title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The 2000 King of the Ring was the eighth annual King of the Ring professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) that featured the 14th King of the Ring tournament. It took place on June 25, 2000, at the Fleet Center in Boston, Massachusetts. The main event was a six-man tag team match between McMahon-Helmsley Faction (Triple H, Vince, and Shane McMahon) and the team of The Rock and The Brothers of Destruction (The Undertaker and Kane). Triple H's WWF Championship was defended in the match. Rock pinned Vince to win the title. The undercard featured the 2000 King of the Ring tournament, which was won by Kurt Angle. The 2000 edition was the largest King of the Ring tournament, with 32 competitors taking part.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: These other matches featured on the undercard; including a three-on-two Handicap Tables Dumpster match between Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) and the team of D-Generation X (Road Dogg and X-Pac) and Tori, a Hardcore Evening Gown match for the WWF Hardcore Championship between champion Pat Patterson and challenger Gerald Brisco and a Four corners elimination match for the WWF Tag Team Championship between champions Too Cool (Grand Master Sexay and Scotty 2 Hotty) and the challenger teams of Edge and Christian, The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) and T & A (Test and Albert).


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: King of the Ring was a pay-per-view (PPV) event held annually in June by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) since 1993. The PPV featured the King of the Ring tournament, a single-elimination tournament that was established in 1985 and held annually until 1991, with the exception of 1990; these early tournaments were held as special non-televised house shows. The winner of the tournament was crowned "King of the Ring." Unlike the non-televised events, the PPV did not feature all of the tournament's matches. Instead, several of the qualifying matches preceded the event with the final few matches then taking place at the pay-per-view. There were also other matches that took place at the event as it was a traditional three-hour pay-per-view. Considered as one of the WWF's "Big Five" PPVs, along with the Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, the company's five biggest shows of the year, the 2000 event was the eighth King of the Ring PPV and 14th tournament overall. It was held on June 25, 2000 at the Fleet Center in Boston, Massachusetts.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: King of the Ring featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds, plots, and storylines that were played out on "Raw is War" and "SmackDown!"—World Wrestling Federation's (WWF) television programs. Wrestlers portrayed a heel or a face as they followed a series of events that built tension, and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The pay-per-view event featured the annual King of the Ring single elimination bracket tournament. At 32, this year's tournament had the biggest field in the tournament's history, the tournament hasn't had a field as large since. The qualification for the tournament started on the May 29, 2000, episode of "Raw is War", with Rikishi and Bull Buchanan defeating Shane McMahon and Steve Blackman respectively. The qualification continued on the June 1 episode of "SmackDown", as Kurt Angle defeated Bradshaw and Crash Holly defeated Albert. On the June 4 episode of "Sunday Night Heat", Chyna and Val Venis defeated The Godfather and Al Snow in respective matches to qualify for the tournament. On the June 5 episode of "Raw is War", the WWF Intercontinental Champion Chris Benoit and Hardcore Holly qualified by defeating Road Dogg and Faarooq respectively. On the June 8 episode of "SmackDown!", Chris Jericho defeated Test and the WWF European Champion Eddie Guerrero defeated Matt Hardy to qualify for the King of the Ring tournament. On the June 11 episode of "Sunday Night Heat", Bubba Ray Dudley and Perry Saturn defeated Big Bossman and D-Von Dudley in respective matches to qualify for the tournament. On the June 12 episode of "Raw is War", X-Pac qualified for the tournament by defeating Dean Malenko and Jeff Hardy qualified by defeating Christian. The qualification for the tournament ended on the June 15 episode of "SmackDown!", as Edge defeated one half of the WWF Tag Team Champions Grand Master Sexay and the other half of the WWF Tag Team Champions Scotty 2 Hotty defeated D-Lo Brown. On the June 18 episode of "Sunday Night Heat", the tournament started as Bull Buchanan defeated Perry Saturn and Val Venis defeated Jeff Hardy. On the June 19 episode of "Raw is War", the tournament matches continued as Kurt Angle defeated Bubba Ray Dudley, Chris Benoit defeated X-Pac, Eddie Guerrero defeated Chyna, Chris Jericho defeated Edge, Rikishi defeated Scotty 2 Hotty and Crash Holly defeated Hardcore Holly.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The main rivalry heading into the event was between McMahon-Helmsley Faction (Triple H, Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon) and the team of The Rock and The Brothers of Destruction (Kane and The Undertaker). At Judgment Day, Undertaker returned to WWF with a new biker gimmick after an eight-month groin injury and attacked Triple H during an Iron Man match between Rock and Triple H for the WWF Championship. As a result, Rock was disqualified and Triple H won the match 6–5. On the June 1 episode of "SmackDown!", Rock, Kane and Undertaker won qualifying matches to qualify for a WWF Championship title shot at King of the Ring. On the June 12 episode of "Raw is War", WWF CEO Linda McMahon announced that at King of the Ring, Rock, Kane and Undertaker would team up to wrestle Triple H, Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon in a six-man tag team match. On the June 15 episode of "SmackDown", a stipulation was added into the match that if Triple H's team won, Triple H would defend the title against the winner of the King of the Ring tournament at Fully Loaded, but if any person from Rock's team got the pinfall, he would lose the title. On the June 19 episode of "Raw is War", an additional stipulation was added into the match that if any member of Rock's team got the pinfall at King of the Ring, that person will become the new WWF Champion.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: Another major rivalry heading into the event was between Too Cool (Grand Master Sexay and Scotty 2 Hotty), Edge and Christian, The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) and T & A (Test and Albert) over the WWF Tag Team Championship. On the May 29 episode of "Raw is War", Too Cool defeated Edge and Christian to win the WWF Tag Team Championship. Edge and Christian invoked their rematch clause for the titles. T & A and the Hardy Boyz were feuding at the time, and were added into the tag title match, making it a Four corners elimination match at King of the Ring.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: On the June 19 episode of "Raw is War", Pat Patterson and Gerald Brisco interfered in a King of the Ring tournament match between WWF Hardcore Champion Crash Holly and Hardcore Holly. Hardcore was disqualified after Brisco hit Crash twice with a 2x4 and by the 24/7 rule, pinned Crash to win the Hardcore Championship. After returning to backstage, Patterson hit Brisco in the head with a champagne bottle, and pinned him via the 24/7 rule for the Hardcore Championship. On the June 22 episode of "SmackDown!", WWF Chairman Vince McMahon announced that Patterson would defend the title against Brisco in a Hardcore Evening Gown match at King of the Ring.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: At Judgment Day, D-Generation X (Road Dogg and X-Pac) defeated the Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) in a Double Tables match. On the June 19 episode of "Raw is War", the Dudleyz cost X-Pac a King of the Ring tournament match against the WWF Intercontinental Champion Chris Benoit. As a result, DX and Tori demanded a match against the Dudleyz. The WWF Chairman Vince McMahon announced that at King of the Ring, DX and Tori would wrestle the Dudley Boyz in a Handicap Tables Dumpster match at King of the Ring.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The first match that aired live on pay-per-view was a King of the Ring tournament quarter-final match between Rikishi and Chris Benoit. Rikishi dominated most of the match until Benoit started using submission maneuvers. He locked in the Crippler Crossface on Rikishi, who caught hold of the ropes. Benoit released the hold but hit Rikishi with a chair and was disqualified. However, Benoit continued to attack Rikishi with the chair and applied another Crossface on Rikishi.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The next match in the quarter-final round was between Eddie Guerrero and Val Venis. Guerrero and Venis got momentum over each other in the match. In the closing moments of the match, Venis tried to hit a Money Shot on Guerrero but Guerrero blocked the move. Venis' valet Trish Stratus jumped on the apron, prompting Guerrero's valet Chyna to prevent Stratus from interfering. Venis took advantage and scored the pinfall following a fishermans suplex.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The quarter-final continued pitting Bull Buchanan against Crash Holly. Buchanan dominated most of the match and due to his bigger size, Buchanan easily performed his moves on Holly. Buchanan tried to finish Holly with a Scissors Kick but Holly ducked the move and pinned Buchanan with a roll-up to win the match.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The final match in the quarter-final was between Kurt Angle and Chris Jericho. Jericho dominated earlier part of the match until Angle got the momentum. Angle continued to perform his moves on Jericho until Jericho regained momentum. In the closing moments of the match, Angle tried to hit the Angle Slam on Jericho but Jericho avoided the move and locked Angle in the Walls of Jericho. The WWF Women's Champion Stephanie McMahon interfered in the match and distracted the referee. Angle tapped out to Walls of Jericho but the referee was distracted. Jericho released the hold and knocked out the referee. Stephanie tried to hit Jericho with the Women's Championship belt but Jericho ducked and Angle was hit instead. Jericho kissed Stephanie but Angle got the advantage and hit an Angle Slam on Jericho for the victory.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: Next was a Four corners elimination match for the WWF Tag Team Championship as the champions Too Cool (Grand Master Sexay and Scotty 2 Hotty) defended the titles against Edge and Christian, the Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) and T & A (Test and Albert). T & A was the first team to get eliminated when Matt Hardy pinned Test following Jeff's execution of the Swanton Bomb. The match went back and forth until Christian eliminated the Hardy Boyz by pinning Matt after hitting him with an Impaler. The match was left between Too Cool and the team of Edge and Christian. Too Cool dominated the challengers and seemed to have the match won when Sexay hit Edge with a Hip-Hop Drop and tried to pin Edge but there was no referee present. Christian took advantage and hit Sexay with a tag team championship title belt, allowing Edge to pin Sexay for the Tag-Team Championship.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: After the tag team title match ended, the semi-final round of the King of the Ring tournament took place with Rikishi taking on Val Venis. Venis dominated the match by working on Rikishi's shoulder that was injured during Rikishi's match against Chris Benoit earlier in the night. Venis injured Rikishi's arm and continued to damage the arm until Rikishi performed a belly-to-belly suplex on Venis, pinning him for the victory. After the match, Venis' valet Trish Stratus tried to attack Rikishi but Rikishi countered her attacks. Venis low blowed Rikishi and attacked his injured arm and shoulder with a chair before leaving.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The next match in the semi-final was between Kurt Angle and Crash Holly. Angle dominated the match and pinned Holly after an Angle Slam to advance to the final round.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The seventh match of the event was a Hardcore Evening Gown match for the WWF Hardcore Championship between champion Pat Patterson and challenger Gerald Brisco. Brisco brought a 2x4 to the ring while Patterson brought a teddy bear to the ring. Patterson suggested that he would lay down for Brisco so that Brisco could pin him for the title. Brisco agreed but Patterson started attacking Brisco. Brisco performed a Bronco Buster on Patterson in the corner. Crash Holly interfered in the match and attacked Brisco with a trash can. Holly used the 24/7 rule and pinned Patterson to win the Hardcore Championship. As a result, the match resulted in a no contest.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The eighth match was a three-on-two Handicap Tables Dumpster match pitting the Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) against D-Generation X (Road Dogg and X-Pac) and Tori. The match started in the ring but the action would move outside the ring. The Dudleyz dominated most of the match by knocking out Road Dogg through a table. X-Pac battled Bubba Ray with some quick moves but D-Von suplexed X-Pac over the top rope onto the table. Tori hid in the dumpster. The Dudley Boyz began chasing Tori until DX took advantage by attacking the Dudleyz with steel chairs. The Dudley Boyz were then shoved into the dumpster and Tori closed the lids of the dumpster. As a result, DX and Tori won the match. After the match, the Dudleyz came out of the dumpster and pulled Tori out of the dumpster. DX tried to save Tori, but the Dudley Boyz hit the 3-D on X-Pac. Road Dogg was also hit with a 3-D. D-Von brought a table and set it in the ring. Bubba Ray caught Tori and powerbombed her through the table.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: Next was the final round match of the 2000 King of the Ring tournament pitting Kurt Angle against Rikishi. Rikishi dominated most of the match by using his power moves against Angle. Angle took advantage of Rikishi's injuries and focused on his injured arm and shoulder. Angle slammed Rikishi into the steel steps outside the ring and threw Rikishi into the ring. As Angle returned to the ring, Rikishi hit Angle with a Samoan Drop, a Neckbreaker and a Stink Face but was unable to defeat Angle. Angle performed an Angle Slam on Rikishi but got a near-fall. Rikishi hit Angle with a Savate Kick and climbed to the top rope. Angle attacked Rikishi and hit him with a Belly-to-Belly Suplex from the top rope to win the 2000 King of the Ring tournament.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The main event was a six-man tag team match between McMahon-Helmsley Faction (Triple H, Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon) and the team of The Rock, Kane and The Undertaker for Triple H's WWF Championship. The stipulation was that if a member of the Rock's team got the pinfall at the end of the match, regardless of who it was, that man would be the WWF Champion. The match went back and forth with Rock's team working on Shane in the beginning. Triple H would later tag in and would battle all the three opponents. The match continued with both teams battling on each other. In the closing moments of the match, Rock tried to hit Triple H with a People's Elbow, but Kane attacked Rock. Kane hit Triple H with a Tombstone Piledriver and tried to pin Triple H but Undertaker attacked Kane with a chair. Undertaker chokeslammed Shane from the top rope through the announce table. In the ring, Vince tried to take advantage of a prone Rock with his own version of the People's Elbow, but The Rock countered with a Rock Bottom and got the pinfall to become WWF Champion for the second time in three months.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: The night after King of the Ring, on "Raw Is War", WWF Spokesman, and former commissioner, Shawn Michaels, introduced Mick Foley as the new commissioner of the World Wrestling Federation, while Vince McMahon took a leave to become a "genetic jackhammer", disbanding the McMahon-Helmsley Faction. Triple H demanded to Foley for another shot at the WWF Championship, arguing that he was never, technically, pinned during the match at King of the Ring. Kurt Angle came out and requested that he would be the new contender since he'd won the King of the Ring tournament. As a result, Foley issued a triple threat match with Triple H, Kurt Angle, and The Rock to determine the #1 contender to Rock's WWF Title that night. The Rock won, therefore neither Triple H or Angle would get a title shot. Instead, Shane McMahon, who had also left the McMahon-Helmsley Faction, helped Chris Benoit become the #1 contender. Benoit would receive a WWF Championship match with The Rock at Fully Loaded, but would not win.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: By winning the King of the Ring tournament, Kurt Angle's main event push started. After getting his first WWF Championship title shot in a Triple Threat match against The Rock and Triple H at SummerSlam, Angle began allying himself with Triple H, though it quickly became a feud between the two, as Kurt became infatuated with Stephanie. The feud culminated in a match at Unforgiven, which Triple H won. Kurt Angle then defeated Rock for his first of four WWF Championships at No Mercy.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: At King of the Ring, Val Venis injured the WWF Intercontinental Champion Rikishi, starting a rivalry between the two. On the July 6 episode of "SmackDown!", Rikishi lost the WWF Intercontinental Championship to Venis after T & A (Test and Albert) interfered and then Tazz attacked Rikishi with a television camera. At Fully Loaded, Venis defeated Rikishi in a steel cage match to retain the title.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: After King of the Ring, Team Xtreme (The Hardy Boyz and Lita) continued to feud with T & A and Trish Stratus. At Fully Loaded, Team Xtreme defeated T & A and Stratus in a mixed tag team match when Lita pinned Stratus after a moonsault.


