title: Salvatore Giuliano

text: An opera, "Salvatore Giuliano", was composed in 1985 by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero and premiered on 25 January 1986 at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma. The libretto outlines in short, graphic scenes the network of intrigue between Sicilian independence activists, Mafia and State that surrounds, and eventually destroys, the bandit hero.


title: Robin Yount

text: Robin R. Yount (; born September 16, 1955), nicknamed "the Kid", and "Rockin' Robin", is an American former professional baseball player. He spent his entire 20-year career in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and center fielder for the Milwaukee Brewers (1974–93).


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount was drafted in 1973 and advanced to the major leagues one year later at the age of 18. He won two American League Most Valuable Player awards. In 1982, he led the Brewers to a World Series appearance. Yount was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 in his first year of eligibility. Since his retirement as a player, he has held several roles as a baseball coach.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount was born September 16, 1955 in Danville, Illinois. He lived briefly in Covington, Indiana, then his family moved to southern California when he was an infant; his father got a job testing rocket engines with Rocketdyne. Robin attended William Howard Taft High School in Woodland Hills.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount was the third pick overall in the June 1973 Major League Baseball draft, one slot ahead of fellow Hall of Famer and 3,000 hit club member Dave Winfield. Yount made his major league debut the following April, at 18 years old. After going hitless in his first four games, Yount hit a game-winning home run in his sixth. Yount is currently the last 18-year-old to hit a home run in the Major Leagues (Andruw Jones, Mike Trout, Bryce Harper, and Juan Soto are the most recent teenagers to have hit Major League home runs, but did so as 19-year-olds). On September 14, 1975 (two days before his 20th birthday), Yount broke Mel Ott's 47-year-old record for most games played in the major leagues before turning 20.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount courted controversy in the winter of 1978. He threatened to retire from the game and take up professional golf rather than be underpaid or moved to the outfield by the Brewers. Early in the season, Paul Molitor was called up from the Brewers Class A affiliate to the major league team because of Yount's absence. Yount's demands were met; when he returned to the team, Molitor was moved from shortstop to second base to make room for Yount.


title: Robin Yount

text: He was an early proponent of weight training – then uncommon in baseball – and by 1980 Yount's power hitting had improved, particularly for a shortstop. Yount was an All-Star in 1980, 1982, and 1983. No other Brewer was voted a starter in consecutive years until Ryan Braun started each year between 2008 and 2011.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount led the American League with 210 hits in 1982. The 1982 AL East race was tied on the final day of the season, with the race coming down to a winner-take-all game between the Brewers and the Baltimore Orioles. With the title on the line, Yount hit home runs in each of his first two at-bats against Orioles starter Jim Palmer. Yount finished with a four-hit game, as the Brewers won 10-2. In addition to his only 200-hit season, he registered career highs with 29 home runs, 114 RBI, and a .331 batting average (.001 behind the league leader, Willie Wilson). Yount finished with a .578 slugging percentage and .957 OPS on his way to gaining 367 total bases – leading the major leagues in all three categories. His slugging percentage was the second highest ever by a shortstop, and his 129 runs set the record for that position.


title: Robin Yount

text: That year, Yount also won his only Gold Glove Award and his first Most Valuable Player Award. His performance garnered 27 of 28 possible first place votes in the 1982 MVP balloting. The year ended with the Brewers making their only World Series appearance. Although Yount became the only player in history to have two 4-hit games in one World Series, Milwaukee lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. Yount batted .414 in the Series, with one home run and 6 RBI.


title: Robin Yount

text: In 1985, a shoulder problem forced Yount to move to the outfield. After splitting time between center field and left field, Yount became the Brewers' regular center fielder in 1986. He played more than 1,200 games in the outfield in his career, with a .990 fielding percentage. He made a game-ending, diving catch to preserve a no-hitter by Juan Nieves early in the 1987 season.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount narrowly won a second MVP Award in 1989, making him only the third player to win MVPs at two positions, joining Hank Greenberg and Stan Musial (Alex Rodriguez would later join this group). Yount was the first AL player to win multiple MVP awards in over 25 years, since the Yankees' Roger Maris (1960 and 1961) and Mickey Mantle (1956, 1957, and 1962). Yount collected more hits (1,731) in the decade of the 1980s than any other player.


