title: Aaron Hicks

text: On January 11, 2019, Hicks signed a one-year, $6 million contract to remain with the Yankees. On February 25, Hicks signed a seven-year, $70 million contract extension, replacing the one-year deal. The deal includes a $12.5 million club option for 2026, a $1 million buyout and a $2 million signing bonus. He began the 2019 year on the 10-day injured list due to a lower back strain. On May 6, he was optioned to the Tampa Tarpons for a rehab assignment. On June 24, against the Blue Jays, Hicks hit a home run that helped the Yankees tie a league record with 27 straight games hitting a home run. On June 29, 2019, Hicks became the first MLB player to hit a home run in Europe during the first inning of the Red Sox-Yankees 2019 London Series. On September 10, Hicks left the game with an elbow injury. It was revealed that Hicks was diagnosed with a right flexor strain in his right elbow since August 3, and that Tommy John surgery would be necessary to correct the problem. The Yankees ruled Hicks out for the rest of 2019 due to his elbow injury.


title: Aaron Hicks

text: On October 11, 2019, Aaron Hicks told a New York Post reporter that he would be on the ALCS roster against the Houston Astros. The following day, the Yankees announced that they had reinstated Hicks from the 60-day injured list and added him to the roster, replacing Luke Voit. He revealed that after his Tommy John surgery recommendation, he had decided not to have surgery immediately and engaged in light physical activity on his own. After a week, he visited the Yankees’ spring training complex to work out his elbow. Following a few weeks of regular exercise, it was determined that he would not in fact require surgery and he joined his team on the road in Houston. He later underwent the surgery, and was expected to miss 8–10 months.


title: Aaron Hicks

text: With COVID-19 pandemic delaying the start of the season by over 4 months, Hicks was able to return to play in the intra-squad scrimmage match just 8 months post surgery. In 54 games, Hicks batted .225 with six home runs and 21 RBIs.


title: Aaron Hicks

text: On May 21, 2021, Hicks underwent surgery to repair a torn tendon sheath in his left wrist. The injury was expected to keep Hicks out for the remainder of the season. On May 30, Hicks was placed on the 60-day injured list. In 32 games for the Yankees, Hicks posted a .194/.294/.333 batting line with 4 home runs and 14 RBI.


title: Aaron Hicks

text: On July 6, 2022, Hicks hit his first career Grand Slam while pinch hitting for Matt Carpenter during a 16-0 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates. Fellow outfielder Aaron Judge also hit a Grand Slam that night, making MLB history for the first two players with the same first name to hit Grand Slams in the same game.


title: Aaron Hicks

text: Hicks' father, Joseph, was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 12th round of the 1975 amateur draft, but his career was ended early by an eye injury. This led Joseph to push his son into golf before baseball. Hicks is an accomplished golfer, having competed in numerous youth golf tournaments. After making baseball his focus, he has continued to play golf and played in a PGA Tour event in 2019.


title: Aaron Hicks

text: On October 27, 2021, Hicks got engaged to professional golfer Cheyenne Woods. Their son was born in April 2022. They reside in Scottsdale, Arizona.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: In mathematics, an expression or mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the context. Mathematical symbols can designate numbers (constants), variables, operations, functions, brackets, punctuation, and grouping to help determine order of operations and other aspects of logical syntax.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: Many authors distinguish an expression from a "formula", the former denoting a mathematical object, and the latter denoting a statement about mathematical objects. For example, formula_1 is an expression, while formula_2 is a formula. However, in modern mathematics, and in particular in computer algebra, formulas are viewed as expressions that can be evaluated to "true" or "false", depending on the values that are given to the variables occurring in the expressions. For example formula_2 takes the value "false" if is given a value less than –1, and the value "true" otherwise.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: An expression is a syntactic construct. It must be well-formed: the allowed operators must have the correct number of inputs in the correct places, the characters that make up these inputs must be valid, have a clear order of operations, etc. Strings of symbols that violate the rules of syntax are not well-formed and are not valid mathematical expressions.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: For example, in the usual notation of arithmetic, the expression "1 + 2 × 3" is well-formed, but the following expression is not:


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: In algebra, an expression may be used to designate a value, which might depend on values assigned to variables occurring in the expression. The determination of this value depends on the semantics attached to the symbols of the expression. The choice of semantics depends on the context of the expression. The same syntactic expression "1 + 2 × 3" can have different values (mathematically 7, but also 9), depending on the order of operations implied by the context (See also Operations § Calculators).


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: The semantic rules may declare that certain expressions do not designate any value (for instance when they involve division by 0); such expressions are said to have an undefined value, but they are well-formed expressions nonetheless. In general the meaning of expressions is not limited to designating values; for instance, an expression might designate a condition, or an equation that is to be solved, or it can be viewed as an object in its own right that can be manipulated according to certain rules. Certain expressions that designate a value simultaneously express a condition that is assumed to hold, for instance those involving the operator formula_10 to designate an internal direct sum.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: In the 1930s, a new type of expressions, called lambda expressions, were introduced by Alonzo Church and Stephen Kleene for formalizing functions and their evaluation. They form the basis for lambda calculus, a formal system used in mathematical logic and the theory of programming languages.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: The equivalence of two lambda expressions is undecidable. This is also the case for the expressions representing real numbers, which are built from the integers by using the arithmetical operations, the logarithm and the exponential (Richardson's theorem).


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: Many mathematical expressions include variables. Any variable can be classified as being either a free variable or a bound variable.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: For a given combination of values for the free variables, an expression may be evaluated, although for some combinations of values of the free variables, the value of the expression may be undefined. Thus an expression represents a function whose inputs are the values assigned to the free variables and whose output is the resulting value of the expression.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: The evaluation of an expression is dependent on the definition of the mathematical operators and on the system of values that is its context.


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: Two expressions are said to be equivalent if, for each combination of values for the free variables, they have the same output, i.e., they represent the same function. Example:


title: Expression (mathematics)

text: has free variable "x", bound variable "n", constants 1, 2, and 3, two occurrences of an implicit multiplication operator, and a summation operator. The expression is equivalent to the simpler expression 12"x". The value for "x" = 3 is 36.


title: Laestadianism

text: Laestadianism, also known as Laestadian Lutheranism and Apostolic Lutheranism, is a pietistic Lutheran revival movement started in Sápmi in the middle of the 19th century. Named after Swedish Lutheran state church administrator and temperance movement leader Lars Levi Laestadius, it is the biggest pietistic revivalist movement in the Nordic countries. It has members mainly in Finland, Northern America, Norway, Russia and Sweden. There are also smaller congregations in Africa, South America and Central Europe. In addition Laestadians have missionaries in 23 countries. The number of Laestadians worldwide is estimated to be between 144,000 and 219,000.


title: Laestadianism

text: Most Laestadians in Finland are part of the national Lutheran Church of Finland (cf. "Communion of Nordic Lutheran Dioceses"), but in America, where there is no official Lutheran church, they founded their own denomination, which split into several sub-groups in the mid-20th century. Because of doctrinal opinion differences and personality conflicts, the movement split into 19 branches, of which about 15 are active today. The three large main branches are Conservative Laestadianism (corresponds to the Laestadian Lutheran Church, in North America known to other Laestadians as the "Heidemans" after 20th-century leader Paul A. Heideman); the Firstborn (in North America, "Old Apostolic Lutheran Church" ("Esikoinens" to other Laestadian denominations); and "Rauhan Sana" ("Word of Peace"), known in USA and Canada as the Apostolic Lutheran Church of America (to other Laestadians, the "Mickelsens" after 20th-century leader Reverend Andrew Mickelsen (1897–1983). These comprise about 90 percent of Laestadians. Other branches are small and some of them inactive.


title: Laestadianism

text: In Finland, the "Elämän Sana" ("the Word of life") group, as the most "mainline" of the different branches of Laestadianism, has been prominent within the hierarchy of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: two members have been elected bishops of Oulu, and one has served as Chaplain General (head chaplain of the Finnish Defence Forces, the equivalent of a Major General).


title: Laestadianism

text: All branches share many essential teachings including a central emphasis on the Lutheran doctrine of justification (forgiveness and grace).


title: Laestadianism

text: Another core teaching concerns essential differences in lifestyle and beliefs between true believers on one hand, and false Christians (sometimes distinguished as living faith versus dead faith) and unbelievers on the other.


title: Laestadianism

text: The leaders of the two largest Laestadian sub-groups, the Conservative Laestadians and Firstborn Laestadians, have for decades excluded each other and all other Laestadian sub-groups from the kingdom of Heaven even though the denominations' core doctrines are nearly indistinguishable. The leadership of the smaller third main sub-group, the Federation, has continued to regard the other sub-groups as of living faith, after having unsuccessfully sought to preserve unity within Laestadianism when its larger counterparts' leaders in the 1930s called for, and later required, dissociation from the Federation and other Laestadian denominations.


title: Laestadianism

text: The church teaches that every believer has the authority to testify that others' sins are forgiven, sometimes referred to as the audible declaration of the forgiveness of sins. Laestadians usually proclaim the forgiveness of sins "in Jesus' name and blood".


title: Laestadianism

text: Laestadianism holds that when a Christian has committed a sin, whether in thought or deed, she or he should confess the sin to another believer. Thus it is a common practice among Laestadians in or out of church at any time, but especially during the church service prior to the rite of holy communion, to be confessing their sins to one another or, occasionally, to one of the church ministers performing the sacrament. A common declaration is, "Believe your sin(s) forgiven in Jesus' name and (shed) blood." This procedure, ingrained in Laestadianism, differs from absolution in mainstream Lutheran churches in several aspects, including that the request for forgiveness need not be, and most often is not, to the minister; the confession is often made openly; confession is not by appointment but rather readily available to any believer from any other believer at any time; and the specific wording of the declaration states that the means of atonement is Christ's shed blood.


