Khan

text: Khan gained fame when she appeared in the music video of a remix of the classic Indian Hindi movie song "Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani". She was a contestant in the Norwegian version of the "Paradise Hotel" reality show, where she was accused of having multiple plastic surgeries. She claimed that she has not undergone any surgery.


title: Negar Khan

text: Khan allegedly posed topless for the Norwegian men's magazine "VI Menn" in 2004. She denied this and said that the pictures had been graphically manipulated.


title: Negar Khan

text: She was deported from India to Norway in February 2005 for allegedly providing false documents to procure her work visa. She had been working while on tourist visa. However, she and Sahil Khan claimed that she had married him and hence was eligible to become an Indian national.


title: Prince Henrik of Denmark (born 2009)

text: Prince Henrik of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (Henrik Carl Joachim Alain; born 4 May 2009) is a member of the Danish royal family. He is the third and youngest son of Prince Joachim and the only son of his second wife, Princess Marie. Prince Henrik is ninth in the line of succession to the Danish throne.


title: Prince Henrik of Denmark (born 2009)

text: Prince Henrik was born on 4 May 2009 at Rigshospitalet, the Copenhagen University Hospital in Copenhagen. He has two older half-brothers from his father's first marriage, Prince Nikolai and Prince Felix, and a younger sister, Princess Athena.


title: Prince Henrik of Denmark (born 2009)

text: As per Danish royal tradition, his names were not revealed until his christening, which took place on 26 July 2009 at Møgeltønder Church, where his older brother Felix was also christened. At his christening, he received the names Henrik Carl Joachim Alain. His godparents are his paternal aunt, the Crown Princess of Denmark; his maternal uncles, Charles Cavallier and Benjamin Grandet; his mother's lady-in-waiting, Britt Davidsen Siesbye; as well as family friend, Christian Scherfig.


title: Prince Henrik of Denmark (born 2009)

text: On 11 August 2015, he started school at Sct. Joseph Søstrenes Skole – a Catholic private school in Ordrup. In 2019, when Henrik and his family moved to France, he enrolled at the private school EIB Monceau in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.


title: Prince Henrik of Denmark (born 2009)

text: Henrik is styled as "His Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark, Count of Monpezat". In 2022, Queen Margethe II decided to strip the descendants of her son Joachim from their princely titles. From 1 January 2023, he will be known as "His Excellency Count Henrik of Monpezat". All four grandchildren maintain their places in the order of succession.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The Flammarion engraving is a wood engraving by an unknown artist, so named because its first documented appearance is in Camille Flammarion's 1888 book ("The Atmosphere: Popular Meteorology"). The wood engraving has often, but erroneously, been referred to as a woodcut. It has been used as a metaphorical illustration of either the scientific or the mystical quests for knowledge.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The print depicts a man, clothed in a long robe and carrying a staff, who is at the edge of the Earth, where it meets the sky. He kneels down and passes his head, shoulders, and right arm through the star-studded sky, discovering a marvellous realm of circling clouds, fires and suns beyond the heavens. One of the elements of the cosmic machinery bears a strong resemblance to traditional pictorial representations of the "wheel in the middle of a wheel" described in the visions of the Hebrew prophet Ezekiel. The caption that accompanies the engraving in Flammarion's book reads:


title: Flammarion engraving

text: In 1957, astronomer Ernst Zinner claimed that the image dated to the German Renaissance, but he was unable to find any version published earlier than 1906. Further investigation, however, revealed that the work was a composite of images characteristic of different historical periods, and that it had been made with a burin, a tool used for wood engraving only since the late 18th century. The image was traced to Flammarion's book by Arthur Beer, an astrophysicist and historian of German science at Cambridge and, independently, by Bruno Weber, the curator of rare books at the Zürich central library.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: Flammarion had been apprenticed at the age of twelve to an engraver in Paris and it is believed that many of the illustrations for his books were engraved from his own drawings, probably under his supervision. Therefore, it is plausible that Flammarion himself created the image, though the evidence for this remains inconclusive. Like most other illustrations in Flammarion's books, the engraving carries no attribution. Although sometimes referred to as a forgery or a hoax, Flammarion does not characterize the engraving as a medieval or renaissance woodcut, and the mistaken interpretation of the engraving as an older work did not occur until after Flammarion's death. The decorative border surrounding the engraving is distinctly non-medieval and it was only by cropping it that the confusion about the historical origins of the image became possible.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: According to Bruno Weber and to astronomer Joseph Ashbrook, the depiction of a spherical heavenly vault separating the Earth from an outer realm is similar to the first illustration in Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia" of 1544, a book which Flammarion, an ardent bibliophile and book collector, might have owned.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: In Flammarion's "L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire", the image refers to the text on the facing page (p. 162), which also clarifies the author's intent in using it as an illustration:


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The same paragraph had already appeared, "without" the accompanying engraving, in an earlier edition of the text published under the title of "L'atmosphère: description des grands phénomènes de la Nature" ("The Atmosphere: Description of the Great Phenomena of Nature," 1872). The correspondence between the text and the illustration is so close that one would appear to be based on the other. Had Flammarion known of the engraving in 1872, it seems unlikely that he would have left it out of that year's edition, which was already heavily illustrated. The more probable conclusion therefore is that Flammarion commissioned the engraving specifically to illustrate this particular text, though this has not been ascertained conclusively.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The idea of the contact of a solid sky with the Earth is one that repeatedly appears in Flammarion's earlier works. In his "Les mondes imaginaires et les mondes réels" ("Imaginary Worlds and Real Worlds", 1864), he cites a legend of a Christian saint, Macarius the Roman, which he dates to the 6th century. This legend includes the story of three monks (Theophilus, Sergius, and Hyginus) who "wished to discover the point where the sky and the earth touch" (in Latin: "ubi cœlum terræ se conjungit"). After recounting the legend he remarks that "the preceding monks hoped to go to heaven without leaving the earth, to find 'the place where the sky and the earth touch,' and open the mysterious gateway which separates this world from the other. Such is the cosmographical notion of the universe; it is always the terrestrial valley crowned by the canopy of the heavens."


title: Flammarion engraving

text: In the legend of St. Macarius, the monks do not in fact find the place where Earth and sky touch. In "Les mondes imaginaires" Flammarion recounts another story:


title: Flammarion engraving

text: Flammarion also mentioned the same story, in nearly the same words, in his "Histoire du Ciel" ("History of the Sky"):


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The "Letters" referred to are a series of short essays by François de La Mothe Le Vayer. In letter 89, Le Vayer, after mentioning Strabo's scornful opinion of Pytheas's account of a region in the far north where land, sea, and air seemed to mingle in a single gelatinous substance, adds:


title: Flammarion engraving

text: Le Vayer does not specify who this "anchorite" was, nor does he provide further details about the story or its sources. Le Vayer's comment was expanded upon by Pierre Estève in his "Histoire generale et particuliere de l'astronomie" ("General and Particular History of Astronomy," 1755), where he interprets Le Vayer's statement (without attribution) as a claim that Pytheas "had arrived at a corner of the sky, and was obliged to stoop down in order not to touch it."


