title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: Construction on the house began in 1848 and was completed in 1851 by Asa Tift, a marine architect and salvage wrecker, in a French Colonial estate style. The house's site, across the street from the Key West Lighthouse, has an elevation of above sea level, making it the second-highest site on the island. In addition to the elevation, the house's 18 inch thick limestone walls protect it during tropical storms and hurricanes.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: In 1928, writer Ernest Hemingway and his wife Pauline Pfeiffer moved to Key West, where they spent the next three years living in rented housing, the last being a two-story home at 1301 Whitehead Street.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: When Pauline had first seen 907 Whitehead Street during a house-scouting tour, she labeled it a "damned haunted house". At the time, the house was in foreclosure and was in deep disrepair. However, after recognizing its potential, she convinced her wealthy Uncle Gus to purchase it at $8,000 for her and Ernest as a wedding present. Ernest appreciated the seclusion that the 1.5 acre lot would offer him while writing his works. Employing out-of-work Conchs, the Hemingways restored the entire house. Most of the house's inner furnishings were selected by Pauline, but Ernest insisted on the inclusion of his hunting trophies. At the cost of air circulation, Pauline replaced the house's ceiling fans with chandeliers. The couple also converted the second story of the carriage house into a writing studio for Ernest and transformed the basement into a wine cellar.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: While Hemingway was reporting in Spain in 1937, Pauline installed a large pool on the grounds. The first swimming pool in the Florida Keys, the 24 x 60 foot 80,000 gallon pool was immensely expensive. At $20,000, it was two and a half times the purchase price of the entire property. Upon his return, Hemingway was irate at the costly addition. With melodramatic flourish, he threw a penny from his pocket onto the ground, declaring, "You might as well take my last cent," despite the fact that Pauline had paid for it herself. She kept the penny and later had it embedded in the concrete. Despite his initial rage, the pool grew on Hemingway and he later had a 6-foot brick wall erected around the property so that he could swim nude. Hemingway also kept peacocks on the property and organized boxing matches on the lawn.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: While living at the house, Hemingway wrote some of his best received work, including the 1935 non-fiction work "Green Hills of Africa", the 1936 short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber", and his 1937 novel "To Have And Have Not". After his death, a manuscript was discovered in a vault in the garage; this work was published posthumously in 1970 as "Islands in the Stream". After eight years of residing at the house, Hemingway moved to Cuba in 1939.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: Following their 1940 divorce, Pauline lived in the house until her death in 1951 and the house remained vacant afterwords. The ownership of the house remained in Hemingway's name until his suicide in July 1961. Later that year, his three sons auctioned off the house for $80,000.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: The new owners intended to use the Hemingway House as a private residence. However, due to persistent interest from visitors, they opened the house to the public as a museum in 1964. Although Hemingway's family had taken away much of the furnishings, the owners still possessed the bulkier furniture and many of Hemingway's possessions. As a result of not all furniture being original, the authenticity of the museum has received some criticism. All of the house's rooms are open to visitors, except for Hemingway's writing room, which can only be viewed through a screen. The property is the most popular tourist attraction in Key West.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: Before Hurricane Irma struck the Keys in September 2017, the entire population of the island chain were ordered to evacuate by the federal government, but the museum's curator, general manager and a team of employees declined to leave the house or evacuate its cats. Hemingway's granddaughter also urged them to evacuate, saying, "It's just a house." Instead, several employees chose to stay with the cats and the house. They survived the storm intact.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent decline in tourism, the museum laid off over 30 employees, half of their staff.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: The house and its grounds are inhabited by dozens of cats, commonly called Hemingway cats. Around half are polydactyl, sporting six toes on each paw. The cats bear the names of celebrities, such as Humphrey Bogart or Marilyn Monroe, and have their own cemetery in the house's garden.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: Legend has it that all cats on the property are descended from Snow White, a white six-toed cat given as a gift to the Hemingways by a sea-captain. However, Hemingway's niece, Hilary, and his son, Patrick, have both contested the claim that Hemingway owned cats in Key West. A neighbor allegedly owned several polydactyl cats and some, such as Hilary, have suggested that these are the forebears of the Hemingway cats. Adding to the confusion, a photograph exists of a young Patrick and Gregory (another son of Hemingway) playing with a white cat in Key West. When asked about the image, Patrick said he could not remember the incident.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: Beginning in 2003, the museum was embroiled in a nine-year legal struggle against the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) over whether the Animal Welfare Act of 1966, which typically regulates zoos and circuses with big cats, applied to the museum's six-toed feline population. The USDA argued that the Hemingway House was essentially a zoo, with the cats functioning as an exhibit. The USDA even sent undercover agents to monitor the cats in 2005 and 2006. The museum owners contested the USDA's claims in court. When an investigator for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) examined the cats in 2005, they concluded: "What I found was a bunch of fat, happy and relaxed cats." Ultimately in 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit ruled that the Animal Welfare Act was applicable because the museum used cats in advertisements and sold cat-themed merchandise.


title: Matplotlib

text: Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK. There is also a procedural "pylab" interface based on a state machine (like OpenGL), designed to closely resemble that of MATLAB, though its use is discouraged. SciPy makes use of Matplotlib.


title: Matplotlib

text: Matplotlib was originally written by John D. Hunter. Since then it has had an active development community and is distributed under a BSD-style license. Michael Droettboom was nominated as matplotlib's lead developer shortly before John Hunter's death in August 2012 and was further joined by Thomas Caswell. Matplotlib is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project.


title: Matplotlib

text: Matplotlib 2.0.x supports Python versions 2.7 through 3.10. Python 3 support started with Matplotlib 1.2. Matplotlib 1.4 is the last version to support Python 2.6. Matplotlib has pledged not to support Python 2 past 2020 by signing the Python 3 Statement.


title: Matplotlib

text: Pyplot is a Matplotlib module that provides a MATLAB-like interface. Matplotlib is designed to be as usable as MATLAB, with the ability to use Python, and the advantage of being free and open-source.


title: Matplotlib

text: Several toolkits are available which extend Matplotlib functionality. Some are separate downloads, others ship with the Matplotlib source code but have external dependencies.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Kellen Boswell Winslow Sr. (born November 5, 1957) is an American former professional football player in the National Football League (NFL). A member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (1995), he is widely recognized as one of the greatest tight ends in the league's history. Winslow played his entire NFL career from 1979 to 1987 with the San Diego Chargers after being selected in the first round of the 1979 NFL Draft. He played college football for the University of Missouri, where he was a consensus All-American. He was also inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame (2002).


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Winslow is the former director of athletics at Florida A&M University. He has previously held administrative roles at Central State University where he was athletic director and vice president for athletics and wellness at Lakeland College.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Winslow attended East St. Louis Senior High School and did not play high school football until his senior year. Until then, he was a self-described "nerd" who played chess. In college, Winslow played for the Missouri Tigers, and was a two-time all-conference selection in the Big Eight and a consensus All-American in 1978. He led the Big Eight in touchdown receptions in both 1977 and 1978, catching three and six respectively. He finished his college career with 71 receptions for 1,089 yards and 10 touchdowns.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Winslow was drafted in the first round of the 1979 NFL Draft by the Chargers, with the #13 pick. Winslow played for them his entire career, when he retired in 1987 due to injury. After a knee injury prematurely ended his rookie season, Winslow, as part of Air Coryell, led the NFL in receptions in 1980 and 1981, becoming the second tight end ever to lead the league in receptions in back to back seasons. His 89 catches in 1980 was an NFL record for tight ends, breaking the previous mark of 75 held by Mike Ditka. He also exceeded the 1,000 yards receiving milestone in 3 seasons, including setting an NFL single season record for receiving yards by a tight end with 1,290 yards in the 1980 season. The record stood until Rob Gronkowski totaled 1,327 yards in 2011. In a 1981 regular season game, Winslow tied an NFL record by catching five touchdown passes.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: In a 1981–82 playoff game against the Miami Dolphins that became known as The Epic in Miami, Winslow caught a playoff record 13 passes for 166 yards and a touchdown, while also blocking a field goal with seconds remaining to send the game to overtime in one of the greatest single player efforts in NFL history. Winslow's yardage total stood as the playoff record for tight ends for 30 years until Vernon Davis's 180 yards in . What made Winslow's performance all the more memorable was that fact during the game he was treated for a pinched nerve in his shoulder, dehydration, severe cramps, and received three stitches in his lower lip. After the game, a picture of Winslow being helped off the field by his teammates became an enduring image in NFL lore.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Tight ends prior to Winslow were primarily blockers lined up next to an offensive lineman and ran short to medium drag routes. Winslow was put in motion so he would not be jammed at the line, or he was lined up wide or in the slot against a smaller cornerback. Former Chargers assistant coach Al Saunders said Winslow was "a wide receiver in an offensive lineman's body." Chargers head coach Don Coryell said, "If we're asking Kellen to block a defensive end and not catch passes, I'm not a very good coach." Back then, defenses would cover Winslow with a strong safety or a linebacker, as zone defenses were not as popular. Strong safeties in those times were almost like another linebacker, a run defender who could not cover a tight end as fast as Winslow. Providing another defender to help the strong safety opened up other holes. Former head coach Jon Gruden called Winslow the first "joker" in the NFL. He would line up unpredictably in any formation from a three point blocking stance to a two point receiver's stance, to being in motion like a flanker or an offensive back. Head coach Bill Belichick notes that the pass-catching tight ends who get paid the most money are "all direct descendants of Kellen Winslow" and that there are fewer tight ends now who can block on the line.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Winslow was off of to a record setting receiving pace in 1984 in term of receptions, accumulating 55 catches in only seven games. On October 21, 1984, in the Chargers's seventh game of season against the Los Angeles Raiders, having already caught 8 passes for 107 yards, Winslow suffered a severe right knee injury while making his 55th reception of the season. Winslow knee twisted while being tacked by Raiders linebacker Jeff Barnes. Dr. Gary Losse, who performed surgery on Winslow's knee for over two hours, later said that Winslow's knee looked like "spaghetti...like a couple of mop ends". Dr. Losse also said "The ligaments had almost an explosion-like appearance, it was a very, very severe knee injury." Winslow came back in the middle of the 1985 season, but was never again close to being the dominant player he had been. He retired after the 1987 season.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Winslow played in five Pro Bowls, was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995, and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002. In his nine NFL seasons, Winslow caught 541 passes for 6,741 yards and 45 touchdowns. Kellen was a consensus All-Pro in 1980, 1981, and 1982. He is also a member of the NFL's 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. He was the San Diego Chargers' honorary captain at Super Bowl XXIX, and one of seven participants in the game's pregame coin toss, joining fellow 75th Anniversary Team members Otto Graham, Mean Joe Greene, Ray Nitschke, and Gale Sayers, as well as fellow PFHOF Class of 1995 members Steve Largent, then a U.S. Congressman, and Lee Roy Selmon. Winslow worked as a college football announcer with Fox Sports Net. In 2008, he was appointed the athletic director of Central State University in Ohio.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: In 1999, he was ranked number 73 on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 greatest football players of all time.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Winslow is the father of Justin Winslow and Kellen Winslow II, who also played tight end in the NFL. Kellen II was drafted in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns, the team the Chargers traded with to draft the elder Winslow in 1979. On October 17, 2006, Justin died, although no cause of death was reported; he was 23 years of age and was found unconscious by his mother.