title: King of the Ring (2000)

text: In 2018, Kevin Pantoja of 411Mania gave the event a rating of 2.5 [Very Bad], stating, "A rough show. 2000 had so many great Pay-Per-Views, but this one just missed the mark in so many ways. The booking was strange, with the wrong guys going over on several occasions. Why put DX over the Dudleys? Why have Benoit and Eddie go out so quickly in the tournament? The show features one of the worst matches ever in Patterson/Brisco and only two of the eleven matches crack three stars. Hell, only four of the eleven reached two stars. It might seem harsh, but I just didn’t enjoy this. It would’ve fit in as a WCW 2000 PPV."


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The is a two-seat carrier-based dive bomber developed by the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. Development of the aircraft began in 1938. The first D4Y1 was complete in November 1940 and made its maiden flight at Yokosuka the following month.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: While the aircraft was originally conceived as a dive bomber, the D4Y was used in other roles including reconnaissance, night fighter and special attack (kamikaze). It made its combat debut as a reconnaissance aircraft when two pre-production D4Y1-Cs embarked aboard the Sōryū to take part in the Battle of Midway in 1942. It was not until March 1943 that it was accepted for use as a dive bomber. The early D4Y1 and D4Y2 featured the liquid-cooled Aichi Atsuta engine, a licensed version of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601, while the later D4Y3 and D4Y4 featured the Mitsubishi MK8P Kinsei radial engine.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: Like many other Japanese aircraft of the time, the D4Y lacked armor and self-sealing fuel tanks and it was not until the final variant, the D4Y4, that the aircraft was given bulletproof glass and armor protection for the crew and fuel tanks. Nevertheless, the D4Y was one of the fastest dive bombers of the war, particularly the D4Y4 whom Max Gadney said was the "fastest dive-bomber of World War II" and that it was "faster than the Zero" if RATO equipped. Only the delays in its development hindered its service while its predecessor, the slower fixed-gear Aichi D3A, remained in service much longer than intended. Famously, a D4Y was used in one of the final kamikaze attacks in 1945, hours after the surrender of Japan, with Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki in the rear cockpit.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: Development of the aircraft began in 1938 at the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal when the Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau ("Kaigun Kōkū Hombu") issued requirements of a Navy Experimental 13-Shi Carrier Borne specification for a aircraft carrier-based dive bomber to replace the Aichi D3A. Its design was inspired by the Heinkel He 118 which the Japanese Navy had acquired from Germany in early 1938. The aircraft was a single-engine, all-metal low-wing monoplane, with a wide-track retractable undercarriage and wing-mounted dive brakes. It had a crew of two: a pilot and a navigator/radio-operator/gunner, seated under a long, glazed canopy which provided good all-round visibility. The pilot of bomber versions was provided with a telescopic bombsight. The aircraft was powered by an Aichi Atsuta liquid-cooled inverted V12 engine, a licensed copy of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601, rated at 895 kW (1,200 hp). The radiator was behind and below the three-blade propeller, as in the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The aircraft had a slim fuselage that enabled it to reach high speeds in horizontal flight and in dives, while it had excellent maneuverability despite high wing loading, with the "Suisei" having superior performance to contemporary dive bombers such as the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. In order to conform with the Japanese Navy's requirement for long range, weight was minimized by not fitting the D4Y with self-sealing fuel tanks or armour. Subsequently, the D4Y was extremely vulnerable and tended to catch fire when hit.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: Bombs were fitted under the wings and in an internal fuselage bomb bay. It usually carried one 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb but there were reports that the D4Y sometimes carried two 250 kg (550 lb) bombs, for example during the attack on the light aircraft carrier ; only 30 kg (70 lb) bombs were carried externally. The aircraft was armed with two 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 97 aircraft machine guns in the nose and a 7.92 mm (.312 in) Type 1 machine gun - selected for its high rate of fire - in the rear of the cockpit. The rear gun was replaced by a 13 mm (.51 in) Type 2 machine gun. This armament was typical for Japanese carrier-based dive-bombers, unlike "carrier attack bombers" (torpedo bombers) like the Nakajima B5N and B6N which were not given forward-firing armament until the late-war Aichi B7A, which was expected to serve as both a dive-bomber and torpedo-bomber, and was given a pair of 20mm Type 99-2 cannon. The forward machine guns were retained in the "kamikaze" version.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The first (of five) prototypes was complete in November 1940 and made its maiden flight in December 1940. After the prototype trials, problems with flutter were encountered, a fatal flaw for an airframe subject to the stresses of dive bombing. Until this could be resolved, early production aircraft were used as reconnaissance aircraft, as the D4Y1-C, which took advantage of its high speed and long range, while not over-stressing the airframe. Production of the D4Y1-C continued in small numbers until March 1943, when the increasing losses incurred by the D3A resulted in production switching to the D4Y1 dive-bomber, the aircraft's structural problems finally being solved. Although the D4Y could operate from the large fleet carriers that formed the core of the Combined Fleet at the start of the war, it had problems operating from the smaller and slower carriers such as the "Hiyō" class which formed a large proportion of Japan's carrier fleet after the losses of the Battle of Midway. Catapult equipment was fitted, giving rise to the D4Y1 "Kai" (or improved) model.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: Early versions of the D4Y were difficult to keep operational because the Atsuta engines were unreliable in front-line service. From the beginning, some had argued that the D4Y should be powered by an air-cooled radial engine which Japanese engineers and maintenance crew had experience with, and trusted. The aircraft was re-engined with the reliable Mitsubishi MK8P "Kinsei" 62, a 14-cylinder two-row radial engine as the Yokosuka D4Y3 Model 33.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: Although the new engine improved ceiling and rate of climb to over , and climb to in 4.5 minutes, instead of and 5 minutes, the higher fuel consumption resulted in reduced range and cruising speed and the engine obstructed the forward and downward view of the pilot, hampering carrier operations. These problems were tolerated because of the increased availability of the new variant.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The last version was the D4Y4 Special Strike Bomber, a single-seat "kamikaze" aircraft, capable of carrying one bomb, which was put into production in February 1945. It was equipped with three rocket boosters for terminal dive acceleration. This aircraft was an almost ideal "kamikaze" model: it had a combination of speed (560 km/h/350 mph), range (2,500 km/1,550 mi) and payload (800 kg/1,760 lb) probably not matched by any other Japanese aircraft.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The D4Y5 Model 54 was a planned version designed in 1945. It was to be powered by the Nakajima NK9C "Homare" 12 radial engine rated at 1,361 kW (1,825 hp), a new four-blade metal propeller of the constant-speed type and more armour for the crew and fuel tanks.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: Lacking armor and self-sealing fuel tanks, the "Suiseis" did not fare well against Allied fighters. They did, however, cause considerable damage to ships, including the carrier which was nearly sunk by an assumed single D4Y and the light carrier which was sunk by a single D4Y.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The D4Y1-C reconnaissance aircraft entered service in mid-1942, when two of these aircraft were deployed aboard "Sōryū" at the Battle of Midway, one of which was lost when "Sōryū" was bombed. The other had been launched on a scouting mission and returned to "Hiryū", it was then lost when "Hiryū" was bombed.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: During the Battle of the Marianas, the D4Ys were engaged by U.S. Navy fighters and shot down in large numbers. It was faster than the Grumman F4F Wildcat, but not the new Grumman F6F Hellcat which entered combat in September 1943. The Japanese aircraft were adequate for 1943, but the rapid advances in American materiel in 1944 (among them, the introduction in large numbers of the "Essex"-class aircraft carrier) left the Japanese behind. Another disadvantage suffered by the Japanese was their inexperienced pilots.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The U.S. Task Force 58 struck the Philippine airfields and destroyed the land air forces first, before engaging Japanese naval aircraft. The result was what the Americans called "The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot", with 400 Japanese aircraft shot down in a single day. A single Hellcat pilot, Lieutenant Alexander Vraciu, shot down six D4Ys within a few minutes.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The D4Y was relegated to land operations where both the liquid-cooled engine D4Y2, and the radial engine D4Y3 fought against the U.S. fleet, scoring some successes. An unseen D4Y bombed and sank the "Princeton" on 24 October 1944. D4Ys hit other carriers as well, by both conventional attacks and "kamikaze" actions. In the Philippines air battles, the Japanese used "kamikazes" for the first time, and they scored heavily. D4Ys from 761 "Kōkūtai" may have hit the escort carrier on 25 October 1944, and the next day, . Both were badly damaged, especially "Suwannee", with heavy casualties and many aircraft destroyed. A month later on 25 November, , , and were hit by "kamikazes", almost exclusively A6M Zero fighters and D4Ys, with much more damage. D4Ys also made conventional attacks. All these D4Ys were from 601 and 653 "Kōkūtai".