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The combination of the story of St. Macarius with Le Vayer's remarks seems to be due to Flammarion himself. It also appears in his "Les terres du ciel" ("The Lands of the Sky"):


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The Flammarion engraving appeared in C. G. Jung's "Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies" (1959). The first color version to be published was made by Roberta Weir and distributed by Berkeley's Print Mint in 1970. That color image spawned most of the modern variations that have followed since. Donovan's 1973 LP, "Cosmic Wheels", used an extended black and white version on its inner sleeve (an artist added elements extending the image to fit the proportions of the record jacket). The image also appeared in "The Compleat Astrologer" (pg. 25) by Derek and Julia Parker in 1971. In 1994, 'The Secret Language of Birthdays' by Gary Goldschneider and Joost Elffers was published featuring this image.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The Flammarion engraving appeared on the cover of Daniel J. Boorstin's bestselling history of science "The Discoverers", published in 1983. Other books devoted to science that used it as an illustration include "The Mathematical Experience" (1981) by Philip J. Davis and Reuben Hersh, "Matter, Space, and Motion: Theories in Antiquity and Their Sequel" (1988) by Richard Sorabji, "Paradoxes of Free Will" (2002) by Gunther Stent, and "Uncentering the Earth: Copernicus and On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" (2006) by William T. Vollmann. Some books devoted to mysticism which have also used the engraving include "Love and Law" (2001) by Ernest Holmes and "Gnosticism: New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing" (2002) by Stephan A. Hoeller.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: The image was reproduced on the title page of the score of Brian Ferneyhough's "Transit: Six Solo Voices and Chamber Orchestra", published by Edition Peters in 1975.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: British artist David Oxtoby made a drawing inspired by the Flammarion engraving ("Spiritual Pilgrim"), showing the face of David Bowie near drawing's right margin where the Sun should be. David Oxtoby's drawing doesn't show the crawling man at left.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: An interpretation of the image was used for the animated sequence about the cosmological vision of Giordano Bruno in the March 9, 2014 premiere of the TV series "", hosted by the astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: More recently in May 2021, an interpretation of the image has featured on a limited edition book release by Yusuf/Cat Stevens.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: In the German-language video series "Von Aristoteles zur Stringtheorie", ("From Aristotle to String Theory"), which is hosted on YouTube and produced by Urknall, Weltall, und das Leben, and features Professor Joseph Gaßner as lecturer, a colored Flammarion engraving was selected as a logo, but the man is peering at a background filled with the important equations of physics.


title: Flammarion engraving

text: Some commentators have claimed that Flammarion produced the image to propagandize the myth that medieval Europeans widely believed the Earth to be flat. In his book, however, Flammarion never discusses the history of beliefs about the shape of the Earth. His text suggests that the image is simply a fanciful illustration of the false view of the sky as an opaque barrier.


title: Monté Morris

text: Monté Robert Morris (born June 27, 1995) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Iowa State Cyclones.


title: Monté Morris

text: Morris was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan and his mother is Lationa Morris. His mother nicknamed him "Man-Man" when he was born. He grew up in Flint, Michigan attending Flint Beecher High School. Morris was childhood friends with future NBA player and later NBA teammate, Kyle Kuzma, as both attended Dailey Elementary School. He was a four-year starter for the Beecher Buccaneers. Morris was a three-time winner of Michigan's Associated Press Class C Player of the Year Award and a three time all-state selection. He led the Buccaneers in scoring, assists, and steals in all four seasons. He led Flint Beecher to back-to-back Class C Michigan state titles in 2012 and 2013. One of the nation's best point guards, Morris won Michigan's Mr. Basketball award in 2013.


title: Monté Morris

text: He was ranked No. 96 in the final Rivals.com national rankings and No. 89 in the Scout.com ratings as well as being a "Parade" All-American. Morris was recruited to Butler, Illinois, Indiana, Arizona State, Cincinnati, Georgia Tech, USC, and Iowa State which he ultimately committed to.


title: Monté Morris

text: Morris started the season on the bench but worked his way into the starting line-up against the Oklahoma Sooners on February 1, 2014, staying there ever since. Morris averaged 6.8 points, 3.7 assists and 2.6 rebounds and dished out 134 assists, the third most by any freshman in school history. He shot 84.7 percent (61-72) at the free-throw line, the second-best mark by an ISU freshman, and was the only Big 12 freshman to make at least 25 threes (28-69) and shoot over 40 percent. He scored in double figures in 13 games, including all three games in the NCAA tournament. Morris tallied a season-high 15 points in the Cyclones' NCAA Tournament win against NCCU and followed that with 13 against North Carolina Tar Heels. He dished out five or more assists in 12 games and led all Big 12 freshmen with 46 steals, the fifth most by an ISU rookie. His 1.3 steals per game ranked seventh in the Big 12 and he had an ISU freshman record 12 assists with no turnovers against West Virginia. He played 52 minutes of turnover free basketball in ISU's triple-OT win at Oklahoma State and had 10 points and five assists, including the game-winning 3-pointer with 43 seconds left in the third overtime against the Cowboys. He broke the NCAA record and led the nation with a 4.79 assist-to-turnover ratio, including a 6.9 assist-to-turnover ratio in Big 12 play.