title: Laestadianism

text: Because a Laestadian takes very seriously the proposition that grace exists only for one whose sins have been specifically forgiven, there is scarcely another rite in this movement that would rival the importance of the declaration of forgiveness. This doctrine is a unique extension of the priesthood of the believer doctrine.


title: Laestadianism

text: When greeting each other, Laestadians say "God's peace" in English (or in Finnish: , meaning 'God's greeting' or 'welcome'). To take their leave of each other, they say "God's peace" in English (or in Finnish: ).


title: Laestadianism

text: "Worldliness" is discouraged, and Laestadians frown on pre-marital sex and on alcohol consumption except in the sacrament of holy communion. Conservative Laestadians frown upon worldly vices such as dancing, television, birth control, rhythmic music, make-up, earrings, movies, tattoos, and cursing. Some conservative elements within the church go even further in rejecting the ways of the world, for examples, refusing to buy insurance, prohibiting their children's participation in organized school sports, and removing their car radios. Simplicity in the home, including the prohibition of curtains and flowers, is also a common claim - especially among Firstborn Laestadians - but not a Church doctrine.


title: Laestadianism

text: Especially large numbers of Firstborn Apostolic Lutherans and many members of the most conservative congregations within the Word of Peace group, for examples, do not use birth control because they believe that a child is a gift from God; therefore, many Laestadian families are large.


title: Laestadianism

text: The central activities of Laestadians are annual or more frequent church conventions, including the Summer Services of Conservative Laestadians, attended by members from congregations far and wide; and for the youth, haps (gatherings of teenagers and young adults to sing from "Songs and Hymns of Zion" and visit), song services, bonfires, youth discussions, caretaking meetings and revival meetings.


title: Laestadianism

text: Within Firstborn Laestadianism in Scandinavia, the most important yearly events are the Christmas services in Gällivare and the Midsummer services in Lahti, where thousands of Firstborn Laestadians gather each year from different countries.


title: Laestadianism

text: In Finland, the Bible version primarily used by Laestadians is the Finnish Bible of 1776 which, unlike newer translations, is based on the Textus Receptus. The Central Association of the Finnish Associations of Peace (SRK) publishes a triple Finnish translation (1776, 1933/1938, and 1992) that is used as both a study and a service Bible by Conservative Laestadian preachers. American and Canadian Laestadianism uses the King James Version, based as well on the Textus Receptus.


title: Laestadianism

text: The name of the movement stems from Lars Levi Laestadius (1800–1861), a Swedish Sámi preacher and administrator for the Swedish state Lutheran church in Sápmi who was also a noted botanist. Laestadius started the movement when working as a pastor for the Church of Sweden in northern Sweden in the 1840s. Laestadius met a Sami woman named Milla Clementsdotter from Föllinge in the municipality of Krokom in Jämtland during an 1844 inspection tour of Åsele. She belonged to a revival movement within the Church of Sweden led by pastor Pehr Brandell of the parish of Nora in the municipality of Kramfors in Ångermanland and characterized by pietistic and Moravian influences. She told Laestadius about her spiritual experiences on her journey to a truly living Christianity, and after the meeting Laestadius felt he had come to understand the secret of living faith. He had had a deep experience of having entered a state of grace, of having received God's forgiveness for his sins and of at last truly seeing the path that leads to eternal life. His sermons acquired, in his own words, "a new kind of colour" to which people began to respond. The movement began to spread from Sweden to Finland and Norway, particularly among the Sámi and the Kvens. He preferred his followers to be known simply as "Christians", but others started to call them "Laestadians."


title: Laestadianism

text: Two great challenges Laestadius had faced since his early days as a church minister were the indifference of his Sámi parishioners, who had been forced by the Swedish government to convert from their shamanistic religion to Lutheranism, and the misery caused them by alcoholism. The spiritual understanding Laestadius acquired and shared in his new sermons "filled with vivid metaphors from the lives of the Sami that they could understand, ... about a God who cared about the lives of the people" had a profound positive effect on both problems. An account from the Sámi cultural perspective recalls a new desire among the Sámi to learn to read and a bustle and energy in the church, with people confessing their sins, crying and praying for forgiveness—within Laestadianism this was known as "liikutukset", a kind of ecstasy. Drunkenness and cattle theft diminished, which had a positive influence on the Samis’ relationships, finances and family life.


title: Laestadianism

text: The rapid rise of Laestadianism among the Sámi was due to several factors. Laestadius proudly self-identified as Sámi through his Southern Sámi mother. He spoke and preached in two Sámi dialects. Further he chose uneducated lay preachers from the Sámi reindeer herders to travel year around with them and preach to the unrepented among them. Additionally, in the early days of the movement, Laestadius, in order to find common ground with his parishioners, borrowed the Sámis’ own familiar pagan deities and concepts and adapted them to Christianity. Another factor in the rise of Laestadianism among the Sámi was that the state-mandated boarding schools soon came to be populated by Laestadian personnel. Next, the strict moral code including strict temperance of Laestadianism appealed to the Sámi. Whole communities that had been wrecked by alcoholism went sober virtually overnight. This had the added positive effect of improving the Sámis' social standing with the outside world. Finally, Laestadianism was a faith that the Sámi could identify as originating from within inasmuch as Laestadius himself professed to have come to know the true living faith only upon his encounter with the poor abused Sámi woman, Milla Clementsdotter.


title: Laestadianism

text: A faction within Laestadianism has believed that the movement is a contemporary descendant of an unbroken line of living Christianity via the Luther, the Bohemian Brethren, the Lollards, and the Waldensians all the way back to the primitive Church. Martin Luther, Jan Hus, John Wycliffe and Peter Waldo are seen as spiritual ancestors of Laestadianism.


title: Laestadianism

text: Members tend to have large families by Western standards. In Finland, their demographic advantage has grown as the national fertility rate has fallen: in the 1940s their fertility rate was twice the national average, while in the 1980s it was four times the average. "By 1985–7, the Laestadian and Finnish TFRs stood at 5.47 and 1.45 respectively. Even within the Laestadian TFR of 5.47, there is diversity, with a 'moderate' group preferring to stop at four [children] and practise birth control while a conservative cluster engages in unrestrained reproduction.


title: Laestadianism

text: No research has been done on Laestadians' level of endogamy and membership retention [as of 2010]. However, they are residentially and occupationally integrated, so lose more members to assimilation." For example, in the small town of Larsmo, despite some losses to outmarriage and emigration, their share of the population doubled over just thirty years to about 40% in 1991 and was predicted to be "a two-thirds majority of the town in a generation."


title: Laestadianism

text: In addition to the founder Laestadius himself, who was also a noted botanist, and chronicler of the Samis' shamanistic religious beliefs, former prime minister of Finland and leader for seven years of the Finnish Centre Party, Juha Sipilä, is a life-long Laestadian of the Rauhan Sana group.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Abelardo Dennis Florencio Ho (born 12 May 1981), known professionally as Dennis Trillo (), is a Filipino actor, model and recording artist. He is currently a contract star of GMA Network. He was known for his role as Eric del Mundo in the first ever gay-themed series on Philippine TV, "My Husband's Lover" aired on GMA Network in 2013.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Trillo received his first acting award in 2004 for his role as a cross-dressing spy in the 2004 war film "". In May 2016, he appeared in another primetime television series, "Juan Happy Love Story", opposite his "Dwarfina" leading lady Heart Evangelista.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Now being recognized both locally and internationally, he still continues to work as GMA Network's Drama King.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Trillo was born on May 12, 1981, in Quezon City to Florita Florencio Ho, a Filipino, and Abelardo Leslie Ho, a Chinese Filipino from Dumaguete, Negros Oriental. He finished high school at Jose Abad Santos Memorial School, Quezon City and spent his grade school years (grades 1–7) at the Ateneo De Manila University. He pursued a college education at Miriam College and received a B.A. in International Studies.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: In 2021, he married his longtime girlfriend Jennylyn Mercado. They had daughter named Dylan who born on April 25, 2022.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Prior to starting his career in show business, Trillo was once a member of a band called "Moyg". For a short period, he played the drums for the DIY band in Baguio. His career in entertainment started in ABS-CBN in 2001 when he was introduced as part of ABS-CBN's Star Circle (now known as Star Magic) batch 10 along with Bea Alonzo, Alfred Vargas and TJ Trinidad. He took part in ABS-CBN's hit television soap operas "Pangako Sa 'Yo" as Ruel and "Sa Dulo Ng Walang Hanggan" as Jojo; both were minor characters.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: After transferring to GMA Network and becoming a contract star, he landed his first role for the network in the youth-oriented drama "Kahit Kailan" where he played a supporting character named David. He was also cast in several outings like "Twin Hearts" and "Love to Love".


title: Dennis Trillo

text: In 2004, he had his first main character role in the fantasy show "Mulawin". He played Gabriel, a half-human and half-"Ravena" who became the third wheel in Alwina (Angel Locsin) and Agiluz (Richard Gutierrez) romance. The same year, he had his breakthrough performance when he starred in the Metro Manila Film Festival official entry "" as a transgender woman during World War II. In this film he received his first acting award as Best Supporting Actor in the 30th Metro Manila Film Festival.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Following this recognition, he received five more Best Actor trophies from the Film Academy of the Philippines, the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS), the PMPC Star Awards for Movies, Golden Screen Awards and the Young Critics Circle. He was also included in the third installment of "Mano Po".


title: Dennis Trillo

text: The following year, 2005, Trillo officially became a leading man when he was paired with Angel Locsin in the television adaptation of the iconic superhero "Darna". He also starred in an afternoon family drama "Now and Forever: Agos" where he received a Best Drama Actor nomination from PMPC Star Awards for TV. That same year, he reprised his role for "", and appeared in the film "Blue Moon".


title: Dennis Trillo

text: In 2005, in GMA Network fantasy series "Encantadia", Trillo was cast as lead character in "Etheria", where he portrayed the Sapirian prince, Raquim. Midway through the series, GMA Network management announced that Trillo would be pulled out from the said show to once again star in another fantasy-themed television series "Majika", in the end Trillo was allowed to complete "Etheria". He also starred in the horror-suspense film "Pamahiin" and was included in the network's noontime show "SOP" as a co-host where he also played drums as part of the show's "Starband".