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: Task Force 58 approached southern Japan in March 1945 to strike military objectives in support of the invasion of Okinawa. The Japanese responded with massive "kamikaze" attacks, codenamed "Kikusui", in which many D4Ys were used. A dedicated "kamikaze" version of the D4Y3, the D4Y4 with a non-detachable 800 kg bomb attached in a semi-recessed manner, was developed. The Japanese had begun installing rocket boosters on some Kamikazes, including the D4Y4 in order to increase speed near the target. As the D4Y4 was virtually identical in the air to the D4Y3, it was difficult to determine the sorties of each type.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The carriers and were damaged by D4Ys of 701 Wing on 18 March. On 19 March, the carrier was hit with two bombs from a single D4Y. "Franklin" was so heavily damaged that she was retired until the end of the war. Another D4Y hit the carrier .


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: On 12 April 1945, another D4Y, part of "Kikusui" mission N.2, struck "Enterprise", causing some damage.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: During "Kikusui" N.6, on 11 May 1945, was hit and put out of action by two "kamikazes" that some sources identify as D4Ys. This was the third "Essex"-class carrier forced to retire to the United States to repair.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: The D4Y was faster than the A6M Zero and some were employed as D4Y2-S night fighters against Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers late in the war. The night fighter conversions were made at the 11th Naval Aviation Arsenal at Hiro. Each D4Y2-S had its bombing systems and equipment removed, and replaced by a 20 mm Type 99 cannon installed in the rear cockpit, with the barrel slanted up and forwards in a similar manner to the German "Schräge Musik" armament fitting (pioneered by the IJNAS in May 1943 on the Nakajima J1N). Some examples also carried two or four 10 cm air-to-air rockets under the wings; lack of radar for night interceptions, inadequate climb rate and the B-29's high ceiling limited the D4Y2-S effectiveness as a night fighter. Little is known of their operations.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: At the end of the war, D4Ys were still being used operationally against the U.S. Navy. Among the last of these were 11 aircraft led by Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki on a suicide mission on 15 August 1945, of which all but three were lost.


title: Yokosuka D4Y

text: An engineless D4Y3 was recovered from Babo Airfield, Indonesia in 1991. It was acquired and restored to non-flying status by the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California. It was restored to represent a radial engined D4Y3, using an American Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine. The engine is in running condition and can be started to demonstrate ground running and taxiing of the aircraft.


title: Founders Fund

text: Founders Fund is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm. Formed in 2005, Founders Fund had more than $11 billion in aggregate capital under management as of 2022. The firm invests across all stages and sectors, including aerospace, artificial intelligence, advanced computing, energy, health, and consumer Internet, with a portfolio that includes Airbnb, Lyft, Spotify, Stripe, and Oscar Health. Founders Fund was the first institutional investor in Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) and Palantir Technologies, and one of the earliest investors in Facebook. The firm’s partners, including Peter Thiel, Ken Howery and Brian Singerman, have been founders, early employees and investors at companies including PayPal, Google, Palantir Technologies, and SpaceX.


title: Founders Fund

text: The firm was organized by Peter Thiel, Ken Howery, and Luke Nosek in early 2005 and raised its first fund of $50 million from individual entrepreneurs and angel investors in January of that year. Sean Parker, co-founder of Napster and ex-president of Facebook, joined in 2006. In 2007, the firm raised a new fund of $220 million.


title: Founders Fund

text: In 2010, the firm raised its third fund, with $250 million in committed capital, and in 2011, a fourth fund with $625 million of committed capital was raised.


title: Founders Fund

text: In 2014, Founders Fund raised a $1 billion fifth suite of funds, bringing the firm's aggregate capital under management to more than $2 billion.


title: Founders Fund

text: In 2016, Founders Fund raised a sixth, $1.3 billion fund, bringing the firm's aggregate capital under management to more than $3 billion.


title: Founders Fund

text: In 2020, Founders Fund raised a seventh flagship fund and its first growth fund, representing $3 billion in new capital and bringing the firm's aggregate capital under management to more than $6 billion.


title: Founders Fund

text: In 2022, Founders Fund raised an eighth flagship fund and its second growth fund, representing over $5 billion in new capital and bringing the firm's aggregate capital under management to more than $11 billion.


title: Founders Fund

text: Unlike many venture capital funds in Silicon Valley, Founders Fund is a generalist firm investing in companies across all sectors, stages and geographies.


title: Founders Fund

text: The firm's investments include Airbnb, DeepMind, Lyft, Facebook, Flexport, Palantir Technologies, SpaceX, Spotify, Stripe, Wish, Nubank, and Twilio.


title: The New Basement Tapes

text: The New Basement Tapes is a British-American musical supergroup made up of members Jim James, Elvis Costello, Marcus Mumford, Taylor Goldsmith, and Rhiannon Giddens. The group is best known for "", their 2014 album which consists of tracks based on newly uncovered lyrics handwritten by Bob Dylan in 1967 during the recording of his 1975 album with The Band, "The Basement Tapes". The group is also featured in the 2014 Showtime documentary "Lost Songs: The Basement Tapes Continued".


title: The New Basement Tapes

text: The New Basement Tapes were brought together in March 2014 to work with producer T Bone Burnett on putting together a new album with song lyrics penned by Bob Dylan in 1967. The group recorded dozens of songs over a two-week period in Capitol Records studio, with members of the group swapping instrumental and vocal roles on the different album tracks. The album was released in November 2014 by Electromagnetic Recordings via Harvest Records.


title: The New Basement Tapes

text: During the recording sessions, the group was filmed for a documentary for Showtime. Titled "Lost Songs: The Basement Tapes Continued", the documentary is directed by Sam Jones and also contains an exclusive interview with Bob Dylan. It goes behind the scenes of the recording process and also discusses the story behind the discovery of the lost lyrics. Johnny Depp also appears in the documentary, having stopped by the studio to play guitar on the song "Kansas City".