title: Kellen Winslow

text: Kellen Winslow II was convicted of multiple rape and sexual assault charges against five women. Winslow II was sentenced to 14 years in prison on March 3, 2021.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Matthew Scott Wade (born 26 December 1987) is an Australian cricketer. He has represented the Australian national team as wicket-keeper and batsman in all three forms of international cricket. He plays domestic cricket for the Tasmanian cricket team, who he also captains and plays domestic Twenty20 cricket for the Hobart Hurricanes.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Wade was born in Hobart on 26 December 1987. He is the son of Scott Wade, an Australian rules footballer who played for Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL), for Clarence and Hobart in the Tasmanian Football League (TFL), and served a long tenure as CEO of AFL Tasmania. His grandfather, Michael Wade, served as president of the Hobart Football Club. Wade is the cousin of Collingwood Football Club defender Jeremy Howe.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Wade represented Tasmania in junior cricket and junior football, vice-captaining the Tassie Mariners in the TAC Cup, where he played alongside future Australian Football League players Sam Lonergan, Grant Birchall and Jack Riewoldt. He represented Australia at the 2006 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup.


title: Matthew Wade

text: At the age of 16, he was diagnosed with testicular cancer, and received two rounds of chemotherapy before he was cleared of the disease.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Wade is colour blind. He has suffered difficulties on the field due to the colours of certain cricket balls.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Wade played one List A match for the Tasmania Tigers in the 2006–07 Ford Ranger One Day Cup season, his only match for Tasmania in any form of the game in his first spell with the state side. His opportunities to be selected as a wicketkeeper in his home state were minimal due to the presence of Tim Paine, who at the time was seen as the likely successor to Brad Haddin as wicketkeeper in the Australian national team. Rather than attempt to become a specialist batsman, Wade moved to Victoria in the 2007/08 season, and within two years had established himself as the state's first choice wicketkeeper ahead of incumbent Adam Crosthwaite.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Wade scored his maiden first-class century in the 2008/09 season. He made an important contribution to Victoria's win in the 2009/10 Sheffield Shield final against Queensland, when he came out to bat with the team at 5/60 and scored 96 runs. Victoria won the match by 457 runs and Wade was named man of the match. He was suspended and fined for pitch tampering in 2013 and in February 2015, scored 152 for Victoria in the Sheffield Shield, his highest first-class score to date.


title: Matthew Wade

text: In January 2011, Wade signed with the Delhi Daredevils, going on to play three times for Delhi in the 2011 Indian Premier League.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Before the 2017/18 season, Wade chose to return to his home state of Tasmania for family reasons. He assumed the first choice wicket keeper role with Tim Paine a member of the Test side, although Wade was selected as a specialist batsman when Paine returned from national duties. The move also saw Wade traded from the Melbourne Renegades to the Hobart Hurricanes in the Big Bash. He went on to be named in the Sheffield Shield team of the year in March 2018.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Mid-way through the 2018/19 season, Wade was appointed captain of Tasmanian team and the Hurricanes after a decision by Cricket Tasmania to remove George Bailey to focus on his batting performance.


title: Matthew Wade

text: In February 2022, he was bought by the Gujarat Titans in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. In April 2022, he was bought by the Birmingham Phoenix for the 2022 season of The Hundred in England. In December 2022, Wade was drafted by the Karachi Kings as their Platinum Category round pick at the 2023 PSL draft


title: Matthew Wade

text: Following his success in domestic limited overs cricket, Wade was called up to the Australian team for the first time in October 2011, for a Twenty20 International against South Africa. In February 2012, he made his international breakthrough as a T20I player against India in Sydney, opening the batting and scoring 72 runs from 43 balls to earn the Man of the Match award.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Following that T20I series, Wade was called up to the Australian One Day International team for the 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series. He won the Man of the Match award on debut, scoring 67 runs off 69 balls against India at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. During the series, he cemented his place as Australia's first choice limited overs wicket-keeper, and usually opened the batting.


title: Matthew Wade

text: Wade was part of the Australian team for the 2011–12 tour of the West Indies as the limited overs wicketkeeper. However, after Test wicketkeeper Brad Haddin returned home before the Test matches because his daughter was ill, Wade was selected to replace him. He made his Test debut on 7 April against the West Indies at Barbados, and scored his maiden Test century (106) in the third Test in Roseau. Wade was then selected ahead of Haddin for Australia's following Test series against South Africa in November 2012, and held his place until the end of the 2012–13 season, encompassing a home series against Sri Lanka, and a tour of India. He scored his second Test century in the third Test against Sri Lanka in Sydney.


title: Matthew Wade

text: However, from the 2013 Ashes series, Wade lost his Test position to Brad Haddin. He retained his position as ODI wicketkeeper for a period of time, but was ultimately left out of the Australian 2015 Cricket World Cup squad for Haddin. However, after the retirement of Brad Haddin at the end of 2014–15, Wade was recalled to the team for the ODI, and T20I series against England in 2015; but, lost the Test wicketkeeping position to Peter Nevill. It was not until November 2016, three and a half years after his previous Test match, that Wade returned to the Test team, recalled ahead of a struggling Nevill, for the third Test against South Africa, and the subsequent home series against Pakistan.


title: Matthew Wade

text: On 13 January 2017, in the first ODI against Pakistan of a 5-match series, Wade scored his maiden ODI century, which came from 100 balls. He reached 100 on the final ball of Australia's innings, and his effort came when Australia was in trouble at 5 for 78 early in the innings. On the second last ball he got 2 runs off of a ball hit to the infield due to a misfield, which allowed him to retain the strike to complete the hundred. Wade was given out LBW earlier in his innings, but the decision was overturned after he asked for a review.


title: Matthew Wade

text: On 27 January 2017 he was named as ODI captain of Australia in injured Steve Smith's place for their series against New Zealand. He was not fit for the first ODI and ruled out from the squad. Aaron Finch was named stand-in captain for the match. Before the second ODI of that series Wade was ruled out of series due to back injury and Finch continued to captain in the remaining matches.


title: Matthew Wade

text: In July 2019, Wade was added to Australia's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup, as cover for Usman Khawaja, who was ruled out of the knock-out stage of the tournament with a hamstring injury.


title: Matthew Wade

text: In July 2019, he was named in Australia's squad for the 2019 Ashes series in England. Wade played in all five matches, making 337 runs across 10 innings at an average 33.70, including two centuries. The series was drawn 2-2. In April 2020, Cricket Australia awarded Wade with a central contract ahead of the 2020–21 season.


title: Matthew Wade

text: On 16 July 2020, Wade was named in a 26-man preliminary squad of players to begin training ahead of a possible tour to England following the COVID-19 pandemic. On 14 August 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed that the fixtures would be taking place, with Wade included in the touring party. On 6 December 2020, Wade captained Australia for the first time, leading the side in a T20I match against India at the SCG after Aaron Finch was ruled out due to injury. In August 2021, he was named captain for Australia's five-match T20I series against Bangladesh. Later the same month, Wade was named in Australia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.


title: Matthew Wade

text: He has scored 4 centuries (100 or more runs in a single innings) in Test and 1 in One Day International (ODI) matches. Wade made his Test debut against West Indies at Kensington Oval, Bridgetown on April 2012. His highest Test score of 117 came against England at The Oval, Kennington in September 2019. Wade made his ODI debut in February 2012 against India at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne. His highest score of 100* came against Pakistan at The Gabba, Brisbane in January 2017. He has not scored any century in Twenty20 International (T20I) matches.


title: Maxine Jones

text: Maxine Jones (born January 16, 1962), is an American singer best known as a founding member of the R&B/pop group En Vogue, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. She sang lead vocals on the group's signature singles "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)" and "Don't Let Go (Love)", both of which garnered international success and sold over a million copies. Throughout her career, Jones has sold over 20 million records with En Vogue. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including two American Music Awards, a Billboard Music Award, four MTV Video Music Awards, and four Soul Train Music Awards.


title: Maxine Jones

text: In 1988, Jones was chosen along with Dawn Robinson and Cindy Herron to be in a three-woman girl group by producers Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy. After adding Terry Ellis to the line-up, the group became a quartet and chose the name En Vogue. They began recording their debut album in 1989 and finished in 1990. In 1990, En Vogue released their first single "Hold On", which became a number one single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Later that year, the group released their debut album "Born to Sing", which sold a million copies the United States.


