title: Robert W. Service

text: In 1913, Service moved to Paris, remaining there for the next 15 years. He settled in the Latin Quarter, posing as a painter. In June 1913, he married Parisienne Germaine Bourgoin, daughter of a distillery owner, and they purchased a summer home at Lancieux, Côtes-d'Armor, in the Brittany region of France. Thirteen years younger than her husband, Germaine Service survived him by 31 years, dying aged 102 on December 26, 1989 in Monte Carlo, Monaco.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Service was 40 when World War I broke out; he attempted to enlist, but was turned down "due to varicose veins." He briefly covered the war for the "Toronto Star" (from December 11, 1915, through January 29, 1916), but "was arrested and nearly executed in an outbreak of spy hysteria in Dunkirk." He then "worked as a stretcher bearer and ambulance driver with the Ambulance Corps of the American Red Cross, until his health broke." Convalescing in Paris, he wrote a new book of mainly war poetry, "Rhymes of a Red Cross Man", in 1916. The book was dedicated to the memory of Service's "brother, Lieutenant Albert Service, Canadian Infantry, Killed in Action, France, August 1916." Robert Service received three medals for his war service: 1914–15 Star, British War Medal and the Victory Medal.


title: Robert W. Service

text: With the end of the war, Service "settled down to being a rich man in Paris... During the day he would promenade in the best suits, with a monocle. At night he went out in old clothes with the company of his doorman, a retired policeman, to visit the lowest dives of the city". During his time in Paris he was reputedly the wealthiest author living in the city, yet was known to dress as a working man and walk the streets, blending in and observing everything around him. Those experiences would be used in his next book of poetry, "Ballads of a Bohemian" (1921): "The poems are given in the persona of an American poet in Paris who serves as an ambulance driver and an infantryman in the war. The verses are separated by diary entries over a period of four years."


title: Robert W. Service

text: In the 1920s, Service began writing thriller novels. "The Poisoned Paradise, A Romance of Monte Carlo" (New York, 1922) and "The Roughneck. A Tale of Tahiti" (New York, 1923) were both later made into silent movies. During the winter season, Service used to live in Nice with his family, where he met British writers, including H. G. Wells, A. K. Bruce, Somerset Maugham, Rex Ingram, Frank Scully, James Joyce, Frank Harris, and Frieda Lawrence, who all spent their winters in the French Riviera, and he wrote that he had been lucky to have had lunch with Colette.


title: Robert W. Service

text: In 1930, Service returned to Kilwinning, to erect a memorial to his family in the town cemetery. He also visited the USSR in the 1930s and later wrote a satirical "Ballad of Lenin's Tomb". For this reason his poetry was never translated into Russian in the USSR, and he was never mentioned in Soviet encyclopedias.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Service's second trip to the Soviet Union "was interrupted by news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Service fled across Poland, Latvia, Estonia and the Baltic to Stockholm. He wintered in Nice with his family, then fled France for Canada." Not long after, the Nazis invaded France, and "arrived at his home in Lancieux ... looking specifically for the poet who had mocked Hitler in newspaper verse."


title: Robert W. Service

text: During World War II, Service lived in California, "and Hollywood had him join with other celebrities in helping the morale of troops – visiting U.S. Army camps to recite his poems. He was also asked to play himself in the movie "The Spoilers" (1942), working alongside Marlene Dietrich, John Wayne and Randolph Scott. "He was thrilled to play a scene with Marlene Dietrich." After the war, Service and his wife returned to his home in Brittany, to find it destroyed. They rebuilt, and he lived there until his death in 1958, although he wintered in Monte Carlo on the French Riviera. Service's wife and daughter, Iris, travelled to the Yukon in 1946 "and visited Whitehorse and Dawson City, which by then was becoming a ghost town. Service could not bring himself to go back. He preferred to remember the town as it had been."


title: Robert W. Service

text: Service lived in Monaco from 1947 to 1958. He wrote prolifically during his last years, writing two volumes of autobiography, "Ploughman of the Moon" (1945) and "Harper of Heaven" (1948), as well as six books of verse, which were published from 1949 to 1955. He died in Lancieux and is buried in the local cemetery. A book he had written in 1956 was published posthumously.


title: Robert W. Service

text: In the spring of 1958, not long before Service died, Canadian broadcaster Pierre Berton recorded many hours of autobiographical television interviews for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, in Service's Monte Carlo flat. During these interviews, Service recited "The Shooting of Dan McGrew" and "The Cremation of Sam McGee".


title: Robert W. Service

text: Robert Service wrote the most commercially successful poetry of the century. Yet his most popular works "were considered doggerel by the literary set." During his lifetime, he was nicknamed "the Canadian Kipling." – yet that may have been a double-edged compliment. As T. S. Eliot has said, "we have to defend Kipling against the charge of excessive lucidity," "the charge of being a 'journalist' appealing only to the commonest collective emotion," and "the charge of writing jingles." All those charges, and more, could be levelled against Service's best known and best loved works.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Certainly Service's verse was derivative of Kipling's. In "The Cremation of Sam McGee", for instance, he uses the form of Kipling's "The Ballad of East and West".


title: Robert W. Service

text: In his E. J. Pratt lecture "Silence In the Sea," critic Northrop Frye argued that Service's verse was not "serious poetry," but something else he called "popular poetry": "the idioms of popular and serious poetry remain inexorably distinct." Popular poems, he thought, "preserve a surface of explicit statement" – either being "proverbial, like Kipling's 'If' or Longfellow's 'Song of Life' or Burns's 'For A' That'," or dealing in "conventionally poetic themes, like the pastoral themes of James Whitcomb Riley, or the adventurous themes of Robert Service."


title: Robert W. Service

text: Service did not call his work poetry. "Verse, not poetry, is what I was after ... something the man in the street would take notice of and the sweet old lady would paste in her album; something the schoolboy would spout and the fellow in the pub would quote. Yet I never wrote to please anyone but myself; it just happened. I belonged to the simple folks whom I liked to please."


title: Robert W. Service

text: In his autobiography, Service described his method of writing at his Dawson City cabin. "I used to write on the coarse rolls of paper used by paper-hangers, pinning them on the wall and printing my verses in big charcoal letters. Then I would pace back and forth before them, repeating them, trying to make them perfect. I wanted to make them appeal to the eye as well as to the ear. I tried to avoid any literal quality."


title: Robert W. Service

text: One remarkable thing about both of Service's best-known ballads is how easily he wrote them. When writing about composing "The Shooting of Dan McGrew", 'easy' was exactly the word he used: "For it came so easy to me in my excited state that I was amazed at my facility. It was as if someone was whispering in my ear." And this was just after someone had tried to shoot him. He continued: "As I wrote stanza after stanza, the story seemed to evolve itself. It was a marvelous experience. Before I crawled into my bed at five in the morning, my ballad was in the bag."


title: Robert W. Service

text: Similarly, when he wrote "The Cremation of Sam McGee", the verses just flowed: "I took the woodland trail, my mind seething with excitement and a strange ecstasy... As I started in: There are strange things done in the midnight sun, verse after verse developed with scarce a check ... and when I rolled happily into bed, my ballad was cinched. Next day, with scarcely any effort of memory I put it on paper."


title: Robert W. Service

text: In 1926, Archibald MacMechan, Professor of English at Canada's Dalhousie University, pronounced on Service's Yukon books in his "Headwaters of Canadian Literature":


title: Robert W. Service

text: MacMechan did give grudging respect to Service's World War I poetry, conceding that his style went well with that subject, and that "his "Rhymes of a Red Cross Man" are an advance on his previous volumes. He has come into touch with the grimmest of realities; and while his radical faults have not been cured, his rude lines drive home the truth that he has seen."


title: Robert W. Service

text: Reviewing Service's "Rhymes of a Rebel" in 1952, Frye remarked that the book "interests me chiefly because ... I have noticed so much verse in exactly the same idiom, and I wonder how far Mr. Service's books may have influenced it. There was a time, fifty years ago," he added, "when Robert W.Service represented, with some accuracy, the general level of poetic experience in Canada, as far as the popular reader was concerned... there has been a prodigious, and, I should think, a permanent, change in public taste."


title: Robert W. Service

text: Robert W. Service has been honoured with schools named for him including Robert Service High School in Anchorage, Alaska, Robert Service Senior Public School (Middle/ Jr. High) in Toronto, Ontario, and Robert Service School in Dawson City.


title: Robert W. Service

text: He was honoured on a Canadian postage stamp in 1976. The Robert Service Way, a main road in Whitehorse, is named after him.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Additionally, the Bard & Banker public house in Victoria is dedicated to him, the building having at one time been a Canadian Bank of Commerce branch where Service was employed while residing in the city.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Service's first novel, "The Trail of '98", was made into a movie by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Clarence Brown. ""Trail of '98" starring Dolores del Río, Ralph Forbes and Karl Dane in 1929 ... was the first talking picture dealing with the Klondike gold rush and was acclaimed at the time by critics for depicting the Klondike as it really was."


title: Robert W. Service

text: In 1968 Canadian-born country singer Hank Snow recorded recitations of eight of Service's longer poems for an album entitled, "Tales of the Yukon". The album was released by RCA Victor. Snow and other musicians including Chet Atkins and Chubby Wise provided background music.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Folksinger Country Joe McDonald set some of Service's World War I poetry (plus "The March of the Dead" from his first book), to music for his 1971 studio album, "War War War".


title: Robert W. Service

text: Folksinger Jim Ratts read some of Service's poetry for his 1993 studio album, "Buckwheat at Your Service: The Readings of Robert Service." Raven Records RVNCD9303.


title: Robert W. Service

text: The Canadian whiskey Yukon Jack incorporated various excerpts of his writings in their ads in the 1970s, one of which was the first four lines of his poem, ""The Men Who Don't Fit In"".


