title: Therapy dog

text: In order for a dog to be a good candidate to become a therapy dog and receive certification, they should be calm and social with strangers. They should also be able to adjust to loud noises and fast movements. There are certain steps that are needed for a dog to become certified by a national organization such as The Alliance of Therapy Dogs, e.g., to socialize the dog around other animals and people. They are tested on behaviors such as not jumping on people and being able to walk on a loose leash. Exact testing/certification requirements differ based on the organization's requirements. Some organizations offer classes such as "distraction-proofing", which strengthens the dog's ability to focus and therapy training to help prepare the dog and the dog's owner for therapy visits.


title: Therapy dog

text: Although therapy dogs are not limited to a certain size or breed, common breeds used in therapy dog application and research include the Golden Retriever and the Labrador Retriever. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are considered natural therapy dogs since they were bred to be companion dogs. Thus they love meeting new people including children, are very gentle, and are eager to sit on someone's lap for long periods of time and are small enough to do so.


title: Therapy dog

text: Therapy dogs offer many benefits to people and patients. For example, therapy dogs help patients participate in physical activities. They also help encourage them to have cognitive, social, and communication goals.


title: Therapy dog

text: Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior at the time, proposed utilizing dogs with psychiatric patients at St Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, DC in the year 1919. Florence Nightingale also contributed ideas to Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT). She discovered that patients of different ages living in a psychiatric institution were relieved from anxiety when they were able to spend time with small animals.[13] Freud believed that dogs could sense certain levels of tension being felt by his patients. Freud also used his dog to improve communication with his patients. He felt as if his patients were more comfortable talking to his dog at first and this opened up doors for them to later feel more comfortable talking to him.[13]Boris Levinson, an American child psychiatrist, was one of the first to write about animal therapy, specifically with dogs. tool to facilitate work with a child client. Dr. Levinson found the dog’s presence to help his pediatric clients with positive focus, communication, and allowing the initiation of therapy and shared this information with the medical world n 1961. About 10 years later, psychiatrists Sam and Elizabeth Corson at Ohio State University Psychiatric Hospital used Levinson's findings to expand this form of therapy to adults. The use of therapy can also be attributed to Elaine Smith,[14][15] a registered nurse. While a chaplain and his dog visited, Smith noticed the comfort that this visit seemed to bring the patients. In 1976, Smith started a program for training dogs to visit institutions, and the demand for therapy dogs continued to grow.


title: Therapy dog

text: Therapy dogs are usually not assistance or service dogs, but can be one or both with some organizations.


title: Therapy dog

text: Many organizations provide evaluation and registration for therapy dogs. Typical tests might ensure that a dog can handle sudden loud or strange noises; can walk on assorted unfamiliar surfaces comfortably; are not frightened by people with canes, wheelchairs, or unusual styles of walking or moving; get along well with children and the elderly; and so on. Institutions may invite, limit, or prohibit access by therapy dogs. If allowed, many institutions have requirements for therapy dogs. United States-based Therapy Dogs International (TDI) bans the use of service dogs in their therapy dog program. Service dogs perform tasks for persons with disabilities and have a legal right to accompany their owners in most areas.


title: Therapy dog

text: In Canada, St John Ambulance provides therapy dog certification. In the UK, Pets As Therapy (PAT) provides visiting dogs and cats to establishments where pets are otherwise not available. Also in the UK, Therapy Dogs Nationwide (TDN) and Canine Concern CIO provide visiting dogs to establishments.


title: Therapy dog

text: In the United States, therapy dogs are defined but not covered or protected under the Federal Housing Act or Americans with Disabilities Act. According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, only dogs that are "individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability" have legal protection as a service animal. Therapy dogs do not have public access rights with exception to the specific places they are visiting and working. Typically the dog would be granted rights by individual facilities only. Therapy dogs are subjected to several tests to ensure that they are fit for the job. These tests look at their ability to block out distractions, comfort level around a variety of people with many different disabilities, and if they are comfortably able to walk through many different terrains.


title: Therapy dog

text: While some states define therapy animals and emotional support animals, they are not protected by federal laws, and therefore can be prohibited from businesses, restaurants and many other locations.


title: Therapy dog

text: Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) has been reported to improve many psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, social skills, and simply improving the moods of the patient.


title: Therapy dog

text: Additional psychological benefits of therapy dog programs in educational settings include provided comfort, companionship, a diversion to unpleasant thoughts or situations, and deceased resistance to relationship development in the therapy process.


title: Therapy dog

text: A large number of studies show that animals can offer relief and serenity to a wide age range of vulnerable people with various different emotional issues. Ross DeJohn Jr. of DeJohn Funeral Homes in Ohio says Magic, a Portuguese water dog, "Makes people smile even when they don't want to." (qtd. in Sinatra-Ayers). Amy Sather, Rincon Valley assistant principal, brings her 2-year-old Golden Retriever to the school to assist in the therapy of the children. Sather says, "I've got kids whose parents are going through a divorce and they are so depressed by it. I've had children literally hug and cry into his fur." (qtd. in Warren). Principal Brad Cosorelli claims the students will flock to the dog in time of distress instead of the counselor. Children were found during a study to find their pet (in most cases dogs) a bigger comfort in sharing secrets or scary situations than they found the adults in the family to be. In some cases, life experience has led people to believe they will be hurt by the people closest to them; animals can provide non-judgmental and unrestricted emotional support. This is true for both children and adults. In a survey done by the American Animal Hospital Association, many of those who responded specified that they were emotionally dependent on their pet. Therapists believe they can utilize clients' attachment to animals for therapeutic reasons (Urichuk). The presence of a dog in a therapy session has indicated improvements in a patient's outlook, as well as their willingness to share on a deeper level. The petting of an animal can also put a patient at ease, whereas a therapist must maintain a professional state and thus is unable to provide physical support. This creates a unique bridge for patient-therapist communication (Urichuk).


title: Therapy dog

text: The University of Connecticut uses therapy dogs in their program Paws to Relax, available during finals week to help students deal with increased anxiety. The school uses them in other stressful situations, including suicides and deadly automobile accidents. Since 2011, Yale Law School has used therapy dogs to aid students experiencing stress. Some colleges and universities in the US bring therapy dogs to campus to help students de-stress. These campus events are often referred to as "Therapy Fluffies", a term coined by Torrey Trust, the original founder of the University of California San Diego therapy dog de-stress event. In 2009, Sharon Franks shared the idea of bringing therapy dogs to campus with the UC San Diego Office of Student Wellness.


title: Therapy dog

text: Since the autumn of 2010, "Therapy Fluffies" has visited the UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, and UC Riverside campuses during the week before mid-term and final exams. These events give students and staff the opportunity to pet and relax with therapy-certified dogs. The university also works with the Inland Empire Pet Partners, a service of the Humane Society to bring therapy-certified dogs to the campus' Mental Health Day Spa, held quarterly.


title: Therapy dog

text: In 2014, Concordia University, Wisconsin became the first university in the US to adopt a full-time therapy dog to its campus in Mequon, Wisconsin. The golden retriever, Zoey, is a Lutheran church Charities K-9 Comfort Dog, trained to interact with people at churches, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, events, and in disaster response situations. Concordia later purchased a second comfort dog, named Sage.


title: Therapy dog

text: Therapy dogs were used to offer comfort to faculty, staff and students following the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting in Blacksburg, Virginia, when 32 people were killed. On December 14, 2012, therapy dogs were brought to the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, following the shooting and deaths of 26 people, providing comfort to children and parents.


title: Therapy dog

text: In Uganda, The Comfort Dog Project pairs dogs with those traumatized by war. Participants learn how to care for and train the animals as the dogs assist with confidence, help with depression and assist with recovery from post traumatic stress disorder.


title: Therapy dog

text: Programs such as the Reading Education Assistance Dogs (R.E.A.D.) program promote literacy and communication skills. The practice uses therapy dogs to encourage children to read aloud by giving them a nonjudgmental listener. It has been proven that the academic performance and children's enthusiasm for reading has increased by having a therapeutic dog with them, especially in children with special education. Goals of canine-assisted reading programs include increasing reading fluency, increasing motivation to read, providing encouragement for reluctant readers, and making reading fun.


title: Therapy dog

text: These cognitive benefits can be seen in libraries as well as schools. Internationally, there are programs that use therapy dogs in educational settings such as Germany, Argentina, Finland (Lukukoira Sylvi from Kuopio, Finland was the first animal nominated for Citizen of the Year), and Croatia, for example.


title: Therapy dog

text: An article published by the "American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias" reported that during visits with dogs, residents with dementia were able to be involved in special activities and were more verbal than usual. Researchers have identified further cognitive benefits of therapy dogs, which include an increase in mental stimulation and assistance in the recall of memories and the sequence of events.


title: Therapy dog

text: Interaction with therapy dogs improves cardiovascular health, and as a result patients may need less medication. Personal pet visitation and animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) can benefit patients' pain, blood pressure, stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as increasing mobility and socialization with staff and families. Further, petting animals promotes the release of hormones that can elevate moods, specifically serotonin, prolactin and oxytocin. Patients receiving occupational therapy have improved their fine motor skills by grooming therapy dogs. Studies have found decreased cortisol levels in children with insecure attachment styles, children with autistic spectrum disorder, in hospital patients with heart failure, and in healthcare professionals, after physical contact with a dog.


title: Therapy dog

text: Therapy dogs promote greater self-esteem in students and encourage positive interactions with peers and teachers. Additionally, children with autism demonstrated increased verbal abilities and social interaction during therapy sessions when animals were present compared to traditional therapy sessions without them.


