title: Mahayana sutras

text: The "Ārya-saṃdhi-nirmocana-Sūtra" ("Noble sūtra of the Explanation of the Profound Secrets," c. 2nd century CE) is the earliest surviving sutra in this class, and its the main text. It divides the teachings of the Buddha into three types, which it calls the "three turnings of the wheel of Dharma." To the first turning, it ascribes the "Āgamas" of the "śravakas", to the second turning the lower Mahāyāna sutras including the "Prajñāpāramitā" sutras, and finally sutras like itself are deemed to comprise the third turning. Moreover, the first two turnings are considered to be provisional ("neyārtha") in this system of classification, while the third group is said to present the final truth without a need for further explication ("nītārtha").


title: Mahayana sutras

text: The well-known "Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra", composed sometime around the 4th century CE, is sometimes included in this group, although it is somewhat syncretic in nature, combining Yogācāra doctrines with those of the "tathāgatagarbha" texts. The "Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra" was influential in Chan Buddhism.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: In the "Vimalakirtinirdeśa", composed some time between the first and second century CE, the bodhisattva Vimalakīrti appears as a layman to teach the Dharma. This is seen by some as a strong assertion of the value of lay practice. The sutra teaches, among other subjects, the meaning of non-dualism, the doctrine of the true body of the Buddha, the characteristically Mahāyāna claim that the appearances of the world are mere illusions, and the superiority of the Mahāyāna over other paths. It places in the mouth of the lay practitioner Vimalakīrti a teaching addressed to both arhats and bodhisattvas, regarding the doctrine of śūnyatā. In most versions, the discourse of the text culminates with a wordless teaching of silence. This sutra has been very popular in China and Japan.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: The class of texts called "Tathāgatagarbha sūtras" teach the important Mahāyāna doctrine of "Tathāgatagarbha," (Tathāgata-embryo, Tathāgata-womb, Inner Tathāgata, also known as "Sugatagarbha") and "Buddha-dhatu" (Buddha nature"," Buddha source, Buddha element). According to Williams, this doctrine states that all beings "have a Tathāgata [i.e. a Buddha] within them, in seed or embryo, that sentient beings are the wombs or matrices of the Tathāgata, or that they have a Tathāgata as their essence, core, or essential inner nature."


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Possibly the earliest of these is the "Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra." Other texts in this genre include the "Śrīmālā Sūtra", the "Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra," the "Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa," the "Mahābherī Sūtra" and the "Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra" (not to be confused with the Pāli "Mahaparinibbana Sutta" and its parallels).


title: Mahayana sutras

text: There are also "sūtras" which are actually collections of other sutras that circulate as one "sutra". One quite influential Sūtra collection is the "Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra" ("The Buddha Wreath Sūtra"), a large composite text consisting of several Sūtras, some of which circulated separately as independent Sūtras. These include the "Daśabhūmika Sūtra" and the "Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra". The "Buddhāvataṃsaka" probably reached its current form by about the 4th century CE and this compilation may have happened in Central Asia.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Williams notes that the "Buddhāvataṃsaka sutra" includes both the yogacara mind-only teaching and the emptiness doctrine, but does so mainly from the perspective of highly advanced beings who have spiritually realized these teachings through deep meditative absoprtion, and thus have all sorts of magical powers which they use to help others. The "Buddhāvataṃsaka" is therefore a text that depicts various mystical visionary scenes, with countless world systems and countless Buddhas and bodhisattvas who travel freely throughout this multiverse helping all beings out of compassion. One of the most important Buddhas in this text is Mahāvairocana ("Great Illuminator"), who fills the entire cosmos with his light, his omniscient awareness and his magical emanations (one of which was Shakyamuni Buddha). In China, the "Buddhāvataṃsaka" became the central text for the Huayen (Jp. Kegon) school of Buddhism, which later went on to influence Chinese Chan Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Two other important Mahāyāna "sūtras" which are also collections of smaller independent sūtras are the "Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra" ("The Heap of Jewels Sūtra") which contains 49 individual sūtras, and the "Mahāsamnipāta Sūtra" ("Sūtra of the Great Assembly") which is a collection of 17 sūtras. Important sutras in the "Mahāratnakūṭa" include the "Bodhisattvapiṭaka, the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra, the Longer Sukhāvatī-vyūha Sutra, the Akṣobhya-vyūha, Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra (The inquiry of Ugra)", the "Saptaśatikā (700 Line) Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra," and the "Tathāgataguhya Sūtra" ("The Secrets of the Tathāgata").""


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Important sutras in the "Mahāsamnipāta" include larger works like the "Akṣayamati-nirdeśa", and the "Gaganagañja-paripṛcchā," which themselves also circulated as independent sutras.""


title: Mahayana sutras

text: These focus on principles that guide the ethical behaviour ("Śīla") of bodhisattvas and the bodhisattva precepts, and include the "Kāshyapa-parivarta", the "Bodhisattva-prātimokṣa Sutra", the "Upāliparipṛcchā" (also known in Chinese as "The Buddha Speaks of Decisive Vinaya Sutra") and the "Brahmajāla Sutra" (or "Brahmajāla Bodhisattva Śīla Sūtra)." For East Asian Zen monastics, the "Bequeathed Teachings Sutra" is a widely chanted and studied text on ethical discipline.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: The "Sutra of the Three Heaps" (Sanskrit: "Triskandhadharmasutra") and the "Golden Light Sutra" ("Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra") focus on the practice of confession of faults. The "Golden Light Sutra" became especially influential in East Asian Buddhism, particularly because of its teaching on how the Four Heavenly Kings protect the ruler who governs his country in the proper manner and upholds the sutra.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: The "Sutra of the Three Heaps" meanwhile remains an important confession focused sutra in Tibetan Buddhism.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Esoteric Sūtras comprise an important category of works that are related to magical and esoteric Buddhist practices. Many of these are often devoted to a particular mantra or dhāraṇī, or simply contain passages which teach these magical spells or chants. One of them, the "Atanatiya Sutra", is also included in the mikkyo (esoteric) division of the standard modern collected edition of Sino-Japanese Buddhist literature.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Some Prajñaparamita texts also include tantric and esoteric elements such as mantras. At least some editions of the Tibetan canon include the "Heart Sutra" in the tantra division.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: There are various sūtras that were traditionally considered to be translations from Indian sources (and which are written to mimic Indic works) but that modern scholars have now shown were most likely composed in East Asia or Central Asia. These texts may also contain colophons which claim to be translations of an Indian original. These sutras are sometimes called "apocryphal" sūtras (a term borrowed from biblical studies) by modern scholars. In Buddhist studies, the term does not necessarily carry the pejorative connotations that it may have in other contexts (and these works are certainly not considered "heretical"). According to Charles Muller "while certain texts are fit to be classified with the "spurious" connotations of the term apocrypha, a significant portion of them were extremely well written works, whose contents accorded with the most profound of the Buddhist doctrines." East Asian Buddhists were aware of the phenomenon of writing original works and attributing them to Indian sources. These texts were sometimes classified either as i-ching (疑經 "scriptures of doubtful authenticity") or as wei-ching (僞教 "spurious scriptures"). Chinese Buddhists like Seng-yu (僧祐; 445-518) noted these spurious works in their Buddhist text catalogues.


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Some Mahayana sutras in the Chinese canon which have been influential in East Asian Buddhism and are likely apocryphal include:


title: Mahayana sutras

text: Since there are many apocryphal sutras in the Chinese Canon, modern scholars have developed various taxonomies of the different types of Apocryphal Sūtras. For example, according to Mochizuki Shinkō's "Bukkyō kyōten seiritsushi ron," there are three main types of apocryphal Chinese "sutras". Makita Tairyō outlines five types of apocryphal sutras:


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: Sheryl Crow is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Sheryl Crow, released on September 24, 1996, by A&M Records. Unlike its predecessor "Tuesday Night Music Club", which was written by a casual collective formed by Crow and several other musicians, "Sheryl Crow" was entirely produced by Crow, who wrote most of the songs alone or with only one collaborator. Most of the album was recorded at Kingsway Studios in New Orleans, Louisiana. The album covers topics of American life, relationship breakups, and moral and ethical issues, while encompassing a variety of music genres such as rock, blues, alternative rock, country, and folk.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: "Sheryl Crow" was a commercial success, being certified triple platinum by both the RIAA and the BPI. It reached number six on the "Billboard" 200 and produced five singles, including the international hit "If It Makes You Happy". The album received very positive reviews from critics, who praised its intricate production and Crow's louder and more assured singing. At the 39th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was awarded Best Rock Album and Crow received the Best Female Rock Vocal Performance award for "If It Makes You Happy". Retrospectively, it is often regarded as Crow's best album.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: "Sheryl Crow" is the follow-up to Sheryl Crow's 1993 album "Tuesday Night Music Club", which was written by a group of musicians known as the "Tuesday Music Club". The group existed as a casual collective formed by Crow and musicians Bill Bottrell, David Baerwald, Kevin Gilbert, Brian MacLeod, David Ricketts, and Dan Schwartz. The album was a commercial success and produced several hit singles, including "All I Wanna Do", "Strong Enough", and "Leaving Las Vegas". It was certified 7× Platinum in the United States and 2× Platinum in the United Kingdom. Crow was also awarded Best New Artist, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and Record of the Year at the 37th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: Tensions between Crow and other members of the group began to arise following Crow's performance of "Leaving Las Vegas" on the "Late Show with David Letterman" in March 1994. Crow offhandedly agreed with the host when she was asked if the track was autobiographical, even though it was primarily written by Baerwald and based on the book of the same name by his friend John O'Brien. As a result, several members of the Tuesday Music Club group felt betrayed, and O'Brien himself committed suicide three weeks later. Nevertheless, O'Brien's parents insisted that Crow had nothing to do with the tragedy, noting that he "was just mad about it [...] But the problems that drove him toward the end were – you know, that's a long, long bloody trip."


