title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The first generation C4 Picasso to be tested by the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) was a LHD model from 2006. It received an overall five star rating due to the design and range of default safety features, including: front airbags for the driver and passenger, a driver's knee airbag, side body airbags, and side head airbags.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The vehicle was penalised in the crash tests for the risk of leg injuries caused by the dashboard, and for chest injuries to the driver in a side impact. In the front impact test the child restraint in the back seat tipped forward, striking the dummy infant's head on the driver's seat, and lost all head protection points for the dummy.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The average age and repair cost of the tested C4 Picassos was 40 months and . 58.62% of the repair costs were attributed to the axles and suspension, while air conditioning and transmission repairs were rare and featured at the bottom of the list at 0% each.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: Between October 2010 to September 2011, the MOT test pass rate for the C4 Picasso was 71.2%, compared to the 56.8% average for all Citroën vehicles. Service intervals are every 12,500–20,000 miles (depending on engine) or 2 years, whichever happens first.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The second generation C4 Picasso was unveiled in March 2013, as the Citroën Technospace concept at the Geneva Motor Show.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The new C4 Picasso is built on the PSA EMP2 platform, which it shares with other PSA vehicles, including the Peugeot 308, successor to the Peugeot 307. Since the EMP2 platform is considerably lighter than the First generation's PF2, the C4 Picasso boasts a lower weight than the smaller Citroën C3 Picasso MPV.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The second generation of the C4 Picasso has a 537-litre boot capacity, increasing to 630 litres with the three rear seats downright. The passenger front seat also folds flat, enabling the vehicle to transport objects up to 2.5 metres in length.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: In early 2018, the car was renamed from C4 Picasso to C4 SpaceTourer (and Grand C4 Picasso to Grand C4 SpaceTourer). A little change is that the automatic transmission is now 8-speed, replacing the older 6-speed.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The C4 SpaceTourer range was simplified in early 2019 due to the introduction of the C5 Aircross. The five-seat C4 SpaceTourer was discontinued in some export markets (as the UK in May 2019), but production was still running.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: C4 SpaceTourer is out of production since mid-2020. 7 seat Grand C4 SpaceTourer is manufactured until July 2022.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: Depending on country, the available features and equipment vary accordingly, Daytime Running Lamps (DRLs) above the headlamps are standard in all EU markets. The vehicle also boasts a wide array of features including: Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Emergency Braking Assistance (EBA), Intelligent Traction Control (ITC), and Electronic Stability Control (ESC). Further, the vehicle also has an upgraded lane departure warning system (LDWS) over the previous generation, utilising digital imaging and line recognition to vibrate the front seatbelts in Exclusive+ models and warn of a lane change at low speed.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: This gives the possibility to wake or alert a sleeping or distracted driver. The C4 Picasso gained a back-up rear view camera, and an optional 360 degree panoramic vision system which consists of four wide angle cameras fitted in the front, the rear door, and the side mirrors to eliminate blind spots and aid parking. A parking assistance system is also optional on the Picasso, which with the help of mounted ultrasonic sensors can determine a suitable parking space for a semi-automatic parking experience.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: This same bumper mounted radar system is utilised for the Active Cruise Control (ACC) feature on the Exclusive+. The radar is able to detect the distance and speed of vehicles and slow the vehicle or brake if necessary to avoid a collision.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The dashboard user interface was also upgraded, now featuring a twelve inch panoramic color display which allows for the display of navigation, and other road assistance tools, with a degree of customization.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The car also received a touch sensitive 7" tablet to control the navigation system, carkit, multimedia system and other infotainment features. The audio system features an 6 Arkamys speakers system powered by a dedicated custom designed amplifier, unlike most other Citroën cars that feature a Denon audio system.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: Reviewers overall were impressed with the large five square metre space inside the vehicle, surrounded by large windows and thin door pillars. "RACCars.co.uk" were critical of the ETG6 gearbox, echoing previous criticisms from other reviewers, but praised the new platform for absorbing road imperfections easily and improving the driving experience.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The second generation C4 Picasso has six airbags by default, with adjustable pressures; two airbags for the front, two lateral for the passengers, and two side curtain airbags to prevent head injuries.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: Initially, the C4 Picasso models featured Citroën's new six speed automated manual gearbox, called "Efficient Tronic Gearbox six speed" (ETG6). It allows the driver to switch, at any time, between manual and automatic modes. Some reviews have been critical of the ETG6 gearbox: "Auto Trader"'s review called it "jerky" and slow to react to a gear change, while "Citroën Owners Club" called it "poor".


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: In the end of 2015, with the introduction of the BlueHDi engine range, Citroën replaced the ETG6 transmission with an Aisin sourced six speed torque converter automatic transmission, known as EAT6.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: The four speed automatic, six speed ETG and six-speed automatic transmissions have two shifting options chosen by a column mounted mode selector: either the paddle shifted manual mode or the fully automated/automatic mode with manual override with Formula One styled paddles. The ETG/automatic gearbox also brings with it an optional air conditioned storage compartment (fridge) including can holders, between the driver's and the front passenger's seat, where the manual transmission lever would usually be.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: Earlier 1.6-litre diesel engines and post-2015 petrol engines featured a start-stop system based on the Valeo i-StARS reversible starter/alternator, and termed e-HDi for diesel models and e-THP for petrol models. Two "ultracapacitors" are charged during braking, and the energy stored in them is used to turn the i StARS when engine restart is required.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: According to PSA, the system is able to restart the engine in as little as 400ms, and while the vehicle is still moving at between 8–20 km/h, which a conventional starter is unable to do. The i-StARS is rated for up to 600,000 restart cycles, and PSA claims up to 15% fuel savings. Modifications to prevent engine wear during the shut off phase and from constant restarts include an improved turbocharger lubrication system as well as reinforcements to the injection pump, crankshaft bearings, and dual-mass flywheel.


title: Citroën C4 Picasso

text: 891,000 first generation and 732,000 second generation C4 Picasso (including C4 SpaceTourer) have been produced.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Brooklyn Technical High School, commonly called Brooklyn Tech and administratively designated High School 430, is an elite public high school in New York City that specializes in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. It is one of three original specialized high schools operated by the New York City Department of Education, along with Stuyvesant High School and the Bronx High School of Science. Brooklyn Tech is considered one of the country's most prestigious and selective high schools. Brooklyn Tech is ranked #6 in New York City and #46 overall in the United States for college readiness and graduation rates.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Admission to Brooklyn Tech involves taking the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test and scoring the cutoff for Brooklyn Tech. Each November, about 30,000 eighth and ninth graders take the 3-hour test for admittance to eight of the nine specialized high schools. About 1,900 to 1,950 students are admitted each year.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Brooklyn Tech counts top scientists, inventors, innovators, Fortune 500 company CEOs and founders, high-ranking diplomats, academic scholars, literary and media figures, professional athletes, National Medal recipients, Nobel laureates, and Olympic medalists among its alumni.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Admission to Brooklyn Tech is based exclusively on the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT), open to all eighth-grade and first-time ninth-grade New York City students. The test has math (word problems and computation) and verbal (reading comprehension and grammar) sections. Of the approximately 30,000 students taking the SHSAT for September 2011 admission, with 23,085 students listing Brooklyn Tech as a choice on their application, about 1,951 offers were made (the most of any of the specialized high schools, partly due to BTHS's size).


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: There have long been "service credit" requirements, dating to at least the 1950s and likely earlier, for a student to receive a Brooklyn Tech diploma. Beginning with the class of 2010, each student must meet the following requirements by the end of their senior year to receive a BTHS diploma:


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: I. A minimum of 50 hours of community service outside of the school or through specified club activities.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: II. A minimum of 32 service credits earned through participation in Tech clubs, teams, and/or participation in designated school related events.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Service credits are earned as follows: 1. 8 service credits per term to all students in Legacy Clubs; Student Government (SGO); Student Productions; and/or PSAL Teams (including Cheerleading),2. 6 service credits per term to all students working on office squads; participating in Student Leadership; who hold membership in a chapter of an honor society; and/or are in clubs that represent Brooklyn Tech in some significant activities,3. 4 service credits per term to all students who participate in all other clubs not referred to above.4. Service Credits numbering less than a maximum of 4 can be given to students who participate in unique, yet insignificant activities as determined by a member of faculty.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Brooklyn Tech is one of the most elite, prestigious and selective high schools in the United States. Together with Stuyvesant High School and Bronx High School of Science, it is one of the three original Specialized High Schools of New York City, operated by the New York City Department of Education, all three of which "The Washington Post" cited in 2006 as among the country's best magnet schools (a category the school is often placed in, though its founding predates the concept of a "magnet school", whose intended purpose was not the same). Admission is by competitive examination. As a public school, BTHS has no tuition fee, but only students who reside in New York City are allowed to attend, as per the Hecht-Calandra Act.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Brooklyn Tech ranked 2nd in New York State on the 2021 "U.S. News & World Report" "Best High Schools" list, making it the highest ranked Specialized High School. In 2008 "Newsweek" listed it among five public high schools that were not in the magazine's 13 "Public Elite" ranking, explaining, ""Newsweek"s Challenge Index is designed to recognize schools that challenge average students, and not magnet or charter schools that draw only the best students in their areas. These [...] were excluded from the list of top high schools because [...] their sky-high SAT and ACT scores indicate they have few or no average students". In the 2020 "U.S. News" ranking, Brooklyn Tech was in the top 8 high schools in New York State and in the top 50 in the nation.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Brooklyn Tech is a founding member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology. Routinely, 99% of its graduates are accepted to four-year colleges with the 2020 graduating class being offered more than $150 million in scholarships and grants. In 2011, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked Brooklyn Tech among the nation's 50 best high schools for mathematics and science. It was ranked #2 on "Niche"'s "Standout High Schools in America" list.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In 1918, Dr. Albert L. Colston, chair of the Math Department at Manual Training High School, recommended establishing a technical high school for Brooklyn boys. His plan envisioned a heavy concentration of math, science, and drafting courses with parallel paths leading either to college or to a technical career in industry. By 1922, Dr. Colston's concept was approved by the Board of Education, and Brooklyn Technical High School opened in a converted warehouse at 49 Flatbush Avenue Extension, with 2,400 students. This location, in the shadow of the Manhattan Bridge, is the reason the school seal bears that bridge's image, rather than the more obvious symbol for the borough, the Brooklyn Bridge. Brooklyn Tech would occupy one more location before settling into its site at 29 Fort Greene Place, for which the groundbreaking was held in 1930.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Atypical for American high schools, Brooklyn Tech uses a system of college-style majors. The curriculum consists of two years of general studies with a technical and engineering emphasis, followed by two years of a student-chosen major.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: The curriculum remained largely unchanged until the end of Dr. Colston's 20-year term as principal in 1942. Upon his retirement, Tech was led briefly by acting principal Ralph Breiling, who was succeeded by Principal Harold Taylor in 1944. Tech's modernization would come under Principal William Pabst, who assumed stewardship in 1946 after serving as chair of the Electrical Department. Pabst created new majors and refined older ones, allowing students to select science and engineering preparatory majors including Aeronautical, Architecture, Chemical, Civil, Electrical (later including Electronics and Broadcast), Industrial Design, Mechanical, Structural, and Arts and Sciences. A general College Preparatory curriculum was added later.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Principal Pabst retired in 1964. A railroad club was established by the late Vincent Gorman, a social studies teacher, and students attended fan trips, tours of rail repair facilities and participated in the restoration of steam engine #103 and a historic rail passenger car at the former Empire State Railroad Museum. In August 1965, a ten-year-old boy named Carl Johnson drowned in the swimming pool at Brooklyn Tech while swimming with his day-camp group. The next year, more than 30 graduating Seniors in the school (including many student leaders) complained that Tech's curriculum was old and outdated. Their primary complaint was that the curriculum was geared toward the small minority of students who were not planning on attending college. In 1967 the schools of New York City got to view television in the classrooms for the first time, thanks to the 420-foot WNYE-TV tower atop Brooklyn Tech.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: For the school year beginning in the last half of 1970, young women began attending; all three NYC specialized and test-required science high schools were now coeducational.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In 1972, Brooklyn Tech, Bronx Science, Stuyvesant High School, and High School for Performing Arts become incorporated by the New York State Legislature as specialized high schools of New York City. The act called for a uniform exam to be administered for admission to Brooklyn Tech, Bronx Science, and Stuyvesant. The exam would become known as the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT) and tested students in math and English. With its statewide recognition, the school had to become co-educational. Previous to this, Brooklyn Tech was All Boys, and had a sister school, Bay Ridge High School which was all girls.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In 1973, Tech celebrated its 50th anniversary with a dinner-dance at the Waldorf Astoria. To further commemorate the anniversary, a monument was erected, with a time capsule beneath it, in the north courtyard. The monument has eight panels, each with a unique design representing each of Tech's eight majors at that point.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In 1983, Matt Mandery's appointment as principal made him the first Tech alumnus to hold that position. The following year, Tech received the Excellence in Education award from the U.S. Department of Education. The Alumni Association was formally created during this time, and coalitions were formed with the New York City Department of Transportation. Mandery oversaw the addition of a Bio-Medical major to the curriculum. John Tobin followed as principal in 1987, abolished the Materials Science department, and closed the seventh-floor foundry.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In the mid-1980s, a violent street gang known as the Decepticons were founded at Brooklyn Tech. As well, in 2000, the city issued a special report concerning the lack of notification to law enforcement during a string of robberies within the high school, including armed robbery with knives and stun guns.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In March 1998, an alumni group led by Leonard Riggio, class of 1958, announced plans for a fund-raising campaign to raise $10 million to support their alma mater financially through facilities upgrades, the establishment of curriculum enhancements, faculty training, and a university-type endowment. The endowment fundraiser, the first of its kind for an American public school, received front-page attention in "The New York Times" and sparked a friendly competition amongst the specialized high schools, with both Bronx Science and Stuyvesant announcing their own $10 million campaigns within weeks of the Brooklyn Tech announcement. In November 2005, the Brooklyn Tech Alumni Association announced the completion of the fundraising phase of what they had termed the Campaign for Brooklyn Tech. In April 2008, the Brooklyn Tech Alumni Foundation launched a second endowment campaign.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Sixteen alumni died in the September 11 attacks in 2001. They are Dennis Cross '59, Ronald F. Orsini '60, Joel Miller '63, Sheldon R. Kanter '66, Stephen Johnson '75, Danny Libretti '76, Dominick E. Calia '79, Dipti Patel '81, Andre Fletcher '82, Courtney W. Walcott '82, Gerard Jean Baptiste '83, Wai C. Chung '84, Paul Innella '85, Michael McDonnell '85, Thomas Tong '87, and Paul Ortiz '98.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Since 2001, Brooklyn Tech has undergone such refurbishing as the renovation of the school's William L. Mack Library entrance, located on the fifth-floor center section. As well, two computer labs were added. The school also reinstated a class devoted to the study of Shakespeare, which students can elect to take in their senior year.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Dr. Lee D. McCaskill, the appointed principal in 1992, served for 14 years, during which Tech saw the installation of more computer classrooms and the switch from the traditional mechanical drawing by hand to teaching the use of computer-aided design programs.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In 2000, the Special Commissioner of Investigation for the NYC School District wrote a report condemning Brooklyn Technical High School administrators for failing to report several armed robberies that took place in the bathrooms and stairwells.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In 2003, "The New York Times" published an investigative article that noted "longstanding tensions" between the faculty and Principal McCaskill, "spilled into the open in October, with news reports that several teachers accused him of repeatedly sending sexually explicit e-mail messages from his school computer to staff members." While the article praised him for his addition of music and sports programs, it mostly described the principal as autocratic, controlling the school "largely through fear and intimidation," and documented acts of personal vindictiveness toward teachers; severe censorship of the student newspaper and of assigned English texts, including the refusal to let the Pulitzer Prize-finalist novel "Continental Drift" by Russell Banks be used for a class; and of bureaucratic mismanagement. A follow-up column in 2004 found that there was increased teacher exodus, specifically documenting Principal McCaskill's campaign against Alice Alcala, who described as one of the city's leading Shakespeare teachers. Alcala had won Brooklyn Tech a $10,000 grant and brought in the Royal National Theatre of Great Britain for student workshops, but after Alcala had done so, McCaskill repeatedly denied her access to the auditorium and gave her low performance rankings. Shortly after, Alcala left for Manhattan's Murry Bergtraum High School, where she brought in $1,800 in grants for Shakespeare education; meanwhile, at Brooklyn Tech, there was no longer any course solely devoted to Shakespeare, according to the column.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: In two newspaper articles in 2005, it was revealed that a $10,000 grant obtained by Dr. Sylvia Weinberger in 2001 to refurbish the obsolete radio studio remained unused. New classroom computers were covered in plastic rather than installed because the classrooms had yet to be wired for them.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: The Office of Special Investigations of the New York City Department of Education launched an investigation of McCaskill on February 2, 2006, concerning unpaid enrollment of New Jersey resident McCaskill's daughter in a New York City public school, which is illegal for non-residents of the city. Dr. McCaskill produced a lease claiming that he rented an apartment in Brooklyn, but the copyright date on the lease was after the signatures were dated. On February 6, McCaskill announced his resignation from Brooklyn Tech and agreed to pay $19,441 in restitution.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: A week later special commissioner Richard J. Condon rebuked the Department of Education for allowing McCaskill to retire, still collecting $125,282 in accrued vacation time, just days before the OSI completed its investigation. Condon also recommended that Cathy Furman McCaskill, the principal's wife, be dismissed from her position as a teacher at Boys and Girls High School in Brooklyn for her part in submitting fake leases and other fraudulent documents to indicate the family lived in the Cobble Hill section of Brooklyn. The next day, the Department of Education announced that it would fire her. After retiring from Brooklyn Tech, McCaskill became principal of Hillside High School in New Jersey, where in 2013, he resigned following accusations he spanked a female student.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: On February 7, 2006, the Department of Education named Randy Asher, founding principal of the High School for Math, Science and Engineering (HSMSE), as interim acting principal. Asher had previously served as Brooklyn Tech's assistant principal in mathematics from 2000 to 2002 before leaving to become founding principal of HSMSE. During his time as principal, the total student enrollment increased from 4,200 to 5,700. In the beginning of January 2017, Asher abruptly left Tech to take on a new position as an NYC Education Department senior advisor to help reduce the Absent Teacher Reserve. Throughout Asher's tenure, the school's reputation was sullied by several allegations of sexual harassment and assault of students by faculty members, resulting in the termination of Sean Shaynak (an aerospace engineering teacher hired by Asher) and the reassignment of English teacher and school newspaper advisor David Lo. Music teacher Marisa Cazanave abruptly resigned in the fall of 2016 when faced with charges of having an inappropriate relationship with a male student. The school was also rocked by allegations of racism against black students and Asher faced mounting student pressure on social media to fix the situation. Following Asher's departure, former assistant principal David Newman took on the new position as acting principal of the specialized high school. In February 2020, Newman was appointed principal.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: The school, built on its present site from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of $6 million, is 12 stories high, and covers over half a city block. Brooklyn Technical High School is directly across the street from Fort Greene Park. Facilities at BTHS include:


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: The New York City Subway's Fulton Street () and Lafayette Avenue () stations are located nearby, as well as more BMT and IRT services at DeKalb Avenue and Atlantic Terminal, which also serves the Long Island Rail Road. Additionally, New York City Bus's and routes stop near Brooklyn Tech. Students residing a certain distance from the school are provided full-fare or half-fare student MetroCards for public transportation on their first day of school at BTHS, as well as the first day of each school term onward.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Brooklyn Tech uses a college-style system of majors, unusual for an American high school. Below is the list of majors at Brooklyn Tech.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Students are placed into a major during the second semester of their sophomore year after ranking all the majors in order of preference. These majors include courses, typically Advanced Placement or Project Lead the Way (PLTW) courses, that concentrate in that specific area of interest given to students during their last two years at Tech. Each major has a different formula (PI index) used to rank students according to their ranking preference of the majors and their current averages from freshman and sophomore year. A student with a higher PI index for their second preference if they did not get into their first, will get priority over another student with a lower average on the same major preference.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Bret Stephens, an opinion columnist, wrote in "The New York Times" that "The success of Brooklyn Tech only casts an unflattering light on every other corner of the public school bureaucracy."


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Brooklyn Tech fields 30 junior-varsity and varsity teams in the Public School Athletic League (PSAL). The school's historic team name has been the Engineers. The school colors are navy blue and white. The school's more than 100 organizations include the Brooklyn Tech Amateur Radio Club (club station call sign W2CXN), Civil Air Patrol Brooklyn Tech Cadet Squadron, chess, debate, football, wrestling, forensics (speech), hockey, mock trial, robotics, and rowing teams and clubs, and The Survey, the official school newspaper. Tech has a literary art journal, Horizons, for those who want to express themselves through art, poetry, photography, and prose. The Model United Nations provides students with a venue for discussing foreign affairs and also hosts a conference each year called TechMUN. Other clubs cater to a wide range of topics such as anime, the Stock Market, "Dance Dance Revolution", ultimate Frisbee, politics, quilting, fashion, debate (which offers Public Forum, Congress and Policy), table tennis and animal rights. The cheerleading squad is named the Enginettes. In 2012, Tech students created a Junior State of America Chapter at their school. Brooklyn Tech has its own student union, to address issues on a student level. Tech has a variety of community service clubs, such as Key Club, Red Cross Club, and BETA. Tech students put on a musical each spring.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: A list of notable alumni of Brooklyn Technical High School is listed below. Brooklyn Technical High School also has a unique Hall of Fame, which lists alumni who have contributed significantly to STEM. Such alumni are noted below.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: The Brooklyn Tech Cheerleading Squad appeared in the 1988 Spike Lee film "School Daze", and a video for the movie, entitled "Da Butt", was shot at Brooklyn Tech.


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: Lee also used the first floor gymnasium as a shooting location for Jesus Shuttlesworth's, played by Ray Allen, Sportscenter preview in "He Got Game"..


title: Brooklyn Technical High School

text: School interiors for the pilot episode of the 2013 series "The Tomorrow People" were filmed in Brooklyn Tech. (Subsequent episodes were filmed in Vancouver rather than New York City.)


title: Course credit

text: A credit is the recognition for having taken a course at school or university, used as measure if enough hours have been made for graduation.


title: Course credit

text: In a college or university in the United States, students generally receive credit hours based on the number of "contact hours" per week in class, for one term, better known as semester credit hours (SCH). A contact hour includes any lecture or lab time when the professor is teaching the student or coaching the student while they apply the course information to an activity. Regardless of the duration of the course (i.e. a short semester like summer or intersession) and depending on the state or jurisdiction, a semester credit hour is 15-16 contact hours per semester. Most college and university courses are three semester credit hours (SCH) or 45-48 contact hours, so they usually meet for three hours per week over a 15-week semester.


title: Course credit

text: Homework is time the student spends applying the class material without supervision of the professor: this includes studying notes, supplementary reading, writing papers, or other unsupervised activities such as labwork or fieldwork. Students are generally expected to spend two hours outside class studying and doing homework for every hour spent in class.


title: Course credit

text: Normal full-time studying is usually 15 credit hours per semester or 30 credit hours per academic year. Some schools set a flat rate for full-time students, such that a student taking over 12 or 15 credit hours will pay the same amount as a student taking exactly 12 (or 15). A part-time student taking less than 12 hours pays per credit hour, on top of matriculation and student fees.


title: Course credit

text: Credit for laboratory and studio courses as well as physical education courses, internships and practica is usually less than for lectures – typically one credit for every two to three hours spent in lab or studio, depending on the amount of actual instruction necessary prior to lab. However, for some field experiences such as student teaching as a requirement for earning one's teaching license, a student may only earn 8-10 credits for the semester for doing 40 hours a week of work.


title: Course credit

text: To figure a grade-point average (GPA), the grade received in each course is subject to weighting, by multiplying it by the number of credit hours. Thus, a "B" (three grade points) in a four-credit class yields 12 "quality points". It is these which are added together, then divided by the total number of credits a student has taken, to get the GPA. Transfer credits are not necessarily counted in the GPA.


title: Course credit

text: Some courses may require a grade higher than that which is considered passing. In this case, a grade of "D" will still add to the total number of credits earned (unlike an "F")


title: Course credit

text: Various types of student aid and certain student visas require students to take and complete a minimum number of course credits each term. Schools often require a minimum number or percentage of credits be taken at the school to qualify for a diploma from that school—this is known as a residency requirement.


title: Course credit

text: Credit by examination, also known as credit by exam, is a way of receiving course credit without taking the course. This grade often shows as a "K" on a transcript, however it carries no credit hours, and therefore has no effect on the GPA. This also means that a student often must take other classes instead, to meet minimum hour requirements. This still benefits the student, because he or she can learn something new and useful, instead of repeating what is already known. DANTES and College Level Examination Program (CLEP) are two programs that offer college bound students credit by examination.


title: Course credit

text: Faculty in comprehensive or baccalaureate colleges and universities typically have 12 SCH per semester. Faculty teaching significant graduate work or large classes (100 or more students in a section) may have "load lifts" or "course reductions." Faculty at research universities typically have an official teaching load of 12 SCH per semester, but their actual load is reduced because of the requirement for significant peer reviewed published research. While faculty workloads are almost universally based on the number of SCH taught, faculty teaching in technical "clock hour" programs in technical and community colleges have workloads that more closely resemble high school teaching, so that Faculty in community colleges typically teach 15 SCH or more per semester (5 days per week at 3 hours per day).


title: Course credit

text: In Canada, the term college often refers to a community college or trade school, whilst the more formal and inclusive term for post-high school education is post-secondary education. Most university courses run from September to April with 13 weeks before Christmas and 13 weeks after. Classes that meet three hours a week are generally awarded six credit hours. Third and fifth-year classes are more specialized so some facilities may offer half-courses that run from September to December or January to April. These courses are awarded three credit hours.


title: Course credit

text: In some provinces, such as Ontario, a different system is used. The school year is often broken into two semesters. A single semester class is worth half a credit, and a full year course is worth a full credit. A normal class load consists of five to six classes a semester, which leads to five-six credits being accumulated each school year.


title: Course credit

text: There is no unified academic credit system in Brazil. The regulating bodies of the Ministry of Education and the legislation count the hours of instruction. A full-time year of higher education takes between 800 and 1200 instruction-hours in Brazil, which would be equivalent to 30 US credits and 60 European ECTS.


title: Course credit

text: In Uruguay's University of the Republic, a credit stands for 15 hours of work, including classes, personally studying and task activities. Since semesters last 15 weeks, a credit corresponds to one hour of work a week.


title: Course credit

text: In India, in engineering colleges which follow the course credit system, the number of 'contact hours' in a week of a particular course determines its credit value. Typically, courses vary from two to five credits. According to the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, one of the top technical universities in India, the GPA is calculated on a ten-point scale, with weighted average of the grades received in the respective course. The grades awarded are; S, A, B, C, D, E and F (fail). This GPA is also known as CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average). On an average, students in India need to complete 180-185 credits after their four-year engineering course to be awarded the degree B.Tech/B.E. and a one-semester-long thesis project.