title: Monté Morris

text: Morris started all 34 games and averaged 11.9 points, second on the team. He also posted a Big 12-best 5.2 assists and 3.4 rebounds on his way to earning All-Big 12 Second-Team honors. He had second-most assists of any sophomore and 11th-most by any player in school history. Morris was second in the Big 12 in field goal percentage shooting 50.7 percent from the field, had 64 steals, the second-most by a sophomore and tied for the ninth-most by any player in a single season in school history. His 110 steals in the last two seasons were the most by any Big 12 player. His first-career 20-point game came against Texas Tech, he recorded his first double-double and just missed a triple-double with 11 points, 10 assists and seven rebounds against Kansas. He tallied a career-high 24 points and hit a buzzer-beating 17-foot fadeaway to beat Texas in Big 12 quarterfinals. He averaged 15.3 points to earn Big 12 All-Tournament team honors as the Cyclones won the Big 12 tournament for the second consecutive season and he did not commit a turnover in three games at the Big 12 Championship. He led the nation for the second consecutive season with a 4.63 assist-to-turnover ratio and finished season with 176 assists and just 38 turnovers.


title: Monté Morris

text: On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Point Guard of the Year Award. He was named to the 35-man midseason watchlist for the Naismith Trophy on February 11.


title: Monté Morris

text: Morris received preseason recognition on November 2, 2016, as the Associated Press named him to the preseason All-American team. At the end of his senior season, Morris broke the NCAA record assist-to-turnover ratio from 4.79 he set his freshman year to the new record of 5.21. In 2017, Morris led Iowa State to a 5th seed in the NCAA tournament and got into the second round before losing to Purdue.


title: Monté Morris

text: Morris was selected in the second round, 51st pick overall by the Denver Nuggets in the 2017 NBA Draft. Following the Summer League he signed a two-way contract with the Nuggets. Under the terms of the deal he would split time between the Nuggets and a G League team that would be best designated for him. For Morris, he was assigned to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League on October 23, 2017. On December 12, 2017, Morris made his NBA debut against the Detroit Pistons. He recorded an assist in three minutes of action. In three games with the Nuggets, he averaged 3.3 points per game. Morris averaged 18.0 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 6.6 assists per game with Rio Grande Valley.


title: Monté Morris

text: On December 29, 2020, Morris scored a career-high 24 points in a 125-115 loss to the Sacramento Kings.


title: Monté Morris

text: On February 16, 2022, Morris scored 13 points, including a game-winning three-point shot as time expired, in a 117-116 win over the Golden State Warriors.


title: Monté Morris

text: On July 6, 2022, Morris was traded, alongside Will Barton, to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Kentavious Caldwell-Pope and Ish Smith.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Palatine tonsils, commonly called the tonsils and occasionally called the faucial tonsils, are tonsils located on the left and right sides at the back of the throat, which can often be seen as flesh-colored, pinkish lumps. Tonsils only present as "white lumps" if they are inflamed or infected with symptoms of exudates (pus drainage) and severe swelling.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils and will often, but not necessarily, cause a sore throat and fever. In chronic cases tonsillectomy may be indicated.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: The palatine tonsils are located in the isthmus of the fauces, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch of the soft palate.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: The palatine tonsil is one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites. In consequence it is a site of, and potential focus for, infections, and is one of the chief immunocompetent tissues in the oropharynx. It forms part of the Waldeyer's ring, which comprises the adenoid, the paired tubal tonsils, the paired palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils. From the pharyngeal side, they are covered with a stratified squamous epithelium, whereas a fibrous capsule links them to the wall of the pharynx. Through the capsule pass trabecules that contain small blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels. These trabecules divide the tonsil into lobules.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: The nerves supplying the palatine tonsils come from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve via the lesser palatine nerves, and from the tonsillar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve continues past the palatine tonsil and innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue to provide general and taste sensation. This nerve is most likely to be damaged during a tonsillectomy, which leads to reduced or lost general sensation and taste sensation to the posterior third of the tongue.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Blood supply is provided by tonsillar branches of five arteries: the dorsal lingual artery (of the lingual artery), ascending palatine artery (of the facial artery), tonsillar branch (of the facial artery), ascending pharyngeal artery (of the external carotid artery), and the lesser palatine artery (a branch of the descending palatine artery, itself a branch of the maxillary artery).


title: Palatine tonsil

text: The tonsils venous drainage is by the peritonsillar plexus, which drain into the lingual and pharyngeal veins, which in turn drain into the internal jugular vein.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Palatine tonsils consist of approximately 15 crypts, which result in a large internal surface. The tonsils contain four lymphoid compartments that influence immune functions, namely the reticular crypt epithelium, the extrafollicular area, the mantle zones of lymphoid follicles, and the follicular germinal centers. In human palatine tonsils, the very first part exposed to the outside environment is tonsillar epithelium.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Tonsillar (relating to palatine tonsil) B cells can mature to produce all the five major Immunoglobulin (Ig, aka antibody) classes. Furthermore, when incubated in vitro with either mitogens or specific antigens, they produce specific antibodies against diphtheria toxoid, poliovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and the lipopolysaccharide of "E. coli". Most Immunoglobulin A produced by tonsillar B cells in vitro appears to be 7S monomers, although a significant proportion may be l0S dimeric IgA.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: In addition to humoral immunity elicited by tonsillar and adenoidal B cells following antigenic stimulation, there is considerable T-cell response in palatine tonsils. Thus, natural infection or intranasal immunization with live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine has been reported to prime tonsillar lymphocytes much better than subcutaneous vaccination. Also, natural infection with varicella zoster virus has been found to stimulate tonsillar lymphocytes better than lymphocytes from peripheral blood.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Cytokines are humoral immunomodulatory proteins or glycoproteins which control or modulate the activities of target cells, resulting in gene activation, leading to mitotic division, growth and differentiation, migration, or apoptosis. They are produced by wide range of cell types upon antigen-specific and non-antigen specific stimuli. It has been reported by many studies that the clinic outcome of many infectious, autoimmune, or malignant diseases appears to be influenced by the overall balance of production (profiles) of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, determination of cytokine profiles in tonsil study will provide key information for further in-depth analysis of the cause and underlying mechanisms of these disorders, as well as the role and possible interactions between the T- and B-lymphocytes and other immunocompetent cells.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: The cytokine network represents a very sophisticated and versatile regulatory system that is essential to the immune system for overcoming the various defense strategies of microorganisms. Through several studies, the Th1 and Th2 cytokines and cytokine mRNA are both detectable in tonsillar hypertrophy (or obstructive sleep apnea, OSA) and recurrent tonsillitis groups. It showed that human palatine tonsil is an active immunological organ containing a wide range of cytokine-producing cells. Both Th1 and Th2 cells are involved in the pathophysiology of TH and RT conditions. Indeed, human tonsils persistently harbor microbial antigens even when the subject is asymptomatic of ongoing infection. It could also be an effect of ontogeny of the immune system.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: The pathogenesis of infectious/inflammatory disease in the tonsils most likely has its basis in their anatomic location and their inherent function as organ of immunity, processing infectious material, and other antigens and then becoming, paradoxically, a focus of infection/inflammation. No single theory of pathogenesis has yet been accepted, however. Viral infection with secondary bacterial invasion may be one mechanism of the initiation of chronic disease, but the effects of the environment, host factors, the widespread use of antibiotics, ecological considerations, and diet all may play a role. A recent cross-sectional study revealed a high rate of prevalent virus infections in non-acutely ill patients undergoing routine tonsillectomy. However, none of the 27 detected viruses showed positive association to the tonsillar disease.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: In children, the tonsils are common sites of infections that may give rise to acute or chronic tonsillitis. However, it is still an open question whether tonsillar hypertrophy is also caused by a persistent infection. Tonsillectomy is one of the most common major operations performed on children. The indications for the operation have been complicated by the controversy over the benefits of removing a chronically infected tissue and the possible harm caused by eliminating an important immune inductive tissue.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: The information that is necessary to make a rational decision to resolve this controversy can be obtained by understanding the immunological potential of the normal palatine tonsils and comparing these functions with the changes that occur in the chronically diseased counterparts.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Tonsillitis is the inflammation of tonsils. Acute tonsillitis is the most common manifestation of tonsillar disease. It is associated with sore throat, fever and difficulty swallowing. The tonsils may appear normal sized or enlarged but are usually erythematous. Often, but not always, exudates can be seen. Not all these signs and symptoms are present in every patient.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Recurrent infection has been variably defined as from four to seven episodes of acute tonsillitis in one year, five episodes for two consecutive years or three episodes per year for 3 consecutive years.