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: After "Tuesday Night Music Club", Crow wanted to prove her authority as a musician. According to her, "My only objective on this record was to get under people's skin, because I was feeling like I had so much shit to hurl at the tape." Work on the new album began at Toad Hall in Pasadena, California, the same studio where "Tuesday Night Music Club" was recorded, but sessions were then relocated to New Orleans, Louisiana because Crow "was feeling ghosts in that room". Bottrell was designated to produce the record and co-wrote three songs that would appear on the album, but eventually left because he could not sort out his differences with Crow. As a result, Crow took over production duties and wrote most of the songs alone or with only one collaborator. She also played most of the instruments on the album, including bass and guitar work and nearly all the keyboard parts. Most of the album was recorded at Kingsway Studios in New Orleans, although Crow would later return to Los Angeles to complete work at The Sound Factory and Sunset Sound. Audio mastering took place at Gateway Mastering Studios in Portland, Maine.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: Musically, "Sheryl Crow" was described as a combination of rock, blues, alternative rock, country, folk, and light hip hop loops. Unlike its predecessor, it also features a more off-balance production and a richer instrumentation, with "lots of fuzz, wurlitzer, hammond, moog. Nothing extreme, perhaps, but almost psychedelic when joined to big mainstream melodies", one critic explained. The album covers topics of American life, relationship breakups, and moral and ethical issues, among others. For example, "Home" is a folk ballad where Crow recounts the emotional difficulties of a deteriorating relationship, while "Superstar" deals with a woman fantasizing about stardom. The song "A Change Would Do You Good", which features hand claps and organ licks, is about the need to escape a constricted life.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: The opening track, "Maybe Angels", was described as "a cryptic ode to UFOs and government conspiracies that plays like an "X-Files" theme song." Crow explained that the song is "an extraterrestrial yarn that finds Kurt Cobain joining John Lennon in heaven's winged choir". The track "Redemption Day" is a protest against the US indifference to the Bosnian War. It was inspired when Crow visited the country as part of a USO trip with Hillary and Chelsea Clinton. The song was later covered by Johnny Cash, appearing on his 2010 posthumous record "". The track "Hard to Make a Stand" references abortion, while "Love Is a Good Thing" criticizes Walmart's gun sales policy with the lyrics "Watch out sister/Watch out brother/Watch our children as they kill each other/with a gun they bought at the Wal-Mart discount stores." The song caused some controversy, resulting in Walmart banning sales of the album at their stores.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: The album's lead single, "If It Makes You Happy", underwent several different arrangements before being turned into a rock song. According to musician Jeff Trott, who co-wrote the song along with Crow, "It started off as a twangy, David Lynch-esque sort of thing. Then [...] we played it like punk rock, really fast, as well as country and funky. You know, you get a song and put clothes on it to see what looks good and what doesn't, and usually when you find the right one it's pretty obvious. With that song it was real obvious!" Trott initially wrote the song when he was a member of Pete Droge's backing band, but Crow added a second verse and strengthened the melody. "Sheryl Crow" also has contributions by notable musicians. For example, "Sweet Rosalyn" features saxophone by Steve Berlin of Los Lobos, while "Everyday Is a Winding Road" features harmony vocals by Neil Finn of Crowded House.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: "Sheryl Crow" was released on CD and cassette formats on September 24, 1996. The album reached number six on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and sold 143,000 copies in the first two weeks of release. As of January 2008, the album had sold 2,400,000 units in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan, and has been certified three-times platinum by the RIAA. In the United Kingdom, "Sheryl Crow" reached number five on the UK Albums Chart and was certified three-times platinum by the BPI, signifying sales of over 900,000 units. Unlike the American edition, the British edition of the album contains the bonus track "Free Man". "Sheryl Crow" also reached the top ten in Austria, Belgium, New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland. In Europe, it was certified platinum by the IFPI. A special edition of the album, entitled "Sheryl Crow – Signature Tour Edition", was released in Australia and Japan in 1997. It contains the bonus tracks "Sad Sad World" and an alternate version of "Hard to Make a Stand" as well as a bonus CD with six songs recorded live at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London on November 26, 1996. This 2-CD set was also released as "Sheryl Crow – Special Edition" in the United Kingdom in 1997.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: The song "If It Makes You Happy" was released as the lead single on August 26, 1996, and became an international hit, peaking at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and selling 82,000 units in the first two weeks of release. It was also a success in the United Kingdom, where it reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart. Other countries where the single charted include Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand and Switzerland. A music video was made for the song under the direction of Keir McFarlane. "Everyday Is a Winding Road" was released on November 8, 1996, as the album's second single. The song was also a success, reaching number 11 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. The tracks "Hard to Make a Stand", "A Change Would Do You Good", and "Home" were released as the album's last three singles. "A Change Would Do You Good" was a modest success, peaking at number 16 on the Mainstream Top 40 and number eight on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: Upon release, "Sheryl Crow" received very positive reviews from music critics. Eric Weisbard of "Spin" praised the album's production, stating that the record "goes much further" than its predecessor and that its "bigger beats and dirtier guitar/keyboard effects [work] well with Crow's literate hippie-chick persona". David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" stated similar pros, commenting: "If there's such a thing as a professional lo-fi album, "Sheryl Crow" is it." He also noted Crow's louder and more assured singing, concluding that she "doesn't expose that much of herself [...] she's an emotional centrist. But at the very least, she's building a bridge to a lasting career". Writing for "The Baltimore Sun", J. D. Considine praised Crow's vocals, especially on "If It Makes You Happy", which he felt was probably the album's best song.


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: Despite the praise, the last third of the album was considered the weakest part and the song "Ordinary Morning" was considered a poor choice for a closer. "Rolling Stone" editor David Fricke also criticized the album for being underdeveloped and lacking originality, and unfavorably compared the song "Hard to Make a Stand" to "Tumbling Dice" by the Rolling Stones and "Sweet Jane" by the Velvet Underground. "The Village Voice"s Robert Christgau gave the album a grade and quipped that it was indebted to "not just Alanis but Tchad". In February 1997, "Sheryl Crow" was ranked at number 26 in "The Village Voice"s 1996 Pazz & Jop critics' poll. At the 39th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was awarded Best Rock Album and Crow received the Best Female Rock Vocal Performance award for the song "If It Makes You Happy".


title: Sheryl Crow (album)

text: Retrospectively, AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine referred to the album as "a postmodern masterpiece of sorts – albeit a mainstream, post-alternative, postmodern masterpiece. It may not be as hip or innovative as, say, the Beastie Boys' "Paul's Boutique", but it is as self-referential, pop culture obsessed, and musically eclectic." Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" highlighted the album's "quirky, stream-of-conscious lyrics" and elaborate sound collages, stating that "none of [Crow's] other full-length albums have been as consistent, immaculately produced or distinctly modern." In 1999, "Rolling Stone" selected "Sheryl Crow" as one of the essential albums of the decade. In 2002, the magazine also ranked it at number 44 in its list of Women in Rock: The 50 Essential Albums. In 2003, the album was featured in the Vital Pop: 50 Essential Pop Albums list by "Slant Magazine". In 2008, "Entertainment Weekly" magazine placed the album at number 39 in their list of Top 100 Best Albums of the past 25 years. In 2020, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Sheryl Crow" at number 475 in its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: Kitty (actor)

text: Raja Krishnamoorthy, popularly known as Kitty is an Indian director, screenwriter and actor, primarily working in the Tamil film industry with a few films in Telugu, Malayalam, and Hindi cinema. He has directed films like "Dasarathan" (1993). He made his acting debut in Mani Ratnam' s "Nayakan", released in 1987.


title: Kitty (actor)

text: He has done his Masters in Management Studies from Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, 1975. He started with Mukund Iron & Steel as Management Trainee and Personnel Officer; he was with ITC Welcome Group as Personnel Manager and Regional Personnel Manager, and subsequently, with Enfield India Limited as General Manager (Human Resources). Between June 2000 and March 2002, he worked actively with Polaris Software Lab Ltd., an organization of 2600 people, as consultant and President of Human Resources. From July 2002 till August 2005, he was leading the Consulting and training Division, as Principal Consultant - at ProLease India Pvt. Ltd., part of the Washington DC based Interpro Group. Currently, he heads the Consulting and Training Division and directs the HRD function at talent Maximus. Kitty was at one point the manager at Chola Sheraton, and was therefore known as "Chola" Krishnamurthy. He briefly worked as General Manager at Enfield which he quit to pursue acting as a career.


title: Kitty (actor)

text: Kitty is known for his impressive performances in Kamal Haasan' s "Soora Samhaaram" (1988) and "Sathya" (1988), Rajinikanth' s "Baashha" (1995) and Mani Ratnam' s "Bombay" (1995).


title: Kitty (actor)

text: Apart from acting, he is the director HRD of Talent Maximus India Ltd. He wrote a book called Rajini Punchtantra: Business and Life management. He has contested in 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election in Velachery constituency as an Independent candidate and lost the election.


title: Quillette

text: Quillette () is an online magazine founded by Australian journalist Claire Lehmann. The magazine primarily focuses on science, technology, news, culture, and politics. It also has a podcast, hosted by Jon Kay.


title: Quillette

text: "Quillette" was created in 2015 to focus on scientific topics, but has come to focus on coverage of political and cultural issues concerning freedom of speech and identity politics. It has been described as libertarian-leaning. A 2021 study found "Quillette"'s website to be the 14th most influential internet domain in Australia.


title: Quillette

text: "Quillette" was launched in October 2015 in Sydney, Australia, by Claire Lehmann. It is named after the French word "quillette" which means a withy cutting planted so that it takes root—used here as a metaphor for an essay. Lehmann stated that "Quillette" was created with the aim of "setting up a space where we could critique the blank slate orthodoxy" – a theory of human development which assumes individuals are largely products of nurture, not nature – but that it "naturally evolved into a place where people critique other aspects of what they see as left-wing orthodoxy".


title: Quillette

text: In August 2017, "Quillette" published an article written by four academics in support of James Damore's "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber" memo. "Quillette" website was temporarily disabled. According to Lehmann, this was caused by a DDoS attack after publishing the piece.


title: Quillette

text: In a profile of "Quillette", "Politico" reported that Lehmann knew about the grievance studies affair before it was first reported in October 2018, and was part of planning how to "fan the flames" of that controversy with the magazine's subsequent story defending the hoax.