title: Robert W. Service

text: The town of Lancieux, where he used to come every summer, organized several recognitions to the memory of Robert W. Service. One of the streets of Lancieux has been named Robert Service Street. On July 13, 1990, a commemorative tablet was unveiled at the Lancieux Office du Tourisme by the daughter of the poet: Iris Service. An evening of celebration was organized afterward with a dinner attended by many guests from Scotland and the Yukon. A few years later, on May 18, 2002 the school of Lancieux in Brittany took the name of "École Robert W. Service". Charlotte Service-Longépé, the great granddaughter and the granddaughter of the poet, attended the dedication ceremony and made a speech. Since 2000, the towns of Lancieux and Whitehorse are sister cities, due to Robert W. Service's life and work in both places.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Radio humorist and raconteur Jean Shepherd recorded a collection of Robert Service's poems, "Jean Shepherd Reads the Poems of Robert Service".


title: Robert W. Service

text: Margaret Rutherford recited most of "The Shooting of Dan McGrew" in the 1964 film "Murder Most Foul".


title: Robert W. Service

text: The Spell of the Yukon features significantly in the film Eureka (1983 film) directed by Nicholas Roeg.


title: Robert W. Service

text: From 1909 to 1912, Robert Service lived in a small two-room cabin on Eighth Avenue, which he rented from Edna Clarke in Dawson City. His prosperity allowed him the luxury of a telephone. Service eventually decided he could not return to Dawson, as it would not be as he remembered it. He wrote in his autobiography:


title: Robert W. Service

text: After Service left for Europe, the Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire (I.O.D.E.) took care of the cabin until 1971, preserving it. In 1971 it was taken over by Parks Canada, which maintains it, including its sod roof, as a tourist attraction.


title: Robert W. Service

text: Irish-born actor Tom Byrne created "The Robert Service Show", which was presented in the front yard of the cabin, starting in 1978. This was very popular for summer visitors and set the standard for Robert Service recitations. Byrne discontinued the show at the cabin in 1995, moving it to a Front Street storefront. Since 2004 the show has been held at the Westmark Hotel in Dawson City during the summer months. Byrne later retired, and died in 2019.


title: Robert W. Service

text: At the Service Cabin, local Dawson entertainers dressed in period costumes and employed by Parks Canada offer biographical information and recite Service's poetry for visitors.


title: Roland Møller

text: Roland Møller (; born 28 May 1972) is a Danish actor. He won the Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for "Land of Mine" (2015), and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for "Nordvest" (2013). He has appeared in high-profile films like "A Hijacking," "Darkland, Atomic Blonde, Papillon," and "Skyscraper."


title: Roland Møller

text: Møller grew up in a criminal environment in Odense, Denmark. He had 10 assault convictions and had served time for a total of four and a half years before he was released on parole under the condition he leave Odense in 2002. He subsequently attended Den Rytmiske Højskole, a music folk high school, and then moved to Copenhagen, where he began working with the rapper Jokeren as a songwriter.


title: Roland Møller

text: Møller made his acting debut in the 2010 prison drama film "R". While Møller was originally involved as a consultant in the film set in Horsens State Prison, where he had served time, co-director Tobias Lindholm offered him an acting role in the film. Møller's performance in the film earned Supporting Actor nominations at the Bodil Awards and Danish Film Critics Association Awards. He then appeared in Lindholm's 2012 film "A Hijacking" and the 2013 film "Northwest", directed by the other "R" co-director Michael Noer, for both of which he was nominated for the Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, the latter of which he also won.


title: Roland Møller

text: In 2014, he appeared in "A Second Chance". In 2015, he appeared in the war drama "Land of Mine" in his first leading role, for which he received the Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.


title: Roland Møller

text: In 2017, he appeared in the action thriller "Darkland", the spy film "Atomic Blonde", and the "Papillon" remake directed by Noer.


title: Hick (film)

text: Hick is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Derick Martini, based on the novel of the same name by Andrea Portes that draws on non-fictional elements. The film stars Chloë Grace Moretz, Eddie Redmayne, Ray McKinnon, Rory Culkin, Juliette Lewis, Blake Lively, and Alec Baldwin. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2011. It received a limited theatrical release on May 11 and is distributed by Phase 4 Films.


title: Hick (film)

text: In the 1980s, a girl named Luli McMullen lives with her neglectful mother and alcoholic father in a small Nebraska town. On her 13th birthday, she receives a revolver as a gift. Shortly thereafter, Luli sees a commercial for Las Vegas and decides to run away there. She hitches a ride from Eddie, an erratic drifter with a damaged leg. They argue and she leaves the car. She eventually convinces another passerby, Glenda, to give her a ride. When Glenda asks Luli her name, Glenda makes fun of it and tells her how much of a “hick” name it is. Moments later, Glenda gives Luli a bump of cocaine and Luli begins to experience minor visual hallucinations as they drive down the backroads. They bond after Luli helps Glenda rob a store and spend the night in a trailer behind a bowling alley, where a little boy named Angel lives and who Glenda seems to take care of on some level. Luli again encounters Eddie that night in the parking lot of the bowling alley.


title: Hick (film)

text: The next day, Glenda takes Luli to the house she shares with her husband, Lloyd. Luli discovers that Eddie works for Lloyd, and also that Glenda knows Eddie and is quite upset to see him. While Lloyd initially appears friendly, his true nature shows through when he viciously berates Eddie for a perceived mistake (Eddie retaliates by urinating in Lloyd's drink, which goes undetected by Lloyd). Eddie tells Luli that Lloyd and Glenda want to be alone, so he takes her to a bar. Eddie is interrupted while hustling pool by Luli, and when his hustle fails, the man that he was hustling makes a deal with Eddie on terms uncertain to the audience. The man then follows Luli into the bathroom and tries to rape her. She fights him before Eddie comes in and savagely beats the man to death.


title: Hick (film)

text: As they leave the bar, Eddie says that Glenda has asked him to take Luli to a Motel 6 to meet Glenda because she got in a fight with Lloyd, but not before Luli walks in on Eddie doing drugs with two junkies. At the motel, Eddie tells Luli that Glenda actually gave him a thousand dollars to take her off Glenda's hands. Heartbroken by this news and unnerved by Eddie's behavior, Luli goes outside, where she meets a boy named Clement and has a nice time playing a drinking game with him. Eddie interrupts them in a drunken outburst, and the two leave the motel. When Eddie insinuates he's fallen in love with Luli, she tells him she will never love him back and asks him to pull over, leaving the car despite Eddie begging her to stay. While she's walking away, Eddie suddenly gets out of the car and chases Luli into a cornfield, where he rapes her off screen.


title: Hick (film)

text: The next day, Luli wakes up to find herself tied to a bed in a rented cabin at a resort and dressed differently, with shorter hair that's been dyed black. Luli shouts for help to no avail. Eddie arrives with flowers, unties her and professes his love for her, promising to never rape her again. They are interrupted by the proprietor, Beau, who briefly talks with both of them and leaves. The next day, Luli, tied up again, wakes up to find Glenda in the room. Glenda confesses that Eddie was her lover, that Angel is their son together, and that she's spent years running from him. Luli also finds out that Eddie lied about Glenda giving him money and that he essentially kidnapped her from Lloyd's house; Glenda has been looking for her ever since. They are soon caught by Eddie, who accidentally shoots and kills Glenda with Luli's revolver. Luli picks up the gun and kills Eddie before falling to the ground. Later, Beau happens upon the scene. He then feeds Luli eggs and talks about his sister and how "she always wanted a daughter", insisting that Luli "look her up".


title: Hick (film)

text: Beau then drives Luli to the bus station, her plan being to reunite with her own family. After she calls home, she learns her mother was barely concerned with her being missing and her father has also disappeared, a fact also met with relative indifference by her mother. Luli realizes she will be no better off if she goes back. While on the bus, she looks through her notebook of drawings and finds a note from Beau reading "Dear Luli, in case you change your mind" on a picture he drew of his sister's home in Los Angeles with her address written on the picture. She manages to get off by telling the bus driver that she needed to take her medicine and simulates an epileptic attack. Once off the bus, Luli runs all the way back to the station and buys a ticket to Los Angeles.


title: Hick (film)

text: Although the novel was a bestseller, "Hick" has received almost universally negative reviews by critics, with a 5% approval ratingjust one positive review from 22 criticson the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, and an average score of 28/100 on Metacritic.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: Melanie "Mel" Nunes Fronckowiak (; born 16 January 1988) is a Brazilian actress, writer, and TV host. Fronckowiak became known after starring in several advertising and TV commercials while working as a model in São Paulo, at the Ford Models agency, which led her to participate in the Brazilian teen telenovela "Rebelde", playing the character of Carla. In 2013, Fronckowiak launched herself as a writer. In her first book, "Inclassificável: Memórias da Estrada", she tells the experiences she lived traveling around forty Brazilian cities with the band Rebeldes.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: The daughter of psychologist Berenice Nunes and André Fronckowiak, Melanie was born in Araranguá, in the state of Santa Catarina and raised in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. In school, she acted in the play "Grêmio estudantil" and was several times representative of her class. In high school, she won a scholarship to a university in Santa Cruz do Sul, where her paternal uncle lived.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: At the age of nineteen, Fronckowiak became a model after winning the title of Miss World Rio Grande do Sul, also winning Miss Personality and Miss Sul World.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: After working as a model, Fronckowiak did amateur theater and began her television career by appearing in commercials. In 2010, she made a cameo appearance in a scene in the Brazilian soap opera "Viver a Vida". In 2010, she signed with Rede Record, and the following year she joined the cast of "Rebelde", where she played the character of Carla. On the show, Carla is a member of the pop band Rebeldes. The group went on to hold performances outside the program, with Fronckowiak as one of its six members.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: In October 2011, the former model was voted Girl of the Year in Meus Prêmios Nick, a teen event sponsored by Nickelodeon Brazil. In 2012, she won two categories in the Troféu Internet, and was nominated to Troféu Imprensa, one of the biggest annual awards on Brazilian television.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: In May 2013, Fronckowiak published the book "Inclassíficavel: Memórias da Estrada" (Unclassifiable: Memories of the Road). According to her, a major publisher turned down the manuscript for "being difficult to classify". This experience influenced the naming of the book. The book includes poetic reflections and a collection of short stories that recorded during the Rebeldes tour of forty cities throughout Brazil.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: Since 2014, Fronckowiak has worked as a television presenter. She signed with Rede Bandeirantes to work on the show "A Liga". In February 2015, she was hired by Globosat to present "Destino Certo", which premiered on 3 September 2015. This was her first solo program, and it was renewed for a second year.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: In 2015, Fronckowiak was invited to join the cast of "El Hipnotizador", the first bilingual HBO television series in Brazil. It was broadcast simultaneously in all Latin American countries by HBO Brasil and HBO Latin America Group, and also on Hispanic channels in the United States. That same year, Fronckowiak launched a fashion blog called "Sweet Ray of Style" and received the support of major brands, such as Chanel.


