text: After not being used for several months Ukraine is now using Bayraktar TB2 drones again. Ukraine has started putting footage from these online again after no new footage in the last two months. This has been credited to the use of HARM missiles and their impact on Russian air defences.


title: Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: phase 3

text: Sky News reported that Russia bought rockets from North Korea to assist with the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.


text: The US is looking to double its production of 155 mm shells due to a need to replenish US stocks as well as supply Ukrainian needs. The Pentagon wants to increase the number of HIMARS built each month to 12.


text: As part of a major counteroffensive, Ukrainian forces recaptured Kupiansk and Izium; according to the UK Ministry of Defence, Russian defences in the Kharkiv region were "likely taken by surprise". By late afternoon, Ukrainian troops were reported to have reached Lysychansk in Luhansk Oblast. The Russian Ministry of Defence spokesperson Igor Konashenkov responded to these developments by claiming that Russian forces in the Balakliya and Izyum area would "regroup" in the Donetsk area "in order to achieve the stated goals of the special military operation to liberate Donbas". Ukrainian President Zelenskyy said that Ukraine has recaptured since the start of the counteroffensive.


text: The Russian Ministry of Defense published a map which confirmed that Russian forces in Kharkiv region had retreated to the east bank of the Oskol river. The settlements of Kozachya Lopan, Vovchansk and Lyptsi were confirmed as being under control of Ukrainian forces. By late afternoon, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the formal withdrawal of Russian forces from nearly all of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an "operation to curtail and transfer troops" was underway.


text: Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov questioned Russian leadership of the war, writing on Telegram: "They have made mistakes and I think they will draw the necessary conclusions. If they don't make changes in the strategy of conducting the special military operation in the next day or two, I will be forced to contact the leadership of the Defense Ministry and the leadership of the country to explain the real situation on the ground."


text: Following the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive, Russia launched missile strikes with Kalibr cruise missiles on critical infrastructure objects, including Kharkiv TEC-5, causing a total blackout and water shutdown in Northeastern Ukraine and the Kharkiv and Donetsk Oblasts.


text: Ukraine claimed it had reached the Russia–Ukraine border. Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had retaken a total of from Russia, in both the south and the east; the BBC could not verify the claims.


text: On the Kherson front, it was reported that Russian forces had withdrawn from Kiselyovka, a settlement 15 km from Kherson. The Ukrainian armed forces announced that the frontline in the Kherson region had advanced by 12 km and that including 13 settlements had been recovered.


text: Ukrainian Governor of Luhansk Oblast, Serhiy Haidai, stated that Russian forces had left Kreminna three days ago, the Ukrainian flag has been raised by local residents and that Ukrainian forces had not yet entered the town. He also said that Russian forces had fled Starobilsk, adding that the city was "practically empty".


text: After a phone call with Vladimir Putin, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz told journalists that Putin did not seem to believe that the invasion of Ukraine was a mistake. UN Secretary-General António Guterres also said that prospects for a peace negotiation were "minimal".


text: Russian forces launched eight cruise missiles at the dam of the Karachunivske reservoir causing extensive flooding in Kryvyi Rih and a increase of water level in the Inhulets River.


text: The United States announced a $600 million aid package for Ukraine, including additional HIMARS ammunition, "tens of thousands" of 105 mm artillery rounds, one thousand 155 mm rounds, counter-drone systems, winter gear, and night vision devices.


text: BM-21 missiles and heavy artillery shelled Nikopol, injuring 1 and damaging 11 high-rise buildings, a kindergarten, a school, gas furnaces, and power lines.


text: Two people were killed as the result of a rocket attack by Russian forces on residential buildings in the town of Chuhuiv.


text: Catherine, Princess of Wales met Olena Zelenska, the first lady of Ukraine, at Buckingham Palace on Sunday.


text: The Ukrainian Ground Forces recaptured the village of Bilohorivka in Luhansk Oblast during their advance on Lysychansk.


text: A Russian missile hit the outskirts of the South Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant, damaging buildings and a neighboring hydroelectric power station. Nuclear reactors were not damaged.


text: The Russian State Duma introduced laws prohibiting voluntary surrender and looting, with aggravating circumstances including committing the crime "during mobilization or martial law". Under those circumstances, refusing to obey a superior's order or participate in military action was also made illegal. Penalties for not reporting for military duty, or leaving it without permission, were increased.


text: The Russian-appointed officials of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics announced referendums to approve their annexation by Russia on 23–27 September. Similar referendums were announced by the occupying Russian officials in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia.


text: In a prerecorded speech, Vladimir Putin officially announced partial mobilization to begin immediately. Although Putin's address stated only reservists will be called up, with a focus on reservists with military experience, the official decree allowed for any citizen to be conscripted with exceptions for only age, sickness, and imprisonment status; it was reported that anti-war protesters who had been arrested were being conscripted. Furthermore, militants in the Luhansk and Donetsk People's Republics will be considered soldiers of the Russian Federation going forward, and the LPR and DPR military units will be reordered according to Russian standards. Defence minister Sergei Shoigu said that 300,000 reservists will be mobilized. Putin also raised the threat of a nuclear response, saying "Russia will use all the instruments at its disposal to counter a threat against its territorial integrity—this is not a bluff".


text: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia reported that Russia released ten foreign prisoners of war after mediation by Mohammed bin Salman. According to Robert Jenrick, the junior health minister of Britain, Aiden Aslin is among the prisoners released. Viktor Medvedchuk was reportedly freed as part of the deal.


text: A record high of 215 Ukrainian soldiers, including fighters who led the defence of the Azovstal steelworks in Mariupol, have been released in a prisoner exchange with Russia after mediation by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Zelenskyy announced that, as part of the agreement, five of the freed captives would remain in Turkey in secure but comfortable conditions until the war is over.


text: Russian-occupied regions held referendums to join Russia. US President Joe Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz referred to them as shams.


text: In Izium, in the Kharkiv region, the exhumation a mass burial was completed. A total of 436 bodies were recovered, of which thirty had traces of torture.


text: The Armed Forces of Ukraine reestablished control over the settlement of Yatskivka in the Donetsk region. The settlement is east of the Oskil river, which acts as a front line for a large portion of the eastern front.


text: The United Kingdom introduced new sanctions against Russia due to Russia's holding of pseudo-referendums in occupied Ukrainian territories. The sanctions list includes 92 individuals and legal entities, including 33 Russian officials sent to the occupied territories of Ukraine as well as 55 top managers of Russian state-owned companies.


text: The Armed Forces of Ukraine retook the village of Kupiansk-Vuzlovyi in the Kharkiv region. As of 27 September, up to 6% of the territory of the Kharkiv region remained under occupation.


text: The results of the referendums in the Russian-occupied territories were announced, all of which were in favor of annexation into Russia, with Donetsk 99.23% in favour, Luhansk 98.42% in favour, Kherson 87.05%, and Zaporizhzhia at 93.11%. There were planned votes in the Mykolaiv and Kharkiv oblasts that never materialized, mainly owing to limited control of territory. As a side effect of these referendums, Russia may now claim that the "very existence of the state is at risk", since much of the war is happening on what it now illegally considers Russian territory. This may be used as justification of using nuclear weapons.


text: Over 194,000 Russian citizens, primarily fighting age men and their families, have left Russia in what has been called a "mass exodus" after the announcement of a draft of 300,000 citizens to fight in the war. Many have gone to Kazakhstan, Serbia, Georgia, and Finland.


text: NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg attributed the Nord Stream pipeline leaks to acts of sabotage. The next day, the Swedish Coast Guard found a fourth leak on Nord Stream 2.


text: The Ukrainian police have recorded at least 582 war crimes committed by Russia in the formerly occupied territories of the Kharkiv Oblast.


text: Finland announced the closure of its borders to Russian citizens at midnight. The Finnish Government deemed that the Russian mobilization and the rapidly increasing volume of tourists arriving in and transiting via the country endanger Finland's international position and relations.


text: Ukraine fully captured Kupiansk. Russian soldiers held positions on the eastern beach of the river Oskil that flows through the city. Exchange of fire happened until the positions had been taken.


text: Vladimir Putin signed decrees recognizing the sovereignty and independence of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast.


text: At least thirty civilians died and dozens more were injured in Zaporizhzhia when a Russian missile hit a humanitarian convoy.


text: Putin held a speech in a so-called "signing ceremony" intended to mark the Russian annexation of Southeastern Ukraine. In the speech, Putin announced claims on Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia, saying they were now "four new regions" of the Russian Federation. In response, Zelenskyy asked NATO to give Ukraine membership into the military alliance.


text: Ukrainian troops raised the Ukrainian flag at an entrance to the city of Lyman. Russia confirmed that it had lost control of Lyman later that afternoon.


text: Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov called on Putin to take "more drastic measures", including martial law and the use of low-yield nuclear weapons. This is in response to the Russian withdrawal from Lyman where he placed blame on communication among leadership and supply issues.


text: A Ukrainian armoured offensive burst through Russian lines in the south capturing multiple villages along the Dnieper river. This was the biggest Ukrainian advance in the south since the war began.


text: It was reported that Russian forces had fled from Nyzhe Zolone, Pidlyman, Nyznya Zhuravka, Borova and Shyikivka in Kharkiv Oblast and that Ukrainian authorities had regained control of those settlements, effectively ending the Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast.


text: According to Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu, more than 200,000 people have been called up for military service since Russia announced a "partial mobilization".


text: The US announced a new package of $625 million to Ukraine. They also sent 4 more HIMARS rocket artillery systems.


