title: Rhinoceros Party

text: Montreal candidate Ben 97 also publicly announce he wants to move the capital to Kapuskasing, Ontario. That would bring democracy closer to Canadians, because Kapuskasing is in the center of Canada.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, (' Catlin; 27 July 1930 – 12 April 2021) was a British politician and academic. Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979. She was one of the "Gang of Four" rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 and, at the time of her retirement from politics, was a Liberal Democrat.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams was elected to the House of Commons for Hitchin in the 1964 general election. She served as Minister for Education and Science from 1967 to 1969 and Minister of State for Home Affairs from 1969 to 1970. She served as Shadow Home Secretary from 1971 and 1973. In 1974, she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilson's cabinet. When Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan, she served as Secretary of State for Education and Science and Paymaster General from 1976 to 1979. She lost her seat to the Conservative Party at the 1979 general election.


title: Shirley Williams

text: In 1981, dismayed with the Labour Party's left-ward movement under Michael Foot, she was one of the "Gang of Four"—centrist Labour figures who formed the SDP. Williams won the 1981 Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament, but she lost the seat in the 1983 general election. She served as President of the SDP from 1982 to 1987 and supported the SDP's merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Between 2001 and 2004, she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and, from 2007 to 2010, as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown. She remained an active member of the House of Lords until announcing her retirement in January 2016, and was a Professor Emerita of Electoral Politics at Harvard Kennedy School at the time of her death at age 90, having been one of the last surviving members of the Labour governments of the 1970s.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Born at 19 Glebe Place Chelsea, London, Williams was the daughter of the political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the pacifist writer Vera Brittain. Williams's grandmother, Brittain's mother, was born in Aberystwyth, Wales. She was educated at various schools, including Mrs Spencer's School in Brechin Place, South Kensington; Christchurch Elementary School in Chelsea; Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth; and St Paul's Girls' School in London. During the Second World War, from 1940-1943, she was evacuated to St. Paul, Minnesota, in the United States, where she attended the all-girls' Summit School.


title: Shirley Williams

text: While living in the US, she took a screen test to play Velvet Brown in the 1944 film "National Velvet", a role that was eventually given to Elizabeth Taylor. In 1943, on the sea voyage returning to Britain, she narrowly avoided being gang-raped by a group of sailors.


title: Shirley Williams

text: While she was an undergraduate and an Open Scholar at Somerville College, Oxford, Williams was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society (OUDS) and toured the United States playing the role of Cordelia in an OUDS production of Shakespeare's "King Lear" directed by a young Tony Richardson. In 1950, she became chair of the Oxford University Labour Club, believing herself to be the first woman to hold the position though it has been shown that Betty Tate had chaired a session in 1934. After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, politics and economics, Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and studied American trade unionism at Columbia University in New York City for a master's degree, awarded by Oxford in 1954.


title: Shirley Williams

text: On returning to Britain, she began her career as a journalist, working firstly for the "Daily Mirror" and then for the "Financial Times". In 1960, she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society, a role she held until 1964.


title: Shirley Williams

text: After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of Harwich at the 1954 by-election and the general election the following year, as well as the constituency of Southampton Test at the 1959 general election, Williams was elected in the 1964 general election as Labour MP for the constituency of Hitchin in Hertfordshire. She retained the seat, renamed Hertford and Stevenage after boundary changes in 1974, until 1979. As Minister for Education and Science (August 1967 – October 1969), Williams launched the first "Women in Engineering Year" in 1969.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Her colleague David Owen recalled: "You’d watch her work a room at a local Labour event and she’d never start by smarming up to a regional leader or a councillor. She’d settle down next to somebody who she’d have no political reason to talk to – a solid party worker – and you’d watch this person’s face light up. This was always done spontaneously, without any ulterior motives. She just liked people and liked them to like her."


title: Shirley Williams

text: Between 1971 and 1973, she served as Shadow Home Secretary. In 1974, she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilson's cabinet. When Wilson announced his resignation in 1976 and was succeeded by James Callaghan, she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General, holding both cabinet positions at the same time. Williams stood for the Labour deputy leadership in October of that year but lost to Michael Foot.


title: Shirley Williams

text: While serving as education secretary between 1976 and 1979, Williams pursued the policy introduced by Anthony Crosland in 1965 to introduce the comprehensive school system in place of grammar schools. Previously, in 1972, as her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age, Williams had moved into the catchment area of the voluntary aided school Godolphin and Latymer School allowing her daughter to gain a place there. However, when Godolphin and Latymer School subsequently voted to go independent in 1977, Rebecca chose to leave that school and instead went to Camden School for Girls because it had chosen to go comprehensive.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Always a passionately committed supporter of European integration, Williams was one of 68 Labour MPs to defy a three-line whip in the 28 October 1971 Commons vote on membership of the European Communities. Four years later, she was one of the leaders of the Britain in Europe campaign during the 1975 European Communities membership referendum. Labour's anti-Europeanism during the Michael Foot years was one of the factors that drove her to abandon the party in 1981.


title: Shirley Williams

text: In her 2016 valedictory speech to the House of Lords before that year's second membership referendum, she described the UK's European Union (EU) membership as "the most central political question that this country has to answer" and said it was the reason for her retirement. In closing, she called on her colleagues to "think very hard before allowing the United Kingdom to withdraw from ... its major duty to the world—the one it will encounter, and then deliver, through the European Union".


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams lost her seat (renamed Hertford and Stevenage) when the Labour Party was defeated at the 1979 general election. Her defeat came two years after her appearance and arrest on the Grunwick picket lines, for which she had been harshly criticised in the press. When, soon afterward, she was interviewed by Robin Day for the BBC's "Decision 79" television coverage of the election results, both Norman St John-Stevas – the Conservative's Education Spokesman who had frequently clashed with her at the despatch box – and Merlyn Rees, the outgoing Home Secretary, paid tribute to her.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Following the election, she hosted the BBC1 TV series "Shirley Williams in Conversation", interviewing, in turn, a number of political figures, including former West German chancellor Willy Brandt, former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath and her recently deposed colleague James Callaghan. She later appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular, the BBC's "Question Time", where her 58 appearances earned her a "Most Frequent Panellist" award. During this period, Williams remained a member of the National Executive of the Labour Party. From 1980 to 1981, she was Chairman of the Fabian Society.


title: Shirley Williams

text: In 1981, unhappy with the influence of the more left-wing members of the Labour Party, she resigned her membership to form – along with fellow Labour resignees Roy Jenkins, David Owen and Bill Rodgers – the Social Democratic Party (SDP). They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative. Later that year, following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page, she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament. Two years later, however, having become the SDP's President, she lost the seat at the 1983 general election. At the 1987 general election, Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge, but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James. She then supported the SDP's merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats.


title: Shirley Williams

text: In 1988, Williams moved to the United States to serve as a professor at Harvard Kennedy School, remaining until 2001, and thereafter as Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics, Emerita. Nonetheless, she remained active in politics and public service in Britain, the United States and internationally. During these years, Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia, Ukraine, and South Africa. She also served as director of Harvard's "Project Liberty", an initiative designed to assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe; and as a board member and acting director of Harvard's Institute of Politics (IOP). Upon her elevation to the House of Lords in 1993, she returned to the United Kingdom.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams was created a life peer on 1 February 1993 as Baroness Williams of Crosby, of Stevenage in the County of Hertfordshire, and subsequently served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2001 to 2004.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Among other non-profit boards, Williams was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the EU's "Comité des Sages" (Reflection Group) on Social Policy, the Twentieth Century Fund, the Ditchley Foundation, the Institute for Public Policy Research, and the Nuclear Threat Initiative. She also served as President of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, as Commissioner of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and as President of the Cambridge University Liberal Association. Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford, Hertfordshire, England, and Sitges, Spain, respectively.


title: Shirley Williams

text: In June 2007, after Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister, Williams accepted a formal Government position as Advisor on Nuclear Proliferation provided she could serve as an independent advisor; she remained a Liberal Democrat. Her interest and commitment to education continued, and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards. Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, established in October 2009.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams was originally opposed to the Cameron–Clegg coalition's Health and Social Care Bill, describing it as "stealth privatisation" during 2011. The government made some changes to the Bill, described by Williams as "major concessions", but dismissed as "minor" by "Guardian" commentator Polly Toynbee. Williams urged Liberal Democrats to support the amended Bill during the conference in March 2012, saying "I would not have stuck with the bill, if I believed for one moment it would undermine the NHS."


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams spoke against gay marriage in the House of Lords, saying that "equality is not the same as sameness. That is the fundamental mistake in this Bill" and that women and men "complement one another", arguing that marriage between people of the same sex should not be called marriage but should have "different nomenclature". In late 2015, she announced her intention to retire from the House of Lords. On 28 January 2016 she made her valedictory speech in the chamber, and on 11 February she officially retired, in pursuance of Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014. In the 2017 New Year Honours, Williams was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour for "services to political and public life".


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams married twice. At Oxford she met Peter Parker (the future head of British Rail) and they had a relationship. In her autobiography ("Climbing the Bookshelves") Williams said that "...by the spring of 1949 I was in love with him, and he, a little, with me...". In 1955, she married the moral philosopher Bernard Williams. Bernard left Oxford to accommodate his wife's rising political ambitions, finding a post first at University College London (1959–64) and then as Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College, London (1964–67), while she worked as a journalist for the "Financial Times" and as Secretary of the Fabian Society. The marriage was dissolved in 1974; Bernard Williams subsequently married Patricia Skinner and had two sons with her. Shirley said of her marriage to Bernard:


title: Shirley Williams

text: ... [T]here was something of a strain that comes from two things. One is that we were both too caught up in what we were respectively doing — we didn't spend all that much time together; the other, to be completely honest, is that I'm fairly unjudgmental and I found Bernard's capacity for pretty sharp putting-down of people he thought were stupid unacceptable. Patricia has been cleverer than me in that respect. She just rides it. He can be very painful sometimes. He can eviscerate somebody. Those who are left behind are, as it were, dead personalities. Judge not that ye be not judged. I was influenced by Christian thinking, and he would say "That's frightfully pompous and it's not really the point." So we had a certain jarring over that and over Catholicism.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Her first marriage was annulled in 1980. In 1987 she married the Harvard professor and presidential historian Richard Neustadt, who died in 2003.


title: Shirley Williams

text: She had a daughter with Bernard Williams, a stepdaughter, and two grandchildren. Her daughter, Rebecca, became a lawyer.