title: Mel Fronckowiak

text: In 2016, Netflix announced Fronckowiak as part of the main cast of "3%", the first Brazilian original series on the streaming service.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: The Temple of Hephaestus or "Hephaisteion" (also "Hephesteum" or "Hephaesteum"; , , and formerly called in error the Theseion or "Theseum"; , ), is a well-preserved Greek temple dedicated to Hephaestus; it remains standing largely intact today. It is a Doric peripteral temple, and is located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of Saint George Akamates. The building's condition has been maintained due to its history of varied use.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: Hephaestus was the patron god of metal working, craftsmanship, and fire. There were numerous potters' workshops and metal-working shops in the vicinity of the temple, as befits the temple's honoree. Archaeological evidence suggests that there was no earlier building on the site except for a small sanctuary that was burned during the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC. The name "Theseion" or Temple of Theseus was attributed to the monument in modern times under the mistaken assumption that it housed the remains of the Athenian hero Theseus, brought back to the city from the island of Skyros by Kimon in 475 BC, but refuted after inscriptions from within the temple associated it firmly with Hephaestus.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: After the battle of Plataea, the Greeks swore never to rebuild their sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians during their invasion of Greece, but to leave them in ruins, as a perpetual reminder of the war. The Athenians directed their funds towards rebuilding their economy and strengthening their influence in the Delian League. When Pericles came to power, he envisioned a grand plan for transforming Athens into the centre of Greek power and culture. Construction started in 449 BC, and some scholars believe the building not to have been completed for some three decades, funds and workers having been redirected towards the Parthenon. The western frieze was completed between 445–440 BC, during which time the statue of Athena Hephaistia had been added to the shrine next to the cult statue of Hephaestus, while the eastern frieze, the western pediment and several changes in the building's interior are dated by these scholars to 435–430 BC, largely on stylistic grounds. It was only during the Peace of Nicias (421–415 BC) that the roof was completed and the cult images were installed.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: Many architects have been suggested, but without firm evidence one refers simply to "The Hephaisteion Master". The temple is built of marble from the nearby Mt. Penteli, excepting the bottom step of the krepis or platform. The architectural sculpture is in both Pentelic and Parian marble. The dimensions of the temple are 13.71 m north to south and 31.78 m east to west, with six columns on the short east and west sides and thirteen columns along the longer north and south sides (with each of the four corner columns being counted twice).


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: The building has a pronaos, a cella housing cult images at the centre of the structure, and an opisthodomos. The alignment of the antae of the pronaos with the third flank columns of the peristyle is a design element unique middle of the 5th century BC. There is also an inner Doric colonnade with five columns on the north and south side and three across the end (with the corner columns counting twice).


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: The decorative sculptures highlight the extent of mixture of the two styles in the construction of the temple. Both the pronaos and the opisthodomos are decorated with continuous Ionic friezes (instead of the more typical Doric triglyphs, supplementing the sculptures at the pediments and the metopes. In the pediments, the Birth of Athena (east) and the Return of Hephaistos to Olympos (west), and, as akroteria, the Nereids Thetis and Eurynome (west) accompanied by Nikai, the two ensembles are dated to ca. 430 and ca. 420–413 BC respectively. The frieze of the pronaos depicts a scene from the battle of Theseus with the Pallantides in the presence of gods while the frieze of the opisthodomos shows the battle of Centaurs and Lapiths.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: Only 18 of the 68 metopes of the temple of Hephaestus were sculptured, concentrated especially on the east side of the temple; the rest were perhaps painted. The ten metopes on the east side depict the Labours of Heracles. The four easternmost metopes on the long north and south sides depict the Labours of Theseus.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: According to Pausanias, the temple housed the bronze statues of Athena and Hephaestus. An inscription records payments between 421–415 BC for two bronze statues but it does not mention the sculptor. Tradition attributes the work to Alcamenes. Pausanias described the temple in the 2nd century:


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: In the 3rd century BC a small garden of pomegranate, myrtle, and laurel trees and shrubs was planted around the temple.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: Around AD 700, the temple was turned into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George. Exactly when the temple was converted to a Christian church remains unknown. There are assumptions however that this possibly occurred in the 7th century.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: Adding all kind of adjectives in the names of the churches, or the commemorated saints, is commonplace in Greek-orthodox tradition. The characterization as Saint George "Akamates" has been given a lot of explanations. One states that it probably derives from the name of Akamantas, the son of Theseus and Pheadra, later transformed to Akamatos, and later still to Akamates. Another is based on the literal sense of the word "akamates" (= flaneur, or loiterer), because during the Ottoman Era the temple was used only once a year, on the day of the feast of St. George. A third option is that the name is from Archbishop of Athens Michael Akominatos, who might have been the first to perform a Divine Liturgy in the church.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: The last Divine Liturgy in the temple took place on 21 February 1833, during the celebrations for the arrival of Otto in Greece. In the presence of the Athenians and of many others the bishop Neophytos Talantiou (i.e. of Atalante) gave a speech.


title: Temple of Hephaestus

text: When Athens became the official capital of Greece in 1834, the publication of the relevant royal edict was made in this temple that was the place of the last public turnout of the Athenians. It was used as a burial place for non-Orthodox Europeans in the 19th century, among whom were many philhellenes who gave their lives in the cause of Greek War of Independence (1821–1830). Among those buried in the site was John Tweddel, a friend of Lord Elgin, while excavations also revealed a slab from the grave of George Watson with a Latin epitaph by Lord Byron. In 1834, the first King of Greece, Otto I, was officially welcomed there. Otto ordered the building to be used as a museum, in which capacity it remained until 1934, when it reverted to its status of an ancient monument and extensive archaeological research was allowed.


title: Narrative structure

text: Narrative structure is a literary element generally described as the structural framework that underlies the order and manner in which a narrative is presented to a reader, listener, or viewer. The narrative text structures are the plot and the setting.


title: Narrative structure

text: Narrative structure is about story and plot: the content of a story and the form used to tell the story. Story refers to the dramatic action as it might be described in chronological order. Plot refers to how the story is told. Story is about trying to determine the key conflicts, main characters, setting and events. Plot is about how, and at what stages, the key conflicts are set up and resolved.


title: Narrative structure

text: The three-act structure is a common structure in classical film and other narrative forms in or associated with the West.


title: Narrative structure

text: The first act begins with setup, where all of the main characters and their basic situations are introduced, as well as the setting, and contains the primary level of characterization for both (exploring the character's backgrounds and personalities, the relationships between them, and the dynamics of the world they live in).


title: Narrative structure

text: Later in the first act, a dynamic event occurs known as the inciting incident (or catalyst), that involves the protagonist. His or her initial attempts to deal with this event lead to the first plot point, where the first act ends and a dramatic question is raised; for example, "Will X disable the bomb?" or "Will Y get the girl?"


title: Narrative structure

text: The second act, or confrontation, is considered by this structure to be the bulk of the story. This is the part of the story where the characters' conflict is most developed (particularly between the protagonist and antagonist) as well as any changes in values and personality one or more characters may undergo (known as character development, or a character arc). This leads to the second plot point, where the second act ends and the protagonist returns to his or her ordinary world.


title: Narrative structure

text: The third act, or resolution, is when the problem in the story boils over, forcing the characters to confront it, allowing all the elements of the story to come together, leading to the climax, the answer to the dramatic question, and the end of the conflict.


title: Narrative structure

text: Kishōtenketsu is divided up into four sections, which have been defined and used differently by narratives from each of the three cultures where the form is most commonly found. The first section is generally considered an introduction of sorts across all three interpretations, albeit understood by each in a different way. The second may refer to the development, or to a beginning of an action related to self-realization. The third section is based around a turning point, change in direction, reversal, or twist. The fourth and final section concerns itself with a result or conclusion, a consequence thereof, or a 'coming to fruition'.


title: Narrative structure

text: First described in ancient times by Greek philosophers (such as Aristotle and Plato), the notion of narrative structure saw renewed popularity as a critical concept in the mid-to-late-20th century, when structuralist literary theorists including Roland Barthes, Vladimir Propp, Joseph Campbell, and Northrop Frye attempted to argue that all human narratives have certain universal, deep structural elements in common. This argument fell out of fashion when advocates of poststructuralism such as Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida asserted that such universally shared, deep structures were logically impossible.


title: Narrative structure

text: In Northrop Frye's "Anatomy of Criticism", he deals extensively with what he calls myths of spring, summer, fall, and winter:


title: Narrative structure

text: Most forms of narrative fall under four main categories: linear narrative, nonlinear narrative, interactive narration, and interactive narrative.


title: Narrative structure

text: Flashbacks, often confused with true narratives, are not linear but the concept is fundamentally linear. An example would be "Citizen Kane" by Orson Welles. Although some films appear to open (very briefly) with the ending, flashback movies almost immediately jump back to the very beginning of the story to proceed linearly from there. Usually the film will proceed past the supposed "ending" shown at the beginning of the movie.


title: Narrative structure

text: Cinema can only provide the illusion through broken narrative, a famous example of this being the 1994 film "Pulp Fiction". The film is ostensibly three short stories, which, upon closer inspection, are actually three sections of one story with the chronology broken up; Quentin Tarantino constructs the narrative without resorting to classic "flashback" techniques.