title: Palatine tonsil

text: Tonsillar hypertrophy is the enlargement of the tonsils, but without the history of inflammation. Obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy is currently the most common reason for tonsillectomy. These patients present with varying degrees of disturbed sleep which may include symptoms of loud snoring, irregular breathing, nocturnal choking and coughing, frequent awakenings, sleep apnea, dysphagia and/or daytime hypersomnolence. These may lead to behavioral/mood changes in patients and facilitate the need for a polysomnography in order to determine the degree to which these symptoms are disrupting their sleep.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: Dysphania ambrosioides, formerly "Chenopodium ambrosioides", known as Jesuit's tea, Mexican-tea, payqu "(paico)", epazote, mastruz, or herba sanctæ Mariæ, is an annual or short-lived perennial herb native to Central America, South America, and southern Mexico.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: "Dysphania ambrosioides" is an annual or short-lived perennial plant (herb), growing to tall, irregularly branched, with oblong-lanceolate leaves up to long. The flowers are small and green, produced in a branched panicle at the apex of the stem.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: As well as in its native areas, it is grown in warm temperate to subtropical areas of Europe and the United States (Missouri, New England, Eastern United States), sometimes becoming an invasive weed.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: The species was described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus as "Chenopodium ambrosioides". Some researchers treated it as a highly polymorphic species with several subspecies. Today these are considered as their own species of genus "Dysphania" (e.g. American wormseed, "Chenopodium ambrosioides" var. "anthelminticum" is now accepted as "Dysphania anthelmintica").


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: The generic name "Dysphania" traditionally was applied in the 1930s to some species endemic to Australia. Placement and rank of this taxon have ranged from a mere section in "Chenopodium" to the sole genus of a separate family Dysphaniaceae, or a representative of Illicebraceae. The close affinity of "Dysphania" to "glandular" species of "Chenopodium" "sensu lato" is now evident.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: The common Spanish name, "epazote" (sometimes spelled and pronounced "ipasote" or "ypasote"), is derived from ().


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: Ideally collected before going to seed, "D. ambrosioides" is used as a leaf vegetable, herb, and herbal tea for its pungent flavor. Raw, it has a resinous, medicinal pungency, similar to oregano, anise, fennel, or even tarragon, but stronger. The fragrance of "D. ambrosioides" is strong and unique. A common analogy is to turpentine or creosote. It has also been compared to citrus, savory, and mint.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: Although it is traditionally used with black beans for flavor and its antiflatulent properties, it is also sometimes used to flavor other traditional Mexican dishes: it can be used to season quesadillas and sopes (especially those containing huitlacoche), soups, mole de olla, tamales with cheese and chili peppers, chilaquiles, eggs and potatoes, and enchiladas. It is often used as an herb in fried white rice, and it is an important ingredient for making the green salsa for chilaquiles.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: Humans have died from overdoses of "D. ambrosioides" essential oils (attributed to the ascaridole content). Symptoms include severe gastroenteritis with pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: The essential oils of "D. ambrosioides" contain terpene compounds, some of which have natural pesticide capabilities. The compound ascaridole in epazote inhibits the growth of nearby species, so it is best to grow it at a distance from other plants.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: "Dysphania ambrosioides" not only contains terpene compounds, but it also delivers partial protection to nearby plants simply by masking their scent to some insects, making it a useful companion plant. Its small flowers may also attract some predatory wasps and flies.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: Epazote contains oil of chenopodium, which Merriam-Webster defines as “a colorless or pale yellow toxic essential oil of unpleasant odor and taste, … formerly used as an anthelmintic”.