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: Dollar Shave Club is an American company based in Venice, California, that delivers razors and other personal grooming products to customers by mail. It delivers razor blades on a monthly basis and offers additional grooming products for home delivery.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: Dollar Shave Club was founded by Mark Levine and Michael Dubin. The pair met at a party and spoke of their frustrations with the cost of razor blades. With their own money and investments from start-up incubator Science Inc., they began operations in January 2011 and launched their website in April 2011.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: Dollar Shave Club was backed by a variety of venture capitalists. In March 2012, seed investors provided $1 million in funding from groups that included Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Andreessen Horowitz, Shasta Ventures, and others. The same group, joined by Venrock, provided $9.8 million in series A funding in October 2012. A year later, a $12 million series B round was raised led by Venrock, Comcast Ventures, New World Investors and Battery Ventures. Amidst the fundraising announcement, Dollar Shave Club announced it would be expanding its product line to include a dozen other men's products in 2014. In June 2015, the company secured $75 million in series D funding.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: Dollar Shave Club offers three membership plans, which can be upgraded or downgraded at any time. The membership service first launched March 6, 2012, via a YouTube video that went viral. The YouTube video attracted an unanticipated amount of traffic, which crashed the company's server in the first hour. Once Dubin got the server working, he enlisted a team of friends and contractors to help fulfill the 12,000 orders that arrived in the first 48 hours of launching the video. The orders were initially packed by hand in a warehouse in Gardena, California, before the company moved their warehouse and fulfillment to a third-party logistics center in Kentucky.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: As of 2016, the company has acquired 3.2 million subscribers. Although the company primarily markets its products to men, approximately 20% of its customers are women.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: Dollar Shave Club offers three plans: "The Humble Twin" (two blades per razor, five razors per month, $4 per month), "The 4X" (four blades, four razors, $7) and "The Executive" (six blades, four razors, $10). Each subscription comes with a compatible handle.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: Most of the razor handles and blades are not made by Dollar Shave Club, but rather are re-sold Dorco products.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: In 2015, the company expanded its product line to include hair care products, called "Boogie's". The line includes hair gel, hair cream, hair paste, hair clay and hair fiber.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: In May 2015, the company began hiring writers and editors for a new website, "Mel Magazine" (stylized as "MEL") which went online in late 2015. The website contains editorial content described by the company as "men's lifestyle topics". While the site does not host sponsored content, its business model "relies upon being a branded publisher", according to "Fast Company".


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: In December 2015, Gillette brand owner Procter & Gamble filed a patent infringement lawsuit that claimed Dollar Shave Club used its patented formulas to manufacture copycat blades.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: On March 6, 2012, the company uploaded a YouTube video entitled "Our Blades Are F***ing Great" featuring CEO Michael Dubin, delivering his speech in a nonchalant and sarcastic manner. The video prompted 12,000 orders in a two-day span after it was released, and has received over 27 million views as of November 2020.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: The video won "Best Out-of-Nowhere Video Campaign" at the 2012 "Ad Age" Viral Video Awards. Dollar Shave Club was awarded a 2013 Webby Award in the Fashion & Beauty category and earned the People's Choice Webby Award in the Consumer Packaged Goods category.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: On June 4, 2013, Dollar Shave Club released a second video on YouTube called "Let's Talk About #2", which again starred its CEO and promoted One Wipe Charlies. The video won the Shorty Award in 2014 for best use of Social Media.


title: Dollar Shave Club

text: In 2014, Dollar Shave Club and its One Wipe Charlies teamed up with the Colon Cancer Alliance in an effort to help "wipe out" colon cancer. The company reports that during National Colorectal Cancer Awareness month it reached 23 million people in spreading the message about the importance of getting screened. The company also donated $10,000 to the Colon Cancer Alliance, contributing a percentage of One Wipe Charlies' sales and putting a dollar value on social shares. As part of the campaign, Michael Dubin had his own colonoscopy streamed live online.


title: Rad Mobile

text: The game was ported to the Sega Saturn in December 1994 under the name A similar game with a two-seat cabinet, was also released in 1991 as "Rad Mobile" received mixed reviews; critics praised its 3D visuals, but criticized its gameplay.


title: Rad Mobile

text: Similar to "Turbo OutRun", the concept behind "Rad Mobile" is a race against opponents across the United States. Players must race across the country while also avoiding police cars. At certain points in the race, the road forks, allowing players to skip several stages. The game's weather and time of day changes, sometimes requiring players to turn on windshield wipers or headlights. "Rad Mobile" was also the first appearance of Sonic the Hedgehog, appearing as a decorative item hanging from the driver's rearview mirror. Sonic's appearance in the game predated his debut in "Sonic the Hedgehog" for the Sega Genesis by eight months. Interested in getting their new character visible to the public, Sonic Team approved of his appearance in the game.


title: Rad Mobile

text: Credit is usually given to Yu Suzuki and his Sega AM2 division, the developers of "Out Run", which established the formula of "Rad Mobile"'s gameplay but Suzuki has not listed it in any of his official lists of works. Zach Whalen, an associate professor with the University of Mary Washington, located a segment of text in the game's source code suggesting that Sega AM3 was the actual developer of the game. In a 1991 interview, AM3 head Hisao Oguchi made mention of AM3's involvement in "Rad Mobile"'s development. Sega's AM4 division, at the time a designer of arcade cabinets, had involvement with constructing the game's deluxe cabinet that would bank and turn, and featured functioning brake lights, while the game was also released in an upright cabinet.


title: Rad Mobile

text: The arcade game was first published in Japan on October 3, 1990, at the JAMMA Show. "Rad Mobile" was Sega's debut of its System 32 arcade system board, Sega's last arcade board to utilize sprites in place of 3D polygons. The game made its overseas debut at the Amusement Trade Exhibition in the United Kingdom in January 1991, followed by its international release in February. A version of "Rad Mobile" was demonstrated at Japanese trade shows operating in Sega's R360 cabinet, but no record of a release has been found. Later the same year, Sega released "Rad Rally", based on "Rad Mobile" but with changes and the addition of two-player multiplayer. "Rad Rally" was released in a two-seat arcade cabinet.


title: Rad Mobile

text: In 1994, a port of "Rad Mobile" was released only in Japan for the Sega Saturn, as "Gale Racer". Its release was much later than the arcade version due to the Genesis' hardware being insufficient to play the game. "Gale Racer" was directed by Tomohiro Kondo, who had worked on the "Panzer Dragoon" series, and designed by Takashi Yuda, responsible for the design of "The Revenge of Shinobi". As part of the port, designs of the cars were changed to polygons in place of the original sprites.


title: Rad Mobile

text: At the time of its release, the arcade game was commercially successful in Japan. "Rad Mobile" was the fourth highest-grossing dedicated arcade game of 1991 in Japan, while "Rad Rally" was the year's seventh highest-grossing dedicated arcade game in Japan.


title: Rad Mobile

text: "Rad Mobile" was generally praised for its graphics but criticized for its gameplay. "Sinclair User" stated that Sega "concentrated on the technology and forgot about the gameplay". Reviewer John Cook called the gameplay "dull" and stated there was little to do in the game other than stare at the visuals. John Cook also reviewed "Rad Mobile" in "The One", stating that it employs "some astonishing effects, but little or no gameplay" and suggests "GP Rider" as an alternative, stating that "Some will enjoy ["Rad Mobile"] because it's loud and colourful, but afficionados [sic] will stick to "GP Rider"". "Computer and Video Games" gave a review stating that the game is "technically superb" and has "exceptionally realistic 3D" but lacks anything to stimulate addictive gameplay. In a March 1991 review, "Ace" described "Rad Mobile" as "high on visuals and low on gameplay". "Beep! Mega Drive" praised the way the car used the windshield wiper in the rain, and headlights at night.


title: Rad Mobile

text: "Gale Racer" received a negative reception, with Horowitz stating that based on the talent behind the Saturn port, "one would have expected nothing short of the best home racing game ever made". "Computer and Video Games" detested "Gale Racer", criticizing the gameplay, visuals, and hypothesizing that it was rushed out to shelves to tie in with the Saturn's release.


title: Rad Mobile

text: Retrospectively, video game historian Ken Horowitz has stated that "Rad Mobile" has struggled to be recognized as an influential racing game, though he reinforces that the game deserves at least some recognition as Sega's first 32-bit racing game and as the first appearance of Sonic the Hedgehog. Martin Dodd of "Retro Gamer" compared the game's graphics to "Power Drift" and called the game "very good for the time with it being 32-bit". Writing for "AllGame", Anthony Baize gave a positive retrospective review, calling the graphics "better than any racing game that preceded it".


title: Francisco Javier Arellano Félix

text: Francisco Javier Arellano Félix (born 11 December 1969) is a former Mexican drug lord who alongside his brothers founded and led the Tijuana Cartel (a.k.a. the Arellano-Félix Organization) until his capture by the United States Coast Guard on August 16, 2006.


title: Francisco Javier Arellano Félix

text: The Tijuana Cartel used to be one of the largest Mexican drug cartels. It is well known for its employment of enforcers recruited from Mexican and San Diego street gangs. In addition to enforcers, many Latin American street gangsters were trained to become assassins in the cartel, which has a reputation for extreme brutality and violence. At its height in the late 1990s, the cartel was believed to be responsible for supplying nearly half the cocaine sold in the United States.


title: Francisco Javier Arellano Félix

text: The gang made headlines in January 2006 after it was discovered they had dug tunnels from Tijuana, Baja California, into the United States at Otay Mesa, California.


title: Francisco Javier Arellano Félix

text: On 1 June 2004, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Arellano Félix under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the "Kingpin Act"), for his involvement in drug trafficking along with nine other international criminals and two entities. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing any kind of business activity with him, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.


title: Francisco Javier Arellano Félix

text: Arellano Félix, nicknamed "El Tigrillo" ("Little Tiger") and "El Titi", was captured by the Coast Guardsmen aboard the USCGC "Monsoon" on August 16, 2006, while fishing on the "Dock Holiday" some 25 km off the coast of Baja California Sur, in international waters. Arellano Félix was brought into United States Coast Guard Sector San Diego by USCG Cutter Petrel, commanded by Master Chief Petty Officer M. Martin. The Drug Enforcement Administration had received a tip about his whereabouts. A US$5 million bounty had been offered for his capture, but the information leading to his capture was apparently not from someone seeking the reward. On November 5, 2007, he was sentenced to life in prison after pleading guilty in September 2007 to running a criminal enterprise and laundering money. The final decision as to where he would be housed rested with the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BoP).