title: Robin Yount

text: After the 1989 season, Yount was a free agent and he spoke with several teams about contract offers. The California Angels were prepared to make a serious offer, but Yount signed a three-year contract with the Brewers worth $9.6 million in February 1990. In 1991, Yount was briefly on the disabled list (DL) with a kidney stone, only the second stint on the DL in his career; the first one was in 1978.


title: Robin Yount

text: On September 9, 1992, Yount collected his 3,000th career hit, becoming the 17th player (and the third-youngest) to reach the mark. He announced his retirement after the 1993 season. The Brewers retired his number the next year. Yount was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999, his first year of eligibility. That same year, he was included in the balloting for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, finishing fifth among shortstops.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount holds Brewers career records for games, at-bats, runs, hits, doubles, triples, RBIs, total bases, walks and strikeouts. He was the last active major leaguer to have been a teammate of Hank Aaron (1975–1976). He posted a career .285 batting average with 251 home runs, 3,142 hits, 1,632 runs scored, 583 doubles, 126 triples, 1,406 RBI, 271 stolen bases and 966 walks. His 11,008 career at-bats is the ninth-most in Major League Baseball history (through the end of the 2020 season), and he ranks 20th on the all-time hit list. His three All-Star appearances are tied with Ferguson Jenkins for the second-fewest of any Hall of Famer from the All-Star Game era, and he won a second MVP Award in 1989 without making the All-Star Team.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount served as first base coach and bench coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks from 2002 to 2004. He resigned after the dismissal of Arizona manager Bob Brenly. He, Hank Aaron, Warren Spahn and Bob Uecker threw out the ceremonial first pitches at the 2002 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Miller Park.


title: Robin Yount

text: In 2005, Brewers manager Ned Yost convinced Dale Sveum, a teammate of Yount's, to become Milwaukee's new third base coach. Yount followed suit a few weeks later, accepting a post as the Brewers' bench coach. In November 2006, Yount announced he would not return to the team as bench coach for the 2007 season. However, on September 15, 2008, Sveum, by now the team's manager, chose Yount as his bench coach.


title: Robin Yount

text: In 2012, when Sveum was named the Chicago Cubs new manager, rumors quickly spread that Sveum would ask Yount to coach with him, even though the Brewers and Cubs had become bitter rivals. Sveum very quickly confirmed that he was not even considering such a move. As of 2014, Yount is a special instructor in spring training for the Brewers.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount is widely considered to be the greatest player in Brewers history. His 77.3 bWAR is 17 points higher than anyone else in franchise history. Yount is the only Brewer to win multiple MVP awards and one of two members of the franchise to reach 3,000 hits. Yount is also the Brewers’ all-time leader in games, hits, at-bats, plate appearances, runs, doubles, triples, runs batted in, and walks.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount remains a popular figure in Milwaukee and has made numerous appearances at Brewers On Deck, the team’s annual preseason fan-fest. Yount’s number 19 is one of six numbers retired by the Brewers. His statue on the grounds of American Family Field is one of just four such statues erected by the Brewers. Yount was a charter member of the Milwaukee Brewers Wall of Honor when it was created in 2014.


title: Robin Yount

text: Yount's brother Larry was a pitcher and was briefly called up to play in the major leagues. While taking his warmup tosses for his debut as a Houston Astros reliever in 1971, he experienced elbow pain. He never threw an official pitch in any MLB game. Yount's son Dustin played baseball in the minor leagues for several years. Yount's nephew Austin Yount played professional baseball for the Dodgers organization. Another nephew, Cody Yount, played college baseball for Pepperdine University.


title: Robin Yount

text: Since retiring from baseball, Yount has increased his participation in two of his other passions, professional motorcycle and auto racing. In June 2008, Yount announced the creation of a new all-natural lemonade drink, "Robinade". A portion of the proceeds of the sales goes to charity. Yount sometimes goes hunting with Sveum. While hunting in Arizona in 2012, Yount accidentally shot Sveum with pellets in the back and ear. Sveum's injuries were minor.


