title: Otsu's method

text: When the levels of gray of the classes of the image can be considered as Normal distributions but with unequal size and/or unequal variances, assumptions for the Otsu algorithm are not met. The Kittler-Illingworth algorithm (also known as Minimum Error thresholding) is a variation of Otsu's method to handle such cases. There are several ways to mathematically describe this algorithm. One of them is to consider that for each threshold being tested, the parameters of the Normal distributions in the resulting binary image are estimated by Maximum likelihood estimation given the data.


title: Otsu's method

text: While this algorithm could seem superior to Otsu's method, it introduces new parameters to be estimated, and this can result in the algorithm being over-parametrized and thus unstable. In many cases where the assumptions from Otsu's method seem at least partially valid, it may be preferable to favor Otsu's method over the Kittler-Illingworth algorithm, following Occam's razor.


title: Otsu's method

text: One limitation of the Otsu’s method is that it cannot segment weak objects as the method searches for a single threshold to separate an image into two classes, namely, foreground and background, in one shot. Because the Otsu’s method looks to segment an image with one threshold, it tends to bias toward the class with the large variance.


title: Otsu's method

text: Iterative triclass thresholding algorithm is a variation of the Otsu’s method to circumvent this limitation.


title: Otsu's method

text: Given an image, at the first iteration, the triclass thresholding algorithm calculates a threshold formula_53 using the Otsu’s method. Based on threshold formula_53, the algorithm calculates mean formula_55 of pixels above formula_53 and mean formula_57 of pixels below formula_53. Then the algorithm tentatively separates the image into three classes (hence the name triclass), with the pixels above the upper mean formula_55 designated as the temporary foreground formula_60 class and pixels below the lower mean formula_57 designated as the temporary background formula_62 class. Pixels fall between formula_63 are denoted as a to-be-determined (TBD) region. This completes the first iteration of the algorithm. For the second iteration, the Otsu’s method is applied to the TBD region only to obtain a new threshold formula_64. The algorithm then calculates the mean formula_65 of pixels in the TBD region that are above formula_64 and the mean formula_67 of pixels in the TBD region that are below formula_64. Pixels in the TBD region that are greater than the upper mean formula_65 are added to the temporary foreground formula_60. And pixels in the TBD region that are less than the lower mean formula_67 are added to the temporary background formula_62. Similarly, a new TBD region is obtained, which contains all the pixels falling between formula_73. This completes the second iteration. The algorithm then proceeds to the next iteration to process the new TBD region until it meets the stopping criterion. The criterion is that, when the difference between Otsu’s thresholds computed from two consecutive iterations is less than a small number, the iteration shall stop. For the last iteration, pixels above formula_74 are assigned to the foreground class and pixels below the threshold are assigned to the background class. At the end, all the temporary foreground pixels are combined to constitute the final foreground. All the temporary background pixels are combined to become the final background. In implementation, the algorithm involves no parameter except for the stopping criterion in terminating the iterations. By iteratively applying the Otsu’s method and gradually shrinking the TBD region for segmentation, the algorithm can obtain a result that preserves weak objects better than the standard Otsu’s method does.


title: Acid–base titration

text: An acid–base titration is a method of quantitative analysis for determining the concentration of an acid or base by exactly neutralizing it with a standard solution of base or acid having known concentration. A pH indicator is used to monitor the progress of the acid–base reaction. If the acid dissociation constant (p"K") of the acid or base dissociation constant (p"K") of base in the analyte solution is known, its solution concentration (molarity) can be determined. Alternately, the p"K" can be determined if the analyte solution has a known solution concentration by constructing a titration curve.


title: Acid–base titration

text: Alkalimetry and acidimetry are a kind of volumetric analysis in which the fundamental reaction is a neutralization reaction. Acidimetry is the specialized analytic use of acid-base titration to determine the concentration of a basic (synonymous to alkaline) substances using standard acid. Alkalimetry, is the same concept of specialized analytic acid-base titration, but for an acidic substance using standard base.


title: Acid–base titration

text: A suitable pH indicator must be chosen in order to detect the end point of the titration. The colour change or other effect should occur close to the equivalence point of the reaction so that the experimenter can accurately determine when that point is reached. The pH of the equivalence point can be estimated using the following rules:


title: Acid–base titration

text: When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. If both are of equal strength, then the equivalence pH will be neutral. However, weak acids are not often titrated against weak bases because the colour change shown with the indicator is often quick, and therefore very difficult for the observer to see the change of colour.


title: Acid–base titration

text: The point at which the indicator changes colour is called the "endpoint". A suitable indicator should be chosen, preferably one that will experience a change in colour (an endpoint) close to the equivalence point of the reaction.


title: Acid–base titration

text: The pH of a weak acid solution being titrated with a strong base solution can be found at different points along the way. These points fall into one of four categories:


title: Acid–base titration

text: for more rigorous calculation, using a RICE chart is required. In fact the equations below are a simplification of the RICE chart.


title: Acid–base titration

text: More accurately, a single formula that describes the titration of a weak acid with a strong base from start to finish is given below:


title: Acid–base titration

text: " φ = fraction of completion of the titration (φ < 1 is before the equivalence point, φ = 1 is the equivalence point, and φ > 1 is after the equivalence point)


title: Acid–base titration

text: The titration process creates solutions with compositions ranging from pure acid to pure base. Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases. The presence of more


title: Acid–base titration

text: than one acid or base group complicates these computations. Graphical methods, such as the equiligraph, have long been used to account for the interaction of coupled equilibria.


title: Epiphysis

text: The epiphysis () is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as bone.


title: Epiphysis

text: A "pseudo-epiphysis" is an epiphysis-looking end of a bone where an epiphysis is not normally located. A pseudo-epiphysis is delineated by a "transverse notch", looking similar to a "growth plate". However, these transverse notches lack the typical cell columns found in normal growth plates, and do not contribute significantly to longitudinal bone growth. Pseudo-epiphyses are found at the distal end of the first metacarpal bone in 80% of the normal population, and at the proximal end of the second metacarpal in 60%.


title: Epiphysis

text: Pathologies of the epiphysis include avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). OCD involves the subchondral bone.


title: Capitalization

text: Capitalization (American English) or capitalisation (British English) is writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter (uppercase letter) and the remaining letters in lower case, in writing systems with a case distinction. The term also may refer to the choice of the casing applied to text.


title: Capitalization

text: Conventional writing systems (orthographies) for different languages have different conventions for capitalization, for example, the capitalization of titles. Conventions also vary, to a lesser extent, between different style guides. In addition to the Latin script, capitalization also affects the Armenian, Cyrillic, Georgian and Greek alphabets.


title: Capitalization

text: The full rules of capitalization in English are complicated. The rules have also changed over time, generally to capitalize fewer words. The conventions used in an 18th-century document will be unfamiliar to a modern reader; for instance, many common nouns were capitalized.


title: Capitalization

text: Owing to the essentially arbitrary nature of orthographic classification and the existence of variant authorities and local "house styles", questionable capitalization of words is not uncommon, even in respected newspapers and magazines. Most publishers require "consistency", at least within the same document, in applying a specified standard: this is described as "house style".


title: Capitalization

text: The capitalization of geographic terms in English text generally depends on whether the author perceives the term as a proper noun, in which case it is capitalized, or as a combination of an established proper noun with a normal adjective or noun, in which case the latter are not capitalized. There are no universally agreed lists of English geographic terms which are considered as proper nouns. The following are "examples" of rules that some British and U.S. publishers have established in style guides for their authors:


title: Capitalization

text: Upper case: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Central America, North Korea, South Africa, the European Union, the Republic of Poland, the North Atlantic, the Middle East, the Arctic, The Gambia, The Bahamas, The Hague


title: Capitalization

text: Lower case: western China, southern Beijing, western Mongolia, eastern Africa, northern North Korea, the central Gobi, the lower Yangtze River.


title: Capitalization

text: When a term is used as a name and then subsequently a shorter term is used, then that shorter term may be used generically. If that is the case do not capitalize. ("The Tatra National Park is a tourist destination in Poland. Watch out for bears when visiting the national park.")


title: Capitalization

text: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." The standard case used in English prose. Generally equivalent to the baseline universal standard of formal English orthography mentioned above; that is, only the first word is capitalized, except for proper nouns and other words which are generally capitalized by a more specific rule.


title: Capitalization

text: "The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog."Also known as headline style and capital case. All words capitalized, except for certain subsets defined by rules that are not universally standardized, often minor words such as "the" (as above), "of", or "and". Other commonly lowercase words are prepositions and coordinating conjunctions. The standardization is only at the level of house styles and individual style manuals. (See Headings and publication titles.) A simplified variant is start case, where all words, including articles, prepositions, and conjunctions, start with a capital letter.