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams was a Roman Catholic and, from 2009, attended church every Sunday. In "Who's Who", she listed her recreations as "music, poetry, hill walking".


title: Shirley Williams

text: She died peacefully in the early hours of 12 April 2021 at the age of 90. Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey called Williams a "Liberal lion and a true trailblazer" and stated that "political life will be poorer without her intellect, her wisdom and her generosity".


title: Shirley Williams

text: Williams was made an Honorary Fellow of her alma mater, Somerville College, Oxford, in 1970, and of Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1977. Williams received a number of honorary doctorates:


title: Shirley Williams

text: There is a substantial article on Shirley Williams by Phillip Whitehead in the "Dictionary of Labour Biography", edited by Greg Rosen, Politico's Publishing, 2001, and one by Dick Newby in the "Dictionary of Liberal Biography", edited by Duncan Brack, Politico's Publishing, 1998.


title: Saaransh

text: Saaransh (English: The Gist ) is a 1984 Indian Hindi drama film directed by Mahesh Bhatt, starring Anupam Kher, Rohini Hattangadi, Madan Jain, Nilu Phule, Suhas Bhalekar and Soni Razdan. It is about an elderly Maharashtrian couple living in Mumbai who come to terms with the loss of their only son. This was the screen debut of Anupam Kher. The film had music by Ajit Verman and lyrics by Vasant Dev. It was produced and distributed by Rajshri Productions.


title: Saaransh

text: It was chosen as India's official entry for the 1985 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was not nominated.


title: Saaransh

text: The movie begins with B.V. Pradhan (Anupam Kher) waking up early in the morning to write a letter to his son, Ajay, who lives in New York. Midway through the letter, Pradhan remembers the tragic reality: Pradhan received a call from a friend of Ajay's that Ajay has been killed in a mugging in New York. Pradhan's best friend, Vishwanath, and Pradhan's wife, Parvati (Rohini Hattangadi) are both worried that even though it's been 3 months, Pradhan has yet to fully come to terms with the loss of his only son. Pradhan confesses to Vishwanath that after the loss of his son, he no longer has any will left to live.


title: Saaransh

text: Due to the death of their son, Pradhan has no source of income, so they rent out a room of their Shivaji Park (Mumbai) apartment to a budding Bollywood actress, Sujata Suman (Soni Razdan). Sujata is romantically involved with Vilas (Madan Jain), the only son of an influential politician Gajanan Chitre (Nilu Phule). Vilas wishes to marry Sujata, but he does not tell his father about Sujata out of cowardice and keeps on postponing their marriage plans.


title: Saaransh

text: Meanwhile, Pradhan receives a registered letter that his son's ashes and a few other belongings (a TV, VCR, a refrigerator etc.) have arrived from USA to India. When Pradhan goes to the customs office to collect them, he is disrespected and gets no help from the Public Relations Officer. An emotionally disturbed and enraged Pradhan forcibly enters the office of the main head of the customs department and explains that he has come only to pick up his son's ashes and not any other material possessions. Pradhan demands that his son's ashes be handed to him immediately and breaks down to tears, upon which the officer consoles Pradhan and relents to his request. The officer apologises for the inconvenience and assures Pradhan that the remaining items will be transferred to Pradhan as soon as possible.


title: Saaransh

text: Pradhan, an atheist, gives his son's ashes to Parvati, who takes his ashes to a Pandit (Alok Nath). The Pandit tells Pradhan and Parvati that Ajay will soon be reincarnated, in the form of a baby, near them. Disillusioned, Pradhan takes some of Ajay's ashes and spreads them near a park bench in the nearby kids park. Realising the futility of his painful life, Pradhan tries to commit suicide by diving under a speeding car, albeit unsuccessfully. Parvati implores him to change his mind, but Pradhan does not relent. Finally, they both decide to end their lives by consuming poison together.


title: Saaransh

text: Just as Pradhan and Parvati are about to commit suicide, Sujata informs Vilas that she's pregnant. When Vilas still shows indecisiveness in marrying Sujata, she calls him a coward and throws him out. When Pradhan finds out, he offers to take Sujata to meet Gajanan with the hope that he will permit Sujata and Vilas to get married. When Vilas refuses to accept that Sujata is carrying his baby, Gajanan, despite knowing that Vilas is lying, refuses their proposal and threatens Pradhan and Sujata of dire consequences if Sujata does not abort the child and moves away to another town. However, Pradhan, out of principle, refuses to let a helpless Sujata leave and provides her a safe haven in his house. Parvati, upon hearing that Sujata is with a baby, starts believing that the baby in Sujata's womb is, in fact, going to be the reincarnation of Ajay. She starts caring for Sujata and her beliefs about Ajay being reincarnated get even more firmly entrenched in her mind.


title: Saaransh

text: Gajanan tries all the tricks of the trade to dissuade Sujata from having the baby: his goons to try to bribe Pradhan, they harass Pradhan by cutting off the electricity of his house and beat up Vishwanath (thereby preventing him from supplying milk to Pradhan's house) and his goons even throw ignited crackers into Pradhan's house. Gajanan himself persuades a local doctor to illegally carry out the abortion of Sujata's baby in his clinic (where Sujata is scheduled for a checkup). When all else fails, Gajanan, through Vilas (who is unaware of his father's intentions) traps Pradhan in a fake scam of aiding and abetting a prostitution ring (involving illegal marked bills). Pradhan tries to call the Commissioner of Police for help, but is prevented due to red-tapism. Exasperated, Pradhan storms into the Mantralaya, the office of the Chief Minister of Maharashtra. The C.M. turns out to be one of Pradhan's former students, Shashikant. The C.M. immediately calls up the Commissioner of Police, the Remand Home where Sujata is being held in custody and demands Gajanan Chitre be produced to ensure that justice is rightfully served.


title: Saaransh

text: Pradhan realises that Parvati's adamant belief that Ajay will be reincarnated as Sujata's baby will cause problems to them and Sujata and Vilas, so he asks them both to leave the city in the wee hours of the night and go live their lives happily elsewhere. He gifts them Ajay's belongings that have finally been handed over to Pradhan by the customs office. Sujata, however, requests to see Parvati one last time. When Parvati refuses to let Vilas and Sujata leave, Pradhan controls her and makes them leave. Parvati is shocked and heartbroken, but Pradhan helps her realise that Ajay has died and will never come back. When Parvati says that they should both consume poison together, Pradhan refuses, saying that he has realised that the "Saaransh" of his life is in her beautiful wrinkles, and they have both done a good deed in helping Sujata's baby survive despite the problems she faced.


title: Saaransh

text: The movie ends with Pradhan taking Parvati for an early morning walk to the nearby kids park. There, they see that beautiful flowers have sprouted where Pradhan once scattered some of Ajay's ashes. Pradhan then tells Parvati that the real beauty of life is that we all are mortal, but life goes on.


title: Saaransh

text: Made after his critically acclaimed "Arth" (1982), this film carried forward his venturing into the genre of confessional cinema. It was inspired by the death of a young son of Mahesh Bhatt's spiritual guru, U. G. Krishnamurti of cancer, and later by a Maharashtrian couple whose only son was murdered in New York.


title: Saaransh

text: Initially Anupam Kher, originally from Shimla and a National School of Drama alumnus, was chosen to play the lead role. Later producers Rajshri Productions insisted in taking an established actor, Sanjeev Kumar for the role. Thus a fortnight before the principal photography was to commence, Kher, who had been preparing for almost sixth months for his debut, got the news. When Bhatt confirmed the change, he packed his bags and left town. However, before leaving, he met Bhatt and expressed his frustration. Subsequently, Bhatt kept him as the lead, and the producers agreed.


title: Saaransh

text: The film began on 1 January 1984 with very first scene of Pradhan played by Kher, receiving the phone call from New York. Kher was only 28 years old, when he played the role of a retired stubborn old man. For the pivotal scene, where he had to haggle with customs officials to recover his son's ashes. Kher had no reference of such a situation and tapped into all his hardships as struggling actor in Mumbai to reach the emotional point. The scene was shot at an office space in Film City, Mumbai, and was completed in a single take, without rehearsals or use of glycerine. He went on to win Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance. Rohini Hattangadi was only 28 years old at the time but her performance as the 60-plus housewife is still etched in everyone’s memory.


title: Saaransh

text: "Saaransh" explores how the couple copes with the loneliness and anxieties of old age and the utter aimlessness of life after the death of their only son, a victim of arbitrary violence. While the headmaster's wife seeks refuge in religion and faith, the headmaster remains stoic and becomes obsessive about the memories of his son. In his efforts to reach out to his dead son, he starts writing letters to him every day, only to tear them up. It also focuses on the importance of finding new meaning and purpose in life, no matter the age.


title: Saaransh

text: Other themes it touches on are through Pradhan's interactions with custom officials and police — corruption, politics-crime nexus and bureaucratic delay, rampant bribery and red-tapism.


title: Saaransh

text: Encyclopædia Britannica's "Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema" described "Saaransh" as Mahesh Bhatt's "finest film – moving, mellow, and mature – as the viewer feels the pain and despair of an elderly couple..."


title: Saaransh

text: The lead pair, Anupam Kher and Rohini Hattangadi, were praised for their portrayals, described by "The Tribune" as "immortal performances". Coming after the success of "Arth" (1982), the critical acclaim of "Saaransh" established Bhatt as a director of repute. Even today, it remains one of the few stand out in "middle-of-the-road" films of the 1980s decade Hindi cinema, which is retrospective seen as a decade of decline of content in the mainstream cinema.


title: Saaransh

text: "Saaransh" was included in the Panorama section of the 1984 International Film Festival of India (IFFI). It was India's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, though it did not make it to the final run. Among other awards, Bhatt received a special prize at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival, and was a nominee for the Golden Prize.


title: Panamanian balboa

text: The balboa (sign: B/.; ISO 4217: PAB) is, along with the United States dollar, one of the official currencies of Panama. It is named in honor of the Spanish explorer/conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa. The balboa is subdivided into 100 "centésimos".