title: Robin Yount

text: In 2012, Yount became a minority owner of the Lakeshore Chinooks of the Northwoods League, a collegiate summer baseball league. The Chinooks play at Kapco Park at Concordia University Wisconsin where the right field fence is 319 feet in his honor.


title: Robin Yount

text: In 2014, Yount was honored with the "Lombardi Award of Excellence" from the Vince Lombardi Cancer Foundation. The award was created to honor Lombardi's legacy, and is awarded annually to an individual who exemplifies the spirit of the acclaimed football coach.


title: Robin Yount

text: On October 20, 2018, Yount threw out the first pitch before Game 7 of the National League Championship Series between the Dodgers and Brewers. The Dodgers won 5-1, subsequently winning the series.


title: Little America (TV series)

text: Little America is an American anthology streaming television series produced for Apple TV+. It premiered on January 17, 2020. The series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on December 9, 2022.


title: Little America (TV series)

text: "Little America" looks to "go beyond the headlines to look at the funny, romantic, heartfelt, inspiring and unexpected lives of immigrants in America, at a time when their stories are more relevant than ever."


title: Little America (TV series)

text: On February 8, 2018, it was announced that Apple was developing a television series based on the true stories collection "Little America" featured in "Epic Magazine". The show is set to be written by Lee Eisenberg, Kumail Nanjiani, and Emily V. Gordon, all of whom will also executive produce alongside Alan Yang, Joshuah Bearman, and Joshua Davis. Arthur Spector will act as co-executive producer. Production companies involved with the series include Universal Television. On June 19, 2018, it was announced that Apple had given the production a series order. The show began filming in New Jersey in early 2019; however, the eighth episode of the first season, "The Son" (which is about a gay asylum seeker from Syria), was shot in the Canadian province of Quebec because the American Executive Order 13780 prevented some of its actors from being able to enter the United States for filming.


title: Little America (TV series)

text: The series was renewed for a second season in December 2019, prior to the series premiere. The second season premiered on December 9, 2022, with an eight episode season.


title: Little America (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has a 95% rating with an average score of 8.92 out of 10 based on 37 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Joyous, heartfelt, and very human, "Little America"'s thoughtful collection of immigrant tales is as inspirational as it is relatable." On Metacritic, it has a score of 85 out of 100 based on 20 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Diamante (musician)

text: Diamante Azzura Bovelli (born September 7, 1996), known mononymously as Diamante, is an American singer.


title: Diamante (musician)

text: In April 2015, Diamante released the "Dirty Blonde" EP. The singles "Goodbye" and "Bite Your Kiss" were released in 2013 and 2014 respectively.


title: Diamante (musician)

text: Diamante's first widely released work was the 2017 single "Haunted". Her album "Coming in Hot" was released under Better Noise Records on June 15, 2018, which featured the songs "Sleepwalking" and "War Cry". In 2017, she provided backing vocals on All That Remains's cover of Garth Brooks' song "The Thunder Rolls", released on "Madness".


title: Diamante (musician)

text: In 2018, she provided guest vocals on the Bad Wolves song "Hear Me Now", from the band's debut album "Disobey", which reached number one on active rock radio. In early to mid-2019, she toured in support of Breaking Benjamin to further promote her album. In late 2019, she embarked on her first ever headline tour, the "Blue Balls Holiday" tour.


title: Diamante (musician)

text: On January 17, 2020, she announced her departure from Better Noise Music and released the single "Obvious". An acoustic version of the song was released on February 14, 2020. On April 17, 2020, Diamante released the third single "Serves You Right". On May 29, 2020, she released the fourth single "Ghost Myself". Her cover of the Goo Goo Dolls' "Iris" was released on July 10, 2020, and features Breaking Benjamin frontman Benjamin Burnley.


title: Diamante (musician)

text: In April 2021, Diamante announced that her second studio album, "American Dream", would be released on May 7.