title: Capitalization

text: Also known/written as "all-caps". Capital letters only. This style can be used for headlines and book or chapter titles at the top of a book page. It is commonly used in transcribed speech to indicate that a person is shouting, or to indicate a hectoring and obnoxious speaker. For this reason, it is generally discouraged. Long spans of Latin-alphabet text in all uppercase are harder to read because of the absence of the ascenders and descenders found in lowercase letters, which can aid recognition. In professional documents, a commonly preferred alternative to all–caps text is the use of small caps to emphasize key names or acronyms, or the use of italics or (more rarely) bold. In addition, if all–caps must be used, it is customary in headings of a few words to slightly widen the spacing between the letters, by around 10% of the point height. This practice is known as tracking or letterspacing.


title: Capitalization

text: The Chicago Manual of Style recommends that the titles of English-language artistic works (plays, novels, essays, paintings, etc.) capitalize the first word and the last word in the title. Additionally, most other words within a title are capitalized as well; articles and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized. Sources disagree on the details of capitalizing prepositions. For example, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends rendering all prepositions in lowercase, whereas the APA style guide instructs: "Capitalize major words in titles of books and articles within the body of the paper. Conjunctions, articles, and short prepositions are not considered major words; however, capitalize all words of four letters or more."


title: Capitalization

text: In other languages, such as the Romance languages, only the first word and proper names are capitalized.


title: Capitalization

text: In most languages that use diacritics, these are treated the same way in uppercase whether the text is capitalized or all-uppercase. They may be always preserved (as in German) or always omitted (as in Greek) or often omitted (as in French). Some attribute this to the fact that diacritics on capital letters were not available earlier on typewriters, and it is now becoming more common to preserve them in French and Spanish (in both languages the rule is to preserve them, although in France and Mexico, for instance, schoolchildren are often erroneously taught that they should not add diacritics on capital letters).


title: Capitalization

text: However, in the polytonic orthography used for Greek prior to 1982, accents were omitted in all-uppercase words, but kept as part of an uppercase initial (written before rather than above the letter). The latter situation is provided for by title-case characters in Unicode. When Greek is written with the present day monotonic orthography, where only the acute accent is used, the same rule is applied. The accent is omitted in all-uppercase words but it is kept as part of an uppercase initial (written before the letter rather than above it). The (diaeresis) should also always be used in all-uppercase words (even in cases where they are not needed when writing in lowercase, e.g. ).


title: Capitalization

text: Some languages treat certain digraphs as single letters for the purpose of collation. In general, where one such is formed as a ligature, the corresponding uppercase form is used in capitalization; where it is written as two separate characters, only the first will be capitalized. Thus "Oedipus" or "Œdipus" are both correct, but "OEdipus" is not. Examples with ligature include in Danish, where "Æ/æ" is a completely separate letter rather than merely a typographic ligature (the same applies in Icelandic); examples with separate characters are in Welsh, where "Ll" is a single letter; and in Welsh where "Ff" is equivalent to English "F" (whereas Welsh "F" corresponds to English "V"). Presentation forms, however, can use doubled capitals, such as the logo of the National Library of Wales (). The position in Hungarian is similar to the latter.


title: Capitalization

text: In languages where inflected forms of a word may have extra letters at the start, the capitalized letter may be the initial of the root form rather than the inflected form. For example, in Irish, in the placename , "(the) mountain of the women" (anglicized as Slievenamon), the word-form written contains the genitive plural of the noun , "woman", mutated after the genitive plural definite article (i.e., "of the"). The written B is mute in this form.


title: Capitalization

text: Other languages may capitalize the initial letter of the orthographic word, even if it is not present in the base, as with definite nouns in Maltese that start with certain consonant clusters. For example, (the United States) capitalize the epenthetic , even though the base form of the word — without the definite article — is .


title: Capitalization

text: In English, there are a few capitonyms, which are words whose meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) varies with capitalization. For example, the month "August" versus the adjective "august". Or the verb "polish" versus the adjective "Polish".


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" (also known in short as just "And I Am Telling You") is a torch song from the Broadway musical "Dreamgirls", with lyrics by Tom Eyen and music by Henry Krieger. In the context of the musical, "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" is sung by the character Effie White, a singer with the girl group The Dreams, to her manager, Curtis Taylor Jr., whose romantic and professional relationship with Effie is ending. The lyrics to "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going", often considered the show's signature tune, describe Effie's love for Curtis, both strongly devoted and defiant. She refuses to let Curtis leave her behind, and boldly proclaims to him, "I'm staying and you ... you're gonna love me."


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In addition to its presence in the musical, "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" is also notable as the debut single of two women who portrayed Effie. Jennifer Holliday originated the role on Broadway in 1981 and won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role as well as the Grammy for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for its re-release in 1982 for which it became a number-one R&B hit for Holliday. Jennifer Hudson portrayed Effie in the 2006 film adaptation of the musical, winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. Hudson's version became a Top 20 R&B single, and a number-one dance hit.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 1982, Jennifer Holliday, the actress who portrayed Effie in the original Broadway production, released the song as a single. It was her first single release and it met with great success, topping the "Billboard" R&B charts and attaining top forty positions on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. In 1983, Holliday won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female for the single.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" was designed as the closing number of "Dreamgirls"' first act. Holliday's performance of the song, in a style owing much to gospel music singing traditions, was regularly staged to thunderous applause; it was hailed as the highlight of the show in several printed reviews of the musical. In his review of "Dreamgirls", "The New York Times" theatre critic Frank Rich referred to Holliday's "And I Am Telling You" as "one of the most powerful theatrical coups to be found in a Broadway musical since Ethel Merman sang 'Everything's Coming Up Roses' at the end of Act I of """ "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" remains Holliday's signature song.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 2006, "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" was recorded by Jennifer Hudson for her film debut, as Effie White in the DreamWorks/Paramount motion picture adaptation of "Dreamgirls". Her recording of the song peaked at number 60 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, and number 14 on the R&B chart.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Hudson's version received widespread praise from film and music critics as well as the audiences, which highlighted her strength as both a vocalist and an actress. "The New York Observer" described Hudson's performance as "five mellifluous, molto vibrato minutes..." "Newsweek" said that when moviegoers hear Hudson sing the song, she "is going to raise goose bumps across the land." "Variety" wrote that Hudson's performance "calls to mind debuts like Barbra Streisand in "Funny Girl" or Bette Midler in "The Rose", with a voice like the young Aretha." For her performance, Hudson won a multitude of accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. The song also appeared in Hudson's eponymous debut album (2008).


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: On June 26, 2007, the 7th Annual BET Awards opened with Jennifer Holliday and Jennifer Hudson performing "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" live in their first duet together.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Although it in essence is Hudson's first single release, it became her fourth top 75 hit in the United Kingdom after a performance on "The X Factor" in 2009 after being sung by Danyl Johnson. Hudson performed the song again at the 85th Academy Awards, as part of the "Dreamgirls" section in the tribute to movie musicals.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In February 2022, Hudson's rendition was named a finalist for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' "Oscars Fan Favorite" contest, finishing in fourth place.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: A club remix was created for this single, engineered by Richie Jones and Eric Kupper, and appears as a bonus track on the "Deluxe Edition" of the "Dreamgirls" soundtrack album. This version of Hudson's "And I Am Telling You" was a chart success, reaching the top of the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart in early 2007. A shortened edit of the full remix appeared on a Columbia Records promotional-only CD accompanying the Jones & Kupper remix of another "Dreamgirls" song, the Beyoncé Knowles/Anika Noni Rose/Sharon Leal/Jennifer Hudson rendition of "One Night Only". Also included were the Freemasons remixes of Beyoncé's singles "Déjà Vu" and "Ring the Alarm".


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Whitney Houston performed the song at the beginning of a medley with "I Have Nothing" at the 1994 American Music Awards of 1994. This performance is included on her posthumous 2014 CD/DVD release, "". Houston also performed the tune as part of the set list during The Bodyguard World Tour in 1993.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 1994, Donna Giles scored a minor club hit in the US and UK with her rendition of the song. The track remained a sleeper club hit in the UK throughout 1995, prompting a spate of re-releases and remixes, including Stonebridge, culminating in a major release on Ore Records in 1996. This last release would finally take the track to number 27 on the UK Singles Chart in February of that year. On November 20, 2007, the original master, Produced by critically acclaimed Eve Nelson, was released digitally by Breaking Records and is available on all major download sites.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In an episode of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", Will (Will Smith) serenades Uncle Phil to the song by lip-syncing it when trying to win his forgiveness but only ends up annoying him.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In an episode of "Martin", Gina (Tisha Campbell) performs the song while interrupting Pam's performance of the song "Home" (from "The Wiz") on Martin's talk show "Word on the Street". As both are auditioning for Biggie Smalls, they attempt to out-sing each other, ultimately resulting in embarrassing Martin.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 1998, Jim Carrey flamboyantly performed a parody of the song in the final episode of "The Larry Sanders Show" (entitled "Flip"), pleading to the titular Sanders to persuade him not to leave his late-night talk show.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In the 2001 film "Down to Earth", the song is performed by several people at the Apollo Theater, with the audience only approving when sung by Phil Quon (John Cho).