title: Dysphania ambrosioides

text: Epazote essential oil contains ascaridole (up to 70%), limonene, p-cymene, and smaller amounts of numerous other monoterpenes and monoterpene derivatives (α-pinene, myrcene, terpinene, thymol, camphor and trans-isocarveol). Ascaridole (1,4-peroxido-p-menth-2-ene) is rather an uncommon constituent of spices; another plant owing much of its character to this monoterpene peroxide is boldo. Ascaridole is slightly toxic and has a pungent, not very pleasant flavor. In pure form, ascaridole decomposes violently upon heating, but this is relatively weak in regards to energy release, since it does not destroy the entire molecule. Ascaridole content is lower in epazote from Mexico than in epazote grown in Europe or Asia.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai () is a submarine volcano in the South Pacific located about south of the submarine volcano of Fonuafoou and north of Tongatapu, Tonga's main island. It is part of the highly active Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone and its associated volcanic arc, which extends from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji, and is formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate. It lies about above a very active seismic zone.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: The volcano rises around 2,000 m from the seafloor and has a caldera which – on the eve of the 2022 eruption – was roughly 150 m below sea level and 4 km at its widest extent. The only major above-water part of the volcano are the twin uninhabited islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai, which are respectively part of the northern and western rim of the caldera. As a result of the volcano's eruptive history, the islands existed as single landmass from 2015 to 2022: they were merged by a volcanic cone in a VEI 2 volcanic eruption in 2014–2015, and were separated again by a more explosive eruption in 2022, which also reduced the islands in size.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Its most recent eruption in January 2022 generated a tsunami that reached as far as the coasts of Japan and of the Americas and a volcanic plume that reached into the mesosphere. As of May 2022 the eruption is the largest volcanic eruption in the 21st century. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai likely had a previous major explosive eruption in the late 11th or early 12th century (possibly in 1108). Several known historical eruptions occurred in 1912, 1937, 1988, 2009, 2014–15 and 2021–22.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is a submarine volcano in the Kermadec-Tonga Ridge in South Pacific, a ridge formed by the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate is subducted by the Indo-Australian Plate, forming a long volcanic and island chain. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano lies almost completely underwater, with the exception of two small volcanic islands, Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haapai. They are, respectively, the remnants of the northern and western rim of the volcano's caldera. The volcano's base at the seafloor is approximately 20 km in diameter, rising roughly 2,000 m towards the sea surface. Before the 2022 eruption, the volcano's caldera was roughly 150 m below sea-level, and had a size of 4 × 2 km. Its northern and southern portions were filled by volcanic deposits from previous eruptions. Before the 2015 eruption, the two subaerial islands were about apart, and were each about long. They are both composed largely of andesite and layered tephra deposits, with steep rocky cliffs. This andesite tends to be of the basaltic type.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Samples from the islands suggest a long eruptive history. One pyroclastic flow was dated to 1040–1180 CE, correlating to ash deposits found on Tongatapu, and to an unknown tropical eruption in 1108 CE that had produced 1 °C of global cooling. The caldera is believed to have been formed by this eruption. Submarine eruptions at a rocky shoal – about southeast of Hunga Haapai and south of Hunga Tonga – were reported in 1912 and 1937; both eruptions had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2. Another eruption in Hunga occurred from a fissure south-southeast of Hunga Haapai island in 1988; this eruption had a VEI of 0. The


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: 2009 eruption arose from two vents located to the south and northwest of Hunga Haʻapai. The tephra deposited around each vent became connected to the island and nearly tripled its size, but such deposits disappeared with erosion in the following months.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai are the only subaerial parts of the volcano. Hunga Tonga is the eastern island, while Hunga Haʻapai is the western one. They are part of Tonga's Haʻapai group of islands, an island arc formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Before the 2014–15 eruption, which connected them into a single island, the islands were separated by about of ocean water. Before the 2022 eruption, the highest point in the former Hunga Tonga reached an elevation of , while Hunga Haapai was only above sea level. Neither island was large: before they were connected in 2015, each island was about long, with Hunga Tonga being roughly and Hunga Haapai in size. They are much smaller after the 2022 eruption. Neither island was developed due to a lack of an acceptable anchorage, although there were large guano deposits on each island.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: After the 2015 eruption, the smaller Hunga Tonga island, approximately to the northeast of Hunga Haapai, became attached to the crater via a -wide tombolo, and further sandy deposits had built up at the southern end of the crater's connection with Hunga Haapai. The caldera itself has eroded rapidly in the southeast, originally allowing an opening that flooded the crater with seawater to form a bay. This bay has later become separated from the open ocean by a shallow sandbar, forming a lagoon. Initially it was believed that the entire island would be eroded rapidly, but by 2017, scientists believed that the process could take decades.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: The islands figure in Tongan mythology as one of the few islands which were not overfished, and hence thrown down from heaven to land on earth. Tongans called them the islands which "jump back and forth" (i.e. suffer earthquakes). The first Europeans to see the islands were those with the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire in 1616. The British explorer Captain James Cook visited them several times in 1777 and learned their Tongan names.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: On 16 March 2009, a submarine eruption near Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai began spewing steam, smoke, pumice, and ash thousands of feet into the sky. By 21 March, Tonga's chief geologist, Kelepi Mafi, reported lava and ash issuing from two vents – one on the uninhabited island Hunga Haapai and another about offshore. The eruption had filled the gap between the two vents, creating new land surface that measured hundreds of square metres. The eruption devastated Hunga Haapai, covering it in black ash and stripping it of vegetation and fauna.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: The volcanic eruption drew worldwide attention. The volcano was featured in a segment of the television program "Angry Planet" in 2009.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: In November–December 2014, volcanic plumes and a series of earthquakes at volcanoes occurred north of Tonga for several weeks, indicating resumed volcanic activity in the area.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: A new eruption began at Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai on 19 December 2014. Local fishermen reported a tall white steam plume rising from the ocean over the undersea volcanic mount. Satellite images taken on December 29 showed the eruption continuing, with a smoke and ash plume rising from the site, and discolored seawater (possibly caused by smoke and ash released below the surface, or by disturbance of the seabed). The eruption continued into 2015, with a tall ash cloud rising into the sky on 6 January 2015.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: The eruption entered a new stage on 11 January 2015, when the volcano began sending ash plumes as high as into the sky. An Air New Zealand flight on 12 January had to be diverted to Samoa, while a number of other flights between New Zealand and Tonga were cancelled. An ash plume reached on January 13. Officials identified two vents, one on Hunga Haapai and another about offshore and underwater. Large rocks and wet, dense ash were being ejected up to into the air. By 16 January, a new island had been formed by the explosion. Tongan officials estimated the new island to be wide, long, and high, although geologists said the new island would probably exist only a few months until ocean waves wore it down. Ash and acid rain were falling in an area about from the new island, and Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haapai had both been denuded of vegetation.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Despite the volcano's eruption, which was spewing a steam cloud into the air, international flights to Tonga resumed on 16 January, as volcano and aviation experts deemed the eruption no longer a threat to airliners.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Geologists from Tonga and New Zealand who visited the volcano on January 19 said the eruption had quieted in the last 24 hours. They noted that nearly all the eruption was now coming from the vent on the new island, with steam clouds rising to a height of , and ash and rock being thrown to a height of about . Emission of ash was limited, with magma rocks hitting the ocean causing some steam explosions. The team found no floating volcanic debris, such as pumice rafts, and the smell of volcanic gases was intermittent. Tongan officials established a zone in diameter around the island to protect visitors from rock, ash, and acid rain.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Tongan officials declared the eruption at an end on 26 January, after observing no new gas, ash, or rock emerging from the island vent. By this time, the island was wide, long, and high. The new island had joined with Hunga Haapai, and was about away from joining with Hunga Tonga. Locals visiting the island said seabirds were nesting.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: In June 2015, entrepreneur Ian Argus Stuart became the first person to overnight on this new island formation. Spending 11 nights on the island, Stuart survived eating nothing but seagull eggs and squid. Stuart went to Hunga Tonga with the help of the Spanish explorer Alvaro Cerezo, who provides castaway experiences to remote desert islands around the planet.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: In June 2017, French explorers Cécile Sabau and Damien Grouille landed the island from their sailing boat COLIBRI. Aside from taking some of the very few pictures of the island before it was decimated by the 2022 eruption, they collected a total of 16 rock samples, documented with GPS plotting and 3D pictures.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: This material was studied by scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, led by Dr James B. Garvin. They studied Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai, using it as a model for volcanic shapes on Mars. In an article published in late 2017, the scientists concluded that Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai eroded in ways that are remarkably similar to the erosion patterns seen on similar landforms on Mars. The scientists noted that this suggested Mars was once flooded briefly by water, but that the water receded fairly quickly. They said that further study of the similarities between Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai and Martian volcanic landforms was needed.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Another analysis of the samples showed that the volcanic ash that forms much of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai reacted with the warm oceanic water around it. This chemical reaction turned the ash into much harder rock, and volcanologists believed the island would last for several decades rather than be eroded. This made Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai only the third volcanic island in the last 150 years to survive more than a few months.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: In October 2018, scientists visited the island and discovered that its surface was covered with gravel, sticky mud, and vegetation. The island was also populated by a variety of bird life. They also found that the island seemed to be eroding more quickly than previously thought, due to rainfall.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: On 20 December 2021 the volcano erupted, causing a large plume that was visible from Nukuʻalofa. The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre Wellington issued an advisory to airlines. Explosions could be heard up to away. The initial eruption continued until 2 am on 21 December. Activity continued, and on 25 December, satellite imagery showed that the island had increased in size.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: As activity on the volcano decreased, it was declared dormant on 11 January before restarting on 14 January after the volcano sent an ash cloud . The Tongan government subsequently issued a tsunami warning. On the next day, the volcano violently erupted again, about seven times more powerfully than the eruption on 20 December 2021. The initial volcanic plume rose to 58 kilometres (36 miles) into the mesosphere, the greatest height ever reported for a vapor plume. There were numerous reports of loud booms across Tonga and other countries, such as Fiji and as far away as New Zealand and Australia. A boom was heard in Alaska, 10,000 kilometres (6213 miles) from the source seven hours after eruption. The Met Office in the UK has also detected shockwaves from the eruption. The eruption set off a massive atmospheric shock-wave travelling at about 300 m (1,000 ft) per second. The energy released by the eruption is estimated to have been equivalent to 61 Megatons (of TNT), more powerful than the largest nuclear bomb ever detonated. Near the eruption, the explosion damaged property, including shattered windows. A tsunami warning was issued just after 5:30 p.m. by the Tonga Meteorological Services and the tsunami flooded coastal areas in Tonga.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: Two people were killed in Peru and two fishermen were injured in San Gregorio, California. Four deaths were confirmed in Tonga, including a British woman whose body was found after she went missing when the tsunami struck.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: According to a report in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, while comparable to other volcanic eruptions on some measures, the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption sent unprecedented amounts of water () vapor into the stratosphere.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: It was reported on 16 January that radar surveys before and after the eruption show that most of the then island had been destroyed, and only small parts remained. These included remnants of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai.