title: Wooly Bully

text: "Wooly Bully" is a song originally recorded by novelty rock and roll band Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs in 1964. Based on a standard 12-bar blues progression, it was written by the band's frontman, Domingo "Sam" Samudio. It was released as a single on the small Memphis-based XL label (#906) in 1964 and was picked up in 1965 by MGM. The song was recorded at Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, the successor to Phillips' original Sun Studio. It proved to be the only recording made at the studio to achieve national success.


title: Wooly Bully

text: "Wooly Bully" was the band's first and biggest hit. It became a worldwide success, selling three million copies and reaching No. 2 on the American Hot 100 chart on June 5–12, 1965, kept off the top by The Beach Boys' "Help Me, Rhonda" and The Supremes' "Back in My Arms Again". "Wooly Bully" went to No. 31 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. The song also reached No. 2 on the Canadian CHUM Charts.


title: Wooly Bully

text: The song was the first American record to sell a million copies during the British Invasion and was influenced by the British rock sound which was mixed with traditional Mexican-American conjunto rhythms. It stayed in the Hot 100 for 18 weeks, the longest time for any song in 1965, and was nominated for a Grammy Award. It was named "Billboard's" number-one song of the year despite never reaching No. 1 on a weekly Hot 100; this feat was achieved again by Faith Hill's "Breathe" in 2000, Lifehouse's "Hanging by a Moment" in 2001 and Dua Lipa's "Levitating" in 2021 (all four hits peaked at #2). On August 5, 1965, the single was certified as gold by the RIAA. It was later included on the band's 1965 album "Wooly Bully", MGM SE4297.


title: Wooly Bully

text: "Wooly Bully" is a reworking of the 1962 tune "Hully Gully Now" on the Dallas-based Gay Shel label by Big Bo & The Arrows (vocal by Little Smitty), which was based on Junior Parker's "Feelin' Good". The song was given the green light after Sam rewrote the lyrics replacing "Hully Gully" with "Wooly Bully" and few additional lyrical changes. Sam retained the 'watch it, watch it now" refrain from the original version.


title: Wooly Bully

text: The lyrics of "Wooly Bully" were hard to understand, and some radio stations banned the song. The lyrics describe a conversation between "Mattie" and "Hattie" concerning the "Wooly Bully" (a creature which Mattie describes as "a thing she saw [that] had two big horns and a wooly jaw" -- that is, an American Bison) and the desirability of developing dancing skills, although no attempt is made to synthesize these divergent topics. The warning, "Let's not be L-7", means "Let's not be square", from the shape formed by the fingers making an "L" on one hand and a "7" on the other. Sam the Sham underscores the Tex-Mex nature of the song by counting out the rhythm in Spanish and English ("Uno! Dos! One, two, tres, cuatro!"), and the characteristic simple organ riffing, with a tenor saxophone solo in the middle. According to Sam: "The count down part of the song was also not planned. I was just goofing around and counted off in Tex-Mex. It just blew everybody away, and actually, I wanted it taken off the record. We did three takes, all of them different, and they took the first take and released it."


title: Wooly Bully

text: Eddie and the Hot Rods released a version of the song as a single in the UK in 1976, but it did not chart. The song is referenced by Joe Strummer in the live version of The Clash hit "Capital Radio" featured on their album "". The song is also heard in a number of films: "Bandits in Milan" (in the opening titles), "More American Graffiti", "The Hollywood Knights", "Big Bully", "The Rookie", "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", "Full Metal Jacket", "The Shrimp on the Barbie", "Splash", "Scrooged", "Happy Gilmore", "," "Monsters vs. Aliens", "Religulous", "Monsieur Ibrahim", "Encino Man", "Made in Dagenham", "Mr Holland's Opus" starring Richard Dreyfuss, and "The Chipmunk Adventure", in which it is performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks. The song is also heard in "The Wire" during a scene in Delores' bar in the "season 2" episode "Ebb Tide". Bachman–Turner Overdrive performs a cover of the song on the soundtrack for the 1989 Canadian film "American Boyfriends" (#80 in Canada).


