title: Quintic function

text: As solving reducible quintic equations reduces immediately to solving polynomials of lower degree, only irreducible quintic equations are considered in the remainder of this section, and the term "quintic" will refer only to irreducible quintics. A solvable quintic is thus an irreducible quintic polynomial whose roots may be expressed in terms of radicals.


title: Quintic function

text: To characterize solvable quintics, and more generally solvable polynomials of higher degree, Évariste Galois developed techniques which gave rise to group theory and Galois theory. Applying these techniques, Arthur Cayley found a general criterion for determining whether any given quintic is solvable. This criterion is the following.


title: Quintic function

text: the Tschirnhaus transformation , which depresses the quintic (that is, removes the term of degree four), gives the equation


title: Quintic function

text: Both quintics are solvable by radicals if and only if either they are factorisable in equations of lower degrees with rational coefficients or the polynomial , named , has a rational root in , where


title: Quintic function

text: Cayley's result allows us to test if a quintic is solvable. If it is the case, finding its roots is a more difficult problem, which consists of expressing the roots in terms of radicals involving the coefficients of the quintic and the rational root of Cayley's resolvent.


title: Quintic function

text: In 1888, George Paxton Young described how to solve a solvable quintic equation, without providing an explicit formula; in 2004, Daniel Lazard wrote out a three-page formula.


title: Quintic function

text: There are several parametric representations of solvable quintics of the form , called the Bring–Jerrard form.


title: Quintic function

text: During the second half of the 19th century, John Stuart Glashan, George Paxton Young, and Carl Runge gave such a parameterization: an irreducible quintic with rational coefficients in Bring–Jerrard form


title: Quintic function

text: where . Using the negative case of the square root yields, after scaling variables, the first parametrization while the positive case gives the second.


title: Quintic function

text: The substitution , in the Spearman-Williams parameterization allows one to not exclude the special case , giving the following result:


title: Quintic function

text: If and are rational numbers, the equation is solvable by radicals if either its left-hand side is a product of polynomials of degree less than 5 with rational coefficients or there exist two rational numbers and such that


title: Quintic function

text: A polynomial equation is solvable by radicals if its Galois group is a solvable group. In the case of irreducible quintics, the Galois group is a subgroup of the symmetric group of all permutations of a five element set, which is solvable if and only if it is a subgroup of the group , of order , generated by the cyclic permutations and .


title: Quintic function

text: If the quintic is solvable, one of the solutions may be represented by an algebraic expression involving a fifth root and at most two square roots, generally nested. The other solutions may then be obtained either by changing the fifth root or by multiplying all the occurrences of the fifth root by the same power of a primitive 5th root of unity, such as


title: Quintic function

text: In fact, all four primitive fifth roots of unity may be obtained by changing the signs of the square roots appropriately; namely, the expression


title: Quintic function

text: It follows that one may need four different square roots for writing all the roots of a solvable quintic. Even for the first root that involves at most two square roots, the expression of the solutions in terms of radicals is usually highly complicated. However, when no square root is needed, the form of the first solution may be rather simple, as for the equation , for which the only real solution is


title: Quintic function

text: An example of a more complicated (although small enough to be written here) solution is the unique real root of . Let , , and , where is the golden ratio. Then the only real solution is given by


title: Quintic function

text: More generally, if an equation of prime degree with rational coefficients is solvable in radicals, then one can define an auxiliary equation of degree , also with rational coefficients, such that each root of is the sum of -th roots of the roots of . These -th roots were introduced by Joseph-Louis Lagrange, and their products by are commonly called Lagrange resolvents. The computation of and its roots can be used to solve . However these -th roots may not be computed independently (this would provide roots instead of ). Thus a correct solution needs to express all these -roots in term of one of them. Galois theory shows that this is always theoretically possible, even if the resulting formula may be too large to be of any use.


title: Quintic function

text: It is possible that some of the roots of are rational (as in the first example of this section) or some are zero. In these cases, the formula for the roots is much simpler, as for the solvable de Moivre quintic


title: Quintic function

text: where the auxiliary equation has two zero roots and reduces, by factoring them out, to the quadratic equation


title: Quintic function

text: where "y" is any root of the auxiliary quadratic equation and "ω" is any of the four primitive 5th roots of unity. This can be easily generalized to construct a solvable septic and other odd degrees, not necessarily prime.


title: Quintic function

text: There are infinitely many solvable quintics in Bring-Jerrard form which have been parameterized in a preceding section.


title: Quintic function

text: Up to the scaling of the variable, there are exactly five solvable quintics of the shape formula_23, which are (where "s" is a scaling factor):


title: Quintic function

text: An infinite sequence of solvable quintics may be constructed, whose roots are sums of th roots of unity, with being a prime number:


title: Quintic function

text: Analogously to cubic equations, there are solvable quintics which have five real roots all of whose solutions in radicals involve roots of complex numbers. This is "casus irreducibilis" for the quintic, which is discussed in Dummit. Indeed, if an irreducible quintic has all roots real, no root can be expressed purely in terms of real radicals (as is true for all polynomial degrees that are not powers of 2).


title: Quintic function

text: About 1835, Jerrard demonstrated that quintics can be solved by using ultraradicals (also known as Bring radicals), the unique real root of for real numbers . In 1858 Charles Hermite showed that the Bring radical could be characterized in terms of the Jacobi theta functions and their associated elliptic modular functions, using an approach similar to the more familiar approach of solving cubic equations by means of trigonometric functions. At around the same time, Leopold Kronecker, using group theory, developed a simpler way of deriving Hermite's result, as had Francesco Brioschi. Later, Felix Klein came up with a method that relates the symmetries of the icosahedron, Galois theory, and the elliptic modular functions that are featured in Hermite's solution, giving an explanation for why they should appear at all, and developed his own solution in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions. Similar phenomena occur in degree (septic equations) and , as studied by Klein and discussed in .


title: Quintic function

text: A Tschirnhaus transformation, which may be computed by solving a quartic equation, reduces the general quintic equation of the form


title: Quintic function

text: The roots of this equation cannot be expressed by radicals. However, in 1858, Charles Hermite published the first known solution of this equation in terms of elliptic functions.


title: Quintic function

text: Solving for the locations of the Lagrangian points of an astronomical orbit in which the masses of both objects are non-negligible involves solving a quintic.


title: Quintic function

text: More precisely, the locations of "L" and "L" are the solutions to the following equations, where the gravitational forces of two masses on a third (for example, Sun and Earth on satellites such as Gaia and the James Webb Space Telescope at "L" and SOHO at "L") provide the satellite's centripetal force necessary to be in a synchronous orbit with Earth around the Sun:


title: Quintic function

text: The ± sign corresponds to "L" and "L", respectively; "G" is the gravitational constant, "ω" the angular velocity, "r" the distance of the satellite to Earth, "R" the distance Sun to Earth (that is, the semi-major axis of Earth's orbit), and "m", "M", and "M" are the respective masses of satellite, Earth, and Sun.


title: Quintic function

text: Solving these two quintics yields for "L" and for "L". The Sun–Earth Lagrangian points "L" and "L" are usually given as 1.5 million km from Earth.


title: Quintic function

text: If the mass of the smaller object ("M") is much smaller than the mass of the larger object ("M"), then the quintic equation can be greatly reduced and L and L are at approximately the radius of the Hill sphere, given by:


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Safeway is a British brand owned chain of supermarkets and convenience shops. Founded in 1962 by the American Safeway Inc., before being sold to Argyll Foods in 1987. It was later listed on the London Stock Exchange. It was purchased by Morrisons in March 2004. Most of its 479 shops were rebranded as Morrisons, with others being sold. The brand disappeared from the United Kingdom on 24 November 2005.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In November 2016, Morrisons revived the Safeway brand for a range of products, manufactured in the company's own factories, for distribution through UK independent retailers.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Safeway Food Stores was established in 1962 in the United Kingdom by the American supermarket chain Safeway, with seven supermarkets and a few smaller stores in Greater London, and its first purpose-built store was opened in Bedford in 1963. It brought many ideas from the US, including larger stores with wider aisles and delicatessens, and a much wider range of products. By 1987, it had 133 shops around the United Kingdom.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In 1987, Safeway Inc. put Safeway Food Stores up for sale. Argyll Foods eventually secured it for the sum of £681m, with £600m raised through a rights issue that was three times oversubscribed. The merger of Argyll and Safeway was hailed by commentators as one of the most successfully integrated retail combinations in the United Kingdom, bringing together Argyll's experienced management team, with a strong but somewhat underdeveloped retail brand.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Argyll then began converting the larger Presto supermarkets to the Safeway brand. The Presto name continued on smaller supermarkets in North East England and Scotland for several years and even enjoyed a brief revival in the early 1990s, when several new Presto shops began to open and a range of Presto own label products was introduced. The last new Presto shops opened in 1995. The revival was short lived, as in 1995, many smaller Presto shops were sold to a consortium of SPAR retailers.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Over the next few years, competitive pressures intensified. Pre tax profits fell by 13% during the year ended 30 April 1994, prompting a wide-ranging strategic review known as "Safeway 2000", led by the then chief executive, Colin Smith, with assistance from McKinsey Consulting. This involved the sale of the Lo-Cost discount operation and the redesign of Safeway shops to appeal to the family shopper.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In July 1996, Argyll conducted a share buyback and renamed itself Safeway plc. During 1997, several Presto stores were converted to Safeways, and by the beginning of 1998, the final Presto shops were either converted or closed down. All shops traded simply as Safeway, regardless of size.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: David Webster, who had taken over as chairman in 1997, after the retirement of Alistair Grant, decided to open merger talks with Asda. These talks were called off after a few weeks following a leak to a Sunday newspaper, and then briefly revived in the early months of 1998, before breaking down again.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: The outcome, if the negotiations had been successful, would probably have been the disappearance of the Safeway name and the emergence of a stronger Asda, still focussing on discount prices, but with a bigger volume to support it. This might have achieved a more secure future for Safeway, than continuing the struggle to keep up with Tesco and Sainsbury's.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Safeway was the first of the large supermarket groups to introduce a loyalty card, which it launched in 1995 and called ABC (Added Bonus Card). As this was initially only introduced into selected shops on a trial basis, however, Tesco is able to claim the title for the first nationwide introduction of a loyalty card, with Clubcard.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Safeway, in 1999, started a rail container flow carrying goods to its far north shops, some as far as Inverness, Nairn, Elgin and Buckie. The train consisted of van wagons and containers. The train was operated by EWS.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: By the early months of 1999, Safeway was coming under renewed criticism from investors. Its shares had under performed the food sector over the previous five years; it had been pushed back into fourth position by Asda and it did not have enough shops of adequate size, to offer a comprehensive non food range. In July 1999, Safeway announced the appointment a new chief executive, Carlos Criado-Perez, who had held senior posts in Wal-Mart's international division.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: The problem was how to distinguish Safeway from Tesco and Sainsbury's, and how to minimise its scale disadvantage. According to estimates made by the Competition Commission, Tesco was able to negotiate significantly lower prices from its suppliers than Safeway – averaging about 3% on big selling branded items.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Criado-Perez's response was to introduce selective deep discounting, the so-called high/low pricing formula, which was later branded as 'substantially discredited' by Morrisons management, making deep price cuts on a limited set of products for a limited period. Criado-Perez also abandoned Safeway's loyalty card, arguing that these cards were no longer an effective marketing tool. This project was branded 'New Safeway'.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: The new approach to pricing was one of the four pillars of Safeway's strategy, the others being "Best for Fresh Foods", "Best for Customer Service" and "Best for Product Availability". Criado-Perez envisaged a five-year programme of developing the shops along these lines, to be completed by 2004.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In 2002, Safeway was the fourth largest supermarket chain by sales in the United Kingdom. However, it was growing more slowly than other large chains in the United Kingdom and this was reflected in a share price below the values of the group's assets, leading to the various takeover rumours that circulated during 2002, indicating the City was unconvinced with the Criado-Perez strategy.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: On 9 January 2003, the much smaller Morrisons, with around 119 shops largely located in the North of England, made a surprise offer to purchase the chain, offering 1.32 new shares of Morrisons for each share of Safeway, with the co-operation of the Safeway board. However, this served only to start a stampede of other potential buyers. Sainsbury's, Asda, KKR (the company which helped finance the sale of Safeway to Argyll in 1987), Trackdean Investments Limited (controlled by Philip Green, owner of BHS and Arcadia) and Tesco all said they were considering making offers.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: They were all asked to make submissions to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) for approval under the Fair Trading Act 1973. On 23 January, Safeway's board dropped its recommendation of the Morrisons offer. KKR later dropped its proposal. On 19 March, the remaining proposals except for Trackdean's (which was said to raise no competition issues) were referred to the Competition Commission by the Trade and Industry Secretary, Patricia Hewitt. The report of the Competition Commission was made public on 26 September.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: A takeover of Safeway by Sainsbury's, Asda or Tesco was "expected to operate against the public interest, and should be prohibited". However, a takeover by Morrisons was held to be acceptable on the condition that fifty three shops of the combined operation be sold, due to local competition issues. Patricia Hewitt accepted these recommendations.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Philip Green announced on 30 October that he was not proceeding with a takeover bid, on the basis that it was not clear whether approval could be obtained to sell off individual shops to other chains. On 15 December, Morrisons, the only remaining bidder, made a new offer of one share of Morrisons, plus sixty pence for each Safeway share, again with the co-operation of the Safeway board. On 11 February 2004, shareholders of both Wm Morrison and Safeway voted to approve the merger of the two companies, subject to the result of two High Court rulings later in the month.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Originally, 52 shops were to be compulsorily divested after the takeover, but this was reduced to 50 after one shop in Sunderland burned down and the lease ended on another in the Leeds city centre. John Lewis Partnership purchased 19 to be part of its Waitrose chain, while Sainsbury's purchased a further 14 , and Tesco bought 10 in October 2004.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Unlike other operators, most notably Tesco, Sainsbury's and the Co-op, Morrisons had chosen not to move into the convenience shop sector. Further to this policy decision, it was announced in October 2004 that the 114 smaller shops of Safeway Compact were to be sold off to rival supermarket chain Somerfield, in a two part deal worth £260.2 million in total.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In Northern Ireland, Morrisons sold former Safeway shops to Asda. These included a shop in Bangor, which actually opened after the takeover by Morrisons, in June 2005.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Morrisons continued to sell and close shops not covered by the Competition Commission ruling, which it felt did not fit with the scale and layout of its format of "Market Street". In total, 254 shops were sold off by October 2005, which left the chain with around 367 shops by November 2005. In all, seventy two shops were sold that were neither part of the original Competition Commission ruling nor part of the Safeway Compact portfolio.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: One of the largest single purchases in 2005 was that of five shops by Waitrose in August. On 18 July 2005, a further six shops were sold to Waitrose, including the former Safeway shop in Hexham, Northumberland, which became the most northerly Waitrose branch in England.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In May 2005, Morrisons announced the termination of Safeway's joint-venture forecourt shop/petrol station format with BP. Under the deal, the premises were split 50/50 between the two companies. Five sites were subsequently sold on to BP, while Morrisons sold the rest of its sites to Somerfield and Tesco, which both maintain a presence in this market sector. Following the termination of the BP/Safeway deal, BP began to roll out Marks and Spencer food forecourt shops in their place from 2005, with the network expanding over subsequent years.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: Morrisons also sold Safeway's Channel Islands shops, in Guernsey and Jersey, to CI Traders, where they continued to trade under the Safeway brand name, despite selling products from chains such as Iceland. In February 2011, CI Traders sold the Safeway shops on the Channel Islands to Waitrose and the Safeway brand disappeared from the Channel Islands.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: On the Isle of Man, the Douglas shop was sold to Shoprite and the Ramsey shop was sold to the Co-op. The shop in Gibraltar was originally marketed for sale, but was then converted. In November 2005, plans were submitted for the extension and redevelopment of the shop, in order to introduce the full Morrisons format.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In September 2005, the company announced the closure of former Safeway depots in Kent, Bristol and Warrington, with the loss of around 2,500 jobs. The Kent depot was later sold to upmarket rival Waitrose, whilst the Warrington depot was sold to frozen food rival Iceland. Part of the Bristol depot was sold off to Gist. The shop conversion process was completed on 24 November 2005, when the last Safeway fascia disappeared from the United Kingdom.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In November 2016, Morrisons announced a revival of the Safeway brand, on food products that it manufactures for retailers. However, these products would not be sold in Morrisons. Morrisons, which is also the fourth-largest food producer in the United Kingdom, is seeking to utilise more of the capacity within its food manufacturing sites and sees Safeway as the ideal brand to front products for sale through third-party retailers.


title: Safeway (UK)

text: In August 2017, McColl's signed an agreement to stock Safeway-branded products in its nationwide chain of small-format convenience stores. Items have since gone on sale and a new Safeway website has been launched.


title: Glossary of military abbreviations

text: List of abbreviations, acronyms and initials related to military subjects such as modern armour, artillery, infantry, and weapons, along with their definitions.


title: Wilson Jermaine Heredia

text: Wilson Jermaine Heredia (born December 2, 1971) is an American actor best known for his portrayal of Angel Dumott Schunard in the Broadway musical "Rent", for which he won the Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical. Heredia also originated the role at London's Shaftesbury Theatre in the West End theatre district and in the 2005 film adaptation.


title: Wilson Jermaine Heredia

text: Heredia was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of immigrants from the Dominican Republic – a seamstress mother and a building superintendent father. He has appeared in several films, including his portrayal of Cha-Cha, the drag queen, in 1999's "Flawless", where he worked opposite former "Rent" castmate Daphne Rubin-Vega. The film also stars Robert De Niro and Philip Seymour Hoffman. Heredia also appeared in the "" episode "Nocturne".


title: Wilson Jermaine Heredia

text: Along with five other principal members of the original Broadway cast, Heredia appeared in the film release of "Rent", directed by Chris Columbus. Heredia stated that he enjoys the transformational process involved in assuming the persona of the cross-dressing Angel, but dislikes having makeup on his face and found the high heels he had to wear as part of his costume extremely painful. Heredia says he enjoyed the blackly comedic parody of "Rent" in the film "", which features a fictional Broadway musical called "Lease". He enjoys filming because the close up shots allow him to "cut loose" and go wild a lot more than the stage allows.


title: Wilson Jermaine Heredia

text: On January 9, 2006, he presented an award at the Critics' Choice Awards with Rosario Dawson, Taye Diggs, and Tracie Thoms, his costars from the "Rent" motion picture. He appeared along with Dawson and Thoms on the 2007 film "Descent", playing the character of Diego.


title: Wilson Jermaine Heredia

text: Heredia has also guest starred on "Medium" and "Without a Trace", and in 2009 he filmed a pilot called "Three Chris's".


title: Wilson Jermaine Heredia

text: He made his return to Broadway in "La Cage aux Folles" on February 15, 2011, in the role of Jacob (replacing Robin de Jesús). He starred alongside Harvey Fierstein (who won a Tony Award for writing the Book of the musical) as Albin/Zaza and Broadway veteran Christopher Sieber as Georges.


title: Wilson Jermaine Heredia

text: , Heredia lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. He starred in San Francisco Playhouse's production of "Camelot", as Sir Lancelot, and Berkeley Playhouse's production of "A Little Princess" as Pasko.