title: Maxine Jones

text: The group released their second album "Funky Divas" in 1992, which sold over 3.5 million copies in the United States. The album's lead single "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)", which features Jones on lead vocals, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the R&B chart. "Give It Up, Turn It Loose", lead completely by Jones, was released as the album's fourth single. The song peaked at number fifteen on the "Billboard"'s Hot 100, and received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at 36th Annual Grammy Awards. Jones also shares lead vocals on one of the album's top-charting singles "Free Your Mind". "Free Your Mind" won two MTV Video Music Awards, for "Best R&B Video" and "Best Dance Video". En Vogue released an EP in the fall of 1993, entitled "Runaway Love". The lead single "Whatta Man", featuring co-lead vocals by Jones and a collaboration with Salt-N-Pepa, peaked in the top-ten on the Billboard charts and sold over a million copies. In 1995, En Vogue was featured on the single "Freedom (Theme from Panther)".


title: Maxine Jones

text: In 1996, En Vogue released "Don't Let Go (Love)" with Jones singing co-lead vocals of the song. The song was featured on the soundtrack to the motion picture "Set It Off". Released in the autumn, it became the group's biggest hit to date going number one worldwide. It also sold over 1.8 million copies worldwide and became certified platinum by the RIAA. In response to the large commercial success of "Don't Let Go (Love)", the group steadfastly went to work on its third album. As the album was nearing completion, Robinson chose to leave the group in April 1997 after difficult contractual negotiations reached a stalemate. The ending result saw En Vogue re-recording their third album with Jones singing lead vocals on more of the songs. In June 1997, the group released their third studio album "EV3", which went platinum. In 2000, they released their fourth album, "Masterpiece Theatre". The following year, Jones left En Vogue to focus on family and was replaced by Amanda Cole. After the release of En Vogue's fifth album, Jones returned to the group. In late 2004, Jones toured with En Vogue while Cindy was on maternity leave and continued to perform with En Vogue until April 2012.


title: Maxine Jones

text: On September 26, 2011, Ellis, Jones, and Herron released a single "I'll Cry Later" from their forthcoming album that was planned for a December release. Negotiations for the album release resulted in Jones leaving En Vogue, which was discussed with Robinson on Access Hollywood nearly a year later on October 17, 2012.


title: Maxine Jones

text: In October 2012, Jones and Dawn Robinson appeared on Access Hollywood to announce they are forming a new girl group called Heirs to the Throne. The duo launched their website, Twitter, and Facebook for the new group. They also performed at several venues with Shaunté Usual as their third member. The following year, Robinson and Jones parted ways and Jones went on to form her own group called "En Vogue to the Max". It was later announced that the former group mates Cindy Herron and Terry Ellis sued Jones for use of the En Vogue name and demanding one million dollars for damages. However, Ellis and Herron could not demonstrate harm done to the company from Jones' use of the name. Robinson participated as a witness in the trial but ultimately stated that she was not directly involved in the dispute, as she had surrendered her rights to use the name herself when she departed from the LLC years earlier. She also appeared as a judge in season two's Paramount Idol, alongside Bruce Flohr and Andy Waldeck.


title: Maxine Jones

text: In 2014, Jones began recording her first solo album with producer DJ King Assassin entitled, "To the Max". Jones released a single "Didn't I" on May 15, 2014. In 2015, Jones began her own radio show called "Max Radio". In 2016, Jones went on tour for the stage-play "Suspicion, Lies, and Death by Pies!" by Teresa D. Ballard.


title: Maxine Jones

text: In March 2017, Jones announced the forthcoming release of her autobiographical self-help book "A Smart Girls Guide to Girl Groups" in the summer through Welstar Publications, LLC. In June 2017, Jones released a cover version of the "Don't Let Go (Love)" as a duet with Australian singer Greg Gould.


title: Maxine Jones

text: In October 2019, Jones reunited with En Vogue for an on-stage performance to salute music industry executive Sylvia Rhone at the City of Hope Gala 2019. This marked the first time all five members performed together. In late 2019, Jones and Dawn Robinson began touring under the group name The Funky Divas. They've since disbanded a second time.


title: Maxine Jones

text: In November 2022, Jones released her newest solo single titled "Not Your Freak" featuring Bounce artist Big Freedia, It's the first single off her upcoming debut album MAXimazing.


title: Maxine Jones

text: Maxine's vocal range spans three octaves and two notes. She is a mezzo-soprano. As a member of En Vogue, Jones was often credited for harmonizing the low parts of their songs. Her lowest note was recorded on the song "Love Won't Take Me Out" wherein she sang a G. Her highest note was recorded on Silent Night (Happy Holiday Mix)", whereas she sang a B note. Jones often took on heavy songwriting in the group. She also sang lead vocals on their biggest hits including: "Whatta Man", "Don't Let Go (Love)", "Give It Up, Turn It Loose", and their signature song "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)".


title: Maxine Jones

text: Jones names Chaka Khan as her major musical influence. Her musical influences also include Gladys Knight, Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner, Patti LaBelle. Jones' style is rooted in R&B and classic soul music, supplemented by bass and programmed drumbeats by Denzil Foster, Thomas McElroy.


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot is the sixteenth book in the "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" series by Jeff Kinney. It was released on October 26, 2021. The story follows Greg Heffley as he reluctantly signs up for basketball. It received generally positive reviews and was a best-seller for several weeks following its release.


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot

text: The book opens up with Greg reminiscing about old sports and how and why he had stopped playing them. He then explains about going to the gym with his father Frank but they get kicked out when Greg makes noise.


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot

text: Later on, his school hosts a Field Day competition for a day off, but it is a disaster as teachers trade their students, students pay each other to fail, and eventually, when the janitors are put in charge of lunch, the school is forced to give everyone the day off. Greg's mom Susan urges him to give sports one more chance, and Greg reluctantly signs up for basketball. The tryouts are a mess, but Greg unexpectedly gets put on a team made by Mr. Patel, the father of the best athlete in the school, Preet (after Preet couldn't come to tryouts due to his uncle's funeral so Mr. Patel decided to make a new team with Preet and the other kids who got cut including Greg so Preet could still play).


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot

text: After the season begins, Greg's team struggles through practice after practice, as their court is in very bad condition and is rented out by another club. Suddenly, Preet breaks his ankle during practice and is unable to play; thus, the team's chances of winning just one game are incredibly slim, losing to more and more other teams and finishes the season having won no games. Then, Susan tells Greg's coach about a "Second Chance Tournament" hosted at the local prison, but Coach Patel refuses to coach Greg's team again, making Susan the new coach.


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot

text: The team struggles to quickly adapt to a completely different style of coaching. In the second tournament, Greg's team loses every game, but in the final game to decide the worst team in the state, the other team almost forfeits after one of their players is injured. Susan makes Greg switch teams in order to have a fair game. In the final game, Greg scores the winning basket, and his new team end up winning the game and are now the second-worst team in the state, proving that his old team is the worst team in the state.


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot

text: "Big Shot" was first teased by Jeff Kinney in April of 2020 through Twitter. In a response to a fan letter, he confirmed that he was writing both a fifteenth and sixteenth book. The title and cover were later revealed on May 27, 2021.