title: Therapy dog

text: There are some concerns with using therapy dogs with children and adults in various public facilities. Some include hygiene, allergies, cross-cultural expectations, safety of participants, animal welfare, and lack of consistent training or certification process and liability. AAI (animal-assisted interventions) and AAA (animal-assisted activities) are facilitated by human/dog teams with extensive therapy dog training and have obtained behavioral and health evaluations. They follow guidelines for cleanliness (bathing and brushing dogs before sessions, keeping vaccinations up to date, trimming nails, human hand washing before and after visits) to alleviate most hygiene concerns. In all of these locations, patrons, students or patients are often required to take responsibility for their interactions with dogs in the form of a liability release or parental permission form. Advance considerations of the responsibilities of handlers and the institution or organization include insurance and background checks to address liability. While insurance claims against trained dog teams are rare, it is advised to be prepared. Since therapy dog interaction is an optional activity, those with allergies, those who develop anxiety when near dogs, or those with general opposition to the program need not participate.


title: Therapy dog

text: While there is no nationwide standard for certification or registration of ESAs, many online agencies claim to “register” an animal as an ESA for a fee. The qualifications are not strict which may raise concern. There are have been countless incidents of people misusing confusing restrictions, given the sometimes overlapping terminology and recent emergence of service dogs and ESAs. To combat the issue of fraud, numerous states are enacting new regulations, the majority of which are centered on service animals. Some states have more specific laws that focus on exact situations, while other's are more general.


title: Breville

text: Breville is an Australian brand of small home appliances, founded in Sydney in 1932. It is best known for its home appliances, specifically blenders, coffee machines, toasters, kettles, microwaves and toaster ovens. , the brand also manufactured "Creatista" coffee machines for Nespresso, and distributed other Nespresso products in Australia, New Zealand and the USA and Canada, including the "Inissia", "Vertuo" and "Citiz" series of machines.


title: Breville

text: In 1932, Bill O'Brien and Harry Norville (born Charles Henry Norville) mixed their last names together and the Breville brand was created. The company started by making radios. During World War II, it made mine detectors. By 1953, the radio business had been taken over by A.W. Jackson Industries Pty. Ltd., which manufactured radiograms and, later, television sets under the Breville brand. After that, Breville turned its attention to manufacturing household appliances.


title: Breville

text: The O'Brien family continued developing the Breville business for three generations, with Bill's son, John, setting up the Breville Research and Development centre in the late 1960s, and his daughter, Barbara, running the marketing department throughout the 1990s. John O'Brien continued to lead many product development initiatives for the Breville brand until his death in December 2003. Breville's R&D team has taken out over 100 active patents and has been awarded more than 40 international design awards. In 1974, Breville released the toasted sandwich maker, which was a huge success, selling 400,000 units in its first year, and making the Breville brand a household name in Australia. Soon after this, the Breville toasted sandwich maker was launched in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, where it was met with similar success.


title: Breville

text: In 2001, the Breville companies of Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong transferred ownership of the brand to Housewares International Limited. The acquisition of the Breville companies caused the group to shift its focus to the electrical business and cease its Australian homewares and cleaning businesses in March 2007. In 2008, Housewares International Limited officially changed its name to the Breville Group Limited. The Breville Group Limited also owns the Kambrook and Sage brands.


title: Breville

text: Breville trades in over 70 countries including China, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico, and Israel. In 2002, the Breville brand was launched in Canada and the United States.


title: Breville

text: The company makes contact grills, kettles, espresso machines, toasters, microwave ovens, pressure cookers, coffeemakers, breadmakers, juicers, deep fryers, blenders and food processors.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: The FOMC is the principal organ of United States national monetary policy. The Committee sets monetary policy by specifying the short-term objective for the Fed's open market operations, which is usually a target level for the federal funds rate (the rate that commercial banks charge between themselves for overnight loans).


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve System in foreign exchange markets, although any intervention in foreign exchange markets is coordinated with the U.S. Treasury, which has responsibility for formulating U.S. policies regarding the exchange value of the dollar.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: The Committee consists of the seven members of the Federal Reserve Board, the president of the New York Fed, and four of the other eleven regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, serving one year terms. The Chair of the Federal Reserve has been invariably appointed by the committee as its chair since 1935, solidifying the perception of the two roles as one.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: The Federal Open Market Committee was formed by the Banking Act of 1933 (codified at ), and did not include voting rights for the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The Banking Act of 1935 revised these protocols to include the Board of Governors and to closely resemble the present-day FOMC, and was amended in 1942 to give the current structure of twelve voting members.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Four of the Federal Reserve Bank presidents serve one-year terms on a rotating basis. The rotating seats are filled from the following four groups of banks, one bank president from each group: Boston, Philadelphia, and Richmond; Cleveland and Chicago; Atlanta, St. Louis, and Dallas; and Minneapolis, Kansas City, and San Francisco. The New York President always has a voting membership.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: All of the Reserve Bank presidents, even those who are not currently voting members of the FOMC, attend Committee meetings, participate in discussions, and contribute to the Committee's assessment of the economy and policy options. The Committee meets eight times a year, approximately once every six weeks.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: By law, the FOMC must meet at least four times each year in Washington, D.C. Since 1981, eight regularly scheduled meetings have been held each year at intervals of five to eight weeks. If circumstances require consultation or consideration of an action between these regular meetings, members may be called on to participate in a special meeting or a telephone conference, or to vote on a proposed action by proxy. At each regularly scheduled meeting, the Committee votes on the policy to be carried out during the interval between meetings.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Attendance at meetings is restricted because of the confidential nature of the information discussed and is limited to Committee members, nonmember Reserve Bank presidents, staff officers, the Manager of the System Open Market Account, and a small number of Board and Reserve Bank staff.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Before each regularly scheduled meeting of the FOMC, System staff prepare written reports on past and prospective economic and financial developments that are sent to Committee members and to nonmember Reserve Bank presidents. Reports prepared by the Manager of the System Open Market Account on operations in the domestic open market and in foreign currencies since the last regular meeting are also distributed. At the meeting itself, staff officers present oral reports on the current and prospective business situation, on conditions in financial markets, and on international financial developments.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: In its discussions, the Committee considers factors such as trends in prices and wages, employment and production, consumer income and spending, residential and commercial construction, business investment and inventories, foreign exchange markets, interest rates, money and credit aggregates, and fiscal policy. The Manager of the System Open Market Account also reports on account transactions since the previous meeting.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: After these reports, the Committee members and other Reserve Bank presidents turn to policy. Typically, each participant expresses their own views on the state of the economy and prospects for the future and on the appropriate direction for monetary policy. Then each makes a more explicit recommendation on policy for the coming intermeeting period (and for the longer run, if under consideration).


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Finally, the Committee must reach a consensus regarding the appropriate course for policy, which is incorporated in a directive to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York—the Bank that executes transactions for the System Open Market Account. The directive is cast in terms designed to provide guidance to the Manager in the conduct of day-to-day open market operations. The directive sets forth the Committee's objectives for long-run growth of certain key monetary and credit aggregates.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: It also sets forth operating guidelines for the degree of ease or restraint to be sought in reserve conditions and expectations with regard to short-term rates of growth in the monetary aggregates. Policy is implemented with emphasis on supplying reserves in a manner consistent with these objectives and with the nation's broader economic objectives.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Under the Federal Reserve Act, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System must appear before Congressional hearings at least twice per year regarding "the efforts, activities, objectives and plans of the Board and the Federal Open Market Committee with respect to the conduct of monetary policy". The statute requires that the Chairman appear before the House Committee on Financial Services in February and July of odd-numbered years, and before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in February and July of even-numbered years.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: There is a very strong consensus against basing selection of committee members primarily on the candidate's political views.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: The committee's practice of interest rate targeting has been criticized by some commentators who argue that it may risk an inflationary bias.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Possible alternative rules that enjoy some support among economists include the traditional monetarist formula of targeting stable growth in an appropriately chosen monetary aggregate, and inflation targeting, now practiced by many central banks. Under inflationary pressure in 1979, the Fed temporarily abandoned interest rate targeting in favor of targeting non-borrowed reserves. It concluded, however, that this approach led to increased volatility in interest rates and monetary growth, and reversed itself in 1982.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Former Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke spoke sympathetically as a Governor in 2003 of the inflation targeting approach. He explained that even a central bank like the Fed, which does not orient its monetary policies around an explicit, published inflation target, nonetheless takes account of its goal of low and stable inflation in formulating its interest rate targets. Bernanke summed up his overall assessment of inflation targeting as follows:


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: In keeping with his 2003 speech as Governor, Bernanke as Chairman has attempted to promote greater transparency in Fed communications. The Fed now publicly indicates the range within which it would like to see future inflation.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Committee membership changes at the first regularly scheduled meeting of the year. In the case of 2023, this is currently planned for January 24, 2023.


title: Federal Open Market Committee

text: For the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the First Vice President is the alternate for the President.


title: Lanfang Republic

text: The Lanfang Republic (, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: "Làn-fông Khiung-fò-koet"), also known as Lanfang Company (), was a Chinese kongsi federation and a tributary state of Qing China in Western Borneo. It was established by a Hakka Chinese named in 1777 until it was ended by Dutch occupation in 1884.


title: Lanfang Republic

text: The sultans of Western Borneo, including Sambas, Sukadana, and Landak all imported Chinese laborers in the 18th century to work in gold or tin mines. A number of mining companies enjoyed some political autonomy, but Lanfang is the best known thanks to a history written by Yap Siong-yoen, the son-in-law of the last kapitan of the Lanfang Company, which was translated into Dutch in 1885, and J.J.M. de Groot, a Dutch Sinologist who recorded Lanfang's history with the help of its last President, Liu Asheng. None of the other Chinese mining organization in western Kalimantan left written accounts; the records of the others were documented by Dutch sinologists.


title: Lanfang Republic

text: The founding father of the Lanfang Kongsi was Low Lan Pak, who hailed from Meizhou in Guangdong Province. Chinese settlers have long lived on Borneo, with most engaging in trading and mining. They formed their own companies, among which was the Southern Company headed by Low.