title: Panamanian balboa

text: The balboa replaced the Colombian peso in 1904 following the country's independence. The balboa has been tied to the United States dollar (which is also legal tender in Panama) at an exchange rate of 1:1 since its introduction and has always circulated alongside dollars.


title: Panamanian balboa

text: Panama has never had an official central bank. The National Bank of Panama, one of two government-owned banks, was responsible for nonmonetary aspects of central banking in Panama, assisted by the National Banking Commission ("Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores"), which was created along with the country's International Financial Center, and was charged with licensing and supervising banks.


title: Panamanian balboa

text: In 1904, silver coins in denominations of , 5, 10, 25, and 50 centésimos were introduced. These coins were weight-related to the 25 gram 50 centésimos, making the centésimos coin 1.25 grams. Its small size led to it being known as the "Panama pill" or the "Panama pearl". In 1907, copper-nickel , and centésimo coins were introduced, followed by copper-nickel 5 centésimo coins in 1929. In 1930, coins for , , and balboa were introduced, followed by 1 balboa in 1931, which were identical in size and composition to the corresponding U.S. coins. In 1935, bronze 1 centésimo coins were introduced, with centésimo pieces minted in 1940.


title: Panamanian balboa

text: In 1966, Panama followed the U.S. in changing the composition of their silver coins, with copper-nickel-clad and balboa, and .400 fineness balboa. One-balboa coins, at .900 fineness silver, were issued that year for the first time since 1947. In 1973, copper-nickel-clad balboa coins were introduced. 1973 also saw the revival of the centésimos coin, which had a size similar to that of the U.S. half dime, but these were discontinued two years later due to lack of popular demand. In 1983, 1 centésimo coins followed their U.S. counterpart by switching from copper to copper-plated zinc. Further issues of the 1 balboa coins have been made since 1982 in copper-nickel without reducing its size.


title: Panamanian balboa

text: Modern 1, 5 centésimo, , , and balboa coins are the same weight, dimensions, and composition as the U.S. cent, nickel, dime, quarter, and half dollar, respectively. In 2011, new 1-balboa bimetallic coins were issued that are the same dimensions as the U.S. dollar coin.


title: Panamanian balboa

text: In addition to circulating issues, commemorative coins in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 500 balboas have also been issued. At the time the .925 fineness sterling silver 20 balboa coin honoring Simón Bolívar was introduced in 1971, it was the largest legal tender silver coin in the world, containing 3.85 ozt silver and having a 61 mm diameter.


title: Panamanian balboa

text: In 1941, President Arnulfo Arias pushed the government to enact Article 156 to the constitution, authorizing official and private banks to issue paper money. As a result, on 30 September 1941, El Banco Central de Emisión de la República de Panamá ("Central Bank of Issue of the Republic of Panama") was established.


title: Matroid

text: In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, a matroid is a structure that abstracts and generalizes the notion of linear independence in vector spaces. There are many equivalent ways to define a matroid axiomatically, the most significant being in terms of: independent sets; bases or circuits; rank functions; closure operators; and closed sets or flats. In the language of partially ordered sets, a finite matroid is equivalent to a geometric lattice.


title: Matroid

text: Matroid theory borrows extensively from the terminology of both linear algebra and graph theory, largely because it is the abstraction of various notions of central importance in these fields. Matroids have found applications in geometry, topology, combinatorial optimization, network theory and coding theory.


title: Matroid

text: In terms of independence, a finite matroid formula_1 is a pair formula_2, where formula_3 is a finite set (called the ground set) and formula_4 is a family of subsets of formula_3 (called the independent sets) with the following properties:


title: Matroid

text: The first two properties define a combinatorial structure known as an independence system (or abstract simplicial complex). Actually, assuming (I2), property (I1) is equivalent to the fact that at least one subset of formula_3 is independent, i.e., formula_18.


title: Matroid

text: A subset of the ground set formula_3 that is not independent is called dependent. A maximal independent set—that is, an independent set that becomes dependent upon adding any element of formula_3—is called a basis for the matroid. A circuit in a matroid formula_1 is a minimal dependent subset of formula_3—that is, a dependent set whose proper subsets are all independent. The terminology arises because the circuits of graphic matroids are cycles in the corresponding graphs.


title: Matroid

text: The dependent sets, the bases, or the circuits of a matroid characterize the matroid completely: a set is independent if and only if it is not dependent, if and only if it is a subset of a basis, and if and only if it does not contain a circuit. The collections of dependent sets, of bases, and of circuits each have simple properties that may be taken as axioms for a matroid. For instance, one may define a matroid formula_1 to be a pair formula_24, where formula_3 is a finite set as before and formula_26 is a collection of subsets of formula_3, called "bases", with the following properties:


title: Matroid

text: It follows from the basis exchange property that no member of formula_26 can be a proper subset of another.


title: Matroid

text: It is a basic result of matroid theory, directly analogous to a similar theorem of bases in linear algebra, that any two bases of a matroid formula_1 have the same number of elements. This number is called the rank of formula_1. If formula_1 is a matroid on formula_3, and formula_10 is a subset of formula_3, then a matroid on formula_10 can be defined by considering a subset of formula_10 to be independent if and only if it is independent in formula_1. This allows us to talk about submatroids and about the rank of any subset of formula_3. The rank of a subset formula_10 is given by the rank function formula_47 of the matroid, which has the following properties:


title: Matroid

text: These properties can be used as one of the alternative definitions of a finite matroid: if formula_57 satisfies these properties, then the independent sets of a matroid over formula_3 can be defined as those subsets formula_10 of formula_3 with formula_61. In the language of partially ordered sets, such a matroid structure is equivalent to the geometric lattice whose elements are the subsets formula_62, partially ordered by inclusion.


title: Matroid

text: The difference formula_63 is called the nullity of the subset formula_10. It is the minimum number of elements that must be removed from formula_10 to obtain an independent set. The nullity of formula_3 in formula_1 is called the nullity of formula_1. The difference formula_69 is sometimes called the corank of the subset formula_10.


title: Matroid

text: Let formula_1 be a matroid on a finite set formula_3, with rank function formula_73 as above. The closure (or span) formula_74 of a subset formula_10 of formula_3 is the set


title: Matroid

text: This defines a closure operator formula_78 where formula_79 denotes the power set, with the following properties:


title: Matroid

text: The first three of these properties are the defining properties of a closure operator. The fourth is sometimes called the Mac Lane–Steinitz exchange property. These properties may be taken as another definition of matroid: every function formula_78 that obeys these properties determines a matroid.


title: Matroid

text: A set whose closure equals itself is said to be closed, or a flat or subspace of the matroid. A set is closed if it is maximal for its rank, meaning that the addition of any other element to the set would increase the rank. The closed sets of a matroid are characterized by a covering partition property:


title: Matroid

text: The class formula_112 of all flats, partially ordered by set inclusion, forms a matroid lattice. Conversely, every matroid lattice formula_113 forms a matroid over its set formula_3 of atoms under the following closure operator: for a set formula_100 of atoms with join formula_116,


title: Matroid

text: The flats of this matroid correspond one-for-one with the elements of the lattice; the flat corresponding to lattice element formula_118 is the set


title: Matroid

text: In a matroid of rank formula_73, a flat of rank formula_122 is called a hyperplane. (Hyperplanes are also called coatoms or copoints.) These are the maximal proper flats; that is, the only superset of a hyperplane that is also a flat is the set formula_3 of all the elements of the matroid. An equivalent definition is that a coatom is a subset of "E" that does not span "M", but such that adding any other element to it does make a spanning set.


title: Matroid

text: The family formula_124 of hyperplanes of a matroid has the following properties, which may be taken as yet another axiomatization of matroids:


title: Matroid

text: Minty (1966) defined a graphoid as a triple formula_134 in which formula_135 and formula_136 are classes of nonempty subsets of formula_113 such that


title: Matroid

text: He proved that there is a matroid for which formula_135 is the class of circuits and formula_136 is the class of cocircuits. Conversely, if formula_135 and formula_136 are the circuit and cocircuit classes of a matroid formula_1 with ground set formula_3, then formula_155 is a graphoid. Thus, graphoids give a self-dual cryptomorphic axiomatization of matroids.


title: Matroid

text: Let formula_3 be a finite set. The set of all subsets of formula_3 satisfies the definition of a matroid. It is called the free matroid over formula_3.


title: Matroid

text: Let formula_3 be a finite set and formula_160 a natural number. One may define a matroid on formula_3 by taking every formula_160-element subset of formula_3 to be a basis. This is known as the uniform matroid of rank formula_160. A uniform matroid with rank formula_160 and with formula_166 elements is denoted formula_167. All uniform matroids of rank at least 2 are simple (see ) . The uniform matroid of rank 2 on formula_166 points is called the formula_166-point line. A matroid is uniform if and only if it has no circuits of size less than one plus the rank of the matroid. The direct sums of uniform matroids are called partition matroids.


title: Matroid

text: In the uniform matroid formula_170, every element is a loop (an element that does not belong to any independent set), and in the uniform matroid formula_171, every element is a coloop (an element that belongs to all bases). The direct sum of matroids of these two types is a partition matroid in which every element is a loop or a coloop; it is called a discrete matroid. An equivalent definition of a discrete matroid is a matroid in which every proper, non-empty subset of the ground set formula_3 is a separator.


title: Matroid

text: Matroid theory developed mainly out of a deep examination of the properties of independence and dimension in vector spaces. There are two ways to present the matroids defined in this way:


title: Matroid

text: A matroid that is equivalent to a vector matroid, although it may be presented differently, is called representable or linear. If formula_1 is equivalent to a vector matroid over a field formula_189, then we say formula_1 is representable over in particular, formula_1 is real-representable if it is representable over the real numbers. For instance, although a graphic matroid (see below) is presented in terms of a graph, it is also representable by vectors over any field. A basic problem in matroid theory is to characterize the matroids that may be represented over a given field formula_189; Rota's conjecture describes a possible characterization for every finite field. The main results so far are characterizations of binary matroids (those representable over GF(2)) due to Tutte (1950s), of ternary matroids (representable over the 3-element field) due to Reid and Bixby, and separately to Seymour (1970s), and of quaternary matroids (representable over the 4-element field) due to Geelen, Gerards, and Kapoor (2000). This is very much an open area.