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Big Shot

text: The cover of "Big Shot" depicts Greg with mismatched equipment from multiple different sports. According to Kinney, this was a design choice to communicate that the story was about sports in general, rather than only basketball.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Prostitution in ancient Rome was legal and licensed. In ancient Rome, even Roman men of the highest social status were free to engage prostitutes of either sex without incurring moral disapproval, as long as they demonstrated self-control and moderation in the frequency and enjoyment of sex. Brothels were considered a popular place of entertainment for Roman men, and it was undoubtedly a part of the culture of ancient Rome. At the same time, the prostitutes themselves were considered shameful: most were either slaves or former slaves, or if free by birth relegated to the "infames", people utterly lacking in social standing and deprived of most protections accorded to citizens under Roman law, a status they shared with actors and gladiators, all of whom, however, exerted sexual allure. Some large brothels in the 4th century, when Rome was becoming officially Christianized, seem to have been counted as tourist attractions and were possibly state-owned. There were two types of sexual slavery: patronage and prostitution. Prostitutes had to pay a tax, where patronages did not, though it was deemed more acceptable to be the latter.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Most prostitutes were slaves or freedwomen, and it is difficult to determine the balance of voluntary to forced prostitution. Because slaves were considered property under Roman law, it was legal for an owner to employ them as prostitutes. The 1st-century historian Valerius Maximus presents a story of complicated sexual psychology in which a freedman had been forced by his owner to prostitute himself during his time as a slave; the freedman kills his own young daughter when she loses her virginity to her tutor.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Sometimes the seller of a female slave attached a "ne serva" clause to the ownership papers to prevent her from being prostituted. The "ne serva" clause meant that if the new owner or any owner afterwards used the slave as a prostitute she would be free.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: A law of Augustus allowed that women guilty of adultery could be sentenced to forced prostitution in brothels. The law was abolished in 389.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Latin literature makes frequent reference to prostitutes. Historians such as Livy and Tacitus mention prostitutes who had acquired some degree of respectability through patriotic, law-abiding, or euergetic behavior. The high-class "call girl" ("meretrix") is a stock character in Plautus's comedies, which were influenced by Greek models. The poems of Catullus, Horace, Ovid, Martial, and Juvenal, as well the "Satyricon" of Petronius, offer fictional or satiric glimpses of prostitutes. Real-world practices are documented by provisions of Roman law that regulate prostitution, and by inscriptions, especially graffiti from Pompeii. Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum from sites presumed to be brothels has also contributed to scholarly views on prostitution.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: A "meretrix" (plural: "meretrices") was a registered female prostitute, a higher class of sex worker—the more pejorative "scortum" could be used for prostitutes of either gender. Unregistered or casual prostitutes fell under the broad category "prostibulae", 'lower class'. Although both women and men might engage male or female prostitutes, evidence for female prostitution is the more ample.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: There is some evidence that slave prostitutes could benefit from their labor; in general, slaves could earn their own money by hiring out their skills or taking a profit from conducting their owner's business.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: A prostitute could be self-employed and rent a room for work. A girl ("puella", a term used in poetry as a synonym for "girlfriend" or "meretrix" and not necessarily an age designation) might live with a procuress or madame ("lena") or even go into business under the management of her mother, though "mater" might sometimes be a mere euphemism for "lena". These arrangements suggest the recourse to prostitution by free-born women in dire financial need, and such prostitutes may have been regarded as of relatively higher repute or social degree. Prostitutes could also work out of a brothel or tavern for a procurer or pimp ("leno"). Most prostitutes seem to have been slaves or former slaves. The price of a prostitute was a little more than a loaf of bread.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: In Roman law, the status of meretrices was specifically and closely regulated. They were obliged to register with the aediles, and (from Caligula's day onwards) to pay imperial tax. The tax remained active for about 450 years and was abolished only in the 4th century under Theodosius. Archaeologist Terry Madenholm writes that initially, the proceeds from the “sex tax” were channeled to the state budget, but as the money was deemed to be dirty, emperor Severus Alexander directed it towards the necessary upkeep of public buildings. It became apparent that the sex workers of ancient Rome were holding the “pillars” together. Nevertheless, they were regarded as "infamous persons" and were denied many of the civic rights due to citizens. They could not give evidence in court, and Roman freeborn men were forbidden to marry them. There were, however, degrees of "infamia" and the consequent loss of privilege attendant on sexual misbehaviour. A convicted adulteress of citizen status who registered herself as a "meretrix" could thus at least partly mitigate her loss of rights and status.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Some professional prostitutes, perhaps to be compared to courtesans, cultivated elite patrons and could become wealthy. The "dictator" Sulla is supposed to have built his fortune on the wealth left to him by a prostitute in her will. Romans also assumed that actors and dancers were available to provide paid sexual services, and courtesans whose names survive in the historical record are sometimes indistinguishable from actresses and other performers. In the time of Cicero, the courtesan Cytheris was a welcome guest for dinner parties at the highest level of Roman society. Charming, artistic, and educated, such women contributed to a new romantic standard for malefemale relationships that Ovid and other Augustan poets articulated in their erotic elegies.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: It was common throughout Rome for prostitutes to dress differently from citizens. At a site near Pompeii, a gold bracelet was found on the body of a thirty-year-old woman inscribed with "the master to his very own slave girl." This bracelet is a reminder that not every slave was treated the same. Several paintings in Pompeii show prostitutes completely naked, or sometimes with gold body chains and other expensive jewelry.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: From the late Republican or early Imperial era onwards, "meretrices" may have worn the toga when in public, through compulsion or choice. The possible reasons for this remain a subject of modern scholarly speculation. Togas were otherwise the formal attire of citizen men, while respectable adult freeborn women and matrons wore the Stola. This crossing of gender boundaries has been interpreted variously. At the very least, the wearing of a toga would have served to set the "meretrix" apart from respectable women, and suggest her sexual availability; Bright colors "Colores meretricii" and jewelled anklets also marked them out from respectable women.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: In Pompeii, there have been artifacts found that may suggest some sexually enslaved people may have worn jewelry gifted to them by their masters.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Some passages by Roman authors seem to indicate that prostitutes displayed themselves in the nude. Nudity was associated with slavery, as an indication that the person was literally stripped of privacy and the ownership of one's own body. A passage from Seneca describes the condition of the prostitute as a slave for sale:


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Naked she stood on the shore, at the pleasure of the purchaser; every part of her body was examined and felt. Would you hear the result of the sale? The pirate sold; the pimp bought, that he might employ her as a prostitute.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: In the "Satyricon", Petronius's narrator relates how he "saw some men prowling stealthily between the rows of name-boards and naked prostitutes". The satirist Juvenal describes a prostitute as standing naked "with gilded nipples" at the entrance to her cell. The adjective "nudus", however, can also mean "exposed" or stripped of one's outer clothing, and the erotic wall paintings of Pompeii and Herculaneum show women presumed to be prostitutes wearing the Roman equivalent of a bra even while actively engaged in sex acts.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Ancient Roman sex slaves were bought by the wealthy, where sex workers (prostitutes) were men and women often employed by ex-slaves. The sex workers would have lower class patrons, where the upper class, wealthy men could just buy sex slaves. If the prostitutes worked out of a brothel, they rarely left the brothel. Each prostitute was given their own small room (or cell) to go about their business. Here, they would be either completely nude or very scantily clad. Sex slaves, however, had a different life. It is possible some sex slaves had tattoos branding them as such, especially since tattoos were so closely linked to slavery. Tattoos and nudity are common for the lowest rank of slavery, so it is not out of the question to consider that the two may have been inflicted on sex slaves.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Prostitutes had to be registered and licensed. The Aedile, who registered the prostitutes, was responsible for making sure the brothels were in order. This included overseeing the working hours of the brothel, breaking up any fights, and enforcing dress codes. The Roman baths are thought to have been a common place for prostitution, and since baths were eventually segregated by gender we can see the potential rise in homosexual prostitution and patronage.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Pimps and prostitutes had many restrictions put on them during the Republic and Empire, but by 300 CE, pimps and prostitutes were at the height of the legal restrictions put against them. Men could no longer run or hold public office. Bringing a lawsuit on behalf of their family members was forbidden as well, and women were no longer eligible for marriage. Some religious festivals, like the Floralia, had a strong presence of prostitutes and sexual imagery, while other cults, festivals, and temples excluded prostitutes altogether. It was important to the Romans to separate what they deemed was acceptable, like chastity and family, and what they deemed deplorable, like lewdness and open sexuality.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The Romans opposed Roman citizens being penetrated, which they associated with effeminacy. Cato the Elder was very open about his feelings of sexuality. He, and many other Romans, thought the Greek's idea of free sexuality was shameful. Cato didn't want any Roman man to be "too feminine", as he considered this dishonourable. However, it was common for Roman men to engage in sex with males as the active partner.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Relations were common in the Roman public baths, as men and women bathed separately. It is probable that male prostitution took place in these Roman bath houses as well.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: There are multiple Latin terms used for a male prostitute, such as scortum (gender neutral) and exoltus (specific to males over the age of 18).


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Male prostitutes may have been given a percentage of their earnings, where female prostitutes were not. Graffiti advertisements show evidence of male prostitution in Pompeii.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Prostitution was regulated to some extent, not so much for moral reasons as to maximize profit. Prostitutes had to register with the aediles. She gave her correct name, her age, place of birth, and the pseudonym under which she intended practicing her calling. If the girl was young and apparently respectable, the official sought to influence her to change her mind; failing in this, he issued her a "license for debauchery" ("licentia stupri"), ascertained the price she intended exacting for her favors, and entered her name in his roll. Once entered there, the name could never be removed, but must remain for all time, an insurmountable bar to repentance and respectability.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Caligula inaugurated a tax upon prostitutes (the "vectigal ex capturis"), as a state impost: "he levied new and hitherto unheard of taxes; a proportion of the fees of prostitutes;—so much as each earned with one man. A clause was also added to the law directing that women who had practiced prostitutery and men who had practiced procuration should be rated publicly; and furthermore, that marriages should be liable to the rate". Alexander Severus retained this law, but directed that such revenue be used for the upkeep of the public buildings, that it might not contaminate the state treasure. This infamous tax was not abolished until the time of Theodosius I, but the real credit is due to a wealthy patrician named Florentius, who strongly censured this practice, to the Emperor, and offered his own property to make good the deficit which would appear upon its abrogation.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Roman brothels are known from literary sources, regionary lists, and archaeological evidence. Usually such a brothel is called a lupanar or "lupanarium", from "lupa", "she-wolf", (slang for a "common prostitute,") or "fornix", a general term for a vaulted space or cellar. According to the regionaries for the city of Rome, "lupanaria" were concentrated in Regio II; the Caelian Hill, the Suburra that bordered the city walls, and the valley between the Caelian and Esquiline Hills.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The Great Market ("macellum magnum") was in this district, along with many cook-shops, stalls, barber shops, the office of the public executioner, and the barracks for foreign soldiers quartered at Rome. Regio II was one of the busiest and most densely populated quarters in the entire city — an ideal location for the brothel owner or pimp. Rent from a brothel was a legitimate source of income.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The regular brothels are described as exceedingly dirty, smelling of characteristic odors lingering in poorly ventilated spaces and of the smoke from burning lamps, as noted accusingly by Seneca: "you reek still of the soot of the brothel". The only known remaining brothel in Pompeii, the Lupanar, exhibits how poor the living conditions were for the prostitutes.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Some brothels aspired to a loftier clientele. Hair dressers were on hand to repair the ravages wrought by frequent amorous conflicts, and water boys "(aquarioli)" waited by the door with bowls for washing up.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The licensed houses seem to have been of two kinds: those owned and managed by a pimp "(leno)" or madam "(lena)", and those in which the latter was merely an agent, renting rooms and acting as a supplier for his renters. In the former, the owner kept a secretary, "villicus puellarum", or an overseer for the girls. This manager assigned a girl her name, fixed her prices, received the money and provided clothing and other necessities. It was also the duty of the villicus, or cashier, to keep an account of what each girl earned: "give me the brothel-keeper's accounts, the fee will suit".