title: Lanfang Republic

text: As Dutch imperialism encroached upon modern-day Indonesia, Low established the Lanfang Company in 1777 (with its capital in Mandor) to protect the Chinese settlers from Dutch oppression. The settlers subsequently elected Low as their inaugural leader. Low implemented many democratic principles, including the idea that all matters of state must involve the consultation of the republic's citizenry. The Republic did not have a standing military, but had a defense ministry that administered a national militia based on conscription. During peacetime, the populace mostly engaged in farming, production, trading, and mining. Lanfang's administrative divisions included three tiers (province, prefecture, and county) with the people electing leaders for all levels. Lanfang was allied with Sultan Abdurrahman of the Pontianak Sultanate.


title: Lanfang Republic

text: Although Low discarded the ancient institutions of monarchism and dynastic succession, he continued to adhere to many Chinese traditions that carried along to Borneo. For example, he established the founding year of the republic as the first year of the calendar. Moreover, he submitted a report to the Chinese emperor notifying him about the Republic's founding and paid tribute to the Chinese Qing Empire.


title: Lanfang Republic

text: Low served as head of state until his death in 1795. Afterwards, Lanfang members elected Jiang Wubo () as their next president. Lanfang citizens elected a total of twelve leaders, who helped improve agricultural techniques, expand mine production, develop cultural education, and organize military training.


title: Lanfang Republic

text: In the mid-to-late 19th century, the Chinese Qing Empire weakened substantially. Thus, the Lanfang Company's vigorous development suffered from the eventual expansion of the Dutch. The Mandor community waged a tenacious resistance, but ultimately failed due to poor weaponry. Lin Ah Sin was the last leader of Lanfang. Many of Lanfang's citizens and their descendants made their way to Sumatra or Singapore. The three campaigns waged by the Dutch East Indies Army against the Lanfang Company:


title: Lanfang Republic

text: Wary of Qing intervention, the Dutch did not openly annex the lands controlled by the Lanfang Company, and created another puppet regime. It was not until 1912, when the Qing Dynasty collapsed, that the Dutch proclaimed their occupation.


title: Jon Rudnitsky

text: Jon Rudnitsky (born November 22, 1989) is an American actor and comedian who was a cast member on "Saturday Night Live" for the 2015–2016 season and played McWatt in the 2019 miniseries "Catch-22".


title: Jon Rudnitsky

text: Rudnitsky is a native of Harrington Park, New Jersey. His mother, Karen, is in charge of the gerontology center at The Valley Hospital in Ridgewood, New Jersey, and his father, Steven, is a businessman in the hospitality industry.


title: Jon Rudnitsky

text: Rudnitsky attended Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan. He subsequently studied acting at the University of Southern California. His uncle (his mother's brother) is Michael Oren, the former Israeli Ambassador to the United States. Rudnitsky is Jewish.


title: Jon Rudnitsky

text: Rudnitsky performed with the Groundlings. On August 31, 2015, it was announced that Rudnitsky would join the cast of "Saturday Night Live" as a featured player for the show's forty-first season. In the third episode of that season, Rudnitsky portrayed Anderson Cooper in a sketch, acting as moderator for a Democratic presidential debate, for which he received criticism from Cooper. He has also done impressions of Wolf Blitzer, John Mayer, Martin Scorsese, Tom Cruise, and Vladimir Putin (in a dress rehearsal sketch on the season 41 episode hosted by Donald Trump), while also doing a "Dirty Dancing" sketch for Weekend Update, which was seen as one of his high points for the season. On August 9, 2016, it was reported that Rudnitsky would not be returning to the show for the following season.


title: Jon Rudnitsky

text: In 2017, Rudnitsky starred alongside Reese Witherspoon in the romantic comedy film "Home Again". In 2018, Jon played Mike in the Netflix release "Set It Up".


title: Jon Rudnitsky

text: He starred alongside Jane Lynch and Genevieve Angelson in the NBC pilot "Relatively Happy", which was not picked up.


title: Jon Rudnitsky

text: In March 2020, Rudnitsky was cast as Mike Devries in the musical comedy-drama television series "The Big Leap", which premiered on Fox on September 20, 2021.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: Buca di Beppo is an American restaurant chain specializing in Italian-American food. The name roughly translates as "Joe's small place" from Italian ("buca", which literally means "hole" or "pit", can be a dialectal word in Tuscany for a small room or place, and "Beppo" is a diminutive of the name "Giuseppe"). The chain of 81 establishments (76 company-owned, 5 franchises in UK) is owned by Buca, Inc., which is also owned by Planet Hollywood.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: The food at Buca di Beppo is served family style, each item served "à la carte" and shared among the dining party. Some locations also have a lunch menu, featuring individual-sized portions. Each room at Buca is themed, and all restaurants have a Pope table—the largest single table, round, in a room by itself, with a bust of the Pope as centerpiece.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: In an attempt to boost sales during 2005, Buca introduced a "Buca Mia" menu, meaning "My Cellar", with less-expensive portions for two.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: Phil Roberts founded Buca di Beppo in 1993 as an imitation of "red sauce joints", Italian-American family restaurants in the northeast United States. Not Italian himself, Roberts wanted his restaurant's stereotypical depiction of Italian-American culture to be "intentionally in bad taste, but good-natured bad taste". He hired Vittorio Renda, a Milanese chef, and Roberts's architect son decorated the restaurant with Italians' family photographs from flea markets. In 1996, a new CEO, Joseph Micatrotto, brought less exaggerated Italian-American cultural depictions, based on his family's history, to the chain as it prepared to go public.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: The first restaurant, named Buca Little Italy, was opened in the basement level of a Minneapolis apartment building in 1993 by Twin Cities restaurant company Parasole Restaurant Holdings. Five years later, it was spun off and renamed Buca di Beppo. By 1999, there were 20 locations when Buca, Inc. began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: The chain continued to grow, but began to hit some rough spots a few years later. Business losses mounted, and in 2005, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission began investigating the company over securities laws. Two top executives left the company, three Buca di Beppo sites were closed, and the company described those restaurants and the Vinny T's chain as "discontinued operations" in fourth quarter 2005 earnings statements.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: However, on May 22, 2006, the company announced that it would be keeping the Vinny T's stores, but converting them to Buca di Beppo locations. On September 25, 2006, Buca, Inc. sold their 11 Vinny T's of Boston restaurants to Bertucci's Corp. for $6.8 million.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: On June 7, 2006, Micatrotto and two other former Buca executives were charged with stealing more than US$200,000 from the company.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: On August 5, 2008, Planet Hollywood's parent company, Planet Hollywood International, Inc., agreed to purchase the Buca chain for US$28.5 million. Under terms of the deal, Buca became a wholly owned subsidiary of Planet Hollywood. Its founder, Robert Earl, restored Buca di Beppo's gaudy decor of photographs covering walls.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: In 2011, Buca moved its headquarters from Minneapolis to Orlando, Florida, home of its parent company, citing financial incentives. In 2012, Rick Tasman was named CEO & President. In 2015, Rich Saultz was named the new CEO & President and is currently in that position.


title: Buca di Beppo

text: , the chain has 77 restaurants in 24 states; Honolulu is the highest-grossing location. In 2019, Earl Enterprises announced that a point-of-sale credit card breach affected credit-card users who visited Buca (or other Earl Enterprise-owned restaurants) between May 23, 2018, and March 18, 2019.


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: "What You Won't Do for Love" is a song by American singer-songwriter Bobby Caldwell. It was released in September 1978 as the lead single from his eponymous debut album. It was written by Caldwell and Alfons Kettner, and produced by Ann Holloway. The song has been covered and sampled numerous times, including by Tupac Shakur in the posthumous 1998 hit "Do for Love".


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: After gaining a reputation in Miami clubs as a talented musician, Caldwell was signed to an exclusive contract with TK Records in 1978 by TK Records president Henry Stone. Heading to the studio, Caldwell recorded his first album, which was given a redo after Stone felt the album was good but "didn't have a hit". Caldwell returned to the studio and came up with the final product, which included "What You Won't Do for Love". The song's horn arrangement was written and recorded by Miami arranger Mike Lewis. The song is in the key of F-sharp minor (although the pitch of the commercial track is slightly flat - i.e. below concert pitch - perhaps due to tape machine speed variation).


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: Caldwell wanted the song to be the sixth track on the album since he figured his debut album's second track, "My Flame", which featured him playing guitar, would be the hit. However, TK Records felt confident that "What You Won't Do for Love" would be the breakout hit. When it was released to R&B radio, TK Records did their best to hide Caldwell's racial identity, hoping not to alienate their predominantly Black audience. However, when Caldwell began making performances live on stage, demand only increased.


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: The song would become Caldwell's most successful single and also his signature song, reaching number 9 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 6 on the Hot Selling Soul Singles chart, and number 10 on the Easy Listening chart.


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: According to the broadcast of "American Top 40" for the week ending February 3, 1979, the week in which the song debuted at No. 38 on the Top 40, a heart-shaped pressing of the single was the most expensive single up to that point. The heart-shaped single was originally released as a promotional item only, but public demand led to 50,000 copies being pressed in time for Valentine's Day 1979 with a retail price of $7.98—about the price of a full LP album at the time.


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: "Smash Hits" called it, "Mellow sophisticated soul with a subtle Latin beat from a white American who obviously admires Stevie Wonder. Sounds as if it should be in a Campari commercial or the like."


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: Phyllis Hyman, American singer, songwriter, and actress released her version on her 1986 album "Living All Alone".


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: English pop duo Go West recorded a version on their third studio album, "Indian Summer" (1992), and released it as a single on January 4, 1993.