title: Narrative structure

text: An even more ambitious attempt at constructing a film based on non-linear narrative is Alain Resnais's 1993 French film "Smoking/No Smoking". The plot contains parallel developments, playing on the idea of what might have happened had the characters made different choices.


title: Narrative structure

text: Outside of film, some novels also present their narrative in a non-linear fashion. Creative writing professor Jane Alison describes nonlinear narrative "patterns" such as spirals, waves, and meanders in her 2019 book "Meander, Spiral, Explode: Design and Pattern in Narrative". The chapters of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's novel Before We Visit the Goddess are not arranged based on the linear sequence of events, but rather in a way that fulfills certain literary techniques. This allows the characters in the novel to have a believable life timeline while still employing the techniques that make a story enjoyable.


title: Narrative structure

text: In works of interactive narration there is only one narrative but the method of delivery requires the user to actively work to gain the next piece of the narrative, or have to piece the parts of narrative that they have together in order to form a coherent narrative.


title: Narrative structure

text: This is the narrative approach of some modern video games. A player will be required to reach an objective, complete a task, solve a puzzle, or finish a level before the narrative continues.


title: Narrative structure

text: An interactive narrative is one which is composed with a branching structure where a single starting point may lead to multiple developments and outcomes. The principle of all such games is that, at each step of the narrative, the user makes choices that advance the story, leading to a new series of choices. Authoring non-linear narrative or dialogue thus implies imagining an indefinite number of parallel stories.


title: Narrative structure

text: In a gamebook, readers are told to turn to a certain page according to the choice they wish to make to continue the story. Typically, the choice will be an action rather than dialogue. For example, the hero hears a noise in another room and must decide to open the door and investigate, run away, or call for help. This kind of interactive experience of a story is possible with video games and books (where the reader is free to turn the pages) but less adapted to other forms of entertainment. Improvisational theatre is similarly open-ended, but of course cannot be said to be authored.


title: Narrative structure

text: A simple graphic narrative, such as in comics, has four stages: an introduction of the characters and a description of a situation, the introduction of a problem, unexpected opportunity, or other complication into the situation, a resolution in the form of a partial or complete response to the problem by one or more of the characters, and the denouement, the aftermath of the response that makes clear the success, partial success, non-success, or uncertain success of the response. This fourth stage may also show how the original situation has changed due to what has taken place in the Complication and Resolution stages of the narrative.


title: Narrative structure

text: In a simple narrative, the four stages appear in order. That is, the sequence of the telling or presentation follows the chronology of the told. In a more complex story, the order of the telling may vary. For instance, such a story may begin with the Denouement and then present the Situation, Complication, and Resolution in a flashback. But this is not the case with a simple narrative.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: "Rock the Boat" is a song recorded by American singer Aaliyah for her eponymous third and final studio album (2001). It was written by Static Major, Eric Seats and Rapture Stewart, while Seats and Stewart handled its production. A mid-tempo R&B song, "Rock the Boat" features a female narrator instructing her lover on how to sexually please her.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Despite Aaliyah initially starting promotion for the expected second single "More Than a Woman", Blackground Records and Virgin Records serviced "Rock the Boat" to rhythmic contemporary radio as the second single from "Aaliyah" in the United States on August 21, 2001, while "More Than a Woman" was released as the second international single.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Upon its release, "Rock the Boat" received widespread critical acclaim. A commercial success, it peaked at number 14 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Internationally, the song reached the top ten in the Netherlands, and the top 20 in the United Kingdom. At the 44th Annual Grammy Awards (2002), "Rock the Boat" was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Rock the Boat" was directed by Hype Williams and was filmed in Miami and the Bahamas. Following its completion, Aaliyah and eight others died in a plane crash on August 25, 2001. Posthumously released, the video received critical acclaim and was nominated for Best R&B Video at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: "Rock the Boat" was written by Static Major, Eric Seats and Rapture Stewart, while its production was handled by Seats and Stewart. It came into fruition almost by accident due to Seats almost deleting the song's file, since he wasn't satisfied with it at first. He explained: "I almost deleted 'Rock The Boat' because I'm the kind of guy that once I start producing a track and I don't feel it right away sometimes, I would delete it and just start something over fresh." The song was saved when Static Major heard its instrumental and quickly wrote the hook.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: According to Seats, "Static heard it through my headphones. I took a break and went to the restroom, and by the time I got back he had already written a hook."


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Discussing the fate of the song, he proceeded to say: "I wouldn't say it was an accident, but we weren't vibing with it as much. It was one of those things like if he had came 10 minutes later, he probably would've never heard it." The song was "very raw" during its early stages, and since Major showed strong interest, Seats continued to develop it. Seats mentioned: "Since he had an interest in it, I said, 'Let me go and continue building on it, let me embellish it, make something happen since you're feeling it.' We didn't know it was going to end up being 'Rock The Boat'." Seats "beefed" up the development process of the track by calling Dave Foreman and Rapture Stewart to add a guitar and strings to the instrumental.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: "Rock the Boat" was described as being a Caribbean-flavored sensual and smooth mid-tempo song, that features 1970s funk influences. Meanwhile, Jeff Lorez from Yahoo! Music states that it has a retro jazziness feel. On the song Aaliyah is "reveling in her sexual freedom for the first time on record". Production wise it features an atmospheric groove, hypnotic rhythms, and fluctuating instrumentation, such as synthesizer effects. Michael Odell from "The Guardian" felt that "Rock the Boat" pays tribute to synth-driven 1980s soul.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: "Aaliyah's tentative vocal finds its way around a menu of high-octane sexual requests". She "breathlessly purrs sexual commands over an airy groove whose instrumentation swells against and then falls away from her voice". Lyrically, its female narrator instructs a lover on how to please her sexually and equates her erotic high to a drug high. Natelegé Whaley of Mic opined that "she is captain of her physical needs in the bedroom and confidently directs the voyage. She knew what she wanted and knew how to get it." According to producer Bud'da, Aaliyah debated about the song including the line "I feel like I'm on dope" because she didn't want to send a wrong message to her fans.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Having invested in the commercial performance of "Aaliyah", Blackground Records and Virgin Records wanted a single with a high chart peak to help increase the album's sales. Its lead single "We Need a Resolution" had been released on April 13, 2001, but underperformed on radio and reached only number 59 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Originally, "More Than a Woman" was chosen as the second single from "Aaliyah". According to producer Rapture Stewart, "The only reason they shot 'Rock the Boat' was because the radio was already playing it, so that kind of forced it to be the second single."


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Despite its radio success, Blackground didn't want "Rock the Boat" to be released as a single, instead campaigning for Timbaland-produced songs, including "More Than a Woman". Aaliyah fought with the label and pushed for "Rock the Boat" to become the second single; producer Eric Seats recalled hearing her say: "No, it's this one. I don't care who did what. This one is the next one." Consequently, Blackground and Virgin serviced "Rock the Boat" to rhythmic contemporary radio in the United States as the second single from "Aaliyah" on August 21, 2001. In Australia, it was released as the third and final single on November 26. The single was released in mainland Europe in April 2002 and the UK in May 2002.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: In August 2021, it was reported that Aaliyah's recorded work for Blackground (since rebranded as Blackground Records 2.0) would be re-released on physical, digital, and, for the first time ever, streaming services in a deal between the label and Empire Distribution. "Aaliyah", including "Rock the Boat", was re-released on September 10.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Khal from "Complex" described the accompanying music video for "Rock the Boat" as "a thing of beauty, with tropical visuals properly matching the laid back vibe of the instrumental. Perfect percussive accents dwell around the chilled melodies." James Poletti from dotmusic felt that Aaliyah's "breathy vocals become stutteringly suggestive as the track squelches and pops its way to a rather lovely place." Connie Johnson from the "Los Angeles Times" described "Rock the Boat" as being "sexily assertive"; she also felt that the song, along with "We Need a Resolution", was a standout song on the album.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Michael Hubbard from "MusicOMH" gave the song a mixed review, although he felt this song wasn't "the best record she's done", he praised her vocals, saying "Aaliyah shows again that one needn't screech a la Miss Mariah Carey in order to achieve pleasing results". John Robinson from "NME" panned the song calling it "one of the less memorable tracks from her album".


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: He also thought it was "Overproduced to the point where the song skids past you on a trail of its own slickness". Ernest Hardy from "Rolling Stone", said "Rock the Boat" was the highlight of the album, and felt that the song showed Aaliyah coming "into her own as a woman". Overall, Hardy declared, "She's at the wheel, steering her sexuality and using it to explore her own fantasies and strengths. And the joy you hear in her voice, in the grooves, is rooted in independence. R&B;'s reigning ice princess is starting to thaw."


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Russell Baillie from "The New Zealand Herald" described the song as "boudoir-instructional" and felt that "Aaliyah's voice weaves through the sparse but punchy arrangements with a mix of sultriness". Brad Cawn from the "Chicago Tribune" felt that Aaliyah had matured and was "growing into seductive escapades" on "Rock the Boat". Sal Cinquemani from "Slant Magazine" compared the song to the work of Janet Jackson and Marvin Gaye; he ultimately felt that Aaliyah did "80's retro" songs better than other artists. In a retrospective review, "Billboard" felt that due to issues surrounding “Rock the Boat”, that it "will always carry near-mythical significance". Ultimately, the "song crystallizes the things we loved, and continue to love, about Aaliyah: Her angelic vocals, her seductive delivery, her aura of strength and sexual liberation and (thanks to the video) her innate talent as a dancer, all layered over a sleek, infectious beat that seems to loop forever".