text: Ukrainian forces regained control of numerous settlements north of the Dnieper River in Kherson Oblast including Davydiv Brid, Lyubymivka, Khreshchenivka, Zolota Balka, Bilyaivka, Ukrainka and Velyka Oleksandrivka.


text: The pro-Russian deputy head of the Kherson region, Kirill Stremousov, stated that Russian forces were regrouping to strike back at Ukrainian troops; he added that the Ukrainian advance had been "halted" and therefore it was "not possible" for the Ukrainian Army to break through to the city of Kherson. The Russians were seemingly retreating to fortified positions around Nova Kakhovka. Russian officers (but not troops) were reported as withdrawing from Snihurivka.


text: According to CNN, unidentified "US intelligence officials" believe that the car bombing of Darya Dugina may have been authorized "by elements within the Ukrainian government".


text: Russian forces launched seven rockets into apartment buildings in Zaporizhzhia, killing at least three people and wounding twelve others. The casualties rose to 17 (including one child) by 9 October.


text: An explosion on the Crimean Bridge caused a section to burn and partially collapse resulting in the death of at least 3 people.


text: Russian Armed Forces launched six missiles at an apartment block in Zaporizhzhia, resulting in the deaths of 13 people and injuring more than 89 others.


text: Russia launched a massive missile strike across the entire territory of Ukraine, including the capital, Kyiv, killing at least 23 civilians and injuring more than 100. Putin said that Russia carried out this attack as revenge for the attack on the Crimean Bridge. The German Embassy in Kyiv was damaged due to the strikes. No officials were present at the embassy since it has been vacant since the war began.


text: Alexander Lukashenko announced Belarus would form a "joint regional group of forces" with Russia, possibly also joining the war further on. Lukashenko said, "If they touch one metre of our territory then the Crimean Bridge will seem to them like a walk in the park."


text: The United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution ES-11/4 by a large majority, calling on countries not to recognise the four regions of Ukraine which Russia has claimed, following so-called referendums held late last month, and demanding that Moscow reverse course on its "attempted illegal annexation". 143 member states voted in favor and 35 abstained, notably China and India. Only Belarus, North Korea, Nicaragua, Russia and Syria voted against the resolution.


text: Russian forces launched eight missiles at Mykolaiv, hitting a five-story residential building. One of the victims was an 11-year-old boy.


text: A Ukrainian MiG-29 became the first manned aircraft to be downed by a drone during combat. The pilot claimed to have destroyed a Shahed-136 drone with his cannon, with the resulting blast downing the aircraft and hospitalising the pilot.


text: Eleven people were killed and 15 others injured after two shooters opened fire on a group of volunteers at a Russian military training ground in Soloti, Belgorod Oblast, near the border with Ukraine. The two attackers were killed during the incident.


text: Ukrainian officials claimed to have found wreckage of multiple HESA Shahed 136 kamikaze drones which struck Kyiv, causing three to four explosions and killing at least 4 people, according to the city's mayor, Vitali Klitschko. Another four were killed in Sumy. This came after Russian President Vladimir Putin said there was no need for further "large-scale" strikes on Ukraine. According to a Reuters journalist, some drones bore the inscription "For Belgorod". In Mykolaiv the mayor, Oleksandr Senkevich, said sunflower oil tanks caught fire after a drone attack. The Ukrainian Air Force said it intercepted 37 drones.


text: A Russian Sukhoi Su-34 fighter-bomber crashed into a residential building in the Russian city of Yeysk, causing multiple apartments to catch fire. The pilots managed to eject safely, according to Russian agencies; 13 people were killed and 19 injured in the crash.


text: According to Ukrainian officials, Russian forces have struck "critical infrastructure" north of Kyiv and in Zhytomyr, leading to water and power cuts in Zhytomyr. In Kyiv "several explosions" were heard, while in Mykolaiv a person is claimed to have been killed by a missile strike. Dnipro was also attacked. President Zelenskyy claims that over the last 8 days, since 10 October, a third of Ukrainian power stations have been destroyed. He wrote on Twitter: "no space left for negotiations with Russian President Vladimir Putin's regime." In total, over the last 10 days, Ukrainian national emergency services claim that 70 people were killed, 290 were wounded and 1,162 villages and towns remain without power due to attacks on electrical infrastructure.


text: In a prisoner swap between Ukraine and Russia, 108 women were freed, including 97 service personnel and 37 Azovstal evacuees.


text: Sergey Surovikin said that civilians were being relocated from Kherson in preparation for a Ukrainian offensive on the city. It looks to be aimed at 50 to 60 thousand civilians. Ukraine has called on residents to ignore the Russian move.


text: Russian President Vladimir Putin declared martial law in the annexed Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts. Russia also introduced an "intermediate response level" in Crimea and Sevastopol, and in regions bordering Ukraine: Krasnodar Krai and the Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, and Rostov Oblasts.


text: Power outages were reported across Ukraine as Russian airstrikes across the country struck critical infrastructure and energy facilities.


text: The US has dismissed Russian fears of Ukraine using a dirty bomb. Two weeks later, UN nuclear inspectors announced they had found no evidence of a dirty bomb in Ukraine.


text: Russia started recruiting members of the Afghan National Army Commando Corps, soldiers trained by the US Navy SEALs and British Armed Forces.


text: Russian forces have deported about 70,000 Ukrainian civilians from the right bank of the Dnieper river, some of them to southern Russia.


text: Moscow-backed authorities in Zaporizhzhia ordered phone checks on local residents following the implementation of military censorship.


text: South Korea has denied they were sending weapons to Ukraine after Putin's remarks that such a move "would destroy relations".


text: The European Union appointed General Piotr Trytek of Poland to lead its training mission for Ukrainian troops.


text: The Russian-occupied Sevastopol Naval Base was attacked by unmanned surface vehicles and drones. Nine UAVs and seven USVs were destroyed according to Russian officials. Russia accused Britain of being involved in the preparation of the attacks. The UK Ministry of Defence responded, saying Russia was "peddling lies on an epic scale". After the attack, Russia suspended its participation in the Black Sea Grain Initiative but resumed its participation four days later. One of the ships which appeared to be damaged in videos was the "Admiral Makarov", the new flagship of Russia's Black Sea Fleet following the sinking of the "Moskva".


text: Russian Armed Forces launched more than 50 missiles at energy infrastructure in Kyiv, and other regions such as Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, Cherkasy and Kirovohrad. 13 people were injured by the strikes. Up to 18 facilities were hit, according to Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal. 40% of Kyiv residents were left without water and 270,000 apartments were left without electricity. One missile shot down by Ukraine fell in the Moldovan village of Naslavcea, causing no casualties but shattering windows in some houses. Moldova told an unnamed Russian embassy employee to leave the country, making him a "persona non grata".


text: Ukrainian Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov has announced that Ukroboronprom will start manufacturing 152 and 122mm shells for its Soviet-era weapons.


text: President Putin has signed a decree that allows people convicted of serious crimes to be mobilised into the Russian army. Exempted from this decree are people convicted of sex crimes involving minors and crimes against the state such as treason, spying or terrorism—such people still cannot be mobilised. This could allow "hundreds of thousands" of people to be mobilised.


text: Ukrainian forces entered Snihurivka. Russian forces announced their withdrawal from the city of Kherson and their retreat to the east bank of the Dnipro.


text: The pro-Russian deputy head of the Kherson region, Kirill Stremousov, died in a car crash near Henichesk.


text: Several United States officials announced a $400 million military aid package to Ukraine, including ammunition for the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), mortars and missiles for the Hawk surface-to-air anti-aircraft system, and, for the first time, Avenger air defense systems.


text: Ukrainian troops entered the city of Kherson with little fighting, while the front line reached the western bank of the Dnipro River.


text: The United Nations General Assembly has passed a resolution that holds Russia responsible for all damage caused to Ukraine by the invasion and demands reparations.


text: Russia launched about 85 to 100 missiles at a number of Ukrainian cities. The recent strategic bombing campaign has caused severe shortages of electricity and water at multiple cities. According to the Ukrainian Air Force some 77 of 96 Russian missiles were shot down. A Pentagon official claims the Russian plan is to exhaust the Ukrainian air defences. An one stage some 50 missiles were in combat “within minutes” near the Polish border.


text: A missile crossed over Polish borders and struck the village of Przewodów, killing two civilians. Top leaders in Poland held an emergency meeting. Initial assessments by the United States found that the missile was likely to have been an air defence missile fired by Ukrainian forces at an incoming Russian missile.


text: According to Ukraine's Operational Command South, Ukrainian rocket and artillery units attacked Russian positions on the left bank of the Dnipro River and in the area of the Kinburn Spit.


text: After the missile strikes, more than 10 million people were without power by 17 November, but a day later Ukrainian officials reported that electricity had already been restored to "nearly 100%" of Ukraine.


text: According to Ukrainian officials, one of the wrecks of missiles found after a missile attack earlier that day is that of an "X-55/Kh-55" cruise missile. These missiles are apparently incapable of carrying a conventional warhead, but this specific missile had an "imitation block" (model for training) of a nuclear bomb. They believe that the missile was meant to help overwhelm Ukraine's missile defenses.


text: New Zealand Defence Minister Peeni Henare became the first NZ minister to visit Kyiv. He has indicated that New Zealand is prepared to consider more aid.


text: The European Parliament declared Russia a "state sponsor of terrorism" for the way Russia has systematically attacked civilians and committed war crimes. This declaration is itself symbolic, but calls for more sanctions.


text: The Russian military has launched 65 to 70 missiles at civilian settlements and energy infrastructure, although 51 of those were said to have been shot down. The attack caused blackouts over much of Ukraine and forced several nuclear power plants to shut down. Much of Moldova was also experiencing blackouts due to the attack-related power grid failure in Ukraine.