title: Francisco Javier Arellano Félix

text: In June 2015, Arellano Félix's sentence was reduced to years for cooperation with authorities during his incarceration. His present location and the date of his release both rest with and are guarded by the Bureau of Prisons and the U.S. Marshal Service.


title: Jihadist flag

text: The jihadist flag is a flag commonly used by various Islamist and Islamic fundamentalist movements as a symbol of jihad. It usually consists of a black background with a white text of the "shahada" (Islamic creed) emblazoned across it in calligraphy style writing. Its usage was widely adopted by jihadists in the early 2000s, and in the 2010s by the Islamic State. Aside from Islamism, the flag has also been used by various Islamic terrorist organizations.


title: Jihadist flag

text: In the last decade of the South Thailand insurgency, the al-Raya' flag has largely replaced the colourful secessionist flags formerly used by different rebel groups.


title: Jihadist flag

text: The variant used by the Islamic State, and before that by the Islamic State of Iraq (since 2006) depicts the second phrase of the shahada in the form of a depiction of the supposedly historical seal of Muhammad.


title: Jihadist flag

text: In August 2014, British Prime Minister David Cameron suggested that anybody displaying "the Islamic State flag" in the United Kingdom should be arrested. Citing the Terrorism Act 2000, section 13 (1b) of the act states "[a] person in a public place commits an offence if he wears, carries or displays an article in such a way or in such circumstances as to arouse reasonable suspicion that he is a member or supporter of a proscribed organisation" and can face six months in prison or a statutory fine.


title: Jihadist flag

text: The use of the image of the IS flag (but not other versions of the black standard) for non-educational purposes has been forbidden in Germany by the Federal Ministry of the Interior since September 2014. Neighbouring Austria proposed a ban in the same month.


title: Waist chop

text: Waist chop or waist cutting (), also known as cutting in two at the waist, was a form of execution used in ancient China. As its name implies, it involved the condemned being sliced in two at the waist by an executioner.


title: Waist chop

text: Waist chopping first appeared during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 BC – 256 BC). There were three forms of execution used in the Zhou dynasty: "chēliè" (車裂; quartering the prisoner alive), "zhǎn" (斬; waist chop), and "shā" (殺; beheading). Sometimes the chopping was not limited to one slice.


title: Waist chop

text: Gao Qi, a Ming dynasty poet, was sentenced by the Hongwu Emperor to be sliced into eight parts for his politically satirical writing.


title: Waist chop

text: An episode not attested in the official histories recounts that in 1734, Yu Hongtu (俞鴻圖), the Education Administrator of Henan, was sentenced to a waist chop. After being cut in two at the waist, he remained alive long enough to write the Chinese character "cǎn" (慘; "cruel, awful") seven times with his own blood before dying. After hearing this, the Yongzheng Emperor abolished this form of execution.


title: Waist chop

text: In the modern Chinese language, "waist chop" has evolved to become a metaphor for the cancellation of an ongoing project, especially cancellation of television programs.


title: Paul Stanley (album)

text: Paul Stanley is a 1978 solo album from American musician Paul Stanley, the singer-songwriter is best known for serving as the rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist of hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978, coming out alongside "Peter Criss", "Ace Frehley", and "Gene Simmons". It is the only release out of the four Kiss solo albums to feature all original songs, as Simmons, Criss and Frehley each recorded one cover song on their albums.


title: Paul Stanley (album)

text: The album reached No. 40 on the US "Billboard" album chart. AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5 and said that it is the most "Kiss-like" out of all the Kiss solo albums.


title: Sindhu (actress)

text: Sindhu was an Indian actress who appeared in South Indian films. She is the daughter of actress Manjula Vijaykumar's sister Shamala.


title: Sindhu (actress)

text: Sindhu picked up a lung infection during a door-to-door campaign for funds and died a few days later.


title: SABIC

text: Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (), known as SABIC (), is a Saudi chemical manufacturing company. 70% of SABIC's shares are owned by Saudi Aramco. It is active in petrochemicals, chemicals, industrial polymers, fertilizers, and metals. It is the second largest public company in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia as listed in Tadawul.


title: SABIC

text: In 2017, SABIC was ranked fourth in the world among chemical companies by Fortune Global 500. By the end of 2018 SABIC was the world's 281st-largest corporation. In 2014, the company had sales revenues of $50.4 billion, profits of $6.7 billion and assets standing at $90.4 billion. It also has been recognized as the world's second most valuable brand in the chemicals industry by Brand Finance in 2021.


title: SABIC

text: SABIC was founded in 1976 by royal decree to convert oil by-products into useful chemicals, polymers, and fertilizers. The first chairman of the company was Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi, the Minister of Industry and Electricity, and the first CEO was Abdul Aziz Bin Abdullah Al Zamil.


title: SABIC

text: SABIC's founding transformed the small fishing villages of Jubail on the Persian Gulf and Yanbu on the Red Sea into modern industrial cities. Production in 1985 was 6.5 million tonnes; five years later production rose to 13 million tonnes and by 2003 production had risen to 42 million tonnes and by 2012 to over 60 million tonnes. SABIC employs more than 40,000 people globally and has 60 manufacturing and compounding plants in over 40 countries.


title: SABIC

text: SABIC's manufacturing network in Saudi Arabia consists of 18 affiliates. Most of these are based in the Al-Jubail Industrial City on the coast of the Persian Gulf. Two are located in Yanbu Industrial City on the Red Sea and one is in the eastern city of Dammam. SABIC is also partners in three regional ventures based in Bahrain. SABIC is a market leader in key products such as ethylene, ethylene glycol, methanol, MTBE and polyethylene. SABIC's wholly owned subsidiary, the Saudi Iron and Steel Company (Hadeed), based in Al Jubail, is one of the world's biggest fully integrated producers.


title: SABIC

text: SABIC underwent a business restructuring in October 2015, that saw the absorption of the commodity chemicals produced under the Innovative Plastics SBU into the Chemicals and Polymers SBUs. Along with this, the Specialties SBU was created to house the remainder of the Innovative Plastics products that did not fall under the commodity umbrella and the Innovative Plastics SBU would cease to exist by January 1, 2016. This change follows the reallocation of the Performance Chemicals portfolio into the Chemicals SBU.


title: SABIC

text: In July 2002, SABIC commenced operations in Europe after the $2 billion acquisition of the petrochemicals business of Dutch group DSM. SABIC Europe, SABIC's European subsidiary, produces over 2 million tonnes of polymers and over 5 million tonnes of basic chemicals. It employs over 3,000 people and has two major manufacturing locations in Geleen in the Netherlands and Gelsenkirchen in Germany. After forming SABIC Europe, SABIC became the 11th-largest petrochemicals company in the world. The purchase of DSM signified SABIC's intent to expand and become a true global company.


title: SABIC

text: In 2004, the value of SABIC shares, listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul), increased 170% while its net profits increased by 112% from 2003 to 2004.


title: SABIC

text: In 2005, SABIC was the Middle East's largest (in terms of market capitalization) and most profitable publicly listed non-oil company, the world's 11th-largest petrochemical company, ranked 331 on the "Fortune Global" 500 for 2005, the second-largest producer of ethylene glycol and methanol in the world, the third-largest producer of polyethylene and overall the fourth-largest producer of polypropylene and polyolefin. Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings claimed SABIC to be the world's largest producer of polymers and the Persian Gulf region's largest steel producer for 2005; they assigned SABIC an "A" corporate credit rating. That same year, Bloomberg ranked SABIC as the 13th-largest company in the world in terms of market capitalization (at the beginning of 2005 it exceeded billion, the equivalent of billion) and the second-largest by market value outside the US and UK.


title: SABIC

text: In June 2006, SABIC established the "SABIC Sukuk Company" to issue Islamic bonds (Sukuk) that are estimated to range between billion ( million) and billion ( million).


title: SABIC

text: In January 2007, SABIC Europe took over Huntsman Corporation plants in the UK. Headquartered in Sittard, Netherlands, SABIC Europe has a European wide network of sales offices and logistic hubs, as well as three petrochemical production sites in Europe: Geleen (Netherlands), Teesside (United Kingdom), and Gelsenkirchen (Germany).


title: SABIC

text: In 2008, SABIC Europe produced 7.3 million metric tons of petrochemicals, mainly for the European market.


title: SABIC

text: On May 21, 2007, SABIC acquired General Electric's Plastics division, in a billion cash deal, including billion of its liabilities, and launched SABIC Innovative Plastics. In that year, the company ranked 145 (previous rank: 301) in the Forbes Global 2000 list. As of 2014, SABIC Innovative Plastics is a multibillion-dollar company with operations in more than 25 countries and over 9,500 employees worldwide.


title: SABIC

text: In July 2009, SABIC received approval from the Chinese government to build a billion petrochemical complex in China, in order to gain a foothold in the world's fastest-growing chemicals market.


title: SABIC

text: In January 2018, SABIC announced that it had acquired a 24.99% stake in Clariant, the Swiss specialty chemical manufacturer. The stake was acquired from activist investor White Tale, and at Clariant's prevailing market-capitalisation would have been valued in the region of $2.4bn. The actual transaction price was undisclosed. SABIC CEO Yousef Al-Benyan had previously stated, in November 2017, that the company was looking to spend $3bn-$10bn on acquisitions over the next 10 years.


title: SABIC

text: On March 27, 2019, SABIC announced that state-owned energy company Saudi Aramco signed a share purchase agreement to acquire a 70% majority stake in SABIC from the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia in a private transaction worth $69.1 billion. The transaction was completed in June 2020.


title: SABIC

text: Expansion operations and investments are projected to amount to billion in 2007 and billion until 2020. The overall total production in 1985 was 6.3 million metric tons; by the end of 2008 it had reached 56 million metric tons. By 2020, SABIC intends to produce over 135 million metric tons per year.


title: SABIC

text: Net profits of SABIC in 2008 touched billion ( billion), while total assets stood at billion ( billion) at the end of 2008 and the value of current assets at the end of 2008 stood at billion ( billion). The Fortune 500 ranking set SABIC revenues as of $40.2 billion.


title: SABIC

text: SABIC reported preliminary consolidated financial results for the period ended September 30, 2010. Net income for the third quarter of 2010 was billion, compared to net income of billion in the same period the previous year, representing an increase of 46 percent and compared to billion for the previous quarter, a rise of 6 percent.


title: SABIC

text: According to the 2019 Fortune Global 500 list, SABIC reported $45.1 billion in revenues and $5.7 billion in profits for the 2018-2019 FY, ranking it in fourth place among chemical companies and #252 in the list.