title: Course credit

text: A new CBCS (Choice Based Credit System) scoring system was devised by UGC for undergraduate students from the academic year 2016-17. The system provides an opportunity for students to pick courses from core, elective or skill-based courses.


title: Course credit

text: In Europe, a common credit system has been introduced. The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is in some European countries used as the principal credit and grading system in universities, while other countries use the ECTS as a secondary credit system for exchange students. In ECTS, a full study year normally consists of 60 credits. ECTS grades are given in the A-E range, where F is failing. Schools are also allowed to use a pass/fail evaluation in the ECTS system.


title: Course credit

text: In the United Kingdom, the common credit system is the Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme (CATS). A full study year normally consists of 120 CATS credits and grades are usually recorded as percentages (i.e. 0-100). Most UK universities also use the European ECTS system in addition to CATS.


title: Course credit

text: In Australian universities, no common credit point system exists, although 48 credit points per full-time year, or 24 per semester, or some multiple thereof, is not uncommon. This permits a semester of study to be broken into more flexible combinations of units than the typical four, due in part to 24 being a highly composite number. Credit points tend to reflect all forms of study and assessment by a student in a unit, not just contact time.


title: Course credit

text: The Australian Government's common measure of university course credits is known as Equivalent Full-Time Student Load (EFTSL). Under this system, a normal full-time load of study is 1.000 EFTSL per year or 0.500 EFTSL per semester, regardless of the credit point structure at each university. This is used as a common measure primarily for calculation of tuition fees and subsidies for government-supported places, including loans under the Higher Education Loan Program (see Tertiary education fees in Australia), but also for the determination of "full-time" status for the purposes of government assistance and requirements of student visas; a minimum of 75% of a standard load (ie. 0.750 EFTSL per year) is typically required to achieve and retain full-time status.


title: Course credit

text: In high schools in the United States, where all courses are usually the same number of hours, often meeting every day, students earn one credit for a course that lasts all year, or a half credit per course per semester. This credit is formally known as a Carnegie Unit. After a typical four-year run, the student needs 26 credits to graduate (an average of 6 to 7 at any time). Some high schools have only three years of school because 9th grade is part of their middle schools, with 18 to 21 credits required.


title: Course credit

text: In Canada, credits can be earned at the end of a course in high school. Earning a credit depends whether a person passes the course or not. A certain number of credits are required to graduate high school. A minimum of 30 credits are needed in order to graduate in specifically Ontario, those being 18 compulsory credits and 12 elective credits. One credit is equal to one completed course per semester, with the maximum credits earned per semester being four-to-five. Each school year is separated into two semesters, or four terms; while it takes one semester for one credit, there are two compulsory courses taken in Grade 10 that each take up one term, earning half a credit upon completion, adding up to one credit, and being considered as one course that has merely been separated. The course credit system is similar to the one used in the United States.


title: Snabba Cash (TV series)

text: Snabba Cash is a 2021 Swedish streaming television series written by Jens Lapidus and Oskar Söderlund (screenwriter) and directed by . It is based on Lapidus' "Stockholm Noir" novel trilogy, the first of which was adapted into three films: "Easy Money" (2010), "" (2012), and "" (2013). The series takes place in Stockholm, ten years after the film trilogy.


title: Snabba Cash (TV series)

text: Leya, an aspiring tech entrepreneur is looking for an investor to fund her start-up, TargetCoach. Finally, she meets an investor named Tomas Storm, but before he can invest in her company, Leya is required to pay off the previous investors. She acquires a loan from her drug trafficker brother-in-law and uses the drug money to pay off her investors. A step in the criminal world tangles her in the web of brutality and ruthlessness until she finds her way out.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: In January 2020, 74.4% of the population of Denmark were registered members of the Church of Denmark (), the officially established church, which is Protestant in classification and Lutheran in orientation. This is down 0.6% compared to the year earlier and 1.2% down compared to two years earlier. Despite the high membership figures, only 3% of the population regularly attend Sunday services, and only 19% of Danes consider religion to be an important part of their life.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: According to a Eurobarometer Poll conducted in 2010, 28% of Danish citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 47% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 24% responded that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". Another poll, carried out in 2008, found that 25% of Danes believe Jesus is the son of God, and 18% believe he is a messenger of the God and saviour of the world but not son of God A gallup report in 2009 found that only 19% of Danes consider religion to be an important part of their life.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: Christianity is the predominant religion of Denmark, with three quarters of the Danish population estimated as adherents of the ""Folkekirken"" ("People's Church"), Denmark's national Lutheran church. Aside from Lutheranism, there is a small Catholic minority, as well as small Protestant denominations such as the Baptist Union of Denmark and the Reformed Synod of Denmark.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: According to official statistics from January 2019, 74.7% of the population of Denmark are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark (), if you only look at the part of the Danish population that has Danish origins, the decline of membership has been less marked: here there has been a decline in the proportion who are members of the Danish National Church, from approx. 90% in 1985 to 75.9% in 2017. the country's state church since the Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein, and designated "the Danish people's church" by the 1848 Constitution of Denmark.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: There are around 8,000 Christians who have converted from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: Buddhism in Denmark was brought back from expeditions that explored the Indian subcontinent. Initial interest was mainly from intellectuals, authors, Buddhologists and Philologists. In 1921, Christian F. Melbye founded the first Buddhist Society in Denmark, but it was later dissolved in 1950 before his death in 1953. In the 1950s, there was a revival in interest towards Buddhism, especially Tibetan Buddhism and Hannah and Ole Nydahl, founded the first Karma Kagyu Buddhist centers in Copenhagen. The third wave of Buddhism came in the 1980s, when refugees from Vietnam, Sri Lanka and China came to Denmark.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: A Jewish community has been present in Denmark since the seventeenth century, when the monarchs began allowing Jews to enter the country and practice their religion on an individual basis. Emancipation followed gradually and by the end of the nineteenth century most Jews were fully assimilated into Danish society. In the early decades of the twentieth century there was an influx of more secular, Yiddish speaking, Eastern European Jews. Nearly 99% of Danish Jews survived the Holocaust, in part due to the actions of the Danish resistance, and to the Swedish authorities' offer of asylum to the Danish Jews.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: Today there are approximately 6,000 ethnic Jews in Denmark, 1700 of them being members of the official organization The Jewish Community in Denmark. There are three synagogues located in Copenhagen.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: According to Danish researcher Brian Arly Jacobsen, Muslims living in Denmark make up ca. 256,000 people or approximately 4.4% of the population in 2020 and form the country's second largest religious community and largest minority religion. As of 2017 there were 28 recognised Muslim communities and around 185 mosques in Denmark. Ahmadis constructed the first mosque in the capital, Copenhagen. There were approximately 655 Ahmadis all over Denmark in 2006.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: According to a survey of various religions and denominations undertaken by the Danish Foreign Ministry, other religious groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: The Baha'i Faith arrived in Denmark in 1925, but it did not make much impact until the arrival of American pioneers in 1946. A National Spiritual Assembly was formed in 1962. In 2005, it was estimated that there were about 1,251 Baha'is in the country.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: In Denmark there are about 7,500-8,000 Hindus of Tamil origin, both from India and Sri Lanka. The Hindu Community in Denmark is registered as reported in International Religious Freedom Report 2006, Denmark.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: A neopagan religious group, Forn Siðr — Ásatrú and Vanatrú Association in Denmark, describes itself as a revival of the Norse paganism prevalent in Denmark before Christianization. It gained state recognition in November 2003. There are about 500 registered heathens (0.01% of the population) adhering to the old Norse beliefs.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: Politicians in Denmark will not generally be found making use of any religious rhetoric or arguments in their declarations, and this is especially the case for government ministers, with the possible, occasional exception of the Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs in the course of his or her duties. Four of Denmark's prime ministers have identified themselves as atheists.


title: Religion in Denmark

text: The Christian Democrats is the only major political party to regularly employ religious rhetoric and arguments, and they have not been represented in the Folketing since 2001, as they have not been able to acquire the minimum 2% of the votes needed to secure representation.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Modell's Sporting Goods is an American online sporting goods retailer that had locations in the Northeastern United States. Modell's carries both sporting goods and related apparel. Modell's had more than 150 retail locations in ten states and the District of Columbia in 2018. The company reported revenue of approximately $765 million in 2015. Sales in 2019 were $538 million, 96%/4% split between retail/online. Its slogan was "Gotta Go To Mo's."


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Modell’s filed for bankruptcy protection in 2020 and the company eventually resorted to liquidating its remaining 134 store locations. In August 2020, Modell’s was relaunched as an online retailer by a company called Retail Ecommerce Ventures, which bought the rights to several other retail brands that were recently disestablished.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: The chain was founded as a single store by Morris A. Modell in 1889 in Manhattan, making it possibly the third oldest sporting goods store in North America (after James F. Brine's in Massachusetts and Milwaukee's Burghardt Sporting Goods). Modell, a Jewish immigrant from Hungary, opened the first location on Cortlandt Street in Lower Manhattan (the Modell pawn shop chain in Manhattan and Brooklyn was founded by Morris's brother George in 1893 as a spinoff. The two companies operate separately).