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: In the United States, "Rock the Boat" debuted at number 57 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on September 8, 2001. It peaked at number 14 in its 12th week, spending a total of 25 weeks on the chart. The song peaked at number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs on November 24. On the Rhythmic chart, the song peaked at number 13 in its 19th week, on January 12, 2002.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Rock the Boat" debuted and peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and number four on the UK R&B Chart. In Scotland, the song debuted and peaked at number 32 on May 12, 2002. According to the Official Charts Company (OCC), "Rock the Boat" is Aaliyah's fourth best-selling single in the UK. In Belgium, the song peaked at number nine on the Ultratip chart in Wallonia on April 4. In the Netherlands, it peaked at number nine on the Dutch Top 40, and at number 12 on the Single Top 100, both on March 16.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Preparation for shooting “Rock the Boat” began weeks in advance, with director Hype Williams contacting Aaliyah's stylist and choreographer "separately to discuss his vision for the video". According to Aaliyah's former choreographer Fatima Robinson, "The whole concept was Hype’s ,The song has such a wonderful, sensual, sexual vibe to it, and we wanted to play along with that. The beautiful beach, the idea of dancing on the yacht, were all Hype’s idea. We just wanted to have this really beautiful, classy, elegant video.” Speaking about the filming locations, Derek Lee Aaliyah's former stylist stated, "He said, we’re shooting here, here, and here, and that’s all, Back then, when you worked with an artist all the time, directors didn’t really say too much. They were just like, do what you do. Make sure it works within the framework.” On August 21, 2001, Aaliyah appearered on BET's "106 & Park", and announced that the accompanying music video for "Rock the Boat" was to be directed by Hype Williams and that filming would begin the following day.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: The video's dance routine was choreographed by Aaliyah's close friend Fatima Robinson and dancers in the video included Carmit Bachar, Denosh Bennett, Nadine Ellis and Electrik Red members Binkie and Lesley. There wasn't a lot of time to rehearse choreography and they rehearsed three days before production began in a Miami dance studio. Robinson stated, "We only did a few days, it wasn’t long at all, But [Aaliyah] was an amazing dancer, and caught on really fast. Sometimes, she felt like she couldn’t get it, but I would push her a little harder, [and say,] ‘You got this.” Recalling her experience with Aaliyah Ellis said, “Aaliyah was there for all the rehearsals, “She came in and learned along with us, hung out with us, and was very, very cool. That’s the memory of her that stands out for me. There have been artists who, when they don’t have to be around the dancers, will step into another room or will get there with just enough time to learn the choreography and move on with their day. But she really wanted to be there. It just reminded me how much of a girl she still was.”


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: On August 22, she filmed both the underwater and green screen scenes for the video in Miami, Florida. Ellis, "had been cast as Aaliyah’s “mirror” for the green screen portion—a dance partner who reflected Aaliyah's “hip swivels". The idea for the mirror dance moves "stemmed from Robinson’s natural meshing with Aaliyah when they danced together, which she likened to synchronized swimming." After filming the green screen portion, "the crew decamped for a hotel swimming pool", where Aaliyah was filmed underwater. The following day, Aaliyah and employees of Virgin Records America flew to the Bahamas on two flights using a Fairchild Metro III, chartered through Sky Limo. Nearly 60 people worked on the video in the Bahamas. Upon her Arrival to the Bahamas, Aaliyah began filming very early on the beach by 6:30 AM on August 24.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: On the final shoot day, Aaliyah and her dancers filmed the yacht portion of the video. "The dancers loaded onto the catamaran in the morning, then changed into their all-white costumes to film choreography", which differed from the look and feel of the green screen dance moves. “Miami was really technical, because you had to be within certain parameters, making sure you were on your mark and that all the spacing was right,” But when we got to The Bahamas, it was definitely more of a free space. We just got to flow", says Ellis. Aaliyah was scheduled to leave the Bahamas on August 26, but chose to leave the day before since she had finished early. Williams recalled: "Aaliyah left mid-production, so we were still shooting when she left". When discussing working with Aaliyah on the video, Williams stated: "Those four days were very beautiful for everyone. We all worked together as a family." Williams said that the camaraderie on the set was a refreshing change from the usual shoot, adding: "The last day, Saturday, was one of the best I've had in this business. Everyone felt part of something special, part of her song."


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Due to the tragedy surrounding Aaliyah's death, there was an uncertainty about the release date for the video. In a press release, a spokesperson for Blackground Records said it was too soon to say what would become of the footage. The music video made its world premiere on BET's "Access Granted" on October 9, 2001. BET producer Kevin Taylor, who was in the Bahamas filming the video, described it as "gorgeous and sensual".


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Speaking about the fashion aspect of the video, Lee stated "Rock the Boat wasn’t a fashion video per se, It was more to showcase a softer side of her, Yes Aaliyah had to be the superstar girl, but she also had to be relatable". He continued, "Nothing could look styled—it had to be achievable and doable by young girls". In the video, Aaliyah wore various outfits, including a tie-dye skirt, which was fabric her stylist Derek Lee bought on Fifth Avenue and simply tied together, with an orange crop top he purchased at Patricia Field's shop in the East Village. Lee was also heavily influenced by Jamaican dancehall culture for an all-red outfit, whose accessories were all custom-made, with Lee stating: "In Jamaica, people were using what they had around them to make things, so we took a Coca-Cola can, we cut it up, made the band around the top and around the Kangol hat. We even made some earrings that were little Coke bottles." For the underwater scenes, Williams suggested that Aaliyah wore an outfit with a lot of fabric "so it can seem like she's floating", so Lee styled her in a swimsuit designed by Norma Kamali and added extra fabric to elongate it.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: The music video for "Rock the Boat" begins with Aaliyah on the beach with her back to the ocean. She is wearing a red top, dangling hoop earrings and shimmering gold eye shadow as she sings the slyly suggestive lyrics of "Rock the Boat". The next scene features Aaliyah dancing on a catamaran, on a beach in Marsh Harbour and swimming underwater in the ocean. Other scenes include Aaliyah dancing in computer-generated tide waves. When describing the video's recurring theme, BET producer Kevin Taylor mentioned: "It's very ethereal and heavenly." He also stated: "There are lots of shots of water and clouds, and the video ends with Aaliyah swimming up from the bottom of a pool, almost looking like she's going into the clouds. It's really beautiful."


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: The video was ranked at number 93 on "Billboard"'s list "100 Greatest Music Videos of the 21st Century". Rebecca Milzoff from "Billboard" praised the video, saying: "The video for Aaliyah's sinuous 'Rock the Boat' might have easily gone down as just one of the many examples of the beloved singer's preternatural cool and low-key sex appeal, featuring Aaliyah leading an all-female ensemble in understatedly sexy moves mirroring the song's hypnotic, undulating melody." Maxine Wally from "W", felt that the video was fairly simple and that the best parts "comes at the very end, and is just as unadorned. Aaliyah, in what appears to be a candid moment, laughs widely as she looks to her left, like someone off-camera just did something charming and hilarious. In my eyes, it is the perfect way to cap off her final creation. It’s a reminder that although Aaliyah isn’t around today, her legacy remains".


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: On Saturday, August 25, 2001, after Aaliyah and the record company employees had completed filming the music video for "Rock the Boat", at 6:50 p.m. (EDT), they boarded a twin-engine Cessna 402B (registration N8097W) at the Marsh Harbour Airport, located on the Abaco Islands, for the return trip back to Opa-locka Airport in Florida. The return flight was originally booked for the following day, but filming had finished early, and Aaliyah and her entourage were eager to return to the United States. They made the decision to leave immediately. The aircraft designated for the return flight was smaller than the one on which they had originally arrived, but it accommodated the whole party and all of their equipment.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: The passengers had grown impatient because the plane was supposed to arrive at 4:30 p.m. EDT, but did not arrive until 6:15 p.m. EDT. Charter pilot Lewis Key claimed to have overheard passengers arguing with fellow pilot Luis Morales III prior to take off, adding that Morales warned them that there was too much weight for a "safe flight". Key further stated: "He tried to convince them the plane was overloaded, but they insisted they had chartered the plane and they had to be in Miami Saturday night." Key indicated that Morales gave in to the passengers and that he had trouble starting one of the engines.


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: The aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff, about from the runway. Aaliyah and eight others on board–Morales, hair stylist Eric Foreman, Anthony Dodd, security guard Scott Gallin, family friend Keith Wallace, make-up artist Christopher Maldonado, and Blackground Records employees Douglas Kratz and Gina Smith–were all killed. Gallin survived the initial impact and, according to paramedics, spent his last moments worrying about Aaliyah's condition. Kathleen Bergen, spokeswoman for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in Atlanta, identified the aircraft as being owned by Florida-based company Skystream. Initial crash reports identified Luis Morales as "L Marael".


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: Key suggested that engine failure, along with overloading of the aircraft, could have caused the crash, recalling that others had seen the plane experience an engine failure on takeoff. One witness believed that no one could have survived the accident because of the crash intensity and the fact that the aircraft had disintegrated upon impact. He also recalled the condition of the bodies: "It was an awful sight. Some bodies were so badly disfigured, you couldn't identify them. And two guys were alive — one screaming and screaming for help. He was horribly burned all over." A 25-year-old charter pilot who witnessed the crash saw the Cessna go down as he was working on some machinery "about half a mile" away. He recalled the aircraft being only "60 to 100 feet" off the ground before it crashed. He went to get a fire truck and was stunned by what he saw upon arriving at the crash site. "I've seen crashes before but that was probably one of the worst ones," he said. "It was pretty devastating. The aircraft was broken into pieces and some of the seats were thrown from the aircraft."


title: Rock the Boat (Aaliyah song)

text: "Rock the Boat" has been covered and sampled by numerous recording artists. American singer and actor Colton Ford covered the song for his second studio album "Under the Covers" (2009), while American singer JoJo performed it on several of her concerts. Aaliyah was credited as a featured artist, alongside Ne-Yo, on American rapper Rick Ross' 2010 song "She Crazy", which sampled "Rock the Boat". Excerpts of Aaliyah singing on "Rock the Boat" were used on Canadian singer The Weeknd's song "What You Need" from his debut mixtape "House of Balloons" (2011), and American rapper T.I.'s 2016 song "Dope", featuring Marsha Ambrosius. American rapper Kanye West lyrically interpolated "Rock the Boat" in the song "Fade" from his seventh studio album "The Life of Pablo" (2016).