text: According to U.S. and Ukrainian officials, about 1/3 of Western-supplied artillery is always out of action in Ukraine due to wear-related mechanical problems. The United States European Command is said to have a repair base in Poland, but it is problematic to transport the weapons there from the front.


text: The Russian army was actively pushing on both sides of Bakhmut, a city in the immediate vicinity of the front on the Ukrainian side. The Russians were trying to encircle the town, but according to observers, they were making very slow progress, so there was no immediate danger to the settlement and the Russians might not be able to encircle it at the current rate.


text: Jens Stoltenberg, the Secretary-General of NATO, made a speech at the meeting of NATO foreign ministers at Bucharest, in which he expressed alliance commitment to support Ukraine for as long as is required, because allowing Russia to win would only embolden Putin. He also promised Ukraine that NATO would one day accept them as a member and that Putin cannot deny sovereign nations the right to make their own sovereign decisions that are not a threat to Russia. He also speculated that the main challenges to Putin are democracy and freedom.


text: Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, speaking in the name of the EU, suggested the creation of a UN court to investigate war crimes committed by Russia. Russia does not recognize the International Criminal Court, so the European Commission has proposed two possible alternative ways to hold Russia accountable: either to create a court that would be set up by international treaties, or to create an international court with a number of judges from several countries. She estimated the war-damage to Ukraine is about 600 billion Euros. She proposed a financial plan to help pay for this. She pointed out that the EU has frozen 300 billion Euros worth of Russian central bank reserves and 20 billion Euros worth of money belonging to Russias oligarchs, which she suggested should be invested. The investments could be given to Ukraine when sanctions are lifted. The original statement by Ursula von der Leyen included a claim that 100,000 Ukrainian soldiers and 20,000 Ukrainian civilians have been killed so far in the war. This angered unspecified Ukrainian military officials, who are reported to have said that the death toll is classified information. In response, the European Commission edited the video of von der Leyen's speech to remove this information. Official publications of the text of the speech was also edited to omit the numbers.


text: Ukrainian Presidential Advisor Mykhailo Podolyak claims that 10-13,000 Ukrainian soldiers have been killed since 24 February, with a figure last given in August of 9,000.


text: Explosions were reported at two Russian airbases: the one at Engels-2 reportedly damaged two Tu-95s according to Baza; the other at the Dyagilevo military airbase near Ryazan, destroyed a fuel truck and killed three, injuring five. Russian Minisitry of Defence stated Ukraine attempted to strike Russia's long-range aviation bombers with Soviet-made jet drones, and that the drones were subsequently shot down at low altitude when approaching the air bases. The attack involved the use of Tu-141 drones that were taken out of storage. They appear to have been fitted with improvised explosives. While no significant damage or burn marks are visible on satellite images of the Engels-2 air base, at least one Tu-22M3 bomber was visually confirmed to be slightly damaged at the Dyagilevo air base.


text: Following the attacks, Russia launched a renewed wave of missile strikes against Ukraine, consisting of about 70 cruise misilles. Ukraine claimed 60 missiles have been shot down, Russia claimed 17 targets have been hit on the ground. As a result, a missile fell again within the borders of Moldova, near the city of Briceni.


text: The Russian governor of Kursk, Roman Starovoyt, claimed that a Ukrainian drone attack destroyed an oil tank near an airbase. No reports of casualties and the fire was under control. No comment from Ukraine on these claims.


text: President Putin has acknowledged that the "special military operation" is taking longer than expected, however the Russian nuclear arsenal is preventing the conflict from escalating. As in June 2022, he made another reference to the expansion of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great.


text: Putin revealed that he is considering adopting the concept of the "preemptive strike" from the U.S. According to him, the U.S. openly discussed this policy some years ago, but currently Russia is only just thinking about it. A few hours after Putin's statement, Jens Stoltenberg, general secretary of NATO, warned that there's a real possibility of a major war between Russia and NATO.


text: Russia re-occupied the previously liberated Dnipro river island of Ostriv Velykyi Potomkin close to Kherson. This was confirmed by presidential advisor Oleksii Arestovych and Lieutenant Colonel Konstiantyn Mashovets, as well as some unofficial Russian sources. The General Staff of the Ukrainian armed forces claimed on 15 December that Russia had begun the process of forcibly deporting the island's civilian residents.


text: Russia used Iranian-made drones to hit two energy facilities in Odesa, leaving all non-critical infrastructure in the Ukrainian port without power and 1.5 million people without electricity.


text: Ukraine launched a missile attack on the Russian-occupied city of Melitopol including at a Russian military barracks; according to Melitopol’s Russia-installed administrators, four missiles hit the city, killing two people. In addition, explosions were reported in Donetsk and Crimea.


text: Ukraine President Zelenskyy said that Russian forces have turned the city of Bakhmut into "burned ruins".


text: Ukraine President Zelenskyy has appealed to the G7 for tanks, artillery and long range weapons. In response, the G7 has pledged to meet Ukraine's requirements.


text: Luhansk’s exiled Governor Serhiy Haidai claimed that Ukraine's armed forces killed personnel from the Wagner Group, a private military company in the Luhansk Region.


text: The UK sanctioned Russian military commanders for missile attacks and Iranian businessmen for the production and supply of military drones. EU sanctioned 20 individuals and one entity of Iran over human rights abuse. Ministers of the European Union of Foreign Affairs have also claimed that they have proofs to support Iran supplying Shahed-136 drones to Russia despite denials from both countries.


text: Robert Magowan, a British lieutenant general and former commander of the Royal Marines, has revealed that the Royal Marines have several times been involved in "secret operations" in Ukraine, in "extremely sensitive context", involving "a high level of political and military risk".


text: Denis Pushilin, Acting head of Donetsk's People of Republic has claimed that half of the Donetsk region is under Russian control.


text: Three explosions were heard in the centre of Kyiv; Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy claimed that Ukrainian air defence forces shot down 13 Iranian Shahed drones.


text: Reports emerged that U.S. officials were finalising and preparing to announce a plan to provide Ukraine with the sophisticated Patriot air defence system, agreeing to an urgent request from Ukrainian leaders amid increasing Russian missile attacks against Ukraine's infrastructure. Reportedly, the Biden administration was reluctant to deploy the system for months, as a Patriot battery complex can need as many as 90 trained troops to operate and maintain it, along with concerns that it would provoke Russia to escalate. Dmitry Medvedev, deputy chairman of Russia's Security Council, had previously warned that if Patriots were deployed in Ukraine, the system and its operators would become legitimate targets of Russia. Russia's foreign ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova warned that if the U.S. confirmed reports it was sending Patriot air defense systems to Ukraine, it "would mean even broader involvement of military personnel in the hostilities and could entail possible consequences." Zakharova called the potential deployment of the air defense system "another provocative move by the U.S." and said the U.S. "has effectively become a party" to the war.


text: Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights Dmytro Lubinets claimed that a children's torture chamber had been uncovered in Kherson.


text: Andrii Yermak, Chief of Staff of the Office of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, said that they have released around 64 military personnel and a US Citizen during a prisoner swap deal with Russia.


text: Zelenskyy said that Russia should start to withdraw their troops by Christmas as a step to end the conflict. Russia responded "No Christmas Ceasefire" until Ukraine accepts loss of territory.


text: The Kyiv School of Economics published a report estimating that, as of November 2022, Russia's invasion had caused $136 billion in direct damage to Ukraine's infrastructure. Energy infrastructure, industry, public, and private enterprises were impacted the most.


text: USAID delivered four excavators and over 130 generators to Kyiv for use in "boiler houses and heat supply stations" according to mayor Vitali Klitschko.


text: The recently liberated city of Kherson was entirely without power following recent Russian shelling, which killed at least two people. The Kherson military administration said the city was hit 86 times with "artillery, MLRS, tanks, mortars and UAVs," in the past 24 hours.


text: In the Donbas, Ukrainian forces bombarded Donetsk city in the largest wave of shelling seen since 2014, according to mayor Alexey Kulemzin.


text: Volker Türk, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, published a detailed summary of 441 killings including 8 girls during the conflict.


text: Russia launched around 76 missiles on Kyiv, Kharkiv, Poltava, and Kremenchuk, destroying infrastructure. Reports suggest at least four were killed in Kryvyi Rih. These 76 missiles were fired at 9 power plants; Ukraine claims 60 were intercepted.


text: Missiles were launched targeting infrastructure on Kyiv, Kharkiv, Kryvyi Rih and Zaporhizhzhia. Kyiv council member Ksenia Semenova stated that approximately 60% of residents were without power and 70% were without water. Ukraine restored power and water to approximately 6 million residents in 24 hours. 37 out of the 40 missiles fired at Kyiv were intercepted.


text: Russia has started a new campaign on TV to recruit more soldiers. In one advert, some men leave for Georgia. An old woman drops her groceries and men who have not left help her pick them up. She then says: "The boys have left, the men stayed."


text: The Russian government is recruiting musicians to boost morale. The so-called "front-line creative brigade" will be made up from mobilised soldiers and musicians who have volunteered.


text: Ukrainian Governor of Kyiv Oblast Oleksiy Kuleba stated that approximately 20 unmanned aerial vehicles targeted critical infrastructure, of which 15 were destroyed by the Ukraine Air defense system. Another set of 35 kamikaze drones was launched, destroying infrastructure leaving three areas in Kyiv without power supply.


text: Russian President Vladimir Putin has said that the situation is "extremely difficult" in the four areas of Russia-annexed Ukraine. Putin has ordered the Federal Security Services to step up surveillance at the country's borders to combat "emergence of new threats" from abroad and traitors. Ukrainian President Zelenskyy visited the Bakhmut region.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: In the Lonely Hour is the debut album by English singer and songwriter Sam Smith. It was released in the United Kingdom on 26 May 2014 via Capitol UK and Method Records. In the United States, it was released on 17 June 2014 through Capitol Records America. The album includes the hit singles "Money on My Mind" and "Stay with Me", both of which were number one in the UK; the latter becoming a hit worldwide, peaking in the top ten in over 20 countries, including reaching number two in the US. The album's third hit single, "I'm Not the Only One", reached number three in the UK and number five in the US. A deluxe edition of the album contains five bonus tracks, including a solo acoustic version of Disclosure's single "Latch" and Naughty Boy's number-one single "La La La", on both of which Smith provided guest vocals.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: Upon its release, "In the Lonely Hour" received mostly lukewarm reviews from critics, many of whom praised Smith's vocal performance but were critical of the songwriting. The album was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It was the second best-selling album of 2014 in the UK, and the third best-selling of 2014 in the United States. It was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, winning the latter and losing to "Morning Phase" by Beck in the former. "In the Lonely Hour" also received a nomination for Best British Album at the 2015 Brit Awards; the accolade ultimately went to Ed Sheeran for "x".