title: Blinn College

text: Blinn College is a public junior college in Brenham, Texas, with additional campuses in Bryan, Schulenburg, and Sealy. Brenham is Blinn's main campus, with dormitories and apartments.


title: Blinn College

text: Blinn was established as Mission Institute in 1884 by the Southern German Conference of the Methodist denomination. It became coeducational in 1888 when it began admitting women. In 1889, the institute's name was changed to Blinn Memorial College in honor of the Reverend Christian Blinn of New York, who had donated a considerable sum of money to make the school possible. In 1927, the Board of Trustees, under leadership of President Philip Deschner, organized a junior college. In 1930, Blinn merged with Southwestern University of Georgetown, Texas. In 1934, a new charter was procured by the citizens of Brenham, and a private nonsectarian junior college was organized as Blinn College with nine regents as the board of control. In February 1937, all connections with Southwestern University and the Methodist denominations were severed.


title: Blinn College

text: On June 8, 1937, voters in Washington County levied a property tax for the creation of a public junior college district. Blinn thus became the first county-owned junior college district in Texas. The college continues to operate as one of the largest of some fifty public community college districts in Texas. After some early struggles (including the campus nearly closing in 1946 due to fiscal issues), the college began to grow and do well under the leadership of Dr. Thomas Morris Spencer, one of the early public junior college pioneers in Texas. When he left the college in 1957 it was on a firm fiscal footing.


title: Blinn College

text: The Bryan campus was established in 1970, and by the early 1980s, a third campus opened in College Station. In 1997, the Villa Maria Road campus opened consolidating the programs that were located in the Townshire Shopping Center in Bryan and the Woodstone Center in College Station. The third Brazos County site, located in the former Bryan post office, continues to house the dental hygiene, radiologic technology, and workforce education programs. The original three buildings on the Bryan campuses were expanded to six, and in 2002, the former Schulman Theater was purchased and converted to classroom space, known as the College Park Campus (CPC). The Schulenburg campus opened in 1997 and Sealy in 2005.


title: Blinn College

text: In 2017 Blinn College collaborated with Texas A&M University on the university's newly constructed RELLIS Campus at Bryan Air Force Base. (RELLIS is an acronym of "Respect", "Excellence", "Leadership", "Loyalty", "Integrity", and "Selfless service".) Blinn College expected to invest $34 million in the site. The groundbreaking ceremony for the Blinn College educational building took place on March 31, 2017.


title: Blinn College

text: According to the Texas Legislature, Blinn's service area includes the counties of Brazos, Burleson, Grimes, Madison, Washington, and Waller. It serves Austin County except for sections in Wallis-Orchard ISD, Fayette County except for sections in Smithville ISD, and Lee County except for sections in Elgin ISD. Additionally it serves sections of the counties of:


title: Blinn College

text: Blinn boasts the highest transfer rate in the state of Texas, sending students to institutions such as Texas A&M University, Sam Houston State University, Texas State University, the University of Texas and the University of Houston. Its transfer rate to four-year universities is 49% compared to the state average of 27%. Blinn transfers more students to Texas A&M University than any other two-year college. Blinn technical students score among the best in the state on board and licensure exams.


title: Blinn College

text: Blinn and Texas A&M University established the first co-enrollment program of its kind with the TEAM (Transfer Enrollment at Texas A&M) Program.


title: Blinn College

text: In 2013, the program was awarded the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board's Recognition of Excellence, and in 2014 it received the THECB Star Award.


title: Blinn College

text: A 2014 study found that Blinn made a $345.3 million impact in its service area, including $239.5 million in added income by former students employed in the regional workforce, $61.3 million in College operations spending and $44.5 million in student spending. The report found that Blinn has made an impact of $247.4 million in Bryan-College Station, $83 million in Brenham, $11.1 million in Schulenburg and $3.9 million in Sealy.


title: Blinn College

text: Blinn has also been recognized for its community service. In 2011, Blinn received the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Community Engagement Classification, and in 2012 it was the only community college in the state of Texas to be named to the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll. Each year, Blinn devotes a day to community service, called the Blinn Blitz, and hundreds of students participate in local community service projects.


title: Blinn College

text: The home campus in Brenham has offered intercollegiate athletics since 1903 and has won 30 national championships since 1987. The Blinn Buccaneers play football, men's and women's basketball, baseball, softball and volleyball. The football program won NJCAA championships in 1995, 1996, 2006, and 2009, the last of which was won with Cam Newton. The volleyball team won the NJCAA championship in 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The softball team consistently makes the national tournament. Blinn's award-winning cheer and dance teams won the UCA and UDA National Championships in 2014 and 2015.


title: Jigar

text: Jigar is a 1992 Indian Hindi-language martial arts film directed by Farogh Siddique. It was released during the Diwali weekend and proved to be a successful hit. The plot is inspired by the 1989 American film "Kickboxer".


title: Jigar

text: Raju and Duryodhan are very good friends. Suman is Raju's love interest and is like a sister to Duryodhan. Duryodhan is a wrestler and works at a martial arts training school owned by Lal Bihari. Due to some misunderstanding between Raju, Duryodhan and Raju's sister, she is raped by Duryodhan. This angers Raju, but he fails in avenging his sister because Duryodhan is a wrestler. Raju starts training as a fighter under Baba Thakur. After being fully trained, he avenges all of his enemies. Duryodhan is killed in the ring itself, and Lal Bihari is killed by Suman.


title: Jigar

text: The music was composed by Anand–Milind while Sameer penned the songs. The song "Pyar Ke Kagaz" proved to be the biggest hit of the album. The album managed to feature in the top selling albums of 1992. Singers Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet, Pankaj Udhas, Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam, Mohammad Aziz & Kavita Krishnamurthy contributed their voice. After the dispute of Dil (1990) between Anand–Milind and Alka Yagnik, she stopped working with them for two years.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: Owen Wijndal (born 28 November 1999) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Eredivisie club Ajax and the Netherlands national team.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: Born in Paramaribo, Wijndal joined the AZ youth academy at the age of 10, having formerly played for local sides ZVV Zaandijk and HFC Haarlem. He was promoted to the second team for the 2016–17 season playing in the third-tier Tweede Divisie. On 4 February 2017, Wijndal made his first-team debut for AZ, starting in a 2–4 home loss to PSV Eindhoven in the Eredivisie due to injuries to regular starter Ridgeciano Haps and backup Thomas Ouwejan. The end of the 2016–17 season saw AZ end on sixth place and thereby qualifying for domestic play-offs for participation in the third qualifying round of the Europa League the following season. They eventually missed out on European football, losing to FC Utrecht on penalties after two legs. That season, Wijndal also made 24 league appearances for the reserves in the third division, helping them win the third division title and thereby reach promotion to the second tier of Dutch football.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: During the 2017–18 season, Wijndal featured in the first-team side more regularly, making seven league appearances. For the newly promoted reserves, he made 16 appearances and scoring two goals. At the end of the season he signed a new five-year deal with AZ on 22 June 2018. After struggling to break into the first team during the 2018–19 season, he began playing as a regular starter during the 2019–20 season. On 25 July 2019, Wijndal also made his debut in the Europa League in a 0–0 home draw against Swedish club BK Häcken. He scored his first professional goal on 7 March 2020 in a 4–0 league win over ADO Den Haag.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: Ahead of the 2021–22 season, Wijndal was made captain of AZ following the departure of Teun Koopmeiners.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: Born in the Suriname to a Dutch father and Surinamese mother. Wijndal is eligible for both Suriname and Netherlands. He has represented the Netherlands at every age group from under-15 to under-21 level. Between 2015 and 2016, he made 12 appearances for the Netherlands under-17 team, and participated in the 2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Azerbaijan where he made five appearances. The Dutch team made the semi-finals, where they stranded against Portugal.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: Wijndal was a regular starter for the Netherlands under-19 team between 2016 and 2018, making 16 appearances for the team. In the same period, he also appeared for the Netherlands under-20 team. On 31 May 2019, Wijndal made his debut for the Netherlands under-21 team in a friendly match against Mexico in Doetinchem that ended in a 5–1 win for the Dutch.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: Wijndal was called up to the senior Netherlands squad for the UEFA Nations League matches against Poland and Italy in September 2020.