title: Wooly Bully

text: Gonzo the Great, Rizzo the Rat, and Fozzie Bear covered the song for the 1993 album "Muppet Beach Party". The Tubes included a song on their final album from 1985, "Love Bomb", entitled "Theme from a Wooly Place," a mashup in which the string arrangement for "Theme from A Summer Place" was played over "Wooly Bully" for 46 seconds. Another cover of the song was made by Canned Heat. The Iranian musical group Zinguala Ha covered the song, renamed "Atal Matal"; it is featured on the "Raks Raks Raks – 27 Golden Garage Psych Nuggets From The Iranian 60s Scene" compilation. Ace Cannon recorded an instrumental version for his 1967 album "Memphis Golden Hits". Disco Tex and the Sex-O-Lettes released a version of the song on their 1977 album, "A Piece of the Rock".


title: Wooly Bully

text: In 1985, the British-based Ghanaian Afro rock band Osibisa released their version as a non-album 7 and 12" single.


title: Wooly Bully

text: In 1966 Yugoslav beat band Tomi Sovilj i Njegove Siluete released "Vule bule", a Serbo-Croatian version of the song. Their version was covered in 1991 by Serbian alternative rock band Bjesovi on their debut album "U osvit zadnjeg dana".


title: Wooly Bully

text: In the Philippines, a cover version was sung during EDSA II at EDSA Shrine for a protest to impeach Joseph Estrada who resigned as president two days later.


title: Wooly Bully

text: In 1988, the French band Au Bonheur des Dames recorded a parody song. The title "Roulez Bourrés" (Drive Drunk) is a play on words with "Wooly Bully", which sounds similar in French.


title: Wooly Bully

text: English ska band Bad Manners also recorded a version on their debut album "Ska 'n' B". Ry Cooder and Corridos Famosos included it on their album Live in San Francisco, recorded in 2011 and released in 2013.


title: Wooly Bully

text: The 1972 song "C Moon" by Wings was inspired by the lyric "Let's not be L-7" from "Wooly Bully." Paul McCartney created "C Moon" to contrast the L-7 neologism featured in "Wooly Bully" as a different signal to be made on the hands, meaning "cool" rather than "square." The phrase "L-7" is also referred to in the lyrics to "C Moon."


title: Wooly Bully

text: In mid-2018 Woolworths in Australia commenced using the music in the "Why I shop at Woolies" TV advertisements for the company.


title: Wooly Bully

text: The final episode (14) of season 4 (1987–88) of the TV series "Moonlighting" features a skit performance of “Wooly Bully” by character Herb Viola (Curtis Armstrong), based on the pretense that the writers’ strike left the show 10 minutes short.


title: Wooly Bully

text: In a promotion for an upcoming episode of the sitcom "Frasier" that saw Woody Boyd (the character portrayed by Woody Harrelson on "Cheers") visit the title character (played by Kelsey Grammer on both shows) in Seattle, NBC played a re-recording of the song, under the title "Woody Woody".


title: Rigid body

text: In physics, a rigid body (also known as a rigid object) is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it. A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous distribution of mass.


title: Rigid body

text: In the study of special relativity, a perfectly rigid body does not exist; and objects can only be assumed to be rigid if they are not moving near the speed of light. In quantum mechanics, a rigid body is usually thought of as a collection of point masses. For instance, molecules (consisting of the point masses: electrons and nuclei) are often seen as rigid bodies (see classification of molecules as rigid rotors).


title: Rigid body

text: The position of a rigid body is the position of all the particles of which it is composed. To simplify the description of this position, we exploit the property that the body is rigid, namely that all its particles maintain the same distance relative to each other. If the body is rigid, it is sufficient to describe the position of at least three non-collinear particles. This makes it possible to reconstruct the position of all the other particles, provided that their time-invariant position relative to the three selected particles is known. However, typically a different, mathematically more convenient, but equivalent approach is used. The position of the whole body is represented by:


title: Rigid body

text: Thus, the position of a rigid body has two components: linear and angular, respectively. The same is true for other kinematic and kinetic quantities describing the motion of a rigid body, such as linear and angular velocity, acceleration, momentum, impulse, and kinetic energy.