title: Quillette

text: In May 2019, "Quillette" published an article that alleged connections between antifa activists and national-level reporters who cover the far-right based on the accounts these reporters followed on Twitter. Shane Burley and Alexander Reid Ross, who were mentioned in the article, said that they and other journalists received death threats after the claims were published.


title: Quillette

text: In August 2019, "Quillette" published a hoax article titled "DSA Is Doomed" submitted by an anonymous writer claiming to be a construction worker named Archie Carter who was critical of the organisation Democratic Socialists of America. The magazine retracted the article after the hoax was brought to its attention. According to socialist magazine "Jacobin", the hoax brought "Quillette" fact-checking and editorial standards into question.


title: Quillette

text: Quillette has, controversially, published articles supporting the "Human Biodiversity Movement" (HBM). HBM refers to beliefs that human behaviors are impacted by inherited genes, and certain predispositions are unique to certain ethnic groups. Quillette published articles supporting Noah Carl. Quillette has been accused of promoting eugenics.


title: Quillette

text: "Quillette" publishes two podcasts: "Quillette" that began in 2018, and a second podcast, "Wrongspeak", launched in May 2018 and hosted by "Quillette" associate editor Jonathan Kay and Debra W. Soh. "Wrongspeak" is about "the things we believe to be true but cannot say".


title: Quillette

text: Guests have included Jordan Peterson, Coleman Hughes, James Damore, Lindsay Shepherd, Susan Bradley, Ed the Sock, Adrienne Batra, Steven Pinker, Bill Kristol, Michael Shermer, Matthew Goodwin, Irshad Manji, Sir Roger Scruton, Claire Fox, Francis Fukuyama, Peter Boghossian, Douglas Murray, Brian C. Kalt, and David Frum.


title: Quillette

text: In an article for "The Outline", writer Gaby Del Valle classifies "Quillette" as "libertarian-leaning", "academia-focused" and "a hub for reactionary thought." In the Seattle newspaper "The Stranger", Katie Herzog writes that it has won praise "from both Steven Pinker and Richard Dawkins", adding that "most of the contributors are academics but the site reads more like a well researched opinion section than an academic journal". In an opinion piece for "USA Today", columnist Cathy Young describes "Quillette" as "libertarian-leaning". An article in "Vice" described "Quillette" as a "libertarian magazine".


title: Quillette

text: "Politico "and "Vox" reported that "Quillette" has been associated with the "intellectual dark web", a term used, according to "Politico", to describe "a loose cadre of academics, journalists and tech entrepreneurs who view themselves as standing up to the knee-jerk left-leaning politics of academia and the media." Writing for "The New York Times", Bari Weiss referred to Claire Lehmann as a figure in the "intellectual dark web".


title: Quillette

text: Writing for "The Guardian", Jason Wilson describes "Quillette" as "a website obsessed with the alleged war on free speech on campus". Writing for "The Washington Post", Aaron Hanlon describes "Quillette" as a "magazine obsessed with the evils of 'critical theory' and postmodernism". Writing for "New York" magazine's column "The Daily Intelligencer" Andrew Sullivan described "Quillette" as "refreshingly heterodox" in 2018. In a piece for "Slate", Daniel Engber suggested that while some of its output was "excellent and interesting", the average "Quillette" story "is dogmatic, repetitious, and a bore". He wrote that it describes "even modest harms inflicted via groupthink—e.g., dropped theater projects, flagging book sales, condemnatory tweets—as 'serious adversity'", arguing that various authors in "Quillette" engage in the same victim mentality that they attempt to criticise. In an article for "The Daily Beast", writer Alex Leo described "Quillette" as "a site that fancies itself intellectually contrarian but mostly publishes right-wing talking points couched in grievance politics".


title: Kotono Mitsuishi

text: Kotono Mitsuishi was born on December 8, 1967 in Toda, Saitama Prefecture and raised in Tokyo, Japan. She graduated high school in 1986 and later entered the Katsuta Seiyū Academy. She then debuted as Seiyū in 1989. She is also known for her role of Sailor Moon in the manga and anime series of the same name since 1992. In 2011, she was the voice of Hummy in "Suite PreCure".


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting or restricting certain types of dogs and codifying the criminal offence of allowing a dog of any breed to be dangerously out of control. After eleven horrific attacks in 1991, Home Secretary Kenneth Baker promised "to rid the country of the menace of these fighting dogs". The Act has been controversial for failing to stem the rise of dog attacks and for focusing on a dog's breed or looks instead of an individual dog's behaviour.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The 1991 act was introduced by then Home Secretary Kenneth Baker, and was amended in 1997. The Act applies in England, Wales and Scotland, with The Dangerous Dogs (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 having a similar effect in Northern Ireland. The intention of the Act was the protection of the people. Prior to the Act there were no criminal penalties for injuries or deaths caused by dog attacks.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: Britain has a long history of various dog legislation in attempts to protect the public. In the ninth century, dog-owners were fined if their dog bit a person. In 1839, fines were exacted for allowing dogs to run loose in London, and owners were liable if their unmuzzled dog attacked a person or other animal. In 1847, it became a criminal offence to let a dangerous dog run loose. The power to confiscate dogs was introduced in 1871. Prohibition of owning a dog as a penalty was available in 1989. The 1991 Act banned four types of dog, and made it an offence for an owner to allow any dog "to be dangerously out of control". In 1997, the Act was amended, relaxing rules and giving courts more flexibility about euthanasia orders. And in 2006, local authorities were empowered to ban dogs from certain public areas to reduce menace and fouling by dogs.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: Under the Act, it is illegal to own certain dogs without an exemption from a court. The Act bans the breeding, sale and exchange of these dogs, even if they are on the Index of Exempted Dogs.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The first two are explicitly mentioned in the Act, and the final two were added by the Secretary of State in 1991.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The Act also covers cross-breeds of the above four types of dog. Dangerous dogs are classified by "type", not by breed label. This means that whether a dog is prohibited under the Act will depend on a judgement about its physical characteristics, and whether they match the description of a prohibited "type". This assessment of the physical characteristics is made by a Dog Legislation Officer (DLO), a police officer experienced in dog handling and dog legislation, who assists in the investigation of dog-related allegations of crime.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The process for getting a Section 1 dog exempted includes proving to the court that the dog is not a danger to public safety, that it is owned by a 'fit and proper' person to be in charge of a dog, that the dog is already neutered and microchipped, and that the owner has obtained third-party insurance that would cover an incident of bodily injury or death of a person caused by the dog. Ongoing conditions include keeping the dog at the address listed, notifying of address changes, notifying of the death or export of the dog, keeping the dog muzzled and on a lead in public places, keeping the dog securely to prevent escape, and maintaining all previous conditions for the life of the dog.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The Act established the "Index of Exempted Dogs" and the Animal Welfare section of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) oversees the administration of the Act and the Index.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: Initially, dogs born before 30 November 1991 were eligible to be put on the Index of Exempted Dogs (a grandfather clause). Applications were received for over 8,000 dogs; 5,223 dogs received their "Certificate of Exemption". Dogs born after 30 November 1991 were not eligible to be on the Index, and it was expected the Index would cease after the death of the last of the original 5,223 dogs. However, the 1997 amendments expanded eligibility, effectively continuing the Index. As of 2015, there were 3,001 Pit bull terriers on the Index, 6 Dogo Argentinos, 0 Fila Brasilieros, and 3 Japanese Tosas. As of 2018, there were 3,514 Pit bull terriers, 3 Japanese Tosas, 13 Dogo Argentinos, and 0 Fila Brazilieros.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the British Veterinary Association are both against the breed-specific legislation provisions of the Act (Section 1), mainly on the basis that there is no scientific evidence that all individuals of a breed are dangerous. However, data from the Metropolitan Police shows that in incidents involving 'dangerously out of control dogs' banned breeds account for about 20% of offences. Defra says "a large number of serious cases from a very small population of dogs in circulation, and that is striking evidence that there is an issue with this particular type of dog", while a Member of Parliament said "Despite the fact that dogs on the exempt list must be muzzled in public, that breed still accounts for almost 20% of all reported attacks. We know also that pit bulls have been involved in seven of the 31 fatal attacks that have occurred since 2005. That is highly disproportionate for one type of dog that is banned, and it underlines the need to be cautious about change in this area."


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The act only covers dog attacks causing physical injury to a human, not physical injury or death to other animals, and does not cover mental injury to a human witnessing such an attack (PTSD, for example). Efforts have been made to get the law changed. In some cases, injuries to humans have been ignored or not taken seriously by authorities because they were caused during a dog-on-dog attack.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: A 2018 proposal by PETA to have the Staffordshire Bull Terrier and American Bulldog added to the list of banned dogs spawned a petition in support of the Staffordshires which garnered 160,000 signatures. The proposal was debated by Parliament and rejected. George Eustice declared, ""The Government have no plans at all to add Staffordshire bull terriers, or any other type of dog, to the list of prohibited dogs.""