title: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

text: A survey of the caldera by a remote operated vehicle in August 2022 found continuing signs of volcanic activity.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Kiss of Death is a 1995 American crime thriller film directed and produced by Barbet Schroeder and starring David Caruso, Samuel L. Jackson, Nicolas Cage, Helen Hunt, Ving Rhames, and Stanley Tucci.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: The film is a remake of the 1947 film noir classic of the same name that starred Victor Mature, Brian Donlevy, and Richard Widmark. It was screened out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. Like the original "Kiss of Death", the film was released by 20th Century Fox.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Jimmy Kilmartin is an ex-con living in Astoria in the New York City borough of Queens, trying to stay clean and raising a daughter with his wife Bev. They are both recovering alcoholics. Bev leaves Jimmy alone to go to an AA meeting. While she is gone, Jimmy is awakened by his cousin Ronnie who is in desperate need of a driver to help him move some stolen cars. Jimmy tries to eject Ronnie, knowing that he could go back to prison just for being seen with him. Ronnie's right ring finger is broken, and he confesses that if Jimmy does not help him move the cars, Little Junior Brown will kill him.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Little Junior Brown is an asthmatic psychopath. Enraged that they are so behind schedule, he insists that Ronnie move the four trucks full of stolen cars in a caravan, instead of staggering them to avoid detection. The caravan draws the attention of the police, and when they arrive at the Brooklyn Navy Yard to unload the cars, the police arrive. During the arrests, Jimmy's passenger shoots at the police. The bullet goes through Jimmy's hand and just below the right eye of Detective Calvin Hart.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: The lawyer for the Brown crime family, Jack Gold, promises Jimmy that Bev will be taken care of if he takes the rap without naming his co-conspirators. Ronnie shorts Bev on her allowance, giving her only $150 of the $400 a week that the Browns intended for her. Bev agrees to work for Ronnie at his chop shop just south of Shea Stadium. On her first day, she witnesses Ronnie beating a man who tried to sell him a stolen car. She drinks a Rolling Rock, and goes with Ronnie to Baby Cakes, the strip club owned by the Browns. There Ronnie plies her with more alcohol and tries to take advantage of her. Big Junior and Little Junior are angered and instruct him to take her home but instead he brings her back to his house. Bev is horrified at her relapse and Ronnie's advances, so she rushes out of Ronnie's house and steals his car. She drives head-on into a semi-truck in the street and is killed instantly.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Given a supervised release for her funeral, Jimmy listens to Ronnie's lame explanation for why Bev died in his car. Bev's sister Rosie explains that she never returned home the night before her death. Convinced of Ronnie's complicity in Bev's death, Jimmy agrees to turn state's witness. He names all of the people involved in the Navy Yards fiasco, except Ronnie. When the cops arrest everyone but Ronnie, the Browns are convinced that he is the snitch. Little Junior Brown beats Ronnie to death in his office as retaliation.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Several years pass, and the district attorney approaches Jimmy again about snitching on the Browns. Still in Sing Sing, Jimmy negotiates for a pardon and a job that he would enjoy. He and Rosie get married, but he hides his informant duties from her.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Det. Hart meets with Jimmy at a Chinese restaurant and informs him that his target is actually a drug dealer named Omar, who gets weapons and cars from Little Junior Brown. Jimmy dons a wire and returns to work for the Browns with an initial assignment of boosting cars. After their rounds, Jimmy's crew heads to Baby Cakes where he sees Little Junior for the first time in years. Little Junior is distraught over the recent death of his father, and he offers Jimmy his condolences over Bev's death. Little Junior takes Jimmy to a meeting with Omar.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Jimmy is unable to sustain the charade with Rosie. Eventually, Little Junior takes Jimmy to another meeting with Omar, whom he kills. Later, Omar's crew throws Jimmy into a car and drives him to a meeting, where he learns that Omar was an undercover DEA agent. The DA and the DEA use Jimmy's tape of the killing to arrest Little Junior. When Little Junior is out on bail, he abducts Jimmy's daughter to send him a message. He eventually finds his daughter in the woods, with the letters B.A.D. (Balls, Attitude, Direction; an acronym Little Junior gives himself in a private moment with Jimmy) written on her forehead in blood.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Realizing that his family is not safe anymore, Jimmy returns to the city and confronts Little Junior at gunpoint at Baby Cakes. A fight ensues with Little Junior and Jimmy, which results in Little Junior being arrested by Det. Hart (after learning that Jimmy was wired). Jimmy uses a tape of the DA's corrupt threats as leverage to escape the situation. The film ends with Jimmy getting into a stolen Explorer that Little Junior gave him, and he leaves the city with Rosie and his daughter.