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The mural decoration was also in keeping with the object for which the house was maintained; see erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Over the door of each cubicle was a tablet "(titulus)" upon which was the name of the occupant and her price; the reverse bore the word "occupata" ("occupied, in service, busy") and when the inmate was engaged the tablet was turned so that this word was out. Plautus speaks of a less pretentious house when he says: "let her write on the door that she is "occupata"". The cubicle usually contained a lamp of bronze or, in the lower dens, of clay, a pallet or cot of some sort, over which was spread a blanket or patch-work quilt, this latter being sometimes employed as a curtain. The fees recorded at Pompeii range from 2 to 20 "asses" per client. By comparison, a legionary earned around 10 asses per day (225 denarii per year), and an as could buy 324 g of bread. Some brothels may have had their own token coin system, called spintria.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Because intercourse with a meretrix was almost normative for the adolescent male of the period, and permitted for the married man as long as the prostitute was properly registered, brothels were commonly dispersed around Roman cities, often found between houses of respected families. These included both large brothels and one-room "cellae meretriciae", or "prostitute's cots". Roman authors often made distinctions between "good faith" meretrices who truly loved their clients, and "bad faith" prostitutes, who only lured them in for their money.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The arches under the circus were a favorite location for prostitutes or potential prostitutes. These arcade dens were called "fornices", from which derives the English word "fornication". The taverns, inns, lodging houses, cook shops, bakeries, spelt-mills and like institutions all played a prominent part in the underworld of Rome.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The taverns were generally regarded by the magistrates as brothels and the waitresses were so regarded by the law. The poem "The Barmaid" ("Copa"), attributed to Virgil, proves that even the proprietress had two strings to her bow, and Horace, in describing his excursion to Brundisium, narrates his experience, or lack of it, with a waitress in an inn. This passage, it should be remarked, is the only one in all his works in which he is absolutely sincere in what he says of women. "Here like a triple fool I waited till midnight for a lying jade till sleep overcame me, intent on venery; in that filthy vision the dreams spot my night clothes and my belly, as I lie upon my back." In the Aeserman inscription we have another example of the hospitality of these inns, and a dialogue between the hostess and a transient. The bill for the services of a girl amounted to 8 "asses". This inscription is of great interest to the antiquary, and to the archeologist. That bakers were not slow in organizing the grist mills is shown by a passage from Paulus Diaconus: "as time went on, the owners of these turned the public corn mills into pernicious frauds. For, as the mill stones were fixed in places under ground, they set up booths on either side of these chambers and caused prostitutes to stand for hire in them, so that by these means they deceived very many, some that came for bread, others that hastened thither for the base gratification of their wantonness." From a passage in Festus, it would seem that this was first put into practice in Campania: "prostitutes were called 'aelicariae', 'spelt-mill girls, in Campania, being accustomed to ply for gain before the mills of the spelt-millers". "Common strumpets, bakers' mistresses, refuse the spelt-mill girls," says Plautus.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: The Theatre of Pompey features multiple statues of women. Coarelli believed that the statues at Pompey's villa were of famous courtesans, after correlating the named statues with texts featuring named prostitutes. However, some scholars argue that these are actual female artists, such as poets, muses, and heroines. There is not enough evidence in the correlation between the names to suggest they are all prostitutes.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Prostitutes had a role in several ancient Roman religious observances, mainly in the month of April. On 1 April, women honored Fortuna Virilis, "Masculine Luck", on the day of the Veneralia, a festival of Venus. According to Ovid, prostitutes joined married women "(matronae)" in the ritual cleansing and reclothing of the cult statue of Fortuna Virilis. Usually, the line between respectable women and the "infames" was carefully drawn: when a priestess traveled through the streets, attendants moved prostitutes along with other "impurities" out of her path.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: On 23 April, prostitutes made offerings at the Temple of Venus Erycina that had been dedicated on that date in 181 BC, as the second temple in Rome to Venus Erycina (Venus of Eryx), a goddess associated with prostitutes. The date coincided with the Vinalia, a wine festival. "Pimped-out boys" ("pueri lenonii)" were celebrated on 25 April, the same day as the Robigalia, an archaic agricultural festival aimed at protecting the grain crops.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: On 27 April, the Floralia, held in honor of the goddess Flora and first introduced about 238 BC, featured erotic dancing and stripping by women characterized as prostitutes. According to the Christian writer Lactantius, "in addition to the freedom of speech that pours forth every obscenity, the prostitutes, at the importunities of the rabble, strip off their clothing and act as mimes in full view of the crowd, and this they continue until full satiety comes to the shameless lookers-on, holding their attention with their wriggling buttocks". Juvenal also refers to the nude dancing, and perhaps to prostitutes fighting in gladiatorial contests.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: In Medieval Europe, a meretrix was understood as any woman held in common, who “turned no one away”. It was generally understood that money would be involved in this transaction, but it did not have to be: rather, it was promiscuousness that defined the meretrix.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Medieval Christian authors often discouraged prostitution, but did not consider it a serious offence and under some circumstances even considered marrying a harlot to be an act of piety. It was possible to both rise out of and fall into the category, as with tales of prostitutes repenting to become saints.


title: Prostitution in ancient Rome

text: Certain modern professors of feminism have argued that a "meretrix" in the medieval mindset is closer to our modern understanding of a sexual identity or orientation.


title: NCIS (season 5)

text: The fifth season of the police procedural drama "NCIS" premiered on September 25, 2007 and marks the end of Donald P. Bellisario's involvement as show runner. The new showrunner, starting from this season, is Shane Brennan. It concludes the La Grenouille storyline which ended with a cliffhanger in season four's finale, "Angel of Death". This season also reveals more background information about Gibbs.


title: NCIS (season 5)

text: The Writers Guild strike limited episode production and the DVD set had five discs instead of six. The season ended with its 19th episode on May 20, 2008; the strike-caused gap is between episodes 11 and 12. The season ended with a two-part season finale called "Judgment Day". The season featured the departure of recurring characters Colonel Hollis Mann and Jeanne Benoit, as well as the death of Jenny Shepard, one of the main characters.


title: NCIS (season 5)

text: From this season on, the opening sequence was shortened to 30 seconds instead of the normal 37–44 seconds that was present in the previous seasons.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The Cairo Metro (, lit. "Cairo Tunnel Metro" or   ) is the rapid transit system in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It was the first of the three full-fledged metro systems in Africa and the first in the Middle East to be constructed. It was opened in 1987 as Line 1 from Helwan to Ramsis square with a length of . As of 2013, the metro carried nearly 4 million passengers per day. As of October 2022, the Cairo Metro has 74 stations (mostly at-grade), of which 4 are transfer stations, with a total length of . The system consists of three operational lines numbered from 1 to 3.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The middle two cars (4th and 5th) of each train have been reserved for women since 1989 (the 5th car becomes mixed-use after 21:00). There are blue signs at every station that signify the position of these cars. These cars are used as an option for women who do not wish to ride with men in the same car; however, women can still ride other cars freely. This policy was introduced for protection of women from sexual harassment by men.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Cairo Metro operates from 05:00 till 01:00 (except during Ramadan, when it operates from 05:00 till 02:00), with the remaining hours reserved for maintenance work.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The ticket price was £E1 for each journey, regardless of distance. The Ministry of Transportation agreed to double the ticket prices, starting from Friday 24 March 2017, costing £E2 for the normal ticket, £E1.5 for the minors ticket, £E1 for the special needs ticket after formerly costing £E1, £E0.75 and £E0.5, respectively. Again on 10 May 2018, the ministry of transportation agreed to raise the ticket prices to be £E3 for 9 stops, £E5 for 16 stops and £E7 for more than 16 stops. As of July 2020, 9 stops cost £E5, 16 stops cost £E7, and rides exceeding 16 stops cost £E10.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Line 1 (blue) is the oldest line of the Cairo Metro, with its first segment having opened in 1987. The line is long, and serves 35 stations. This line carries trains with 3 units (9 train cars), which have a headway of 3:30 to 4 minutes, and a maximum speed of . The line can carry 60,000 passengers per hour in each direction.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Line 1 has a train driving simulator supplied by Transurb Technirail that won the international tender issued by Cairo Metro in 2011.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Line 2 (red) is the second line of the Cairo Metro. The line is long, of which is in tunnels. It serves 20 stations, of which 12 are underground. It is mostly in bored tunnel, with two exceptions: a short section at the northern end approaching Shubra El Kheima which is elevated, and a section just south of this by cut-and-cover. Line 2 uses the third rail electrification system instead of the overhead line used in the first line. The communication extension for line 2 was provided by Alcatel in 2005.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Line 3 (green) presently operates from El Kit Kat to Adly Mansour, with construction under way for the remaining line to the northwest of Greater Cairo. Eventually it will link Cairo International Airport all the way to Cairo University and Imbaba. The line will cross under the two branches of the River Nile, as does Line 2. The total length of the line will be approximately , most of which in bored tunnel, and will be implemented in four phases.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Phase 1 from Attaba station to Abbassia station opened on 21 February 2012, with five stations and a total length of . Phase 2 to Al Ahram Station was opened on May 7, 2014 by Adly Mansour, with four additional stations and an added length of , for a total length of . Phase 4-1 from Al Ahram to El Shams Club opened on June 15, 2019 (with the exception of Heliopolis Square station).


title: Cairo Metro

text: As the biggest and most densely populated city in Africa, and the Arab World, the case for a metro in Greater Cairo was strong. In 1987 that population stood at 10 million residents, not counting the two million or so commuters who came into Cairo every day to work. The capacity of Cairo's public transport infrastructure was around 20,000 passengers/hour, which increased to 60,000 after the construction of the metro.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The idea of a metro was first proposed in the 1930s by engineer Saiyed Abdel Wahed of the Egyptian Railway Authority, however, the idea did not progress. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, there was renewed interest in the idea. In 1954 French experts made a report about the future of the transportation in Egypt. They proposed a metro encompassing two lines, one 12 km long line connecting Bab al-Louq and Ismailia and a second 5 km line connecting Boulaq and Abou al-Ela Castle. They also proposed that there should be one company in charge of all transportation systems.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Later on multiple experts came to Egypt regarding that project: Soviet experts in 1956, Japanese experts in 1960 and French experts in 1962, which concluded the following:


title: Cairo Metro

text: The creation of a metro system with multiple lines. The first is a 5 km line connecting Helwan with El-Marg going under the Kasr el Eini street and Ramses Street. The second line would be from Sayeda Zainab to Shobra going under Downtown Cairo and would be 9.5 km long. The third would be from Giza to Abbaseya and would be 11.5 km long. The fourth would be from Al Awqaf to the Castle and would be 6.7 km long.