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: The album was re-released in November 2015 as "In the Lonely Hour (Drowning Shadows Edition)", which features 12 new tracks, including the Disclosure single "Omen" (which features vocals from Smith), the Comic Relief version of "Lay Me Down" featuring John Legend, and covers of Whitney Houston's "How Will I Know" and Amy Winehouse's "Love Is a Losing Game".


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: It was announced on 16 December 2013 that Smith's debut studio album would be released on 26 May 2014 through Capitol Records. On 7 January 2014, Smith unveiled the artwork and track listing for the album. The standard edition of the album contains ten tracks, including the singles "Lay Me Down" and "Money on My Mind".


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: In an interview with "Digital Spy", Smith described the overarching theme of their album as "sad". Talking about the name of the album they said: "People are saying, 'Oh but it's too sad', but that's what it's about. I was sad, heartbroken, and I wrote about being sad. Hopefully I'll be happier soon and I'll write about that." Smith also said in an interview with The Line of Best Fit that the most personal song in this album is "Good Thing".


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: In another interview with Digital Spy, when asked to describe the album, they said: "My debut album is just a diary from a lonely 21-year-old. That's what it is. It was my way of talking about the only real issue in my life. I don't have that many sad things going on in my life and it was the only thing that was really affecting me last year: I fell in love with someone who didn't love me back, and it made me get into this head space of, 'Will I find a man to love? When will I find love?' This album is my 'fuck off' to everyone and basically say, 'No, I have been in love with a man and, if anything, it was much more painful than your version', because I'm not getting what I want with a man and it's so close I can almost taste him. So, it's my way of defining what is love, and how unrequited love is just as painful, just as powerful, as what we call 'normal' love."


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "Lay Me Down" was released as the lead single from the album on 15 February 2013. In January 2014, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 134 after Smith won the BBC Sound of 2014. It then peaked at number 46 after being mentioned by James Corden at the 2014 Brit Awards.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "Money on My Mind" was released as the album's second official single. It officially impacted radio stations in Italy on 27 December 2013. It was also officially released later in the UK on 12 February 2014 and in Germany on 16 February. The song has peaked to number 1 on the UK Singles Chart and number 4 on the Irish Singles Chart. The song has also charted in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. A music video for the song was first released onto YouTube on 12 January 2014. The song has sold in excess of 600,000 copies in the UK alone.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "Stay with Me" was released as the third single. It officially impacted Adult Contemporary radio in the United States on 14 April 2014. It was made available for purchase in the UK as a digital download on 18 May 2014. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart. The song is Smith's most internationally successful, peaking at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 as well as reaching the top-five in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Spain and Sweden. As of March 2015, the song has sold 3.5 million copies in the US, 700,000 copies in the UK, 300,000 copies in Australia, 400,000 copies in Canada and 200,000 copies in both Germany and Sweden.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "I'm Not the Only One" was the album's fourth single, released on 31 August 2014. It peaked at number three in the United Kingdom and number five in the United States, giving Smith their third top ten hit. It has since gone onto sell in excess of 2,000,000 copies in the US and 600,000 copies in the UK. The song was also successful in Australasia and Europe, peaking within the top-twenty of most charts.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "Like I Can" was released as the album's fifth single on 5 December 2014. It became Smith's fourth consecutive top-ten hit as a lead artist in the UK by reaching number nine on the UK Singles Chart. It also peaked within the top-twenty in Australia and New Zealand.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: A live version of album track "I've Told You Now", performed at St Pancras Old Church, was made available for free download as part of an Amazon.com promotion on 27 December 2013. "Make It to Me", co-written by Howard of Disclosure and Jimmy Napes, was made available for free download as part of an iTunes Store promotion on 13 January 2014. The song is featured on the deluxe version of the album. Another re-recorded version of "Lay Me Down" was released on 9 March 2015 in the UK. This version features American recording artist John Legend and was released in aid of Comic Relief.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "In the Lonely Hour" received generally lukewarm reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 62, based 24 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In "The Observer", Kitty Empire appreciated how restrained and emotionally authentic Smith's singing sounds, crediting them for avoiding any exaggerated belting, although she lamented the music's lack of adventurousness. Lily Moayeri from "The A.V. Club" felt most of the songs are monotonous and lack depth, writing that they are instead showcases for Smith's "rich" voice on an album that is not as good as its singles. "Q" was more critical, especially of the album's second half, writing that it "declines into self-pity, windy balladry and squeaky-strings-as-authenticity cliché", while Helen Brown of "The Daily Telegraph" was unimpressed by most of the songwriting and the music, calling it a watered-down version of soul.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: Robert Christgau was more enthusiastic in his blog for "Vice", writing that Smith's charmingly catchy pop songs cohere into a portrait of a man whose insecurity about love is expressed more sincerely than most other artists without indulging in self-pity: "Both vocally and verbally, they offer the kind of emotional complexity about sexual romance's ins and outs that good pop captures better than good literature, where cynicism is such a folkway." Lauren Murphy from "The Irish Times" was impressed by the variety in which Smith and their producers use their voice throughout "In the Lonely Hour", which she viewed as a sign of promise with songs "so understated yet so vibrant and accomplished".


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "In the Lonely Hour" appeared in many critics' lists of best albums of 2014, including those of "Digital Spy", "The Daily Telegraph", "Time Out" and "HuffPost".


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: The album was nominated for Best Album at the 2014 MOBO Awards, whilst Smith was also up for Best Male and Best R&B/Soul Act, and "Stay with Me" was nominated for Best Song. Smith scooped all four awards at the ceremony on 22 October 2014.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: On 6 December 2014, it was announced that Smith had been nominated for six awards at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for "In the Lonely Hour", and Song of the Year and Record of the Year for "Stay with Me". At the Grammys on 8 February 2015, Smith walked away with four awards, with "In the Lonely Hour" winning Best Pop Vocal Album and "Stay with Me" winning Song of the Year. The Darkchild remix of the song also won Record of the Year. On 26 February 2015, Smith also won Best British Breakthrough and the Global Success Award at the 2015 Brit Awards.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: On 28 May 2014, "In the Lonely Hour" debuted at number one on "The Official Chart Update" in the United Kingdom, outselling Coldplay's album "Ghost Stories" (which was entering its second week in the charts) by nearly 20,000 copies. On 29 May, the album entered the Irish Albums Chart at number two. On 1 June, the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number one with sales of 101,000, making it the fastest-selling album of 2014 (at the time), and number two in Scotland. In the first five weeks after its release, the album had sold 228,000 copies in the United Kingdom. On 18 December, it was announced that the album had surpassed the 1 million mark in the UK, having sold around 1,007,000 copies by midnight. It became just the second artist album in the UK to sell over 1 million copies a month after Ed Sheeran reached that plateau with his album "x". Smith also becoming the only artist to sell 1 million copies of an album in both the UK and the US in 2014. "In the Lonely Hour" became the second best-selling album of 2014 in the UK with 1,248,000 sold for the year. On 4 September 2015, the album broke the record for most consecutive weeks in the UK top ten for a debut release, which currently stands at 67. On 29 December 2017, it was certified 8× Platinum by the BPI. As of December 2015, "In the Lonely Hour" has sold 2,140,000 copies in total in the UK, including 893,000 units sold in 2015.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: In the United States, "In the Lonely Hour" debuted and peaked at number two on the "Billboard" 200, selling 166,000 copies in its first week, making it the largest debut for a solo artist's first album since Phillip Phillips' "The World from the Side of the Moon" launched with 169,000 at number four on the week ending 25 November 2012. It was beaten to the top spot by Lana Del Rey's "Ultraviolence", which sold 182,000 copies that week. The album held at number two the next week with sales of 67,000, bringing the set's total sales in the United States up to 233,000. By the year's end, the album had achieved Platinum status and had shifted 1,210,000 copies in the United States, making it the third best-selling album of 2014 behind "1989" by Taylor Swift and the "Frozen" soundtrack. In addition, Smith sold 2.8 million singles from the album, while the album was streamed 87 million times and viewed on UK video streaming sites 48 million times. In the US, Smith sold 9.2 million digital track downloads, with "Stay with Me" alone selling 4.1 million. According to Nielsen SoundScan, "In the Lonely Hour" was also the eight best-selling album of 2015 in the United States, with 1,741,000 album-equivalent units (1,018,000 of that in traditional album sales). The album has sold 2.228 million copies in the US as of December 2015.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: In Australia, "In the Lonely Hour" debuted at number two, behind Coldplay's "Ghost Stories" and remained in the top 20 until 23 August 2015. With the Australian leg of their In the Lonely Hour Tour in April 2015, the album rose to peak at number one for the week commencing 27 April 2015, in its 48th week.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: "In The Lonely Hour" was phenomenally successful in New Zealand, spending 68 non-consecutive weeks in the top 10, including 8 non-consecutive weeks at the summit of the chart. The album has been certified 4× Platinum as of 7 December 2015 for sales exceeding 60,000 copies and was the fourth-to-highest selling album of 2014 in New Zealand. The album is placed 5 in New Zealand's all-time best-charting albums.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: Supported by the release of their second album's lead single, the album returned to the Swedish and Danish top 10 in September and November 2017 respectively - more than 3 years after its release.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, "In The Lonely Hour" sold 3.5 million copies in 2014 and 2.6 million copies in 2015, becoming the fifth best-selling album of both years.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: In 2015, "In the Lonely Hour" was ranked as the third most popular album of the year on the "Billboard" 200.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: The In the Lonely Hour Tour was announced in October 2014, with North American, European, Asian, and Oceania dates revealed. It began on 9 January 2015 in Atlanta and concluded on 12 December 2015 in Brisbane.