title: Owen Wijndal

text: On 7 October 2020, he made his first appearance for the Netherlands in the friendly match against Mexico which Mexico won 1–0.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Georgios Karagkounis (; born 6 March 1977), known as Giorgos Karagounis (), is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: In his club career, Karagounis played for Panathinaikos, Apollon Smyrnis, Inter Milan, Benfica and Fulham.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: At international level, Karagounis represented Greece between 1999 and 2014. He was a member of the UEFA Euro 2004-winning squad, and also represented Greece at UEFA Euro 2008, the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup. With 139 appearances, he is the most capped player in the history of the Greece national team.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis began his professional career in 1996 when he signed on loan for Apollon Smyrnis from Panathinaikos. In his first couple of years with the Athens-based club, he already showed signs of his talent as a very energetic player in the centre of midfield who could also score goals. After two seasons with Apollon, he returned to his parent club Panathinaikos in 1998, the club where he learned his trade.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: At Panathinaikos he became a fixture in the first team for the next five years. Although Panathinaikos did not win the Alpha Ethniki title during his spell due to several controversial reasons, including a ball-fixing scandal, the team was always a title contender, and had good runs in both the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup, with Karagounis scoring important goals for the team. He scored 6 times in 24 league matches during his first season with the "Greens", and in the 2000–01. In the UEFA Champions League, he appeared in all 12 of Panathanaikos' games, scoring a memorable goal from a free kick against Manchester United at Old Trafford.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: The following season, at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, Karagounis scored a wonderful goal against Arsenal, beating David Seaman with a header to help his team reach the quarter-finals of the Champions League.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: In the summer of 2003, Karagounis left Panathinaikos to join Italian Serie A club Inter Milan. During his first season with Inter, he was not a regular starter in the league, mainly appearing in European and Coppa Italia matches. At the end of his first season in Italy, despite Karagounis spending a lot of time on the substitutes' bench, Inter could only finish a disappointing fourth, with city rivals Milan winning the title. However, he performed well enough to be called up to represent Greece at UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: After helping Greece win that tournament, he returned to Italy for the 2004–05 season. Under Roberto Mancini, he was again mainly used in European and domestic Coppa Italia matches rather than in Serie A matches. He won the 2004–05 Coppa Italia, helping Inter beat Roma in the final. At the end of the 2004–05 season, Inter finished third in Serie A, with Juventus winning the title. Inter also reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League, suffering elimination by Milan.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: In 2005, Karagounis moved to Portugal to sign a three-year contract with Benfica, who are based at the Estádio da Luz, the stadium where he won the Euro 2004 final with Greece.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis scored a couple of memorable long-range goals while in Portugal, against Shakhtar Donetsk, and a free kick against Desportivo das Aves.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis' first season at Benfica was challenging, as he had difficulty establishing himself as a first-team regular. However, he became a regular starter in his second season, putting in some excellent performances and becoming a fan favourite, who were by this time managed by Fernando Santos, who already knew Karagounis from their time together at Panathinaikos. After a successful stint with Benfica, Karagounis seemed ready to return to play in Greece, again for Panathinaikos.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis would return to the Estádio da Luz to play for a Benfica All-Stars team in a charity match against a team that included Zinedine Zidane and Ronaldo in 2010.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis' contract with Benfica was due to expire in July 2008, but his immediate departure was negotiated due to personal issues. After his release in the summer of 2007, Karagounis immediately returned to Panathinaikos, signing for the club for the next three years. He quickly re-established himself in the team again, scoring key goals, especially in Europe.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: With his acquisition by the Athenians regarded as the start of a new era at the club, Karagounis emerged not only as a leading figure at club level, but for Greece as well. He established himself as the captain of the national team. Karagounis' grit and dedication continued to give Panathinaikos an edge as the team made progress in Europe. On 3 September 2009, Karagounis extended his stay until 2012 and stated he wanted to end his career at the club. As captain of the team, he won his second Superleague title and the Greek Cup. A 79th-minute strike by Karagounis secured Panathinaikos three UEFA Europa League points in Group F.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: On 11 September 2012, Karagounis left Panathinaikos to join English Premier League side Fulham on a free transfer. Karagounis became the eighth Greek player from the Euro 2004-winning side to play in the Premier League, after Nikos Dabizas, Stelios Giannakopoulos, Vassilios Lakis, Theodoros Zagorakis, Angelos Basinas and Kostas Chalkias. Speaking at Fulham's Motspur Park Training Ground, Karagounis said, "I'm delighted to have signed for Fulham Football Club and I am excited by a new challenge in England and the Premier League. I'm looking forward to working under Martin Jol and playing alongside some fantastic players at this Club." Then-Fulham manager Martin Jol added, "Giorgos Karagounis has a wealth of club and international experience and I'm happy that he's joined us for this season. He's been an influential player for his club sides and is a renowned player in world football as he's about to become the most-capped player for Greece. He brings many certain qualities to our squad."


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis made his debut for the club in the Premier League on 29 September 2012, against Manchester City at Craven Cottage, coming on in the 81st minute to replace Chris Baird. Karagounis played the full 90 minutes for Fulham in their 4–0 loss to Liverpool at Anfield. He scored his first goal in England on 5 January 2013 in the FA Cup against Blackpool in the 80th minute, with a "stunning 25-yard half-volley" which went in off the underside of the crossbar; the match ended 1–1. On 12 January 2013, a week after his FA Cup strike, he scored his first Premier League goal against Wigan Athletic in the 22nd minute.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: However, Karagounis declared his interest to return to Fulham through his agent Paschalis Tountouris. On 9 July 2013, Karagounis signed a new one-year deal to rejoin Fulham. In his second season with the "Cottagers", Karagounis scored his only goal in a 4–3 loss for League Cup against Leicester City when he equalised with just three minutes to play, but could not prevent Leicester from scoring a late winner. Karagounis suffered from muscle problems throughout the season, but on 19 April 2014, he came on as a substitute in his last match for the club in a 3–1 away defeat against Tottenham Hotspur. Fulham was relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis captained Greece's entry to the 1998 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, and the team came very close to winning, losing 1–0 to Spain in the final. After that, he soon became a regular on the national team. He made his first full international appearance against El Salvador in 1999 and went on to appear in 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: The highlight of his international career was undoubtedly winning the UEFA European Championship for Greece at Euro 2004. He was a key player for Greece and famously scored the first goal of the tournament against Portugal, a stunning long-range shot that shocked the hosts and gave Greece the confidence they needed to win the game and progress in the tournament. After winning Euro 2004, Karagounis continued to play on a regular basis for Greece in the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification and UEFA Euro 2008. On 26 March 2008, Karagounis participated in a Greece–Portugal friendly match in Düsseldorf. This proved to be somewhat of a highlight of his international career, as he scored two almost identical well-placed free kicks to give Greece a 2–1 victory.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis, as a captain of Greece, contributed to the nation's qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. As captain, he led Greece to its first win in a World Cup match with a 2–1 win against Nigeria. On 8 October 2010, against Latvia, Karagounis reached 100 international appearances, equaling the record of his former Greece teammate Angelos Basinas. On 12 October 2010, Karagounis made his 101st appearance, becoming the second-most capped player in Greek footballing history, behind Theodoros Zagorakis, and scoring his seventh goal in the victory against the Israel national team. On 7 October 2011, Karagounis was awarded by Zagorakis and Basinas for reaching 111 appearances with Greece. The awarding ceremony took place at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Athens before Greece's kickoff against Croatia.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: On 8 June 2012, Poland played with Greece on the opening day of Euro 2012. Poland goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny fouled Greek international Dimitris Salpingidis, resulting in a red card for Szczęsny. Karagounis took the penalty against substitute goalkeeper Przemysław Tytoń, who saved Karagounis' penalty.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: On 16 June 2012, Karagounis started the final match of Group A against Russia, making him Greece's joint-most capped player with 120 caps, together with Theodoros Zagorakis. Karagounis scored the only goal of the match, at the stroke of half-time. This meant Greece qualified for the next stage of the competition. The second half was slightly less dramatic but had its share of talking points. Coming off a significant goal, Karagounis made a mad dash to the Russian box. The captain looked like he was going to score another, but his leg was caught by a Russian defender. Karagounis was adamant he had earned a penalty, but the referee was not impressed and booked him for simulation. Karagounis received his second yellow card of the tournament, forcing him to miss the quarter-finals.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: On 12 October 2012, Karagounis played in the second half in the match against Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, making the 121st appearance for his country. With this match, he set a new record of most caps for Greece, surpassing Zagorakis. He also scored a free-kick goal against the Liechtenstein national football team. Karagounis played another inspiring and energetic role throughout the qualifying campaign and helped lead to its third World Cup finals appearance. Despite the waning number of starts for the 37-year-old, his influence was still large for Greece. Greece head coach Fernando Santos, who worked with Karagounis at both Panathinaikos and Benfica, held him in high regard due to the sureness the veteran exudes. "We have confidence and know we can beat any opponent", Karagounis said during World Cup qualifying. Karagounis played the entire 120 minutes of the match between Costa Rica and Greece for the World Cup 2014, consisting of 90 minutes of regular time and 30 minutes of extra time.


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: Karagounis retired from international football after Greece's World Cup elimination in a penalty shootout loss to Costa Rica. He left as the nation's most capped player with 139 appearances over 15 years since making his debut in 1999. Greece's goalscorer in the Costa Rica match, defender Sokratis Papastathopoulos, paid tribute to his departing leader: "He's written his own story ... he's the record holder [of caps], he's given everything for the team and had to make concessions for it... He's left us a legacy for the future. He shouldn't worry."


title: Giorgos Karagounis

text: As a midfielder, Karagounis was short in stature, standing at 5 feet nine inches. He was largely known for his tough, gritty play on the field. He gained many comparisons to "The General", Mimis Domazos. Karagounis was known for his dribbling, and creative passing, especially the accuracy of his long passes. Karagounis was described as a "dogged worker in the midfield and a deliverer of fine set plays". During his career he was one of the finer set piece exponents in Europe. His dribbling was noted as one of his strengths, with Karagounis able to win his own free kicks as well as provide a sometimes-laboured attack with bursts of energy. He also possessed a shooting ability from distance and combined his varied attacking talents with an aggression in midfield that made him able to win the ball back, as well as produce with it at his feet.


title: Partner (business rank)

text: A partner in a law firm, accounting firm, consulting firm, or financial firm is a highly ranked position, traditionally indicating co-ownership of a partnership in which the partners were entitled to a share of the profits as "equity partners." The title can also be used in corporate entities where equity is held by shareholders.


title: Partner (business rank)

text: In law firms, partners are primarily those senior lawyers who are responsible for generating the firm's revenue. The standards for equity partnership vary from firm to firm. Many law firms have a "two-tiered" partnership structure, in which some partners are designated as "salaried partners" or "non-equity" partners, and are allowed to use the "partner" title but do not share in profits. This position is often given to lawyers on track to become equity partners so that they can more easily generate business; it is typically a "probationary" status for associates (or former equity partners who do not generate enough revenue to maintain equity partner status). The distinction between equity and non-equity partners is often internal to the firm and not disclosed to clients, although a typical equity partner could be compensated three times as much as a non-equity partner billing at the same hourly rate. In America, senior lawyers not on track for partnership often use the title "of counsel", whilst their equivalents in Britain use the title "Senior Counsel".