title: Cairo Metro

text: In 1964 British experts advised the creation of a metro line from Bab El Louk to Shubra. In 1966 Japanese experts advised the creation of a lane between Helwan and El Marg and another one going through Mohandessin, Heliopolis and 26 of July street, for a total of 26 km. Lastly, in 1969, the government approved the need for a study showing the needed capacity for Cairo's transportation system. The Egyptian Ministry of Transport issued an international tender for the creation of the study. Eight companies applied and the French company SOFRETU won the tender on 20 September 1970. The study was finished in 1973 and included mainly the study of the population development in Cairo and its needs for transportation capacity in 1980, 1985 and 1990. It concluded the necessity for three lines in greater Cairo to solve the transportation problem.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The first line would use the already available railways (Helwan-Bab El luk and Al Laymoun Bridge-El Marg) and connect them through a metro. It would be in total 43 km long. The second line would be 13.5 km and connect Shubra El-Kheima and Bulaq going through Ramses Street and Tahrir Square. The third line would go from El Darasa to Imbaba and would be in total 10 km long.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The priority for the project was the first line which would reduce 30% of the daily transport to and from Cairo and would incorporate pre-existing rail infrastructure. The detailed study of the construction took 6 years from 1975 to 1981. A tender was made for the construction of the metro and the Egyptian-French company Entra Nevra Arabco won it and had the task of constructing the metro system.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The construction of Line 1 started in 1982 after the French government agreed on giving Egypt the necessary loan. The first section was opened on 27 September 1987 and the line was completed in 1989 connecting Helwan with El Marg and consisting of 33 stations with a total length of 43 km of which 4.7 km underground. In 1999, New El Marg station was added to the northern end of the line, bringing its total length to 44.3 km. Helwan University station was built between Wadi Houf and Ain Helwan stations.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Cairo's metro network was greatly expanded in the mid-1990s with the building of Line 2, from Shoubra El Kheima to Cairo University, with an extension to Giza. The line includes the first tunnel under the Nile. The construction of the line was finished in October 2000, and it was later extended to El Mounib.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Line 4 is planned to run from Haram District to the New Cairo district, connecting Greater Cairo from West to East. It will cross the two branches of the Nile river, and have a total length of . As of early 2019, construction was scheduled to begin in Q3 2019, with an estimated completion date of 2024.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Phase 1 (west) of the project will run from "El-Malek El-Saleh Station" (Interchange with Line 1) to the "October-Oasis Highway Station" with a total length of 18 km, passing through "Giza Railway Station" (Interchange with Line 2); the original plan for phase 1 was for it to start from "El-Malek El-Saleh Station" and end at the "Grand Egyptian Museum Station" with a total length of 10 km, but the Ministry of Roads & Transportation decided to extend the Line in their efforts to further connect the Governorate of 6 October to the Greater Cairo Area; phase 1 also includes the plan to connect the end of Line 4 to the suburbs of 6 October mainly through executing "The October 6th Tram system" (The "O6T") which will be by using a tram-train system supplied with the Alstom Regio-Citadis trams. This phase will have 15 stations to be constructed with a duration of 6.5 years. Phase 1 stations will be equipped with an automatic fare collection system and platform screen doors, and will include elevators for the use of disabled passengers.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Phase 1 bidding was postponed until May 2015 to enable Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to complete the feasibility study and to resolve other problems with the construction starts by 2015 or 2016 according to Ismail El-Nagdy, Chairman of National Authority for Tunnels with Japan International Cooperation Agency financing $1.2 billion loan while Egyptian government covering the rest of $2.4 billion.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Phase 2 will begin from "El-Malek El-Saleh Station", passing east through Magra El-Oyoun street and Salah El-Din Citadel in Salah Salem street and ending at the "6th District Station" (beginning of Nasr City district) with a completion date set at October 2018.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Phase 3 will begin from "6th District Station" and ending at "Makram Ebeid Station", following "Mustafa El-Nahas street" in bored tunnels under the existing old tram system, and ultimately deconstructing the old railway and paving its right-of-way (increasing the street by two lanes in each direction, which is critically needed to lighten the traffic congestion in the area). This phase has a completion date set at October 2019. Mitsubishi was the only company to submit an offer on a tender for 64 trains in the third and fourth phases of the project. The offer was accepted in October 2018.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Phase 4, the final phase, will begin from "Makram Ebeid Station" with bored tunnels following Doctor Hassan El-Sherif street and Ahmed El-Zomor street, ending at "Police Academy Station" near the Ring Road.


title: Cairo Metro

text: This project was first proposed by private investors as a plan to connect "Line 3" with "Line 4", through a route which is mostly parallel to the Ring Road's eastern arc, therefore covering New Cairo from north to south starting at the Cairo International Airport and ending at the beginning of the Cairo-Ain Sokhna Highway.


title: Cairo Metro

text: In August 2016 a different monorail project was under discussion, connecting 6 October city with other western parts of Greater Cairo. The line was expected to be 35 km long, cost $1.5 billion, and be completed by 2018.


title: Cairo Metro

text: A contract was signed in August 2019 with Bombardier Transportation, Orascom Construction, and Arab Contractors for $4.5 billion to build and operate the two monorail lines. The first will run 54 km from eastern Cairo to the new administrative capital. The second will run 42 km from 6 October City to Giza.


title: Cairo Metro

text: As of December 2017, Spokesperson for the Egyptian National Authority for Tunnels (NAT) said that there are plans to extend Line 2 7 kilometers to the north from Shubra Al-Kheima station to end at Qalyub station due to the increasing traffic in north Cairo entrances, He also said that bidding will be held in February 2018 and the winner will be revealed mid 2018. The station will be an at-grade station built parallel to the train railway, bridges will be built to divert traffic from the Metro route.


title: Cairo Metro

text: A transportation study of the Greater Cairo region was completed in 1999. It recommended the implementation of a six line system consisting of lines 1, 2 and 3 (existing), and lines 4, 5 and 6. The completed Metro Network would be capable of serving most of the densely populated areas in the Greater Cairo region, which was much in need of a comprehensive mass transit system. The plans include interchange stations between the six metro lines and would also provides interchange facilities with existing main railway stations, the airport, and bus stations.


title: Cairo Metro

text: The six planned metro lines aim to meet the transportation demands of the Greater Cairo area up to the year 2032. However, the actual construction and implementation schedule will be restricted by available funding, and it is likely that the timetable will slip.


title: Cairo Metro

text: Line 5 would be a half-circular line connecting lines 1-4 in northern Cairo, running from Nasr City in the east, to Port Said Street and Shubra El Kheima in the west. It would have a length of , entirely within bored tunnels. It would intersect Line 1 at "Helmiet el-Zaitoun station", Line 2 at "El-Khalafawy station", Line 3 at "Haroun station", and Line 4 at "Al-Wafaa we al-Amal station".


title: Cairo Metro

text: Line 6 would be a north-south line, from Shubra in the north to the Maadi and Helwan districts in the south. It would run from "Ataba Station" through "El Kalaa street" in bored tunnels to "Salah Eldin Citadel Station" (Interchange with "Line 4") and moving on from there to both districts via bored tunnels using the existing route "El-Mahager Railway" as a guide through both Maadi and Helwan. This Line has a length of . It would intersect Line 1 at "Ghamra station", Line 3 at "Bab al-Sharia station", Line 4 at "Amr Ibn al-Ase station", and Line 5 at "Sawah station".


title: John Dall

text: Primarily a stage actor, he is best remembered today for two film roles: the cool-minded intellectual killer in Alfred Hitchcock's "Rope" (1948), and the companion of trigger-happy femme fatale Peggy Cummins in the 1950 film noir "Gun Crazy". He also had a substantial role in Stanley Kubrick's" Spartacus" (1960). He first came to fame as the young Welsh mining prodigy who comes alive under the tutelage of Bette Davis in "The Corn Is Green" (1945), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: John Dall

text: John Dall Thompson (he used his middle name for his acting career) was born in New York City on May 26, 1920, the younger son of Charles Jenner Thompson and his wife Henry ("née" Worthington). (Sources which cite Dall's birth name as John "Jenner" Thompson and his birth year as 1918 appear to be in error.) His father was a civil engineer. His elder brother, Worthington Thompson, was later a decorated lieutenant in the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team.


title: John Dall

text: In the 1920s the Thompsons moved to Panama, where Charles worked on the construction of the airport there. While in Panama, Dall was in a theatre when a cast member fell ill and Dall stepped in; this inspired his desire to act. His father committed suicide in 1929, and his widow returned to New York City with John the following year.


title: John Dall

text: Dall attended Horace Mann School and briefly enrolled at Columbia University, where he intended to follow in his father's footsteps by studying engineering. Deciding that acting was his true vocation, he left Columbia and studied at the Theodora Irvine School of Theater and the Pasadena Playhouse. He also studied at the Petit Theatre in New Orleans.


title: John Dall

text: Dall spent six years acting in various stock companies, notably Clare Tree Major's Children's Theatre. He also worked in companies headed by Aline MacMahon, Arthur Byron, Ruth Weston and Edith Atwater.