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: The act has been described as a piece of rushed legislation which was an overreaction to a transient public mood. The Act is sometimes cited as an unfavourable example of such legislation, and in January 2007, the act was included in public responses to a BBC Radio 4 poll of unpopular UK legislation.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: A 1992 case involving a dog named Dempsey, a pit bull terrier which three years later had its destruction order reversed, brought interest because of the lack of discretion that the Act gave magistrates regarding Section 1 dogs. Discretion was granted to magistrates with the 1997 amendment to the Act.


title: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991

text: In the case of "R (Sandhu) v. Isleworth Crown Court", the claimant Sandhu was in prison and sought to nominate a temporary keeper to have his dog. The judicial review held that a person does have the right to nominate a person to temporarily keep the dog. This decision has more recently been more regulated to only allow for temporary keepership in certain circumstances.


title: Cirth

text: The Cirth (, meaning "runes"; sg. certh ) is a semi‑artificial script, based on real‑life runic alphabets, one of several scripts invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works. "Cirth" is written with a capital letter when referring to the writing system; the letters themselves can be called "cirth".


title: Cirth

text: In the fictional history of Middle-earth, the original "Certhas" was created by the Sindar (or Grey Elves) for their language, Sindarin. Its extension and elaboration was known as the "Angerthas Daeron", as it was attributed to the Sinda Daeron, despite the fact that it was most probably arranged by the Noldor in order to represent the sounds of other languages like Quenya and Telerin.


title: Cirth

text: Although it was later largely replaced by the Tengwar, the Cirth was nonetheless adopted by the Dwarves to write down both their Khuzdul language ("Angerthas Moria") and the languages of Men ("Angerthas Erebor"). The Cirth was also adapted, in its oldest and simplest form, by various races including Men and even Orcs.


title: Cirth

text: Many letters have shapes also found in the historical runic alphabets, but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke). A similar system has been proposed for a few historical runes but is in any case much more obscure.


title: Cirth

text: The division between the older Cirth of Daeron and their adaptation by Dwarves and Men has been interpreted as a parallel drawn by Tolkien to the development of the Fuþorc to the Younger Fuþark. The original Elvish Cirth "as supposed products of a superior culture" are focused on logical arrangement and a close connection between form and value whereas the adaptations by mortal races introduced irregularities. Similar to the Germanic tribes who had no written literature and used only simple runes before their conversion to Christianity, the Sindarin Elves of Beleriand with their Cirth were introduced to the more elaborate Tengwar of Fëanor when the Noldorin Elves returned to Middle-earth from the lands of the divine Valar.


title: Cirth

text: In the Appendix E to "The Return of the King", Tolkien writes that the Sindar of Beleriand first developed an alphabet for their language some time between the invention of the Tengwar by Fëanor (YT 1250) and the introduction thereof to Middle-earth by the Exiled Noldor at the beginning of the First Age.


title: Cirth

text: This alphabet was devised to represent only the sounds of their Sindarin language and its letters were mostly used for inscribing names or brief memorials on wood, stone or metal, hence their angular shapes and straight lines. In Sindarin these letters were named "cirth" (sing. "certh"), from the Elvish root "*kir-" meaning "to cleave, to cut". An abecedarium of "cirth", consisting of the runes listed in due order, was commonly known as Certhas (, meaning "rune-rows" in Sindarin and loosely translated as "runic alphabet").


title: Cirth

text: The form of these letters was somewhat unsystematic, unlike later rearrangements and extensions that made them more featural. The "cirth" and were used for and , but varied as to which was which. Many of the runes consisted of a single vertical line (or "stem") with an appendage (or "branch") attached to one or both sides. If the attachment was made on one side only, it was usually to the right, but "the reverse was not infrequent" and did not change the value of the letter. (For example, the variants or specifically mentioned for "h" or "s", also or for "t", etc.)


title: Cirth

text: In Beleriand, before the end of the First Age, the "Certhas" was rearranged and further developed, partly under the influence of the Tengwar introduced by the Noldor. This reorganisation of the Cirth was commonly attributed to the Elf Daeron, minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Thus, the new system became known as the Angerthas Daeron (where "angerthas" is from Sindarin + "certhas" , meaning "long rune-rows").


title: Cirth

text: In this arrangement, the assignment of values to each "certh" is systematic. The runes consisting of a stem and a branch attached to the right are used for voiceless stops, while other sounds are allocated according to the following principles:


title: Cirth

text: The "cirth" constructed in this way can therefore be arranged into series, each corresponding to a place of articulation:


title: Cirth

text: Other letters introduced in this system include: and for and , respectively; runes for long vowels, evidently originated by doubling and binding the "certh" of the corresponding short vowel (e.g., → two front vowels, probably stemming from ligatures of the corresponding back vowel with the -"certh" (i.e., → , and → some homorganic nasal + stop clusters (e.g.,


title: Cirth

text: Back to the fictional history, since the new and encompass sounds which do not occur in Sindarin but are present in Quenya, they were most probably introduced by the Exiled Noldor who spoke Quenya as a language of knowledge.


title: Cirth

text: By loan-translation, the Cirth became known in Quenya as "Certar" , while a single "certh" was called "certa" .


title: Cirth

text: After the Tengwar became the sole script used for writing, the "Angerthas Daeron" was essentially relegated to carved inscriptions. The Elves of the West, for the most part, abandoned the Cirth altogether, with the exception of the Noldor dwelling in the country of Eregion, who maintained it in use and made it known as Angerthas Eregion.


title: Cirth

text: According to Tolkien's "legendarium", the Dwarves first came to know the runes of the Noldor at the beginning of the Second Age. The Dwarves "introduced a number of unsystematic changes in value, as well as certain new cirth". They modified the previous system to suit the specific needs of their language, Khuzdul. The Dwarves spread their revised alphabet to Moria, where it came to be known as "Angerthas Moria", and developed both carved and pen-written forms of these runes.


title: Cirth

text: Many cirth here represent sounds not occurring in Khuzdul (at least in published words of Khuzdul: of course, our corpus is very limited to judge the necessity or not, of these sounds). Here they are marked with a black star ().


title: Cirth

text: In "Angerthas Moria" the cirth and were dropped. Thus and were adopted for and , although they were used for and in Elvish languages. Subsequently, this script used the certh for , which had the sound in the Elvish systems. Therefore, the certh (which was previously used for the sound , useless in Khuzdul) was adopted for the sound . A totally new introduction was the certh , used as an alternative, simplified and, maybe, weaker form of . Because of the visual relation of these two cirth, the certh was given the sound to relate better with that, in this script, had the sound .


title: Cirth

text: At the beginning of the Third Age the Dwarves were driven out of Moria, and some migrated to Erebor. As the Dwarves of Erebor would trade with the Men of the nearby towns of Dale and Lake-town, they needed a script to write in Westron (the "lingua franca" of Middle-earth, usually rendered in English by Tolkien in his works). The "Angerthas Moria" was adapted accordingly: some new cirth were added, while some were restored to their Elvish usage, thus creating the "Angerthas Erebor".


title: Cirth

text: While the "Angerthas Moria" was still used to write down Khuzdul, this new script was primarily used for Mannish languages. It is also the script used in the first and third page of the Book of Mazarbul.


title: Cirth

text: The Book of Mazarbul shows some additional cirth used in "Angerthas Erebor": one for a double ligature, one for the definite article, and six for the representation of the same number of English diphthongs:


title: Cirth

text: The Cirth is not the only runic writing system used by Tolkien in his "legendarium". In fact, he devised a great number of runic alphabets, of which only a few others have been published. Some of these are included in the "Appendix on Runes" of "The Treason of Isengard" ("The History of Middle-earth", vol. VII), edited by Christopher Tolkien.


title: Cirth

text: According to Tolkien himself, those found in "The Hobbit" are a form of "English runes" used in lieu of the Dwarvish runes proper. They can be interpreted as an attempt made by Tolkien to adapt the Fuþorc (i.e., the Old English runic alphabet) to the Modern English language.


title: Cirth

text: These runes are basically the same found in Fuþorc, but their sound may change according to their position, just like the letters of the Latin script: the writing mode used by Tolkien is, in this case, mainly orthographic. This means that the system has one rune for each Latin letter, regardless of pronunciation. For example, the rune can sound in , in , in , and even in the digraph .


title: Cirth

text: A few sounds are instead written with the same rune, without considering the English spelling. For example, the sound is always written with the rune whether in English it is spelt as in , as in , or as in . The only two letters that are subject to this phonemic spelling are and .


title: Cirth

text: Here the runes used in "The Hobbit" are displayed along with their Fuþorc counterpart and corresponding English grapheme:


title: Cirth

text: Not all the runes mentioned in "The Hobbit" are Dwarf-runes. The swords found in the Trolls' cave bore runes that Gandalf could not read. In fact, the swords Glamdring and Orcrist (which were forged in the ancient kingdom of Gondolin) bore a type of letters known as Gondolinic runes. They seem to have become obsolete and been forgotten by the Third Age, and this is supported by the fact that only Elrond could still read the inscriptions on the swords.


title: Cirth

text: Tolkien devised this runic alphabet in a very early stage of his shaping of Middle-earth. Nevertheless, they are known to us from a slip of paper written by J. R. R. Tolkien, a photocopy of which Christopher Tolkien sent to Paul Nolan Hyde in February 1992. Hyde then published it, together with an extensive analysis, in the 1992 Summer issue of Mythlore, no. 69.


title: Cirth

text: The system provides sounds not found in any of the known Elven languages of the First Age, but perhaps it was designed for a variety of languages. However, the consonants seem to be, more or less, the same found in Welsh phonology, a theory supported by the fact that Tolkien was heavily influenced by Welsh when creating Elven languages.


title: Cirth

text: Tolkien's mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes received explicit recognition with the introduction of his three additional runes to the Runic block with the release of Unicode 7.0, in June 2014. The three characters represent the English , and graphemes, as follows:


title: Cirth

text: A formal Unicode proposal to encode Cirth as a separate script was made in September 1997 by Michael Everson.


title: Cirth

text: No action was taken by the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) but Cirth appears in the Roadmap to the SMP.


title: Cirth

text: Unicode Private Use Area layouts for Cirth are defined at the ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR) and the Under-ConScript Unicode Registry (UCSUR).


title: Cirth

text: Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols below instead of Cirth.


title: Humane Colombia

text: Humane Colombia (), formerly known as the Progressive Movement (), is a Colombian centre-left to left-wing political movement and party founded in 2011 and led by President Gustavo Petro. The youth wing of the party is known as Juventud Humana (Humane Youth).


title: Humane Colombia

text: The movement has its origin in the Bogotá local election of 2011, in which a group of citizens led by Gustavo Petro collected around 300,000 signatures to register the candidacies to the Local Administrative Board, 60,000 to register a list to the City Council headed by Carlos Vicente de Roux, and 120,000 signatures to register Petro's candidacy for the mayorship of Bogotá.


title: Humane Colombia

text: After leaving the mayor's office, Petro decided to run for the presidency of the Republic for the 2018 elections through the mechanism of collecting signatures. Under the promoter committee called Colombia Humana which uses a similar symbology and colours to the movement that the former mayor created to reach the mayoralty and likewise to the slogan of his administration Bogotá Humana, he set about the task of collecting signatures for the sake of registering his candidacy. On 11 December 2017, the last day according to the electoral calendar for registering signatures to endorse presidential candidacies, Petro collected 850,000 signatures.