title: Rigid body

text: The linear position can be represented by a vector with its tail at an arbitrary reference point in space (the origin of a chosen coordinate system) and its tip at an arbitrary point of interest on the rigid body, typically coinciding with its center of mass or centroid. This reference point may define the origin of a coordinate system fixed to the body.


title: Rigid body

text: There are several ways to numerically describe the orientation of a rigid body, including a set of three Euler angles, a quaternion, or a direction cosine matrix (also referred to as a rotation matrix). All these methods actually define the orientation of a basis set (or coordinate system) which has a fixed orientation relative to the body (i.e. rotates together with the body), relative to another basis set (or coordinate system), from which the motion of the rigid body is observed. For instance, a basis set with fixed orientation relative to an airplane can be defined as a set of three orthogonal unit vectors "b", "b", "b", such that "b" is parallel to the chord line of the wing and directed forward, "b" is normal to the plane of symmetry and directed rightward, and "b" is given by the cross product formula_1.


title: Rigid body

text: In general, when a rigid body moves, both its position and orientation vary with time. In the kinematic sense, these changes are referred to as "translation" and "rotation", respectively. Indeed, the position of a rigid body can be viewed as a hypothetic translation and rotation (roto-translation) of the body starting from a hypothetic reference position (not necessarily coinciding with a position actually taken by the body during its motion).


title: Rigid body

text: Velocity (also called linear velocity) and angular velocity are measured with respect to a frame of reference.


title: Rigid body

text: The linear velocity of a rigid body is a vector quantity, equal to the time rate of change of its linear position. Thus, it is the velocity of a reference point fixed to the body. During purely translational motion (motion with no rotation), all points on a rigid body move with the same velocity. However, when motion involves rotation, the instantaneous velocity of any two points on the body will generally not be the same. Two points of a rotating body will have the same instantaneous velocity only if they happen to lie on an axis parallel to the instantaneous axis of rotation.


title: Rigid body

text: Angular velocity is a vector quantity that describes the angular speed at which the orientation of the rigid body is changing and the instantaneous axis about which it is rotating (the existence of this instantaneous axis is guaranteed by the Euler's rotation theorem). All points on a rigid body experience the same angular velocity at all times. During purely rotational motion, all points on the body change position except for those lying on the instantaneous axis of rotation. The relationship between orientation and angular velocity is not directly analogous to the relationship between position and velocity. Angular velocity is not the time rate of change of orientation, because there is no such concept as an orientation vector that can be differentiated to obtain the angular velocity.


title: Rigid body

text: The angular velocity of a rigid body B in a reference frame N is equal to the sum of the angular velocity of a rigid body D in N and the angular velocity of B with respect to D:


title: Rigid body

text: In this case, rigid bodies and reference frames are indistinguishable and completely interchangeable.


title: Rigid body

text: For any set of three points P, Q, and R, the position vector from P to R is the sum of the position vector from P to Q and the position vector from Q to R:


title: Rigid body

text: Here the coordinates of all three vectors must be expressed in coordinate frames with the same orientation.


title: Rigid body

text: The velocity of point P in reference frame N is defined as the time derivative in N of the position vector from O to P:


title: Rigid body

text: where O is any arbitrary point fixed in reference frame N, and the N to the left of the d/d"t" operator indicates that the derivative is taken in reference frame N. The result is independent of the selection of O so long as O is fixed in N.


title: Rigid body

text: The acceleration of point P in reference frame N is defined as the time derivative in N of its velocity:


title: Rigid body

text: For two points P and Q that are fixed on a rigid body B, where B has an angular velocity formula_6 in the reference frame N, the velocity of Q in N can be expressed as a function of the velocity of P in N:


title: Rigid body

text: where formula_8 is the position vector from P to Q., with coordinates expressed in N (or a frame with the same orientation as N.)


title: Rigid body

text: By differentiating the equation for the Velocity of two points fixed on a rigid body in N with respect to time, the acceleration in reference frame N of a point Q fixed on a rigid body B can be expressed as


title: Rigid body

text: As mentioned above, all points on a rigid body B have the same angular velocity formula_11 in a fixed reference frame N, and thus the same angular acceleration formula_12


title: Rigid body

text: If the point R is moving in the rigid body B while B moves in reference frame N, then the velocity of R in N is


title: Rigid body

text: where Q is the point fixed in B that is instantaneously coincident with R at the instant of interest. This relation is often combined with the relation for the Velocity of two points fixed on a rigid body.