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Various renditions appear in several episodes of the sitcom "Everybody Hates Chris", often sung by Chris' mother Rochelle (Tichina Arnold), or by off-screen performers watched by Rochelle.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 2006, then 12-year-old Bianca Ryan auditioned with the song for "America's Got Talent". Ryan subsequently won the contest that year.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Jake Gyllenhaal performed it on "Saturday Night Live" shortly after the film's release in a pastiche of Hudson. He wore a wig and black sequined dress, with three of the female regulars on SNL as his "backup singers", dressed in red glitter dresses, heels and wigs.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 2009, it was performed by Amber Riley as her character Mercedes Jones in the first season "Glee" episode "Sectionals". Riley would go on to play Effie onstage in the 2016 London Premiere performance of "Dreamgirls".


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Also in 2009, the parody film "Dance Flick" features David Alan Grier performing a version of the song telling the protagonists that they're "gonna feed [him]" with assorted foods and name brand items.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: "American Idol" runner-up Jessica Sanchez performed the song as one of her two songs in the Top 4. Her performance during the Top 4 was praised by Jennifer Holliday. Holliday later performed the song with Sanchez during the eleventh season finale in 2012.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Dami Im, the 2013 winner of the Australian version of "The X Factor", performed this as one of her final three songs. Her performance received a rapturous response from all four judges and the audience. The judges stood up on the judges table as an indication of their overwhelming adulation of her exquisite performance while the audience applauded strongly for 70 seconds. Her performance debuted number 29 on the Australian ARIA Charts. On December 1, 2013, Im released a version of the song as part of her self-titled album, which debuted at number one in Australia, and was certified Platinum.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Also in 2013, Sam Bailey performed it with Nicole Scherzinger as her celebrity duet choice during the first part of the tenth-season finale of "The X Factor" in the UK. The duet also appeared on her 2014 debut album "The Power of Love".


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: Also in 2013, actor/singer Tituss Burgess performed a rendition at the event "Broadway Backwards" for the charity


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 2015, Louisa Johnson performed this song both in the six chair challenge and with Rita Ora as her celebrity duet choice during the first part of the twelfth-season finale of "The X Factor" in the UK.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In "Britain's Got Talent" 2017, Sarah Ikumu sang this song as her audition. It won her the Golden Buzzer from Simon Cowell, which got her an unchallenged pass into the live finals.


title: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going

text: In 2020, Destiny Chukunyere performed it as her Big Band choice during the semifinals of the second season of "X Factor Malta".


title: Oliver Bearman

text: Oliver Bearman (born 8 May 2005) is a British racing driver. He was the 2021 Italian and ADAC Formula 4 champion and is a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy. He most recently competed for Prema Racing in the 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship, ending the championship in third place, seven points off winner Victor Martins.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: In November 2022, the Italian Prema Racing announced Bearman’s move to FIA Formula 2 for the 2023 season.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: Bearman started karting competitively in 2013, when he raced in the championship of his local karting club, the Trent Valley Kart Club. He then moved to compete in the Super 1 National Championships, where he managed a best finish of second in 2016 and 2017 respectively, driving in the Cadet category. The Brit then won the Kartmasters British Grand Prix in 2017, and he finished his karting career off strongly in 2019 with victory in the IAME International Final, IAME Euro Series and IAME Winter Cup.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: In 2020 Bearman made his single-seater debut in the ADAC Formula 4 Championship with US Racing, whilst also racing in three rounds of Italian F4. His campaign in the German series started off with regular points finishes in the first two rounds, before achieving his debut victory at the Hockenheimring. Bearman followed that up by scoring two further podiums, one at the Nürburgring and Oschersleben respectively, and finished seventh in the standings, ahead of fellow rookie teammate Vladislav Lomko, but behind top rookie and fellow teammate Tim Tramnitz. In his appearances in the Italian Championship, the Briton scored a total of two podiums, with one of them being a race win in Vallelunga, leading to him finishing tenth in the end results.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: For the 2021 season, Bearman switched to Van Amersfoort Racing to perform double duties in both the German and Italian F4 Championships. In the Italian series, the Brit would kick off his season with a third place at the Circuit Paul Ricard. Following another podium in the same round Bearman went on a podium and win streak, which would last for nine and seven races respectively. This included two victories in Misano, a hattrick of wins at the Vallelunga Circuit and two wins in Imola. However, a disqualification from the third Imola race for an engine irregularity meant that Bearman would lose his streak, having originally won the race. Undeterred, Bearman achieved his eighth win of the season at the following race at the Red Bull Ring, and followed it up with another podium in the second race. In the penultimate round of the season, Bearman won the title with a tenth place in the third race, putting the championship out of reach for his closest rival Tim Tramnitz.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: In the German championship, Bearman claimed six victories and after a season-long battle with Tramnitz, claimed the title at the season finale at the Nürburgring, thus making him the first driver to achieve two successive Formula 4 titles in a single year.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: In September 2021, as reward for his two F4 titles, Bearman was nominated for the Autosport BRDC Award. Additionally, in December 2021, Bearman was awarded the Henry Surtees Award for most outstanding performance by a BRDC rising star.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: Along with his duties in Formula 4, Bearman raced in the BRDC British Formula 3 Championship with Fortec Motorsports, partnering Roberto Faria and Mikkel Grundtvig. He started his campaign off strongly, scoring two second-place finishes in the first two races at Brands Hatch. Having skipped the following three rounds in order to concentrate on his F4 campaign, Bearman came back at the Snetterton Circuit, where he would win the opening race, and he would follow that up by qualifying on pole for the first race at Silverstone. However, his chances of victory were slashed after losing his front left wheel on the second lap, which meant that a second place in Race 2 would be the highest finish of his weekend.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: On 31 October 2021 Bearman was announced to be participating in the post-season test of the FIA Formula 3 Championship with Prema Racing, partnering Jak Crawford, Arthur Leclerc and Paul Aron. At the end of the year, Bearman was announced to be driving with Prema for the 2022 season alongside Crawford and Leclerc.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: Bearman started his season by controlling the first race of the year in Bahrain, although, having crossed the finish line in first place, he was issued a penalty for multiple track limits breaches, which demoted him to second behind Isack Hadjar. A sixth place in the feature race was followed up by a disappointing event at Imola: there, having been denied a points finish in the first race due to a spin that had come as a direct result of teammate Leclerc pushing him onto the grass, Bearman was battling to remain in third place near the end of Sunday's feature race. On the final lap, the Brit caused a collision with Grégoire Saucy at the penultimate corner, which sent the Swiss driver out of the race and caused Bearman to be demoted from fourth to 17th after the race had finished. The next round would pan out more quietly, as a fifth place on Sunday became the Brit's best feature race result at the time.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: Bearman would gain form in the subsequent three rounds, as he finished third in all three feature races: Silverstone, where he battled his compatriot Zak O'Sullivan to the line for second, Spielberg, where Bearman had kept his position from start to finish, and Budapest, having been denied second by a fraction of a second. At Spa-Francorchamps, the first event after the summer break, Bearman was able to fight his way to the front during the opening embers of the sprint race, having started from fifth, and took his first victory in the category despite a pair of Safety cars and a Red flag interruption interfering with his race. The following day, Bearman once again finished third in the feature race, having overtaken Oliver Goethe on the final lap. Misfortune followed in Zandvoort, as a red flag hampered Bearman's qualifying efforts, leaving the Brit 14th on the grid. During the feature race, a penalty for a collision with O'Sullivan meant that Bearman would not add to his points tally. Undeterred by his slim title chances going into the season finale at Monza, Bearman would finish second in the sprint race courtesy of a double-overtake on Jonny Edgar and Caio Collet into the first chicane. He continued his fight on Sunday, battling for the lead with Zane Maloney before a red flag would end the race prematurely, meaning that Bearman would finish third in the standings, a mere seven points behind champion Victor Martins. Despite being regretful of "all the races where [he] needlessly lost points", the Briton maintained that he was happy to finish third in the championship.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: On 14th November 2022, Bearman was announced as a Prema Racing driver for the 2023 FIA Formula 2 Championship.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: In October 2021, Bearman was named as one of the finalists of the Ferrari Driver Academy's Scouting World Final. The following month, Bearman was confirmed to be joining the Academy along with karting champion Rafael Câmara.


title: Oliver Bearman

text: Bearman's younger brother Thomas currently races karts. In club racing, their father, David, drove with the number 87, chosen because Ollie was born on May 8 and Thomas on August 7; both brothers have since raced with the number.