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Trillo released his self-titled debut album in 2007 under IndiMusic. It was in the same year when he made his fourth Lenten drama special for GMA Network under APT Entertainment entitled "Unico Hijo". On August 21, 2007, he started taping for the fantasy series "" with Aljur Abrenica and Marky Cielo.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: On April 27, 2008, five thousand spectators witnessed the "Battle of Mactan" play, with Trillo playing Ferdinand Magellan at the Mactan, Cebu Shrine. The same year, Trillo joined the stellar cast of "Magdusa Ka", an afternoon soap opera which later earned an International Emmy nomination the following year. Late 2008 when he starred in the comic-based superhero series "Gagambino", playing as the main character. The following year after "Gagambino", he starred into two more primetime dramas: "Adik Sa'Yo" and the 2009 remake of "Darna".


title: Dennis Trillo

text: Trillo's hosting roles continued when he replaced Dingdong Dantes as a co-host in the new installment of "StarStruck V" in 2009. In 2010, he also began co-hosting the variety show, "Party Pilipinas". He appeared in "Sine Novela Presents:" "Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak" opposite Jennylyn Mercado and portrayed Andrew Tantoco in the Philippine adaptation of the hit Korean series "Endless Love".


title: Dennis Trillo

text: In 2011, Trillo appeared in the romantic-fantasy series "Dwarfina" where he teamed-up with Heart Evangelista. After playing the lead role in the Philippine adaptation of "Temptation of Wife", Trillo lead his most controversial role to date as Eric del Mundo in his second International Emmy nominee drama series "My Husband's Lover" where he received one acting award from two nominations and a commendation from Asian TV Awards.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: After the success of the series, the cast of "My Husband's Lover" held a concert at Araneta Coliseum named ""One More Try: My Husband's Lover The Concert"". The same year, Trillo and his screen partner Tom Rodriguez released their album titled "TomDen," which is now a certified Platinum record according to the PARI with over 15,000 copies sold.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: In 2014, he top-billed the Primetime drama series "Hiram na Alaala" with Kapuso actress Kris Bernal. He also had a weekly medical drama with Bela Padilla entitled "Sa Puso ni Dok" under GMA News & Public Affairs department. Trillo visited ABS-CBN via his guesting in "Kris TV" to promote his 2015 movie "You're Still The One" alongside Maja Salvador, Ellen Adarna and Richard Yap under Regal Entertainment Inc. and Star Cinema. The same year, Trillo launched his first VIVA Films movie, "Felix Manalo" where he received a Movie Actor of the Year award from PMPC Star Awards for Movies.


title: Dennis Trillo

text: After doing several heavy drama soap operas, Trillo starred in 2016 in a light drama series with Heart Evangelista in "Juan Happy Love Story".


title: Devin Lloyd

text: Devin Eric Lloyd (born September 30, 1998) is an American football linebacker for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Utah and was drafted by the Jaguars in the first round of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Devin Lloyd

text: Lloyd attended Otay Ranch High School in Chula Vista, California. He played safety, wide receiver and was a punter in high school. He was not highly recruited as 3 star recruit when he committed to the University of Utah, his only power five offer, to play college football over offers from UNLV, Colorado State, Sacramento State, San Jose State, and Utah State.


title: Devin Lloyd

text: After redshirting his first year at Utah in 2017, Lloyd played in all 14 games as a backup in 2018 and had six tackles. He became a starter in 2019. In 14 games he had 91 tackles, 6.5 sacks and one interception which he returned for a touchdown. As a junior in 2020, Lloyd played in five games and had 48 tackles and two sacks. He returned to Utah for his senior year in 2021 rather than enter the 2021 NFL Draft. As a senior Lloyd played in all 14 games starting all but one, due to a controversial ejection vs Oregon State, and had 66 tackles, a Pac-12 leading eight sacks, and four interceptions including a pick-6 in the Pac-12 championship game. Lloyd also was First-team all Pac-12 and a consensus First-team All-American selection. On January 13, 2022, Lloyd declared for the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Devin Lloyd

text: Lloyd was selected in the first round with the 27th overall pick by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 2022 NFL Draft. Lloyd was named the Defensive Rookie of the Month for September. He recorded 24 tackles, six passes defended and two interceptions.


title: Devin Lloyd

text: Lloyd is the son of Joe Lloyd and Ronyta Johnson. Both of his parents served in the United States Navy. Lloyd is a Christian.


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: In the Court of the Dragon is the tenth studio album by American heavy metal band Trivium. It was released on October 8, 2021, through Roadrunner Records and was produced by Josh Wilbur.


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: In June 2020, guitarist Corey Beaulieu revealed the band is already working on the follow-up to "What the Dead Men Say" while being in COVID-19 pandemic quarantine, saying the material they've been working on sounds "really pissed-off."


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: On July 7, 2021, the band teased that they are planning to release new music on Friday, July 9, with a 2-minute video trailer hinting at some potentially new music. On that day, the band officially released the new single and title track "In the Court of the Dragon" along with its music video. On August 10, the band started posting more cryptic images and videos pertaining to another new single on their social media pages. The second single, "Feast of Fire", was released on August 12 along with a corresponding music video. At the same time, the band announced the album itself, the album cover, the track list, and release date.


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: On August 19, a collaboration between Trivium and Bethesda Game Studios has been announced that will include "The Elder Scrolls Online"-themed music video. On October 1, one week before the album release, the band unveiled the third single "The Phalanx" along with an accompanying music video. The single is the album's final track and a re-recording of a scrapped song from the "Shogun" sessions. A music video for "The Shadow of the Abattoir" was released on November 17, 2022.


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: The genre of the album has been described primarily as thrash metal, progressive metal, metalcore, and heavy metal. The album's artwork is a painting by Mathieu Nozieres. Regarding the artwork, Heafy relayed, "While the music of "In the Court of the Dragon" was taking shape, we knew we needed epic artwork of the type that you might see on the wall of an important museum from a long-dead renaissance master."


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: Lyrical content of the album is based on mythology inspired by fantasy literature. Instead of focusing on existing mythologies, the band decided to explore and create its own mythology within Trivium.


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: The album received critical acclaim from critics. AllMusic gave the album a positive review saying, "As a whole, "In the Court of the Dragon" stands with Trivium's best work. It offers a classic meld of melodic thrash/metalcore and tech death in a sound as enormous as it is ambitious and diverse, making for wonderfully produced, flawlessly composed songs. All killer, no filler." Dom Lawson from Blabbermouth.net gave the album 8.5 out of 10 and said: "Having stayed the course, TRIVIUM are justifiably brimming with confidence on "In the Court of the Dragon". The speed with which this record was put together, irrespective of circumstance, points to a laudable, collective drive to keep creating." Dan McHugh of "Distorted Sound" scored the album 10 out of 10 and said: "At this stage in their career TRIVIUM have nothing left to prove and have sat proudly amongst the elite for multiple decades, yet they still come out firing on all cylinders and have crafted material that offers something new and refreshing. "In the Court of the Dragon" is as bold and creative as it is fearlessly experimental. They have managed to push their boundaries without neglecting the core elements which have made them one of the most revered bands on the planet and in turn, have created one of the strongest albums, if not the pinnacle of their career to date." "Kerrang!" gave the album 4 out of 5 and stated: "Taken together, this makes for one of 2021's most compelling pure metal releases, and gives its makers reason to feel proud of their craft. Ably demonstrating that they have only grown stronger over the course of their 22-year career, it really would not be a surprise if they finally make the transition into arena-headlining status with "In the Court of the Dragon". These are songs that are built to be played from the largest stages, and deserve to be."


title: In the Court of the Dragon

text: "Louder Sound" gave the album a positive review and stated: "In terms of a band playing contemporary, modern heavy metal, Trivium have been the best for some time. They still are, and "In the Court of the Dragon" is a fucking awesome heavy metal album. Was it ever in doubt?" "Metal Injection" rated the album 9 out of 10 and stated, ""In the Court of the Dragon" presents a sound blown open so wide that it's almost impossible to guess at what might come next. Though with an album like this to listen to, who cares when that'll be?" "New Noise" gave the album 4 out of 5 and stated: "Fans of the band will be ecstatic with what they're hearing. This is a powerful and anthemic album, with each track building from the last. Trivium really brought it here, and to be honest, this might be my number one Metal album of the year." "Rock 'N' Load" praised the album saying, ""In the Court of the Dragon" is a gripping and totally engaging album that has everything that you could ever wish for not solely from a Trivium album, but a metal album and needs to be heard by any fan of the genre. Trust me, you just have to." Jamie Giberti of "Rock Sins" rated the album 8.5 out of 10 and said: ""In the Court of the Dragon" is the third act in the trilogy of "The Sin and the Sentence" and "What the Dead Men Say". An excellent continual evolution, rather than revolution, and one that should see Trivium continue to ascend to the heights of the last few years and beyond." "Wall of Sound" gave the album a perfect score 10/10 and saying: "Trivium is now just Trivium, and "In the Court of the Dragon" is another release that defines what that means– they are one of the best metal bands on the planet." "Loudwire" called it one of the best metal albums of 2021.