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: The vocal group Boyz II Men released a cover of the song on their 2004 album "Throwback, Vol. 1", featuring rapper MC Lyte.


title: What You Won't Do for Love (song)

text: Snoh Aalegra released a cover of the song under the title "DO 4 LOVE" as a Spotify Single in October 2019.


title: The Waitresses

text: The Waitresses were an American new wave band from Akron, Ohio, best known for their singles "I Know What Boys Like" and "Christmas Wrapping." They released two albums, "Wasn't Tomorrow Wonderful?" and "Bruiseology", and two EPs, "I Could Rule the World If I Could Only Get the Parts" and "Make the Weather".


title: The Waitresses

text: The Waitresses were formed by Butler (formerly of the Numbers Band) in 1978 as a side project while he was still a member of Tin Huey. He wrote and recorded "I Know What Boys Like" that year, with guest vocals by friend Donahue (as "Patty Darling") and saxophone from Tin Huey member Ralph Carney, although the song remained unreleased at the time. A debut single, "In "Short Stack"" (featuring the songs "Slide" and "Clones"), recorded solely by Butler, was issued by Clone Records in 1978. Both tracks from the single, plus another early song, "The Comb," appeared that year on "The Akron Compilation", issued by Stiff Records.


title: The Waitresses

text: Butler moved to New York City and shopped "I Know What Boys Like." The song landed him a deal with ZE Records (an affiliate of Antilles Records), who released the single in 1980. It was an underground hit, but did not chart.


title: The Waitresses

text: With the deal in place, Butler put together an actual band lineup for the Waitresses, featuring lead vocalist Donahue, jazz saxophonist Mars Williams, former Television drummer Billy Ficca, keyboardist Dan Klayman, bassist Dave Hofstra and backing vocalist Ariel Warner. The Waitresses played their debut concert on New Year's Eve 1980.


title: The Waitresses

text: The Waitresses released their debut album, "Wasn't Tomorrow Wonderful?" on January 11, 1982, on the Polydor label, licensed from ZE. "I Know What Boys Like" was included on the album and when the song was re-released as a single in 1982, it peaked at No. 62 on the "Billboard" Hot 100,


title: The Waitresses

text: During the recording sessions for the album, which peaked at No. 41 in the "Billboard" 200 chart, Warner resigned from the band due to stage fright and Hofstra quit before its release to be replaced by Tracy Wormworth.


title: The Waitresses

text: A Christmas song by the band, "Christmas Wrapping," had originally been released on the ZE Records album "A Christmas Record" in 1981 and became a No. 45 hit in the United Kingdom in 1982.


title: The Waitresses

text: The song was subsequently covered by the Spice Girls in 1998, as the B-side of their single "Goodbye"


title: The Waitresses

text: starring Sarah Jessica Parker and Amy Linker, which aired during the 1982–1983 season, and the band appeared as themselves in the pilot episode. The song was issued by Polydor as a single in 1982, and was included (along with "Christmas Wrapping") on the EP "I Could Rule the World If I Could Only Get the Parts" that same year.


title: The Waitresses

text: The band's second album, "Bruiseology", was released by Polydor in May 1983 followed by the "Make the Weather" EP in 1984.


title: The Waitresses

text: In the summer of 1984, Donahue left the band and was replaced by Holly Beth Vincent, formerly of Holly and the Italians, but Vincent herself left after just two weeks and Donahue returned. The Waitresses split up in December 1984.


title: The Waitresses

text: Butler later worked as a producer, and played with numerous bands and artists including Half Cleveland, Purple K'nif and Richard Lloyd.


title: The Waitresses

text: Ficca played in Gods and Monsters and returned to his former group Television when they reunited in 1991. Williams played with the Psychedelic Furs, NRG Ensemble, Liquid Soul, Hal Russell and Ken Vandermark. Wormworth has played bass for the B-52's since 1992.


title: The Waitresses

text: "King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents the Waitresses", a live album recorded in 1982 at My Father's Place in Roslyn, New York, was issued in 1997 by King Biscuit Flower Hour.


title: The Waitresses

text: In 2013, Omnivore Recordings released the compilation "Just Desserts: The Complete Waitresses", collecting virtually all of the band's recordings for Polydor, while ZE Records issued a digital collection of their ZE releases, "Deluxe Special: Ze Complete Recordings".


title: Buster Bloodvessel

text: Douglas Trendle (né Woods; born 6 September 1958), better known as Buster Bloodvessel, is an English singer who has been the frontman of the two-tone band Bad Manners since forming the band in 1976. He took his stage name from the bus conductor played by Ivor Cutler in the Beatles' 1967 film "Magical Mystery Tour".


title: Buster Bloodvessel

text: Bloodvessel was born Douglas Woods in the Stoke Newington area of London on 6 September 1958. The son of a single mother, he was adopted by his great-aunt Mary Trendle and her husband Edward, and was legally given their surname. He did not know he was adopted until the age of seven, when he overheard Mary talking to a neighbour and discovered that the woman he knew as "Auntie Lily" was really his mother. He never met his father.


title: Buster Bloodvessel

text: Bloodvessel founded Bad Manners with friends at Woodberry Down Comprehensive School in north London in 1976. Bad Manners were a popular live attraction in North London, with their brand of humorous ska making them comedians of the ska revival scene, with Bloodvessel often wagging his large tongue at his audiences. Bad Manners earned nine Top 40 singles between 1980 and 1983. However, the group originally broke up in 1987 after their recording contract with Portrait Records ended, and Bloodvessel formed a new outfit called Buster's Allstars, performing at clubs and pubs in London. He still played some concerts with Bad Manners at larger venues, along with some new musicians and a few other original band members.


title: Buster Bloodvessel

text: In 1988, Bloodvessel licensed the Blue Beat Records name and logo, and ran the record label from an old houseboat in Hackney. Blue Beat issued a number of releases, notably by Bad Manners, Napoleon Solo, Buster's Allstars, and the Billies, but the label folded in 1990.


title: Buster Bloodvessel

text: Bloodvessel has appeared in the 1987 films "Out of Order" and "Sammy and Rosie Get Laid" before landing a part in an episode of "Boon" in 1990. In 1998, he signed a solo deal with the Virgin Records offshoot label Innocent Records and recorded a studio album, but the label decided to axe the project just before his debut solo single was to be released.


title: Buster Bloodvessel

text: Bloodvessel has struggled with morbid obesity and underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in 2004, with his weight dropping from 31 stone (196.86 kg; 434 lbs) to 13 stone (82.6 kg; 182 lbs).


title: Buster Bloodvessel

text: Bloodvessel once owned a hotel in Margate called Fatty Towers, which specifically catered for larger customers with features such as extra large beds and baths as well as fatty meals. The hotel closed in 1998 and Bloodvessel moved back to London. He often appears as a guest on various television shows, as well as in the tabloid newspapers. He was the main sponsor of football team Margate F.C. in the 1990s.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: All That Heaven Allows is a 1955 American drama romance film directed by Douglas Sirk, produced by Ross Hunter, and adapted by Peg Fenwick from a story by Edna L. Lee and Harry Lee. It stars Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson in a tale about the social complications that arise following the development of a romance between a well-to-do widow and a younger man, who owns a tree nursery.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Cary Scott is an affluent widow in the town of Stoningham, in suburban New England, whose social life revolves around the weekend visits of her college-age son and daughter, her best friend's country-club activities, and a few men vying for her affection. Feeling stuck in a rut, she becomes interested in Ron Kirby, her arborist. He is an intelligent, down-to-earth, and respectful, yet passionate, younger man, and she discovers he is content with his simple life outside the materialistic society in which they live. Ron introduces Cary to his friends, who seem to have no need for wealth or status, and their exuberance provides a welcome contrast to her staid existence.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Ron and Cary fall in love, and Ron proposes. Cary accepts, but she has concerns about the viability of their relationship, due to their different ages, classes, and lifestyles. These concerns are magnified when she tells her children and friends about the engagement and is met with a solid wall of disapproval, and, eventually, she breaks up with Ron. Particularly influential in her change of mind are her children's protestations against Cary's plan to sell the family home and move to Ron's tree nursery, as they will not want to visit her there.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: After spending most of the Christmas season alone, Cary misses her life with Ron, but she thinks she has missed her opportunity for happiness because she mistakenly believes Ron is seeing another woman. On Christmas, her daughter announces she will be getting married soon and her son says that, since he is likely going to study abroad and then work overseas, they should start thinking about selling their house, which is too big for just Cary. She is overwhelmed by how pointless her sacrifice was, and her spirits are not lifted when her children give her a television set to fill her empty life.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Cary goes to see a doctor about recurrent headaches she has started having, and he suggests they are being caused by her body punishing her for ending her relationship with Ron. Leaving the appointment, she runs into one of Ron's friends, and in the course of their conversation she learns that Ron is still single. She goes to his property, but then changes her mind and leaves. Ron sees her from a precipice and excitedly, though unsuccessfully, tries to get her attention. The ground collapses out from under him, and he falls off the cliff.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: That night, Ron's friend tells Cary about the accident, and she hurries over to his house. She decides she no longer wants to allow other people to dictate how she lives her life and settles in to nurse Ron back to health. When Ron regains consciousness, Cary tells him that she has come home.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Screenwriter Peg Fenwick wrote the screenplay for "All That Heaven Allows" based on the 394-page novel of the same name by Edna L. and Harry Lee. Notations made on various pages of a copy of the original screenplay owned by the New York Public Library indicate that the script was written in August 1954.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Some scenes in the script differ from those in the finished film. For instance, in the screenplay Rock Hudson's character, Ron Kirby, lies on the grass eating his lunch, but in the final cut of the film, he has lunch with Jane Wyman's character, Cary Scott.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Sirk considered having Hudson's character die at the end of the film, but Ross Hunter, the film's producer, would not allow it, because he wanted a more positive ending.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: After the success of "Magnificent Obsession" in 1954, Universal-International Pictures wanted Sirk to make another film starring Wyman and Hudson. He found the screenplay for "All That Heaven Allows" "rather impossible", but was able to restructure it and use the big budget to film and edit the work exactly the way he wanted.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Wyman was 38 when she played the film's "older woman", who scandalizes society and her grown-up children by becoming engaged to a younger man. Hudson, "the younger man", was 29 at the time.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Some exteriors for the film were shot on "Colonial Street", a studio backlot built by Paramount Pictures on the property of Universal Studios four years earlier and used in the film "The Desperate Hours". The set was re-designed to mimic an upper-middle class New England town. The film contains only one visible crane shot, when the camera scans over the fictional town of Stoningham during the opening credits. Tracking and dollying shots are used frequently for interior shots. The set later was featured on the television series "Leave It to Beaver".