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: Allyn Ann McLerie (December 1, 1926 – May 21, 2018) was a Canadian-born American actress, singer and dancer who worked with many of Golden Age musical theatre's major choreographers, including George Balanchine, Agnes de Mille, and Jerome Robbins.


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: McLerie was born in Grand-Mère, Quebec, Canada, the only child of Vera Alma MacTaggart (née Stewart) and Allan Gordon McLerie, an aviator and WWI veteran . Allan Gordon McLerie died of a heart attack four months before his daughter's birth, and Allyn Ann McLerie moved with her widowed mother to the United States at age one. (McLerie's mother, Vera, died on her daughter's 54th birthday in 1980 at age 83.) Allyn studied dancing at a studio in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, and made her Broadway debut as a teenager in Kurt Weill's "One Touch of Venus".


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: She went on to replace Sono Osato as Ivy in "On the Town", then played Amy Spettigue in the 1948 Broadway production of "Where's Charley?" (Theatre World Award).


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: A life member of The Actors Studio, McLerie's other Broadway credits include "Miss Liberty", the drama "Time Limit", "Redhead" (understudying Gwen Verdon), and "West Side Story".


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: McLerie's film roles include Amy in "Where's Charley?" (1952); Katie Brown in "Calamity Jane" (1953); Shirley in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" (1969); and The Crazy Woman in "Jeremiah Johnson" (1972). Other film work includes "Phantom of the Rue Morgue" (1954), "The Cowboys" (1972), "The Way We Were" (1973), "Cinderella Liberty" (1973), "All the President's Men" (1976), and TV movies such as "Born Innocent" (1974) and "Death Scream" (1975).


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: She enjoyed a long career as a character actress on television, making frequent guest appearances on shows such as "Bonanza", "The Waltons", "The Love Boat", "Barney Miller", "Benson", "Hart to Hart", "St. Elsewhere", and "Dynasty", among many others. She played Miss Janet Reubner, Tony Randall's acerbic and priggish secretary, on "The Tony Randall Show" (1976–78).


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: McLerie played the recurring role of Arthur Carlson's wife Carmen on "WKRP in Cincinnati" (1978–82). Though then in her mid-fifties, McLerie was playing a character about a decade younger, as Carmen gave birth to a daughter in a 1980 episode. McLerie also appeared in three episodes of "Punky Brewster "alongside her husband, George Gaynes (1984). She later appeared as Florence Bickford, the title character's mother on "The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd" (1987–91). Her last role was on an episode of "Brooklyn Bridge" in 1993.


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: McLerie was married to the lyricist/librettist Adolph Green from 1945 until their divorce in May 1953. She was also married to actor George Gaynes from 1953 until his death in 2016. The couple had two children, Matt Gaynes and Iya Gaynes Falcone Brown.


title: Allyn Ann McLerie

text: McLerie died at her home in North Bend, Washington, on May 21, 2018, at the age of 91, from Alzheimer's disease.


title: National Road

text: The National Road (also known as the Cumberland Road) was the first major improved highway in the United States built by the federal government. Built between 1811 and 1837, the road connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and was a main transport path to the West for thousands of settlers. When improved in the 1830s, it became the second U.S. road surfaced with the macadam process pioneered by Scotsman John Loudon McAdam.


title: National Road

text: Construction began heading west in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River. After the Financial Panic of 1837 and the resulting economic depression, congressional funding ran dry and construction was stopped at Vandalia, Illinois, the then-capital of Illinois, northeast of St. Louis across the Mississippi River.


title: National Road

text: The road has also been referred to as the Cumberland Turnpike, the Cumberland–Brownsville Turnpike (or Road or Pike), the Cumberland Pike, the National Pike, and the National Turnpike.


title: National Road

text: In the 20th century with the advent of the automobile, the National Road was connected with other historic routes to California under the title, National Old Trails Road. Today, much of the alignment is followed by U.S. Route 40 (US 40), with various portions bearing the Alternate U.S. Route 40 (Alt. US 40) designation, or various state-road numbers (such as Maryland Route 144 for several sections between Baltimore and Cumberland).


title: National Road

text: In 1976, the American Society of Civil Engineers designated the National Road as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. In 2002, the entire road, including extensions east to Baltimore and west to St. Louis, was designated the Historic National Road, an All-American Road.


title: National Road

text: The Braddock Road had been opened by the Ohio Company in 1751 between Fort Cumberland, the limit of navigation on the upper Potomac River, and the French military station at Fort Duquesne at the forks of the Ohio River, (at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers), an important trading and military point where the city of Pittsburgh now stands. It received its name during the colonial-era French and Indian War of 1753–1763 (also known as the Seven Years' War in Europe), when it was constructed by British General Edward Braddock, who was accompanied by Colonel George Washington of the Virginia militia regiment in the ill-fated July 1755 Braddock expedition, an attempt to assault the French-held Fort Duquesne.


title: National Road

text: Construction of the Cumberland Road (which later became part of the longer National Road) was authorized on March 29, 1806, by Congress. The new Cumberland Road would replace the wagon and foot paths of the Braddock Road for travel between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, following roughly the same alignment until just east of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. From there, where the Braddock Road turned north towards Pittsburgh, the new National Road/Cumberland Road continued west to Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), also on the Ohio River.


title: National Road

text: The contract for the construction of the first section was awarded to Henry McKinley on May 8, 1811, and construction began later that year, with the road reaching Wheeling on August 1, 1818. For more than 100 years, a simple granite stone was the only marker of the road's beginning in Cumberland, Maryland. In June 2012, a monument and plaza were built in that town's Riverside Park, next to the historic original starting point.


title: National Road

text: Beyond the National Road's eastern terminus at Cumberland and toward the Atlantic coast, a series of private toll roads and turnpikes were constructed, connecting the National Road (also known as the Old National Pike) with Baltimore, then the third-largest city in the country, and a major maritime port on Chesapeake Bay. Completed in 1824, these feeder routes formed what is referred to as an eastern extension of the federal National Road.


title: National Road

text: On May 15, 1820, Congress authorized an extension of the road to St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, and on March 3, 1825, across the Mississippi and to Jefferson City, Missouri. Work on the extension between Wheeling and Zanesville, Ohio, used the pre-existing Zane's Trace of old Ebenezer Zane, and was completed in 1833 to the new state capital of Columbus, Ohio, and in 1838 to the college town of Springfield, Ohio.


title: National Road

text: In 1849, a bridge was completed to carry the National Road across the Ohio River at Wheeling. The Wheeling Suspension Bridge, designed by Charles Ellet Jr., was at the time the world's longest bridge span at from tower to tower.


title: National Road

text: Maintenance costs on the Cumberland Road were becoming more than Congress was willing to bear. In agreements with Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, the road was to be reconstructed and resurfaced. The section that ran over Haystack Mountain, just west of Cumberland, was abandoned and a new road was built through the Cumberland Narrows.


title: National Road

text: On April 1, 1835, the section from Wheeling to Cumberland was transferred to Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia (now West Virginia). The last congressional appropriation was made May 25, 1838, and in 1840, Congress voted against completing the unfinished portion of the road, with the deciding vote being cast by Henry Clay. By that time, railroads were proving a better method of long-distance transportation, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was being built west from Baltimore to Cumberland, mostly along the Potomac River, and then by a more direct route than the National Road across the Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia (then Virginia) to Wheeling. Construction of the National Road stopped in 1839. Much of the road through Indiana and Illinois remained unfinished and was transferred to the states.


title: National Road

text: Federal construction of the road stopped at Vandalia, Illinois, which at that time was the state's capital. Illinois officials decided not to continue construction without the federal funds because two state roads from Vandalia to the St. Louis area, today's US 40 and Illinois Route 140 (known then as the Alton Road), already existed.


title: National Road

text: In 1912, the National Road was chosen to become part of the National Old Trails Road, which would extend further east to New York City and west to Los Angeles, California. Five "Madonna of the Trail" monuments, donated by the Daughters of the American Revolution, were erected along the Old Trails Road.


title: National Road

text: In 1927, the National Road was designated as the eastern part of US 40, which still generally follows the National Road's alignment with occasional bypasses, realignments, and newer bridges. The mostly parallel Interstate 70 (I-70) now provides a faster route for through travel without the many sharp curves, steep grades, and narrow bridges of US 40 and other segments of the National Road. Heading west from Hancock in western Maryland, I-70 takes a more northerly path to connect with and follow the Pennsylvania Turnpike (also designated as I-76) across the mountains between Breezewood and New Stanton, where I-70 turns west to rejoin the National Road's route (and US 40) near Washington, Pennsylvania.


title: National Road

text: The more recently constructed I-68 parallels the old road from Hancock through Cumberland west to Keyser's Ridge, Maryland, where the National Road and US 40 turn northwest into Pennsylvania, but I-68 continues directly west to meet I-79 near Morgantown, West Virginia. The portion of I-68 in Maryland is designated as the National Freeway.


title: National Road

text: Another remaining National Road bridge is the Wheeling Suspension Bridge at Wheeling, West Virginia. Opened in 1849 to carry the road over the Ohio River, it was the largest suspension bridge in the world until 1851, and is today the oldest vehicular suspension bridge in the United States still in use. A newer bridge now carries the realigned US 40 and I-70 across the river nearby.


title: National Road

text: Additionally, several Old National Pike Milestones—some well-maintained, others deteriorating, and yet others represented by modern replacements—remain intact along the route.


title: National Road

text: In general, the road climbed westwards along the Amerindian trail known as Chief Nemacolin's Path, once followed and improved by a young George Washington, then also followed by the Braddock Expedition. Using the Cumberland Narrows, its first phase of construction crossed the Allegheny Mountains entered southwestern Pennsylvania, reaching the Allegheny Plateau in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. There, travelers could turn off to Pittsburgh or continue west through Uniontown and reach navigable water, the Monongahela River, at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, which was by then a major outfitting center and riverboat-building emporium. Many settlers boarded boats there to travel down the Ohio and up the Missouri, or elsewhere on the Mississippi watershed.