title: Applied ethics

text: Applied ethics refers to the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. For example, the bioethics community is concerned with identifying the correct approach to moral issues in the life sciences, such as euthanasia, the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research. Environmental ethics is concerned with ecological issues such as the responsibility of government and corporations to clean up pollution. Business ethics includes questions regarding the duties or duty of 'whistleblowers' to the general public or their loyalty to their employers.


title: Applied ethics

text: Applied ethics has expanded the study of ethics beyond the realms of academic philosophical discourse. The field of applied ethics, as it appears today, emerged from debate surrounding rapid medical and technological advances in the early 1970s and is now established as a subdiscipline of moral philosophy. However, applied ethics is, by its very nature, a multi-professional subject because it requires specialist understanding of the potential ethical issues in fields like medicine, business or information technology. Nowadays, ethical codes of conduct exist in almost every profession.


title: Applied ethics

text: An applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas can take many different forms but one of the most influential and most widely utilised approaches in bioethics and health care ethics is the four-principle approach developed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress. The four-principle approach, commonly termed principlism, entails consideration and application of four prima facie ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice.


title: Applied ethics

text: Applied ethics is distinguished from normative ethics, which concerns standards for right and wrong behavior, and from meta-ethics, which concerns the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments.


title: Applied ethics

text: Whilst these three areas of ethics appear to be distinct, they are also interrelated. The use of an applied ethics approach often draws upon certain normative ethical theories, like the following:


title: Applied ethics

text: Sometimes, these normative ethical theories clash, which poses challenges when trying to resolve real-world ethical dilemmas. One approach which attempts to overcome the seemingly impossible divide between deontology and utilitarianism (of which the divide is caused by the opposite takings of an absolute and relativist moral view) is case-based reasoning, also known as casuistry. Casuistry does not begin with theory, rather it starts with the immediate facts of a real and concrete case. While casuistry makes use of ethical theory, it does not view ethical theory as the most important feature of moral reasoning. Casuists, like Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin ("The Abuse of Casuistry", 1988), challenge the traditional paradigm of applied ethics. Instead of starting from theory and applying theory to a particular case, casuists start with the particular case itself and then ask what morally significant features (including both theory and practical considerations) ought to be considered for that particular case. In their observations of medical ethics committees, Jonsen and Toulmin note that a consensus on particularly problematic moral cases often emerges when participants focus on the facts of the case, rather than on ideology or theory. Thus, a Rabbi, a Catholic priest, and an agnostic might agree that, in this particular case, the best approach is to withhold extraordinary medical care, while disagreeing on the reasons that support their individual positions. By focusing on cases and not on theory, those engaged in moral debate increase the possibility of agreement.


title: Applied ethics

text: Applied ethics was later distinguished from the nascent applied epistemology, which is also under the umbrella of applied philosophy. While the former was concerned with the practical application of moral considerations, the latter focuses on the application of epistemology in solving practical problems.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: The 2018 UEFA Super Cup was the 43rd edition of the UEFA Super Cup, an annual football match organised by UEFA and contested by the reigning champions of the two main European club competitions, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. The match featured two Spanish sides, Real Madrid, the winners of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League and the defending champions having won the previous two editions, and Atlético Madrid, the winners of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League. It was played at the Lilleküla Stadium in Tallinn, Estonia, on 15 August 2018, and was the first European club final held in Estonia.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: In March 2018, UEFA announced that a fourth substitution would be allowed in extra time and that the number of substitutes had been increased from 7 to 12. The kick-off time was also changed from 20:45 CEST to 21:00 CEST.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: This was the fifth all-Spanish Super Cup, and the fourth in the last five years. This was also the first Super Cup to be played by two teams from the same city. A Spanish side has appeared in the Super Cup for nine of the previous ten years. Additionally, as both teams are from Spain, the Super Cup was guaranteed to be won by a Spanish team for the ninth time in ten seasons and for five consecutive years.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: Real Madrid were aiming to win their fifth Super Cup, which would tie them with record-holders Barcelona and Milan, while having won the last two editions, have the chance to become the first team to win three consecutive Super Cups. On the other hand, Atlético Madrid, having won the previous two Super Cups they played in, had the chance to become the first team to win their first three Super Cups.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: This was the tenth Madrid Derby match in European competitions, with all previous nine matches having been in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League. Real Madrid held the advantage with 5 wins, 2 draws and 2 defeats, and have never been knocked out by Atlético Madrid either over two legs or in a one-match decider.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: The Lilleküla Stadium was announced as the final venue on 15 September 2016, following the decision of the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Athens, Greece. The stadium was known as the "Lilleküla Arena" due to UEFA's sponsorship regulations.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: With a stadium capacity of 13,000 for the match, around 70% of the tickets were available to fans and the general public, available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 5 to 26 June 2018 in three price categories: €130, €90, and €50. The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee, UEFA and national associations, commercial partners and broadcasters.


title: 2018 UEFA Super Cup

text: On 2 August 2018, UEFA announced that Szymon Marciniak of Poland would officiate the match. Marciniak has been a FIFA referee since 2011, and officiated at UEFA Euro 2016 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was joined by his fellow countrymen, with Paweł Sokolnicki and Tomasz Listkiewicz as assistant referees, Paweł Raczkowski and Tomasz Musiał as additional assistant referees, and Radosław Siejka as reserve assistant referee. The fourth official for the match was Romanian Ovidiu Hațegan.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: A split-phase or single-phase three-wire system is a type of single-phase electric power distribution. It is the alternating current (AC) equivalent of the original Edison Machine Works three-wire direct-current system. Its primary advantage is that, for a given capacity of a distribution system, it saves conductor material over a single-ended single-phase system, while only requiring a single phase on the supply side of the distribution transformer.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: This system is common in North America for residential and light commercial applications. Two 120 V AC lines are supplied to the premises that are out of phase by 180 degrees with each other (when both measured with respect to the neutral), along with a common neutral. The neutral conductor is connected to ground at the transformer center tap. Circuits for lighting and small appliance power outlets (i.e., NEMA 1 and NEMA 5) use 120 V circuits - these are connected between one of the lines and neutral using a single-pole circuit breaker. High-demand applications, such as ovens, are often powered using 240 V AC circuits - these are connected between the two 120 V AC lines. These 240 V loads are either hard-wired or use NEMA 10 or NEMA 14 outlets which are deliberately incompatible with the 120 V outlets.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: Other applications of a split-phase power system are used to reduce the electric shock hazard or to reduce electromagnetic noise.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: A transformer supplying a three-wire distribution system has a single-phase input (primary) winding. The output (secondary) winding is center-tapped and the center tap connected to a grounded neutral. As shown in Fig. 1, either end to center has half the voltage of end-to-end. Fig. 2 illustrates the phasor diagram of the output voltages for a split-phase transformer. Since the two phasors do not define a unique direction of rotation for a revolving magnetic field, a split single-phase is not a two-phase system.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: In the United States and Canada, the practice originated with the DC distribution system developed by Thomas Edison. By connecting pairs of lamps or groups of lamps on the same circuit in series, and doubling the supply voltage, the size of conductors was reduced substantially.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: The line to neutral voltage is half the line-to-line voltage. Lighting and small appliances requiring less than 1800 watts may be connected between a line wire and the neutral. Higher wattage appliances, such as cooking equipment, space heating, water heaters, clothes dryers, air conditioners and electric vehicle charging equipment, are connected across the two line conductors. This means that (for the supply of the same amount of power) the current is halved. Hence, smaller conductors may be used than would be needed if the appliances were designed to be supplied by the lower voltage.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: If the load were guaranteed to be balanced, then the neutral conductor would not carry any current and the system would be equivalent to a single-ended system of twice the voltage with the line wires taking half the current. This would not need a neutral conductor at all, but would be wildly impractical for varying loads; just connecting the groups in series would result in excessive voltage and brightness variation as lamps are switched on and off.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: By connecting the two lamp groups to a neutral, intermediate in potential between the two live legs, any imbalance of the load will be supplied by a current in the neutral, giving substantially constant voltage across both groups. The total current carried in all three wires (including the neutral) will always be twice the supply current of the most heavily loaded half.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: For short wiring runs limited by conductor ampacity, this allows three half-sized conductors to be substituted for two full-sized ones, using 75% of the copper of an equivalent single-phase system.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: Longer wiring runs are more limited by voltage drop in the conductors. Because the supply voltage is doubled, a balanced load can tolerate double the voltage drop, allowing quarter-sized conductors to be used; this uses 3/8 the copper of an equivalent single-phase system.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: In practice, some intermediate value is chosen. For example, if the imbalance is limited to 25% of the total load (half of one half) rather than the absolute worst-case 50%, then conductors 3/8 of the single-phase size will guarantee the same maximum voltage drop, totalling 9/8 of one single-phase conductor, 56% of the copper of the two single-phase conductors.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: In a so-called "balanced power" system, sometimes called "technical power", an isolation transformer with a center tap is used to create a separate supply with conductors at balanced voltages with respect to ground. The purpose of a balanced power system is to minimize the noise coupled into sensitive equipment from the power supply.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: Unlike a three-wire distribution system, the grounded neutral is not distributed to the loads; only line-to-line connections at 120 V are used. A balanced power system is used only for specialized distribution in audio and video production studios, sound and television broadcasting, and installations of sensitive scientific instruments.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: The U.S. National Electrical Code provides rules for technical power installations. The systems are not to be used for general-purpose lighting or other equipment, and may use special sockets to ensure only approved equipment is connected to the system. Additionally, technical power systems pay special attention to the way the distribution system is grounded.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: A risk of using a balanced power system, in an installation that also uses "conventional" power in the same rooms, is that a user may inadvertently interconnect the power systems together via an intermediate system of audio or video equipment, elements of which might be connected to different power systems. The chance of this happening may be reduced by appropriate labelling of the balanced power outlets and by the use of a type of power outlet socket for the balanced system that is physically different from that of the "conventional" power system to further differentiate them.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: In Europe, three-phase 230/400 V is most commonly used. However, 230/460 V, three-wire, single-phase systems are used to run farms and small groups of houses when only two of the three-phase high-voltage conductors are used. A split-phase final step-down transformer is then used, with the centre-tap earthed and the two halves usually supplying different buildings with a single phase supply, although in the UK a large farm may be given a 230-0-230 (nominal) supply.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: In the UK, electric tools and portable lighting at larger construction and demolition sites are governed by BS7375, and where possible are recommended to be fed from a centre-tapped system with only 55 V between live conductors and the earth (so called CTE or Centre Tap Earth, or 55-0-55). This reduced low voltage system is used with 110 V equipment. No neutral conductor is distributed. In high hazard locations, additional double pole RCD protection may be used. The intention is to reduce the electrocution hazard that may exist when using electrical equipment at a wet or outdoor construction site, and eliminate the requirement for rapid automatic disconnection for prevention of shocks during faults. Portable transformers that transform single-phase 240 V to this 110 V split-phase system are a common piece of construction equipment. Generator sets used for construction sites are equipped to supply it directly.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: An incidental benefit is that the filaments of 110 V incandescent lamps used on such systems are thicker and therefore mechanically more rugged than those of 240 V lamps.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: This three-wire single phase system is common in North America for residential and light commercial applications. Circuit breaker panels typically have two live (hot) wires, and a neutral, connected at one point to the grounded center tap of a local transformer. Usually, one of the live wires is black and the other one red; the neutral wire is always white. Single pole circuit breakers feed 120 volt circuits from one of the 120 volt buses within the panel, or two-pole circuit breakers feed 240 volt circuits from both buses. 120 V circuits are the most common, and used to power NEMA 1 and NEMA 5 outlets, and most residential and light commercial direct-wired lighting circuits. 240 V circuits are used for high-demand applications, such as air conditioners, space heaters, electric stoves, electric clothes dryers, water heaters, and electric vehicle charge points. These use NEMA 10 or NEMA 14 outlets that are deliberately incompatible with the 120 V outlets.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: Wiring regulations govern the application of split-phase circuits. Since the neutral (return) conductor is not protected by a fuse or circuit breaker, a neutral wire can be shared only by two circuits fed from opposite lines of the supply system. Two circuits from opposing lines may share a neutral if both breakers are connected by a bar so that both trip simultaneously ( NEC 210.4), this prevents 120 V from feeding across 240 V circuits.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: In Sweden split-phase electric power is also used on some railways. The center tap is grounded, one pole is fed with an overhead wire section, while the other wire is used for another section.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system in the Northeast Corridor between New York and Boston also uses split-phase power distribution. Two separate wires are run along the track, the contact wire for the locomotive and an electrically separate feeder wire. Each wire is fed with 25 kV with respect to ground, with 50 kV between them. Autotransformers along the track balance the loads between the contact and feeder wires, reducing resistive losses.