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: The music that recurs throughout the film is Consolation No. 3 in D-flat major by Franz Liszt, along with frequent snatches of the finale to Brahms's First Symphony, the latter re-scored and sometimes elaborated. Also heard intermittently is "Warum?" (German for "Why?") by Robert Schumann, from the Fantasiestücke, Op. 12.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: "All That Heaven Allows" was referred to as a "woman's picture" in the film trade press and was specifically marketed towards women. The film press compared it favorably to "Magnificent Obsession" (1954), which also starred Wyman and Hudson and was directed by Sirk. A review in "Motion Picture Daily" was generally positive and praised Sirk for his use of color and mise en scène, saying: "In a print by Technicolor, the exterior shots and the interior settings are so beautifully photographed that they point up the action of the story with telling effect." "Motion Picture Daily" also reported that the film earned $16,000 on its opening day and did “above average” business in areas like Atlanta, Miami, New Orleans, and Jacksonville.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: The film was released in Great Britain on August 25, 1955, several months before its U.S. premiere. It opened in Los Angeles on Christmas Day, 1955, and in New York City on February 28, 1956, following an extensive advertising campaign focusing on popular women's magazines, such as "McCall's", "Family Circle", "Woman's Day", and "Redbook".


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: Although Sirk's reputation waned in the 1960s—as he was dismissed as a director of dated and insubstantial Hollywood melodramas—it was revived in the 1970s due to the praise of New German Cinema directors like Rainer Werner Fassbinder and the publication of Jon Halliday's "Sirk on Sirk" (1971), in which the filmmaker describes his aesthetic and (often-subversive) social perspective. His reputation, and that of "All That Heaven Allows", has grown since then, with critic Richard Brody describing him as a master of both melodrama and comedy, and the film as remarkable for its use of Henry David Thoreau's "Walden" as a homegrown American philosophy depicted as a "vital and ongoing experience."


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "All That Heaven Allows" has an approval rating of 91% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The consensus summarizes: "Big heart, big drama, and even bigger colors, "All That Heaven Allows" is tip top Douglas Sirk."


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: In 1995, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress, and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.


title: All That Heaven Allows

text: "All That Heaven Allows" inspired Fassbinder's "Ali: Fear Eats the Soul" (1974), in which a mature woman falls in love with an Arab man. It was spoofed by John Waters with his film "Polyester" (1981). Todd Haynes' "Far from Heaven" (2002) is an homage to Sirk's work, in particular "All That Heaven Allows" and "Imitation of Life" (1959). François Ozon's "8 Women" ("8 Femmes", 2002) features winter scenes and deer reminiscent of this film.


title: Purvanchal

text: Purvanchal () is a subregion of the Bhojpuri region of India which comprises eastern Uttar Pradesh. Purvanchal region gained independence from the Avadh and Mughal rule under Zamindar Balwant Singh, a Bhumihar zamindar from Benaras State.


title: Purvanchal

text: In recent years there has been a demand for a separate state, bifurcation from the state Uttar Pradesh. Purvanchal region in spite of being politically active fares poorly in HDI index and remains most underdeveloped region of India, with lack of industries and employment opportunities people flocking to metro cities of Delhi, Mumbai.


title: Purvanchal

text: People from the state have demanded separate statehood for Purvanchal, with Varanasi, Allahabad or Gorakhpur as its capital.


title: Purvanchal

text: Home to a few oldest living cities in the world, Purvanchal has always been appealing to people from everywhere for numerous reasons. With cities like Varanasi, Ayodhya, Sarnath, Kushinagar and Gorakhpur, Purvanchal will continue to mystify people for generations to come.


title: Purvanchal

text: Purvanchal is one of the most ancient regions of India, with a rich heritage and culture. Today it is among the most significant parts of Uttar Pradesh, for many reasons, be it politically, economically, spiritually or socially. Varanasi, Ayodhya, Gorakhpur and Kushinagar are some of the cities in Purvanchal that tell the tales of the rich legacy of their contribution to the nation. Their roots in ancient India highlight the brilliant ancestry that each of these cities possesses.


title: MX record

text: A mail exchanger record (MX record) specifies the mail server responsible for accepting email messages on behalf of a domain name. It is a resource record in the Domain Name System (DNS). It is possible to configure several MX records, typically pointing to an array of mail servers for load balancing and redundancy.


title: MX record

text: Resource records are the basic information element of the Domain Name System (DNS). An MX record is one of these, and a domain may have one or more of these set up, as below:


title: MX record

text: The characteristic payload information of an MX record is a preference value (above labelled "Priority"), and the domain name of a mailserver ("Host" above).


title: MX record

text: The priority field identifies which mailserver should be preferred - in this case the values are both 10, so mail would be expected to flow evenly to both "onemail.example.com" and "twomail.example.com" - a common configuration. The host name must map directly to one or more address records (A, or AAAA) in the DNS, and must not point to any CNAME records.


title: MX record

text: When an e-mail message is sent through the Internet, the sending mail transfer agent (MTA) queries the Domain Name System for the MX records of each recipient's domain name. This query returns a list of host names of mail exchange servers accepting incoming mail for that domain and their preferences. The sending agent then attempts to establish an SMTP connection, trying the host with the lowest "Priority" value first. The system allows high-availability clusters of mail gateways to be built for one domain if necessary.


title: MX record

text: The MX mechanism does not grant the ability to provide mail service on alternative port numbers, nor does it provide the ability to distribute mail delivery across a set of unequal-priority mail servers by assigning a weighting value to each one.


title: MX record

text: According to RFC 5321, the lowest-numbered records are the most preferred. This phrasing can be confusing, and so the "preference number" is sometimes referred to as the "distance": smaller distances are more preferable. An older RFC, RFC 974, indicates that when the preference numbers are the same for two servers, they have the same "priority", hence those two terms are used interchangeably.


title: MX record

text: In the simplest case, a domain may have just one mail server. For example, if an MTA looks up the MX records for example.com, and the DNS server replied with only mail.example.com with a preference number of 50, then the MTA will attempt delivery of the mail to the server listed. In this case, the number 50 could have been any integer permitted by the SMTP specification.


title: MX record

text: When more than one server is returned for an MX query, the server with the smallest preference number must be tried first. If there is more than one MX record with the same preference number, all of those must be tried before moving on to lower-priority entries. An SMTP client "must" be able to try (and retry) each of the relevant addresses in the list in order, until a delivery attempt succeeds.


title: MX record

text: The standard approach to distributing a load of incoming mail over an array of servers is to return the same preference number for each server in the set. When determining which server of equal preference to send mail to, "the sender-SMTP MUST randomize them to spread the load across multiple mail exchangers for a specific organization", unless there is a clear reason to favor one.


title: MX record

text: An alternative approach is to use multihomed servers, where the one host returns several IP addresses. This method places the burden on the DNS rather than the SMTP-sender to perform the load balancing, which in this case will present a list of IP addresses in a specific order to the clients querying the A record of the mail exchanger. Since the RFC requires that the SMTP-sender use the order given in the A record query, the DNS server is free to carefully manipulate its balancing based on any method, including round robin DNS, mail server load, or some undisclosed priority scheme.


title: MX record

text: Some domains will have several MX records, one of which is intended as a "backup" - with a higher preference number so that it would not normally be picked as the target for email delivery.


title: MX record

text: However, in the case of errors from the lower-numbered hosts, (perhaps due to an outage of some sort), sending email servers will deliver to the "backup" host - "queue.example.com" in the example below:


title: MX record

text: If the backup server has direct access to user mailboxes, mail will proceed there, but otherwise will likely be queued on "queue.example.com" until the outage is resolved.


title: MX record

text: In the absence of this sort of arrangement, when a domain's mail servers are all offline, "sending" servers are required to queue messages destined for that domain to retry later. However, these sending servers have no way of being notified that a previously offline domain's servers are now available, and so resort to a polling schedule - and will only discover that the domain is available whenever they next attempt delivery. The delay between when a receiving domain's servers come online and when delayed messages are finally delivered can be therefore anywhere from minutes to days, depending on the retry schedule of the sending servers - and the receiving domain has no visibility or control over this.


title: MX record

text: Spammers may deliberately direct mail to one of the backup (high distance) MX servers of a domain first, on the assumption that such a server will have less effective anti-spam filters. An anti-spam technique called nolisting is based on assuming this behaviour.


title: MX record

text: The SMTP RFC is ambiguous about exactly what kinds of delivery failure must result in re-attempting delivery via more distant MX records (those with higher preference values).


title: MX record

text: When servers indicate temporary failures, either by explicitly sending a 4xx error or by ending the connection unexpectedly (which must be treated as a 451 error, according to Section 3.8 of the RFC), Section 4.5.4.1 says:


title: MX record

text: However, when the sender retries, the RFC is silent about whether this should be to the same server, or a more "distant" MX record. It does say, in Section 5.1:


title: MX record

text: Some servers (such as Sendmail and Postfix 2.1 or later), will attempt the next-furthest MX server after some types of temporary delivery failures, such as greeting failures. Other servers (such as qmail and Postfix 2.0 or earlier) will only use more distant MX records if the servers specified in the shortest-distance MX records could not be contacted at all. Despite the difference, both behaviors are valid - since the RFC is not specific.