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Through the years, it has remained a family-owned business, passing through four generations of the Modell family. While best known as a sporting goods retailer, Modell's also operated a chain of "full-line" discount retailers in the New York-metro area known as "Modell's Shopper's World" (and for a short time as "White-Modells") from the mid-1950s up until 1989, when the company decided to focus on its sporting goods operations partly due to increased competition in the discount retail market.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: William Modell, who became chairman in 1985, also founded the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation along with his wife, Shelby Modell.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Modell's operated 152 stores at its peak mainly in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. In recent years, the chain expanded to Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia as well as Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Their flagship store was at 234 West 42nd Street near Times Square.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: CEO Mitchell Modell was featured on an episode of "Undercover Boss" that aired on November 2, 2012 in which he went in disguise into his own stores to see things from an employee point of view. Two years later, he was accused in a February 2014 lawsuit by rival Dick's Sporting Goods of entering a Dick's store in disguise to gain access to their retail secrets. The lawsuit was quickly settled out of court for undisclosed terms by April. Independent retail analysts and attorneys suggested that Modell visited the store on a whim, rather than as part of some plot to steal information.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: In the early 21st century, Modell's faced declining sales which Mitchell Modell has blamed on increased competition, poor performance by professional sports teams, and increased temperatures caused by climate change. In May 2019, Modell lent the company $6.7 million to avoid bankruptcy; in February 2020 the company announced that it intended to close 24 stores. However, in March 2020, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and announced that it would liquidate its 134 remaining stores, with Tiger Capital being appointed as the liquidator. The liquidation began on March 13, 2020. All their stores were closed by the end of August 2020.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Hilco Streambank announced that on August 4, 2020, it would auction Modell's intellectual property, including customer data and the marketing jingle. Hilco Streambank also placed the stalking horse bid at $1.965 million. Modell's was acquired by Retail Ecommerce Ventures (REV), a holding company founded by Alex Mehr and Tai Lopez, for $3.64 million. The acquisition, finalized on August 14, 2020, includes the brand name, trademarks, domain name, and the "Gotta Go To Mo's" jingle. The Modell's website relaunched in 2020.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Modell's had local specialized offerings and programs such as Team Weeks, which assists local schools, leagues, and non-profit organizations. Modell's sponsored many professional sports teams in their U.S. East Coast market area, including the Baltimore Orioles, Baltimore Ravens, Boston Bruins, Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, New York Mets, New York Yankees, New York Giants, New York Jets, New York Knicks, New York Rangers, New York Islanders, New Jersey Devils, Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Eagles, Philadelphia 76ers, Philadelphia Flyers, Washington Capitals, Washington Nationals, as well as numerous minor league baseball teams.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Some writers attributed at least some of Modell's problems during the 2010s due to the poor performance of New York sports teams in that decade, and the difficulty in selling their merchandise.


title: Modell's Sporting Goods

text: Art Modell, who owned the NFL football teams Cleveland Browns and then Baltimore Ravens, was the grandson of the founder of Modell's Sporting Goods, Morris A. Modell, but had nothing to do with that company. A perceived affiliation was hoped to be useful when Modell Sporting Goods attempted to penetrate Maryland markets in 2004 — a spokesman stated, "I think that Art Modell having brought a team to Baltimore that won a Super Bowl championship can help in some ways" — but the expansion was ultimately not successful.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: Rupture is a 2016 American science fiction horror thriller film directed by Steven Shainberg and starring Noomi Rapace.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: After dropping off her son Evan with her ex-husband Cliff, Renée Morgan is abducted during a staged roadside tire repair by a five-person team overseen by Dr. Nyman. Stunned with a stun gun, Renée is carried into the team's truck, chained down and transported to a warehouse laboratory where she is strapped to a table and held prisoner in a private room.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: A fellow captive named Seth tells Renée to remember "G10 12X." Fellow captive Blake talks to Renée through the vent from an adjacent room and explains that their captors are forcing subjects to face their personal fears. Renée additionally learns that this mysterious group has secretly monitored subjects all over the world for decades.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: With the entire operation overseen by Terrence, Renée is repeatedly tested and experimented on by Dr. Nyman, Dr. Raxlen, Diana, Colette, and a Bald Man. Suffering from arachnophobia, Renée panics when Diana and the Bald Man test Renée by having a spider crawl on her.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: Renée eventually breaks free of her restraints and crawls into the ventilation system. Renée peeks into other holding cells and sees other captives being tested according to their fears.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: Renée makes her way to Blake’s room and hides under his table when the doctors enter. Exploiting Blake’s fear of snakes, the doctors cryptically reveal that they are using terror to initiate a DNA change in test subjects. Having failed his final test, Colette gives Blake a medication via a syringe, telling him it will sedate him and when he awakes, he will be back home. When Blake is wheeled out of his room, Renée uses the opportunity to sneak into the hallway through his open cell door and explore the lab.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: Realizing Renée may be their only hope, the team agrees to put Renée through one more test. Renée quickly crawls back through the ventilation system and returns to her room before it is discovered she is missing. Diana, lying to Renée, seductively touches Renée under her clothing and tells her about Evan, explaining that Diana can learn details about Renée's son through her skin. Diana additionally explains that G10 12X is a genetic code that all humans have in their chromosomes. By rupturing that part of their genes through terror, humans can change shape and evolve as a life form.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: Diana morphs her head into a deformed shape to prove the truth to Renée, unaware that Renée has secretly taken the syringe originally intended for her. Renée stabs Diana with the syringe and escapes back into the main facility. She finds a lab filled with DNA samples collected from numerous test subjects. She also overhears Dr. Raxlen and the Bald Man discussing the development of her ovum to accept non-human sperm.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: The Bald Man senses that Renée has escaped and instead of chasing her through the factory, he goes to a computer and uses it to locate Renée’s location. He traps Renée in a room and uses gas to knock her unconscious.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: When Renée awakes, Terrence, Dr. Nyman, Diana, and the Bald Man demonstrate that Renée now has improved eyesight and hearing. Terrence explains that they were all humans once, but overcoming fear transformed them. They now believe they can cure humanity of its self-destructive tendencies by building their numbers and altering the gene pool.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: Renée is forcibly strapped into a transparent helmet in which spiders are released to crawl all over her face. Renée frantically tears at the mask and hits her head against the wall while the doctors observe. Suddenly, Renée is no longer afraid. She "ruptures" and the shape of her head grotesquely distorts, causing the mask to crack away from her head.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: Renée returns to her everyday life as a covert plant for the group. Renée tries convincing her son that she knows people who can help him overcome his focus issues, but Evan refuses. Terrence, the Bald Man, and another henchman arrive at the house to take Evan by force. Renée has a change of heart and warns Evan to escape, which he does. Terrence calls off the chase and tells Renée that she will help him find Evan. Terrence also tells her that they have been waiting for Renée for a long time and now they finally have her.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival on July 15, 2016. It was released in the UK on November 4, 2016.


title: Rupture (2016 film)

text: The film holds a 18% positive rating at the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Derivative and clumsily assembled, "Rupture" manages the tricky feat of making arachnophobia seem dull."


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock (, ) is a census-designated place that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation, the largest territory in North America of a sovereign Native American nation. The capital lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock is the site of the Navajo Nation governmental campus, which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock's population was 2,712 at the 2010 census. It is estimated to reach around 20,000 during weekdays when tribal offices are open.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock's main natural attraction is the window formation of sandstone which the community is named after. The Navajo Nation Museum, the Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park, and the Navajo Nation Code Talkers World War II memorial are tribal attractions located in Window Rock.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Until 1936, the area was sparsely populated and known by the Navajo only by its ceremonial name ("Center of the World"). John Collier, a reforming Commissioner of Indian Affairs, chose this site to establish the seat of the Navajo Central Agency, the Bureau of Indian Affairs official connection to the nation. His proposal to make the ceremonial name the official name met with resistance, and Navajos soon ridiculed it as "" (~ "into your middle (parts)").


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Due to this, the BIA chose the name of the major local landmark, the rock-with-hole-through-it (Navajo: ) for this Indian agency site. It was rendered in English as "Window Rock".