title: Playboys (gang)

text: Playboys 13 Gang, also known by the short name PBS13, is a predominantly Mexican-American street gang in West Los and East Los Angeles, California. The gang sometimes use the name "Conejo" or Rabbit gang. They align themselves with the Mexican Mafia, also known as La eme (which is Spanish for the letter M), while in prison and set aside their rivalry with other Sureño gangs.


title: Playboys (gang)

text: They began on the corner of Pico Boulevard and Fedora Street in West Los Angeles, California in the mid 1950s. They were originally a car club called, "Southern Califas Latin Playboys Car Club." Cliques from the West Side moved to Burbank, California in the 1980s and have spread out to North Hollywood and other cities in the San Fernando Valley. Eastside Playboys started in 1975 on 49th street in Los Angeles, California and the Southside Playboys started in 1982 in Bell Gardens and South Gate, California. In the beginning they were all Hispanic, but in recent years, even though it is rare, other ethnic groups have been able to gain membership making them multiethnic. However, the Playboys remain predominantly Hispanic in all their cliques from Latin America to the United States.


title: Playboys (gang)

text: The original Westside Playboys gang is still active in West Los Angeles, California despite a gang injunction against them. They have also had sightings in the Antelope Valley area in Southern California Their main territory is the area around the intersection of Pico Boulevard and Fedora Street in L.A.'s Olympic Division. Various other Playboys cliques have been established due to migration of members from Southern California to various other States.Orange County PLAYBOYS Yakima, Washington has one of the largest South Side Playboy Barrios outside of California. Recent reports place the Playboys Gang as far east as Memphis, Tennessee. The Westside Playboys have cliques in Burbank, North Hollywood, Palmdale, Canoga Park and Lancaster, California, while the Southside Playboys have cliques in Ensenada, Mexico; Eugene and Portland, Oregon; Omaha, Nebraska; and Tacoma, Washington. The Eastside Playboys stick mainly to their original territory with a clique in Fresno, California.


title: Playboys (gang)

text: Although the Playboys are a Sureño gang and use the number 13 to show allegiance to the Mexican Mafia, they are rivals with most other Sureno gangs. The general thinking among Playboy gang members is that all other gangs are their enemy. The most identifiable tattoo all Playboys gang members and cliques use is the playboy bunny. They also use the playboy bunny logo in most of their graffiti with PBS around the head. The colors that are primarily used by the different subgroups of this gang are blue, but some of the gang's subgroups have taken other colors to identify themselves and give them their own unique individualism. The female subgroup known as the pink bunny clicka used the color pink and blue to represent themselves. However, many subgroups, like the pink bunny clicka, became inactive in the late 1990s. The Playboys, like many other Hispanic gangs, have a very strong sense of territory and family. In recent years the Playboys have been using the internet and various social networking sites to keep in contact with one another around the country.


title: Playboys (gang)

text: The Playboys main revenue source is selling marijuana on Fedora and Normandie and at New Hampshire and Pico, Fedora and Pico. They also engage in murder, drive-by shootings, assaults and arms trafficking, but most of their criminal activity is around the sale of marijuana. All other cliques outside of Los Angeles engage mostly the street level distribution of narcotics as their main source of revenue. However, they are still heavily engaged in other criminal acts. In Washington State there has been a lot of media coverage regarding a 2011 shooting at a car show in Kent, Washington that involved Southside Playboy members. There was another incident in Eugene Oregon that made headlines where Southside Playboys members are facing a multitude of charges, as well as a shooting incident in the Portland area of Oregon that resulted in the death of an innocent man. Like most other street gangs, the Playboys also engage in vast amounts of graffiti throughout their neighborhoods. Breaking the gang has been difficult for police departments because there is no direct leadership and each of the gang's cliques operate totally autonomous of each other.


title: Playboys (gang)

text: The Orange County Playboys which was born in the 90's in Santa Ana, Anaheim and Garden Grove has been putting in work for years and earn their respect in and out of prison. Two sides of family started these click in OC. One was the Silvas which are all cousins. They started Partying and having beef with other gangs. There is rumors that playboys was formed by two gangs in santa ana but is unknown. It's believed that law enforcement has tried to shut them down but it keeps on getting bigger and bigger with an estimate of 360 active playboys gang members in orange county alone.


title: Andy Delort

text: Andy Delort (; born 9 October 1991) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Nice and the Algeria national team.


title: Andy Delort

text: Delort was a France under-20 youth international, before representing Algeria at senior level. He has also represented the France beach soccer team. For the 2013–14 Ligue 2 season, Delort was named in the Team of the Year and nominated for Player of the Year.


title: Andy Delort

text: Delort was born in Sète, France, to a father of Romani descent, and a mother of Algerian descent. He started his career at Sète. He joined Ajaccio in 2008, having finished top scorer at France U19 league level with 30 goals. After coming through Ajaccio's youth ranks, he attracted interest from Bordeaux and Borussia Dortmund. After enjoying a trial at Borussia Dortmund, playing in the reserve team with Mario Götze and Shinji Kagawa, Dortmund offered him a contract. However, he chose to join Nîmes because of manager Jean-Michel Cavalli, claiming "a player who leapfrogs, burns his wings". Delort also turned down a contract offer from Bordeaux.


title: Andy Delort

text: Delort played his first game of Ligue 2 for Nîmes on 30 August 2009, coming on as a 53rd-minute substitute against Metz. During the season, he was rarely used in the first team making only three substitute appearances.


title: Andy Delort

text: Delort re-joined his original club, AC Ajaccio, in June 2010. He scored his first two goals at professional level on 15 September 2010 against Le Havre in the French League Cup, before achieving his first goals in the Coupe de France on 12 November 2010. His first Ligue 2 goals contributed to victories against Angers on 17 December 2010 and against Istres. He signed his first professional contract for three and a half years with AC Ajaccio on 28 January 2011. On 11 March 2011, he was one of the players involved in a mass brawl when he was replaced in the match against Nantes. As a result of the incident, several players were given suspensions; both Delort and his teammate Carl Medjani received four-match bans. He earned promotion to Ligue 1 with AC Ajaccio during the 2010–11 season, after finishing 2nd in the league.


title: Andy Delort

text: On 31 January 2012, Delort signed a six-month loan deal with Ligue 2 club Metz, where he scored 1 goal in 13 appearances.


title: Andy Delort

text: He returned to AC Ajaccio for the 2012–13 season, and scored his first goal in Ligue 1 on 27 April 2013 in a 2–1 win over Montpellier. In that season, he made 16 appearances in Ligue 1. In the same season, he scored 12 goals in 16 appearances for the club's reserve team.


title: Andy Delort

text: In the summer of 2013, Delort joined Ligue 2 side Tours. He finished the 2013–14 season as joint top scorer in Ligue 2, scoring 24 goals in 36 matches and was named in the Ligue 2 Team of the Year, as well as receiving a nomination for the Ligue 2 Player of the Year, eventually finishing runner-up to Metz's Diafra Sakho for the award.


title: Andy Delort

text: On deadline day of the summer 2014 transfer window, Delort signed for Championship side Wigan Athletic for a fee reported to be under £3 million. He was given the number 49 shirt. Delort struggled at Wigan and amassed only 11 league appearances for the club, failing to score in any of them. In an interview with "Hat Trick", he admitted that he had struggled to settle at Wigan following his sudden upheaval from France.


title: Andy Delort

text: Having not been able to settle well in England, Delort re-joined Tours on loan until the end of the season on transfer deadline day in the summer of 2015. In doing so, he opted to take a 50% pay cut in order to obtain regular playing time again.


title: Andy Delort

text: Delort completed a transfer to Caen on 2 July 2015. In his debut with Caen, he scored his first goal in a 1–0 defeat of Marseille on 8 August 2015. At the start of the following season, Delort refused to attend training during a protracted transfer saga with Liga MX side Tigres UANL.


title: Andy Delort

text: On 2 September 2016, Delort's transfer to Tigres was officially announced becoming the second French player to join the team after André-Pierre Gignac. He signed a four-year contract while the transfer fee paid to Caen was reported as €8 million. On 22 October 2016, he scored his first goal in Liga MX with Tigres, against UNAM at the Estadio Olímpico Universitario in a 3–1 victory. He spent less than six months at the club, however, scoring 3 goals in 14 appearances, before returning to France to join Toulouse.


title: Andy Delort

text: On 26 January 2017, Delort returned to France, joining Toulouse on a reported four-year contract and for a reported transfer fee of €6 million. He scored on his debut for the club on 2 February, netting the opening goal in a 4–0 win over Angers, and repeated the feat in his next two appearances against Lorient and Bastia.


title: Andy Delort

text: On 24 July 2018, Delort was loaned to Montpellier until the end of the 2018–19 season with an option to buy. On 12 June 2019, Delort signed permanently with Montpellier. There, he scored a total of 41 goals across all competitions, beating Olivier Giroud's record and became the 3rd best striker of Montpellier in the 21st century.


title: Andy Delort

text: On 28 August 2021, Delort signed with fellow Ligue 1 side Nice on a 4-year deal. On 21 May 2022, he scored his first Ligue 1 hat-trick in a 3–2 victory over Reims.


title: Andy Delort

text: Delort played in the beach soccer team managed by Eric Cantona in 2009. During an amateur tournament in Sète, he was spotted by Laurent Castro, who asked him to play in the qualification for the 2009 World Cup. He scored five goals in the qualifiers.


title: Andy Delort

text: In 2011, he was selected by France Under 20s team by Francis Smerecki to play against the United States on 17 May 2011. He was then called to participate in the 2011 Toulon Tournament in June with the France team, but had to pull out of the squad having suffered an injury in a league game.


title: Andy Delort

text: Of Algerian descent through his mother, Delort expressed an interest in representing the Algeria national football team in April 2019.


title: Andy Delort

text: On 13 June 2019, the Algerian federation announced Delort's inclusion in its final squad for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. He made his debut three days later in a friendly against Mali, coming on as a substitute for Yacine Brahimi in the 75th minute and scoring the winning goal 5 minutes later in a 3–2 victory.