title: Partner (business rank)

text: Partner compensation varies considerably. A 2012 survey by Major, Lindsey & Africa found that law firm partners' average annual compensation was $681,000 ($896,000 for equity partners, $335,000 for non-equity partners) and tended to go up based on number of years in the partnership:


title: Partner (business rank)

text: Accounting firms were traditionally established as legal partnerships with partners sharing the profits. Today, the financial and consulting services firms which originated from accounting firms, such as the big Four accounting firms, retain the title of Partner as a senior position and to indicate a profit-sharing status. To become a partner is considered a significant career milestone.


title: Partner (business rank)

text: A modern procedure is to take a role of Associate Partners before becoming a Partner in some consulting services.


title: Partner (business rank)

text: Many major investment banks were historically structured as partnerships, and some such as Goldman Sachs maintain a class of "partners" at the top of their corporate hierarchy. In such firms, the "partners" are typically the highest-compensated managing directors as well as more senior executives. The term is also used for senior executives in the private equity industry. In these industries, partners are often compensated millions of dollars per year.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: The caste system in Kerala differed from the four-fold division of society into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, in Kerala, the Malayali Brahmins, forms the priestly class while there were Brahmins and since the merchants in Kerala were Arabs, Jews and Christians, there were no Vaishyas and the rest who accepted Brahmanic religion were classified as Shudras. A group of Buddhists who opposed Brahmanism was present in Kerala. But as Hinduism gained more prominence, they converted to Hinduism. Varna system within Hinduism did not encompass these converted followers who were segregated as “Avarnas” or “untouchables” Thus, the Kerala caste system was ritualized but it was not the "varna" model found elsewhere. In Southern India, only in Kerala did there appear warrior lineages approximate to the Kshatriya model.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: One theory that explains the origins of the caste system in the Kerala region – which prior to the independence of India comprised the three areas known as Malabar District, Travancore and Cochin – is based on the actions of Aryan Jains introducing such distinctions prior to the 8th century CE. This argues that the Jains needed protection when they arrived in the area and recruited a group of local sympathizers to provide it. These people were then distinguished from others in the local population by their occupation as protectors, with the others all being classed as out-caste. Cyriac Pullapilly, a Professor of History, describes that this meant they "... were given "Kshatriya" functions, but only "Shudra" status."


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: An alternative theory, also explained by Pullapilly, states that the system was introduced by Nambudiri Brahmins themselves. Although Brahmin influences had existed in the area since at least the 1st century CE, there was a large influx of these people from around the 8th century when they acted as priests, counsellors and ministers to invading Aryan princes. At the time of their arrival, the non-aboriginal local population had been converted to Buddhism by missionaries who had come from the north of India and from Ceylon. The Brahmins used their symbiotic relationship with the invading forces to assert their beliefs and position. The Brahmins treated almost all of those who acceded to their priestly status as Shudra, permitting only a small number to be recognised as Kshatriya, these being some of the local rulers who co-operated with them. By the 11th century, this combination of association with kings and invaders, and with the take-over of Buddhist temples, made the Brahmins by far the largest land-owning group in the region and they remained so until very recent times. The origins of Malayalam as a language is also speculated to be Nambudiri Brahmin's mixing of Sanskrit and the local Tamil language. Their dominating influence was to be found in all matters: religion, politics, society, economics and culture.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: A theory presented by Pullapilly and also by Rene Barendse, who is a Fellow of the International Institute for Asian Studies, claims that the caste system established by Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala was in accordance with the will of Parasurama, an avatar of Vishnu. The Nambudiris had control of 64 villages and asserted that they had powers given to them by the gods, so much so that they considered even other Brahmin groups to be outside the caste hierarchy. Both writers consider this to be the traditional Nambudiri myth of origin. The Nambudiri Brahmins were at the top of the ritual caste hierarchy, outranking even the kings. Anyone who was not a Nambudiri was treated by them as an untouchable.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: The entire Malabar region had strict pollution rules that were considered by the observers to be the most extreme in all of India. Lower caste people could use only separate paths and their houses were in places where they could not be seen. Lower castes can pollute a Brahmin or Nair, not by mere touch but also coming within certain feet from them. Nairs could kill a lower caste Pulayar on sight if they met with one of them on the highway. The Nambudhri Brahmins were top of the caste hierarchy and the Pulayar were at the lowest. According to most travelers, the Nairs were placed below the kings and the Brahmins in Caste hierarchy. The Ambalavasis were kept between the Brahmins and the Nairs. The lower castes were known as "tintal jati," i.e. castes which pollutes at a distance. The food of the upper castes were referred to as ""Amruthathu"" (elixir) and the food of the lower castes was called ""karikadi"" (black brew), similarly the, dwelling places of the higher castes and the thatched huts of the lower castes were called the ""royal abode"" and ""the field of rubbish"" respectively.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: The lower castes, particularly the Pulayars were not even allowed to breathe the same air as the other castes or use a public pathway. A lower caste person could pollute a higher caste person by merely coming within a certain distance from him or in extreme cases the pollution is transmitted even by simply seeing a lower caste person. If by accident he was there and he sees an approaching Nair or a Brahmin, he must make a loud howling sound to warn the upper castes from getting near until he went away or climbed up a tree. If a Nair meets a Pulayar on the highway by accident, he cuts him down like a others cut an unpleasant animal. The Nair's right to kill any Pulayar imminently he met on the pathway is confirmed by almost all visitors to Kerala. Even the other lower castes had no communication with the Pulayar. According to Buchanan, the Nairs killed not only the Pulayars but any member of the other lower polluting castes, including the Ezhavas. Pollution rules were also observed in touching and sexual intercourse with the lower castes. Casting out the person from the caste was the punishment for disobeying the caste rules regarding pollution and in some cases sold into slavery and even death. If a Nambudhiri Brahmin woman is accused of illegitimate sexual relations, she is kept in a separate hut as her presence could pollute other members of her family before being interrogated by a caste court, the system is known as "smarttivicaram." Pollution by approaching a Muslim, Christian, or a Jew is not observed but their touch is considered polluting. The custom for removing pollution is a bath by complete immersion in water.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: The Nambudiris had varying rules regarding the degrees of ritual pollution while interacting with people of different castes. In return, most castes practiced the principles of untouchability in their relationship with the other regional castes. Untouchability in Kerala is not restricted to Hindus, and George Mathew says that, "Technically, the Christians were outside the caste hierarchy, but in practice, a system of inclusion and exclusion was developed ...". Among Christians, the established Saint Thomas Syrian Christians also practiced the rules of untouchability. In the colonial period, many lower castes were converted to Christians by the European Missionaries but the new converts were not allowed to join the Syrian Christian community and they continued to be considered as untouchables even by the Syrian Christians. Syrian Christians derive status within the caste system from the tradition that they were elites, who were evangelized by Thomas the Apostle. Anand Amaladass says that "The Syrian Christians had inserted themselves within the Indian caste society for centuries and were regarded by the Hindus as a caste occupying a high place within their caste hierarchy." Syrian Christians followed the same rules of caste and pollution as that of Hindus and they were considered as pollution neutralizers. Rajendra Prasad, an Indian historian, said that the Syrian Christians took ritual baths after physical contact with lower castes .


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: The rules of untouchability were severe to begin with, and they were very strictly enforced among Hindu communities by the time of the arrival of the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century. Robin Jeffrey, who is a professor specialising in the modern history and politics of India, quotes the wife of a Christian missionary, who wrote in 1860 that:


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: Nonetheless, higher ranked communities did have some social responsibility for those perceived to be their inferiors: for example, they could demand forced labor but had to provide food for such laborers, and they had responsibilities in times of famine to provide their tenants both with food and with the seeds to grow it. There were also responsibilities to protect such people from the dangers of attack and other threats to their livelihood, and so it has been described by Barendse as "an intricate dialectic of rights and duties".


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: According to an estimate by Dr. Francis Buchanan in 1801 AD, 41,367 persons out of the 292,366 populations were slaves in the south, central and Northern divisions of the Malabar. In the census of 1836, 164,864 people out of the 1,280,668 were slaves in Travancore. There was an estimated 4.25 lakh slaves in Kerala during the middle of the 19th century.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: The slaves belonged to the lower castes and were employed only for feudal work, and the stigma that they should be kept away from their masters was strictly followed. Samuel Mateer, noted that even in the working fields the slaves were supervised from a distance.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: Based on the 1881 census an estimated 40,000 slaves converted to Islam from 1871 to 1881. Many slaves also converted to Christianity in Cochin and Travancore during this period. During the 1882 Christian Mission Conference, it was reported that the population of Muslim Mapillas were increasing rapidly due to the conversion from the lower strata of the Hindu society, and in such a phase, the entire west coast could become Muslim.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: By the late 19th century, the caste system of Kerala had evolved to be the most complex to be found anywhere in India, and the exploitation of it had become considerable. Barendse explains this development:


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: By this time there were over 500 groups represented in an elaborate structure of relationships and the concept of ritual pollution extended not merely to untouchability but even further, to un-approachability and even un-seeability. The system was gradually reformed to some degree, with one of those reformers, Swami Vivekananda, having observed that it represented a "mad house" of castes. The usual four-tier Hindu caste system, involving the "varnas" of Brahmin (priest), Kshatriya (warrior), Vaishya (business person, involved in trading, entrepreneurship and finance) and Shudra (service person), did not exist. Kshatriyas were rare and the only Vaishyas were not present. The roles left empty by the absence of these ritual ranks were taken to some extent by Nairs, Mappila Muslims and Syrian Christians.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: The process of amelioration of caste distinctions by various social reform movements were overtaken by the events of 1947. With independence from Britain came the Indian constitution, and Article 15 of that document outlawed discrimination on the grounds of caste and race. Myron Weiner has said that the ideological basis for caste "... may be (almost, but not quite) moribund" and that:


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: Despite being outlawed, the Indian governments – both at national and at regional level – do still recognise distinctions between the various communities but this recognition is for the purpose of positive discrimination. Throughout post-independence India, including in Kerala, there exists a framework of reservation which is fluid in nature and attempts to recognise the socio-economic disparities between various castes. Depending both on local circumstances and on the changing modern socio-economic environment, castes are classified as Forward Classes (or "General"), Other Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and the Scheduled Tribes. These classifications determine what - if any - assistance a caste community receives in any given area. Formal classification lists are compiled for the latter three groups; any community which is not listed in any of those categories is, by default, a Forward Class.