title: Matroid

text: A regular matroid is a matroid that is representable over all possible fields. The Vámos matroid is the simplest example of a matroid that is not representable over any field.


title: Matroid

text: Every finite graph (or multigraph) formula_193 gives rise to a matroid formula_194 as follows: take as formula_3 the set of all edges in formula_193 and consider a set of edges independent if and only if it is a forest; that is, if it does not contain a simple cycle. Then formula_194 is called a cycle matroid. Matroids derived in this way are graphic matroids. Not every matroid is graphic, but all matroids on three elements are graphic. Every graphic matroid is regular.


title: Matroid

text: An extension of a field gives rise to a matroid. Suppose formula_189 and formula_229 are fields with formula_229 containing formula_189. Let formula_3 be any finite subset of formula_229. Define a subset formula_100 of formula_3 to be algebraically independent if the extension field formula_236 has transcendence degree equal to formula_237.


title: Matroid

text: A matroid that is equivalent to a matroid of this kind is called an algebraic matroid. The problem of characterizing algebraic matroids is extremely difficult; little is known about it. The Vámos matroid provides an example of a matroid that is not algebraic.


title: Matroid

text: If "M" is a finite matroid, we can define the orthogonal or dual matroid "M"* by taking the same underlying set and calling a set a "basis" in "M"* if and only if its complement is a basis in "M". It is not difficult to verify that "M"* is a matroid and that the dual of "M"* is "M".


title: Matroid

text: According to a matroid version of Kuratowski's theorem, the dual of a graphic matroid "M" is a graphic matroid if and only if "M" is the matroid of a planar graph. In this case, the dual of "M" is the matroid of the dual graph of "G". The dual of a vector matroid representable over a particular field "F" is also representable over "F". The dual of a transversal matroid is a strict gammoid and vice versa.


title: Matroid

text: If "M" is a matroid with element set "E", and "S" is a subset of "E", the restriction of "M" to "S", written "M" |"S", is the matroid on the set "S" whose independent sets are the independent sets of "M" that are contained in "S". Its circuits are the circuits of "M" that are contained in "S" and its rank function is that of "M" restricted to subsets of "S". In linear algebra, this corresponds to restricting to the subspace generated by the vectors in "S". Equivalently if "T" = "M"−"S" this may be termed the deletion of "T", written "M"\"T" or "M"−"T". The submatroids of "M" are precisely the results of a sequence of deletions: the order is irrelevant.


title: Matroid

text: The dual operation of restriction is contraction. If "T" is a subset of "E", the contraction of "M" by "T", written "M"/"T", is the matroid on the underlying set "E − T" whose rank function is formula_239 In linear algebra, this corresponds to looking at the quotient space by the linear space generated by the vectors in "T", together with the images of the vectors in "E - T".


title: Matroid

text: A matroid "N" that is obtained from "M" by a sequence of restriction and contraction operations is called a minor of "M". We say "M" contains "N" as a minor. Many important families of matroids may be characterized by the minor-minimal matroids that do not belong to the family; these are called forbidden or excluded minors.


title: Matroid

text: Let "M" be a matroid with an underlying set of elements "E", and let "N" be another matroid on an underlying set "F".


title: Matroid

text: The direct sum of matroids "M" and "N" is the matroid whose underlying set is the disjoint union of "E" and "F", and whose independent sets are the disjoint unions of an independent set of "M" with an independent set of "N".


title: Matroid

text: The union of "M" and "N" is the matroid whose underlying set is the union (not the disjoint union) of "E" and "F", and whose independent sets are those subsets that are the union of an independent set in "M" and one in "N". Usually the term "union" is applied when "E" = "F", but that assumption is not essential. If "E" and "F" are disjoint, the union is the direct sum.


title: Matroid

text: A weighted matroid is a matroid together with a function from its elements to the nonnegative real numbers. The weight of a subset of elements is defined to be the sum of the weights of the elements in the subset. The greedy algorithm can be used to find a maximum-weight basis of the matroid, by starting from the empty set and repeatedly adding one element at a time, at each step choosing a maximum-weight element among the elements whose addition would preserve the independence of the augmented set. This algorithm does not need to know anything about the details of the matroid's definition, as long as it has access to the matroid through an independence oracle, a subroutine for testing whether a set is independent.


title: Matroid

text: This optimization algorithm may be used to characterize matroids: if a family "F" of sets, closed under taking subsets, has the property that, no matter how the sets are weighted, the greedy algorithm finds a maximum-weight set in the family, then "F" must be the family of independent sets of a matroid.


title: Matroid

text: The notion of matroid has been generalized to allow for other types of sets on which a greedy algorithm gives optimal solutions; see greedoid and matroid embedding for more information.


title: Matroid

text: The matroid partitioning problem is to partition the elements of a matroid into as few independent sets as possible, and the matroid packing problem is to find as many disjoint spanning sets as possible. Both can be solved in polynomial time, and can be generalized to the problem of computing the rank or finding an independent set in a matroid sum.


title: Matroid

text: The intersection of two or more matroids is the family of sets that are simultaneously independent in each of the matroids. The problem of finding the largest set, or the maximum weighted set, in the intersection of two matroids can be found in polynomial time, and provides a solution to many other important combinatorial optimization problems. For instance, maximum matching in bipartite graphs can be expressed as a problem of intersecting two partition matroids. However, finding the largest set in an intersection of three or more matroids is NP-complete.


title: Matroid

text: Two standalone systems for calculations with matroids are Kingan's Oid and Hlineny's Macek. Both of them are open sourced packages. "Oid" is an interactive, extensible software system for experimenting with matroids. "Macek" is a specialized software system with tools and routines for reasonably efficient combinatorial computations with representable matroids.


title: Matroid

text: There are two especially significant polynomials associated to a finite matroid "M" on the ground set "E". Each is a matroid invariant, which means that isomorphic matroids have the same polynomial.


title: Matroid

text: The characteristic polynomial of "M" (which is sometimes called the chromatic polynomial, although it does not count colorings), is defined to be


title: Matroid

text: where μ denotes the Möbius function of the geometric lattice of the matroid and the sum is taken over all the flats A of the matroid.


title: Matroid

text: When "M" is the cycle matroid "M"("G") of a graph "G", the characteristic polynomial is a slight transformation of the chromatic polynomial, which is given by χ (λ) = λ"p" (λ), where "c" is the number of connected components of "G".


title: Matroid

text: When "M" is the bond matroid "M"*("G") of a graph "G", the characteristic polynomial equals the flow polynomial of "G".


title: Matroid

text: When "M" is the matroid "M"("A") of an arrangement "A" of linear hyperplanes in R (or "F" where "F" is any field), the characteristic polynomial of the arrangement is given by "p" (λ) = λ"p" (λ).


title: Matroid

text: The beta invariant of a matroid, introduced by Crapo (1967), may be expressed in terms of the characteristic polynomial "p" as an evaluation of the derivative


title: Matroid

text: The beta invariant is non-negative, and is zero if and only if "M" is disconnected, or empty, or a loop. Otherwise it depends only on the lattice of flats of "M". If "M" has no loops and coloops then β("M") = β("M").


title: Matroid

text: The Whitney numbers of the first kind of "M" are the coefficients of the powers of formula_247 in the characteristic polynomial. Specifically, the "i"-th Whitney number formula_248 is the coefficient of formula_249 and is the sum of Möbius function values:


title: Matroid

text: summed over flats of the right rank. These numbers alternate in sign, so that formula_251 for formula_252


title: Matroid

text: The Whitney numbers of the second kind of "M" are the numbers of flats of each rank. That is, formula_253 is the number of rank-"i" flats.


title: Matroid

text: The Whitney numbers of both kinds generalize the Stirling numbers of the first and second kind, which are the Whitney numbers of the cycle matroid of the complete graph and equivalently of the partition lattice. They were named after Hassler Whitney, the (co)founder of matroid theory, by Gian-Carlo Rota. The name has been extended to the similar numbers for finite ranked partially ordered sets.


title: Matroid

text: The Tutte polynomial of a matroid, "T" ("x","y"), generalizes the characteristic polynomial to two variables. This gives it more combinatorial interpretations, and also gives it the duality property


title: Matroid

text: which implies a number of dualities between properties of "M" and properties of "M" *. One definition of the Tutte polynomial is


title: Matroid

text: This expresses the Tutte polynomial as an evaluation of the corank-nullity or rank generating polynomial,


title: Matroid

text: From this definition it is easy to see that the characteristic polynomial is, up to a simple factor, an evaluation of "T", specifically,


title: Matroid

text: Another definition is in terms of internal and external activities and a sum over bases, reflecting the fact that "T"(1,1) is the number of bases. This, which sums over fewer subsets but has more complicated terms, was Tutte's original definition.


title: Matroid

text: There is a further definition in terms of recursion by deletion and contraction. The deletion-contraction identity is


title: Matroid

text: An invariant of matroids (i.e., a function that takes the same value on isomorphic matroids) satisfying this recursion and the multiplicative condition


title: Matroid

text: is said to be a Tutte-Grothendieck invariant. The Tutte polynomial is the most general such invariant; that is, the Tutte polynomial is a Tutte-Grothendieck invariant and every such invariant is an evaluation of the Tutte polynomial.


title: Matroid

text: The theory of infinite matroids is much more complicated than that of finite matroids and forms a subject of its own. For a long time, one of the difficulties has been that there were many reasonable and useful definitions, none of which appeared to capture all the important aspects of finite matroid theory. For instance, it seemed to be hard to have bases, circuits, and duality together in one notion of infinite matroids.


title: Matroid

text: The simplest definition of an infinite matroid is to require "finite rank"; that is, the rank of "E" is finite. This theory is similar to that of finite matroids except for the failure of duality due to the fact that the dual of an infinite matroid of finite rank does not have finite rank. Finite-rank matroids include any subsets of finite-dimensional vector spaces and of field extensions of finite transcendence degree.


title: Matroid

text: The next simplest infinite generalization is finitary matroids. A matroid is finitary if it has the property that


title: Matroid

text: Examples are linear dependence of arbitrary subsets of infinite-dimensional vector spaces (but not infinite dependencies as in Hilbert and Banach spaces), and algebraic dependence in arbitrary subsets of field extensions of possibly infinite transcendence degree. Again, the class of finitary matroid is not self-dual, because the dual of a finitary matroid is not finitary.