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: , as the Navajo call it (meaning the Perforated Rock), is north of the Navajo governmental administration buildings. It is important in the traditional Navajo Water Way Ceremony (). It was one of the four places where Navajo medicine men go with their traditional woven water jugs to get water for the ceremony that is held to pray for an abundance of rainfall.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock is the capital of the Navajo Nation government. Its complex houses the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the 24-member Navajo Nation Council, and Navajo government administration buildings. As a district within the St. Michaels Chapter, Window Rock is served by a Navajo Council Delegate and Chapter President and Vice President.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock is located at . The Arizona/New Mexico state line marks the town's eastern edge, and some of the town's buildings are located a few feet (meters) from the state line. Immediately across the state line from Window Rock is the village of Tse Bonito, New Mexico.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, Window Rock CDP (census designated place) has a total area of , all land. The area is atop and encompassed within the Defiance Plateau.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock is categorized as being within the 6a USDA hardiness zone, meaning the average annual extreme minimum temperature is between . The city is cooler than most of Arizona due to its high elevation.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: The greater Window Rock area comprises the Fort Defiance and St. Michaels chapters, and the hamlets of Hunter's Point and the Summit in Arizona, and Tse Bonito on the New Mexico side of the border.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 3,059 people, 876 households, and 713 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 998 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.5% Native American, 3.2% White, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% African American, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: There were 876 households, out of which 51.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 29.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.42 and the average family size was 3.81.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 36.3% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,885, and the median income for a family was $36,500. Males had a median income of $27,266 versus $26,902 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,122. About 24.6% of families and 24.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.6% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock is a part of the Window Rock Unified School District, which serves the greater Fort Defiance and St. Michaels chapters population center.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: The community is also served by the private Saint Michael Indian School, a K-12 private, Catholic school established by Katharine Drexel in 1902. Saint Michael Indian School is a member of the National Catholic Education Association and the Diocese of Gallup Catholic School System.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: The surrounding community is also served by Hilltop Christian School, operated by Across Nations offering pre-K through 6th grade learning curriculum.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: In addition, the Saint Michaels Association for Special Education, Inc. (SMASE) school serves the greater Navajo Nation in Arizona and New Mexico. A non-profit school, founded by Sister Marijane Ryan in 1970 serves as an educational and residential center for individuals with disabilities of all ages.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Tourism is an integral part of the local economy. Window Rock attracts a large number of tourists and visitors due to its close proximity to many national parks and sites and Navajo government. The area is a popular base of commerce for the regional people as well.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: In the year of 1961 the Navajo Tribe established the first Navajo Tribal Museum in a small building on the Window Rock Tribal Fairgrounds. It was moved in 1982 to the back room of the Navajo Arts and Crafts Store. In 1997, a $7 million permanent home was built to store the Navajo artifacts in a museum specially built in a modern Navajo hogan style near the Navajo Nation Zoo. The Navajo Nation Museum and its colocated Library offer many relics and artifacts of the Navajo people and Navajo Nation, many resources on the Navajo people, language and ceremonies are also offered in the Navajo Nation Library which is adjacent to the museum. The museum is open Monday through Friday and is free to the public.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: The Navajo Tribal Zoo opened in Window Rock in 1963 featuring reservation animals such as bear, coyotes, snake, elk, and the golden eagle. The Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park offers a wide variety of plants, animals, fishes, birds and insects native to the Four Corners area of the Navajo Nation such as elk, mule deer, Mexican gray wolf, black bear, cougar, golden eagle, bighorn sheep, lynx, Rio Grande wild turkey, raccoon, Canada goose, and fox. The Navajo Nation Zoo is open Monday through Saturday and is free to the public.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: The Ch'ihootso Market Place offers many vendors with Navajo arts and crafts along with Hopi, Zuni and local artists. The market place is open from 5:00 am to 6:00 pm Monday through Sunday.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock is served by a local regional airport : Window Rock Airport. Window Rock Airport is a public use airport located one nautical mile south of the central business district of Window Rock, in Apache County. It is owned by the Navajo Nation.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Local transportation is provided by the Navajo Transit System which operates from Window Rock. It provides several routes that serve the community, the Navajo Nation, the Hopi Nation, and San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock is served by two regional shopping centers: Diné Bashas' and Lowe's Market. The Navajo Nation Shopping Center Enterprise also serves the area.


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Numerous events are hosted throughout the year in the greater Window Rock area, which includes Fort Defiance and St. Michaels, such as:


title: Window Rock, Arizona

text: Window Rock is served by the Tséhootsooí Medical Center. Located in Fort Defiance, Arizona it also serves the Window Rock and the surrounding area.


title: Aden Emergency

text: The Aden Emergency, also known as the Radfan Uprising (), was an armed rebellion by NLF and FLOSY during the Cold War against the Federation of South Arabia, a protectorate of the United Kingdom, which now forms part of Yemen.


title: Aden Emergency

text: Partly inspired by Gamal Abdel Nasser's pan-Arab nationalism, it began on 14 October 1963 with the throwing of a grenade at a gathering of British officials at Aden Airport. A state of emergency was then declared in the British Crown colony of Aden and its hinterland, the Aden Protectorate. The emergency escalated in 1967 and hastened the end of British rule in the territory which had begun in 1839. On 30 November 1967, British forces withdrew and the independent People's Republic of South Yemen was proclaimed.


title: Aden Emergency

text: Aden was originally of interest to Britain as an anti-piracy station to protect shipping on the routes to British India. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, it further served as a coaling station. Over the period since the annexation of Aden, the British had signed many protection treaties with the emirs of the inland to secure British rule over the area . Following the independence of India in 1947, Aden became less important to the United Kingdom.


title: Aden Emergency

text: The Emergency was precipitated in large part by a wave of Arab nationalism spreading to the Arabian Peninsula and stemming largely from the socialist and pan-Arabist doctrines of Egyptian leader Gamel Abdel Nasser. The British, French and Israeli forces that had invaded Egypt following Nasser's nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 had been forced to withdraw following intervention from both the United States and the Soviet Union.


title: Aden Emergency

text: Nasser enjoyed only limited success in spreading his pan-Arabist doctrines through the Arab world, with his 1958 attempt to unify Egypt and Syria as the United Arab Republic collapsing in failure three years later. A perceived anti-colonial uprising in Aden in 1963 provided another potential opportunity for his doctrines, though it is not clear to what extent Nasser directly incited the revolt in Aden, as opposed to the Yemeni guerrilla groups drawing inspiration from Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas but acting independently themselves.


title: Aden Emergency

text: By 1963 and in the ensuing years, anti-British guerrilla groups with varying political objectives began to coalesce into two larger, rival organisations: first the Egyptian-supported National Liberation Front (NLF) and then the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY), who attacked each other as well as the British.


title: Aden Emergency

text: Hostilities started on 14 December 1963, with an NLF grenade attack against British High Commissioner of Aden Sir Kennedy Trevaskis, which took place as he arrived at Khormaksar Airport to catch a London-bound flight. The grenade killed the High Commissioner's adviser and a woman, and injured fifty other people. On that day, a state of emergency was declared in Aden.


title: Aden Emergency

text: The NLF and FLOSY began a campaign against British forces in Aden, relying largely on grenade attacks. One such attack was carried out against RAF Khormaksar during a children's party, killing a girl and wounding four children.


title: Aden Emergency

text: The guerrilla attacks largely focused on killing off-duty British officers and policemen. Much of the violence was carried out in Crater, the old Arab quarter of Aden. British forces attempted to intercept weapons being smuggled into Crater by the NLF and FLOSY on the Dhala road, but their efforts met with little success. Despite taking a toll on British forces, the death toll among rebels was far higher, largely due to inter-factional fighting among different rebel groups.


title: Aden Emergency

text: In 1964 the British 24th Infantry Brigade arrived to conduct land operations. It remained in Aden and the Aden Protectorate until November 1967.


title: Aden Emergency

text: By 1965, the RAF station RAF Khormaksar was operating nine squadrons, including transport units with helicopters and a number of Hawker Hunter fighter bomber aircraft. These were called in by the army for attacks on rebel positions in which they would use 60-pound high explosive rockets and their 30 mm ADEN cannon.


title: Aden Emergency

text: On 19–20 January 1967, the NLF provoked street riots in Aden. After the Aden police lost control, British High Commissioner Sir Richard Turnbull deployed British troops to crush the riots. As soon as the NLF riots were crushed, pro-FLOSY rioters took to the streets. Fighting between British forces and pro-guerrilla rioters lasted into February. British forces had opened fire 40 times, and during that period there were 60 grenade and shooting attacks against British forces, including the destruction of an Aden Airways Douglas DC-3, which was bombed in mid-air, killing all the people on board.


title: Aden Emergency

text: The emergency was further exacerbated by the Six-Day War in June 1967. Nasser claimed that the British had helped Israel in the war, and this led to a mutiny by hundreds of soldiers in the South Arabian Federation Army on June 20th, which also spread to the Aden Armed Police. The mutineers killed 22 British soldiers and shot down a helicopter (The pilot had to abandon take off from a ledge near Crater, Aden after being hit in the knee by a bullet. The Sioux crashed and burnt out but all three occupants escaped), and as a result, Crater was occupied by rebel forces.


title: Aden Emergency

text: Concerns were heightened regarding the ability to give sufficient security to British families in the midst of the increased violence, resulting in evacuation plans for families being sped up considerably.


title: Aden Emergency

text: Following the mutiny, all British forces were withdrawn from Crater, while Royal Marines of 45 Commando took up sniping positions on the high ground and killed 10 armed Arab fighters. However, Crater remained occupied by an estimated 400 Arab fighters. NLF and FLOSY fighters then took to the streets and engaged in gun battles, while arson, looting, and murder was also common. British forces blocked off the two main entrances to Crater. They came under sniper fire from an Ottoman fort on Sira island, but the snipers were silenced by a shell from an armoured car. Order was restored in July 1967, when the 1st Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders entered Crater under the command of Lt. Col. Colin Campbell Mitchell and managed to occupy the entire district overnight with no casualties.


title: Aden Emergency

text: Nevertheless, repeated guerrilla attacks by the NLF soon resumed against British forces, causing the British to leave Aden by the end of November 1967, earlier than had been planned by British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and without an agreement on the succeeding governance. Following the British departure, the NLF managed to seize power, and established the People's Republic of South Yemen.