title: Split-phase electric power

text: In the UK Network Rail are using autotransformers on all new 50 Hz electrification, and (as of 2014) are converting many old booster transformer installations to autotransformers, to reduce energy losses and exported electromagnetic interference, both of which increase when longer, heavier, or faster trains are introduced, drawing higher peak current from the supply. Note that booster transformers only "boost" the return of traction current through its intended path, the "return conductor", rather than randomly through the earth, and do not boost, but rather reduce, the available voltage at the train, and introduce additional losses. The autotransformer system enforces the traction return current taking its intended path, while reducing the transmission losses, and therefore achieves both required objectives, of controlling return current leakage to earth and ensuring low energy loss, simultaneously. There is an initial cost penalty, because the previous return conductor, insulated to a fairly modest voltage, must be replaced by an anti-phase feeder, insulated to 25 kV, and the autotransformers themselves are larger and more expensive than the previous booster transformers; but over time the lower loss of energy results in overall costsavings.


title: The Indian Runner

text: The Indian Runner is a 1991 crime drama film written and directed by Sean Penn in his directorial debut. Based on Bruce Springsteen's song "Highway Patrolman", the film depicts the relationship between two brothers who find themselves on opposite sides of the law. It stars David Morse and Viggo Mortensen as the brothers, alongside Valeria Golino, Patricia Arquette, Jordan Rhodes, Dennis Hopper, Charles Bronson, and Sandy Dennis in her final film role.


title: The Indian Runner

text: The story, set in 1960s Nebraska, involves two very different brothers: small-town deputy sheriff Joe and criminal Frank Roberts.


title: The Indian Runner

text: Before the events of the film, Joe had tried to farm for a living, but was unable to make ends meet, and the bank eventually foreclosed on his property. He became a deputy sheriff as a way to support his young wife, Maria, and child. Joe is a good, conscientious man, but has his own demons to fight with. The opening shot of the film shows a car chase which ends with Joe using his gun to kill a man in self-defense. This results in Joe's conflicted feelings about killing the criminal, as well as the praise and scorn from members of his community from this shooting. Frank, who had been involved with run-ins with the law before going to Vietnam, is described by his father as plagued by "restlessness". Upon his return to town, he breaks into his brother's home and is nearly shot by Joe's wife. The next day, Frank leaves town without ever stopping by his parents' home. As Joe states in the narration, Frank was correct in his assessment that his parents would understand, as they always seem to when he hurts those who love him.


title: The Indian Runner

text: Joe does not hear from his brother for some time, but eventually discovers from their father that he is in jail in another state. He had kept the information quiet to avoid upsetting their mother. Frank is then released from prison and returns to his hometown with his pregnant girlfriend, Dorothy. Joe's and Frank's mother dies and their father commits suicide soon after. Frank tries to settle down and works in construction, but keeps getting into trouble with the law, which puts him in conflict with Joe. When the time comes for Frank's wife to give birth, Frank is in a bar "drinking it down," which sparks a confrontation with Joe. After Joe leaves, Frank beats the bartender to death with a chair and drives out of town with Joe on his tail. The film concludes with Joe allowing Frank to escape across the state line.


title: The Indian Runner

text: Additional cast members include Benicio del Toro as Miguel and Harry Crews and Eileen Ryan as the Bakers.


title: The Indian Runner

text: The film was shot partially in Plattsmouth, Nebraska, and Omaha, Nebraska. Joe wears the uniform of a Cass County Sheriff's Deputy in the film.


title: The Indian Runner

text: Producer Don Phillips gave Penn's screenplay to two producers, who liked it but felt that the ending was not commercial enough to interest a Hollywood studio. Phillips' friend Thom Mount, who had his own production company and was a big fan of Penn's work, thought that they might interest a studio if they could get a movie star like Tom Cruise interested in appearing in the film. Penn spotted Mortensen in the film "Fresh Horses" and was drawn to the actor's "angularity, a severity to his handsomeness," that he thought would be perfect for the role of Frank.


title: The Indian Runner

text: Penn and Phillips sent Mortensen the script while he was making "Young Guns II" in Tucson, Arizona and flew there to meet with him. The actor agreed to star in Penn's film. Penn had Morse and Mortensen rehearse their pivotal scene in a bar for two weeks. The director had a bar set up in a gymnasium which allowed the actors to blow off steam by shooting baskets in between rehearsals. While making the film, Penn felt that Mortensen's "inherent kindness" was too visible and had him work with a member of the Hells Angels motorcycle club that the director knew in order to acquire an edginess that Penn felt necessary for the character.


title: The Indian Runner

text: "The Indian Runner" is the last film to feature Sandy Dennis, who died six months after it was released to cinemas. Viggo Mortensen said in an interview several years after her death that during post-production, Sean Penn cut a scene in which she had eight pages of dialogue. In the long scene, Joe and Frank visit their terminally ill mother and their father. Penn decided he could improve the movie if Frank seems cold enough to avoid visiting her even though she is dying, and cut the scene. Dennis appears in a short scene in which she and her husband, played by Charles Bronson, are visited by Joe only. Quoting Mortensen directly about Dennis,


title: The Indian Runner

text: "The Indian Runner" was, for the most part, positively received. It has a 'fresh' rating of 74% on Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film a positive review, writing that Joe and Frank represent not only the two sides of manhood in society, but also, possibly, the two sides of Sean Penn's own character.


title: John W. Campbell

text: John Wood Campbell Jr. (June 8, 1910 – July 11, 1971) was an American science fiction writer and editor. He was editor of "Astounding Science Fiction" (later called "Analog Science Fiction and Fact") from late 1937 until his death and was part of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Campbell wrote super-science space opera under his own name and stories under his primary pseudonym, Don A. Stuart. Campbell also used the pen names Karl Van Kampen and Arthur McCann. His novella "Who Goes There?" was adapted as the films "The Thing from Another World" (1951), "The Thing" (1982), and "The Thing" (2011).