title: John Dall

text: Dall had small roles on Broadway during the 1941–42 season in "R.U.R." and "Janie". In 1942–43 he played the lead of Quizz Martin in the touring company "The Eve of St Mark". He was well received and replaced William Prince on Broadway so Prince could take a vacation. His performance was spotted by Jack Warner's wife and resulted in a Warners screen test for Dall. Warner Bros. offered him a contract but he would only take it if he could have time off to do a play. (Warners also signed Prince.)


title: John Dall

text: Dall made his film debut in "The Corn Is Green" (1945), under the direction of Irving Rapper. Richard Waring was originally slated to play the role, but had been called into the army. The film was shot in the middle of 1944. Warners were impressed with the rushes and signed Dall to a new contract.


title: John Dall

text: Dall returned to the stage to play the lead in Norman Krasna's "Dear Ruth" (1944), under the direction of Moss Hart. It was a huge success. "The New York Times" said Dall gives "a graceful and easy performance". Even before "The Corn Is Green" was released Warners announced Dall was one of six contractees they intended to build into a star (the others were Lauren Bacall, Dane Clark, Faye Emerson, Robert Hutton and William Prince.)|author=After "The Corn Is Green" was released, Dall received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor. He was called one of the "hottest finds" in Hollywood, and Warners tried to find a film for him and co-star Joan Lorring.


title: John Dall

text: The film rights to "Dear Ruth" were sold to Paramount who cast William Holden in the part originated by Dall. Warners brought the screen rights to John Patrick's play "The Hasty Heart" and announced Dall would play the role originated by Richard Basehart. Warners gave Dall three months leave to perform "The Hasty Heart" (1945) on stage on the road. However the film was not made for several more years by which time Richard Todd had been cast in the role.


title: John Dall

text: Paramount announced they were interested in signing Dall and Edward G. Robinson for a role in an adaptation of "The Wayfarers". In May 1946 he signed a seven-year deal with David O. Selznick's Vanguard Films. Dall performed "Hasty Heart" in summer stock.


title: John Dall

text: Dall wound up making no films for Selznick. Instead he went over to Universal, where he signed a contract. He played Deanna Durbin's love interest in "Something in the Wind" (1947); the "Los Angeles Times" described him as "ill at ease". He was in "Another Part of the Forest" (1948), based on the play by Lillian Hellman.


title: John Dall

text: Alfred Hitchcock cast Dall in "Rope" (1948) as one of two killers (the other played by Farley Granger) who match wits with James Stewart. The film was not a big hit on release but its reputation has since grown.


title: John Dall

text: After "Rope" it was reported he would make "Shadow of Fear" for Michael Curtiz but this did not materialize.


title: John Dall

text: Dall did "The Wind and the Rain" for "Theatre Guild on the Air" then returned to Broadway to appear in Daniel Taradash's adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre's "Red Gloves" with Charles Boyer, directed by Jed Harris. It was a minor hit. Brooks Atkinson said Boyer and Dall's acting were the best thing about the production.


title: John Dall

text: Dall made his TV debut in "Miracle in the Rain" for "The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre" in 1949. He appeared as one of the leads in "Gun Crazy" (1950) opposite Irish actress Peggy Cummins.


title: John Dall

text: Dall had a supporting role in "The Man Who Cheated Himself" (1950). He was in the short-run revival of "The Heiress" (1950) on Broadway with Basil Rathbone.


title: John Dall

text: In October 1950 Dall said that TV acting was better done by movie actors, who understood technique, than stage actors, who needed audience response.


title: John Dall

text: In late 1950, he appeared in "The Man" by Mel Dinelli on stage in Los Angeles with Gladys George. The "Los Angeles Times" said he played his role with "tremendous assurance".


title: John Dall

text: In stock he appeared in "The Hasty Heart" (1952), "Gramercy Ghost" (1952), "The Moon is Blue" (1953), "The Man Who Came to Dinner", and "Born Yesterday" (1953).


title: John Dall

text: Dall did much work in television, appearing in guest roles on such shows as "Lights Out" ("Pit of the Dead"), "The Clock" ("A Right Smart Trick"), "Studio One in Hollywood" ("The Doctor's Wife"), "Broadway Television Theatre" ("Outward Bound", "The Hasty Heart"), "Suspense" ("The Invisible Killer", "The Tenth Reunion"), "General Electric Theatre" ("The Coward of Fort Bennett") and "Schlitz Playhouse" ("And Practically Strangers"). Other theatre performances in stock included "The Male Animal" (1954).


title: John Dall

text: Dall's first film in eight years was "Spartacus" (1960), where he played a Roman soldier based on Gaius Claudius Glaber. He was the villain in MGM's "Atlantis, the Lost Continent" (1961), his final theatrical feature.


title: John Dall

text: Dall guest-starred in four episodes of TV's "Perry Mason", including playing murder victim Edward Franklin in the 1962 episode "The Case of the Weary Watchdog" and murder victim Colin Durant in the 1963 episode "The Case of the Reluctant Model".


title: John Dall

text: Film historians William J. Mann and Karen Burroughs Hannsberry have remarked that Dall was gay but claimed in media interviews to have had a brief marriage in the early 1940s. No marriage certificate has come to light, and his death certificate records him as "never married". At a studio request, Hedda Hopper once linked his name with Jane Withers romantically. According to music journalist Phil Milstein, at the time of his death Dall had lapsed into alcoholism and was living with his partner, actor Clement Brace (died 1996).


title: John Dall

text: Dall sustained a serious fall while visiting London in October 1970 and died of cardiac arrest, a complication of myocarditis, at his home in Beverly Hills, California, on January 15, 1971, aged 50. His body was donated to medical science.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: A capstan is a vertical-axled rotating machine developed for use on sailing ships to multiply the pulling force of seamen when hauling ropes, cables, and hawsers. The principle is similar to that of the windlass, which has a horizontal axle.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: The word, connected with the Old French "capestan" or "cabestan(t)", from Old Provençal "cabestan", from "capestre" "pulley cord," from Latin "capistrum", -a halter, from "capere", to take hold of, seems to have come into English (14th century) from Portuguese or Spanish shipmen at the time of the Crusades. Both device and word are considered Spanish inventions.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: In its earliest form, the capstan consisted of a timber mounted vertically through a vessel's structure which was free to rotate. Levers, known as bars, were inserted through holes at the top of the timber and used to turn the capstan. A rope wrapped several turns around the drum was thus hauled upon. A rudimentary ratchet was provided to hold the tension. The ropes were always wound in a clockwise direction (seen from above).


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: Capstans evolved to consist of a wooden drum or barrel mounted on an iron axle. Two barrels on a common axle were used frequently to allow men on two decks to apply force to the bars. Later capstans were made entirely of iron, with gearing in the head providing a mechanical advantage when the bars were pushed counterclockwise. One form of capstan was connected by a shaft and gears to an anchor windlass on the deck below. On riverine vessels, the capstan was sometimes cranked by steam power.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: Capstan winches were also important on sailing trawlers (e.g. Brixham trawlers) as a means for fetching in the nets after the trawl. When they became available, steam powered captan winches offered a great saving in effort. These used a compact combined steam engine and boiler below decks that drove the winch from below via a shaft. Ruston, Proctor and Company at the UK 1883 Fisheries Exhibition marketed an engine, boiler, shafts and capstan designed specifically for this task.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: As ships and their anchors grew in size, the anchor cable or chain would be too big to go around the capstan. Also, a wet cable or chain would be difficult to manage. A messenger would then be used as an intermediate device. This was a continuous loop of cable or chain which would go around the capstan. The main anchor cable or chain would then be attached to the messenger for hauling using some temporary connection such as ropes called nippers. These would be attached and detached as the anchor was weighed and, by doing this adroitly, a continuous hoist could be done, without any need for stopping or surging.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: Modern capstans are powered electrically, hydraulically, pneumatically, or via an internal combustion engine. Typically, a gearbox is used which trades reduced speed, relative to the , for increased torque.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: In yachting terminology, a winch functions on the same principle as a capstan. However, in industrial applications, the term "winch" generally implies a machine which stores the rope on a drum.


title: Capstan (nautical)

text: Hydraulically powered capstans were sometimes used in railway goods yards for shunting, or shifting railcars short distances. One example was Broad Street goods station in London. The yard was on a deck above some warehouses, and the deck was not strong enough to carry a locomotive, so ropes and capstans were used instead.


title: Cleveland State University

text: Cleveland State University (CSU) is a public research university in Cleveland, Ohio. It was established in 1964 and opened for classes in 1965 after acquiring the entirety of Fenn College, a private school that had been in operation since 1923. CSU absorbed the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law (since renamed the Cleveland State University College of Law) in 1969. Today it is part of the University System of Ohio, has more than 120,000 alumni, and offers over 200 academic programs. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".


title: Cleveland State University

text: Public education in Cleveland was first started in 1870, when Cleveland YMCA began to offer free classes. By 1921, the program had grown enough to become separate from YMCA, being renamed Cleveland YMCA School of Technology. Two years later, the school offered courses towards a bachelor's degree for the first time. This is now regarded as Fenn College's founding date, although the college would not be formally renamed until 1929. Fenn College took over several buildings in the area including Fenn Tower, Stilwell Hall, and Foster Hall.


title: Cleveland State University

text: In 1964, the State of Ohio purchased the entirety of Fenn College's campus in downtown Cleveland and established a commuter college that targeted area residents. This new institution became known as Cleveland State University. Industrialist James J. Nance served as Chair of the first Board of Trustees. Over the next several decades, Cleveland State University quickly grew in size, and claimed over 15,000 students in 1997. However, only six hundred students resided in University housing.


title: Cleveland State University

text: In the mid 2000s, President Michael Schwartz ended open admissions and implemented a vision to move from a "U.S. News & World Report" fourth tier university to a second tier university.


title: Cleveland State University

text: On March 11, 2020, an email was sent to Cleveland State students regarding the changes made due to the coronavirus pandemic. Classes were all switched to remote learning.