title: National Road

text: By 1818, travelers could press on, still following Chief Nemacolin's trail across the ford, or taking a ferry to West Brownsville, moving through Washington County, Pennsylvania, and passing into Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), away on the Ohio River. Subsequent efforts pushed the road across the states of Ohio and Indiana and into the Illinois Territory. The western terminus of the National Road at its greatest extent was at the Kaskaskia River in Vandalia, Illinois, near the intersection of modern US 51 and US 40.


title: National Road

text: Today, travelers driving east from Vandalia travel along modern US 40 through south-central Illinois. The National Road continued into Indiana along modern US 40, passing through the cities of Terre Haute and Indianapolis. Within Indianapolis, the National Road used the original alignment of US 40 along West and East Washington Street (modern US 40 is now routed along I-465). East of Indianapolis, the road went through the city of Richmond before entering Ohio, where the road continued along modern US 40 and passed through the northern suburbs of Dayton, Springfield, and Columbus.


title: National Road

text: West of Zanesville, Ohio, despite US 40's predominantly following the original route, many segments of the original road can still be found. Between Old Washington and Morristown, the original roadbed has been overlaid by I-70. The road then continued east across the Ohio River into Wheeling in West Virginia, the original western end of the National Road when it was first paved. After running in West Virginia, the National Road then entered Pennsylvania.


title: National Road

text: The road cut across southwestern Pennsylvania, heading southeast for about before entering Maryland. East of Keyser's Ridge, the road used modern Alt US 40 to the city of Cumberland (modern US 40 is now routed along I-68). Cumberland was the original eastern terminus of the road.


title: National Road

text: In the mid-19th century, a turnpike extension to Baltimore was approved—along what is now Maryland Route 144 from Cumberland to Hancock, US 40 from Hancock to Hagerstown, Alternate US 40 from Hagerstown to Frederick, and Maryland Route 144 from Frederick to Baltimore. The approval process was a hotly debated subject because of the removal of the original macadam construction that made this road famous.


title: National Road

text: The road's route between Baltimore and Cumberland continues to use the name National Pike or Baltimore National Pike and as Main Street in Ohio today, with various portions now signed as US 40, Alt. US 40, or Maryland Route 144. A spur between Frederick, Maryland, and Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), now Maryland Route 355, bears various local names, but is sometimes referred to as the Washington National Pike; it is now paralleled by I-270 between the Capital Beltway (I-495) and Frederick.


title: National Road

text: Nick-named the "Main Street of America", the road's presence in towns on its route and effective access to surrounding towns attracted wealthy residents to build their houses along the road in towns such as in Richmond, Indiana, and Springfield, Ohio, creating Millionaires' Rows.


title: National Road

text: In 1976, the American Society of Civil Engineers designated the National Road as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.


title: National Road

text: There are several structures associated with the National Road that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: National Road

text: The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission has installed five historical markers noting the historic importance of the road: one in Somerset County on August 10, 1947, one in Washington County on April 1, 1949, and three in Fayette County on October 12, 1948, October 12, 1948, and May 19, 1996.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: The Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit ( "Jakarta") or Jakarta MRT (, stylized as "mrt jakarta") is a rapid transit system in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: The system is operated by PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta (Perseroda), a municipally owned "perseroan terbatas" of the city of Jakarta. Phase 1 of the project (Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI) was officially opened on 24 March 2019.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, harbouring 10 million inhabitants, one-third of the population of Greater Jakarta. It is estimated that over four million residents of the surrounding Greater Jakarta area commute to and from the city each working day. Transport issues have increasingly begun to attract political attention and it has been foreseen that without a major transportation breakthrough, the city will have complete traffic gridlock by 2020.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: As of 2010, public transportation in Jakarta served only 56% of commuter trips. This figure urgently needs to be raised, as the city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of vehicles far exceeds the increase in road length between 2005 and 2010.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Until then, public transportation in the city mainly consists of the TransJakarta bus rapid transit system, the KRL Commuterline commuter rail, and various types of independent buses; starting from the very small bemo and pickup-truck sized mikrolet, to slightly larger minibuses such as the widely used MetroMini and Kopaja minibuses and full sized city buses. There are also both two and four wheeled taxis.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 1 of the project was funded through a soft loan (Rp16 trillion) from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) with a 30 years tenure and 0.25% interest per annum. The loan number IP is 536 (signed November 2006) for engineering services. The engineering services loan is a pre-construction loan to prepare the construction phase. It consists of:


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 2 was funded through a similar loan scheme with a 40 years tenure, allowing a 10 years grace period. The first stage of phase 2 funding (Rp9.4 trillion) incurred 0.1% interest per annumn. Phase 2A funding (Rp25 trillion) will cover a portion of phase 1 excess expenditure (Rp2.5 trillion).


title: Jakarta MRT

text: On 24 August 2022, it was announced that cost required for Phase 2A has been ajdusted to Rp26 trillion, up from Rp22.5 trillion. The challenging soil conditions were cited as the reason for the increase.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 4 will be funded by a South Korean consortium led by Korea Overseas Infrastructure and Urban Development Corporation.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: The Jakarta MRT is expected to stretch across over 108 kilometres, including 26.7 kilometres for the Red line (from Lebak Bulus to Ancol) and 87 kilometres for the Yellow line (from Cikarang to Balaraja).


title: Jakarta MRT

text: The following table lists the MRT lines that are currently operational, under construction or planned as of May 2022. Planned lines are preliminary and could still be altered before entering construction phase.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 1 connects Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI along 15.7 kilometres and consists of 13 stations (7 elevated stations and 6 underground stations). The Indonesian Ministry of Transport approved this plan in September 2010 and invited tenders. Construction began in October 2013.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 1 was opened for free service on 24 March 2019. Commercial service began on 1 April 2019. Phase 1 is expected to serve 212,000 passengers per day. This expected capacity may be maxed out to 960,000 per day. The 15.7 kilometre distance is covered in under 30 minutes. Within its first month of operations, 82,000 passengers used the line daily.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 2 was initially planned to extend Bundaran HI to Kampung Bandan in North Jakarta. However, land acquisition issues hindered the process, prompting the administration to find an alternative location, which will also be designed to house the train depot.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: On 1 January 2019, the president director of MRT Jakarta, William Sabandar said the city administration had decided to make Kota the final station for Phase 2. The extension was then renamed to Phase 2A.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 2A will extend the Red line northwards, from Bundaran HI to Kota and consists of 7 stations over 5.8 kilometres. The extension was initially planned to be fully operational by March 2026. However, due to problems securing bidders for the construction and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the extension is now targeted to be fully operational by 2028.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: On 20 February 2019, it was announced that the Red line will be extended further, towards Ancol. The extension was named Phase 2B.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: On 17 February 2020, during the signing of contract CP201 for the construction of the first two stations of the Phase 2A extension, the administration announced that Phase 2B will consist of two stations and one depot, and was under feasibility studies, with its construction expected to commence in mid-2022.It has since been delayed. Phase 2B is estimated to cost Rp10 trillion.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 2A construction started on 22 March 2021. During excavation works for the construction of Phase 2A, the remains of tracks used for Jakarta's tramway were found.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: A second line is planned to run east–west from Cikarang (West Java) to Balaraja (Banten) via Central Jakarta. It is envisioned to be 87 kilometres long.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Just like the Red line, the Yellow line will also be built in phases. The Yellow line is planned to interchange with the Red line at Thamrin Station. It is currently under architectural design studies and construction was initially expected to begin in 2020, however it has since been delayed.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Phase 4 was first brought up in 2020. It will be a separate line connecting Fatmawati to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. On 30 June 2022, MRT Jakarta announced that pre-feasibility and feasibility studies have completed and construction is expected to commence in 2023.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: The charged fare for a trip on the MRT starts at Rp3,000, increasing by Rp1,000 for every station passed. A trip spanning the entire existing line in 2019 would cost a passenger Rp14,000.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: A refundable Rp15,000 deposit is required to purchase a single journey ticket, in addition to fares required for the journey.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: The Jakarta MRT employs a cashless fare payment system. A dedicated contactless smart card known as the 'Jelajah' can be purchased from the ticketing machines or ticket offices located at every station. Other accepted forms of payment include electronic prepaid cards such as the Jak Lingko, E-Money, Brizzi, BNI Tap Cash, Flazz, , KAI Commuter Multi Trip Card.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Passengers are required to tap their cards at the fare gates when entering and exiting the paid area of the stations.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: In addition to payment cards, MRT Jakarta also accepts payment from electronic wallet providers, such as Gopay, OVO, Dana, LinkAja and Astrapay. Users of electronic wallets must connect their wallet with an app provided by MRT Jakarta (MRT-J) and buy single trip tickets in the form of QR codes.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: To prevent track incursions, half-height and full-height platform screen doors (PSDs) are installed at platforms of elevated and underground stations respectively.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Trains and stations are equipped with CCTVs, which are monitored from the control room. Medical rooms are also available at every station to provide first-aid to passengers and workers, if necessary. Security officers are regularly stationed at station entrances and platforms.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Contract CP 108 for the procurement of rolling stock for the Jakarta MRT was awarded to a consortium led by Sumitomo Corporation on 3 March 2015. A total of 16 six-cars trainsets were ordered at a cost of ¥10.8 billion (Rp145 billion). The trains were built in Nippon Sharyo's plant in Toyokawa, Aichi.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: Each car measures in length, in width, and in height. These trains utilize the CBTC signaling system and are equipped with Automatic Train Operation (ATO) GoA 2, with drivers operating the doors and driving in case of emergency. Like the KRL Commuterline, the MRT trains are also powered via overhead catenary.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: On 10 January 2018, the Governor of Jakarta, Anies Baswedan, gave the first batch of MRT Jakarta trainsets the nickname "Ratangga". The name was derived from the old Javanese word for chariots. It offers a women-only carriage during morning peak hours from 7AM to 9AM and in the afternoon from 5PM to 7PM.