title: T.I. discography

text: The discography of American rapper and record producer T.I. consists of eleven studio albums, one compilation album, one remix album, four extended plays (EPs), 13 mixtapes, 110 singles (including 61 as a featured artist) and 11 promotional singles. He has also released one music video album and over 60 music videos, the details of which are included in his videography.


title: T.I. discography

text: Throughout his career, T.I.'s music has been released on several record labels, including Artista and Atlantic, as well as his own label imprint, Grand Hustle Records. T.I. has also served as an executive producer for several projects other than his own, including Big Kuntry King's debut "My Turn to Eat" (2008), B.G.'s "Too Hood 2 Be Hollywood" (2009), B.o.B's debut "The Adventures of Bobby Ray" (2010) and Iggy Azalea's debut EP "Glory" (2012), as well as her debut album "The New Classic" (2014). In 2005, T.I. had executive produced the soundtrack to the film "Hustle & Flow" and released the collection through his record label. T.I. is also a noted record producer, having produced several song recordings, a few under the pseudonym T.I.P.. He has also served as a ghostwriter and assisting songwriter for several artists, such as Bow Wow, Sean "Diddy" Combs, Dr. Dre, Bun B and Keyshia Cole.


title: T.I. discography

text: T.I. was discovered by Kawan "KP" Prather and signed to his label imprint Ghet-O-Vision Entertainment. Upon signing a recording contract with Arista Records subsidiary LaFace Records in 2001, he shortened his name from TIP to T.I., out of respect for his Arista label-mate Q-Tip. In 2001, T.I. released his debut album, "I'm Serious". The album peaked at number 98 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and sold about 270,000 copies. Due to poor sales, T.I. asked for a joint venture deal with Arista or be released from his contract; he was subsequently granted his release and dropped from the label. In 2003, T.I. launched Grand Hustle Entertainment (now Grand Hustle Records) with his longtime business partner Jason Geter and signed a new deal with Atlantic Records. He then collaborated with fellow Atlanta-based rapper Bone Crusher and Killer Mike, for the song "Never Scared". The song became a hit for the summer of 2003, peaking at number 26 in the US, marking T.I.'s first appearance on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.


title: T.I. discography

text: T.I. released "Trap Muzik", his first album under Grand Hustle/Atlantic, in 2003. It contained the lead single "24's", which had peaked at number 78 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, his first solo entry there. "Trap Muzik" later debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making it much more successful than his previous effort. The following singles, "Rubberband Man" and "Let's Get Away", also impacted the Hot 100 chart, while "Be Easy" only charted "Billboard"s R&B chart. His third album, "Urban Legend", was released in 2004 and included the hit single "Bring 'Em Out", which peaked at number nine in the US and was certified platinum. The album peaked at number seven on the "Billboard" 200 and was also certified platinum in the US. "Urban Legend" also spawned the singles "U Don't Know Me" and "ASAP". In 2006, his fourth album "King", debuted at number one and was certified gold in its first week of release. The lead single, "What You Know" peaked at number three in the US, and was certified double-platinum. "King", which also serves as the official soundtrack for T.I.'s first feature film "ATL", was certified platinum in the US, gold in Canada, and silver in the UK. "King" also included "Why You Wanna", "Live in the Sky" and "Top Back". Later that year, he earned his first number-one US single with "My Love", his collaboration with American pop singer Justin Timberlake.


title: T.I. discography

text: T.I. released his fifth album "T.I. vs. T.I.P.", in 2007, which went on to become his second consecutive number-one album. The lead single "Big Shit Poppin' (Do It)", peaked at number nine in the US. The album was certified platinum in the US and gold in Canada. The other singles from the album included "You Know What It Is" and "Hurt". In 2008, before T.I.'s prison sentence, he released "Paper Trail", his third number-one album in the United States, which was certified gold in its first week of release. The album included two US number-one singles with four top-five singles overall: "Whatever You Like", Swagga Like Us" (featuring Lil Wayne, Kanye West and Jay-Z), "Live Your Life" (featuring Rihanna), and "Dead and Gone" (featuring Justin Timberlake). The album, was certified double-platinum in the US, platinum in Canada, and gold in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. In 2009, "Paper Trail" was re-released entitled "", as an EP in the UK and included two new singles and three songs off the original album. In 2010, while serving 11 months in prison for probation violation, he released his seventh studio album "No Mercy", in December 2010. "No Mercy" included the lead single "Get Back Up", which features American singer Chris Brown, and "That's All She Wrote", which features American rapper Eminem. The album debuted at number four in America and was certified gold by the RIAA.


title: T.I. discography

text: In 2012, T.I. released "", on December 18. The album peaked at number two in the US and was certified gold by the RIAA. The album spawned two successful singles, "Go Get It" and "Ball". Following the album's release, T.I. announced he drew a close to his 10-year contract with Atlantic Records and was searching for a new label to sign himself and Grand Hustle. In November 2013, T.I. revealed he signed a record deal with Columbia Records, to release his ninth album, then-titled "Trouble Man II: He Who Wears the Crown". He would later announce he postponed "Trouble Man II", after recording with longtime collaborator Pharrell Williams (who was influential in his move to Columbia), and would now release a new project titled "Paperwork". The album produced two successful singles, "About the Money" and "No Mediocre".


title: Mount Merapi

text: Mount Merapi, "Gunung Merapi" (literally Fire Mountain in Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between the province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately north of Yogyakarta city which has a population of 2.4 million, and thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as above sea level.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Smoke can often be seen emerging from the mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. A pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan, west of the volcano. Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake. In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it was designated as one of the Decade Volcanoes.


title: Mount Merapi

text: On the afternoon of 25 October 2010, Merapi erupted on its southern and southeastern slopes. A total of 353 people were killed over the next month, while 350,000 were forced to flee their homes; most of the damage was done by pyroclastic flows, while heavy rain on 4 November created lahars which caused further damage. Most of the fissures had ceased erupting by 30 November, and four days later the official threat level was lowered. Merapi's characteristic shape was changed during the eruptions, with its height lowered to .


title: Mount Merapi

text: Since 2010, Merapi had experienced several smaller eruptions, most noticeably two phreatic eruptions which occurred on 18 November 2013 and 11 May 2018. The first and larger of these, caused by a combination of rainfall and internal activity, saw smoke issued up to a height of . There have been several small eruptions since the beginning of 2020, which are of great interest to volcanologists.


title: Mount Merapi

text: The name "Merapi" is a compound of Sanskrit "Meru" meaning "mountain" with Javanese "api" which means "fire". Thus "Merapi" can be loosely translated as "Mountain of Fire" or "Fire Mountain".


title: Mount Merapi

text: Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern Java. It is situated at a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian Plate is subducting under the Sunda Plate. It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire—a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia. Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and the out flowing lava emitted was basaltic. Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous andesitic lavas often generating lava domes. Dome collapse has often generated pyroclastic flows, and larger explosions, which have resulted in eruption columns, have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Thirteen villages were destroyed in the latter one, and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows.


title: Mount Merapi

text: The very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with ash. The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram; however, the evidence from that era is insufficient for this to be substantiated.


title: Mount Merapi

text: In April 2006, increased seismicity at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of , compared to the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of the slopes were evacuated.


title: Mount Merapi

text: By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain. Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft. Activity calmed by the middle of May.


title: Mount Merapi

text: On 27 May, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck roughly southwest of Merapi, killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow". The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem, a location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi. The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption.


title: Mount Merapi

text: In late October 2010 the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), ("Indonesian language"—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Observers at Babadan west and Kaliurang south of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on 12 September 2010. On 13 September 2010 white plumes were observed rising above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of to per day to a rate of per day on 16 September. On 19 September 2010 earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from Mount Merapi in Central Java began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption.


title: Mount Merapi

text: On 25 October 2010, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about below the surface due to the seismic activity


title: Mount Merapi

text: After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872 on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside. By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced. Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano. By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275. The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes.


title: Mount Merapi

text: In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang. By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.


title: Mount Merapi

text: On Friday, 3 December 2010, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. As of 3 December 2010, at 09.00 am, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of radius.


title: Mount Merapi

text: A phreatic eruption began on the morning of 11 May 2018, prompting the evacuation of areas within a radius of the volcano. Adisutjipto International Airport in Yogyakarta was closed due to the eruption's ash plume. This eruption initiated a new phase of dome growth. It led to new evacuations at Merapi in November 2020. The danger of pyroclastic flows was increasing and expanding.