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" called Cage "one of the few American actors who gets more interesting from film to film", adding that he "comes close to kidnapping the picture as Little Junior, a pumped-up but asthmatic thug who, like King Kong, is a gorilla with a wistful air about him." Writing in the "Chicago Sun-Times", Roger Ebert found the film uncompelling, awarding it only 2 out of 4 stars. Though he also considered the character of Little Junior "overwritten", Ebert did praise Nicolas Cage's performance, calling Cage a "real movie actor" who "plays the role with style and bravado." "The Washington Post" wrote that Cage "dominates the camera, stealing scenes by the sheer intensity of his inimitable strangeness" and makes the film "worth seeing". Todd McCarthy of "Variety" described it as "a very loose remake" and "crackling thriller" that is most notable for Cage's performance. Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote, "In "Kiss of Death" [Caruso] becomes a movie star with a vengeance, the kind of movie star he was meant to be."


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: The film holds a 68% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 40 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "An outstanding ensemble cast propels "Kiss of Death", a noir-ish crime thriller that's slick and big on atmosphere, even if its script may only provide sporadic bursts of tension."


title: Kiss of Death (1995 film)

text: David Caruso was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst New Star for his work in both this movie and "Jade", but lost to Elizabeth Berkley for "Showgirls".


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: In the Roman foundation myth, it was a she-wolf (lupa) that nursed and sheltered the twins Romulus and Remus after they were abandoned in the wild by order of King Amulius of Alba Longa. She cared for the infants at her den, a cave known as the Lupercal, until they were discovered by a shepherd, Faustulus. Romulus would later become the founder and first king of Rome. The image of the she-wolf suckling the twins has been a symbol of Rome since ancient times and is one of the most recognizable icons of ancient mythology.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: There is evidence that the wolf held a special place in the world of the ancient peoples of Italy. One legend claims that the Hirpini people were so-called because, when they set out to find their first colony, they were led to its location by a wolf (from the Osco-Umbrian word for wolf: "hirpus"). The tale of the Lupercal is central to that of the twins, and probably predates theirs. To the Roman god Mars, the wolf is a sacred animal. There is an ongoing debate about a connection to the ancient Roman festival of the Lupercalia.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: In Greek mythology, Apollo's mother Leto is reported to have given birth to him as a she-wolf, to evade Hera.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The 3 "canonical" versions of the myth—those of Livy, Plutarch and Dionysius of Halicarnassus—all draw heavily on Quintus Fabius Pictor. He is considered one of Rome's earliest historians and his now lost work describes the she-wolf and her episode with the twins. The twins were abandoned at the order of Amulius. Some tales claim that they were to be left along the riverbank, others that they were to be cast into the water. The servant charged with the task either thought better of it, or could not get close enough to do the deed because of the flooding. Instead, he left them in the standing water that had formed at the foot of Palatine Hill. The twins were found either after their basket had been left at the foot of the fig tree, or came to rest there after floating in the water. In each case, the she-wolf rescued them and gently cared for them in or near the Lupercal. Later, they were discovered by local shepherds.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: Dionysius reports that the rains had raised the water so much so that Amulius' servant had to abandon the twins, before the intended spot (where the current was stronger). The basket, containing the twins, gently went with the receding water until it struck a stone, flipping the twins and the basket into the mud. The she-wolf then arrived and lowered her teats to the crying babes, and licked them clean of the mud.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: After a shepherd happened upon the scene in the course of tending his flock, he ran to tell his companions, and a group gathered to witness the remarkable sight. The twins were clinging to her as she was their true mother. The she-wolf was nonplussed when the men began making a ruckus to scare her off. She withdrew into a cave that was sacred to the Greek colonists who had formerly lived in the area and held an altar to the nature god Pan.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: Livy claims that the servants of Amulius dropped the twins in the standing water out of simple laziness. The fig tree just happened to be the first spot they came to and they figured the twins would drown no matter what. The twins cried in their basket until the waters receded and left them back on land. The she-wolf arrived from the hills looking for a drink of water when she heard their cries.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The servant was too afraid of the torrential waters to fully carry out the king's orders, according to Plutarch. After being left on the bank, the waters rose further and swept the twins away. It gently carried them along and then dropped them at the fig tree.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The three relay accounts wherein the term "lupa" refers not to a she-wolf, but is a slang word for prostitute. Plutarch tells two other stories not involving the she-wolf or abandonment. In one, the twins are fathered by Hercules after he wins a dice game. Their mother is the unwitting "prize". In another, the twins are switched at birth by their grandfather for a different pair of infants and secreted out of the city to be raised by shepherds and later, educated in nearby Gabii.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The Etruscan "Bolsena Mirror" features a depiction of the she-wolf and the twins surrounded by human and animal figures. Differences in interpretation have precluded virtually any consensus regarding many of its features. This includes its age. However, it is consistent with other such mirrors, made as bridal gifts, in 4th century BC Euritria, perhaps circa 330–340. The famous Capitoline Wolf may be of Etruscan or Old Latin origin. But, a discovery during its restoration in 2000 and radiocarbon dating has cast doubt on an ancient origin. An Etruscan stele from Bologna, dated to between 350 and 400 BC, depicts an animal, possibly a wolf, nursing a single infant. By 269 BC, the silver didrachm is the earliest depiction of the complete icon, with the characteristic "turning of the she-wolf's head" backward and downward at the twins.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The distinctive imagery of the she-wolf and the twins made it more recognizable than other symbols of the city, such as Roma, the patron deity of the city, or the Roman eagle. That was useful as the Roman world expanded and symbols of Rome became more important in maintaining unity. By the 1st century AD, the she-wolf was common in both Rome and the provinces. She and the twins were featured on the elaborate Ara Pacis, built in honor of Augustus and dedicated to Pax, the goddess of peace.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: Coins with their depiction were minted and widely circulated. They were also produced in Roman Colonies as a way to express their own "Roman-ness". They have been found on personal items such as swords, buckles, lamps and statuettes as well as monuments, mosaic floors and funerary stones that date from the 1st through the 3rd centuries AD.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The Franks Casket, an ornately carved Anglo-Saxon chest from the 8th–9th century, probably crafted in Northumbria, features the she-wolf and twins, along with a Runic account of the Romulus and Remus story. Other Anglo-Saxon artifacts and coins from the same period also feature them. The Byzantines continued to use the image, and coins attributed to them have been found in various locations in central Asia at sites located in modern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan along with an 8th-century Sogdian painted mural with a she-wolf, head turned back and down, suckling two infants.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The Italian football clubs A.S. Roma and S.S. Robur Siena use the imagery in their respective team logos.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The Sienese have a traditional tale that the city was founded by Senius and Aschius, another pair of twins who were also suckled by a she-wolf. They were the sons of Remus and fled Rome after his death at the hands of their uncle Romulus. The legend cannot be attested to prior to the Renaissance. However, depictions of a she-wolf and twins are common in the city and some can be dated earlier.