title: Matroid

text: Finitary infinite matroids are studied in model theory, a branch of mathematical logic with strong ties to algebra.


title: Matroid

text: In the late 1960s matroid theorists asked for a more general notion that shares the different aspects of finite matroids and generalizes their duality. Many notions of infinite matroids were defined in response to this challenge, but the question remained open. One of the approaches examined by D.A. Higgs became known as "B-matroids" and was studied by Higgs, Oxley and others in the 1960s and 1970s. According to a recent result by , it solves the problem: Arriving at the same notion independently, they provided five equivalent systems of axiom—in terms of independence, bases, circuits, closure and rank. The duality of B-matroids generalizes dualities that can be observed in infinite graphs.


title: Matroid

text: Matroid theory was introduced by . It was also independently discovered by Takeo Nakasawa, whose work was forgotten for many years .


title: Matroid

text: In his seminal paper, Whitney provided two axioms for independence, and defined any structure adhering to these axioms to be "matroids".


title: Matroid

text: His key observation was that these axioms provide an abstraction of "independence" that is common to both graphs and matrices.


title: Matroid

text: Because of this, many of the terms used in matroid theory resemble the terms for their analogous concepts in linear algebra or graph theory.


title: Matroid

text: Almost immediately after Whitney first wrote about matroids, an important article was written by on the relation of matroids to projective geometry. A year later, noted similarities between algebraic and linear dependence in his classic textbook on Modern Algebra.


title: Matroid

text: In the 1940s Richard Rado developed further theory under the name "independence systems" with an eye towards transversal theory, where his name for the subject is still sometimes used.


title: Matroid

text: In the 1950s W. T. Tutte became the foremost figure in matroid theory, a position he retained for many years. His contributions were plentiful, including the characterization of binary, regular, and graphic matroids by excluded minors; the regular-matroid representability theorem; the theory of chain groups and their matroids; and the tools he used to prove many of his results, the "Path theorem" and "Tutte homotopy theorem" (see, e.g., ), which are so complex that later theorists have gone to great trouble to eliminate the necessity of using them in proofs. (A fine example is A. M. H. Gerards' short proof (1989) of Tutte's characterization of regular matroids.)


title: Matroid

text: Paul Seymour's decomposition theorem for regular matroids (1980) was the most significant and influential work of the late 1970s and the 1980s.


title: Matroid

text: Another fundamental contribution, by , showed why projective geometries and Dowling geometries play such an important role in matroid theory.


title: Matroid

text: By this time there were many other important contributors, but one should not omit to mention Geoff Whittle's extension to ternary matroids of Tutte's characterization of binary matroids that are representable over the rationals , perhaps the biggest single contribution of the 1990s. In the current period (since around 2000) the Matroid Minors Project of Jim Geelen, Gerards, Whittle, and others, which attempts to duplicate for matroids that are representable over a finite field the success of the Robertson–Seymour Graph Minors Project (see Robertson–Seymour theorem), has produced substantial advances in the structure theory of matroids. Many others have also contributed to that part of matroid theory, which (in the first and second decades of the 21st century) is flourishing.


title: Matroid

text: Mathematicians who pioneered the study of matroids include Takeo Nakasawa, Saunders Mac Lane, Richard Rado, W. T. Tutte, B. L. van der Waerden, and Hassler Whitney.


title: Matroid

text: Other major contributors include Jack Edmonds, Jim Geelen, Eugene Lawler, László Lovász, Gian-Carlo Rota, P. D. Seymour, and Dominic Welsh.


title: Dubrovnik Airport

text: Dubrovnik Airport (; ), also referred to as Čilipi Airport (), is the international airport of Dubrovnik, Croatia. The airport is located approximately 15.5 km (9.5 mi) from Dubrovnik city centre, near Čilipi. It was the third-busiest airport in Croatia in 2019 after Zagreb Airport and Split Airport in terms of passenger throughput. It also has the country's longest runway, allowing it to accommodate heavy long-haul aircraft. The airport is a major destination for leisure flights during the European summer holiday season.


title: Dubrovnik Airport

text: Yugoslav flag carrier Aeroput used a seaplane station in Dubrovnik to open the first route to the city in 1936. It linked Dubrovnik to the national capital Belgrade via Sarajevo. The following year a route to Zagreb was inaugurated. But it was in 1938 that Dubrovnik saw a significant increase in air traffic, with the introduction by Aeroput of regular flights to Vienna, Brno and Prague with stops in Sarajevo and Zagreb, and also the introduction of a regular flight between Belgrade and Tirana with a stop in Dubrovnik. The city was originally served by the Gruda Airfield which opened for commercial traffic in 1936 and was in use only during the summer months. However, by early 1940s, due to World War II, Aeroput operations were suspended.


title: Dubrovnik Airport

text: The current Dubrovnik Airport opened in 1962. During 1987, the busiest year in Yugoslav aviation, the airport handled 835,818 passengers on international flights and a further 586,742 on domestic services. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the airport surpassed the one-million-passenger mark in 2005.


title: Dubrovnik Airport

text: Today, Dubrovnik boasts the most modern passenger terminal in the country. A new terminal has been built in place of the old airport building, that dated from 1962, which has now been demolished to make way for a new modern structure. The price tag of the project amounts to seventy million euros and is to be financed out of a loan from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In May 2010 a new terminal opened stretching over 13,700 square metres. Dubrovnik Airport has the capacity to handle two million passengers per year.


title: Dubrovnik Airport

text: Dubrovnik Airport consists of three terminal areas, A, B and C. The spacious new Terminal C was opened in February 2017 and became fully functional in April 2017 as it replaced Terminal A for all passenger departures including check-in and security check. The new terminal features check-in and commercial space stretching over 1,000 square metres, eight security lanes, a departure lounge with commercial and catering facilities, a premium lounge and restaurants. Furthermore, it boasts sixteen gates, two of which will be used for domestic flights and the remaining fourteen for international services. With an area of 24,181 square metres, the airport's annual capacity has increased to 3.5 million passengers. The Terminal A building has been permanently closed for passenger traffic and is now being used solely as a baggage sorting facility. The new Terminal C is located next to the existing Terminal B building which handles arriving passengers. The two have been combined into a single functioning unit. Future airport plans call for an extensive commercial zone and a four-star airport hotel, and long-term plans call for a new runway and the conversion of the existing runway into a taxiway.


title: Dubrovnik Airport

text: A shuttle bus operated by the company Platanus connects the airport to Dubrovnik Old Town and Dubrovnik Bus Station in Gruž.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: The DS 7 Crossback, now known as simply the DS 7, is a compact luxury crossover SUV from the French automaker DS Automobiles. The vehicle was presented for the first time on 28 February 2017, and its public premiere was at the 87th Geneva Motor Show in March 2017.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: The DS7, like the Citroën C5 Aircross, is based on the EMP2 platform of Groupe PSA. Though not the first SUV for and from the brand (see DS 6), it is the first SUV for Europe.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: The DS7 was revealed to the press on 28 February 2017, before being shown to the public at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show and marketed in January 2018 for diesel versions.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: With the DS 5 in 2011 being the last new model launched by DS Automobiles in Europe, its overall sales have been affected, falling in recent years.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: As well as improving sales, the DS 7 Crossback was more comfortable, with build quality and technologies (driving aids, semi-autonomous driving) also improved.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: On his inauguration on 14 May 2017, the elected president Emmanuel Macron chose the DS 7 Crossback as his presidential car. This was the first time a president used an SUV model as part of an inauguration ceremony. It was only used once for this occasion and was later exhibited in the showroom DS World Paris.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: This specific version (lent seven months before the model is sold in France, scheduled for January 2018) is in an ink blue color and has a custom-made made, uncovered roof. French flags and logos "RF" (for "République Française" (or "[the] French Republic" in French)) appear in various places, the interiors a black leather, and a "lacquer canvas" (a fabric coated with lacquer) has been specially made by the Maury workshop.


title: DS 7 Crossback

text: On the occasion of the European Heritage Days on 16 and 17 September 2017, the DS 7 Crossback Présidentiel was exhibited in the courtyard of the Palais de l'Elysée.


title: The Legend of La Llorona

text: The Legend of La Llorona is a 2022 American horror film directed by Patricia Harris Seeley. The film stars Autumn Reeser, Antonio Cupo, and Danny Trejo. The film was released on January 7, 2022.


title: The Legend of La Llorona

text: Andrew and Carly Candlewood, along with their son Danny, travel from California to Mexico for a much needed vacation. The getaway is not what they think when tales of missing children along with the town legend of La Llorona soon encompassing their trip. La Llorona is described as an evil spirit of a distraught mother who lurks near the water's edge and strikes fear in the hearts of all who see her. The spirit begins to torment the Candlewood family and kidnaps Danny. Along with their resourceful taxi driver Jorge, the family races to save Danny. They must navigate the spirit's power along with cartel thugs that roam the countryside.


title: The Legend of La Llorona

text: "The Legend of La Llorona" had a limited theater opening on January 7, 2022. On January 11, it was released on streaming.


title: Electronic City

text: Electronic City is an information technology hub in Bangalore, India, located in Anekal taluk. It is one of India's largest electronic/IT industrial parks, spread over 800 acres (3.2 km²) in Konappana Agrahara and Doddathogur villages.


title: Electronic City

text: Electronic City was established by KEONICS (Karnataka State Electronics Development Corporation), and consists of four zones called "phases" – Phase I, Phase II, Phase III and Phase IV. There are approximately 200 IT/ITES company campuses located in Electronic City, including main campuses of Infosys, Wipro, TCS, HCL, Tech Mahindra and Biocon.


title: Electronic City

text: Electronic City was the brainchild of R. K. Baliga, the first Chairman and Managing Director of Keonics, Karnataka Electronic. He dreamt of making Bangalore the Silicon Valley of India when he developed the concept of Electronic City. In 1978, Keonics established Electronic City on 332 acres of land in Konappana Agrahara and Doddathogur villages. The liberalisation of the Indian economy in the early 1990s by the then Indian Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and then Indian Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh helped Electronic City to become what it is today — the outsourcing capital of the world.