title: Mount Merapi

text: The eruptions started on 4 January 2021 causing evacuations of the Yogyakarta region. The geological authority had invoked the second-highest alert level in November after sensors picked up increasing activity warning the situation could become more unstable. On 27 March 2021, another small eruption occurred, spewing lava and creating pyroclastic flows. Merapi began erupting once again on 8 August 2021, sending new lava flows down the slope of the volcano. On 16 August 2021, the volcano erupted again, belching a cloud of ash into the air as red lava flowed down its crater. The explosions spewed clouds as far as 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from the rumbling volcano, blanketing local communities in grey ash.


title: Mount Merapi

text: On 9 December, a pyroclastic flow traveled along the Bebeng River for a distance of 2.2 km. This comes just as Mount Semeru erupted in an unrelated event, killing at least 43 people.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Mount Merapi is the site of a very active volcano monitoring program. Seismic monitoring began in 1924, with some of the volcano monitoring stations lasting until the present. The Babadan (northwest location), Selo (in the saddle between Merbabu and Merapi), and Plawangan monitoring stations have been updated with equipment over the decades since establishment. During the 1950s and early 1960s some of the stations were starved of equipment and funds, but after the 1970s considerable improvement occurred with the supply of new equipment. Some of the pre-1930 observation posts were destroyed by the 1930 eruption, and newer posts were re-located. Similarly after the 1994 eruption, the Plawangan post and equipment were moved into Kaliurang as a response to the threat of danger to the volcanological personnel at the higher point. This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.


title: Mount Merapi

text: The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm. The network of 8 seismographs currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the hypocentres of tremors and quakes.


title: Mount Merapi

text: A zone in which no quakes originate is found about 1.5 km below the summit, and is thought to be the location of the magma reservoir which feeds the eruptions.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Other measurements taken on the volcano include magnetic measurements and tilt measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide with eruptions, and tilt measurements reveal the inflation of the volcano caused when the magma chambers beneath it is filling up.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Lahars (a type of mudflow of pyroclastic material and water) are an important hazard on the mountain, and are caused by rain remobilizing pyroclastic flow deposits. Lahars can be detected seismically, as they cause a high-frequency seismic signal. Observations have found that about 50 mm of rain per hour is the threshold above which lahars are often generated.


title: Mount Merapi

text: There are about 90 units (30 percent) from the total 258 units of sand barriers (sabo) were damaged. The cost for recovery is about Rp 1 trillion ($116 million).


title: Mount Merapi

text: Following the 2010 eruption, three Indonesian government departments declared a prohibited zone in which nobody can permanently stay and no infrastructure is allowed in 9 villages (dusun): Palemsari, Pangukrejo, Kaliadem, Jambu, Kopeng, Petung, Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul and Srunen, all in Cangkringan district.


title: Mount Merapi

text: In 2004, an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi was established as a national park. The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by The Indonesian Forum for Environment, on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents. During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expansion of the national park, meaning they wouldn't have a house.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Merapi is very important to Javanese, especially those living around its crater. As such, there are many myths and beliefs attached to Merapi.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Although most nearby villages have their own myths about the creation of Mount Merapi, they have numerous commonalities.


title: Mount Merapi

text: It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, Java was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by Batara Guru) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred keris at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving a mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi."


title: Mount Merapi

text: The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits ("makhluk halus"). Villages near Merapi believe that one of the palaces (in Javanese "kraton") used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the Yogyakarta Sultanate, complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals.


title: Mount Merapi

text: Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of ancestors who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in the palace as royal servants ("abdi dalem"), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give prophecies or warnings. "


title: Mount Merapi

text: To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly take offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation. For Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds a significant cosmological symbolism, because it forms a sacred north-south axis line between Merapi peak and Southern Ocean (Indian Ocean). The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the Tugu Yogyakarta monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along Malioboro street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across Keraton Yogyakarta (sultan palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reach Samas and Parangkusumo beach on the estuary of Opak river and Southern Ocean. This sacred axis connected the hyangs or spirits of mountain revered since ancient times—often identified as "Mbah Petruk" by Javanese people—The Sultan of Yogyakarta as the leader of the Javanese kingdom, and Nyi Roro Kidul as the queen of the Southern Ocean, the female ocean deity revered by Javanese people and also mythical consort of Javanese kings.


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoomcar is an Indian car sharing platform, headquartered in Bangalore. The company was founded in 2013 by David Back and Greg Moran. It currently operates in 34+ cities.


title: Zoomcar

text: American duo David Back & Greg Moran, met while studying at the University of Pennsylvania, where both graduated in 2007. After graduating, Back studied at Harvard Law School and Moran worked on energy financing projects. The pair also attended business school; Moran at the University of Southern California and Back at the Judge Business School at Cambridge University.


title: Zoomcar

text: Back and Moran both dropped out of business school to move to India and pursue a venture in car rentals. In May 2015, Back resigned from the self-drive car rental company, and decided to move back to the US citing personal reasons.


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoom officially launched operations in Bangalore in February 2013 using JustShareIt platform. Zoom started with $215,000 in capital and a fleet of seven cars.


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoom initially raised capital from individual investors including Former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, Chair of the UK Institute of Directors Lady Barbara Judge, Vice-Dean of International Legal Studies at Harvard Law School William P. Alford, Wharton Statistics Chair Edward George, and the former Director of the Cambridge Centre for Entrepreneurial Studies Shai Vyakarnam. Back met Summers at Harvard University, where Back was a teaching assistant to Summers.


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoomcar's institutional investors include: Mahindra&Mahindra, Ford Motor Company, Sequoia Capital, Nokia Growth Partners, FundersClub, Basset Investment Group, Athene Capital, Empire Angels, VentureSouq,{https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/314039} OurCrowd, Globevestor., and Cyber Carrier CL. Zoomcar has also raised money from former Infosys CFO T.V. Mohandas Pai and his business partner Abhay Jain.


title: Zoomcar

text: At Ford's investor day presentation in September 2016, CEO Mark Fields described difficulties with Ford's prior strategy in India, but commented "Our new mobility business could be a factor that plays in there. That's why you saw us about a month ago take an equity position in Zoomcar, which is the largest car sharing service in India."


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoomcar has raised a total funding of Rs. 673 Cr. and it has been valued at Rs. 1778 Cr. in its latest round of funding.


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoomcar faces competition from Revv Cars, Drivezy, MylesCars (backed by Carzonrent), Ola Drive by (Ola Cabs) and other similar car rental companies.


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoom partnered with the auto manufacturers like Ford & Mahindra which allowed them to become the first car rental company in India to offer an electric vehicle (the Mahindra REVA E2O by Mahindra) and the Ford EcoSport "urban SUV by Ford" in 2013. Zoom also works with locally established real estate developers, universities, hotels, and corporate IT parks to secure parking for its vehicles and offer pick-up points to its members.


title: Zoomcar

text: In November 2013, Zoom, Uber, and the Ashoka Foundation launched a month-long campaign in Bangalore called RideSmartBLR to encourage car-rental and discourage drunk driving for its health, economical and environmental benefits.


title: Zoomcar

text: Zoom was a member of Microsoft's Accelerator Plus program in Bangalore in Spring 2014. This program is designed to provide more tailored assistance to later-stage start-ups as they scale their business and raise capital.


title: Zoomcar

text: In July 2015, Zoomcar issued caution information to its customers following opposition from the Ladakh taxi union. Following an incident in which a convoy of 15 cars rented from the company was reportedly attacked by members of the union with stones and iron rods, Zoomcar issued a cautionary mail to customers traveling to Khardung La and Nubra valley. The following week Zoom issued an update stating that the situation had aggravated and the company urged extreme caution to customers traveling to the region. The taxi unions of Gulmarg and Ladakh continue to resist entry of non-local commercial cars in the region.


title: Zoomcar

text: In December 2015, the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) banned 54 controversial Indian ads which included a video advertisement by Zoomcar. The ad was found to be in violation of India's Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 by the council, following which the advertisement was pulled off by the company.


title: Zoomcar

text: In the year 2020, Zoomcar breached its refund policy of providing refunds within 7–14 days, extended it to 30 days but still haven't refunded their customers, some of whom have been waiting for more than 8 months as of 3 November 2020. A lot of their customers took to different social media websites like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to report this issue. Their CEO, Greg Moran, when questioned about this stated that he isn't aware of any breach of policy from their side. Zoomcar has been replying to their customers' tweets saying that the refund will be processed soon without giving any confirmation on date and time.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: Members Only is a brand of clothing that became popular in the 1980s with its line of jackets. The brand was created in 1975 and introduced to American markets in 1980 by Europe Craft Imports. Members Only racer jackets were distinguished by their narrow epaulettes and collar strap and their knitted trim; they were manufactured in a wide variety of colors. Their advertising tagline was "when you put it on, something happens".