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: Writing in the context of violence against Dalits (untouchables) elsewhere in India, "Frontline" magazine said in 2006 that: However, "Frontline" goes on to note that the situation in Kerala now, is not as severe, to the extent that those seeking to research:


title: Caste system in Kerala

text: Around 2003, the Government of Kerala recognised 53 Scheduled Castes, 35 Scheduled Tribes and 80 Other Backwards Classes. The 2001 Census of India recognised 68 Scheduled Castes, who comprised 9.8% of the population. They were 99.9% Hindu, with a negligible number of Sikhs and Buddhists. The Census recognised 35 Scheduled Tribes, comprising 1.14% of the population and with 93.7% being Hindus. A further 5.8% were Christian, and the remainder Muslim or "not stated".


title: Rachel Wade

text: Rachel Marie Wade (born February 27, 1990) is an American woman who was convicted of murder in the second degree in the 2009 murder of Sarah Ludemann in Pinellas Park, Florida.


title: Rachel Wade

text: Rachel Wade and Sarah Ludemann were romantic rivals who were competing for the affections of Wade's ex-boyfriend, Joshua Camacho. In the first six months of Ludemann's relationship with Camacho, police officers spoke to Wade six times regarding public confrontations with him. Wade also got into a verbal argument with the mother of Camacho's child. Camacho exhibited domestic violence against Ludemann, whom he punched in the face, but Ludemann did not press charges.


title: Rachel Wade

text: Wade left insulting voicemails for Ludemann. Their rivalry quickly turned violent. They began to harass one another, and according to Wade, Ludemann would show up at an Applebee's where Wade worked in order to taunt her. During one incident, Ludemann told police that Wade repeatedly called her cell phone and left threatening voicemails.


title: Rachel Wade

text: On the evening of Tuesday April 14, 2009, authorities say that Wade was alone in her apartment waiting for Camacho. Camacho was watching movies with Ludemann. While Wade was outside walking her dog, she heard a car honk, and she stated that Ludemann yelled "Stay away from my man!" Wade said that she was scared and that she decided to call Javier Laboy, an old boyfriend. He told her to come over to his house. She got her purse, opened a kitchen drawer, and pulled out a steak knife.


title: Rachel Wade

text: At 11 p.m., Wade approached Camacho's house. He and Ludemann were inside playing video games. Wade sent Camacho a text message stating "Now I know why you're not talking to me — because you got her." Camacho replied "That's right. I don't like you no more. Why don't you go home?" Wade responded "No. I'll wait for her to go home." Witnesses later testified that they overheard Wade threaten Ludemann on speakerphone "I'm going to stab you and your Mexican boyfriend." Just before midnight, Camacho's sister asked Ludemann for a ride to McDonald's. Ludemann saw a friend at a stop sign who told her Wade was at Javier Laboy's house. Ludemann decided to confront her. As she was driving, Wade called her and yelled "I'm going to stab you! You and your Mexican boyfriend!" Ludemann arrived at Javier Laboy's house and saw Wade speaking with him and their friend Dustin Grimes.


title: Rachel Wade

text: Wade testified that Ludemann slammed on her brakes, nearly hitting Wade and stormed out of the car with her fists flailing. Wade said that she was fearful when she stabbed Ludemann's shoulder and chest, one blow punctured her heart. However, authorities and the prosecution's witnesses said that Ludemann did not get a chance to leave the van and that it was Wade who approached and attacked Ludemann. Ludemann, mortally wounded, and clutching her chest, called Camacho to tell him what happened. Camacho ran to Ludemann's home to tell her father. They both drove to the scene. Immediately after the stabbing, witnesses say that Wade threw the knife over a neighbor's house and calmly said "I'm done." Ludemann died at Northside Hospital as a result of a heart puncture, and was pronounced dead at 2:20 a.m. the next morning.


title: Rachel Wade

text: Police arrived and began questioning Wade and the witnesses. She began to cry when they told her Ludemann died. Hours later, Wade was arrested and charged with murder in the second degree. She was booked into the Pinellas County Jail on $500,000 bond. She stayed there through the conclusion of the trial.


title: Rachel Wade

text: TruTV's "In Session" televised the trial which began on July 20, 2010, with jury selection. After television coverage ended at 3pm each day, a live internet stream was provided by CNN. Testimony lasted three days from July 21 through July 23. Prosecutors brought up the history between the two in order to show that Wade intended to kill her rival over Camacho. The defense argued self-defense under Florida's Stand Your Ground law. Wade's attorney, Jay Hebert, stated that Ludemann was very upset and that Wade was fearful because she was outnumbered and because Ludemann was bigger than she. Hebert brought up the Applebee's incident in which Ludemann and her friends knocked Wade's tray over, sang "Girlfight" during karaoke and taunted her. He also stated that the two girls fought before the stabbing and pulled each other's hair. The witnesses who testified for the prosecution were Camacho, his sister, and Dustin Grimes. Javier testified for the defense. Javier stated that the two fought, but admitted he did not see much of the incident. Camacho's sister and Grimes testified that Wade approached the vehicle and stabbed Ludemann. The jury heard the voicemails, which Ludemann saved eight months prior, in which Wade stated that she was going to kill her. This ultimately sealed her fate as the jury of five men and one woman took just two and a half hours to find her guilty of murder in the second degree.


title: Rachel Wade

text: On September 3, 2010, Rachel Wade was sentenced to 27 years in state prison. The judge stated that he believed Wade intended to kill Ludemann. Wade maintained that she acted in self-defense, and appealed her case. In a March 2011 interview with ABC News, she said that she believed that social media played a major part in the rivalry and murder, noting that social media gives people the ability to say whatever they want with very little consequence. In April 2011, Charlie Ludemann, Sarah's father, filed a civil suit against Wade. On February 17, 2012, Wade lost her appeal. She is housed at Lowell Correctional Institution.


title: Rachel Wade

text: This case has been discussed on television series such as "Dateline NBC" in February 2011, "Deadly Women" in November 2011, and "Facing Evil with Candice DeLong" in December 2011. It was also profiled on the E! Entertainment Special "When Girls Kill". Wade's case was featured on the shows "Snapped" on October 7, 2012, and "Killerpost" on February 13, 2016. On December 7, 2016, "Crime Watch Daily" also covered it. Wade's case was later examined on the "Fatal Love Triangle" episode of the series "Vengeance: Killer Lovers" which aired on March 17, 2019.


title: Rachel Wade

text: In 2022, the feud between Wade and Sarah Ludemann served as the inspiration for the Lifetime film "He's Not Worth Dying For" as part of its "Ripped from the Headlines" feature film series. It stars Rachel Boyd as Isla Masters (who is based on Wade), Hilda Martin as Grace Heinemann (who is based on Ludemann), Robin Givens as Cher Heinemann, and Lachlan Quarmby as Jake Carter (who is based on Joshua Camacho).


title: JL50

text: JL50 is an Indian Hindi-language sci-fi thriller web television miniseries which premiered on Sony Liv on 4 September 2020. The series stars Abhay Deol, Pankaj Kapur, Ritika Anand, Piyush Mishra and Rajesh Sharma.


title: JL50

text: Shantanu, a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) officer is called in to investigate a plane crash in a remote area of West Bengal. News flashes that a militant group has hijacked a plane with many dignitaries. Initially, CBI suspects that the crashed plane is the same one that has been hijacked. However, Shantanu and his colleague Gaurango are baffled to find that the crashed plane is Flight JL50, which went missing 35 years ago. When much evidence indicates that the plane is actually 35 years old, Shantanu still feels that this has been somehow staged. During the crash, the cockpit breaks from the main plane and crashes separately having two survivors; all of the other passengers died. The two survivors are a pilot Bihu Ghosh and professor Biswajit Chandra Mitra. When Bihu wakes up, she is surprised to see the whole world has changed; the new cars on the road and the small handy gadget through which the nurse talks on a mobile phone. Mitra is jubilant and demands celebration and since doctors assume he is mentally unstable, they sedate him.


title: JL50

text: Shantanu finds information about Mitra, his works as professor and his inclination towards the communist ideology. He visits his home for enquiry and finds plan drawings of plane in Mitra's old files. Through a University professor, he learns that Mitra was working on a "Project A". Centuries ago when Emperor Ashoka witnessed the Kalinga War, he was deeply moved by it and adopted non-violent Buddhism, he used to call it DhammaVijaya . He collected all the information on science and technology which he felt were harmful if left with mankind and buried them. One such secret was of time-travel on which Mitra's father was working since the British era. However, post independence, his funding were reduced and Mitra continued his work further. Shantanu gets info that Subroto Das was Mitra's assistant and confidant.