title: She-wolf (Roman mythology)

text: The Lupercalia was a very ancient festival even during Roman times. Roman historians speculated as to its origins. It may be associated with the god Lupercus, the god of shepherds and protector of flocks. Some historians link it to the she-wolf and the Lupercal.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: Founded in 1888, the Football League is the oldest such competition in world football. The 1888–89 Football League was the first edition of the Football League, which ran from the autumn of 1888 until the spring of 1889. The Football League was formally created and named in Manchester during a meeting on 17 April 1888.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: The season began on 8 September 1888 with 12 member clubs from the Midlands and North of England: Accrington, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke, West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers. Each club played the other twice, once at home and once away. The season concluded in 20 April 1889.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: The original league rules stated that teams' positions should be calculated "from wins, draws, and losses", without further detail. It was not until late November that a points system was decided upon, with teams being awarded two points for a win and one point for a draw. Goal average was used to separate teams level on points.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: The league rules stated that the bottom four clubs were obliged to retire and seek re-election at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) along with any other clubs wishing to become League members. Stoke, Burnley, Derby County, and Notts County were all re-elected for the 1889–90 season.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: Taken from "Fußball-Weltzeitschrift", a journal of the International Federation of Football History & Statistics.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: Ten of the twelve teams took part in the first ever round of Championship fixtures on Saturday, 8 September 1888 and although no league table was published in any of the newspapers of the time West Bromwich Albion would have been the very first table toppers. By modern-day calculations, Derby County would have been the first ever table toppers because of their superior goal difference which was +3 after the first game. Albion won 2–0 at Stoke in front of 4,500 spectators and would have headed Preston North End, Derby County and Everton by virtue of an infinite goal average as they kept a clean sheet. Goal Average was the number of goals scored divided by the number of goals conceded. Goal Average was used to separate teams who were tied on points at that time. Preston defeated Burnley 5–2, Derby were 6–3 winners at Bolton and Everton secured the points in a 2–1 victory over Accrington. Aston Villa defender Gershom Cox was thought to have earned the distinction of scoring the first ever league goal with an unfortunate own goal in a 1–1 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers and Fred Dewhurst opening the scoring minutes later at Preston with the first intentional goal. However the post-match reports of relative kick-off times show most games were delayed allowing for crowds to assemble. A goal by England and Bolton winger Kenny Davenport 2 minutes into the match against Derby County was scored comfortably before any other and is now regarded as the first ever football league goal. Neither Blackburn Rovers or Notts County played on the opening weekend.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: Preston North End took over from West Bromwich Albion at the top of the table in their second game on Saturday 15 September 1888 when they won 4–0 at Wolverhampton Wanderers with Archie Goodall scoring on his Preston debut. Albion also won 2–1 at Derby County but the victory gave them an inferior goal average while Everton were the only other club to secure maximum points from their opening two games. Both Blackburn Rovers and Notts County made their respective football league debuts. Rovers were held 5–5 by Accrington while Notts County lost 1–2 at Everton.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: A 2–6 defeat for West Bromwich Albion at Blackburn Rovers and a 1–2 defeat for Everton at Aston Villa left Preston as the only team with a 100% record after three games when they defeated Bolton Wanderers 3–1 at Deepdale. Stoke recorded their first ever league victory 3–0 over Notts County, who themselves replaced Stoke at the foot of the table. County had lost both their opening two fixtures while Bolton had yet to secure a point from three.


title: 1888–89 Football League

text: Preston's 100% record was maintained when they won 3–2 at Derby County while second placed Aston Villa set a record victory up to that time when they defeated bottom club Notts County 9–1. Bolton recorded their first ever league victory at the fourth attempt, 6–2 against Everton.