title: In the Lonely Hour

text: The tour grossed $26.3 million from 62 shows reported by Pollstar 2015's Year-end Top 100 worldwide Tours list from 490,854 tickets sold.


title: Kunika

text: Kunika Sadanand Lal is an Indian TV actor, advocate, producer and social activist. She is known for her various characters in many Indian films as a villain and in comic roles.


title: Kunika

text: Also a singer, she has released three pop albums titled "Lakhon Mein Ek" released in 1996, and "Kunika" which was released in 2002. She released her third album named "Joombish (A Mystical Journey)" on 2 May 2006.


title: Kunika

text: She, along with her business partner, created restaurants called "White - the Italian café", "Zingcafe", "Majestica – The royal banquet hall" and a spa called "Exhale", in Goregaon in suburban Mumbai. The partnership however ended in 2007.


title: Kunika

text: Kunika has conducted, organized and participated in over 100 stage shows in India and around the world. She is also running an event company called Karma Events and Entertainment.


title: Kunika

text: Kunickaa Sadanand Lal has been actively involved in social activities like AIDS awareness campaigns for last 20 years.


title: Kunika

text: She launched Tara Charitable Trust on 15 August 2005. This trust aims at rebuilding lives of destitute people, helping the underprivileged and providing medical, educational and emotional succor to the needy. She is a trustee to the NGO CHIP (Children In Progress), Mumbai, which is actively working for child health and education.


title: Kunika

text: Since her teenage years, Kunika was keen to join the Indian TV industry as an actress. After doing a few TV serials in Delhi, she went to Mumbai to act in films. Manju Asrani, wife of well known comic actor Asrani gave Kunika a first break as an actress in a TV serial. Her second break was a role in the TV serial "Adalat", directed by Dheeraj Kumar. Kunika began her film career at the age of 28 in a 1988 horror Hindi movie named "Kabrastan". She was mainly involved in negative roles and bold scenes in the bulk of her movies. Kunika has done 110 films in 25 years.


title: Kunika

text: "Swabhimaan" a TV serial, where she played an 18-year-old mother was a breakthrough role that won her many plaudits. Then, negative roles in films like "Beta", "Gumraah" and "Khiladi" followed.


title: Kunika

text: She acted in a TV serial called "Kana Phoosi" on Doordarshan and in "Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara" on Star Plus. She was also seen in the reality TV show "Box Cricket League" on Sony Entertainment as a fielder from the team Pune Anmol Ratn, while most recently she played the character of Rani Durgavati in the TV serial "Akbar Birbal" on Big Magic. She is currently seen in &TV show "Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls" as a loud goan Christian Juliet Bai.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: In IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networking standards (including Wi-Fi), a service set is a group of wireless network devices which share a "service set identifier" ("SSID")—typically the natural language label that users see as a network name. (For example, all of the devices that together form and use a Wi‑Fi network called "Foo" are a service set.) A service set forms a logical network of nodes operating with shared link-layer networking parameters; they form one logical network segment.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: A "basic service set" is a subgroup, within a service set, of devices that share physical-layer medium access characteristics (e.g. radio frequency, modulation scheme, security settings) such that they are wirelessly networked. The basic service set is defined by a "basic service set identifier" ("BSSID") shared by all devices within it. The BSSID is a 48-bit label that conform to MAC-48 conventions. While a device may have multiple BSSIDs, usually each BSSID is associated with at most one basic service set at a time.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: A basic service set should not be confused with the coverage area of an access point, known as the "basic service area" ("BSA").


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: An "infrastructure BSS" is created by an infrastructure device called an "access point" ("AP") for other devices to join. (Note that the term "IBSS" is "not" used for this type of BSS but refers to the "independent" type discussed below.) The operating parameters of the infrastructure BSS are defined by the AP. The Wi‑Fi segments of common home and business networks are examples of this type.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: Each basic service set has a unique identifier, a BSSID, which is a 48-bit number that follows MAC address conventions. An infrastructure BSSID is usually non-configurable, in which case it is either preset during manufacture or mathematically derived from a preset value such as a serial number or a MAC address of another network interface. As with the MAC addresses used for Ethernet devices, an infrastructure BSSID is a combination of a 24-bit organizationally unique identifier (OUI, the manufacturer's identity) and a 24-bit serial number. A BSSID with a value of all 1s is used to indicate the wildcard BSSID, usable only during probe requests or for communications that take place outside the context of a BSS.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: An "independent BSS" ("IBSS"), or "ad hoc network", is created by peer devices among themselves without network infrastructure. A temporary network created by a cellular telephone to share its Internet access with other devices is a common example. In contrast to the stations in an infrastructure-mode network, the stations in a wireless ad hoc network communicate directly with one another, i.e. without a dependence on a distribution point to relay traffic between them. In this form of peer-to-peer wireless networking, the peers form an "independent basic service set" ("IBSS"). Some of the responsibilities of a distribution point—such as defining network parameters and other "beaconing" functions—are established by the first station in an ad-hoc network. But that station does not relay traffic between the other stations; instead, the peers communicate directly with one another. Like an infrastructure BSS, an independent-BSS also has a 48-bit MAC-address-like identifier. But unlike infrastructure BSS identifiers, independent-BSSs identifiers are not necessarily unique: the "individual/group" bit of the address is always set to 0 (individual), the "universal/local" bit of the address is always set to 1 (local), and the remaining 46 bits are randomly generated.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: A "mesh basic service set" ("MBSS") forms a self-contained network of "mesh stations" that share a "mesh profile". Each node may also be an access point hosting its own basic service set, for example using the mesh BSS to provide Internet access for local users. From the point of view of a wireless client, an IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh network appears as a conventional infrastructure mode topology, and is centrally configured as such. The formation of the mesh's BSS, as well as wireless traffic management (including path selection and forwarding) is negotiated between the nodes of the mesh infrastructure. The mesh's BSS is distinct from the networks (which may also be wireless) used by a mesh's redistribution points to communicate with one another.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: The service set identifier (SSID) defines a service set or extended service set. Normally it is broadcast in the clear by stations in beacon packets to announce the presence of a network and seen by users as a wireless network name.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: Unlike basic service set identifiers, SSIDs are usually customizable. These SSIDs can be zero to 32 octets (32 bytes) long, and are, for convenience, usually in a natural language, such as English. The 802.11 standards prior to the 2012 edition did not define any particular encoding or representation for SSIDs, which were expected to be treated and handled as an arbitrary sequence of 032 octets that are not limited to printable characters. IEEE Std 802.11-2012 defines a flag to express that the SSID is UTF-8-encoded and could contain any Unicode text. Wireless network stacks must still be prepared to handle arbitrary values in the SSID field.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: Since the contents of an SSID field are arbitrary, the 802.11 standard permits devices to advertise the presence of a wireless network with beacon packets in which the SSID field is set to null. A null SSID (the SSID element's 'length' field is set to zero) is called a "wildcard SSID" in IEEE 802.11 standards documents, and as a "no broadcast SSID" or "hidden SSID" in the context of beacon announcements, and can be used, for example, in enterprise and mesh networks to steer a client to a particular (e.g. less utilized) access point. A station may also likewise transmit packets in which the SSID field is set to null; this prompts an associated access point to send the station a list of supported SSIDs. Once a device has associated with a basic service set, for efficiency, the SSID is not sent within packet headers; only BSSIDs are used for addressing.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: An "extended service set" ("ESS") is a wireless network, created by multiple access points, which appears to users as a single, seamless network, such as a network covering a home or office that is too large for reliable coverage by a single access point. It is a set of one or more infrastructure basic service sets on a common logical network segment (i.e. same IP subnet and VLAN). Key to the concept is that the participating basic service sets appear as a single network to the logical link control layer. Thus, from the perspective of the logical link control layer, stations within an ESS may communicate with one another, and mobile stations may move transparently from one participating basic service set to another (within the same ESS). Extended service sets make possible distribution services such as centralized authentication. From the perspective of the link layer, all stations within an ESS are all on the same link, and transfer from one BSS to another is transparent to logical link control.


title: Service set (802.11 network)

text: The basic service sets formed in wireless ad hoc networks are, by definition, independent from other BSSs, and an independent BSS cannot therefore be part of an extended infrastructure. In that formal sense an independent BSS has no extended service set. However, the network packets of both independent BSSs and infrastructure BSSs have a logical network service set identifier, and the logical link control does not distinguish between the use of that field to name an ESS network, and the use of that field to name a peer-to-peer ad hoc network. The two are effectively indistinguishable at the logical link control layer level.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is a nonprofit academic medical center in New York City affiliated with two Ivy League medical schools, Cornell University and Columbia University. The hospital comprises seven distinct campuses located in the New York metropolitan area. The hospital's two flagship medical centers are Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: , the hospital is ranked as the seventh best hospital in the United States and the second in the New York City metropolitan area by "U.S. News & World Report".