title: Humane Colombia

text: In August 2018, he was denied legal status by the CNE. This ruling is based on the fact that it was the DECENTES coalition as a whole that obtained the required percentage of votes and not only Colombia Humana, which would not meet the minimum number of votes required. They also argue that the percentage of votes obtained by Petro in the presidential elections are not considered because, according to the constitution, only parties, movements and significant groups of citizens that exceed a percentage of more than 3% of the votes at the national level in the parliamentary elections can be given legal status.


title: Humane Colombia

text: The party is regularly targeted by threats from paramilitary organizations, particularly the Aguilas Negras. Known figures of the party, such as Gustavo Petro, Gustavo Bolivar and Hollman Morris are frequently threatened with death. Nearly a dozen activists from Humane Colombia have been assassinated for political reasons during the year 2020.


title: Humane Colombia

text: In June 2022, Gustavo Petro was elected as president, making him Colombia’s first leftist head of state. He won 50.47% of the vote in a runoff election.


title: Humane Colombia

text: Several of the movement's founders had, like Petro, joined after resigning from the Alternative Democratic Pole party on 2 August 2010 following a meeting of that party's National Executive Committee. Petro claimed to assume the presidency of the Pole using the 1.3 million votes obtained in the 2010 presidential elections; however, by decision of the majority of the board, Clara López was ratified as president of the party. López achieved the backing of over 25 members of the Committee, while Petro only achieved the backing of 7 so he decided to create his own movement.


title: Humane Colombia

text: With the endorsement of the movement, in the 2011 regional elections Petro was elected mayor of Bogotá with more than 700,000 votes; 8 councillors were also elected in Bogotá, 1 in Mosquera (Cundinamarca), and some other councillors in the Atlantic Coast region. Following Colombia's 2015 regional elections, journalist and activist Hollman Morris was elected councillor for the movement with one of the highest votes, while the movement's mayoral candidate, María Mercedes Maldonado, withdrew her candidacy to run in coalition with the Polo Democrático candidate, Clara López.


title: Humane Colombia

text: After the presidential elections, Colombia Humana, which obtained more than eight million votes and came second in the elections, obtained a seat in the Senate and in the House of Representatives, according to the opposition's Statutory Law 1909 of 2008, article 24: "The candidates who follow in votes those who the electoral authority declares elected President and vice-president of the Republic, will have the personal right to occupy, in their order, a seat in the Senate of the Republic and another in the House of Representatives".


title: Humane Colombia

text: For the 2014 legislative elections it made a programmatic agreement with the Green Party, a coalition that was renamed Alianza Verde, and under whose legal status it ran several candidates for Congress, with Antonio Navarro being elected as senator and Inti Asprilla and Angélica Lozano as representatives to the Chamber.


title: Humane Colombia

text: On 13 December 2017, party leaders (Gustavo Petro, Aída Avella and Jesús Chávez) agreed to create the so-called List of Decency coalition comprising the Unión Patriótica, the Movimiento Alternativo Indígena y Social, the Alianza Social Independiente and Colombia Humana parties with other sectors of the left to compete in the 2018 legislative and presidential elections.


title: Humane Colombia

text: In 2021, together with various other leftist political parties, Colombia Humana formed the Historic Pact for Colombia for the 2022 congressional elections and the presidential election of the same year. Gustavo Petro was the party's pre-candidate, as well of various other parties, including the Alternative Democratic Pole, Unión Patriótica and the Communist Party.


title: McCann (company)

text: McCann, formerly McCann Erickson, is an American global advertising agency network, with offices in 120 countries. McCann is part of McCann Worldgroup, along with several other agencies, including direct digital marketing agency MRM//McCann, experiential marketing agency Momentum Worldwide, healthcare marketing group McCann Health, and public-relations and strategic-communications agency Weber Shandwick.


title: McCann (company)

text: McCann Worldgroup, along with agency networks MullenLowe and FCB, make up The Interpublic Group of Companies (IPG), one of the four large holding companies in the advertising industry.


title: McCann (company)

text: In 1964, the "Put a Tiger in Your Tank" campaign was developed by McCann Erickson for Esso. Sales soared and the advertising became the talk of the land; "Time" magazine declared 1964 to be "The Year of the Tiger" along Madison Avenue.


title: McCann (company)

text: McCann Erickson created Coca-Cola's "It's The Real Thing" slogan and ad campaign, including the 1971 "Hilltop" ad, which featured the "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke" jingle. The song for the commercial was recorded by The New Seekers, and first aired as a radio ad before being made into a television commercial. The song was rerecorded for commercial release as "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)". The commercial was featured in the final episode of the TV series "Mad Men". McCann Erickson also developed the "Army Strong" campaign for the United States Army. The company also developed the MasterCard commercial saying "There are some things money can't buy. For everything else, there's MasterCard", as well as the Rice-a-Roni jingle (based on a 1923 song, "Barney Google"). McCann Erickson also developed the Gold Blend couple advertisements for Nescafé, which aired from 1987 to 1993. McCann worked on Russia Today's 2008 rebranding and came up with their slogan, "Question More".


title: McCann (company)

text: Other McCann campaigns have included “Quick, Henry the Flit!” from the 1928 ads created by Theodor (Dr. Seuss) Geisel; “You can be sure… if it’s Westinghouse” from 1954, which featured the actress and consumer advocate Betty Furness in the commercials; “Wouldn’t you really rather have a Buick,” from 1965; and “It’s Better in the Bahamas,” from 1976.


title: McCann (company)

text: The agency also introduced the line, “If you’ve got the time, we’ve got the beer” for Miller High Life in 1971, and then “Everything you’ve always wanted in a beer. And less.” in the 1973 introduction of Miller Lite beer. During Super Bowl XIV in 1980, the agency ran a Coca-Cola commercial starring the Pittsburgh Steelers defensive tackle “Mean” Joe Greene that USA Today's Ad Meter poll of readers ranked in 2016 as the No. 1 Super Bowl commercial of all time.


title: McCann (company)

text: In 1973, McCann New York launched the campaign for L’Oréal's hair coloring products featuring the line, “Because I’m Worth It.” It featured three female personalities beginning with Joanne Dusseau, Meredith Baxter Birney and Cybill Shepherd, explaining why they were willing to spend more for their hair.


title: McCann (company)

text: In 2012, McCann Melbourne launched the "Dumb Ways to Die" animated ad campaign for Metro Trains in Melbourne, Australia, that promoted safety through darkly amusing animation and a catchy song that quickly went viral with 200 million downloads.


title: McCann (company)

text: To help launch one of Lockheed Martin's STEM initiatived in 2016, "Generation Beyond", McCann transformed a yellow school bus into the world's first “Group VR Experience.” Students thought they were going on an ordinary field trip. But as the windows transformed to reveal the Martian landscape, they were surprised with a field trip like no other. The campaign, "Field Trip to Mars" won many industry awards in the 2016-2017 season including being the most awarded at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity in 2016.


title: McCann (company)

text: On the eve of International Women's Day in March 2017, State Street Global Advisors and McCann New York unveiled "Fearless Girl" in the Wall Street area, a statue of a little girl posturing boldly with her hands on her hips, representing female empowerment and gender equality. The installation became a global viral sensation. In February 2018, the City of New York announced that the "Fearless Girl" statue would be permanently installed in downtown Manhattan.


title: McCann (company)

text: For MGM Resorts in 2018, it launched "Universal Love" in which six iconic wedding songs were re-recorded to be more inclusive of LGBTQ relationships. When the musician Prince died on April 21, 2016, Commonwealth//McCann, the agency handling the General Motors global Chevrolet account, ran a full-page tribute ad in six U.S. newspapers, just showing the back of a red 1963 Chevrolet Corvette, and not naming either GM or Chevrolet. The copy said, "Baby that was much too fast, 1958–2016," a reference to the lyrics in Prince's 1982 hit song "Little Red Corvette". The agency, which introduced George Clooney into U.S. Nespresso advertising in 2015, created the 2017 special effects commercial in which the actor is shown hitching rides in actual scenes from famous movies such as "Psycho" and "Easy Rider" as he travels for the coffee.


title: McCann (company)

text: McCann Worldgroup (MW) was formed in 1997 as the parent company of McCann and several other agencies, including MRM//McCann and Weber Shandwick.


title: McCann (company)

text: McCann's Canadian subsidiary is the product of the 1995 merger of its Canadian office, founded in 1915 as an outpost of H. K. McCann, and MacLaren Advertising.


title: McCann (company)

text: The MacLaren Advertising Company was an outgrowth of the Toronto office of the Detroit-based firm, Campbell-Ewald, which was opened in 1922 to handle General Motors Canada's advertising account. Former reporter John A. MacLaren was hired as the Toronto office's general manager, purchased the Canadian office and renamed it MacLaren Advertising in 1935. By the 1960s, it had developed into an international advertising firm, MacLaren International.


title: McCann (company)

text: The firm was best known for launching the "General Motors Hockey Broadcast" in 1931 when it acquired exclusive radio broadcasting rights for games held in Maple Leaf Gardens. The programme initially aired on the CN Radio network. The series transferred to CNR's successor, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission and became the "Imperial Esso Hockey Broadcast" in 1934, when Imperial Oil became its sponsor, and then "Hockey Night in Canada" in 1936 when it began airing on the CRBC's successor, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. MacLaren Advertising would produce the programme in collaboration with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation until 1988.


title: McCann (company)

text: The agency became a leader in Canadian advertising, and was the first advertising agency in Canada to have a radio department, research department, direct mail and sales promotion department, as well as a poster and store display division. As it grew, it established branches in Montreal, Quebec City, and London, Ontario.


title: McCann (company)

text: MacLaren Advertising clients included General Motors Canada, General Electric Canada, Imperial Oil, Canada Packers, and the Government of Canada. It established the first radio department in any Canadian advertising agency. By 1948, MacLaren was first to advertise its corporate clients on television featuring celebrities and well-known jingles.