title: MX record

text: In the absence of an MX record, email senders will attempt delivery to the address record - e.g. example.com.


title: MX record

text: RFC 821 was published in 1982. It makes only passing references to DNS, because at the time the transition from HOSTS.TXT to the DNS had not yet started. RFC 883, the first description of the DNS, was published over a year later in late 1983. It described the experimental and little used MD and MF records. According to RFC 897 and RFC 921, the transition to DNS started in 1983, but HOSTS.TXT was not scheduled to be phased out until the end of 1985 and was not totally phased out until the late 1990s.


title: MX record

text: In January 1986, RFC 973 and RFC 974 deprecated the MD and MF records, replaced them with MX, and defined the MX lookup with fallback to A. RFC 974 recommends that clients do a WKS lookup on each MX host to see if it actually supports SMTP and discard the MX entry if not. However, RFC 1123 changed this to say that WKS "should not" be checked.


title: MX record

text: This means that SMTP had been in use for at least a year using HOSTS.TXT, and then another couple of years using A, MD, and MF, before MX came along. MD and MF were hard to use, so most people just used the A record. Under the circumstances, MX without fallback to A would not have worked because of the substantial installed base of mail servers using A records. The early use of MX was to identify gateways to other networks, but it did not come into wide use until the DNS was well established in the early 1990s.


title: Cowspiracy

text: Cowspiracy: The Sustainability Secret is a 2014 American documentary film produced and directed by Kip Andersen and Keegan Kuhn. The film explores the impact of animal agriculture on the environment—examining such environmental concerns as climate change, water use, deforestation, and ocean dead zones—and investigates the policies of several environmental organizations on the issue.


title: Cowspiracy

text: "Cowspiracy" has been criticized for falsely asserting that animal agriculture is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental destruction, with other sources assessing the impact as being less than is stated in the film. The film won the Audience Choice Award at the 2015 South African Eco Film Festival and the Best Foreign Film Award at the 12th annual Festival de films de Portneuf sur l'environnement.


title: Cowspiracy

text: The documentary was directed by Kip Andersen and Keegan Kuhn, and explores the impact of animal agriculture on the environment, and investigates the policies of environmental organizations on this issue. Environmental organizations investigated in the film include Greenpeace, Sierra Club, Surfrider Foundation, Rainforest Action Network, and Oceana.


title: Cowspiracy

text: The film was crowdfunded on Indiegogo, with 1,449 contributors giving $117,092. This funding was 217% of their goal, and it allowed them to dub the film into Spanish and German and subtitle it into more than 10 other languages, including Chinese and Russian. Screenings are licensed through the distributor, as well as through the now-defunct Tugg Inc. website.


title: Cowspiracy

text: An updated version of the documentary, executive-produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, premiered globally on Netflix on September 15, 2015.


title: Cowspiracy

text: The 2017 documentary "What the Health" was written, produced, and directed by the same production team (Kip Andersen and Keegan Kuhn) as "Cowspiracy".


title: Cowspiracy

text: "Cowspiracy" won the Audience Choice Award at the 2015 South African Eco Film Festival, as well as the Best Foreign Film Award at the 12th annual Festival de films de Portneuf sur l'environnement. It was also nominated for Cinema Politica's 2015 Audience Choice Award.


title: Cowspiracy

text: "Cowspiracy" has been criticized for falsely claiming that animal agriculture is the primary source of both greenhouse gases and associated environmental destruction. Scientific reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have consistently reached the consensus that the leading cause of anthropogenic warming is the combustion of fossil fuels accounting for about two-thirds of emissions, not animal agriculture.


title: Cowspiracy

text: Doug Boucher, reviewing the film for the Union of Concerned Scientists, disputed the film's assertion that 51% of global greenhouse gases are caused by animal agriculture. He described the 51% figure as being sourced from a 2009 Worldwatch Institute report by Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang, not from a peer-reviewed scientific paper. He claimed to have observed methodological flaws in Goodland and Anhang's logic, and said that the scientific community formed a consensus that global warming is primarily caused by humanity's burning of fossil fuels. He stated that the scientific consensus is that livestock contribute 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions, far lower than the 51% stated by the film. A 2018 peer-reviewed meta-analysis found that a "no animal products" scenario would deliver a 28% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors of the economylower than the film's assertion of 51%, but higher than Boucher's claim of 15%.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: Kavya Shetty is an Indian actress and model who primarily appears in Kannada films. She made her acting debut in 2013 with the Kannada film "Nam Duniya Nam Style" directed by Preetham Gubbi.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: Shetty was born Mangalore, Karnataka. After doing her schooling in Mangalore, she graduated in Computer Science engineering from N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology, Nitte.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: While in college, Shetty did a few modelling assignments following appearances in several television commercials. She later moved to Bangalore and took part in 2011 Femina Miss India beauty pageant, winning the 'Miss Photogenic' title. She was also a finalist at the Ford Super Model of the World – India contest held at New Delhi in 2011. She was noticed by fashion guru Prasad Bidapa and subsequently walked the ramp for several designers, most notably at the 'Blenders Pride Bangalore Fashion Week' in 2011 and 2012 and Chennai International Fashion Week 2011.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: She also worked as a commercial model and appeared in several print and television advertisements. A few of her most notable endorsements in print are for Reliance Jewels, Malabar Gold, VBJ, Palam Silks, Psr and Club Mahindra. Her television advertisements include those for Clinic Plus, Toyota Altis, Santoor and TVS Victor.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: In 2012, Shetty entered the Indian film industry. She first signed to "Shivani", a bilingual horror flick, made in Telugu and Tamil, in which she played a journalist. However, the delay of this film meant that Shetty's maiden release was the Kannada film "Nam Duniya Nam Style" (2013) by Preetham Gubbi. While the film received mixed reviews, critics noted that Shetty had "given [a] lively performance" and "show[n] tremendous promise". Her future releases include the semi-period Kannada film "Vijayaaditya". She has also been cast as one of the female leads in A. L. Vijay's next Tamil film, which according to Shetty is a "fun-filled" romantic drama set against a college backdrop.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: Her fame increased in industry from the success of Ishtakamya, directed by well known filmmaker Nagathihalli Chandrashekar. She signed three movies scheduled to release in 2017: "Smile Please", starring Gurunandan, "MMM"', with Aru Gowda; and "Silicon City", with Srinagar Kitty.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: The year 2020 and 2021 saw Kavya in movies of both Kannada and Telugu language. Kavya set her feet on the sets of Ravichandran's upcoming movie Ravi Bopanna as a lead female, while she was seen in the title track of Yuvarathna starring Puneeth Rajkumar.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: Kavya is seen in her upcoming Telugu movie Gurthunda Seethakalam with Satyadev and Tamannaah, Directed by Nagashekar. One of the other major project is Yogi-starrer "Lanke" where she is sharing screens with Sanchari Vijay, Krishi Thapanda


title: Kavya Shetty

text: Kavya is working on her next project with Jayaram Karthik titled "Kaada". The movie is set to release early next year. Her other upcoming projects are "Sold" which is ready for release and "6C" for which the shooting is yet to commence.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: Shetty launched her exclusive clothing and jewellery brand, "Kassh" in June 2019. Niharika Vivek and Poornima Shetty are her co-partners.


title: Kavya Shetty

text: Aadyaa Foundation believes that education is the fundamental right of every child. Shetty is actively connected with the Aadyaa Foundation and she enjoys spending time with the kids and providing them with food on the weekends.


title: Lady Edwina Grosvenor

text: Lady Edwina Louise Grosvenor (born 4 November 1981) is an English criminologist, philanthropist and prison reformer. She is a founder and a trustee of the charity The Clink, and founder of the charity One Small Thing. She is the sister of Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster.


title: Lady Edwina Grosvenor

text: Lady Edwina Louise Grosvenor was born at Eaton Hall, Cheshire, on 4 November 1981. She is the daughter of the 6th Duke of Westminster and Natalia Ayesha Phillips. Through her mother, she is descended from the Romanov imperial family of Russia and the Russian writer Alexander Pushkin, as well as from the latter's great-grandfather – African tribal chief turned Russian nobleman Abram Petrovich Hannibal. Grosvenor's godmother was Diana, Princess of Wales. She went to a co-educational school in the Wirral. At the age of 12, she was taken to a Liverpool rehabilitation centre, where she was introduced to heroin addicts and became interested in helping society's unseen people. At the age of 15, she worked in a homeless shelter organised by Save the Family charity. She spent her gap year working in a prison in Kathmandu before studying criminology at Northumbria University. In Nepal she worked to help innocent children get out of prison. She studied criminal behaviour at Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia. In August 2021, Grosvenor graduated from Solent University with a master’s degree in criminology and crime scene management achieving a distinction.


title: Lady Edwina Grosvenor

text: During her time in Nepal, she worked for The Esther Benjamin's Trust, a charity which were trying to get innocent children removed from prison. She also spent her time working at the Central Jail in Kathmandu. Lady Edwina commissioned research by Corston Coalition into the needs of women offenders. She spent a year as a support worker for the HM Prison Styal. After spent time in Styal, she worked in HM Prison Garth and helping with the restorative justice programme. She sits on the Advisory Board for Female Offenders under the Secretary of State for Justice. From 2007 until 2010, Grosvenor became an adviser for James Jones, when he was Bishop of Liverpool and Bishop for Prisoners in the House of Lords. In 2009, Grosvenor became the founding investor of The Clink, a British charity that identifies the training and support needed for prisoners to find jobs following release. The Clink restaurant, a fine-dining training restaurant, opened in HM Prison High Down in 2009. She became a trustee of the charity in 2011, before stepping down as a trustee in 2018. After stepping down, she serves as one of The Clink ambassadors. She presented the BBC Radio 4 Charity Appeal for the Prisoners' Advice Service in 2014.