title: Electronic City

text: In 1997, the maintenance and upkeep of Electronic City was handed over by Keonics to ELCIA, the Electronic City Industries Association, with representatives from units in the enclave, for effective local governance and management. Security is provided by ELCIA, who have deployed around 500 security officials and also installed CCTV cameras on strategic locations. On 18 March 2013, a notification by the Urban Development Department has brought Electronic City Phases I, II, III under the E-City Industrial Township Area. There are many famous educational institutes situated in Electronic City, IIIT Bangalore, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru, Welingkar Institute Of Management Bangalore, Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship, IFIM are some of them. Manufacturing companies like the Titan Industries, Tata Power, Tata Solar, Timken, 3M, FANUC India, Tessolve, Hical, Amphenol, Interplex, Flextronics, Continental, Yokogawa, Dalmia Bharat, Bhavani Industries, Synthesis Winding Technologies, Tejas Networks, Tescom, Teknic, Momentive, Moog, Arvind Mills, BHEL and the recently developed Biotechnology park BIRAC, Syngene, too add to the diversity of Electronics City - making it a truly inclusive Industrial Township.


title: Electronic City

text: Electronic City has developed infrastructure in terms of connectivity to other important localities of Bangalore city.However services are few. The Distance by road from Electronics City Phase 1 to Kempegowda Airport is 56 kms . In peak traffic , this takes 3.5 hrs to cover. Kormangala is 10 kms away & it takes 40 mins to reach by the Hosur Road. M.G. Road or Central Bengaluru is 20 kms away & takes 1hr 20 mins to reach. Traveling from and to Electronic City is inconvenient . Electronic City is 20 kms from Hosur , Tamil Nadu & is typically not considered to be a part of Bengaluru by local Bengalureans .


title: Electronic City

text: Electronic City is on Hosur Road which is a major arterial highway of Bangalore city. Many BMTC buses and interstate buses use this route.Bus services though present , are few . One has to travel to the main Hosur road , to avail of a wider range of bus services. Traveling by Bus , is the slowest mode of transport & poses great inconvenience to the commuter. To reach M.G. road by bus , the commute time is 1.5 hrs


title: Electronic City

text: The four-lane mixed corridor elevated highway from Silk Board junction to Electronic City was opened on 22 January 2010. The 9.985 km long expressway is one of the longest elevated national highways in the country. This elevated stretch helps a commuter reach Electronic City from Silk Board is 30 minutes. Safe speed on the flyover , is 80 kms in some stretches & 40 kms & 60 kms in some strteches . There are no traffic cameras on the flyover , and Lane cutting & rash driving is common. Once in a while , a major accident happens & people die. It is advisable to drive very carefully on the flyover and keep to the left of the lane. In rainy season , the rain spray driven by forceful cross winds , poses a serious hazard to driving .


title: Electronic City

text: The NICE road connects Electronic City to other key areas in the west of Bengaluru city like Bannerghatta Road, Mysore Road, Kanakapura Road and Tumkur Road. This is a 63 km 6-lane access controlled tollway.


title: Electronic City

text: Electronic City comes under the Namma Metro Yellow Line (R V Road - Bommasandra line). The project is ongoing for many years & there is no set completion date. The project may complete by 2026


title: Electronic City

text: The Heelalige railway station, about 4 km from Electronic City Phase 2, has become part of the Bengaluru Suburban Rail (Bengaluru Commuter Rail) system. The South Western Railways has introduced a fleet of Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs) on this route. The nearest railway stations are Heelalige, which is 6 km from Electronic City, or Karmelaram railway station which is 14 km away.


title: Electronic City

text: The commuter , has to spend heavily on rickshaws or cabs to reach the railway station. Most rickshaws in Electronic City do not charge by the meter . They quote their own fares and the commuter has to bargain. The cost of transport / conveyance to the railway stations is very high.


title: Electronic City

text: Kempegowda International Airport is located 56 km away from Electronic City. The proposed Hosur Airport in Belagondapalli on Thally Road, an UDAN project, will be 28 km away. Helicopter taxi service to Kempegowda International Airport was launched in March 2018 but is no longer operational . The commute time during night hours of 12 am to 6 am to the airport is 1.5 hrs. During peak traffic , it takes 3 to 3.5 hrs to reach the airport. The Average cab fare to the Airport , by Ola , Uber cabs is Rs.1200. There is a bus


title: Electronic City

text: Service from Electronics City Phase 1 to the Airport. It starts near the Ottera Hotel. The one way ticket price is Rs 320 & the commute time in normal non peak traffic hours is 2 hrs . In peak traffic , it may take upto 4 hrs to reach the Airport.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeep Sanjeev (born 2 September 1971), also known as Sudeepa, is an Indian actor, director, producer, screenwriter, television presenter and singer, who primarily works in Kannada films. He has also worked in Hindi, Telugu and Tamil films. He is one of the highest paid actors of Kannada Cinema and is one of the first Kannada actors to be listed in the Forbes list of top 100 celebrities of India since 2013.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa is known for his critically acclaimed performances in the Kannada films "Sparsha" (2000), "Huchcha" (2001), "Nandhi" (2002), "Kiccha" (2003), "Swathi Muthu" (2003), "My Autograph" (2006), "No 73, Shanthi Nivasa" (2007), "Mussanjemaatu" (2008), "Veera Madakari" (2009), "Just Maath Maathalli" (2010), "Vishnuvardhana" (2011), "Kempe Gowda" (2011), the Telugu-Tamil bilingual "Eega" (2012), "Maanikya" (2014), "Ranna" (2015), "Kotigobba 2" (2016), "Hebbuli" (2017), "The Villain" (2018), "Pailwaan" (2019), Telugu-Hindi bilingual "Rakta Charitra" and the Hindi film "Dabangg 3" (2019).


title: Sudeepa

text: He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada for three consecutive years for his films "Huchcha", "Nandhi" and "Swathi Muthu". Since 2013, he has been hosting the television reality show "Bigg Boss Kannada". His performance in the 2001 film, "Huchcha", earned himh the nickname Kichcha Sudeepa by his fans.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa was born on 2 September 1971 to Sanjeev Manjappa and Saroja in Shimoga in Shimoga district of present-day Karnataka as Sudeep. The family had migrated to Shimoga from Narasimharajapura, Chikmagalur district. He obtained a bachelor's degree in Industrial and production engineering from Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore. He represented the college in under-17 cricket. He attended the Roshan Taneja School of Acting in Mumbai, where he overcame his 'shyness'.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeep began his film career in "Thayavva" (1997). He then played a supporting role in "Prathyartha", directed by Sunil Kumar Desai, and a lead role in the same director's "Sparsha". In 2001, a role in "Huchcha" gave him his first big following. In 2008 he made his Bollywood debut in "Phoonk". He has also starred in Ram Gopal Varma's movies "Rann", "Phoonk 2" and "Rakta Charitra".


title: Sudeepa

text: Starting from "Veera Parampare" (2010), he changed his stage name from Sudeep to Sudeepa per S. Narayan's advice and after the film's success he decided to keep the name. His subsequent films, "Kempe Gowda" and "Vishnuvardhana" (2011), also were successes.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa made his debut in Telugu cinema in 2012, with S. S. Rajamouli's "Eega", a fantasy film in which he portrayed an industrialist who, on falling for an NGO worker (played by Samantha Ruth Prabhu), kills her alleged lover, who begins to haunt him in the form of a housefly. The film and Sudeepa's performance were highly acclaimed.


title: Sudeepa

text: In 2013, "Bachchan" and "Varadanayaka" were released. His next film was a drama titled "Maanikya" that he also directed, a remake of the Telugu film, "Mirchi" (2013) which was a huge hit. In 2015 he starred in "Ranna", a remake of the Telugu film, "Attarintiki Daredi", which again was a blockbuster and played a cameo role as a Persian arms trader in "", directed by S. S. Rajamouli—the year's highest-grossing film.


title: Sudeepa

text: He frequently sings in his screen roles, including "Vaalee" (2001), "Chandu" (2002), "Ranga SSLC" (2004), "Nalla" (2004), "#73, Shaanthi Nivaasa" (2007), "Veera Madakari" (2009), "Kempe Gowda" (2011), "Bachchan" (2013) and also for others movies such as "Mandya to Mumbai" (2014), "Ring Road Shubha" (2014) and "Raate" (2015).


title: Sudeepa

text: In 2019, Sudeepa was seen in the Hindi film "Dabangg 3" where he played the archenemy of Salman Khan's Chulbul Pandey.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa's next "Vikrant Rona", directed by Anup Bhandari, featured Nirup Bhandari and Neetha Ashok. He is also set to play an extended cameo as Bhargav Bakshi in the upcoming Pan India movie Kabzaa starring Upendra.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa's directorial debut was My autograph in 2006 which went on to complete 175 days and was a commercial success. From then he has directed many Kannada films like No 73, Shanthi Nivasa, Veera Madakari, Just Maath Mathalli, Kempe Gowda and Maanikya. He also wrote the script for Just Maath Mathalli.


title: Sudeepa

text: He owns a film production company named Kiccha Creations, which is credited with "My Autograph" (2006), "No 73, Shantinivasa" (2007), "Jigarthanda" (2016), "Maanikya" (2013), "Ambi Ning Vayassayto" (2019).