title: McCann (company)

text: It acquired the Norris-Patterson agency in 1942, and by 1954 was one of the top 50 companies in North America. MacLaren expanded further, establishing branch offices in Vancouver, Winnipeg and Ottawa.


title: McCann (company)

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, MacLaren was the largest ad agency in Canada and its staff produced 85% of TV network programming after CBC Television started broadcasting in 1952. The firm was responsible for Molson's "I Am Canadian" campaign and the “Built For Drivers” platform for Pontiac, and a series of ads for Sunlight detergent in the 1980s.


title: McCann (company)

text: In 1988, the firm was acquired by Lintas Worldwide which renamed the firm MacLaren:Lintas. In 1995, the firm, now a Canadian subsidiary, was sold to the McCann and renamed it MacLaren McCann. In 2016, it was renamed McCann Canada, with offices in Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver, and Montreal.


title: McCann (company)

text: In the AMC series "Mad Men", an executive at McCann Erickson is introduced in Season 1 as showing great interest in poaching Don Draper away from Sterling Cooper. This attempt is ultimately unsuccessful but McCann would feature as a background adversary to Sterling Cooper for most of the series. Sterling Cooper and its parent company, Putnam, Powell and Lowe, are acquired by McCann, leading Don Draper to help start a new agency rather than be part of what he calls a "sausage factory." Responding to the show, the ad company bought space in "Adweek", "Brandweek", and "Mediaweek" headlined "Welcome, Sterling Cooper" and signed "Your friends at McCann Erickson". Later in the series, Roger Sterling negotiates the sale of 51% of Sterling Cooper & Partners to McCann as an independent subsidiary, but McCann subsequently swallows up the company and consolidates it into its much larger business. The series ended with the landmark Hilltop ad for Coca-Cola made by McCann Erickson.


title: McCann (company)

text: Former employees include Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss), and President Ronald Reagan's brother, Neil Reagan, who was senior vice president of McCann Erickson. Homoerotic artist Tom of Finland started his work in the 1960s as an art director at the Finnish branch of the agency.


title: McCann (company)

text: Others have included James Dickey, the novelist ("Deliverance") and poet (U.S. Poet Laureate, 1966–1968), who joined as a copywriter on Coca-Cola in 1956, working first in New York and then in Atlanta for a few years; Edward Lewis Wallant, who worked (1957–1961) as an art director in New York while he was writing the novel "The Pawnbroker" (1961), which became in 1964 the first U.S. film to treat the horrors of The Holocaust from the viewpoint of a survivor; Bert Sugar, the sports historian and boxing writer, who worked in New York in the 1960s; Bryce Courtenay, one of Australia's best-selling authors ("The Power of One"), who worked in Sydney for more than a decade starting in 1959, including as creative director; Ismail Merchant, who joined New York as an account executive in 1958 while developing his first film, "The Creation of Woman" (1960), and then went on to form Merchant Ivory Productions, famous for movies such as "A Room with a View" (1985) and "Howards End" (1992); Grant Tinker, who was director of program development in McCann New York (1954–1957), and then co-founded MTM Enterprises ("The Mary Tyler Moore Show") and later became CEO of NBC (1981–1986); Stan Weston, who created the G.I. Joe action figure and helped develop the "ThunderCats" cartoon series; comic actor Dave Thomas, who was a Toronto and New York copywriter at the agency on Coca-Cola (1974–1976), known for portraying Doug McKenzie in "SCTV"s early 1980s Bob and Doug McKenzie skits with Rick Moranis; and Shonda Rhimes ("Grey's Anatomy"), whose first job out of college in 1991 was as a writer in San Francisco.


title: McCann (company)

text: The writer and filmmaker Jomí García Ascot, who was VP-creative director of McCann Mexico up through 1978, was part of the influential creative group in Mexico that included Gabriel García Márquez, who dedicated the first Spanish-language edition of "One Hundred Years of Solitude" to García Ascot and his wife. As recalled by the Mexican novelist and poet Fernando del Paso, the Stanton Publicidad agency that would become part of McCann Mexico in 1968 brought together writers and filmmakers that included himself, Garcia Marquez María Luisa Mendoza, Álvaro Mutis, Jorge Fons, and Arturo Ripstein.


title: 40th parallel north

text: The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.


title: 40th parallel north

text: At this latitude the sun is visible for 15 hours, 1 minute and 28 seconds during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 20 minutes during the winter solstice. On 21 June, the maximum altitude of the sun is 73.44 degrees, while it's 26.56 degrees on 21 December.


title: 40th parallel north

text: Starting in Spain at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 40° north passes through:


title: 40th parallel north

text: The parallel 40° north forms the boundary between the states of Kansas and Nebraska. On 30 May 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act created the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska divided by the parallel 40° north. Both territories were required to determine for themselves whether to permit slavery. Open conflict between free-state and pro-slavery forces in the Kansas Territory was one of the root causes of the American Civil War.


title: 40th parallel north

text: The parallel 40° north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland. A subsequent royal grant gave the Colony of Pennsylvania land north of the 40th parallel but mistakenly assumed it would intersect the Twelve Mile Circle, which it does not. Pennsylvania's border was thus unclear and the colony pushed for a border far south of the 40th parallel. The Mason–Dixon Line was drawn between 1763 and 1767 as the compromise boundary between the overlapping claims of these two colonies.


title: 40th parallel north

text: The parallel 40° north passes through the cities of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Columbus, Ohio; as well as northern suburbs of Indianapolis, Indiana and Boulder, Colorado and the southern suburbs of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The parallel goes directly through the John Glenn Columbus International Airport, with runway 10L-28R lying immediately north of the line, runway 10R-28L lying slightly south of it, and the line going through the northernmost edges of the terminal. It also passes through the main campus of The Ohio State University; specifically, it cuts directly across the Oval greenspace, between University Hall and the William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library. Ohio Stadium, one of the largest stadiums in the world, barely misses the parallel 40° north (6 seconds or above 40° north).


title: Rutanya Alda

text: Rutanya Alda (born Rūta Skrastiņa; October 13, 1942) is a Latvian-American actress. She began her career in the late 1960s, and went on to have supporting parts in "The Deer Hunter" (1978), "Rocky II" (1979), and "Mommie Dearest" (1981). She also appeared in a lead role in the horror films "" and "Girls Nite Out" (both 1982).


title: Rutanya Alda

text: Rutanya Alda was born Rutanja Skrastiņa (Rūta Skrastiņa) in Riga, in German-occupied Latvia, the daughter of Vera ("née" Ozoliņa), a businesswoman, and Jānis Skrastiņš, a poet. Alda, her grandmother, her mother and her brother spent seven years in a displaced persons camp in Allied-occupied Germany after World War II. She then relocated with her family to the United States, briefly living in Chicago before settling in Flagstaff, Arizona.


title: Rutanya Alda

text: With a career spanning nearly 50 years in show business and over 100 roles, Alda might be best known for her performances in "The Deer Hunter" as Steven's wife, Angela, as well as for the cult classic "Mommie Dearest", as loyal Crawford housekeeper Carol Ann, and "Amityville II: The Possession", having been nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award two years in succession (1982 and 1983) for the latter roles. She has also won a Clio and is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Additionally, Alda has appeared in numerous television programs, such as "Cold Case" and "", and as a featured character in the Ron Perlman/Linda Hamilton TV series "Beauty and the Beast", as well as commercials and stage work.


title: Rutanya Alda

text: In 2009, she appeared in "Stolen", playing the elder version of Jessica Chastain's character, and had a supporting role in the horror film "Late Phases" (2014). Between 2014 and 2016, Alda appeared in the web series "Old Dogs & New Tricks".


title: Rutanya Alda

text: She was married to actor Richard Bright from 1977 until his death in 2006, when he was hit by a bus in New York City. They had one son, Jeremy.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: Harold Lee Lindsey (born November 23, 1929) – known as Hal Lindsey – is a best-selling American evangelical writer. He is a Christian Zionist, a dispensationalist and a television host. He wrote a series of popular apocalyptic books – beginning with the record-breaking "The Late Great Planet Earth" (1971) – asserting that the Apocalypse or end time (including the rapture) was imminent because current events were fulfilling Bible prophecy.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: Lindsey graduated from Dallas Theological Seminary with a Master of Theology degree, majoring in the New Testament and early Greek literature. With his second wife, Jan, he worked with Campus Crusade for Christ and continued with them until 1969. He then helped a mission in Southern California which continued until 1976. He was also a frequent speaker and Sunday School teacher at Melodyland Christian Center in Anaheim, California. During 1969, he wrote his first, and best-known book, "The Late Great Planet Earth". Published during 1970 by Zondervan, this book became a bestseller. Coming on the heels of the Six-Day War, the book fueled the popularity of dispensationalism and its support of ethnic Jews as the "chosen people of God". Many of Lindsey's later writings are sequels or revisions and extensions of his first book. In 1994, he earned his Doctorate of Theology from the California Graduate School of Theology.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: Lindsey hosted "International Intelligence Briefing" on the Trinity Broadcasting Network and serves on the executive board of Christian Voice. "International Intelligence Briefing" was eliminated from broadcasting by TBN for the entire month of December 2005. Lindsey claimed that this was because "some at the network apparently feel that [his] message is too pro-Israel and too anti-Muslim." TBN owner Paul Crouch, however, contended that "TBN has never been and is not now against Israel and the Jewish people." Crouch said that Lindsey's show was pre-empted for Christmas programming.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: Lindsey resigned from TBN on January 1, 2006, and indicated that he would pursue another television ministry. His new program, "The Hal Lindsey Report", emphasizes biblical prophecy and current events, and is broadcast by the Angel One and DayStar networks. During January 2007, Lindsey announced that he would be returning to the TBN network. "The Hal Lindsey Report" is broadcast by TBN with his own financing.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: Lindsey's claims are based on a dispensationalist interpretation of the Old and New Testament. Lindsey claims from the Bible that Jesus Christ will return from heaven to earth someday and establish eternal peace and harmony among all people.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: The Bible contains numerous prophecies that foretell of certain conditions and events that will occur in the world prior to Christ's return. He continues, saying that, as these things occur, they are to serve as signs and reminders that we are in the era that the Bible calls the "end times" or "last days". Lindsey believes a prophetic event that officially begins the "end times" is the regathering of the Jewish people to their ancient homeland to form an independent nation after a prolonged worldwide dispersion. He states that the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948 is the fulfillment of this major prophecy. The Bible states that the last seven years of the "end times" is a period known as the Tribulation, which is described in the gospel of Matthew and the book of Revelation.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: In "The Late Great Planet Earth", Lindsey wrote that the biblical prophets identified certain nations that would ally with other countries to form "four major spheres of political power" during the same era that Israel would be reestablished as a nation. Lindsey wrote that these nations and their allies can be identified as: (1) Russia with its allies, (2) China with other nations of the Orient, (3) Egypt with other Middle East countries, and (4) an alliance of Western European nations.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: According to Lindsey, the alliance of Western European nations is a revived form of the ancient Roman Empire, predicted in the books of Daniel and Revelation symbolically as "ten horns" and "ten kings". In "The Late Great Planet Earth", Lindsey quotes from a 1969 "Time" magazine article that the goal of the European Economic Community, which preceded the European Union, was to establish a ten-nation economic community. Lindsey concludes, based on this and other sources, that this alliance will help cause the fulfillment of this prophecy and will ultimately be ruled by the Antichrist.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: Lindsey noted that the prophets did not refer to the United States of America directly or indirectly. He concluded that this is an indication that the U.S. will no longer be a great geo-political power by the time the Tribulation of the end times arrives.