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell began writing science fiction at age 18 while attending MIT. He published six short stories, one novel, and six letters in the science fiction magazine "Amazing Stories" from 1930 to 1931. This work established Campbell's reputation as a writer of space adventure. When in 1934 he began to write stories with a different tone, he wrote as Don A. Stuart. From 1930 until the later part of that decade, Campbell was prolific and successful under both names, though he stopped writing fiction shortly after he became editor of "Astounding" in 1937.


title: John W. Campbell

text: It is as editor of "Astounding Science Fiction" from late 1937 until his death for which Campbell is primarily remembered today. In 1939, Campbell started the fantasy magazine "Unknown", which was canceled after only four years. Referring to his time spent as an editor, "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction" states: "More than any other individual, he helped to shape modern sf." Isaac Asimov called Campbell "the most powerful force in science fiction ever" and said the "first ten years of his editorship he dominated the field completely." In his capacity as an editor, Campbell published some of the very earliest work, and helped shape the careers of virtually every important science-fiction author to debut between 1938 and 1946, including Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, Theodore Sturgeon, and Arthur C. Clarke.


title: John W. Campbell

text: An increasingly strong interest in pseudoscience later alienated Campbell from Asimov. In the 1960s, Campbell's controversial essays supporting segregation, and other remarks and writings surrounding slavery and race, served to distance him from many in the science fiction community. Nevertheless, Campbell remained an important figure in science fiction publishing up until his death. Campbell and "Astounding" shared one of the inaugural Hugo Awards with H. L. Gold and "Galaxy" at the 1953 World Science Fiction Convention. Subsequently, Campbell and "Astounding" won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine seven times.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Shortly after his death in 1971, the University of Kansas science fiction program established the annual John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and also renamed its annual Campbell Conference after him. The World Science Fiction Society established the annual John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, since renamed the Astounding Award for Best New Writer. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Campbell in 1996, in its inaugural class of two deceased and two living persons.


title: John W. Campbell

text: John Campbell was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1910. His father, John Wood Campbell Sr., was an electrical engineer. His mother, Dorothy (née Strahern) had an identical twin who visited them often and who disliked John. John was unable to tell them apart and says he was frequently rebuffed by the person he took to be his mother. Campbell attended the Blair Academy, a boarding school in rural Warren County, New Jersey, but did not graduate because of lack of credits for French and trigonometry.


title: John W. Campbell

text: He also attended, without graduating, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he was befriended by the mathematician Norbert Wiener (who coined the term "cybernetics") – but he failed German and MIT dismissed him in his junior year in 1931. After two years at Duke University, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in physics in 1934.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell began writing science fiction at age 18 while attending MIT and sold his first stories quickly. From January 1930 to June 1931, "Amazing Stories" published six of his short stories, one novel, and six letters. Campbell was editor of "Astounding Science Fiction" (later called "Analog Science Fiction and Fact") from late 1937 until his death. He stopped writing fiction after he became editor of "Astounding". Between December 11, 1957, and June 13, 1958, he hosted a weekly science fiction radio program called "Exploring Tomorrow". The scripts were written by authors such as Gordon R. Dickson and Robert Silverberg.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell and Doña Stewart married in 1931. They divorced in 1949 and he married Margaret (Peg) Winter in 1950. He spent most of his life in New Jersey and died of heart failure at his home in Mountainside, New Jersey. He was an atheist.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Editor T. O'Conor Sloane lost Campbell's first manuscript that he accepted for "Amazing Stories", entitled "Invaders of the Infinite". "When the Atoms Failed" appeared in January 1930, followed by five more during 1930. Three were part of a space opera series featuring the characters Arcot, Morey, and Wade. A complete novel in the series, "Islands of Space", was the cover story in the Spring 1931 "Quarterly". During 1934–35 a serial novel, "The Mightiest Machine", ran in "Astounding Stories", edited by F. Orlin Tremaine, and several stories featuring lead characters Penton and Blake appeared from late 1936 in "Thrilling Wonder Stories", edited by Mort Weisinger.


title: John W. Campbell

text: The early work for "Amazing" established Campbell's reputation as a writer of space adventure. When in 1934 he began to publish stories with a different tone he wrote as Don A. Stuart, a pseudonym derived from his wife's maiden name.


title: John W. Campbell

text: From 1930 until the later part of that decade, Campbell was prolific and successful under both names. Three significant stories published under the pseudonym are "Twilight" ("Astounding", November 1934), "Night" ("Astounding", October 1935), and "Who Goes There?" ("Astounding", August 1938). "Who Goes There?", about a group of Antarctic researchers who discover a crashed alien vessel, formerly inhabited by a malevolent shape-changing occupant, was published in "Astounding" almost a year after Campbell became its editor and it was his last significant piece of fiction, at age 28. It was filmed as "The Thing from Another World" (1951), "The Thing" (1982), and again as "The Thing" (2011).


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell held the amateur radio call sign W2ZGU, and wrote many articles on electronics and radio for a wide range of magazines.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Tremaine hired Campbell to succeed him as the editor of "Astounding" from its October 1937 issue. Campbell was not given full authority for "Astounding" until May 1938, but had been responsible for buying stories somewhat earlier. He began to make changes almost immediately, instigating a "mutant" label for unusual stories, and in March 1938 changing the title from "Astounding Stories" to "Astounding Science-Fiction".


title: John W. Campbell

text: Lester del Rey's first story, in March 1938, was an early find for Campbell, and in 1939, he published such an extraordinary group of new writers for the first time that the period is generally regarded as the beginning of the "Golden Age of Science Fiction", and the July 1939 issue in particular. The July issue contained A. E. van Vogt's first story, "Black Destroyer", and Asimov's early story "Trends"; August brought Robert A. Heinlein's first story, "Life-Line", and the next month Theodore Sturgeon's first story appeared.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Also in 1939, Campbell started the fantasy magazine "Unknown" (later "Unknown Worlds"). Although "Unknown" was canceled after only four years, a victim of wartime paper shortages, the magazine's editorial direction was significant in the evolution of modern fantasy.


title: John W. Campbell

text: "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction" wrote: "More than any other individual, he helped to shape modern sf", and Darrell Schweitzer credits him with having "decreed that SF writers should pull themselves up out of the pulp mire and start writing intelligently, for adults". After 1950, new magazines such as "Galaxy Science Fiction" and "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" moved in different directions and developed talented new writers who were not directly influenced by him. Campbell often suggested story ideas to writers (including "Write me a creature that thinks "as well as" a man, or "better than" a man, but not "like" a man" ), and sometimes asked for stories to match cover paintings he had already bought.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and eventually became a friend. Asimov said of Campbell's influence on the field: By his own example and by his instruction and by his undeviating and persisting insistence, he forced first "Astounding" and then all science fiction into his mold. He abandoned the earlier orientation of the field. He demolished the stock characters who had filled it; eradicated the penny dreadful plots; extirpated the Sunday-supplement science. In a phrase, he blotted out the purple of pulp. Instead, he demanded that science-fiction writers understand science and understand people, a hard requirement that many of the established writers of the 1930s could not meet. Campbell did not compromise because of that: those who could not meet his requirements could not sell to him, and the carnage was as great as it had been in Hollywood a decade before, while silent movies had given way to the talkies.


title: John W. Campbell

text: One example of the type of speculative but plausible science fiction that Campbell demanded from his writers is "Deadline", a short story by Cleve Cartmill that appeared during the wartime year of 1944, a year before the detonation of the first atomic bomb. As Ben Bova, Campbell's successor as editor at "Analog", wrote, it "described the basic facts of how to build an atomic bomb. Cartmill and Campbell worked together on the story, drawing their scientific information from papers published in the technical journals before the war. To them, the mechanics of constructing a uranium-fission bomb seemed perfectly obvious." The FBI descended on Campbell's office after the story appeared in print and demanded that the issue be removed from the newsstands. Campbell convinced them that by removing the magazine "the FBI would be advertising to everyone that such a project existed and was aimed at developing nuclear weapons" and the demand was dropped.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell was also responsible for the grim and controversial ending of Tom Godwin's short story "The Cold Equations". Writer Joe Green recounted that Campbell had three times sent 'Cold Equations' back to Godwin, before he got the version he wanted ... Godwin kept coming up with ingenious ways to save the girl! Since the strength of this deservedly classic story lies in the fact that the life of one young woman must be sacrificed to save the lives of many, it simply would not have the same impact if she had lived.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Between December 11, 1957, and June 13, 1958, Campbell hosted a weekly science fiction radio program called "Exploring Tomorrow".


title: John W. Campbell

text: Green wrote that Campbell "enjoyed taking the 'devil's advocate' position in almost any area, willing to defend even viewpoints with which he disagreed if that led to a livelier debate". As an example, he wrote:[Campbell] pointed out that the much-maligned 'peculiar institution' of slavery in the American South had in fact provided the blacks brought there with a higher standard of living than they had in Africa ... I suspected, from comments by Asimov, among others – and some "Analog" editorials I had read – that John held some racist views, at least in regard to blacks. Finally, however, Green agreed with Campbell that "rapidly increasing mechanization after 1850 would have soon rendered slavery obsolete anyhow. It would have been better for the USA to endure it a few more years than suffer the truly horrendous costs of the Civil War."


title: John W. Campbell

text: In a June 1961 editorial called "Civil War Centennial", Campbell argued that slavery had been a dominant form of human relationships for most of history and that the present was unusual in that anti-slavery cultures dominated the planet. He wrote, It's my bet that the South would have been integrated by 1910. The job would have been done – and done right – half a century sooner, with vastly less human misery, and with almost no bloodshed ... The only way slavery has ever been ended, anywhere, is by introducing industry ... If a man is a skilled and competent machinist – if the lathes work well under his hands – the industrial management will be forced, to remain in business, to accept that fact, whether the man be black, white, purple, or polka-dotted.


title: John W. Campbell

text: According to Michael Moorcock, Campbell suggested that some people preferred slavery. He also, when faced with the Watts riots of the mid-sixties, seriously proposed and went on to proposing that there were 'natural' slaves who were unhappy if freed. I sat on a panel with him in 1965, as he pointed out that the worker bee when unable to work dies of misery, that the moujiks when freed went to their masters and begged to be enslaved again, that the ideals of the anti-slavers who fought in the Civil War were merely expressions of self-interest and that the blacks were 'against' emancipation, which was fundamentally why they were indulging in 'leaderless' riots in the suburbs of Los Angeles.


title: John W. Campbell

text: In 1963, Campbell published an essay supporting segregated schools and arguing that "the Negro race" had failed to "produce super-high-geniuses". In 1965, he continued his defense of segregation and related practices, critiquing "the arrogant defiance of law by many of the Negro 'Civil Rights' groups". On February 10, 1967, Campbell rejected Samuel R. Delany's "Nova" a month before it was ultimately published, with a note and phone call to his agent explaining that he did not feel his readership "would be able to relate to a black main character".