title: Andy Delort

text: In October 2021, Delort was not called up to the national team for the recent World Cup qualifiers. Coach Djamel Belmadi revealed at a press conference that Delort himself refused the call-up because he wanted to concentrate on his club career, having recently signed with OGC Nice. Delort confirmed this and said he wanted to take a break from the national team for a year.


title: Andy Delort

text: Delort has two children, a son and a daughter. In January 2021, he received the medal of his hometown, Sète from the hands of the mayor François Commeinhes.


title: Long snapper

text: In American football, the long snapper (or deep snapper) is a center on special teams whose duty is to snap the football over a longer distance, typically around 15 yards during punts, and 7–8 yards during field goals and extra point attempts.


title: Long snapper

text: During field goal and point after touchdown attempts, the snap is received by the holder, typically 7–8 yards away. During punts, the snap is delivered to the punter from 13–15 yards away. Following a punt snap, the snapper often executes a blocking assignment and then must cover the kick by running downfield and attempting to stop the opposing team's punt returner from advancing the ball in the opposite direction. If the punt goes uncaught, it is the snapper's responsibility to make sure the ball does not enter the end zone or bounce backward resulting in loss of yards. The majority of snappers at the highest levels of competition are specialized, meaning that they uniquely play the position of snapper, or have limited responsibilities elsewhere.


title: Long snapper

text: A good punt snap should hit the target—the punter's hands at the abdomen or waistline—between .65 and .75 seconds and with a tight spiral for easy handling. A "bad snap" is an off-target snap which causes the delay or failure of a kick or forces the punter into some other potentially compromising situation.


title: Long snapper

text: Long snapper was not always a dedicated position. Until about 20 years ago, the position of long snapper would be filled by a random player or lineman who was not getting playing time. The thought to have a roster spot reserved for just a snapper was ridiculous. Over time, people started to realize how important the role was, as one bad snap could lose any game. In the past 20 years, teams have not only trained and recruited true long snappers, but they even offer scholarships because of the importance of the position.


title: Long snapper

text: College rules are such that any of the 11 players on the punting team are allowed to proceed downfield at any time once the play has begun (unlike the NFL where only 2 players, the left and right gunners, are allowed to pass the line of scrimmage before the ball has been kicked). This results in many teams employing a "spread punt" or "rugby-style" scheme designed to maximize downfield coverage and limit returners from making larger gains the other way after receiving the ball.


title: Long snapper

text: In the NCAA, defensive players are not able to line up within the shoulder length frame of the long snapper. Defensive players who play opposite of the long snapper are also not allowed to initiate contact with the long snapper until 1 second after the ball has been snapped. These rules were created to protect the long snapper, as they are in a compromised position with their head usually down and unprotected.


title: Long snapper

text: Unlike college, NFL rules do not provide for a set period of time after the snap before the long snapper can be engaged by the defense. However, no defensive player can line up directly in front of the long snapper when the offense is in a kick formation. Officials generally enforce this rule through verbal admonishment to an offending player prior to the snap. If the defensive lineman moves into a legal position before the snap, no penalty flag is thrown.


title: Long snapper

text: Before specialization, the long snapper often was a player who primarily played another position, mostly assumed to be backup centers because they perform regular snap duties to quarterbacks, and also to quarterbacks positioned further out in a shotgun formation. However, a recent example would be Allen Aldridge, who started at linebacker for the Detroit Lions and also served as the team's long snapper. Buccaneers tight end Dave Moore spent the final three seasons of his career as the team's long snapper while regularly appearing on offense. This allows the team to dress another non-specialist player. Now, every team in the NFL has a specialized long snapper, a trend born on the Washington Redskins in 1971, where head coach and general manager George Allen made George Burman the first modern long snapper—someone whose roster spot was based on the long snap, and not other positions.


title: Long snapper

text: Long snappers are usually amongst the least-known players in the NFL, because of their highly specialized and relatively invisible role on the field. They are also generally not drafted, rarely appear on trading cards, and normally are acquired as undrafted free agents, with a few exceptions:


title: Long snapper

text: Despite their anonymity, a team lacking a skilled long snapper can be seriously undermined. A famous example of this was on January 5, 2003 during the 2002 wild card playoff game between the San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants. During the regular season, the Giants suffered missed field goals due to the lack of an experienced long snapper, and signed Trey Junkin out of retirement to be the snapper for the playoff game. Junkin botched a snap on a field goal attempt that could have won the game for the Giants, who had led 38–14 at one point in the game. Brad St. Louis of the Cincinnati Bengals was another long snapper who, besides having already botched two snaps in clutch situations in 2005 (wild card play-off game against the eventual champions Pittsburgh Steelers) and 2006, gained even bigger notoriety in 2009, when he delivered five bad snaps on either field goal or extra point attempts (leading to missed, aborted or blocked kicks) in the first five games of the season, which led to the then ten-year veteran being released from the team.


title: Long snapper

text: In 2008, it was the Pittsburgh Steelers that had long snapper problems. During an October 26, 2008 game against the New York Giants, the team's regular long snapper, Greg Warren, was injured with what was eventually revealed to be a season-ending torn ACL. Linebacker James Harrison, who had served in 2003 as the long snapper for the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe, volunteered to replace Warren. In the fourth quarter, Harrison's first and only snap sailed over punter Mitch Berger's head and through the end zone for a safety. This tied the score and gave the Giants good field position on the ensuing kick, resulting in the go-ahead touchdown late in the game. Warren sustained a second ACL tear in December 2009, though this occurred on the last play of a December 20 game against the Green Bay Packers, giving the Steelers adequate time to sign replacement Jared Retkofsky, who had also been signed to replace Warren after his injury in 2008.


title: Long snapper

text: In 2012, Raiders' long snapper Jon Condo was injured and was backed up by Travis Goethel, a linebacker for a game against the San Diego Chargers. On two occasions during the game, punter Shane Lechler was unable to handle snaps that had bounced prior to reaching him. On another attempt, Lechler took his position much closer to the line of scrimmage than is normal for a punter, so as to decrease the distance Goethel needed to accurately snap the ball. Though the snap was adequate, the decreased distance resulted in a blocked punt.


title: Long snapper

text: In the Cincinnati Bengals' 2022 season opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Bengals' long snapper Clark Harris suffered a biceps injury, forcing backup tight end Mitchell Wilcox to have to perform long snapping duties in Harris's stead. What would have been a game-winning extra point conversion for the Bengals as the game clock expired was blocked, forcing the game to go to overtime. In the overtime period, for what would have been a game-winning field goal for the Bengals, the snap was high, resulting in the field goal attempt missing wide right. The Bengals would go on to lose the game to the Steelers.


title: Dewberry

text: The dewberries are a group of species in the genus "Rubus", section "Rubus", closely related to the blackberries. They are small trailing (rather than upright or high-arching) brambles with aggregate fruits, reminiscent of the raspberry, but are usually purple to black instead of red. Alternatively, they are sometimes referred to as ground berries.


title: Dewberry

text: The plants do not have upright canes like some other "Rubus" species, but have stems that trail along the ground, putting forth new roots along the length of the stem. The stems are covered with fine spines or stickers. Around March and April, the plants start to grow white flowers that develop into small green berries. The tiny green berries grow red and then a deep purple-blue as they ripen. When the berries are ripe, they are tender and difficult to pick in any quantity without squashing them. The berries are sweet and often less seedy than blackberries.


title: Dewberry

text: The European dewberry, "Rubus caesius", grows more upright like other brambles. Its fruits are a deep, almost black, purple and are coated with a thin layer or 'dew' of waxy droplets. Thus, they appear sky-blue ("caesius" being Latin for pale blue). Its fruits are small and retain a markedly tart taste even when fully ripe.


title: Dewberry

text: Dewberries are common throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and are thought of as a beneficial weed. "Rubus caesius" is frequently restricted to coastal communities, especially sand dune systems.


title: Dewberry

text: The leaves are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including peach blossom moths.


title: Dewberry

text: The leaves can be used to make a herbal tea, and the berries are edible and taste sweet. They can be eaten raw, or used to make cobbler, jam, or pie.


title: Dewberry

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the town of Cameron, North Carolina, was known as the "dewberry capital of the world" for large scale cultivation of this berry which was shipped out for widespread consumption. Local growers made extensive use of the railroads in the area to ship them nationally and internationally.


title: Ice bath

text: In sports therapy, an ice bath, or sometimes cold-water immersion or cold therapy, is a training regimen usually following a period of intense exercise in which a substantial part of a human body is immersed in a bath of ice or ice-water for a limited duration.


title: Ice bath

text: While it is becoming increasingly popular and accepted among athletes in a variety of sports, the method is controversial, with a risk of hypothermia, with the possibility of shock leading to sudden death. Many athletes have used cold water immersion after an intense exercise workout in the belief that it speeds up bodily recovery; however, the internal physical processes are not well understood and remain elusive. Evidence supporting cold water immersion as part of an athletic training regimen remains inconclusive, with some studies suggesting a mild benefit such as reducing muscle damage and discomfort and alleviating delayed onset muscle soreness, with other studies suggesting that cold water immersion may slow muscle growth and interfere with an overall training regimen.


title: Ice bath

text: It is done by standing or sitting in a bucket or bath of icy water. One writer advised: "don't overdo it." Wearing rubberized "dive booties" on the feet (to protect toes) as well as rubber briefs to warm the midsection have been recommended. Champion weightlifter Karyn Marshall, who won the world women's weightlifting championship in 1987, described what it was like to take an ice bath after a day of competition at the CrossFit Games in 2011 in Los Angeles:


title: Ice bath

text: One report suggested that if ice water is circulating, it's even colder such that the water will be colder than measured by a thermometer, and that athletes should avoid overexposure. Physical therapist Nikki Kimball explained a way to make the bath more endurable:


title: Ice bath

text: Some athletes use a technique known as contrast water therapy or contrast bath therapy, in which cold water and warmer water are alternated. One method of doing this was to have two tubs––one cold (10–15 degrees Celsius) and another hot (37–40 degrees Celsius) ––and to do one minute in the cold tub followed by two minutes in a hot tub, and to repeat this procedure three times.