title: Hal Lindsey

text: In a later book, titled, "The 1980s: Countdown to Armageddon", he indicated that he believed it was possible that the battle of Armageddon could occur in the not too distant future, stating, "the decade of the 1980s could very well be the last decade of history as we know it." He noted again that there is no reference to the U.S. in Bible prophecy. He listed a few scenarios that seemed plausible to him at the time: (1) A takeover by communists, (2) destruction by a surprise Soviet nuclear attack, or (3) becoming a dependent of the 10-nation European community. The book was on the "New York Times" bestseller list for more than 20 weeks.


title: Davie, Florida

text: Davie is a town in Broward County, Florida, United States, approximately north of Miami. The town's population was 110,320 at the 2020 census. Davie is a principal town of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,198,782. Horseback riding is common, as much of its historic buildings include ranches and other Western establishments.


title: Davie, Florida

text: Prior to European colonization, the Tequesta were the native people of what is now Davie. A few campsites and graves have been found in Davie, the oldest dating back 5,000 to 7,000 years in Pine Island Ridge. After Spanish colonization, many of the Tequesta died and the remaining few escaped to Havana with the Spanish when Florida became a British colony, or they assimilated into the newly arrived Seminoles in the late 18th century.


title: Davie, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (2.32%) is water.


title: Davie, Florida

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 105,691 people, 35,708 households, and 24,675 families residing in the town.


title: Davie, Florida

text: As of 2010, there were 37,306 households, with 8.0% being vacant. As of 2000, 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.13.


title: Davie, Florida

text: In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.


title: Davie, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the town was $47,014, and the median income for a family was $56,290. Males had a median income of $38,756 versus $30,016 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,271. About 6.9% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Davie, Florida

text: As of 2000, those who spoke only English at home made up 75.47% of the population, while those who spoke Spanish made up 18.74%, and French speakers made up 1.13% of residents. A few other languages spoken were Italian at 0.73%, Chinese at 0.53%, Portuguese 0.51%, and Haitian Creole being the mother tongue of 0.38% of the population.


title: Davie, Florida

text: Davie is a part of the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood media market, which in 2005 was the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States.


title: Runnymede

text: Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, and just over west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is, with its adjoining hillside, the site of memorials. Runnymede Borough is named after the area, Runnymede being at its northernmost point.


title: Runnymede

text: The name Runnymede refers to land in public and National Trust ownership in the Thames flood plain south-west of the river between Old Windsor and Egham. The area includes (to the west of A308 road) the Long Mede and Runnymede, which together with Coopers Hill Slopes is managed by the National Trust. There is also a narrower strip of land, east of the road and west of the river, known as the Yard Mede. On the west bank of the river, at the southern end of the area shown on the above map, are (inter alia): a recreational area with a large car park; a number of private homes; a large distribution centre; and a hotel.


title: Runnymede

text: The landscape of Runnymede is characterised as "Thames Basin Lowland", urban fringe. It is a gently undulating vale of small fields interspersed by woods, shaws, ponds, meadows, and heath. The National Trust area is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) which contains a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Both sites are overseen by Runnymede Borough Council.


title: Runnymede

text: Long Mede is a meadow north of the ancient "mede" (meadow) of Runnymede towards Old Windsor and has been used for centuries to provide good-quality hay from the alluvial pasture. Runnymede itself lies towards Egham. It is likely that Runnymede proper was the site of the sealing of Magna Carta, although the Magna Carta Memorial (see below) stands on Long Mede.


title: Runnymede

text: The sealing of Magna Carta is also popularly associated with Magna Carta Island, on the opposite (east) bank of the Thames. It has also sometimes been associated with the nearby Ankerwycke Yew. These and their surrounding landscape of floodplain and parkland may once have formed an integral part of Runnymede, as the river has occasionally changed its course here. Ankerwycke and the ruins of the 12th-century Priory of St Mary's were both acquired by the National Trust in 1998. As the Thames forms the county boundary at this point, these areas now lie in Berkshire.


title: Runnymede

text: Runnymede's historical significance has been heavily influenced by its proximity to the Roman Road river crossing at nearby Staines-upon-Thames.


title: Runnymede

text: The name Runnymede may be derived from the Anglo-Saxon "runieg" (regular meeting) and "mede" (mead or meadow), describing a place in the meadows used to hold regular meetings. The Witan, Witenagemot or Council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of the 7th to 11th centuries was held from time to time at Runnymede during the reign of Alfred the Great. The Council met usually in the open air. This political organ was transformed in succeeding years, influencing the creation of England's 13th century parliament.


title: Runnymede

text: The water-meadow at Runnymede is the most likely location at which, in 1215, King John sealed Magna Carta. The charter indicates Runnymede by name as "Ronimed. inter Windlesoram et Stanes" (between Windsor and Staines). Magna Carta affected common and constitutional law as well as political representation also affecting the development of parliament.


title: Runnymede

text: Runnymede's association with ideals of democracy, limitation of power, equality and freedom under law has attracted placement there of monuments and commemorative symbols.


title: Runnymede

text: The last fatal duel in England took place in 1852, on Priest Hill, a continuation of Cooper's Hill by Windsor Great Park.


title: Runnymede

text: The National Trust land was donated in 1929 by and her two sons. The American-born widow of Urban Hanlon Broughton, she was permitted by letter from George V to join her son's new peerage in tribute to her husband and this gift and be officially styled Lady Fairhaven. The gift was given in memory of Urban Broughton. At the time the "New Bedford Standard-Times" commented "It must be a source of gratification to all Americans, and especially to us here and in Fairhaven, that the presentation of this historic spot as public ground has been brought about by an American woman, an appropriate enough circumstance considering that the great charter underlies the USA's conception of government and human rights."


title: Runnymede

text: Between 2012 and 2015, Cooper's Hill was occupied by a radical community living in self-build houses, huts, benders and tents, in the self-proclaimed "Runnymede Eco Village". Around 40 people, including a few young families, lived in a dispersed settlement throughout the 4 acres of woodland. They used mainly reclaimed material to build living structures, solar power to generate electricity, wood burners for heat, cultivated some vegetables and kept chickens and geese. Water was obtained from springs on the site, and the village was largely hidden from view from outside the woodland. The members called themselves "Diggers" after the 17th-century movement of that name.


title: Runnymede

text: There were two unsuccessful attempts to evict the settlers in the first year of occupation; and on 30 March 2015 a further High Court trespass notice was served by bailiffs on behalf of the landowners, Orchard Runnymede Ltd. The settlers were still in occupation during the Magna Carta 800th anniversary celebrations on 15 June, but their presence did not affect proceedings, and the eviction was completed at a later date.


title: Runnymede

text: After the death of Urban Broughton in 1929, Sir Edwin Lutyens was commissioned to design a set of twin memorials consisting of large kiosks and posts or "piers" with stone blocks crowned with laurel wreaths and formalised urns at the Egham end and with lodges and piers at the Windsor end. Lutyens also designed a low wide arch bridge to carry the main road over the Thames to the north, integrating the road layout and bridge design into his plans for the memorials. The southern kiosks were moved to their present location when the M25 motorway was constructed.


title: Runnymede

text: There are two octagonal kiosks with piers facing each other across the A308 towards Egham. These piers are a shorter version of those adjacent to the lodges either side of the same road towards Old Windsor in the Long Mede. The lodges show typical Lutyens design features with steeply angled roofs, large false chimneys and no rainwater gutters at the eaves.


title: Runnymede

text: The memorials were opened in 1932 by the Prince of Wales (Edward VIII) and are Grade II listed buildings.


title: Runnymede

text: Langham Pond was created when the meandering River Thames formed an oxbow lake. Its status as a wetland Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) was first notified in 1975 and later reviewed under Section 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 when the protected area was extended to within Runnymede as managed by the National Trust.


title: Runnymede

text: The pond and associated meadow form a habitat considered unique in Southern England and of international importance for nature conservation. The flora and fauna include nationally scarce plants and insects including a species of fly unrecorded elsewhere in the United Kingdom.


title: Runnymede

text: The Air Forces Memorial commemorates the men and women of the Allied Air Forces who died during the Second World War and records the names of the 20,456 airmen who have no known grave.


title: Runnymede

text: From the top of the tower visitors can see long views over Windsor, the surrounding counties and aircraft taking off and landing at Heathrow. On a good day visitors can see as far as the Wembley Arch and even the Gherkin in the City of London. The memorial was designed by Sir Edward Maufe, architect of Guildford Cathedral.