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: In the 2010s, Members Only continued to launch seasonal collections carried at online retailers as well as brick and mortar stores such as Urban Outfitters.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: The brand was licensed in 2016 by Sammy Catton, President of iApparel Brands, LLC. The brand is currently owned by Ron Malhotra. In recent years, Members Only has added many styles of jackets including a women's line, Footwear, Sportswear and Hosiery.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: Communication scholar Todd Kelshaw has interpreted the brand's popularity surge as part of a broader American ideological shift in the early 1980s from participatory communities to materially-based communities represented in the purchase of consumer products. Members Only was known in the 1980s for their shift from celebrity endorsements as a form of advertisement, to public service announcements regarding issues like anti-drugs and pro-voting. Members of La Cosa Nostra were known for wearing this type of jacket in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: The brand is often used as a source of comedy and an example of outdated fashion. In the film "Shallow Hal", Mauricio (Jason Alexander) is insulted by Rosemary (Gwyneth Paltrow), who points out his Members Only jacket and says, "I guess you must be the last member."


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: Political journalist Matt Bai, in his book "All The Truth Is Out: The Week Politics Went Tabloid," about former U.S. Senator Gary Hart's ill-fated 1988 presidential campaign, said that he had once referred to Hart as a dated figure from the 1980s, "the political version of a Members Only jacket."


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: On the tv series "Will & Grace", Karen Walker's maid Rosario Salazar, frequently wore her Member's Only jacket over her uniform.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: On an episode of "Beavis and Butthead" that includes a critique of Black Sabbath's "Iron Man" video, Butthead asks, "Which one's Ozzy?" Beavis promptly responds with, "that's him in the Members Only jacket."


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: In The TV show "The Sopranos", the first episode of season 6 titled "Members Only", Eugene Pontecorvo is wearing a jacket of the type. In the series finale, the main character Tony Soprano is believed to have been shot by a man wearing a similar jacket.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: In the movie Zoolander, Hansel says "Ten minutes. Old Members Only warehouse. You oughta remember that. You're a dinosaur. Let's go" after being challenged to a walk-off by Derek.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: In the Netflix series Night Stalker, serial killer Richard Ramirez is described by witnesses and survivors as wearing a black Members Only jacket.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: In the TV show The Venture Bros, Hank Venture's band "Shallow Gravy" sings their only song, Jacket. Listed among the long lines of jackets is a Members Only jacket.


title: Members Only (fashion brand)

text: In the TV show Friday Night Lights, Matt Saracen wears a Members Only Jacket on his first date with Julie Taylor.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: New Hope is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,612 at the 2020 census. New Hope is located approximately north of Philadelphia, and lies on the west bank of the Delaware River at its confluence with Aquetong Creek. The two-lane New Hope–Lambertville Bridge carries automobile and foot traffic across the Delaware to Lambertville, New Jersey, on the east bank.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: New Hope is located along the route of the Old York Road, the former main highway between Philadelphia and New York City. It was generally regarded as the halfway point, where travelers would stay overnight and be ferried across the Delaware River the next morning. The section of U.S. Route 202 that passes just north of New Hope is still named York Road, and the original route is now known as Bridge Street (PA 179).


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: New Hope was first called "Coryell's Ferry," after the owner of the ferry business. The current name came into use following a fire in 1790 that destroyed several mills in the area; their reconstruction was considered a "new hope."


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: The night prior to George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, he is said to have lodged in New Hope. He destroyed the ferry so the British could not follow him, and after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, when British troops were sweeping the area for the American forces, there was no response when they rang for the ferry. The British assumed the town was sympathetic to the Colonial forces and shelled the town. Several of the older structures in the town still claim to have unexploded British ordnance lodged in their roofbeams.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: The North Pennsylvania Railroad finished construction of their New Hope Branch in 1891, later being taken over by the Reading Railroad. Passenger service to Philadelphia's Reading Terminal as well as all other passenger activity was terminated in 1952 from Hatboro, also the end for electrified track, and New Hope. Between 1952 and 1966, only freight trains were seen entering and leaving New Hope, mostly to deliver paper pulp for the Union Camp Paper Corp. and to deliver sand and gravel to James D. Morrissey Materials Co., a cement company and a division of James D. Morrissey, Inc. In 1966, the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad was formed and bought of track from New Hope southwest to Ivyland. Scenic tourist excursions started the same year. Freight service to New Hope was then handled by the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad. In 1972, SEPTA, who by then took over Reading Railroad's passenger operations, extended the electrified route to Warminster, where the current interchange for both SEPTA and NHRR is. Freight service to James D. Morrissey Materials Co. ceased sometime in the late 1970s and to Union Camp Paper Corp. in 1985. The New Hope and Ivyland Railroad continues to provide scenic tourist excursion passenger trains between New Hope and nearby Lahaska.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: In 1983, NBC network anchorwoman Jessica Savitch and her boyfriend drowned after their car overturned into the Delaware Canal. The canal passes by Odette's Restaurant, where the couple had dined on a rainy evening when visibility was poor and two warning signs were missed.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: In 2004 and 2006, New Hope was flooded when the Delaware River overflowed its banks. On both occasions, the downtown businesses reopened within several days. Compared to the Great Flood of 1955, the 2004 and 2006 floods did not cause severe damage or fatalities.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which is land and (11.19%) is water. Much of that water is the Delaware River.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: The borough is located at the confluence of the Delaware River and Aquetong (Ingham) Creek, which begins its two-mile course in neighboring Solebury Township at Ingham Springs, the most productive spring in Southeastern Pennsylvania. The name Aquetong comes from a Lenape word meaning "spring in the bushes," while Ingham refers to Samuel D. Ingham, an industrialist, congressman, and advocate of the canal that would run through the town. Near its end in New Hope, the creek forms a scenic millpond and waterfall near the Bucks County Playhouse, a former mill.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: The Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission operates two bridges over the Delaware River between New Hope and Lambertville, New Jersey. One is the free, two-lane New Hope–Lambertville Bridge, and the other is the New Hope–Lambertville Toll Bridge, which carries U.S. Highway 202.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: According to the Köppen climate classification system, New Hope has a hot-summer, humid continental climate ("Dfa"). "Dfa" climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ , at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ , at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid in New Hope, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > . Since 1981, the highest air temperature was on July 22, 2011, and the highest daily average mean dew point was on August 13, 2016. The average wettest month is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was on August 27, 2011. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is . Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was on January 22, 1984. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur, featuring wind chill values below . The average annual snowfall (Nov-Apr) is between and . Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ of snow occur once every few years, particularly during nor’easters from December through February.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: As of the 2020 census, the borough was approximately 85.2% White, 1.0% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 3.1% Asian, and 4.4% identified as some other race. 6.0% of the borough identified as two or more races and 0.1% identified as three or more races. 8.0% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. No one was of Native Islander or Other Pacific Islander ethnicity.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: There were an estimated 2,612 people and 1,192 households residing in the borough. The population density was 1,843.3 people per square mile (711.72/km²). There were 1,481 housing units at an average density of 1,045.2 per square mile (403.54/km²)


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: Of the approximately 1,192 households, there was a count of 690 families. Out of all the households, 14.2% housed one or more children under 18, and 53.5% housed one or more adults over the age of 60. Of the 1,336 occupied housing units, 34.5% had married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 2.2% had a male householder with no spouse present. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.70.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: In 2020 estimates, 11.8% were under the age of 18, 7.1% are 18 to 24, 15.2% are 25 to 44, 43.1% are 45 to 64, and 23.0% are 65 years of age or older. The estimated median age was 56.2 years. The estimated male to female ratio is 1.25 to 1.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: The median income for a household in the borough was estimated at $107,000, and the median income for a family was an estimated $173,750. The 2020 census found that 2.5% of New Hope's population is without healthcare coverage.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: In 2020, an estimated 63.6% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. New Hope's estimated employment rate was 59.6%.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: New Hope's primary industry is tourism. New Hope has historically been a location where Broadway theater shows were "tested and fine tuned," and many notable stage actors bought weekend homes in the area. Bucks County Playhouse featured many plays and musical productions. In 2010, the Playhouse was closed after lenders foreclosed the property. In 2012, the Playhouse re-opened after an extensive renovation.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: New Hope was the location of an art colony, founded by Edward Willis Redfield and William Langson Lathrop, that produced noted regional work. Members or associates of the colony included George Sotter, Daniel Garber and Fern Coppedge. Artists also associated with an art colony in nearby Phillips Mill.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: New Hope became a popular gay resort in the 1950s, and continues to have an active and large gay community. New Hope also attracts motorcyclists on weekends in the warmer months.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: Union Camp Corporation had a bag production facility in New Hope until the mid 1990s, which employed about 100 and was located uphill from the railroad. The former factory complex, now known as Union Square, has been re-purposed into tourism-related shops and businesses.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: In 2010, the New Hope and Lambertville area Chambers of Commerce conducted a fireworks show every Friday night during the summer to increase tourism and merchant revenue. Bars and restaurants benefited from the fireworks show, but residents criticized the weekly event, claiming it was disruptive and reduced parking. In 2014, the New Hope Chamber of Commerce canceled the firework show, citing a rise in shoplifting, garbage, and an overall decline in store traffic and Friday night revenues.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: Cintra, Joshua Ely House, Honey Hollow Watershed, William Kitchen House, New Hope Village District, Rhoads Homestead, and Springdale Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Honey Hollow Watershed is also designated a National Historic Landmark District.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: The New-Hope Solebury School District offers a public education to residents of New Hope and neighboring Solebury. The school districts of New Hope and Solebury were integrated in 1957.