title: Lady Edwina Grosvenor

text: In 2015, Grosvenor visited Ellesmere College and delivered a speech about prison reform and rehabilitation. She founded One Small Thing, a charity that seeks to understand the trauma within the prison system and to raise awareness of how compassion and respect can prevent women from reoffending. One Small Things trains prison staff about trauma, helps them change their behaviour to protect women inmates, and develops trauma services within prisons. Edwina founded the Becoming Trauma Informed programme across smaller women's prison estate in England and Wales. In September 2017, One Small Thing collaborated with the Rumi Foundation to research women's prisons around the country. Grosvenor is a trustee of the Centre for Mental Health, and has established trauma informed mental health workshops in women's prisons. She is an ambassador of the No Way Trust which educates school students to the realities of prison life, crime and consequence. Grosvenor hosts the podcast named Justice, where she discusses the environment of British prisons. Grosvenor became a member on the advisory board to the Centre for Criminology in the Faculty of Law at the University of Oxford. She also donated £90,000 to the University of Oxford to fund the Death Penalty Research Unit in 2020. She is a member of the Vice Chancellor's Circle of Benefactors of the University of Oxford's Faculty of Law. Lady Edwina works on a project called Hope Street, a healing community alternative for women who were in custody prior to sentencing or already served their sentences alongside their children. She also works with Pathways, a London-based community regeneration programme to create sustainable businesses run by former offenders.


title: Lady Edwina Grosvenor

text: She is a founding member of the Global Philanthropic Advisory Board in January 2022. She is a patron of Paladin, a non-profit stalking advocacy service.


title: Lady Edwina Grosvenor

text: One Small Thing were awarded the Howard League for Penal Reform's Criminal Justice Champion Award in 2018. In July 2018, Edwina was awarded an honorary fellowship of Liverpool John Moores University for her contribution to public life.


title: Lady Edwina Grosvenor

text: Grosvenor married British television presenter Dan Snow on 27 November 2010 at Bishop's Lodge in Woolton, Liverpool in an Anglican ceremony performed by James Jones, Bishop of Liverpool. They have three children:


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria). It contains about 250 genera, which makes it the most genera-rich taxon of the Prokaryotes. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class. It is composed by all Gram-negative microbes and is the most phylogenetically and physiologically diverse class of Proteobacteria.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: These microorganisms can live in several terrestrial and marine environments, in which they play various important roles, including "extreme environments" such as hydrothermal vents. They generally have different shapes - rods, curved rods, cocci, spirilla, and filaments and include free living bacteria, biofilm formers, commensals and symbionts, some also have the distinctive trait of being bioluminescent. Metabolisms found in the different genera are very different; there are both aerobic and anaerobic (obligate or facultative) species, chemolithoautotrophics, chemoorganotrophics, photoautotrophs and heterotrophs.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: The element "gamma" (third letter of the Greek alphabet) indicates that this is Class III in "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" (Vol. II, page 1). "Proteus" refers to the Greek sea god who could change his shape. "Bacteria" (Greek βακτήριον; "rod" "little stick"), in terms of etymological history, refers to Bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria), but in this case is "useful in the interim while the phylogenetic data are being integrated into formal bacterial taxonomy."


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Currently, many different classifications are based on different approaches, such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information, based on genomic, List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature , ARB-Silva Database based on ribosomal RNA, or a multiprotein approach. It is still very difficult to resolve the phylogeny of this bacterial class.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Here, it is reported a clade based on a set of 356 protein families for the class of Gammaproteobacteria.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: A number of bacteria have been described as members of the Gammaproteobacteria, but have not yet been assigned an order or family. These include bacteria of the genera "Alkalimonas", "Gallaecimonas", "Ignatzschineria", "Litorivivens", "Marinicella", "Plasticicumulans", "Pseudohongiella", "Sedimenticola", "Thiohalobacter", "Thiohalorhabdus", "Thiolapillus", and "Wohlfahrtiimonas".


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Gammaproteobacteria, especially the orders "Alteromonadales and Vibrionales," are fundamental in marine and coastal ecosystems because they are the major groups involved in the nutrients cycling and despite their fame as pathogens, they find application in a huge number of fields, such as bioremediation and biosynthesis.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Gammaproteobacteria can be used as a microbial fuel cell (MFC) element that applies their ability to dissimilate various metals. The produced energy could be collected as one of the most environmentally friendly and sustainable energy production systems. They are also used as biological methane filters.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria are used in wastewater treatment processes and the ability of some Gammaproteobacteria (e.g. the genus Alcanivorax) to bioremediate oil is becoming increasingly important to degrade crude oil after oil spills. Some species from the family Chromatiaceae are notable because might be involved in the production of vitamin B12. Another application of some Gammaproteobacteria is their ability to synthesize Poly-b-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) which is a polymer that is used in the production of biodegradable plastics. Also lots of Gammaproteobacteria species are able to generate secondary metabolites with antibacterial properties.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Gammaproteobacteria are widely distributed and abundant in various ecosystems such as soil, freshwater lakes and rivers, oceans and salt lakes. For example, Gammaproteobacteria constitute about 6–20% (average of 14%) of bacterioplankton in different oceans; plus, current researches have revealed their worldwide propagation in deep-sea and coastal sediments. In seawater, Bacterial community composition could be shaped by miscellaneous environmental parameters, such as phosphorus, total organic carbon contents, salinity, and pH, and the higher is the soil pH, the higher is the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. The relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria is also positively correlated to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, which is a key environmental parameter shaping bacterial community composition. Gammaproteobacteria are also key players in the dark carbon fixation in coastal sediments, which are the largest carbon sink on Earth and the majority of these bacteria have not been cultured yet. The deep-sea hydrothermal system is one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Almost all vent-endemic animals are strongly associated with the primary production of the endo- and/or episymbiotic chemoautotrophic microorganisms. Analyses of both the symbiotic and free-living microbial communities in the various deep-sea hydrothermal environments have revealed a predominance in biomass of members of the Gammaproteobacteria.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Gammaproteobacteria have a wide diversity, metabolic versatility, and functional redundancy in the hydrothermal sediments, and they are responsible for the important organic carbon turnover and nitrogen and sulfur cycling processes. Anoxic hydrothermal fluids contain several reduced compounds such as H, CH, and reduced metal ions in addition to HS. It has been proposed that hydrogen sulfide-oxidizing and oxygen- reducing chemoautotrophs potentially sustain the primary production in these unique ecosystems. In the last decades, it has been found that orders belonging to Gammaproteobacteria, like Pseudomonas, Moraxella, are able to degrade different types of plastics and these microbes might have a key role in plastic biodegradation.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Some groups are nitrite-oxidizers and ammonia oxidizers like the members of  Nitrosococcus - with the exception of "Nitrosococcus mobilis -"  and they are also obligate halophilic bacteria.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Among Gammaproteobacteria there are chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing groups, like Thiotrichales, which are found as microbial biofilm filamentous communities in the Tor Caldara shallow-water gas vent in the Tyrrhenian sea . Moreover, thanks to 16S rRNA gene analysis, different sulfide oxidizers in the Gammaporteobacteria class have been detected, and the most important among them are Beggiatoa, Thioploca and Thiomargarita; besides, large amounts of hydrogen sulfide are produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in organic-rich coastal sediments.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Marine Gammaproteobacteria also include aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAP) that use bacteriochlorophyll to support the electron transport chain. They are believed to be an essential community in the oceans and are also well spread all around.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Another type of metabolism carried out by Gammaproteobacteria is the oxidation of Methane, carried out by the order Methylococcales. They metabolize methane as sole energy source and are very important in the global carbon cycle. They are found in any site where methane sources are, like gas reserves, soils, wastewaters.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Purple sulfur bacteria are anoxygenic phototrophic iron‐oxidizers and they are part of the genus Acidithiobacillus but, there are also two strains of Thiodictyon (Chromatiales order) -strain L7 and strain F4- and few species within the genus Thermomonas (order Lysobacter) that carry out the same metabolism.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: In this class, there are numerous genera of obligate and generalist hydrocarbonclastic bacteria. The obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OHCB) share the ability to utilize hydrocarbons almost exclusively as a carbon source and until now they have been found only in the marine environment. The genera carrying out this metabolism are Alcanivorax, Oleiphilus, Oleispira, Thalassolitus, Cycloclasticus and Neptunomonas. Subsequently, additional species such as "Polycyclovorans", "Algiphilus" of the order Xanthomonadales and "Porticoccus hydrocarbonoclasticus" of the order Cellvibrionales that were isolated from phytoplankton. Groups of aerobic “generalist” hydrocarbon degraders can utilize hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbon substrates as source of carbon and energy and are members within the genera Acinetobacter, Colwellia, Glaciecola, Halomonas, Marinobacter, Marinomonas, Methylomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Shewanella, Stenotrophomonas, and Vibrio.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: The most frequent pathway to synthesize glucose among Gammaporteobacteria members is Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle but, a minority of species of this class may use the rTCA cycle. "Thioflavicoccus mobilis ("free living gammaproteobacteria) and "Candidatus Endoriftia persephone" (symbiont of the giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila), present the possibility of using the rTCA cycle in addition to the CBB cycle. It has been showed that some species of Gammaproteobacteria may express two different carbon fixation pathways simultaneously.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Symbiosis is a close and a long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. A large number of Gammaproteobacteria are able to join in a close endosymbiosis with various species. Evidence for this can be found in a wide variety of ecological niches: on the ground, within plants, or deep on the ocean floor. On the land, it has been reported that Gammaproteobacteria species have been isolated from "Robinia pseudoacacia" and other plants, while in the deep sea a sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria was found in a hydrothermal vent chimney; by entering into symbiotic relationships in deep sea areas, sulfur-oxidizing chemolithotrophic microbes receive additional organic hydrocarbons in hydrothermal ecosystems. Some Gammaproteobacteria are symbiotic with geothermic ocean vent-downwelling animals, and in addition, Gammaproteobacteria can have complex relationships with other species that live around thermal springs, for example, with the shrimp "Rimicaris exoculata" living from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Regarding the endosymbionts, most of them lack many of their family characteristics due to significant genome reduction.