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: The hospital has more than 6,500 affiliated physicians, 20,000 employees and 2,600 beds in total. It is one of the largest hospitals in the world. NYPH annually treats about 310,000 patients in its emergency department and delivers about 15,000 babies.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital was founded in 1771 as New York Hospital by Edinburgh Medical School graduate Samuel Bard. It received a Royal Charter granted by King George III of Great Britain and became associated with Weill Cornell Medical College upon Weill Cornell's founding in 1898. It is the third oldest hospital in the United States, after NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue in New York City (1736) and Pennsylvania Hospital (1751).


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: A 1927 endowment of more than $20 million by Payne Whitney expanded the hospital significantly and the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic is named in his honor. Other prominent donors have included Howard Hughes, William Randolph Hearst, Harry and Leona Helmsley, Maurice R. Greenberg, and the Baker, Whitney, Lasdon, and Payson families.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: The Presbyterian Hospital was founded in 1868 by James Lenox, a New York philanthropist and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, also founded by Samuel Bard in 1767. In 1910, Columbia University and Presbyterian Hospital reached an agreement to affiliate, forming the world's first academic health center through the merger of existing institutions. During the 1920s, Edward S. Harkness and Anna Harkness purchased land and funded the construction of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. In 1928, the two institutions fully moved to the new medical center.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: In 1925, the Sloane Hospital for Women, a leader in obstetrics and gynecology that had been founded in 1886, was incorporated. In 1928, Sloan, along with The Squier Urological Clinic and the Vanderbilt Clinic, moved to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: New York Hospital was the subject of a lawsuit from the family of Libby Zion, a young woman admitted in 1984 who died while under the care of overworked hospital residents. An investigation by the New York State Health Commissioner, the Bell Commission, led to restrictions on the number of hours residents could work and required oversight of their care by accredited physicians (this regulation is also known as the Libby Zion law). These reforms have since been adopted nationwide.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, chartered as The New York and Presbyterian Hospital by the State of New York in 1996, was formed in 1998 with the merger of two large, previously independent hospitals, the New York Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital. The merger had been announced on January 1, 1998.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: In the 2010s, the hospital began to supplement its physical presence with remote and online services. A telemedicine service allows patients to receive follow-up care remotely, a CAT-equipped ambulance (see below NYP-EMS) allows stroke care to take place outside the hospital, and a remote second opinion program uses Grand Rounds technology.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: During the initial phase COVID-19 pandemic, NYP was at the center of the country's response to the virus in the spring of 2020. The hospital was able to triple its ICU bed capacity and ventilator support. During the crisis, teams at NYP/Columbia pioneered techniques to assist two patients with one ventilator and shared this around the country. NYP turned Baker Field and Columbia Soccer Stadium into a 288-bed field hospital in under two weeks.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: As with many hospitals in the US, clinicians volunteered to help understaffed units. Over 1,000 people volunteered at NYP including teams from University of Rochester Medical Center, UCSF Medical Center, Cayuga Medical Center, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UAMS Medical Center, Intermountain Medical Center, and Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center. In November 2020, despite cases surged in Utah, a team of 31 nurses and staff from NYP traveled to Intermountain Health to 'return the favor'.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: On October 13, 2020, with a gift from Ray Dalio, NYP launched the Dalio Center for Health Justice, a research and advocacy organization, which will focus on reducing differences in access to quality health care that overwhelmingly affect communities of color.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: NYP is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit system that includes a variety of outlying hospitals that had been affiliates of the legacy Hospitals, NewYork or Presbyterian. These hospitals stretch throughout the five boroughs, Westchester County, Long Island and New Jersey.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: The hospital, along with Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, runs the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System, a network of independent, cooperating, acute-care and community hospitals, continuum-of-care facilities, home-health agencies, ambulatory sites, and specialty institutes in the New York metropolitan area. The two medical schools remain essentially autonomous, though there is increasing cooperation and coordination of clinical, research, and residency training programs. The hospitals have merged administrations, with Herb Pardes, MD, leading the combined hospitals from 2000 to 2011. Steven Corwin, MD is now the Hospital system CEO.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: As of 2022, the "U.S. News & World Report" rankings place NYPH overall as the seventh best hospital in the United States. Every specialty was ranked in the top 50 by "US News", and the following were ranked in the top 10 of hospitals around the country: cardiology and heart surgery (No. 4), pediatric cardiology and heart surgery (No. 5), diabetes / endocrinology (No. 4), geriatrics (No. 6), neurology / neurosurgery (No. 3), orthopedics (No. 10), psychiatry (No. 4), urology (No. 5), and rheumatology (No. 3), a collaborative program with the Hospital for Special Surgery.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: NewYork-Presbyterian Emergency Medical Services (NYP-EMS) is a hospital-based ambulance service that has operated since 1981. NYP-EMS also operates critical care transport ambulances throughout the New York City Metropolitan Area. The service is licensed to operate in the 5 boroughs of New York City, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York, and in the state of New Jersey for Basic Life Support and Specialty Care Transport.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: NYP-EMS provides emergency and non-emergency ambulance services, through the New York City 911 system and through the NYP-EMS Communications Center at Weill Cornell Medical Center. It also provides stand-by EMS services for events throughout the New York City area, including the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer and the NYC Triathlon.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: NYP-EMS is also a New York State Department of Health-approved training center for EMT and Paramedic programs, several of which are approved for college-level credit by the New York State Department of Education. NYP-EMS operates one of the largest American Heart Association Emergency Cardiac Care training centers in New York.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: NYP-EMS also maintains a Special Operations team trained in hazardous materials decontamination and technical rescue. This team, accompanied by several Weill Cornell Physicians, provided rescue and relief support on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Most recently, the team decontaminated 28 patients after the 2007 New York City steam explosion in Midtown Manhattan on July 18, 2007.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: In 2016 NYP purchased and fielded the first mobile stroke unit on the East Coast and as of 2018 is only Hospital in the country to field three such units. NYP-EMS operates 3 mobile stroke units based in Manhattan, Brooklyn and Queens.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: Four of NYP's hospital complexes within the five boroughs of New York are rated as level I or II trauma centers by the state of New York.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Irving Medical Center is located on West 168th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. It contains an emergency room, an eye institute, a chapel, a garden, and more. It is situated on a campus in the Washington Heights community of Manhattan and accounting for roughly half of Columbia University's nearly $3 billion annual budget, it provides leadership in scientific research, medical education, and more. New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University Irving Medical Center are well known for their strong affiliation with the Neurological Institute of New York, which houses the departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery as well as numerous research laboratories.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: Cornell Medical College was founded in 1898, and established an affiliation agreement with New York Hospital in 1913. The Medical College is divided into 20 academic departments. It is among the top-ranked clinical and medical research centers in the United States of America, although the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services' Medicare program adjudged its rate of admission for heart failure patients to be worse than the national rate. Also housed here is the New York-Presbyterian Phyllis and David Komansky Center for Children's Health. Located at 525 East 68th Street on the Upper East Side in Manhattan (E.68th and York Avenue), New York City, the Komansky Center for Children's Health is a full-service pediatric "hospital within a hospital." The Komansky Center was listed on the "2009 U.S. News & World Report" "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: In August 2011, "Becker's Hospital Review" listed the New York-Presbyterian Hospital/ Weill Cornell Medical Center as number 4 of the 100 Top Grossing Hospitals in America with $7.52 billion in gross revenue.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: The Allen Hospital is located at 5141 Broadway and West 220th Street in northernmost part of Inwood, Manhattan. The General Surgery Group of The Allen Hospital specialize in the treatment of hernias and gallbladder diseases. The Hospitalist group and Internal Medicine and Family Medicine residents care for the adult medical patients. There is an active Labor and Delivery Department. It also has the Mila Conanan Memorial Chapel, named after Mila P. Conanan, who had been on the medical center staff for 20 years and the operating rooms director at the Allen Pavilion for three years before her death in 1990.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: In 2020, Allen Hospital faced the COVID-19 pandemic along with the city. Among the casualties was the medical director of the emergency department, Dr Lorna Breen. After contracting the COVID-19 coronavirus whilst treating patients and returning to work after recuperation, the police department in Charlottesville, Virginia, released a statement that Dr Breen had died as a result of self-inflicted wounds shortly after they responded to an emergency call at her family home and she was taken to UVA hospital. Police Chief RaShall Brackney was quoted in an official statement:


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: Located on 3959 Broadway (165th Street and Broadway), New York City, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital is a pediatric hospital in New York–Presbyterian Hospital. They are especially known for their expertise in pediatric heart surgery. It was listed on the "2009 U.S. News & World Report" "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties. The hospital houses the only pediatric Level 1 Trauma Center in Manhattan.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: Komansky Children's Hospital is a pediatric acute care hospital located within Weill Cornell Medical Center. The hospital has 103 beds and is affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical School. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–20 throughout New York City. Komansky Children's Hospital features a Level II Trauma Center and houses the only pediatric burn unit in the region. The hospital was named for trustee David Komansky