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell was a critic of government regulation of health and safety, excoriating numerous public health initiatives and regulations.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell was a heavy smoker throughout his life and was seldom seen without his customary cigarette holder. In the "Analog" of September 1964, nine months after the Surgeon General's first major warning about the dangers of cigarette smoking had been issued (January 11, 1964) Campbell ran an editorial, "A Counterblaste to Tobacco" that took its title from the anti-smoking book of the same name by King James I of England. In it, he stated that the connection to lung cancer was "esoteric" and referred to "a barely determinable possible correlation between cigarette smoking and cancer". He said that tobacco's calming effects led to more effective thinking. In a one-page piece about automobile safety in "Analog" dated May 1967, Campbell wrote of "people suddenly becoming conscious of the fact that cars kill more people than cigarettes do, even if the antitobacco alarmists were completely right..."


title: John W. Campbell

text: In 1963, Campbell published an angry editorial about Frances Oldham Kelsey who, while at the FDA, refused to permit thalidomide to be sold in the United States.


title: John W. Campbell

text: In other essays, Campbell supported crank medicine, arguing that government regulation was more harmful than beneficial and that regulating quackery prevented the use of many possible beneficial medicines ("e.g.", krebiozen).


title: John W. Campbell

text: In the 1930s, Campbell became interested in Joseph Rhine's theories about ESP (Rhine had already founded the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University when Campbell was a student there), and over the following years his growing interest in parapsychology would be reflected in the stories he published when he encouraged the writers to include these topics in their tales, leading to the publication of numerous works about telepathy and other "psionic" abilities. This post-war "psi-boom" has been dated by science fiction scholars to roughly the mid-1950s to the early 1960s, and continues to influence many popular culture tropes and motifs. Campbell rejected the Shaver Mystery in which the author claimed to have had a personal experience with a sinister ancient civilization that harbored fantastic technology in caverns under the earth.


title: John W. Campbell

text: His increasing beliefs in pseudoscience would eventually start to isolate and alienate him from some of his writers. He wrote favorably about such things as the "Dean drive", a device that supposedly produced thrust in violation of Newton's third law, and the "Hieronymus machine", which could supposedly amplify psi powers.


title: John W. Campbell

text: In 1949, Campbell worked closely with L. Ron Hubbard on the techniques that Hubbard later turned into Dianetics. When Hubbard's therapy failed to find support from the medical community, Campbell published the earliest forms of Dianetics in "Astounding". He wrote of L. Ron Hubbard's initial article in "Astounding" that "[i]t is, I assure you in full and absolute sincerity, one of the most important articles ever published."


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell continued to promote Hubbard's theories until 1952, when the pair split acrimoniously over the direction of the movement.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Asimov wrote: "A number of writers wrote pseudoscientific stuff to ensure sales to Campbell, but the best writers retreated, I among them. ..." Elsewhere Asimov went on to further explain, Campbell championed far-out ideas ... He pained very many of the men he had trained (including me) in doing so, but felt it was his duty to stir up the minds of his readers and force curiosity right out to the border lines. He began a series of editorials ... in which he championed a social point of view that could sometimes be described as far right (he expressed sympathy for George Wallace in the 1968 national election, for instance). There was bitter opposition to this from many (including me – I could hardly ever read a Campbell editorial and keep my temper).


title: John W. Campbell

text: Damon Knight described Campbell as a "portly, bristled-haired blond man with a challenging stare". "Six-foot-one, with hawklike features, he presented a formidable appearance," said Sam Moskowitz. "He was a tall, large man with light hair, a beaky nose, a wide face with thin lips, and with a cigarette in a holder forever clamped between his teeth", wrote Asimov.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Algis Budrys wrote that "John W. Campbell was the greatest editor SF has seen or is likely to see, and is in fact one of the major editors in all English-language literature in the middle years of the twentieth century. All about you is the heritage of what he built".


title: John W. Campbell

text: Asimov said that Campbell was "talkative, opinionated, quicksilver-minded, overbearing. Talking to him meant listening to a monologue..." Knight agreed: "Campbell's lecture-room manner was so unpleasant to me that I was unwilling to face it. Campbell talked a good deal more than he listened, and he liked to say outrageous things."


title: John W. Campbell

text: British novelist and critic Kingsley Amis dismissed Campbell brusquely: "I might just add as a sociological note that the editor of "Astounding," himself a deviant figure of marked ferocity, seems to think he has invented a psi machine."


title: John W. Campbell

text: Several science-fiction novelists have criticized Campbell as prejudiced – Samuel R. Delany for Campbell's rejection of a novel due to the black main character, and Joe Haldeman in the dedication of "Forever Peace", for rejecting a novel due to a female soldier protagonist.


title: John W. Campbell

text: British science-fiction novelist Michael Moorcock, as part of his "Starship Stormtroopers" editorial, said Campbell's "Stories" and its writers were "wild-eyed paternalists to a man, fierce anti-socialists" with "[stories] full of crew-cut wisecracking, cigar-chewing, competent guys (like Campbell's image of himself)", who had success because their "work reflected the deep-seated conservatism of the majority of their readers, who saw a Bolshevik menace in every union meeting". He viewed Campbell as turning the magazine into a vessel for right-wing politics, "by the early 1950s ... a crypto-fascist deeply philistine magazine pretending to intellectualism and offering idealistic kids an 'alternative' that was, of course, no alternative at all".


title: John W. Campbell

text: SF writer Alfred Bester, an editor of "Holiday Magazine" and a sophisticated Manhattanite, recounted at some length his "one demented meeting" with Campbell, a man he imagined from afar to be "a combination of Bertrand Russell and Ernest Rutherford". The first thing Campbell said to him was that Freud was dead, destroyed by the new discovery of Dianetics, which, he predicted, would win L. Ron Hubbard the Nobel Peace Prize. Campbell ordered the bemused Bester to "think back. Clear yourself. Remember! You can remember when your mother tried to abort you with a button hook. You've never stopped hating her for it." Bester commented: "It reinforced my private opinion that a majority of the science-fiction crowd, despite their brilliance, were missing their marbles."


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell died in 1971 at the age of 61 in Mountainside, New Jersey. At the time of his sudden death after 34 years at the helm of "Analog," Campbell's quirky personality and eccentric editorial demands had alienated some of his most illustrious writers to the point that they no longer submitted works to him. After 1950, Theodore Sturgeon only published one story in "Astounding" but dozens in other magazines.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Asimov remained grateful for Campbell's early friendship and support. He dedicated "The Early Asimov" (1972) to him, and concluded it by stating that "There is no way at all to express how much he meant to me and how much he did for me except, perhaps, to write this book evoking, once more, those days of a quarter century ago". His final word on Campbell was that "in the last twenty years of his life, he was only a diminishing shadow of what he had once been." Even Heinlein, perhaps Campbell's most important discovery and a "fast friend", tired of him.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Poul Anderson wrote that Campbell "had saved and regenerated science fiction", which had become "the product of hack pulpsters" when he took over "Astounding". "By his editorial policies and the help and encouragement he gave his writers (always behind the scenes), he raised both the literary and the intellectual standard anew. Whatever progress has been made stems from that renaissance".


title: John W. Campbell

text: Shortly after Campbell's death, the University of Kansas science fiction program — now the Center for the Study of Science Fiction — established the annual John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and also renamed after him its annual Campbell Conference. The World Science Fiction Society established the annual John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer. All three memorials became effective in 1973. However, following Jeannette Ng's August 2019 acceptance speech of the award for Best New Writer at Worldcon 77, in which she criticized Campbell's politics and called him a fascist, the publishers of "Analog" magazine announced that the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer would immediately be renamed to "The "Astounding Award" for Best New Writer".


title: John W. Campbell

text: The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Campbell in 1996, in its inaugural class of two deceased and two living persons.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Campbell and "Astounding" shared one of the inaugural Hugo Awards with H. L. Gold and "Galaxy" at the 1953 World Science Fiction Convention. Subsequently, he won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine seven times to 1965. In 2018 he won a retrospective Hugo Award for Best Editor, Short Form (1943).


title: John W. Campbell

text: This shortened bibliography lists each title once. Some titles that are duplicated are different versions, whereas other publications of Campbell's with different titles are simply selections from or retitlings of other works, and have hence been omitted. The main bibliographic sources are footnoted from this paragraph and provided much of the information in the following sections.


title: John W. Campbell

text: Marowski, Daniel G. and Stine, Jean C. “John W(ood) Campbell, Jr. (1910-1971).” Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 32, 1985: 71-82 Literature Criticism Online. Web. November 2, 2011.


title: Jeff Yass

text: Jeffrey S. Yass (born 1956) is an American options trader, and a co-founder and managing director of the Philadelphia-based Susquehanna International Group (SIG). In 2001, he joined the executive advisory council of the Cato Institute.


title: Jeff Yass

text: Yass grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Queens, New York. He is the son of Gerald Yass, and his "childhood sweetheart" Sybil, who was at his bar mitzvah. Gerald has a sister, Carole. Gerald graduated with a BS from LIU Brooklyn in 1951, and worked as an accountant, rising to chairman of Datatab Inc, and later a co-founder of Philadelphia Trading, which became SIG. As of 2018, he still works for SIG, as a senior executive and advisor.