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa made his TV debut in the serial "Premada Kadambari", named after a line in the song "Bandhana" on Udaya TV. He was roped in to play the main host of the reality show "Pyate Hudgeer-Halli Lifu", aired on Suvarna, which was an immediate success. Endemol Shine Group's flagship show "Big Brother" was adapted to Kannada as "Bigg Boss Kannada" and Sudeepa was the chosen to play the host for the first season which was aired on ETV Kannada. He continued to host the second season on Asianet Suvarna. Colors Kannada (formerly ETV Kannada) regained the rights to the show in 2015 with Sudeepa signing a five-season deal to host the show which was estimated to be around which was a landmark deal in Kannada television industry.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa is the captain of Karnataka Bulldozers cricket team that competes in the Celebrity Cricket League.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa met Priya Radhakrishna in Bengaluru, in 2000 and they married in 2001. Priya worked in an airline company and then in a bank, prior to their marriage. Their only child, Saanvi, was born in 2004. In 2013, Sudeepa launched Stage 360°, an events management company, that his wife took an active part in. The couple split in September 2015, and reconciled


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa has been described by the critics as one of the most talented actors in Kannada cinema. He was listed first in the "Times 25 Most Desirable Men in Bangalore" in 2012. In 2012, he was given a title, "Abhinaya Chakravarthy", by a Kannada organisation, Karnataka Rakshana Vedike.


title: Sudeepa

text: In 2012, Sudeepa was signed as the Brand Ambassador of Joyalukkas, a Jewellery Retail Chain. In 2013, he was appointed as the Brand Ambassador for Bangalore Traffic Police Department and Income Tax Department. In 2014, he was appointed as the Brand Ambassador for Intex Technologies (India) Mobiles & Paragon Footwear.


title: Sudeepa

text: In 2013, on World AIDS Day, Sudeepa teamed up with Vijay Raghavendra and other actors to record voiceovers for the TeachAids interactive software, developed at Stanford University.


title: Sudeepa

text: In 2015, Sudeepa appeared in advertisements in the Kannada language for OLX.in, along with the veteran Kannada actor, Anant Nag. He had previously appeared in ads with Sadhu Kokila for the same company.


title: Sudeepa

text: In 2021, Sudeepa along with other celebrities and billionaires participated in the "Checkmate Covid" charity event for the COVID-19 Pandemic where they played in a chess simultaneous exhibition hosted by former World Chess Champion Viswanathan Anand. In 2022, he was appointed brand ambassador of Karnataka Animal Husbandry Department's cow adoption programme.


title: Sudeepa

text: Sudeepa is involved in humanitarian works through his organisation Kiccha Sudeepa Charitable Society. The trust helps underprivileged school children, providing them with uniforms as well as scholarships. The society helped senior Kannada film artists, technicians and others by providing them with necessary help during Covid pandemic who were unable to get work.


title: Channing Frye

text: Channing Thomas Frye (born May 17, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player. A power forward-center, he played college basketball for the University of Arizona. He was drafted eighth overall by the New York Knicks in the 2005 NBA draft, and was the first college senior to be selected in that draft. He also played for the Portland Trail Blazers, Phoenix Suns, Orlando Magic, Cleveland Cavaliers and Los Angeles Lakers, winning an NBA Championship with the Cavaliers in 2016.


title: Channing Frye

text: Frye attended St. Mary's High School in Phoenix, Arizona, where he was rated the No. 98 recruit in the nation by Hoop Scoop and the No. 13 center in the country by Fast Break Recruiting Service. As a junior in 1999–2000, he averaged 15 points, 12 rebounds, nine blocks and six assists per game for coach David Lopez as he led the team to a 26–7 record, a berth in the Class 5A state tournament semi-finals and a No. 19 national ranking by USA Today.


title: Channing Frye

text: As a senior in 2000–01, Frye averaged 22 points, 15 rebounds, six blocks and three assists per game and he led St. Mary's to the 2001 Class 5A state championship with a 30–3 record. He was subsequently named Player of the Year by the Arizona Republic and the Arizona Gatorade Player of the Year while earning fourth-team Parade All-America and McDonald's All-America honors.


title: Channing Frye

text: As a freshman at Arizona in 2001–02, Frye was a key contributor for the Wildcats as he started 25 of 34 games after working his way into the starting lineup by late December and stayed there for the rest of the season. He earned Pac-10 All-Freshman team honors after averaging 9.5 points, 6.3 rebounds and 1.5 blocks in 23.9 minutes per game.


title: Channing Frye

text: As a sophomore in 2002–03, Frye was an honorable mention All-Pac-10 selection and earned Pac-10 Player of the Week honors on February 27, 2003 following a win over Arizona State. In 32 games (27 starts), he averaged 12.6 points, 8.0 rebounds and 1.9 blocks in 25.4 minutes per game.


title: Channing Frye

text: As a junior in 2003–04, Frye earned first-team All-Pac-10 and USBWA All-District 9 team honors. In 30 games (all starts), he averaged 15.9 points, 7.4 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 2.1 blocks in 30.3 minutes per game.


title: Channing Frye

text: As a senior in 2004–05, Frye received the University of Arizona's Sapphire Award, which is given to the outstanding senior male student-athlete. He also earned the 2004–05 Pacific-10 Conference Sportsmanship Award. For a second consecutive year, he earned first-team All-Pac-10 and USBWA All-District 9 team honors, as well as first-team NABC All-NCAA District 15 selection. In 37 games (all starts), he averaged 15.8 points, 7.6 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 2.3 blocks in 31.0 minutes per game.


title: Channing Frye

text: Frye finished his four-year career at Arizona with eight double-doubles in 12 NCAA Tournament appearances while registering 93 double-figure-point and 35 double-figure-rebound games.


title: Channing Frye

text: Frye was selected with the eighth overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. He scored a season-high 30 points twice during the 2005–06 season. On March 21, 2006, he sprained his left knee ligament in a game against the Toronto Raptors when Raptors guard Andre Barrett lost his balance and smashed his shoulder into Frye's knee, causing Frye to miss the rest of the season.


title: Channing Frye

text: During the 2006–07 season, power forward David Lee led the team in rebounding and field goal percentage, and was statistically superior to Frye in almost every category, but Knicks' head coach Isiah Thomas, until February 3, 2007, kept Frye in the starting lineup. Thomas' rationale was that Frye was a superior perimeter shooter, and his perimeter shooting would make it harder for teams to double team Knicks leading scorer Eddy Curry. On February 3, in a game against the Orlando Magic, Thomas took Frye out of the starting lineup and replaced him with little-used center, Jerome James. James had only appeared in 19 of the Knicks' 48 games, and averaged 2.7 points and 1.9 rebounds in those games. Thomas explained the change, saying, "I think Jerome is one of the best defensive big men in the game in terms of the center position." Frye was selected to the 2005–06 NBA All-Rookie first team, and finished fifth in points (45) behind Chris Paul (58), Charlie Villanueva (56), Andrew Bogut (55), and Deron Williams (46).


title: Channing Frye

text: On June 28, 2007, Frye was traded, along with Steve Francis, to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Zach Randolph, Fred Jones and Dan Dickau. Frye wore jersey No. 44 after wearing No. 7 with the Knicks, as guard Brandon Roy already wore No. 7 for the Trail Blazers. As a back-up center in 2007–08, Frye averaged 6.8 points and 4.5 rebounds per game.


title: Channing Frye

text: In September 2008, Frye had surgery to remove bone spurs from his left ankle. He went on to serve as a back-up once again in 2008–09 as he averaged a career-low 4.2 points and 2.2 rebounds per game.


title: Channing Frye

text: On July 14, 2009, Frye signed with the Phoenix Suns to a reported two-year, $3.8 million contract with an option on the second year. In February 2010, Frye was selected to the NBA All-Star Weekend Three-Point Shootout, becoming the first center invited since Sam Perkins in 1997.


title: Channing Frye

text: After not taking up his contract option, Frye signed a new five-year, $30 million contract with the Suns on July 8, 2010.


title: Channing Frye

text: During the summer of 2012, Frye was screened at a regular team physical screening, and learned he had an enlarged heart via dilated cardiomyopathy, forcing him to sit out the entire 2012–13 season. As a result, Frye filled in as a broadcaster during pre-game shows for the Suns, starting with the November 2 home game against the Detroit Pistons. To recover from his heart defect, he took up yoga and golf, later on enduring more basketball related challenges like running and mid-range shooting. He was cleared to play for the Suns before the team's 2013 training camp practices began on August 30. He made his return on October 9, 2013 in the 104–98 preseason win over the Portland Trail Blazers. He made his first regular season return on October 30, 2013 in the 104–91 win over the Trail Blazers.


title: Channing Frye

text: On July 14, 2014, Frye signed with the Orlando Magic to a reported four-year, $32 million contract. His first season with the Magic was disappointing on the court, as Frye averaged his lowest point and rebound totals per game since his final season in Portland.


title: Channing Frye

text: On February 18, 2016, Frye was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Jared Cunningham and a future second-round pick. Acquired for his ability to stretch the floor and for his outside shooting, Frye, in just his second game as a Cavalier on February 24, hit four three-pointers and finished with 15 points off the bench in a 114–103 win over the Charlotte Hornets. In the Cavaliers' 2016 second round playoff series against the Atlanta Hawks, Frye helped the team go up 3–0 with 27 points on 10-of-13 shooting, including 7-of-9 from three-point range, in a Game 3 win. The Cavaliers went on to sweep the Hawks and advance to the Eastern Conference Finals. There he helped the Cavaliers defeat the Toronto Raptors in six games. Frye's role in the NBA Finals was reduced, as he played minor minutes over the first four games, before failing to appear in the following three games. Despite being down 3–1 following a Game 4 loss to the Golden State Warriors, the Cavaliers went on to win the series in seven games.


title: Channing Frye

text: On November 13, 2016, Frye scored a season-high 20 points in the Cavaliers' 100–93 win over the Charlotte Hornets. On February 14, 2017, following the announcement that Kevin Love would be out for six weeks with an injury, Frye started in Love's place and had 21 points and 10 rebounds in a 116–108 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. Frye helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the 2017 playoffs to once again reach the NBA Finals, where they lost in five games to the Golden State.


title: Channing Frye

text: On February 8, 2018, the Cavaliers traded Frye, Isaiah Thomas and a 2018 first-round draft pick to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr.


title: Channing Frye

text: On July 19, 2018, Frye signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers, returning to the franchise for a second stint. On March 1, 2019, he announced that the 2018–19 season would be his last in the NBA.


title: Channing Frye

text: On October 30, 2019, the NBC Sports Northwest announced that Frye joined their crew to co-host their new podcast program, Talkin’ Blazers Podcast.


title: Channing Frye

text: Channing Frye has also worked as a Studio Analyst for NBATV since 2020 and a fill-in Studio analyst for the NBA on TNT since 2021.


title: Channing Frye

text: Frye is the son of the late Thomas Frye and the late Karen Mulzac-Frye. Fellow NBA player and former teammate, Tobias Harris, is Frye's cousin. His grandfather, John Mulzac, was a member of the Tuskegee Airmen.