title: Runnymede

text: The British memorial for U.S. President John F. Kennedy was jointly dedicated on 14 May 1965, by Queen Elizabeth II and Jacqueline Kennedy, prior to a reception for the Kennedy family at Windsor Castle. The memorial consists of a garden and Portland stone memorial tablet inscribed with the famous quote from his Inaugural Address:


title: Runnymede

text: Visitors reach the memorial by treading a steep path of irregular granite steps, intended to symbolise a pilgrimage. There are 50 steps in total. Each step is different from all others, with the entire flight made from 60,000 hand-cut granite setts. Landscape architect Geoffrey Jellicoe designed the garden; sculptor Alan Collins designed and carved the stone inscription.


title: Runnymede

text: The area of ground on which the memorial is situated was given as a gift to the United States of America by the people of The United Kingdom, though the area remains under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom. It is maintained by the Kennedy Memorial Trust, which also sponsors educational scholarships for British students to attend university in the United States.


title: Runnymede

text: In 1968 the 7-ton stone was damaged by a bomb during a time of anti-Vietnam war demonstrations; it was later repaired by the sculptor.


title: Runnymede

text: Situated in a grassed enclosure, on the lower slopes of Cooper's Hill, this memorial is of a domed classical style monopteros, containing a pillar of English granite on which is inscribed "To commemorate Magna Carta, symbol of Freedom Under Law". The memorial was created by the American Bar Association (ABA) after a suggestion by the lawyer and historian Louis Ottenberg. Designed by Sir Edward Maufe R.A., it was unveiled on 18 July 1957 at a ceremony attended by American and English lawyers.


title: Runnymede

text: Since 1957 representatives of the ABA have visited and rededicated the Memorial, renewing pledges to the Great Charter. In 1971 and 1985 commemorative stones were placed on the Memorial plinth.


title: Runnymede

text: In 2007, on its 50th anniversary, the ABA again visited Runnymede. During its convention it installed as President Charles Rhyne, who devised Law Day, which in the USA represents an annual reaffirmation of faith in the forces of law for peace. Floodlights were installed in 2008 to light the memorial at night.


title: Runnymede

text: In 2015, in anticipation of the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta, the two wooden benches at the memorial were replaced by stone benches. On 15 June, the anniversary day, the ABA, accompanied by US Attorney General Loretta Lynch, rededicated the memorial in a ceremony led by The Princess Royal in the presence of the Queen and other members of the Royal family.


title: Runnymede

text: The Magna Carta Memorial is administered by the Magna Carta Trust, which is chaired by the Master of the Rolls.


title: Runnymede

text: <nowiki>The Duke of Kent together with David K. Diebold, a Minister-Counselor at the US Embassy in London, planted an oak tree adjacent to the Magna Carta Memorial in 1987, as did P. V. Narismha Rao, Prime Minister of the Republic of India.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: The nineteenth season of the American reality television series "The Voice" premiered on October 19, 2020, on NBC. Blake Shelton, Kelly Clarkson and John Legend returned as coaches for their nineteenth, sixth, and fourth seasons, respectively. Gwen Stefani rejoined the panel for her fifth season, after being replaced by Nick Jonas the previous season. Meanwhile, Carson Daly returned for his nineteenth season as host.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: Starting from this season, the studio version of all performances are released on YouTube Music instead of iTunes as before. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the bonus multiplier for downloads is not present for the second consecutive season as performances being recorded away from the studios; additionally, the entire season is filmed without a physical studio audience.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: Carter Rubin was named winner of the season, marking Gwen Stefani's first and only win as a coach and Rubin as the youngest male winner (and second-youngest winner overall at the time of his victory, only behind season fourteen's winner Brynn Cartelli). After five attempts, Stefani also became the fourth female coach to win the competition, following Christina Aguilera, Alicia Keys, and Clarkson.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: On June 16, 2020, NBC announced that there would be a change in the coaches for this season. Blake Shelton would return for his nineteenth season, Kelly Clarkson for her sixth, and John Legend for his fourth. However, Nick Jonas opted not to return, allowing the return of Gwen Stefani after a one-season hiatus, marking her fifth season as a coach on the show. Carson Daly returned as host.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: This season's advisors for the Battles were: Kane Brown for Team Blake, Leon Bridges for Team Kelly, Miguel for Team Legend, and Julia Michaels for Team Gwen. Usher served as a mega-mentor for all teams during the Knockouts.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: The Battles began on November 9, 2020. The advisors for this round were Leon Bridges for Team Kelly, Julia Michaels for Team Gwen, Miguel for Team Legend, and Kane Brown for Team Blake. The coaches can steal one losing artist from other coaches and save one losing artist on their team. However, the team coach may only hit their button to save an artist after it is clear that no other coach is going to steal the artist. Artists who win their battle or are stolen by another coach advance to the Knockout Rounds.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: In the Knockouts round, each coach can steal one losing artist from another team. Artists who win their knockout or are stolen by another coach advance to the Live Playoffs. Former coach Usher will serve as the mega mentor for all teams in this round. This season, each saved artist from the Battle Rounds will go head-to-head in the four-way Knockout. Results for the head-to-head are decided by a public vote, with the winner announced during the first week of Live Shows.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: Continuing from the previous season, the number of weeks of live shows consist of the Live Playoffs, the Semi-finals, and the Finale.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: The Top 9 artists sing a new song dedicated to their own fans and also combine for special trios with one another. In the results, the top vote-getter from each team will advance to the finale and the rest of the artists will sing for the instant save.


title: The Voice (American season 19)

text: The final five performed on Monday, December 14, 2020, with the final results the following day. In the first episode of the finale, each artist performed an original song and a cover. In the second episode, each artist performed a duet with their respective coach.


title: Jule Styne

text: Jule Styne (; born Julius Kerwin Stein; December 31, 1905 – September 20, 1994) was an English-American songwriter and composer best known for a series of Broadway musicals, including several famous frequently-revived shows that also became successful films: "Gypsy," "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes," and "Funny Girl."


title: Jule Styne

text: Styne was born to a Jewish family in London, England. His parents, Anna Kertman and Isadore Stein, were emigrants from Ukraine, the Russian Empire, and ran a small grocery. Even before his family left Britain, he did impressions on the stage of well-known singers, including Harry Lauder, who saw him perform and advised him to take up the piano. At the age of eight, he moved with his family to Chicago, where he began taking piano lessons. He proved to be a prodigy and performed with the Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit Symphonies before he was ten years old.


title: Jule Styne

text: Before Styne attended Chicago Musical College, he had already attracted the attention of another teenager, Mike Todd, later a successful film producer, who commissioned him to write a song for a musical act that he was creating. It was the first of over 1,500 published songs Styne composed in his career. His first hit, "Sunday", was written in 1926.


title: Jule Styne

text: Styne was a vocal coach for 20th Century Fox until Darryl F. Zanuck fired him because vocal coaching was "a luxury, and we're cutting out those luxuries." Zanuck told him he should write songs because "that's forever." Styne established his own dance band, which got him noticed in Hollywood, where he was championed by Frank Sinatra and began a collaboration with lyricist Sammy Cahn. He and Cahn wrote many songs for the movies, including "It's Been a Long, Long Time" (No. 1 for three weeks for Harry James and His Orchestra in 1945), "Five Minutes More", and the Oscar-winning title song for "Three Coins in the Fountain" (1954). Ten of his songs were Oscar-nominated, many of them written with Cahn, including "I've Heard That Song Before" (No. 1 for 13 weeks for Harry James and His Orchestra in 1943), "I'll Walk Alone", "It's Magic" (a No. 2 hit for Doris Day in 1948), and "I Fall In Love Too Easily". He collaborated with Leo Robin on the score for the 1955 musical film "My Sister Eileen."


title: Jule Styne

text: In 1947, Styne wrote his first score for a Broadway musical, "High Button Shoes," with Cahn, and over the next several decades wrote the scores for many Broadway shows, most notably "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes," "Peter Pan" (additional music), "Bells Are Ringing," "," "Do Re Mi," "Funny Girl," "Lorelei," "Sugar" (with a story based on the movie "Some Like It Hot," but all new music), and the Tony-winning "Hallelujah, Baby!."


title: Jule Styne

text: Styne wrote original music for the short-lived themed amusement park Freedomland U.S.A. that opened on June 19, 1960.


title: Jule Styne

text: His collaborators included Sammy Cahn, Leo Robin, Betty Comden and Adolph Green, Stephen Sondheim, Bob Hilliard, and Bob Merrill.


title: Jule Styne

text: He wrote career-altering Broadway scores for a wide variety of major stars, including Phil Silvers, Carol Channing, Mary Martin, Judy Holliday, Ethel Merman, and an up-and-coming Barbra Streisand.


title: Jule Styne

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" for British television in 1978 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews in New York's Time Square.


title: Jule Styne

text: Styne died of heart failure in New York City at the age of 88. His archiveincluding original hand-written compositions, letters, and production materialsis housed at the Harry Ransom Center.


title: Jule Styne

text: Styne was elected to the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972 and the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981, and he was a recipient of a Drama Desk Special Award and the Kennedy Center Honors in 1990. Additionally, Styne won the 1955 Oscar for Best Music, Original Song for "Three Coins in the Fountain", and "Hallelujah, Baby!" won the 1968 Tony Award for Best Original Score.


title: Suzzanne Douglas

text: Suzzanne Douglas (April 12, 1957 – July 6, 2021) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as matriarch Geraldine "Jerri" Peterson on The WB sitcom "The Parent 'Hood", starring Robert Townsend, which originally ran from 1995 to 1999. Douglas also portrayed Amy Simms in the 1989 dance/drama film "Tap" alongside Gregory Hines and the legendary Sammy Davis Jr., for which she won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture.


title: Suzzanne Douglas

text: In addition to Tap, Douglas starred in several other motion pictures, among them "How Stella Got Her Groove Back" (1998), "Jason's Lyric" (1994), "The Inkwell" (1994) as well as the 2003 Disney/ABC version of "Sounder" with Carl Lumbly. Douglas was also well known for her portrayal as Cissy Houston in the Lifetime TV movie "Whitney" which aired in 2015. In May 2019, she appeared as the mother of one of the main characters in the Netflix miniseries "When They See Us" directed by the acclaimed Ava DuVernay and produced by Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Films.