title: New Hope, Pennsylvania

text: The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced in 2011 that St. Martin of Tours School was closing as the number of students had declined.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The 2004–05 NHL lockout was a labor lockout that resulted in the cancellation of the National Hockey League (NHL) season, which would have been its 88th season of play.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The main dispute was the league's desire to implement a salary cap to limit expenditure on player salaries, which was opposed by the NHL Players Association (NHLPA), the players' labor union, who proposed an alternative system of revenue sharing.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Attempts at collective bargaining before the season began were unsuccessful. The lockout was initiated on September 16, 2004, one day after the expiration of the existing collective bargaining agreement (CBA), which itself had been the result of the 1994–95 lockout. During the lockout, further attempts to negotiate a new CBA floundered, with neither side willing to back down, and this led to the entire season being canceled on February 16, 2005. The NHL and NHLPA negotiating teams finally reached an agreement on July 13, 2005, with the lockout officially ending nine days later on July 22, after ratification by the NHL team owners and NHLPA members. The resulting CBA included both a salary cap and revenue sharing.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The lockout had lasted 10 months and 6 days, covering 1,230 unplayed games. As a result, the Stanley Cup was not awarded for the first time since 1919. Among the major professional sports leagues in North America, this was the first (and so far only) time a whole season was canceled because of a labor dispute, and the second time a postseason was canceled (after the 1994–95 MLB strike). Large numbers of NHL players elected to play in European leagues during the lockout.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The NHL, led by Commissioner Gary Bettman, attempted to convince the players to accept a salary structure linking player salaries to league revenues, guaranteeing the clubs what the league called "cost certainty". According to an NHL-commissioned report prepared by former U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission chairman Arthur Levitt, prior to 2004–05, NHL clubs spent about 76 percent of their gross revenues on players' salaries – a figure far higher than those in other North American sports – and collectively lost US$273 million during the 2002–03 season.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: On July 20, 2004, the league presented the NHLPA with six concepts to achieve cost certainty. These concepts are believed to have included a "hard", or inflexible, salary cap similar to the one used in the National Football League, a "soft" salary cap with some capped exceptions similar to the one used in the National Basketball Association, and a centralized salary negotiation system similar to that used in the Arena Football League and Major League Soccer: Bettman had earlier concluded that a luxury tax similar to the one used in Major League Baseball would not have satisfied the league's cost certainty objectives. While most sports commentators saw Bettman's plan as reasonable, some critics pointed out that a hard salary cap without any revenue sharing was an attempt to gain the support of the big market teams (such as Toronto, Montreal, Detroit, the New York Rangers, Vancouver, and Philadelphia) that did not support Bettman during the 1994–95 lockout.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The NHLPA, under executive director Bob Goodenow, disputed the league's financial claims. According to the union, "cost certainty" is little more than a euphemism for a salary cap, which it had vowed never to accept. The union rejected each of the six concepts presented by the NHL, claiming they all contained some form of salary cap. The NHLPA preferred to retain the existing "marketplace" system where players individually negotiate contracts with teams, and teams have complete control of how much they want to spend on players. Goodenow's mistrust of the league was supported by a November 2004 "Forbes" report that estimated the NHL's losses were less than half the amounts claimed by the league.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Several players also criticized the contracts that overpaid unproven players: one example was the 2002 Bobby Holik contract, in which the New York Rangers signed him to five years for $45 million. After two years, his contract was bought out by the Rangers: according to Glen Sather, the Rangers' president, "In the new world we live in, Bobby was just paid too much".


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Although the NHL's numbers regarding financial losses were disputed, there was no question that several franchises were losing money: some had already declared bankruptcy, and others had held "fire sales" of franchise players, such as the Washington Capitals. Some small-market teams, such as the Pittsburgh Penguins and the remaining small-market Canadian teams, were actually hoping "for" a lockout, since those teams would make more money by losing a season.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The league did not have large television revenues in the United States, so the NHL was reliant on attendance revenues far more than other leagues: after the lockout of the 2004–05 season, NHL teams made on average only $3 million from television revenues. In addition, in May of the 2004–05 lockout, ESPN formally denied the option to show NHL games on the network due to low ratings in previous seasons. Many NHL teams had low attendance totals in seasons preceding the lockout.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Prior to the lockout, the NHLPA had proposed a system in late 2003 that included revenue sharing, a luxury tax, a one-time 5% rollback in player salaries, and reforms to the league's entry level system. The league rejected this proposal point-blank, saying it essentially maintained the status quo in favor of the players.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Shortly before the lockout commenced on 16 September 2004, the NHLPA offered another proposal to the league, one that was believed to be similar to their earlier proposal. The league rejected the union's new offer, claiming the new proposal was worse than the one they rejected in 2003. At this point, negotiations stalled until early December, when the NHLPA made a highly anticipated proposal based on a luxury tax, increasing the proposed one-time rollback in players' salaries to 24%. The NHL rejected this offer, and put forward a counter-proposal that the union flatly rejected.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: In late January 2005 - near what the hockey media believed to be the point of no return for the 2004–05 season - discussions were held by the negotiators from both sides, with Bettman and Goodenow not being invited.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The NHL was represented by Executive Vice President Bill Daly, outside counsel Bob Batterman, and NHL Board of Governors Chairman Harley Hotchkiss, who also co-owns the Calgary Flames. The NHLPA was represented by President Trevor Linden, Senior Director Ted Saskin, and associate counsel Ian Pulver. After four meetings, the sides remained deadlocked because of, according to Saskin, "significant philosophical differences."


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Shortly after this series of meetings, Daly presented Saskin a proposal that the league believed made a number of concessions to the players, but was still based on a salary cap linked to revenues. The players' association rejected that proposal, saying that it was "not the basis for an agreement."