title: JL50

text: Upon further enquiry to Das, he reveals Mitra's plan which involved hijacking a plane and travelling through a wormhole. Through the code breaking in Project A, Mitra had discovered the coordinates of a wormhole which were in the sky. But due to some miscalculations, the plane went 35 years ahead in time and landed now and accidentally crashed. Shantanu is in two minds when Professor Das, a quantum physics expert, tries to persuade him that it is a case of time travel and that they must fly back in time to the past via the same wormhole and prevent the hijacking by Mitra. He tells Shantanu that he can prove it if they go to the same coordinates which Bihu Ghosh had flown into. Das further promises that if they go back in time and stop the plane from taking off, the crash would never happen in the present day and the other plane AO26 would not get hijacked. He further assures that the demands of the hijackers to free their political leader would not have to be dealt with in the present. Bihu agrees and they fly back into the past and inadvertently change the future.


title: JL50

text: The concluding episode shows Shantanu, Professor Das and Bihu Ghosh travelling back to August 1984. They are able to stop Professor Mitra—via a shootout in a ramshackled factory godown—from boarding JL50, hence preventing the flight from getting hijacked and further, preventing its crash in the year 2019. This also means that everything in the moment from then on changes, providing a completely different and alternate future!


title: JL50

text: It is also revealed in the last episode of the series that Shantanu was left at an orphanage when he was only 15 days old. He visits the orphanage and witnesses an elderly man abandoning an infant and identifies that it is he who is the baby. Earlier episodes reveal that Bihu is told she had given birth to a stillborn out of wedlock. However, in the last episode he sees that the car Bihu gets from her house when they go to stop Prof. Mitra, has the same number-plate as the older man's who had come to abandon the infant at the orphanage the previous night—thus making Shantanu realize that Bihu is his own Mother and the older man was his grandfather. The subsequent hijack and disappearance of flight JL50 and Bihu along with it in 1984 means that Shantanu grows up an orphan and goes on to join the CBI. But before Shantanu can reveal this reality from the year 2019 to Bihu outside the godown, the time changes and their lives change.


title: JL50

text: The ending sequences show Shantanu travelling in AO26 with his wife, and their plane is not hijacked. In fact, no plane is hijacked as the villains of the series were killed back in 1984 in the godown shootout. Characters of Shantanu and Gaurango (the CBI officials and friends in the earlier episodes) even run into each other in the plane but do not greet each other. This means that the two never became friends in this alternate reality and probably Shantanu did not even get to join the CBI. It is also shown that Bihu's mother feels guilty about lying to her about the stillborn and thus reveals the orphanage where the baby was abandoned. The new, alternate reality ending sequence shows Shantanu calling a now aged Bihu his mother and asking her, “had grandmother not told you that I was at this orphanage, how would you have taken me back?” Meaning, since Shantanu was able to kill Professor Mitra, the course of everyone's future changed altogether. Thus, the JL50 that Bihu had piloted in 1984 never got hijacked, she never went missing and hence she never went 35 years into the future via time-travel. Instead, she recovered Shantanu back from the orphanage thus allowing him to grow up as a normal child with his own birth mother, rather than as an orphan. This worked out very well for Shantanu in the alternate reality as he is now shown so much happier, content and peaceful rather than the orphaned and hence disturbed, morose, hurt CBI official of the earlier episodes from a different reality...


title: JL50

text: The final scene shows an elderly Bihu and Shantanu in 2019—both empathetic, happy and grateful—distributing gifts on his recovery-day, to the orphans at that same orphanage. Shantanu is the only person who has a recollection of both the parallel, alternate realities that diverged from 1984 till 2019. In the end credits at 5 pm in 1984, it is [presumably] Bihu Gosh from year 1984, (as still in her pilot uniform) walks into the warehouse and picks the unburnt portion of the papers.


title: JL50

text: Producer Ritika Anand, who also plays the pilot in the series, has said that the series was created "with an aim to create a very "desi", Indian science-fiction film and create a genre, different from how the west makes science fiction films." The project was originally envisioned as a film, however due to delays in the release and subsequently COVID-19 pandemic in India, it was released as a web series.


title: JL50

text: The series received mixed reviews. "The Times of India" rated it 3 out of 5 stars and summarised it as ""JL50" is a culmination of mythology, warfare, history and science but it needed an in-depth handling which the plot-line unfortunately started to lack right after the very first episode." "Hindustan Times" also rated it positively and said, ""JL50" offers an interesting story, innovative fusion of Indian storytelling with science fiction and brilliant performances from the entire cast. However, it is in the execution that the film fails quite often." "The Indian Express"' Shubhra Gupta commended the show "for its attempt to construct a back-to-the-future vibe, and some nice flourishes; you just wish it was better done overall." "NDTV's" Saibal Chatterjee gave it 2 out of 5 stars and praised Deol and Kapur's performances but pointed to inconsistencies in the show and noted that "the show swims in shallow waters."


title: Geographical zone

text: The five main latitude regions of Earth's surface comprise geographical zones, divided by the major circles of latitude. The differences between them relate to climate. They are as follows:


title: Geographical zone

text: The Torrid Zone is also known as the tropics. This zone is bounded on the north by the Tropic of Cancer and on the south by the Tropic of Capricorn; these latitudes mark the northern and southern extremes in which the Sun passes directly overhead. This happens once annually on these cusps, but in the tropics proper, the Sun passes overhead twice a year.


title: Geographical zone

text: Within the northern tropics, the Sun passes overhead its first time for that year before the June solstice, at which time it does so as to the Tropic of Cancer. It passes over these latitudes in turn again, on its apparent southward journey, to and before the September equinox. After then, the center of the Sun at the high point, the zenith, of the sky (which makes for the subsolar point beneath) aligns with successive latitudes in the southern tropics. The Sun passes overhead of these then does so once per year for the Tropic of Capricorn at the December solstice, then passes back again over those latitudes to return to the equator for the March equinox.


title: Geographical zone

text: The Torrid zone includes southern Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northern South America (larger parts of Brazil, the Guyanas, Caribbean South America, Andean states and the northern tip of the Southern Cone), the Sudan, the southern regions of Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya and Egypt, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, larger parts of Southern Africa (Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, northern Namibia and northern Botswana), southern Middle East (southern Saudi Arabia, southern United Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen), southern Indian subcontinent (south-central and southern India, southern Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives), Southeast Asia, northern Australia (the northern regions of the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland, the northern regions of the Northern Territory, and the entire territory of the New Guinea island), the northern tip of Zealandia (New Caledonia), and a great part of Oceania (Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, this later not including New Zealand).


title: Geographical zone

text: In the two temperate zones, consisting of the tepid latitudes, the Sun is never directly overhead, and the climate is mild, generally ranging from warm to cool. The four annual seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, occur in these areas.


title: Geographical zone

text: The North Temperate Zone includes North America (including northern Mexico and the northern Bahamas), Europe, North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and the northern regions of Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya and Egypt), Northern Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, northern Indian subcontinent (Pakistan, northern India and northern Bangladesh) and northern Middle East (northern Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, northern United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine), and Turkey).


title: Geographical zone

text: The South Temperate Zone includes Southern Australia (the southern regions of the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland, the southern regions of the Northern Territory, and the entire territories of the states of New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria), great part of Zealandia (New Zealand), southern South America (large part of the Southern Cone), and Southern Africa (southern Namibia, southern Botswana, great part of South Africa, the entire territories of Lesotho and Eswatini, and the southern tips of Mozambique and Madagascar).


title: Geographical zone

text: The two frigid zones, or polar regions, experience the midnight sun and the polar night for part of the year – at the edge of the zone there remains one day, the winter solstice, when the Sun is too low to rise, and one day at the summer solstice when the Sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours. In the center of the zone (thepole), the day is one year long, with six months of daylight and six months of night. The frigid zones are the coldest regions of Earth and are generally covered in ice and snow. It receives slanting rays of the Sun, as this region lies farthest from the equator. Summer in this region lasts for about 2 to 3 months, and there is almost 24-hour sunlight during summer. The sun's rays are always slanting, so provide less heat per horizontal surface area.


title: Geographical zone

text: The North Frigid Zone includes the United States (only the state of Alaska), the northern regions of Canada (the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon), Greenland (Denmark), Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Russia.


title: Geographical zone

text: The concept of a geographical zone was first hypothesized by the ancient Greek scholar Parmenides and lastingly modified by Aristotle. Both philosophers theorized the Earth divided into three types of climatic zones based on their distance from the equator.


title: Geographical zone

text: Like Parmeneides, thinking that the area near the equator was too hot for habitation, Aristotle dubbed the region around the equator (from 23.5° N to 23.5° S) the "Torrid Zone." Both philosophers reasoned the region from the Arctic Circle to the pole to be permanently frozen. This region, thought uninhabitable, was called the "Frigid Zone." The only area believed to be habitable was the northern "Temperate Zone" (the southern one not having been discovered), lying between the "Frigid Zones" and the "Torrid Zone". However, humans have inhabited almost all climates on Earth, including inside the Arctic Circle.


title: Geographical zone

text: As knowledge of the Earth's geography improved, a second "Temperate Zone" was discovered south of the equator, and a second "Frigid Zone" was discovered around the Antarctic. Although Aristotle's map was oversimplified, the general idea was correct. Today, the most commonly used climate map is the Köppen climate classification, developed by Russian climatologist of German descent and amateur botanist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940), which divides the world into five major climate regions, based on average annual precipitation, average monthly precipitation, and average monthly temperature.


title: Bumper cars

text: Bumper cars or dodgems are the generic names for a type of flat amusement ride consisting of multiple small electrically powered cars which draw power from the floor and/or ceiling, and which are turned on and off remotely by an operator. Bumper cars were not intended to be bumped, hence the original name "Dodgem." They are also known as bumping cars, dodging cars and dashing cars. The first patent for bumper cars was filed in 1921.


title: Bumper cars

text: The cars are commonly powered by one of three methods. The oldest and most common method, the Over Head System (OHS), uses a conductive floor and ceiling with opposing power polarities. Contacts under the vehicle touch the floor while a pole-mounted contact shoe touches the ceiling, forming a complete circuit.