title: Channing Frye

text: In 2007, Frye established "The Channing Frye Foundation". The foundation was founded with the goal of pointing youth in a positive and healthy direction. In 2010, Frye and his wife established "The Frye Family Foundation" in order to give back to the communities that are important to the Fryes, in particular, Portland, Oregon and Phoenix. Frye also sponsors a charity kickball tournament in Portland.


title: Postum

text: Postum () is a powdered roasted grain beverage popular as a coffee substitute. The caffeine-free beverage was created by Post Cereal Company founder C. W. Post in 1895 and marketed as a healthier alternative to coffee. Post was a student of John Harvey Kellogg, who believed that caffeine was unhealthy. Post Cereal Company eventually acquired General Foods, then merged to Kraft Foods Inc. in 1990. Eliza's Quest Foods now owns the trademark rights and secret recipe of Postum.


title: Postum

text: The "instant" drink mix version was developed in 1912, replacing the original brewed beverage. Postum is made from roasted wheat bran and molasses.


title: Postum

text: In addition to the original flavor, coffee-flavored and cocoa-flavored versions have been introduced.


title: Postum

text: Postum quickly became popular, making Post wealthy. The aggressive advertising, with the slogan "There's a Reason," warned against the alleged dangers of coffee and caffeine, and promoted the benefits of Postum. When imitations appeared, the company introduced a cheaper drink called Monk's Brew that was identical to Postum, but discontinued it after competitors left the market. Instant Postum appeared in 1911.


title: Postum

text: Although the Post Cereal Company explicitly stated in its advertising that Postum did not taste like coffee and was not a coffee substitute, the drink enjoyed an enormous rise in sales and popularity in the United States during World War II when coffee was rationed and people sought a replacement.


title: Postum

text: Postum was sometimes marketed by a cartoon ghost named Mister Coffee Nerves, who would appear in situations wherein people were shown in uncomfortable life situations (e.g., irritability, lack of sleep, lack of athletic prowess) due to their use of coffee and its negative effects. These cartoons always ended with the afflicted people switching to Postum and Mister Coffee Nerves fleeing until the next cartoon. The company sponsored the radio shows "Lum and Abner", "Beulah" and "The Aldrich Family", and the radio version of "Father Knows Best".


title: Postum

text: Postum was popular with members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and part of Mormon culture for many years because Mormons abstain from coffee. It was also popular with those following religious dietary restrictions of Seventh-day Adventists.


title: Postum

text: The U.S. government used Postum as a code name for polonium, used in the Urchin-style nuclear weapon initiators.


title: Postum

text: Kraft discontinued production of Postum in 2007. In May 2012, Kraft sold the Postum trademark and trade secret to Eliza's Quest Food, with Postum sold through the Postum.com website. As of January 2013, Eliza's Quest Food succeeded in returning Postum to many grocery stores across the United States and Canada.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Thomas Francis Eagleton (September 4, 1929 – March 4, 2007) was an American lawyer serving as a United States senator from Missouri, from 1968 to 1987. He was briefly the Democratic vice presidential nominee under George McGovern in 1972. He suffered from bouts of depression throughout his life, resulting in several hospitalizations, which were kept secret from the public. When they were revealed, it humiliated the McGovern campaign and Eagleton was forced to quit the race. He later became adjunct professor of public affairs at Washington University in St. Louis.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Eagleton was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Zitta Louise (Swanson) and Mark David Eagleton, a politician who had run for mayor. His paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants, and his mother had Swedish, Irish, French, and Austrian ancestry.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: He graduated from St. Louis Country Day School, served in the U.S. Navy for two years, and graduated from Amherst College in 1950, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma Chapter). He then attended Harvard Law School. Following his graduation in 1953, Eagleton practiced law at his father's firm and later became associated with Anheuser-Busch's legal department.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Eagleton married Barbara Ann Smith of St. Louis on January 26, 1956. A son, Terence, was born in 1959, and a daughter, Christin, was born in 1963.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: He was elected circuit attorney of the City of St. Louis in 1956. During his tenure, he appeared on the TV show "What's My Line?" (episode #355) as "District Attorney of St. Louis". (He stumped the panel.) He was elected Missouri Attorney General in 1960, at the age of 31 (the youngest in the state's history). He was elected the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Missouri in 1964, and won a U.S. Senate seat in 1968, unseating incumbent Edward V. Long in the Democratic primary and narrowly defeating Congressman Thomas B. Curtis in the general election.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Eagleton suffered from depression; he checked himself into hospital three times between 1960 and 1966 for physical and nervous exhaustion, receiving electroconvulsive therapy (shock therapy) twice. He later received a diagnosis of bipolar II from Dr. Frederick K. Goodwin.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: The hospitalizations, which were not widely publicized, had little effect on his political aspirations, although the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" was to note, in 1972, immediately after his vice presidential nomination: "He had been troubled with gastric disturbances, which led to occasional hospitalizations. The stomach troubles have contributed to rumors that he had a drinking problem."


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: On April 25, 1972, as George McGovern won the Massachusetts Democratic primary, conservative journalist Robert Novak phoned Democratic politicians around the country. On April 27, 1972, Novak reported in a column his conversation with an unnamed Democratic senator about McGovern.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Novak quoted the senator as saying "The people don't know McGovern is for amnesty, abortion, and legalization of pot. Once middle America—Catholic middle America, in particular—finds this out, he's dead." Because of the column McGovern became known as the candidate of "amnesty, abortion, and acid," even though he only supported the decriminalization of marijuana and maintained that legalized abortion fell under the purview of states' rights.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: On July 15, 2007, several months after Eagleton's death, Novak said on "Meet the Press" that the unnamed senator was Eagleton. Novak was accused in 1972 of manufacturing the quote, but stated that to rebut the criticism, he took Eagleton to lunch after the campaign and asked whether he could identify him as the source; the senator refused. "Oh, he had to run for re-election," said Novak, "the McGovernites would kill him if they knew he had said that." Political analyst Bob Shrum says that Eagleton would never have been selected as McGovern's running mate if it had been known at the time that Eagleton was the source of the quote. "Boy, do I wish he would have let you publish his name. Then he never would have been picked as vice president," said Shrum. "Because the two things, the two things that happened to George McGovern—two of the things that happened to him—were the label you put on him, number one, and number two, the Eagleton disaster. We had a messy convention, but he could have, I think in the end, carried eight or 10 states, remained politically viable. And Eagleton was one of the great train wrecks of all time."


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: After a large number of prominent Democrats declined to be McGovern's running mate, Senator Gaylord Nelson (who was among those who declined) suggested Eagleton. McGovern chose Eagleton after only a minimal background check, as had been customary for vice presidential selections at that time. Eagleton made no mention of his earlier hospitalizations, and in fact decided with his wife to keep them secret from McGovern while he was flying to his first meeting with McGovern.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: On July 25, 1972, just over two weeks after the 1972 Democratic Convention, Eagleton admitted the truth of news reports that he had received electroshock therapy for clinical depression during the 1960s. McGovern initially said he would back Eagleton "1000 percent". Subsequently, McGovern consulted confidentially with preeminent psychiatrists, including Eagleton's own doctors, who advised him that a recurrence of Eagleton's depression was possible and could endanger the country should Eagleton become acting president. On August 1, nineteen days after being nominated, Eagleton withdrew at McGovern's request and, after a new search by McGovern, Thomas Eagleton was replaced by Sargent Shriver, former U.S. Ambassador to France, and former (founding) Director of the Peace Corps and the Office of Economic Opportunity.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: A "Time" poll taken at the time found that 77 percent of the respondents said "Eagleton's medical record would not affect their vote." Nonetheless, the press made frequent references to his "shock therapy", and McGovern feared that this would detract from his campaign platform.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: McGovern's failure to thoroughly vet Eagleton and his subsequent handling of the controversy gave occasion for the Republican campaign to raise serious questions about his judgment. In the general election, the Democratic ticket won only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Missouri returned Eagleton to the Senate in 1974; he won 60% of the popular vote against Thomas B. Curtis, who had been his opponent in 1968. In 1980, he was re-elected by a closer-than-expected margin over St. Louis County Executive Gene McNary.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: During the 1980 election, Eagleton's niece Elizabeth Eagleton Weigand and lawyer Stephen Poludniak were arrested for blackmail after they threatened to spread false accusations that Eagleton was bisexual. Eagleton told reporters that the extorted money was to be turned over to the Church of Scientology. Poludniak and Weigand appealed the conviction all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that they could not have gotten a fair trial because of "the massive publicity surrounding this case, coupled with the pre-existing sentiment in favor of Sen. Eagleton". The Court turned down the appeal.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Eagleton did not seek a fourth term in 1986. Former Republican Governor Kit Bond succeeded him in the Senate. The seat remained in Republican hands following Bond's retirement when U.S. Representative Roy Blunt was elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2016.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: In the Senate, Eagleton was active in matters dealing with foreign relations, intelligence, defense, education, health care, and the environment. He was instrumental to the Senate's passage of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act, and sponsored the amendment that halted the bombing in Cambodia and effectively ended American involvement in the Vietnam War.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Notably, Eagleton was one of only three senators to oppose the nomination of Gerald Ford as Vice President in 1973. The other two senators voting no were William Hathaway of Maine, and Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: Eagleton was one of the authors of The Hatch-Eagleton Amendment, introduced in the Senate on January 26, 1983 with Sen. Orrin Hatch (R), which stated that "A right to abortion is not secured by this Constitution."


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: In January 1987, Eagleton returned to Missouri as an attorney, political commentator, and professor at Washington University in St. Louis, where until his death he was professor of public affairs. Throughout his Washington University career, Eagleton taught courses in economics with former chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors Murray Weidenbaum and with history professor Henry W. Berger on the Vietnam War.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: On July 23, 1996, Eagleton delivered a warm introductory speech for McGovern during a promotional tour for McGovern's book, "Terry: My Daughter's Life-and-Death Struggle with Alcoholism", at The Library, Ltd., in St. Louis, Missouri. At that time, McGovern spoke favorably about Eagleton and reminisced about their short-lived presidential ticket in 1972.


title: Thomas Eagleton

text: During the 2000s, Eagleton served on the Council of Elders for the George and Eleanor McGovern Center for Leadership and Public Service at Dakota Wesleyan University.