title: Gammaproteobacteria

text: Gammaproteobacteria comprise several medically and scientifically important groups of bacteria, such as the families Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. A number of human pathogens belong to this class, including "Yersinia pestis", "Vibrio cholerae", "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "Escherichia coli", and some species of "Salmonella". The class also contains plant pathogens such as "Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri" (citrus canker), "Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "actinidiae" "("kiwifruit Psa outbreak), and "Xylella fastidiosa." In the marine environment, several species from this class can infect different marine organisms, such as species in the genus Vibrio which affect fish, shrimp, corals or oysters, and species of Salmonella which affect grey seals ("Halichoerus grypus").


title: Whodini

text: Whodini is an American hip hop group that was formed in 1982. The Brooklyn, New York-based trio consisted of vocalist and main lyricist Jalil Hutchins; co-vocalist John Fletcher, a.k.a. Ecstasy (who wore a Zorro-style hat as his trademark; June 7, 1964 – December 23, 2020); and turntable artist DJ Drew Carter, a.k.a. Grandmaster Dee.


title: Whodini

text: Coming out of the fertile New York rap scene of the early 1980s, Whodini was one of the first rap groups to add a R&B twist to their music, thus laying the foundation for a new genre, new jack swing. The group made its name with good-humored songs such as "Magic's Wand" (the first rap song accompanied by a video), "The Haunted House of Rock", "Friends", "Five Minutes of Funk", and "Freaks Come Out at Night". Live performances of the group were the first rap concerts with the participation of breakdance dancers from the group UTFO. Russell Simmons was the manager of the group in the 1980s.


title: Whodini

text: The group released six studio albums. Fourteen of the group’s singles hit the "Billboard" charts. Four of the group’s albums were certified Platinum by the RIAA.


title: Whodini

text: Whodini was among the first hip hop groups to cultivate a high-profile national following for hip hop music and made significant inroads on urban radio. They were contemporaries of other hip hop groups such as Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, Afrika Bambaataa, Run-D.M.C., The Fat Boys and Warp 9. The group signed with London-based independent record label Jive Records in 1982; they enjoyed a string of hits for several years, mostly charting on urban and R&B radio stations. The bulk of production on its releases was done by Larry Smith, a bass player who also handled much of Run-D.M.C.'s early work.


title: Whodini

text: In 1982, Whodini made a hip hop story with its debut single "Magic's Wand", an ode to hip hop radio pioneer Mr. Magic, which became the first hip hop song for which a music video was shhot. Synthpop and electro pioneer Thomas Dolby helped produce this single. "Magic's Wand" also has the distinction of being one of Whodini's most-sampled songs.


title: Whodini

text: On July 8, 1983, the group released the self-titled album "Whodini" on vinyl and audio cassettes. The bulk of album was produced by influential German pioneer Conny Plank at his own studio near Cologne, Germany. On CD, the album was released in the United States only in 2010. The second single, "Haunted House of Rock", was released in time for Halloween 1983. Whodini combined the goofy fun of the Fat Boys with the virtuosity of Run-D.M.C. to create what is the rap equivalent of horror movies. Heavy on the sound effects, the song is full of references to various famous monsters and boogymen - Dracula, Bloody Mary and the Invisible Man all show up.


title: Whodini

text: In 1984, the group released the second album "Escape". The entire album was fully produced by Larry Smith. From the laid back groove titled "Five Minutes of Funk" to "Friends", a cynical story of betrayal sampled everywhere from Nas' "If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)" to 2Pac's "Troublesome '96", to harder edged singles "Freaks Come Out at Nite" and "Big Mouth".


title: Whodini

text: Many of these songs were also groundbreaking in hip hop culture, as each one of the songs told a unique story from the urban perspective. The album ended up being certified for platinum-level sales by the RIAA, selling over one million albums upon its release.


title: Whodini

text: The instrumental version of "Five Minutes of Funk" was used as the theme music of the WNYC TV show "Video Music Box", an influential early hip hop music video show. The album is out of print. On May 17, 2011, a deluxe version of "Escape" was released on CD with nine bonus tracks.


title: Whodini

text: In 1986, the group released a third album "Back in Black", fully produced by Smith. A number of songs from the album received heavy local New York airplay, such as "Funky Beat" and the controversial "I'm a Ho". "Fugitive" was guitar-driven funk and "Last Night (I Had a Long Talk With...)" was introspective. Paul Kodish, the drummer of Pendulum, was featured on the album.


title: Whodini

text: From 1982 to 1986, the group was at its most productive; they toured with more successful groups such as Run-D.M.C., LL Cool J, the Fat Boys, and other prominent hip hop, R&B and funk bands. The group was involved in the first Fresh Fest tour, which was the first hip hop tour to play large coliseums nationwide. In July 1986, the group appeared at Philadelphia's Spectrum Stadium in front of an audience of 18,000. They were the first hip hop act and break dance troop to tour in the UK and Europe, with UTFO also appearing with the group as its break dance act.


title: Whodini

text: By 1987, the group had earned its share of gold singles and albums. With the fourth album "Open Sesame", its final release of the 1980s, the group had turned away from their once-playful simple beats and catchy rhymes of the old school, and instead became vocally harder and more instrument-driven, with guitars and horns and bells. They even began to sample, as a snippet of Cheryl Lynn's "Got to be Real" is heard on the song "Now That Whodini's Inside the Joint". Smith again produced the entire album except for two tracks, "Be Yourself" and "I'm Def (Jump Back And Kiss Myself)", produced by Sinester.


title: Whodini

text: This new-school style had been similarly done almost a year previously, on the multi-million selling debut albums by L.L. Cool J and the Beastie Boys, as many groups had already turned to the kind of hip hop and rock music that crossed over easily, and "Open Sesame" failed to produce any real hits.


title: Whodini

text: Although the group was still obligated to Jive Records, for the next few years the band eked out its tenure by occasionally only releasing singles, including "Anyway I Gotta Swing It" for the "" movie soundtrack.


title: Whodini

text: In the 1990s, the band made an attempt at a comeback, and in that same year the group signed with MCA Records and released its fifth album "Bag-A-Trix" in 1991, which failed to have commercial impact, as it tried again to reinvent using the then-current sound of new jack swing. Smith produced six of the tracks on the album, two of which co-authored with the band Major Jam Productions, which separately produced the other four tracks, and Fresh Gordon made music for the other four songs.


title: Whodini

text: In mid-1994, the group scored a hit single with "It All Comes Down to the Money", which was co-produced by Public Enemy DJ Terminator X on his album "Super Bad".


title: Whodini

text: Talks with Def Jam Recordings for a new deal stalled, and in 1996, the group was signed by Jermaine Dupri to his then-Columbia Records-distributed So So Def Recordings imprint. As a child in the 1980s, Dupri did a brief stint as a dancer for the group.


title: Whodini

text: The group’s sixth album "Six" produced one single, "Keep Running Back", and appeared briefly on the R&B chart. The album was fully produced by Dupri, except for three tracks, which were created by Dave Atkinson and Andy "Red Spyda" Thelusma.


title: Whodini

text: Since the "Six" album, the group has not released any new music, but its older songs have been featured in many various old school compilations and three greatest-hits collections have been released: "The Jive Collection, Vol. 1" in 1995, "Rap Attack" in 2003, and "Funky Beat: The Best of Whodini" in 2006, which featured the seven-minute "Whodini Mega Mix", which was a medley of some of the biggest hits.


title: Whodini

text: In recent years, Whodini still tours occasionally, and its old records still surface on pop and R&B radio, especially during old-school mix shows. The group's records have now become sample sources for contemporary emcees such as Nas, Master P, Prodigy, and MF Doom.


title: Whodini

text: In March 2012, Whodini was featured in Season 5 Episode 3 of the TV One hour-long music documentary series, "Unsung".


title: Whodini

text: On August 16, 2018, the group was awarded the Hip-Hop Icon Award at the third Black Music Honors ceremony held at the Tennessee Performing Arts Center in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Head

text: A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do, regardless of size.


title: Head

text: Heads develop in animals by an evolutionary trend known as cephalization. In bilaterally symmetrical animals, nervous tissue concentrate at the anterior region, forming structures responsible for information processing. Through biological evolution, sense organs and feeding structures also concentrate into the anterior region; these collectively form the head.


title: Head

text: The human head is an anatomical unit that consists of the skull, hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae. The term "skull" collectively denotes the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the cranium (upper portion of the skull that houses the brain).


title: Head

text: Sculptures of human heads are generally based on a skeletal structure that consists of a cranium, jawbone, and cheekbone. Though the number of muscles making up the face is generally consistent between sculptures, the shape of the muscles varies widely based on the function, development, and expressions reflected on the faces of the subjects.


title: Head

text: Proponents of identism believe that the mind is identical to the brain. Philosopher John Searle asserts his identist beliefs, stating "the brain is the only thing in the human head". Similarly, Dr. Henry Bennet-Clark has stated that the head encloses billions of "miniagents and microagents (with no single Boss)".


title: Head

text: The evolution of a head is associated with the cephalization that occurred in Bilateria some 555 million years ago.


title: Head

text: In some arthropods, especially trilobites (pictured at right), the cephalon, or cephalic region, is the region of the head which is a collective of "fused segments".