title: Aden Emergency

text: British military casualties in the period 1963 to 1967 were 90 to 92 killed and 510 wounded. British civilian deaths were 17. Local government forces lost 17 killed and 58 wounded. Casualties among the rebel forces stood at 382 killed and 1,714 wounded.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: The Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF) () are a special operations force of Iraq. The unit was created in 1950, but was disbanded and recruited from scratch by coalition forces after the 2003 invasion. The forces, directed by the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service, consist of the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Command, which has three brigades subordinate to it. The Counter Terrorism Service ("Jihaz Mukafahat al-Irhab", originally translated as Counter Terrorism Bureau) is funded by the Iraq Ministry of Defence.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: Special operations troops of the Iraqi Army were first established when Colonel Khalil Dabbagh built the first royal special units in the name of "Queen Alia Forces" in the mid-1950s. It consisted of Sunni and Shia Arabs, as well as other components of the Iraqi population. They were mainly used on an emergency basis to carry out special missions inside of Iraq and outside when the country was at war.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: The 65th Special Forces Brigade, 76th Special Forces Brigade, 78th Special Forces Brigade, and 450th Marine Brigade were active during the Persian Gulf War.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, the Saddam Hussein-era Iraqi Army was disbanded by the occupation authorities. Because of that, the current Iraqi commando force was recruited from scratch, mostly from Shia, Sunni Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians and Turkmen. In November 2005, after training in Jordan with Jordanian Special Forces and U.S. Army Special Forces ("Green Berets"), the Iraqi Special Operations Force had 1,440 men trained, composed of two combat battalions, considered equal in training and combat effectiveness to an average U.S. Army infantry battalion, and two support battalions. By March 2008, the force consisted of a single brigade which in turn was made up of an Iraqi Counter-Terrorism Force (ICTF) battalion, three Commando battalions, a support battalion and a special reconnaissance unit.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: On April 18, 2010, ISOF troops, supported by U.S. troops, carried out a night-time raid on a terrorist safe house near Tikrit. The ISOF surrounded the building and called on them to surrender, but instead the terrorists fired on them. The ISOF returned fire and assaulted the building. The ISOF killed Abu Ayyub al-Masri and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, the leaders of the Islamic State of Iraq, 16 others were also arrested.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: In the Battle of Mosul that began in October 2016, the special ops forces were the first division into the city of Mosul, which had been occupied by Islamic State since 2014. After the fall of Mosul, the ISOF battalions increasingly took up an infantry role the Iraqi army and militias weren't able to provide during operations, a role the unit was unfamiliar with for most of the war against terror. This resulted in a greater number of casualties than in previous operations, which were smaller in scale and shorter in duration.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: On 1 November 2016, the 1st Iraqi Special Forces Brigade fought its way into the Gogjali quarter of the city, becoming the first Iraqi unit to enter the city during the offensive. On 10 July 2017, the Iraqi prime minister declared the liberation of Mosul from ISIS. By the end of the battle, CTS forces suffered a 40 percent casualty rate.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: 1st Special Operations Brigade (ISOF-1) - based in Baghdad often referred to as the Golden Division, previously the Golden Brigade.


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: 3rd Special Operations Brigade (ISOF-3) was established in Basra by spring 2013, following an order by the prime minister in January 2012


title: Iraqi Special Operations Forces

text: that the forces expand by an additional brigade. It consisted of regional commando battalions in Basra, Babylon, Najaf, Maysan, Dhi Qar and Muthanna provinces, a recon battalion, and a support battalion. A Special Tactics unit is also maintained.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: The Puerto Rico national football team () represents Puerto Rico in men's international football, and are governed by the Federación Puertorriqueña de Fútbol (FPF). The team's nickname is "El Huracán Azul" meaning The Blue Hurricane. They are members of the Caribbean Football Union, and part of CONCACAF. The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup or the CONCACAF Gold Cup.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Puerto Rico's first international match was against Cuba in 1940 in which they drew 1–1. They did not record a win until a 3–0 result in 1970 against the Bahamas. In 1972, Puerto Rico recorded a 1–0 win against Panama in a friendly. Wins between the 1980s and 1990s were mainly against the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, and Martinique.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Chris Armas played for Puerto Rico in the 1993 Caribbean Cup. In the tournament, Puerto Rico established a 4-game win streak without conceding a goal. The competition was not then recognized by FIFA, and so his five matches were considered friendlies. As a result, he was later allowed to switch his allegiance to the United States, for whom he has since been capped over 50 times.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Between 1995 and 2007 Puerto Rico did not record a win, and had only four draws. During this time, the team dropped down in the FIFA Rankings to 202nd.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Over the past few years, Puerto Rico has begun to emerge as a contender, like they were in the 1990s. In 2008, they won two games as visitors against Bermuda (1–0 and 2–0), drew 2–2 with Trinidad and Tobago. They also won for the first time since 1994 when they beat the Dominican Republic in the first round of the World Cup qualifiers. Although they lost the first leg 4–0 to Honduras, they fought a 2–2 tie in the home leg in the second round. The Puerto Rican Football Federation has announced plans that would allow them to participate in the next editions of the Caribbean Cup and Gold Cup. Most capped player Andres Cabrero is the only active player as of 2021 who participated in said 2010 World Cup qualifiers.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Puerto Rico was supposed to make their debut in the 21st Central American and Caribbean Games in 2010 on home soil in Mayagüez, but due to the controversy of CONCACAF not approving the stadiums, the team couldn't compete in the football event. The team was supposed to play in Venezuela instead but due to the lack of teams, the male event was canceled.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Puerto Rico faced World and European champion Spain in a friendly on 15 August 2012, losing 2–1 in the Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: On 5 June 2015, Puerto Rico played a friendly against Bermuda, their last friendly before the qualifiers for the 2018 World Cup ending in a 1–1 draw. After losing to Grenada 2–1 in the second round of the 2018 World Cup qualifiers, Puerto Rico's Interim coach Jose 'Cukito' Martinez resigned and a few days later, the Uruguayan Carlos Avedissian solved his visa problems and could finally arrive as the head coach of the national team. On 11 December 2015, Puerto Rico played a friendly against MLS team New York City, losing 2–1.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Carlos Avedissian took charge of the team in 2015 forming a roster mainly of players from the Puerto Rico local leagues. On 22 May 2016, Puerto Rico played a friendly match against the United States for the first time ever ending in a 3–1 loss. For discrepancies with the Federation, Avedissian was substituted by Jack Stefanowski for the second round on an interim basis. With this team mainly of local players, Puerto Rico advanced for the first time to the third round of the 2017 Caribbean Cup qualification when they defeated Grenada and Antigua and Barbuda in the second round, only two games away from reaching the CONCACAF Gold Cup for the first time. Stefanowski had to leave the technical director position because he was an assistant for Puerto Rico FC.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: On 3 September 2016, Puerto Rico faced India for the first time in an international friendly match at the Mumbai Football Arena, but were defeated in the contest 1–4.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: After Stefanowski left the team to continue with Puerto Rico FC, Carlos Cantarero assumed as head coach of the national team with Jose Cukito Martinez (who had coached most of the local players in the Puerto Rico League) as assistant coach. The team played three friendlies, two against the Dominican Republic and one against India, prior to the third round matches against Antigua and Barbuda and Curaçao. Coach Cantarero couldn't coach in the friendlies due to VISA problems. After the second friendly against the Dominican Republic Assistant Coach Martinez left the team prior to the trip to India and David Guillemat assumed the position. Regardless of the administrative debacle, and coaching changes, Puerto Rico lost the decisive match against Curaçao after being 2–0 up front for which Curaçao as head of group advanced to the Gold Cup.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: Puerto Rico didn't play an international match until the summer of 2017 when they played to a scoreless draw against Indonesia.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: After the devastation of Hurricane Maria in September that left the entire island powerless. On 7 October it was reported MLS club, Orlando City SC announced a "Fuerza Puerto Rico’ Friendly" for 4 November with all the net proceeds from the match going towards the "United for Puerto Rico" initiative to raise funds and aid recovery efforts for the island. Reactivating the national team for a 3rd time this year. The friendly marked Orlando City’s last game of 2017, as well team captain, Kaká with the lions. Puerto Rico lost the exhibition match 6–1.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: In May 2018, the Puerto Rican Football Federation announced that Carlos Cantarero would no longer continue as head coach of the national team, with former Honduran player Amado Guevara taking over as head coach.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.