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: After these negotiations failed, Bettman declared on February 9 that if the lockout was not resolved by that weekend, there would be no hope of saving the season. When talks broke off between the NHL and the NHLPA the next morning, there had been no progress in negotiations.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: On February 14, the union offered to accept a $52 million salary cap under the condition that it was not linked to league revenues, to which the league proposed a counteroffer of a $40 million cap plus $2.2 million in benefits, which the players association rejected. The next day, Bettman sent Goodenow a letter with a final proposal of a $42.5 million cap plus $2.2 million in benefits, setting a deadline of 11:00 the next morning to accept or refuse the offer. The NHLPA presented a counter-offer involving a $49 million cap, which the league rejected.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: With no resolution by the 11:00 deadline, Bettman announced the cancellation of the 2004–05 season on February 16, 2005, making the NHL the first major professional sports league in North America to cancel an entire season because of a labor dispute: the announcement was to have come on February 14, but it was delayed because of the death of the patriarch of the Sutter hockey family four days prior, whose funeral was held on February 15. Two days after the cancellation announcement, "The Hockey News" reported that a deal with a $45 million cap had been reached "in principle" with the help of owners and former players Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux; both camps immediately denied this report. An emergency 6½-hour meeting took place the next day, but no agreement was reached, formalising the season's cancellation.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Bolstered by the thought of losing a second season to a labor dispute, the sides began meeting again in June, with many pundits believing the lockout would end on July 4, 2005. While that date eventually came and went, sources were reporting to media that marathon sessions were taking place. Indeed, the sides met again for ten consecutive days (July 4–13), and a deal was reached "in principle" (meaning the sides have agreed, but nothing is signed) on July 13.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: According to reports, the July 12 session lasted through the night and until 6:00 on the morning of July 13, at which point the talks broke off for five hours, and resumed in time to complete the deal.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: On July 21, the players association ratified the agreement with 87 percent of its members voting in favor; the 30 team owners unanimously approved it the next day, officially ending the 310-day lockout.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The salary cap would be adjusted each year to guarantee players 54% of total NHL revenues, and there would also be a salary floor. Player contracts are also guaranteed. The players' share will increase if revenues rise to specific benchmarks, while revenue sharing will split a pool of money from the 10 highest-grossing teams among the bottom 15. There was a $39 million cap in place for the first year of the CBA.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: A Canadian public opinion poll conducted by Ipsos-Reid near the start of the lockout found that 52 percent of those polled blamed NHL players for the lockout, whereas 21 percent blamed the owners of NHL teams. Also hurting the NHLPA was the fact that its players had very visibly high salaries, which removed much sympathy from lower-to-middle class fans, with the NHLPA's cause being further harmed by Jeremy Roenick and several NHLPA executives making controversial statements that showed their disdain for owners and fans alike.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: During the lockout, a movement arose to free the Stanley Cup from the NHL. By the original deed of Lord Stanley, the cup was a challenge cup open to the best amateur hockey team in Canada. Only since 1926 has it been exclusively competed for by NHL teams, and with the 2004–05 NHL season being cancelled, the group felt that the NHL had forfeited its right to award the Cup for the year. On February 7, 2006, a settlement was reached in which the trophy could be awarded to non-NHL teams should the league not operate for a season, although the NHL by that point was playing again.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The loss of the 2004–05 season meant that there were no results on which to base the order of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. The league settled on a lottery system in which all teams had a weighted chance at the first pick, expected to be Sidney Crosby. The lottery was tilted so teams with fewer playoff appearances over the last three seasons and fewer number one overall picks over the last four seasons had a better chance of landing higher picks. The complete order was determined by the lottery, and the draft was conducted in a "snake" style, meaning in even rounds, the draft order was reversed. This system was an attempt to compromise between those who felt all teams should have had an equal chance at the first pick and those who felt only the weaker teams should have been in the running.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: To ease the transition to the salary cap, teams were allowed one week to buy out players at two-thirds the cost of their remaining contract, which would not count against the salary cap. Bought out players could not re-sign with the same team.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: NHLPA Executive Director and General Counsel Bob Goodenow, seen by many as the biggest villain in the lockout because of his hardline stance against a salary cap, resigned from his position five days after the agreement was ratified amid criticism from many of his constituents. He was replaced by Ted Saskin, formerly senior director of business affairs and licensing for the NHLPA. Saskin was officially named executive director of the NHLPA on November 25, 2005, after the players' vote of confidence was confirmed by accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: NHL Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer Bill Daly was promoted to deputy commissioner after the lockout. Both Saskin and Daly had played a key role in brokering the current agreement.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The lockout did help franchises better manage their finances and increase their value. Combined with finally receiving a stable national television rights deal in the United States with NBC and Versus (which later became sister networks due to the Comcast NBC merger) and the launch of the NHL Network, 26 of 30 NHL franchises saw an increase in value since before the lockout. Leading the way would be the Pittsburgh Penguins, a team cited even before the lockout to benefit from a lockout due to financial problems related to former team owner Howard Baldwin deferring player salaries in the 1990s (leading to the team's second bankruptcy in 1998) and former star player Mario Lemieux (who became the team's owner due to also being the team's largest creditor) dictating that the team cut costs in order to eliminate the debt from the Baldwin era. Since the lockout, the Penguins' value increased by a league-high 161.4%, due in no small part to the changing financial landscape of the NHL as well as winning the "Sidney Crosby sweepstakes" after the lockout ended and the construction of the Consol Energy Center to replace the aging Mellon Arena. The only teams that have lost value from before the lockout are the Phoenix Coyotes (whose financial problems since the lockout have been well-documented), New York Islanders, Dallas Stars, and Colorado Avalanche.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: The majority of players who agreed to play in other professional hockey leagues were playing in Europe. During 2004–05 season, 388 NHL players played in European leagues. The most popular countries were Russia, with 78 NHL players, Sweden, with 75 NHL players, the Czech Republic, with 51 NHL players, Finland, with 45 NHL players and Switzerland with 43 NHL players. In many cases, players who had originally begun their careers in Europe returned to those same teams for the lockout.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Russian Superleague (now KHL) team AK Bars Kazan signed 11 NHL players, including Ilya Kovalchuk, Aleksey Morozov, and Vincent Lecavalier while Pavel Datsyuk played for HC Dynamo Moscow, Patrik Elias played for Czech HC JME Znojemští Orli and Russian Metallurg Magnitogorsk, and Czech superstar Jaromir Jagr played for HC Kladno and then Avangard Omsk. Morozov never returned to the NHL after 2004 (retiring from the KHL after the 2013–14 season), and Jagr would later play three additional seasons with Avangard.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Other Czech players returned to the Czech Republic, including Milan Hejduk (HC Pardubice), Martin Straka (HC Plzeň), Ales Hemsky (HC Pardubice) and Martin Rucinsky (HC Litvínov).


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Swiss Nationalliga A had its own NHL stars when Canadians Joe Thornton and Rick Nash signed with HC Davos, Danny Briere and Dany Heatley signed with SC Bern of the Swiss league. This lockout was a major benefit for Swiss ice hockey.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Swedish superstar Peter Forsberg returned to his original club, Modo (although Forsberg had been planning on playing for Modo even if the season had been played). Also returning to Modo along with Forsberg were Canucks teammates Daniel Sedin, Henrik Sedin, and Markus Naslund, all of whom were originally drafted from Modo, while still others joined other Elitserien sides. Some Elitserien games were also being broadcast by Rogers Sportsnet in Canada.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Finnish SM-liiga had its share of players during the lockout. Notable Finnish players included Saku Koivu (TPS, his first professional team), Olli Jokinen (HIFK), Jarkko Ruutu (HIFK) and Vesa Toskala (Ilves). Teemu Selanne also made a contract with Jokerit where he began his professional career, but injuries prevented him from suiting up for the entire season. Foreign players included John Madden who played 2 games for HIFK, Sean Avery, who had a brief stint with the Pelicans, Brian Campbell who played for Jokerit and Hal Gill who played for Lukko. SM-liiga featured three top goaltenders as Dwayne Roloson played for Lukko, Tomas Vokoun played for HIFK and Tim Thomas (who had had three previous stints in the SM-liiga) played for Jokerit, leading his team to the championship finals and being awarded the league's most valuable player award. Finnish Mestis also featured NHL talent when Sami Kapanen and Kimmo Timonen played for KalPa. Timonen and Kapanen partially owned the team and the duo was joined by Adam Hall who also played for KalPa during the lockout.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Erik Cole, Olaf Kolzig, and Nathan Dempsey were among the notable players to go to Germany to play in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Fair share of Slovak NHL players returned to their home country to play for various Slovak Extraliga sides during the lockout, including Pavol Demitra, Marián Hossa, Marián Gáborík (all in HK Dukla Trenčín), Miroslav Šatan and Ľubomír Višňovský (both in HC Slovan Bratislava), Michal Handzuš, Richard Zedník and Vladimír Országh (all in HKm Zvolen), Ladislav Nagy and Martin Štrbák (both in HC Košice), and Žigmund Pálffy (in HK 36 Skalica).


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Latvian league club HK Riga 2000, which played also in the Belarusian Extraleague, signed several NHL players. Two of them were Latvians Karlis Skrastins and Sergei Zholtok and the third was American Darby Hendrickson, who was a close friend of Zholtok. After Zholtok died due to a heart condition, Hendrickson left the club, so that only Skrastins finished the season with the club.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: A number of NHL players also went to Great Britain. In the Elite Ice Hockey League, Coventry Blaze signed Wade Belak, Cardiff Devils signed Rob Davison, London Racers signed Eric Cairns and Scott Nichol, and Nottingham Panthers signed Nick Boynton, Ian Moran, Steve McKenna. McKenna also used that season to play for the Adelaide Avalanche in the Australian Ice Hockey League. In the British National League, Guildford Flames signed Jamie McLennan and David Oliver, Bracknell Bees signed Brendan Witt while Newcastle Vipers signed Chris McAllister. In 2008, McCallister signed for the Vipers for a second time.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Another notable move came from Karl Dykhuis. He signed with the Amsterdam Bulldogs in the Netherlands.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Chris Mason (Nashville), Scott Hartnell (Nashville) and Travis Brigley (Colorado) became Norwegian champions with Vålerenga Ishockey. In addition, Mark Bell, who at the time was playing for Chicago Blackhawks, played for the Norwegian GET-ligaen club Trondheim Black Panthers.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Several NHL players signed in the Italian league Serie A, including Eric Belanger to the Bolzano-Bozen Foxes, Craig Adams to the Milano Vipers, Matt Cullen to SG Cortina and Fernando Pisani to the SCL Tigers, among others. Calgary Flames players Steve Montador and Steven Reinprecht won the French Ligue Magnus with HC Mulhouse.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: Most of the NHL players playing for European clubs had contract clauses allowing them to leave for the NHL once the lockout ended.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

text: There were two attempts to form alternative professional leagues in North America during the lockout, but both failed. A revival of the World Hockey Association had been planned since 2002 and was to start play shortly after the lockout was expected to begin. Despite having former WHA star Bobby Hull as commissioner, however, the league never got off the ground. A lack of stable financing undermined plans to sign both locked-out players and top prospects such as Sidney Crosby.