title: Ice bath

text: The temperature can vary, but is usually in the range of 50–59 degrees Fahrenheit or between 10 and 15 degrees Celsius. Some athletes wear booties to keep their toes warm or rubberized coverings around their midsection while immersed. Some drink a warm beverage such as tea. One report suggested that "ten minutes immersed in 15 degree Celsius water" was sufficient.


title: Ice bath

text: Accounts vary about how long to be immersed and how often to do them. One adviser suggested that an athlete should take ten two-minute ice bath treatments over a two-week period. One account suggested immersion times should be between ten and twenty minutes. Another suggested that immersion run from five to ten minutes, and sometimes to twenty minutes. There were no sources advocating being immersed for longer than twenty minutes.


title: Ice bath

text: Several sources suggest that cold baths (60–75 degrees Fahrenheit, 15.5-22.8°C) were preferable to ice baths. Physiotherapist Tony Wilson of the University of Southampton said that extremely cold temperatures were unnecessary and a "cold bath" would be just as effective as an ice bath. Another agreed that a mere cold bath is preferable to ice baths which are "unnecessary." A third report suggested that cool water (60–75 degrees Fahrenheit, 15.5-22.8°C) was just as good as water at a lower temperature (54–60 degrees Fahrenheit, 12.2-15.5°C) and that eight to ten minutes should be sufficient time, and warned against exceeding ten minutes.


title: Ice bath

text: After exercise, there is some evidence that taking an ice bath may reduce delayed onset muscle soreness and perceptions of fatigue, but no good evidence of any other benefit. Chronic use of the ice bath may be beneficial for athletes who are in high volume training periods. Research has shown that ice baths four times per week in a congested training schedule of professional rugby players reduced muscle soreness while attenuating the decline in jump performance compared to those who didn't ice bath.


title: Ice bath

text: There is agreement in the medical and scientific communities that ice baths can pose serious risks to health. Risks include hypothermia, shock and the possibility of sudden cardiac death.


title: Ice bath

text: Marathon runner Paula Radcliffe won the 10,000m event at the 2002 European championships and attributed her victory to the use of ice baths. She reportedly said "It's absolute agony, and I dread it, but it allows my body to recover so much more quickly." She reported taking ice baths before racing and preferred her pre-race bath temperature to be "very cold." After the Radcliffe comment, the technique has grown in popularity. It is gaining in popularity among athletes, such that some athletes "swear by it" but other accounts suggest it may be a fad.


title: Ice bath

text: It has been used by athletes such as A. J. Soares and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps as well as other celebrity endorsers and is getting to become "common practice" among athletes from different sports, including American football, association football (soccer), long distance running, rugby, tennis, volleyball, and other sports. There was a report that sports equipment manufacturers are considering different designs for ice baths. In the summer of 2014, as a fundraising method, the nonprofit ALS Association, which raises money for research and public awareness of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, began the Ice Bucket Challenge which involved donors filming themselves and challenging other donors to participate and then being doused with a bucket of ice cold water; as a fundraising effort, it raised $16 million over a 22-day period.


title: Ice bath

text: There are indications that ice baths may be gaining popularity with groups outside sports, such as dance. The "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" reported that some Radio City Rockettes, a precision dance company performing in New York City, use ice baths after a long day of performing as a way to "unwind" and cope with "aches and pains." One report suggested that entertainer Madonna used ice baths after her performances. And there are indications that use of ice baths is spreading to amateur sports, such as high school football.


title: Ice bath

text: Ice baths are a part of a broader phenomenon known as cryotherapy—the Greek word "cryo" (κρυο) means "cold"—which describes a variety of treatments when cold temperatures are used therapeutically. Cryotherapy includes procedures where a person is placed in a room with "cold, dry air at temperatures as low as −135 °C" for short periods of time, and which has been used in hospitals in Poland as well as a center in London to treat not only muscular ailments, but psychological problems such as depression. Basketball player Manny Harris reportedly used a Cryon-X machine featuring extreme low temperatures around minus 166 degrees Fahrenheit, but used it with wet socks resulting in a serious freezer burn.


title: Ice bath

text: Occasionally ice baths have been an ill-advised treatment of fever in young children, but that doctors were counseled not to use this technique because of the risk of hypothermia. Ice baths have been suggested as a way to prevent muscle soreness after shoveling snow.


title: Ice bath

text: In addition, there have been instances of ice bathing as an extreme bodily test by persons vying for an endurance record, such as Dutch "Iceman" Wim Hof, and Chinese record-holders Chen Kecai and Jin Songhao. According to reports, doctors and scientists are studying how these people can spend an hour and a half submerged in an ice bath, and survive;


title: Petronius Maximus

text: Petronius Maximus ( 39731 May 455) was Roman emperor of the West for two and a half months in 455. A wealthy senator and a prominent aristocrat, he was instrumental in the murders of the Western Roman "magister militum", Aëtius, and the Western Roman emperor, Valentinian III.


title: Petronius Maximus

text: Maximus secured the throne the day after Valentinian's death by ensuring the backing of the Senate and by bribing the palace officials. He strengthened his position by forcing Valentinian's widow to marry him and forcing Valentinian's daughter to marry his son. He cancelled the betrothal of his new wife's daughter to the son of the Vandal king Genseric. This infuriated both his stepdaughter and Genseric, who sent a fleet to Rome. Maximus failed to obtain troops from the Visigoths and he fled as the Vandals arrived, became detached from his retinue and bodyguard in the confusion, and was killed. The Vandals thoroughly sacked Rome.


title: Petronius Maximus

text: Petronius Maximus was born about 397. Although he was of obscure origin, it is believed that he belonged to the Anicius and Petronius families. Related to the later Emperor Olybrius, Maximus was the son of Anicius Probinus, and the grandson of Anicia Faltonia Proba and Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus, who was prefect of Illyricum in 364, prefect of Gaul in 366, prefect of Italy from 368 to 375 and again in 383 and consul in 371.


title: Petronius Maximus

text: Maximus had a remarkable early career. His earliest known office was "praetor", held in about 411; around 415 he served as a "tribunus et notarius", which was an entry position to the imperial bureaucracy and led to his serving as "comes sacrarum largitionum" (count of the sacred largess) between 416 and 419. From January or February 420 to August or September 421 he was "praefectus urbi" of Rome, meaning that he had executive authority for much of the municipal administration of Rome; he held the office again sometime before 439. As "praefectus" he restored the Old St. Peter's Basilica. He was also appointed praetorian prefect, a leading military and judicial position, sometime between 421 and 439. It was either while holding this post or during his second urban prefecture that he was appointed consul for the year 433. Becoming a consul was considered the highest honour of the Roman state. From August 439 to February 441 he held the praetorian prefecture of Italy, the most important administrative and judicial non-imperial position in the Western Empire. He was awarded a second consulship in 443. In 445 he was granted the title of patrician, the Empire's senior honorific title, which was limited to a very small number of holders. During this year he was briefly the most honoured of all non-imperial Romans, until the third consulate of Flavius Aëtius, generalissimo, or "magister militum", of the Western Empire, the following year. Between 443 and 445 Maximus built a forum, the "Forum Petronii Maximi", in Rome, on the Caelian Hill between the via Labicana and the Basilica di San Clemente.


title: Petronius Maximus

text: According to the historian John of Antioch, Maximus poisoned the mind of the Emperor against Aëtius, resulting in the murder of his rival at the hands of Valentinian III. John's account has it that Valentinian and Maximus placed a wager on a game that Maximus ended up losing. As he did not have the money available, Maximus left his ring as a guarantee of his debt. Valentinian then used the ring to summon to court Lucina, the chaste and beautiful wife of Maximus, whom Valentinian had long lusted after. Lucina went to the court, believing she had been summoned by her husband, but instead found herself at dinner with Valentinian. Although initially resisting his advances, the Emperor managed to wear her down and succeeded in raping her. Returning home and meeting Maximus, she accused him of betrayal, believing that he had handed her over to the Emperor. Although Maximus swore revenge, he was equally motivated by ambition to supplant "a detested and despicable rival", so he decided to move against Valentinian.


title: Petronius Maximus

text: According to John of Antioch, Maximus was acutely aware that while Aëtius was alive he could not exact vengeance on Valentinian, so Aëtius had to be removed. He therefore allied himself with a eunuch of Valentinian's, the "primicerius sacri cubiculi" Heraclius, who had long opposed the general, with the hope of exercising more power over the emperor. The two of them convinced Valentinian that Aëtius was planning to assassinate him and urged him to kill his "magister militum" during a meeting, which Valentinian did with his own hands, with the help of Heraclius, on 21 September 454.


title: Petronius Maximus

text: Once Aëtius was dead, Maximus asked Valentinian for Aëtius's now-vacant position, but the Emperor refused; Heraclius, in fact, had advised the Emperor not to allow anyone to possess the power that Aëtius had wielded. According to John of Antioch, Maximus was so irritated by Valentinian's refusal to appoint him as his "magister militum" that he decided to have Valentinian assassinated as well. He chose as accomplices Optilia and Thraustila, two Scythians who had fought under the command of Aetius and who, after the death of their general, had been appointed as Valentinian's escort.


title: Petronius Maximus

text: Maximus easily convinced them that Valentinian was the only one responsible for the death of Aetius, and that the two soldiers must avenge their old commander, while at the same time also promising them a reward for the betrayal of the Emperor. On 16 March 455 Valentinian, who was in Rome, went to Campus Martius with some guards, accompanied by Optilia, Thraustila and their men. As soon as the Emperor dismounted to practice with the bow, Optilia came up with his men and stabbed him in the temple. As Valentinian turned to look at his attacker, Optila finished him off with another thrust of his blade. At the same moment, Thraustila killed Heraclius. The two Scythians took the imperial diadem and robe and brought them to Maximus.