title: Bumper cars

text: A newer method, the Floor Pick-Up (FPU) system, uses alternating strips of metal across the floor separated by insulating spacers, and no ceiling grid. The strips carry the supply current, and the cars are large enough so that the vehicle covers at least two strips at all times. An array of brushes under each car makes random contact with the strips, and the voltage polarity on each contact is arranged to always provide a correct and complete circuit to operate the vehicle.


title: Bumper cars

text: A third method is used on "Quantum"-class cruise ships, where bumper cars run on electric batteries. This avoids the conductive floor/ceiling of the traditional bumper car setup, allowing the SeaPlex venue to be convertible from a bumper-car ride to a multipurpose gym (basketball court). The disadvantage is that these ships' bumper cars take several hours to recharge.


title: Bumper cars

text: The metal floor is usually set up as a rectangular or oval track, and graphite is sprinkled on the floor to decrease friction. A rubber bumper surrounds each vehicle, and drivers either ram or dodge each other as they travel. The controls are usually an accelerator and a steering wheel. The cars can be made to go backwards by turning the steering wheel far enough in either direction, necessary in the frequent pile-ups that occur.


title: Bumper cars

text: Although the idea of the ride is to bump other cars, safety-conscious (or at least litigation-conscious) owners sometimes put up signs reading "This way around" and "No (head on) bumping". Depending on the level of enforcement by operators, these rules are often ignored by bumper car riders, especially younger children and teenagers.


title: Bumper cars

text: During their heyday, from the late 1920s to 1950s, two major US bumper cars brands were Dodgem by Max and Harold Stoehrer and the Lusse Brothers' Auto-Skooter by Joseph and Robert 'Ray' Lusse. Original bumper cars were created out of tin. Lusse Brothers built the first fiberglass body in 1959, in part due to the survival of Chevrolet Corvette bodies over the previous six years. After getting permission from Chevrolet, then subsequently buying the actual Corvette chevrons from local Philadelphia dealers, those were attached to the nose of their product for 1959. In the mid-1960s, Disneyland introduced hovercraft-based bumper cars called Flying Saucers, which worked on the same principle as an air hockey game; however, the ride was a mechanical failure and closed after a few years.


title: Bumper cars

text: The current largest operating bumper car floor in the United States is at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois, and is called the Rue Le Dodge (renamed Rue Le Morgue during Fright Fest in the fall). It is by or a total of . A replica of the ride was built at California's Great America in Santa Clara; in 2005, however, a concrete island was added to the middle of the floor to promote one-way traffic, reducing the floor area. Six Flags Great Adventure's Autobahn is the largest bumper car floor, but it has not operated since 2008.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: This article is about the demographic features of the population of the area which is commonly described as Palestinian territories and includes information on ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of that population.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: According to a commonly used definition as relating to an application of the 1949 Armistice Agreement green line, the Palestinian territories have contributory parts of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: The Palestinian National Authority, the United Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, the European Union, the International Court of Justice, and the International Committee of the Red Cross use the terminology "Palestinian territories" or "occupied Palestinian territories". Israel refers to the administrative division encompassing Israeli-controlled Jewish-majority civilian areas of Area C of the West Bank, excluding East Jerusalem, as Judea and Samaria Area (, "Ezor Yehuda VeShomron").


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: The demographic statistics of "The World Factbook" and the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics estimated that the collective Palestinian Arab population in the region of Palestine, including Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, amounted to 5.79 million people in 2017. Thereof, 2.16 million Arabs live in the West Bank, 1.84 million Arabs live in Israel, and 1.79 million Arabs live in the Gaza Strip.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: The demographic statistics of "The World Factbook" and the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics estimated (2017) that the collective population in the Palestinian territories amounted to 4,543,126 people in 2017. Thereof, 2,155,743 Arabs live in the West Bank, 1,795,183 Arabs live in the Gaza Strip, and 391,000 Jews live in the West Bank. Approximately 214,600 Jews live in East Jerusalem. East Jerusalem, once administered by Jordan, came under Israeli occupation after the 1967 Six-Day War. In the Palestinian territories, c. 86% of the population is Arab (predominantly Sunni), c. 13% is Jewish, other <1% (cf. Israel: Jewish 74%, Arab 21%, other 5%).


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: According to the UN, the population in the State of Palestine was c. 4.9 million in 2017, resulting in an estimated population density of 817 capita per km. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the number of Palestinians in the Palestinian Territory was 3,935,249 in 2009, resulting in a calculated population density of 654 capita per km, of which 433 capita/km in the West Bank including Jerusalem and 4,073 capita/km in Gaza Strip. In the mid-2009, the share of population less than 15 years was 41.9% and above 65 years 3%.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: Out of 224 listed countries and territories, the West Bank ranked 48th with a total fertility rate (TFR) of 3.2, and the Gaza Strip ranked 31st with a TFR of 3.97 according to "The World Factbook" in 2018. In 2018, the West Bank had an estimated population growth rate of 1.81% (country comparison to the world: 56th) and the Gaza Strip had a population growth rate of 2.25% (35th).


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: Total 2,939,418 (July 2018 est.); 71.72% of the population is Arab (predominantly Sunni), 28.28% is Jewish (cf. Israel: Jewish 74%, Arab 21%, other 5%; and Gaza: Arab 99%)


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: Muslim 80–85% (predominantly Sunni)Jewish 12–14%Christian 1.0–2.5%, (mainly Greek Orthodox)Other religious minorities include Palestinian Metawalis, Palestinian Druze and Palestinian Baha'is.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: Arabic, English (compulsory in schools, widely spoken by Palestinians), and Hebrew (spoken by Israeli Jews in the West Bank, and spoken by many Palestinians) are commonly known.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 96.9%male: 98.6%female: 95.2% (2016 est.)


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: In 2010 approximately 1.6 million Palestinians lived in the Gaza Strip, almost 1.0 million of them UN-registered refugees.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: The Strip's population has continued to increase since that time, one of the main reasons being a total fertility rate of 4.24 children per woman (2014 est). In a ranking by total fertility rate, this places Gaza 34th of 224 regions.


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: 0–14 years: 44.1% (male 415,746/female 394,195)15–24 years: 21.3% (male 197,797/female 194,112)25–54 years: 28.5% (male 256,103/female 267,285)55–64 years: 3.5% (male 33,413/female 30,592)65 years and over: 2.6% (male 24,863/female 22,607) (2018 est.)


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female0–14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15–24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female25–54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female55–64 years: 1.1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.)


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: total population: 16/1,000 live birthsmale: 17.1/1,000 live birthsfemale: 14.9/1,000 live births (2018 est.)


title: Demographics of the State of Palestine

text: Sunni Muslim 98–99%, Arab Christians 0.2% (2,000 to 3,000 est.), other, unaffiliated, unspecified <1.0% (2012 est.).


title: Boswellia

text: Boswellia is a genus of trees in the order Sapindales, known for its fragrant resin. The biblical incense frankincense is an extract from the resin of the tree "Boswellia sacra", and is now produced also from "B. frereana".


title: Boswellia

text: The four main species of "Boswellia", "B. sacra" (synonyms "B. carteri" and "B. bhaw-dajiana"), "B. frereana", "B. papyrifera", and "B. serrata", produce true frankincense, and each type of resin is available in various grades. The grades depend on the time of harvesting, and the resin is hand sorted for quality.


title: Boswellia

text: "Boswellia" species are moderate-sized flowering plants, including both trees and shrubs, and are native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. The distributions of the species are primarily associated with the tropics. The greatest diversity of species presently is in Africa and India.


title: Boswellia

text: The species are dioecious or hermaphroditic. The flowers may have four or five faintly connate but imbricate sepals with an equal number of distinct, imbricate petals. Also, the stamens, that may contain nectar discs, have distinct glabrous filaments that occur in one or two whorls and in numbers equaling or twice the number of petals; the tricolporate pollen is contained within two locules of the anthers that open longitudinally along slits. The gynoecium contains three to five connate carpels, one style, and one stigma that is head-like to lobed. Each locule of the superior ovary has two ovules with axile placentation that are anatropous to campylotropous. The one- to five-pitted fruit is a drupe that opens at maturity. The endosperm is usually lacking in the embryo.


title: Boswellia

text: The genus name honors Scottish botanist John Boswell, 1710–1780 (incidentally uncle of writer James Boswell).


title: Boswellia

text: In 1998, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) warned that one of the primary frankincense species, "Boswellia sacra", is "near threatened". Frankincense trees are not covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, but experts argue that "Boswellia" species meet the criteria for protection. In a 2006 study, an ecologist at Wageningen University & Research claimed that, by the late-1990s, "Boswellia papyrifera" trees in Eritrea were becoming hard to find. In 2019, a new paper predicted a 50% reduction in "Boswellia papyrifera" within the next two decades. This species, found mainly in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Sudan, accounts for about two-thirds of global frankincense production. The paper warns that all "Boswellia" species are threatened by habitat loss and overexploitation. Most "Boswellia" grow in harsh, arid regions beset by poverty and conflict. Harvesting and selling the tree's resin is one of the only sources of income for the inhabitants, resulting in overtapping.


title: Jack Angel

text: Jack Angel (October 24, 1930 – October 18, 2021) was an American voice actor, comedian, and radio personality. He provided voice-overs for animation and video games. Angel had voiced characters in shows by Hasbro and Hanna-Barbera such as "Super Friends", "The Transformers" and "" and was involved in numerous productions by Disney and Pixar. Before becoming involved with voiceover work, Angel was initially a disc jockey for radio stations, namely KMPC and KFI. The day of his death, October 18, a piece of lost 1980s paraphernalia that contained his voice as the lead role, being the U.S. dub of "TUGS", was discovered.