title: Cleveland State University

text: The Cleveland State University Board consists of nine trustees, a Secretary to the Board, two faculty representatives, and two student representatives. The board members, along with the University President, are charged with fulfilling the goals set forth in the University Mission Statement as well as acting as the governing body in all policy matters of the university requiring attention. In January 2006 the Board of Trustees amended their bylaws so they could restructure board committees as well as include Community members on the Board. Community members serve as non-voting advisers and are appointed by the Board Chairman for a term approved by the Board.


title: Cleveland State University

text: CSU offers many disciplines and research facilities, with 70 academic majors, 27 master's degree programs, two post-master's degrees, six doctoral degrees, and two law degrees. It also has research cooperation agreements with the nearby NASA Glenn Research Center.


title: Cleveland State University

text: In 1965, when The Cleveland State University was formed, it consisted of the Fenn College of Engineering (now the Washkewicz College of Engineering), the colleges of business administration, arts and sciences, and education. In 2022, the university reorganized around eight colleges as part of its CSU 2.0 initiative:


title: Cleveland State University

text: The Division of University Studies focuses on academic support services, and the Division of Continuing Education extends academic services beyond the campus.


title: Cleveland State University

text: Notable programs include the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, which U.S. News & World Report 2019 ranking of graduate public affairs programs placed Levin College fourth in the Urban Policy specialty and 13th in the Local Government Management specialty, as well as the recently formed School of Communication, ranked 8th in research productivity and as the top terminal MA-granting program in the United States overall. The Monte Ahuja College of Business is also highly regarded and is ranked in the top ten nationwide in performance of its Certified Public Accountant graduate students. Additionally, CSU is the first university in Ohio to offer a master's degree in software engineering.


title: Cleveland State University

text: The College of Law traces its origins to the founding of Cleveland Law School in 1897. One of the most famous alumni of the College of Law was Tim Russert, host of television program "Meet the Press", who graduated in 1976. It was formerly known as the Cleveland–Marshall College of Law, until the school dropped Marshall's name from the school in 2022.


title: Cleveland State University

text: Cleveland State maintains a variety of research links within Ohio, especially the Cleveland community. These research collaborations include:


title: Cleveland State University

text: In 2022 "The Chronicle of Higher Education" reported on a researcher at Cleveland State University whose "home institution was essentially providing a soapbox for racist pseudoscience.[...] Despite nearly a dozen publications over more than a decade arguing for the intellectual inferiority of Black people," the professor was judged to have meritorious research and was promoted and given tenure. In 2022 he was fired following an investigation by the National Institutes of Health that found that he had violated regulations concerning the handling of medical data.


title: Cleveland State University

text: CSU's main campus in downtown Cleveland is bounded on the east and west by Interstate 90 and East 17th Street, respectively; and by Payne Avenue to the north and Carnegie Avenue on the south. It also has a satellite campus in Westlake, Ohio which is in the Greater Cleveland metropolitan area in Cuyahoga County. As of spring 2013, the combined student body (undergraduate and graduate students) totaled over 17,000.


title: Cleveland State University

text: In 2006, Cleveland State University completed its state-of-the-art student Recreation Center, and a renovation of Parker Hannifan Hall for the College of Graduate Studies.


title: Cleveland State University

text: To make the campus more amenable to residence and increase the number of students living on campus thousands of housing units were built, anchored by a new dormitory, Fenn Tower, a reuse of the school's most historic building. Fenn Tower housed what was the world's longest Foucault pendulum, but the pendulum was removed during the residence hall renovation in 2006 and is now in the Cleveland State University archives.


title: Cleveland State University

text: The university worked with private developers and the City of Cleveland to develop housing, retail, and "collegetown" amenities around Fenn Tower, particularly along the main thoroughfare of Euclid Avenue. In 2010, Euclid Avenue was upgraded as part of the Euclid Corridor Project which brought bus rapid transit to the university and connected Public Square in downtown Cleveland to University Circle, approximately four miles to the east. Cleveland State University's $65 million construction project, intended to transform the campus from a mostly commuter school into a residential campus, included the new Student Center and Julka Hull, which houses the College of Education and School of Nursing. Both projects were finished in 2010.


title: Cleveland State University

text: In 2011, the new Euclid Commons dorms complex, which features apartment-style living for CSU students, opened. That same year, the university's Dramatic Arts Program moved into the renovated Middough Building and Allen Theatre at Playhouse Square Center in collaboration with the Cleveland Play House.


title: Cleveland State University

text: In 2012, CSU opened the Galleries At CSU on Euclid Avenue. Also in 2012, Cleveland State University partnered with the South China University of Technology allowing students to complete their education and receive joint degrees. During the fall semester of 2012, the first phase of the private Langston apartment and retail complex opened along Chester Avenue across from Rhodes Tower. In the spring semester of 2013, the former Viking Hall dormitory was torn down to make way for the university's new Center for Health Professions. This was opened in the fall of 2015. The university is partnering with Northeast Ohio Medical University or NEOMED to train future health care professionals to specifically work in urban settings. They are working on adding a new physics department onto the campus and starting to build a better physics department.


title: Cleveland State University

text: In 2018, CSU established the CSU School of Film and Media Arts, having used a $7.5 million appropriation from the State of Ohio to renovate an entire floor of the IdeaStream Center at Playhouse Square. It is the first standalone film school in the State of Ohio.


title: Cleveland State University

text: The campus' student-run radio station, 89.3 WCSB, has a 630-Watt transmitter on top of Rhodes Tower (formerly called University Tower). Additionally, Cleveland State is served in print by The Cauldron, an independent student newspaper, The Cleveland Stater, a laboratory newspaper in the School of Communication, The Vindicator, Cleveland State University's art and culture magazine, and The Gavel which won the 2005 American Bar Association's -Student Division's first prize for the best law school newspaper in the country. There is no student television station at this time, though the university offers a film production and video production major with courses through its Digital Video Communication Center and a variety of related majors through the School of Film and Media Arts.


title: Cleveland State University

text: CSU is a member of the OneCommunity (formerly OneCleveland) computer network, an initiative of Case Western Reserve University that connects nonprofit institutions throughout Northeast Ohio, allowing large scale collaborations over a high-speed fiber optic network.


title: Cleveland State University

text: Cleveland State University is home to 4 NIC fraternities, Delta Sigma Phi, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Sigma Tau Gamma, and Tau Kappa Epsilon. There are 3 NPC sororities, Delta Zeta, Phi Mu, and Theta Phi Alpha and all 9 NPHC organizations have a chapter affiliated with the campus.


title: Cleveland State University

text: When the school was still known as Fenn College, the sports teams' nickname was the Foxes. When the university was renamed Cleveland State, the nickname changed as well, and CSU's sports teams became the "Vikings". That nickname stands to this day. The school colors are forest green and white. For many years the school mascot was the comic strip character Hägar the Horrible along with his wife Helga, and the couple appeared at sporting events as well as on University literature. A new mascot, "Vike" was introduced in 1997 and Hagar was phased out by 1998. Another new mascot named "Magnus" was introduced in August 2007.


title: Cleveland State University

text: Cleveland State fields varsity teams in 17 sports, with most teams competing in the Horizon League. The men's basketball team was noteworthy in 1986 when seeded 14th in the East Region of the NCAA tournament, it upset heavily favored 3-seed Indiana and Saint Joseph's before a one-point loss to a Navy team led by future Hall of Famer David Robinson, an unprecedented achievement for such a low seed. The Vikes made yet another NCAA tournament appearance in 2009, upsetting the highly favored 4 seed Wake Forest before falling to Arizona in the second round. The school fields two teams that compete outside the Horizon League; wrestling competes in the Mid-American Conference and men's lacrosse in the ASUN Conference.


title: Cleveland State University

text: On October 14, 2008, CSU President Michael Schwartz stated "he wants a blue ribbon panel to give him a recommendation on the football team before July 1, 2009, when he was scheduled to retire. He also said the program will have to be structured to pay for itself."


title: Cleveland State University

text: The establishment of a football team became an official item on the student government election ballot. Although over two-thirds of the voters favored establishment of a football team over half of them were not willing to pay a fee for Division I non-scholarship football in addition to any potential future tuition increases that may be instituted by the university.


title: Marja'

text: Marji (, "marjiʿ"; plural: "marājiʿ"), literally meaning "source to follow" or "religious reference", is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority given by a hawzah to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and lower-ranking clerics. The highest ranking "marjiʿ" is known as the "marja al-mutlaq" or "marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq".


title: Marja'

text: Sources differ as to when the institution of the marja˓ emerged, with Murtadha al-Ansari (d. 1864) and Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (d. 940 or 941) both being called the first marja'.


title: Marja'

text: Currently, maraji' are accorded the title "Grand Ayatollah" ( "ʾĀyatullāh al-ʿUẓmā"). Previously, the titles of Allamah (such as Allameh Tabatabaei, Allameh Majlesi, Allameh Hilli) and Imam (such as Imam Khomeini, Imam Rohani, Imam Shirazi and Imam Sadr) have also been used.


title: Marja'

text: From the perspective of Shia jurisprudence, during the occultation of the Mahdi, the highest ranking Shia hawzah clerics are bestowed with responsibility for understanding and explaining Islamic religious jurisprudence.


title: Marja'

text: Shiite authorities in the history of Shi'ism have an important role in the religious, political and social thought of their communities. One example is the fatwa of Mirza Mohammed Hassan Husseini Shirazi imposing sanctions on the use of tobacco during Qajar rule, which led to the abolition of the tobacco concession.


title: Marja'

text: Shiʿi "biographical compilations generally" consider Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (d. 940 or 941), (one of the first compilers of Shiʿite hadith), to be "the first" post-occultation marja al-taqlid, according to Neguin Yavari