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: On July 1, 2013, NYP announced its merger with the former New York Downtown Hospital to form the Lower Manhattan Hospital (LMH) campus of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. LMH is one of the few hospitals in Lower Manhattan south of Greenwich Village. The campus operates 170 beds and offers a full range of inpatient and outpatient services. LMH serves the diverse neighborhoods of Wall Street, Battery Park City, Chinatown, SoHo, TriBeCa, Little Italy, and the Lower East Side, and is the closest acute care facility to both the Financial District and to the seat of New York City's government.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: On July 10, 2015, NYP announced its merger with the former New York Hospital Queens (formerly known as Booth Memorial Medical Center) to form the Queens campus of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Located in Flushing, Queens, NewYork-Presbyterian/Queens is a teaching hospital affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical College that serves Queens and metro New York residents. The 535-bed tertiary care facility provides services in 14 clinical departments and numerous subspecialties, including 15,000 surgeries and 4,000 infant deliveries each year. With its network of affiliated primary and multispecialty care physician practices and community-based health centers, the hospital provides approximately 162,000 ambulatory care visits and 124,000 emergency service visits annually.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: Founded in 1889 by the Helping Hand Association, NewYork-Presbyterian/Hudson Valley Hospital, located in Cortlandt Manor, New York, serves residents of the Hudson Valley and Westchester County. The 128-bed facility provides a wide range of ambulatory care and inpatient services, with 350 physicians on staff in 43 specialties. The hospital is home to the region's only state-of-the-art, 24-hour "no wait" emergency department, which sees more than 39,000 visits per year. In 2011, the Cheryl R. Lindenbaum Cancer Center opened, offering the first comprehensive cancer center in the area, combining infusion, radiation therapy and support services all under one roof.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: Ronald O. Perelman Heart Institute is a "medical town square" dedicated to the treatment of heart disease patients in New York City. Ronald O. Perelman, chairman of MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc., made a $50 million gift to the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center on February 28, 2009, to establish the institute. The Heart Institute has a welcome center, a clinical trials enrollment center, and an interactive education resource center that includes medical information on heart disease — with an added focus on cardiac disease in women.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: The ABC documentary series "NY Med", produced by ABC News, features NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center.


title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

text: Marvel Comics's fictional surgeon Doctor Strange attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and completed his residency at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: Jebel Irhoud or Adrar n Ighoud (; ), is an archaeological site located just north of the locality known as Tlet Ighoud, approximately south-east of the city of Safi in Morocco. It is noted for the hominin fossils that have been found there since the discovery of the site in 1960. Originally thought to be Neanderthals, the specimens have since been assigned to "Homo sapiens" and, as reported in 2017, have been dated to roughly 300,000 years ago ( for the Irhoud 3 mandible, based on other fossils and the flint artefacts found nearby).


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: The site is the remnant of a solutional cave filled with of deposits from the Pleistocene era, located on the eastern side of a karstic outcrop of limestone at an elevation of . It was discovered in 1961 when the area was being mined for the mineral baryte. A miner discovered a skull in the wall of the cave, extracted it, and gave it to an engineer, who kept it as a souvenir for a time. Eventually, it was handed over to the University of Rabat, which organized a joint French-Moroccan expedition to the site that was headed by anthropologist Émile Ennouchi.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: Ennouchi's team identified the remains of approximately 30 species of mammals, some of which are associated with the Middle Pleistocene, but the stratigraphic provenance is unknown. Another excavation was carried out by Jacques Tixier and Roger de Bayle des Hermens in 1967 and 1969, during which 22 layers were identified in the cave. The lower 13 layers were found to contain signs of human habitation including a tool industry classified as Levallois Mousterian.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: The site is particularly noted for the hominin fossils found there. Ennouchi discovered a skull that he termed Irhoud 1. It is now on display in the Rabat Archaeological Museum. He discovered part of another skull, designated Irhoud 2, the following year and subsequently uncovered the lower mandible of a child, designated Irhoud 3. Tixier's excavation found 1,267 recorded objects including skulls, a humerus designated Irhoud 4, and a hip bone recorded as Irhoud 5.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: Further excavations were carried out by American researchers during the 1990s as well as by a team led by Jean-Jacques Hublin from 2004. Animal remains found at the site have enabled the ancient ecology of the area to be reconstructed. It was quite different to the present and probably represented a dry, open, and perhaps, steppe-like environment roamed by equids, bovids, gazelles, rhinoceros, and various predators.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: Initially, the finds were interpreted as Neanderthal, as the stone tools found with them were believed to be associated exclusively with Neanderthals.<ref name="Ennouchi62/279"></ref> They also had archaic phenotypical features believed to be representative of the Neanderthals, rather than "Homo sapiens". They were thought to be approximately 40,000 years old, but this was thrown into doubt by faunal evidence suggesting a Middle Pleistocene date, approximately 160,000 years ago. Because of that, the fossils were reappraised as representing an archaic form of "Homo sapiens" or perhaps a population of "Homo sapiens" that had interbred with Neanderthals. This was consistent with the concept that the then-oldest-known remains of a "Homo sapiens", dated to approximately 195,000 years ago and found in Omo Kibish, Ethiopia, indicated an eastern African origin for humans at approximately 200,000 years ago. The Ethiopian Omo remains were more recently dated to about 233,000 years old.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: However, dating carried out by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig revealed that the Jebel Irhoud site was far older than first thought. Fresh excavations carried out in 2004 by the Hublin team revealed more than 20 new bones from the remains of at least five people, and a number of stone tools. The finds included part of a skull, a jawbone, teeth, and limb bones that had come from three adults, a juvenile, and a child aged about seven-and-a-half years old. The facial bones resembled those of humans today, but had much larger lower jaws and more elongated posterior braincases. They have similar features to the Florisbad Skull dating to 260,000 years ago found at the other end of the continent, in Florisbad, South Africa, which now has been attributed to "Homo sapiens" on the basis of the Jebel Irhoud finds.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: The tools discovered were found alongside gazelle bones and lumps of charcoal, indicating the presence of fire and, probably, of cooking in the cave. The gazelle bones showed characteristic signs of butchery and cooking, such as cut marks, notches consistent with marrow extraction, and charring. Some of the tools had been burned due to fires being lit on top of them, presumably after they had been discarded. This enabled the researchers to use thermoluminescence dating to ascertain when the burning occurred, and by proxy, the age of the fossil bones that were found in the same deposit layer.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: In 2017, the burnt tools were dated to approximately 315,000 years ago, indicating that the fossils are of approximately the same age. This conclusion was confirmed by recalculating the age of the Irhoud 3 mandible, which produced an age range compatible with that of the tools, at roughly 280,000 to 350,000 years old. If they hold up, these dates would make the remains by far the earliest known examples of "Homo sapiens".


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: This suggests that, rather than arising in East Africa approximately 200,000 years ago, modern humans may have been present across the length of Africa 100,000 years earlier. According to study author Jean-Jacques Hublin, "The idea is that early "Homo sapiens" dispersed around the continent and elements of human modernity appeared in different places, and so different parts of Africa contributed to the emergence of what we call modern humans today." Early humans may have comprised a large, interbreeding population dispersed across Africa approximately 330,000 to 300,000 years ago. Thus, the rise of modern humans may have taken place on a continental scale rather than being confined to a particular corner of Africa.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: Hublin and his team also attempted to obtain DNA samples from these fossils, but these attempts were unsuccessful. Genomic analysis would have provided necessary evidence supporting the conclusion that these fossils are representative of the main lineage leading up to modern humanity, and that "Homo sapiens" had dispersed and developed all across Africa. Because of the unclear boundaries between different species of the genus "Homo", and the lack of genomic evidence from these fossils, some doubt the classification of these fossils as "Homo sapiens". Questions remain over the classification of these fossils.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: When comparing these fossils with those of modern humans, the main difference is the elongated shape of the fossil braincase. According to the researchers, this indicates that brain shape, and possibly brain functions, evolved within the "Homo sapiens" lineage and relatively recently. Evolutionary changes in brain shape are likely to be associated with genetic changes of brain organization, interconnection, and development, and may reflect adaptive changes in the way the brain functions. Such changes may have caused the human brain to become rounder and two regions in the posterior of the brain to become enlarged during thousands of years of evolution.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: The degree of tooth development found is similar to modern European children of the same age, but teeth roots develop faster than for modern humans (and slower than for apes and for some other fossil hominids). Tooth crowns took a longer time to form than in modern humans.


title: Jebel Irhoud

text: While the Jebel Irhoud specimens originally were noted to have been similar to later Aterian and Iberomaurusian specimens, further examinations revealed that the Jebel Irhoud specimens differ from them in that they have a continuous supraorbital torus while the Aterian and Iberomaurasian specimens have a discontinuous supraorbital torus or, in some cases, none at all, and from this, it was concluded that the Jebel Irhoud specimens represent archaic "Homo sapiens" while the Aterian and Iberomaurasian specimens represent anatomically modern "Homo sapiens". Despite this, it was noted that the Jebel Irhoud specimen whose cranium was complete enough to assess, showed "hints of 'modern' basicranial flexion in the relationship of the face and vault", and the teeth of another Jebel Irhoud specimen were subjected to synchrotron analysis that suggested "a modern developmental pattern."


title: Charles Stross

text: Charles David George "Charlie" Stross (born 18 October 1964) is a British writer of science fiction and fantasy. Stross specialises in hard science fiction and space opera. Between 1994 and 2004, he was also an active writer for the magazine "Computer Shopper" and was responsible for its monthly Linux column. He stopped writing for the magazine to devote more time to novels. However, he continues to publish freelance articles on the Internet.