title: Jeff Yass

text: Jeffrey Yass was educated at public schools in Queens. He earned a BA in mathematics and economics from Binghamton University. He pursued graduate studies in economics at New York University, but did not graduate.


title: Jeff Yass

text: While at the State University of New York in Binghamton in the 1970s, Yass and five fellow students became friends and later co-founded Susquehanna International Group (SIG), the largest trader of liquid stocks in the US.


title: Jeff Yass

text: The billionaire trader Israel Englander sponsored Yass for a seat on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, and SIG was initially run from an office at the Exchange. His father, Gerald Yass, also helped to found the company. Prior to this, Yass was a professional gambler.


title: Jeff Yass

text: Yass became a member of the board of directors of the libertarian Cato Institute in 2002 and now is a member of the executive advisory council. In 2015, Yass donated $2.3 million to a Super PAC supporting Rand Paul's presidential candidacy. In 2018 he donated $3.8m to the Club for Growth, and $20.7m in 2020.


title: Jeff Yass

text: In November 2020, it was reported that Yass had donated $25.3 million, all to Republican candidates, and was one of the ten largest political donors in the US.


title: Jeff Yass

text: In March 2021, an investigation in Haaretz said that Jeff Yass and Arthur Dantchik were behind a large portion of the donations to the Kohelet Policy Forum in Israel.


title: Jeff Yass

text: In November 2021, he donated $5 million to the School Freedom Fund, a PAC that runs ads for, and against, Republican candidates running in the 2022 election cycle nationwide.


title: Jeff Yass

text: In June 2022 Propublica claims Yass has "avoided $1 billion in taxes" and "pouring his money into campaigns to cut taxes and support election deniers".


title: Jeff Yass

text: Yass is married to Janine Coslett. They have lived in Haverford in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania for some years. They have four children, two sons and two daughters.


title: Jeff Yass

text: In December 2001, following the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, he announced a donation to the charitable fund established by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to assist the victims. He has supported Save the Children, <nowiki>"Spirit of Golf Foundation"</nowiki>, People's Emergency Center "Families First" building, and the Franklin Institute's "Franklin Family Funfest Committee."


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The Marsh Arabs ( "ʻArab al-Ahwār" "Arabs of the Marshlands"), also referred to as the Maʻdān ( "dweller in the plains") or Shroog (Iraqi , "those from the east")—the latter two often considered derogatory in the present day—are Arabian inhabitants of the Mesopotamian marshlands in the modern-day south Iraq, as well as in the Hawizeh Marshes straddling the Iraq-Iran border.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Comprising members of many different tribes and tribal confederations, such as the Āl Bū Muḥammad, Ferayghāt, Shaghanbah, the Maʻdān had developed a culture centered on the marshes' natural resources and unique from other Arabs. Many of the marshes' inhabitants were displaced when the wetlands were drained during and after the 1991 uprisings in Iraq. The draining of the marshes caused a significant decline in bioproductivity; following the Multi-National Force overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime, water flow to the marshes was restored and the ecosystem has begun to recover.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The term Maʻdān was used disparagingly by desert tribes to refer to those inhabiting the Iraqi river basins, as well as by those who farmed in the river basins to refer to the population of the marshes.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The Maʻdān speak South Mesopotamian Arabic and traditionally wore a variant of normal Arab dress: for males, a "thawb" ("long shirt"; in recent times, occasionally with a Western-style jacket over the top) and a "keffiyeh" ("headcloth") worn twisted around the head in a turban, as few could afford an "ʻiqāl".


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The society of the Marsh Arabs was divided into two main groups by occupation. One group bred and raised water buffaloes while others cultivated crops such as rice, barley, wheat and pearl millet; they also kept some sheep and cattle. Rice cultivation was especially important; it was carried out in small plots cleared in April and sown in mid-May. Cultivation seasons were marked by the rising and setting of certain stars, such as the Pleiades and Sirius.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Some branches of the Maʻdān were nomadic pastoralists, erecting temporary dwellings and moving buffaloes around the marshes according to the season. Some fishing, especially of species of barbel (notably the binni or "bunni", "Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi"), was practised using spears and datura poison, but large-scale fishing using nets was until recent times regarded as a dishonourable profession by the Maʻdān and was mostly carried out by a separate low-status tribe known as the "Berbera". By the early 1990s, however, up to 60% of the total amount of fish caught in Iraq's inland waters came from the marshes.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: In the later twentieth century a third main occupation entered Marsh Arab life; the weaving of reed mats on a commercial scale. Though they often earned far more than workers in agriculture, weavers were looked down upon by both Maʻdān and farmers alike: however, financial concerns meant that it gradually gained acceptance as a respectable profession.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The majority of Marsh Arabs are Twelver Shiʿi Muslims, though in the marshes small communities of Mandaic-speaking Mandaeans (often working as boat builders and craftsmen) live alongside them. The inhabitants' long association with tribes within Persia may have influenced the spread of the Shī‘ī denomination within the marshes. Wilfred Thesiger commented that while he met few Marsh Arabs who had performed the Hajj, many of them had made the pilgrimage to Mashhad (thereby earning the title "Zair"); a number of families also claimed descent from Muhammad, adopting the title of "sayyid" and dyeing their "keffiyeh" green.The Maʻdān carried out the majority of their devotions in private as there were no places of worship within the Marshes; some were known to visit Ezra's Tomb, one of the few religious sites of any kind in the area.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: As with most tribes of southern Iraq, the main authority was the tribal shaikh. To this day, the shaikh of a Marsh Arab group will collect a tribute from his tribe in order to maintain the "mudhif", the tribal guesthouse, which acts as the political, social, judicial and religious centre of Marsh Arabic life. The "mudhif" is used as a place to settle disputes, to carry out diplomacy with other tribes and as a gathering point for religious and other celebrations. It is also the place where visitors are offered hospitality. Although the tribal shaykh was the principal figure, each Maʻdān village (which may have contained members of several different tribes) would also follow the authority of the hereditary "qalit" "headman" of a tribe's particular section.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Blood feuds, which could only be settled by the "qalit", were a feature of Marsh Arab life, in common with that of the Arab bedouin. Many of the Marsh Arabs' codes of behaviour were similar to those of the desert tribes.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Most Marsh Arabs lived in arched reed houses considerably smaller than a "mudhif". The typical dwelling was usually a little more than two meters wide, about six meters long, and a little less than three meters high, and was either constructed at the waterside or on an artificial island of reeds called a "kibasha"; a more permanent island of layered reeds and mud was called a "dibin". Houses had entrances at both ends and a screen in the middle; one end was used as a dwelling and the other end (sometimes extended with a "sitra", a long reed structure) was used to shelter animals in bad weather. A "raba" was a higher-status dwelling, distinguished by a north-facing entrance, which also served as a guesthouse where there was no "mudhif". Traditional boats (the "mashoof" and "tarada") were used as transport: the Maʻdān would drive buffalo through the reedbeds during the season of low water to create channels, which would then be kept open by constant use, for the boats.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The marsh environment meant that certain diseases, such as schistosomiasis and malaria, were endemic; Maʻdānī agriculture and homes were also vulnerable to periodic droughts and flooding.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The origins of the Maʻdān are still a matter of some interest. British colonial ethnographers found it difficult to classify some of the Maʻdān's social customs and speculated that they might have originated in India.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: There are scholars who have claimed they are descended from the Nabataeans of Iraq the people who inhabited southern Iraq during the medieval and even some of their clans follow their ancestry to the Islamized Mandaeans.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: Other scholars have proposed historical and genetic links between the Marsh Arabs and the ancient Sumerians due shared agricultural practices, methods of house-building and location. There is, however, no written record of the marsh tribes until the 9th century, and the Sumerians lost their distinct ethnic identity by around 1800 BCE, some 2700 years before. Links to Sumerian genetics can likely be traced back to the Arabization and assimilation of indigenous Mesopotamians. Others, however, have noted that much of the culture of the Maʻdān is in fact shared with the desert bedouin who came to the area after the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: A 2011 Study showed that Marsh Arabs have a high concentration of Y-chromosomal Haplogroup J-M267 and mtDNA haplogroup J having the highest concentration, with haplogroups H, U and T following, the study included 143 samples from a tribe related to the Bedouin tribes of desert and not the regular marsh tribes. According to this study, Marsh Arabs have the following haplogroups.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: The marshes had for some time been considered a refuge for elements persecuted by the government of Saddam Hussein, as in past centuries they had been a refuge for escaped slaves and serfs, such as during the Zanj Rebellion. By the mid-1980s, a low-level insurgency against Ba'athist drainage and resettlement projects had developed in the area, led by Sheik Abdul Kerim Mahud al-Muhammadawi of the Al bu Muhammad under the "nom de guerre" Abu Hatim.


title: Marsh Arabs

text: During the 1970s, the expansion of irrigation projects had begun to disrupt the flow of water to the marshes. However, after the First Gulf War (1991), the Iraqi government aggressively revived a program to divert the flow of the Tigris River and the Euphrates River away from the marshes in retribution for a failed Shia uprising. This was done primarily to eliminate the food sources of the Marsh Arabs and to prevent any remaining militiamen from taking refuge in the marshes, the Badr Brigades and other militias having used them as cover. The plan, which was accompanied by a series of propaganda articles by the Iraqi regime directed against the Ma'dan, systematically converted the wetlands into a desert, forcing the residents out of their settlements in the region. Villages in the marshes were attacked and burnt down and there were reports of the water being deliberately poisoned.