title: Jakarta MRT

text: PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta (Perseroda) is a municipally owned "perseroan terbatas" founded by the Government of Special Capital Region of Jakarta to operate the Jakarta MRT system. Its establishment was approved by the provincial parliament (DPRD) on 10 June 2008 and the company's incorporation was formally notarized on 17 June 2008. Due to a two-shareholder minimum in Indonesia's "perseroan terbaras" laws (rescinded for municipally owned corporations in 2020), only 99.98% of the shares are owned by the Government of Jakarta; the rest 0.02% is owned by Perumda Pasar Jaya (a municipal public corporation of Jakarta operating marketplaces). Therefore, PT MRT Jakarta (Perseroda) is the first operating railway company in Indonesia that is not wholly or partly owned by state-owned company Kereta Api Indonesia, and one of the only such companies besides PT LRT Jakarta.


title: European political party

text: A European political party, known formally as a political party at European level and informally as a Europarty, is a type of political party organisation operating transnationally in Europe and within the institutions of the European Union. They are regulated and funded by the EU Regulation No 1141/2014 on European Political Parties and European Political Foundations and their operations are supervised by the EU Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations. Europarties - usually made up of national parties, not individuals - have the exclusive right to campaign during the European elections and express themselves within the European Parliament by their affiliated political groups and their MEPs. Europarties influence the decision-making process of the European Council through coordination meetings with their affiliated heads of state and government. They also work closely and co-ordinate with their affiliated members of the European Commission.


title: European political party

text: The term "political party in the EU" can mean three different types of entities: domestic political parties, political groups in the European Parliament, and European political parties.


title: European political party

text: Section 41 of the Treaty of Maastricht added Article 138a to the Treaty of Rome. Article 138a (later renumbered to Article 191) stated that "Political parties at European level are important as a factor for integration within the Union. They contribute to forming a European awareness and to expressing the political will of the citizens of the Union." So the concept of a "political party at European level" was born.


title: European political party

text: Article J.18 and Article K.13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam established who should pay for expenditure authorised by Article 138/191 within certain areas. This provided a mechanism whereby Europarties could be paid for out of the European budget, and the Europarties started to spend the money. Such expenditure included funding national parties, an outcome not originally intended.


title: European political party

text: Article 2, section 19 of the Treaty of Nice added a "second" paragraph to Article 191 of the Treaty of Rome. That paragraph stated that "The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251, shall lay down the regulations governing political parties at European level and in particular the rules regarding their funding." The reference to "Article 251" refers to co-decision, which meant the European Parliament had to be involved. So Europarty funding had to be regulated by the Council and the European Parliament, acting together.


title: European political party

text: Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 defined what a "political party at European level" actually "was" and specified that funding should not go to national parties, either directly or indirectly. This meant that European money should stay at the Europarty level and, as a result, the nascent Europarties started to organise themselves on a more European basis instead of acting as a mechanism for funding national parties.


title: European political party

text: That regulation was later heavily amended by the Decision of the Bureau of the European Parliament of 29 March 2004 and by other amendments, the latest of which is Regulation (EC) No 1524/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2007 These amendments tightened up the procedures and funding and provided for the earlier-floated concept of a "political foundation at European level". This meant that the Europarties can set up and fund legally separate affiliated think-tanks (the Eurofoundations) to aid them, although funding national parties remains forbidden. The revised regulation also gives Europarties the exclusive responsibility to campaign for the European elections and can use their funds for this purpose (their corresponding political groups of the European Parliament are strictly forbidden to campaign).


title: European political party

text: Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1141/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 overhauled the existing framework for European political parties and foundations, including by giving them legal status, and establishes an Authority for the purpose of registering, controlling and imposing sanctions on European political parties and European political foundations. The authority will be a body of the European Union.


title: European political party

text: This regulation repealed Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003, however the provisions of that regulation shall continue to apply for the 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 budget years. Although it came into force on 24 November 2014, the regulations shall only apply from 1 January 2017. The authority shall however be set up by 1 September 2016. European political parties and European political foundations registered after 1 January 2017 may only apply for funding under this Regulation for activities starting in the 2018 budget year or thereafter.


title: European political party

text: As of 1 November 2008, the regulation governing Europarties is Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003, as later amended under codecision (see above). According to that regulation's European Commission factsheet, for a party to become a Europarty it must meet the following criteria:


title: European political party

text: Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1141/2014 created the Authority for European political parties and foundations (APPF), an independent supervisory body for oversight of European political parties and foundations.


title: European political party

text: The initial total funding for 2012 was €15 million pre-financing. A further 20% (18.9 million) was given later on in the next year after accounts are presented, with yet further €9.720 million pre-financing for the foundations.


title: European political party

text: All current Europarties are mostly made up of national parties, individual members (MP or MEPs): MPs who are members of member parties can become members of the Europarty. Additionally, people can become individual members of the Europarty without having to join a national party first (e.g. Marian Harkin, who is an individual member of the European Democratic Party).


title: European political party

text: Europarty funding goes to Europarties and stays with Europarties: the funding cannot be used for the funding of other political parties and in particular national political parties. National political parties disinclined from joining Europarties are thereby disadvantaged. In 2004, 25 Members of the European Parliament petitioned the European Court of Justice, arguing that this contravened the EU's stated values of pluralism and democracy. The case was rejected after eighteen months. A closely related case fought by the French Front National, the Italian Lega Nord, and the Belgian Vlaams Blok (now Vlaams Belang) was appealed and rejected.


title: NBA Jam

text: NBA Jam (sometimes "Jam" for short) is a long-running basketball video game series based on the National Basketball Association (NBA). Initially developed as arcade games by Midway, the game found popularity with its photorealistic digitized graphics, over-the-top presentation and exaggerated style of two-on-two basketball play. The successor to Midway's "Arch Rivals", the original 1993 "NBA Jam" allowed players to jump many times above their own height, make slam dunks that defy human capabilities, and freely shove or elbow opponents out of the way without consequences. It also featured a variety of secret characters, as well as the ability to track player records and statistics between play sessions.


title: NBA Jam

text: After the release of "NBA Jam Tournament Edition", Acclaim, the publishers of the home versions of the "Jam" games acquired exclusive rights to release games under the "NBA Jam" name under their Acclaim Sports brand. They produced their own games with the NBA Jam name starting in 1996 with "NBA Jam Extreme", an arcade game featuring the trademark over-the-top style of the previous games. Meanwhile, Midway continued its own series of NBA games with "NBA Hangtime". After "NBA Jam Extreme", Acclaim started publishing titles exclusive to home consoles with a more realistic style. Acclaim then attempted to return the series to its arcade roots with one more console game, 2003's "NBA Jam", before the company closed in 2004.


title: NBA Jam

text: 6 years later, Electronic Arts acquired the rights to the name and in 2010 released "NBA Jam" for the Wii, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game was an attempt to replicate the original Midway games on newer consoles and original lead designer/programmer Mark Turmell was consulted on its development.


title: NBA Jam

text: In 1996, "Next Generation" listed the "NBA Jam" series as number 99 on its "Top 100 Games of All Time", commenting that, ""NBA Jam" is still a terrific game, especially in the arcade with four players. Many of its innovations are now cliche, but it remains one of the best arcade machines around."


title: MBB/Kawasaki BK 117

text: The MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 is a twin-engined medium utility–transport helicopter. It was jointly developed and manufactured by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) of Germany and Kawasaki of Japan. MBB was later purchased by Daimler-Benz and eventually became a part of Eurocopter, which was later rebranded as Airbus Helicopters.


title: MBB/Kawasaki BK 117

text: On 25 February 1977, MBB and Kawasaki signed a cooperative agreement to abandon their independent efforts to design twin-engined general purpose helicopters in favour of a collaborative venture to development of a new rotorcraft for that role. While the programme's costs were shared equally, the workshare was divided into certain areas of the design. MBB utilised their expertise with the rigid rotor system used on the earlier Bo 105 to develop the majority of the dynamic systems and flight controls, while Kawasaki focused on the airframe, structural elements, and various other components. On 13 June 1979, MBB's flying prototype conducted its maiden flight at Ottobrunn, Bavaria, Germany; months later, it was followed by the Kawasaki prototype at Gifu, Chūbu region, Japan on 10 August 1979.


title: MBB/Kawasaki BK 117

text: Each company established their own final assembly line, producing the BK 117 for their respective regions. The BK 117 has proven to be popular for passenger services and VIP-transport, the cabin can be outfitted with various seating configurations, seating between seven and ten passengers. It is also used for a diverse range of operations, such as aerial crane and sling work, law enforcement, and military transport, and is exceptional as an air ambulance and search and rescue platform. During the 1990s, due to its popularity, a refined derivative, initially marketed as the BK 117 C-2 before being rebranded as the EC 145 and later as the H145, was developed from the BK 117 C-1 version; this improved version of the rotorcraft has since succeeded the original BK 117 in production.


title: MBB/Kawasaki BK 117

text: According to aviation author J. Mac. McCellan, the BK 117 has its origins in an earlier rotorcraft designed and produced by German aerospace manufacturer Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB), the MBB Bo 105. This helicopter, which proved to be a commercial success, had made use of a revolutionary hingeless main rotor composed of fibreglass, which was developed by German engineer Ludwig Bölkow. Having established a reputation for reliability and safety, during the early 1970s MBB, along with one of its major shareholders, Boeing Vertol, began studying options for producing an enlarged derivative of the type to accompany the Bo 105. However, Boeing soon withdrew from the venture, leading to MBB searching for another partner; this was found in the form of Japanese company Kawasaki Heavy Industries.


title: MBB/Kawasaki BK 117

text: On 25 February 1977, MBB and Kawasaki signed an agreement to cooperate on the development of a new rotorcraft. Under the terms of this agreement, the two corporations merged their previously separate projects to produce twin-engined general purpose helicopters, these being the "Bo 107" by MBB and the "KH-7" from Kawasaki. All of the privately incurred development costs were shared equally between the two partners; in November 1977, the programme received a huge boost when the government of West Germany announced that it would fund half of the costs of development. By April 1978, project definition studies had been completed, enabling the joint venture to proceed with the detail design phase of development.