title: Charles Stross

text: Stross was born in Leeds, England. He showed an early interest in writing and wrote his first science fiction story at age 12. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in Pharmacy in 1986 and qualified as a pharmacist in 1987. In 1989, he enrolled at Bradford University for a post-graduate degree in computer science. In 1990, he went to work as a technical author and programmer. In 2000, he began working as a writer full-time, as a technical writer at first, but then became successful as a fiction writer.


title: Charles Stross

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, Stross published some role-playing game articles about "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" in "White Dwarf" magazine. Some of his creatures, such as the death knight, githyanki (the name borrowed from George R. R. Martin's 1977 novel, "Dying of the Light"), githzerai, and slaad (a chaotic race of frog-like humanoids) were later published in the "Fiend Folio" monster compendium.


title: Charles Stross

text: His first published short story, "The Boys", appeared in "Interzone" in 1987. A collection of his short stories, "", was released in 2002; subsequent short stories have been nominated for the Hugo Award, Nebula Award, and other awards. His first novel, "Singularity Sky", was published by Ace Books in 2003 and was also nominated for the Hugo Award. His novella "The Concrete Jungle" (published in "The Atrocity Archives") won the Hugo award for its category in 2005. His novel "Accelerando" won the 2006 Locus Award for best science fiction novel, was a finalist for the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, and was on the final ballot for the Hugo Award in the best novel category. "Glasshouse" won the 2007 Prometheus Award and was on the final ballot for the Hugo Award in the best novel category; the German translation "Glashaus" won the 2009 Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis. His novella "Missile Gap" won the 2007 Locus Award for best novella, and most recently he was awarded the Edward E. Smith Memorial Award or Skylark at Boskone 2008.


title: Charles Stross

text: His novel "The Atrocity Archives" (2004) focused on a British intelligence agency investigating Mythos-like horrors; using ideas similar to those in the RPG book "Delta Green" (1996), Stross commented in an afterword to the book: "All I can say in my defence is... I hadn't heard of "Delta Green" when I wrote "The Atrocity Archive"... I'll leave it at that except to say that "Delta Green" has come dangerously close to making me pick up the dice again."


title: Charles Stross

text: "Rogue Farm," his 2003 short story, was adapted into an eponymous animated film that debuted in August 2004.


title: Charles Stross

text: Stross was one of the Guests of Honour at Orbital 2008, the British National Science Fiction convention (Eastercon), in March 2008. He was the Author Guest of Honour at the Maryland Regional Science Fiction Convention (Balticon) in May 2009. He was Author Guest of Honour at Fantasticon (Denmark) in August 2009. He was the Guest of Honor at Boskone 48 in Feb 2011.


title: Charles Stross

text: Cubicle 7 used their "Basic Role-Playing" license to create "The Laundry" (2010), based on Stross' writings, wherein agents must deal with the outer gods and British bureaucracy at the same time.


title: Charles Stross

text: In September 2012, Stross released "The Rapture of the Nerds", a novel written in collaboration with Cory Doctorow. The two have also together been involved in the Creative Commons licensing and copyright movement. In December 2017 he gave a talk at 34C3.


title: Charles Stross

text: "Accelerando" won the 2006 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel. "Missile Gap" won the 2007 Locus Award for best novella. "The Concrete Jungle" (contained in The Atrocity Archives) won the Hugo Award for best novella in 2005; "Palimpsest", included in "Wireless", won the same award in 2010, and "Equoid" in 2014. Glasshouse won the 2009 Prometheus Award for Best Novel; Stross was a Best Novel finalist in 2009 for Saturn's Children and has been nominated four other times for Iron Sunrise (in 2005), Accelerando (2006), The Revolution Business (2010) and Annihilation Score (2016). "The Apocalypse Codex" won the 2013 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel. Stross's work has also been nominated for a number of other awards, including the John W. Campbell Memorial Award, Arthur C. Clarke Award, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel, as well as the Japanese Seiun Award.


title: Environmental policy

text: Environmental policy is the commitment of an organization or government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues. These issues generally include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, maintenance of biodiversity, the management of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species.


title: Environmental policy

text: For example, concerning environmental policy, the implementation of an eco-energy-oriented policy at a global level to address the issues of global warming and climate changes could be addressed.


title: Environmental policy

text: Policies concerning energy or regulation of toxic substances including pesticides and many types of industrial waste are part of the topic of environmental policy. This policy can be deliberately taken to influence human activities and thereby prevent undesirable effects on the biophysical environment and natural resources, as well as to make sure that changes in the environment do not have unacceptable effects on humans.


title: Environmental policy

text: One way is to describe environmental policy is that it comprises two major terms: environment and policy. Environment refers to the physical ecosystems, but can also take into consideration the social dimension (quality of life, health) and an economic dimension (resource management, biodiversity). Policy can be defined as a "course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a government, party, business or individual". Thus, environmental policy tends to focus on problems arising from human impact on the environment, which is important to human society by having a (negative) impact on human values. Such human values are often labeled as good health or the 'clean and green' environment. In practice, policy analysts provide a wide variety of types of information to the public decision making process.


title: Environmental policy

text: Environmental issues typically addressed by environmental policy include (but are not limited to) air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, biodiversity protection, the protection of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species, and the management of these natural resources for future generations. Relatively recently, environmental policy has also attended to the communication of environmental issues. In contrast to environmental policy, ecological policy addresses issues that focus on achieving benefits (both monetary and non monetary) from the non human ecological world. Broadly included in ecological policy is natural resource management (fisheries, forestry, wildlife, range, biodiversity, and at-risk species). This specialized area of policy possesses its own distinctive features.


title: Environmental policy

text: The rationale for governmental involvement in the environment is often attributed to market failure in the form of forces beyond the control of one person, including the free rider problem and the tragedy of the commons. An example of an externality is when a factory produces waste pollution which may be discharged into a river, ultimately contaminating water. The cost of such action is paid by society-at-large when they must clean the water before drinking it and is external to the costs of the polluter. The free rider problem occurs when the private marginal cost of taking action to protect the environment is greater than the private marginal benefit, but the social marginal cost is less than the social marginal benefit. The tragedy of the commons is the condition that, because no one person owns the commons, each individual has an incentive to utilize common resources as much as possible. Without governmental involvement, the commons is overused. Examples of tragedies of the commons are overfishing and overgrazing.


title: Environmental policy

text: Non-Governmental organizations have the greatest influence on environmental policies. These days, many countries are facing huge environmental, social, and economic impacts of rapid population growth, development, and natural resource constraints. As NGOs try to help countries to tackle these issues more successfully, a lack of understanding about their role in civil society and the public perception that the government alone is responsible for the well-being of its citizens and residents makes NGOs tasks more difficult to achieve.


title: Environmental policy

text: NGOs such as Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund can help tackling issues by conducting research to facilitate policy development, building institutional capacity, and facilitating independent dialogue with civil society to help people live more sustainable lifestyles. The need for a legal framework to recognize NGOs and enable them to access more diverse funding sources, high-level support/endorsement from local figureheads, and engaging NGOs in policy development and implementation is more important as environmental issues continue to increase.


title: Environmental policy

text: International organizations have also made great impacts on environmental policies by creating programmes such as the United Nations Environment Programme and hosting conferences such as the United Nations Earth Summit to address environmental issues. UNEP is the leading global environmental authority tasked with policy guidance for environmental programs. The UNEP monitors environmental aspects, such as waste management, energy use, greenhouse gas inventory, and water use to promote environmental sustainability and address environmental issues.


title: Environmental policy

text: Environmental policy instruments are tools used by governments and other organizations to implement their environmental policies. Governments, for example, may use a number of different types of instruments. For example, economic incentives and market-based instruments such as taxes and tax exemptions, tradable permits, and fees can be very effective to encourage compliance with environmental policy. The assumption is that corporations and other organizations who engage in efficient environmental management and are transparent about their environmental data and reporting presumably benefit from improved business and organizational performance.


title: Environmental policy

text: Bilateral agreements between the government and private firms and commitments made by firms independent of government requirement are examples of voluntary environmental measures. Another instrument is the implementation of greener public purchasing programs.


title: Environmental policy

text: Several instruments are sometimes combined in a policy mix to address a particular environmental problem. Since environmental issues have many aspects, several policy instruments may be required to adequately address each one. Furthermore, a combination of different policies may give firms greater flexibility in policy compliance and reduce uncertainty as to the cost of such compliance.


title: Environmental policy

text: Ideally, government policies are to be carefully formulated so that the individual measures do not undermine one another, or create a rigid and cost-ineffective framework. Overlapping policies result in unnecessary administrative costs, increasing the cost of implementation. To help governments realize their policy goals, the OECD Environment Directorate, for example, collects data on the efficiency and consequences of environmental policies implemented by the national governments. The website, www.economicinstruments.com, provides database detailing countries' experiences with their environmental policies. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, through UNECE Environmental Performance Reviews, evaluates progress made by its member countries in improving their environmental policies.


title: Environmental policy

text: The current reliance on a market-based framework has supporters and detractors. Among the detractors for example, some environmentalists contend that a more radical, overarching approach is needed than a set of specific initiatives, to deal with climate change. For example, energy efficiency measures may actually increase energy consumption in the absence of a cap on fossil fuel use, as people might drive more fuel-efficient cars. To combat this result, Aubrey Meyer calls for a 'framework-based market' of contraction and convergence. The Cap and Share and the Sky Trust are proposals based on the idea.