title: Puerto Rico national football team

text: The following 24 players were called up to the squad for the 2022–23 CONCACAF Nations League matches against British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands on 9 and 12 June 2022, respectively.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: The first season of the American supernatural drama television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" originally aired between March 10 and June 2, 1997 on The WB. Conceived as a mid-season replacement, the season consists of twelve episodes, each running approximately 45 minutes in length, and originally aired on Mondays at 9:00 pm ET.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: Teenager Buffy Summers is the Slayer, a lone young woman chosen in each generation to be bestowed with mystical powers to fight demons, beings descended from the "Old Ones", the evil inhabitants of Earth before humans, who hope to rule Earth once more. Prior to the events of the season, Buffy’s Slayer responsibilities caused her to lose her friends and be kicked out of her old school for having burned down the gym, leading her and her mother Joyce to move to Sunnydale, where Buffy hopes to have a fresh start free of the Slayer role.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: Her plans are complicated by Rupert Giles, Sunnydale High's librarian and her new Watcher, the Slayer's guardian and mentor, who reminds her of the inescapable presence of evil in the world that only she has the ability to fight. Unbeknownst to Buffy, Sunnydale is built atop a Hellmouth, a portal to demon dimensions that attracts supernatural phenomena to the area. Buffy meets two schoolmates, Xander Harris and Willow Rosenberg, who resolve to help her in her Slayer responsibilities. Together with Giles, they form the "Scooby Gang", and decide to take a combined approach to fighting demons, rather than the Slayer acting alone as is traditional.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: The Scoobies also receive help from Angel, a vampire cursed with a soul, whose motives are not entirely clear at first. There is romantic tension between the group due to Buffy's burgeoning attraction to Angel, Xander's unrequited crush on Buffy, and Xander's own obliviousness of Willow's affection for him. The Scoobies distrust Angel at first but warm to him as the season progresses, while Giles comes to genuinely care for the other Scoobies and realizes that he must take an active presence in fighting demons and cannot simply rely on books and theoretical knowledge. The Scoobies often clash with popular student Cordelia Chase, who attempted to befriend Buffy on her first day, but Buffy objected to her treatment of the other Scoobies. Over the season, Cordelia becomes aware of the supernatural world around her and becomes a reluctant ally to the Scoobies, revealing a more intelligent side to her seemingly vapid personality.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: Although the season contains several standalone episodes, there is season-long story arc which focuses on The Master, an ancient vampire who recognizes Angel as having been a great evil prior to being cursed with a soul. The Master commands a cult of vampires known as the Order of Aurelius and is trapped in another dimension by mystical forces.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: The Master plans kill the Slayer to regain his former power and open the Hellmouth. Buffy learns of a prophecy involving her death at the hands of The Master. Just as The Master begins his plot, Buffy finally confronts him. The Master bites Buffy and leaves her to drown. Buffy recovers and confronts The Master again. After a final standoff, The Master is impaled and killed on a piece of wood after falling through a skylight, leading Buffy to accept her responsibilities as the Slayer with help from her friends.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: Series creator Joss Whedon served as executive producer and showrunner, and wrote three episodes: the two-part premiere and the finale, the latter of which he also directed. Whedon also received a "Story by" credit for the episodes "Nightmares" and "Out of Mind, Out of Sight". David Greenwalt joined the series as co-executive producer because 20th Century Fox wanted an experienced television producer as Whedon had never run a television series before. Greenwalt wrote three episodes, one of which was based on a story by Whedon. Two pairs of story editors, Rob Des Hotel & Dean Batali and Matt Kiene & Joe Reinkemeyer, wrote three episodes between them. Staff writers Ashley Gable and Thomas A. Swyden wrote two episodes, one of which was based on a story by Whedon. Dana Reston wrote a single episode as a freelance script. The only director to direct more than one episode was Bruce Seth Green, who directed three episodes.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: Whedon says that ""Rhonda the Immortal Waitress" was really the first incarnation of the "Buffy" concept, just the idea of some woman who seems to be completely insignificant who turns out to be extraordinary." This early, unproduced idea evolved into "Buffy", which Whedon developed to invert the Hollywood formula of "the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie." Whedon wanted "to subvert that idea and create someone who was a hero." He explained, "The very first mission statement of the show was the joy of female power: having it, using it, sharing it."


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: The season was shot throughout 1996, with the idea first visiting through Whedon's script for the 1992 movie "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", which featured Kristy Swanson in the title role. The director, Fran Rubel Kuzui, saw it as a "pop culture comedy about what people think about vampires." Whedon disagreed: "I had written this scary film about an empowered woman, and they turned it into a broad comedy. It was crushing." The script was praised within the industry, but the movie was not.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: Several years later, Gail Berman, a Fox executive, approached Whedon to develop his "Buffy" concept into a television series. Whedon explained that "They said, 'Do you want to do a show?' And I thought, 'High school as a horror movie.' And so the metaphor became the central concept behind "Buffy", and that's how I sold it." The supernatural elements in the series stood as metaphors for personal anxieties associated with adolescence and young adulthood. Whedon went on to write and partly fund a 25-minute non-broadcast pilot that was shown to networks and eventually sold to The WB Television Network. The latter promoted the premiere with a series of "History of the Slayer" clips, and the first episode aired on March 10, 1997. Whedon declared in June 2003 that the non-broadcast pilot would not be included with DVDs of the series, stating that it "sucks on ass."


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the first season scored 80 out of 100, based on 15 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews". Rotten Tomatoes gave season one a score of 92% with an average rating of 8 out of 10 based on 26 reviews with a critics' consensus stating, ""Buffy" slays her way into the pop-culture lexicon in a debut season that lays the groundwork for one of TV's greatest supernatural teen dramas."


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: The pilot episode, "Welcome to the Hellmouth", was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Makeup for a Series.


title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)

text: "Buffy the Vampire Slayer": The Complete First Season was released on DVD in region 1 on January 15, 2002 and in region 2 on November 27, 2000. The DVD includes all 12 episodes on three discs presented in full frame 1.33:1 aspect ratio. Special features on the DVD include a commentary track by creator Joss Whedon on "Welcome to Hellmouth" and "The Harvest", along with the original script for the episode. Other features include interviews with Joss Whedon and cast member David Boreanaz, with Whedon discussing the episodes "Witch", "Never Kill a Boy on the First Date", "Angel" and "The Puppet Show". Also included are cast/crew biographies, DVD-ROM content, photo galleries, and series trailers.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: Utrecht (), officially the Province of Utrecht (), is a province of the Netherlands. It is located in the centre of the country, bordering the Eemmeer in the north-east, the province of Gelderland in the east and south-east, the province of South Holland in the west and south-west and the province of North Holland in the north-west and north. The province of Utrecht has a population of 1,353,596 as of November 2019. It has a land area of approximately . Apart from its eponymous capital, major cities and towns in the province are Amersfoort, Houten, IJsselstein, Nieuwegein, Veenendaal and Zeist. The busiest railway station in the Netherlands, Utrecht Centraal, is located in the province of Utrecht.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: The Bishopric of Utrecht was established in 695 when Saint Willibrord was consecrated bishop of the Frisians at Rome by Pope Sergius I. With the consent of the Frankish ruler, Pippin of Herstal, he settled in an old Roman fort in Utrecht. After Willibrord's death the diocese suffered greatly from the incursions of the Vikings. Better times appeared during the reign of the Saxon emperors, who frequently summoned the Bishops of Utrecht to attend the imperial councils and diets. In 1024 the bishops were made Princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the new Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht was formed. In 1122, with the Concordat of Worms, the Emperor's right of investiture was annulled, and the cathedral chapter received the right to elect the bishop. It was, however, soon obligated to share this right with the four other collegiate chapters in the city. The Counts of Holland and Guelders, between whose territories the lands of the Bishops of Utrecht lay, also sought to acquire influence over the filling of the episcopal see. This often led to disputes and consequently the Holy See frequently interfered in the election. After the middle of the 14th century the popes repeatedly appointed the bishop directly without regard to the five chapters.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: During the Hook and Cod Wars, Utrecht was fought over by forces of the Duke of Burgundy leading to the First Utrecht Civil War (1470-1474) and Second Utrecht Civil War (1481-1483).


title: Utrecht (province)

text: In 1527, the Bishop sold his territories, and thus his secular authority, to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the principality became an integral part of the Habsburg dominions, which already included most other Dutch provinces. The chapters transferred their right of electing the bishop to Charles V and his government, a measure to which Pope Clement VII gave his consent, under political pressure after the Sack of Rome. However, the Habsburg rule did not last long, as Utrecht joined in the Dutch Revolt against Charles' successor Philip II in 1579, becoming a part of the Dutch Republic.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: In World War II, Utrecht was held by German forces until the general capitulation of the Germans in the Netherlands on May 5, 1945. It was occupied by Canadian Allied forces on May 7, 1945. The towns of Oudewater, Woerden, Vianen and Leerdam were transferred from the province of South Holland to Utrecht in 1970, 1989, 2002 and 2019 respectively. In February 2011, Utrecht, together with the provinces of North Holland and Flevoland, showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces. This has been positively received by the Dutch cabinet, for the desire to create one Randstad province has already been mentioned in the coalition agreement. The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province, and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province, is not named. With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: In the east of Utrecht lies the Utrecht Hill Ridge (Dutch: Utrechtse Heuvelrug), a chain of hills left as lateral moraine by tongues of glacial ice after the Saline glaciation that preceded the last ice age. Because of the scarcity of nutrients in the fast-draining sandy soil, the greatest part of a landscape that was formerly heath has been planted with pine plantations. The south of the province is a river landscape. The west consists mostly of meadows. In the north are big lakes formed by the digging of peat from bogs formed after the last ice age.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: One of the most attractive natural areas in the province is the Vechtstreek ("Vecht region"), situated on either side of the Vecht river.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: An international nature conservation organisation that has settled the head office of its Netherlands branch in this province (at Zeist) is the WWF.


title: Utrecht (province)

text: "Natuur en Milieu" ("Nature and Environment") is a national nature protection organisation whose head office is in this province (at Utrecht city).