title: Rigid body

text: The acceleration in reference frame N of the point R moving in body B while B is moving in frame N is given by


title: Rigid body

text: where Q is the point fixed in B that instantaneously coincident with R at the instant of interest. This equation is often combined with Acceleration of two points fixed on a rigid body.


title: Rigid body

text: the spatial or twist acceleration of a rigid body is defined as the spatial acceleration of "C" (as opposed to material acceleration above): formula_15


title: Rigid body

text: In 2D, the angular velocity is a scalar, and matrix A(t) simply represents a rotation in the "xy"-plane by an angle which is the integral of the angular velocity over time.


title: Rigid body

text: Vehicles, walking people, etc., usually rotate according to changes in the direction of the velocity: they move forward with respect to their own orientation. Then, if the body follows a closed orbit in a plane, the angular velocity integrated over a time interval in which the orbit is completed once, is an integer times 360°. This integer is the winding number with respect to the origin of the velocity. Compare the amount of rotation associated with the vertices of a polygon.


title: Rigid body

text: Any point that is rigidly connected to the body can be used as reference point (origin of coordinate system "L") to describe the linear motion of the body (the linear position, velocity and acceleration vectors depend on the choice).


title: Rigid body

text: Two rigid bodies are said to be different (not copies) if there is no proper rotation from one to the other.


title: Rigid body

text: A rigid body is called chiral if its mirror image is different in that sense, i.e., if it has either no symmetry or its symmetry group contains only proper rotations. In the opposite case an object is called achiral: the mirror image is a copy, not a different object. Such an object may have a symmetry plane, but not necessarily: there may also be a plane of reflection with respect to which the image of the object is a rotated version. The latter applies for "S, of which the case "n" = 1 is inversion symmetry.


title: Rigid body

text: For a (rigid) rectangular transparent sheet, inversion symmetry corresponds to having on one side an image without rotational symmetry and on the other side an image such that what shines through is the image at the top side, upside down. We can distinguish two cases:


title: Rigid body

text: The configuration space of a rigid body with one point fixed (i.e., a body with zero translational motion) is given by the underlying manifold of the rotation group SO(3). The configuration space of a nonfixed (with non-zero translational motion) rigid body is "E"(3), the subgroup of direct isometries of the Euclidean group in three dimensions (combinations of translations and rotations).


title: Bunnicula

text: Bunnicula is a children's novel series. The first installment was written by James and Deborah Howe, and introduced a vampire rabbit named Bunnicula who sucks the juice out of vegetables. After the sudden death of his wife in 1978, Howe continued the project alone. The series consists of seven books, published between 1979 and 2006. Deborah Howe died in June 1978, months before the book first saw print.


title: Bunnicula

text: The story focuses on the Monroe family and their pets, but is told from the perspective of their dog Harold. Bunnicula is the name of the family's pet rabbit which the Monroes found at a theater during a showing of the film Dracula.


title: Bunnicula

text: Following the end of the "Bunnicula" series, James Howe began a spin-off series called "Tales from the House of Bunnicula", which is "written" by Howie, the Dachshund puppy who was introduced into the series in "Howliday Inn". There is also a series called "Bunnicula and Friends: Ready To Read", which consists of six picture books about the adventures of the characters from the story. The main demographic of this book consists of beginner readers.


title: Bunnicula

text: The titular character is a harmless rabbit with unusual eating habits and minor vampiric qualities. Toby, a member of the Monroe family, found the rabbit in a theater while the film "Dracula" was screening. Bunnicula is subjected to many murder attempts by Chester. The authors never produced an actual origin for him or his abilities, nor did they ever explicitly confirm or deny whether or not Bunnicula is a vampire bunny.


title: Bunnicula

text: The highly imaginative, prideful orange tabby cat who loves good literature and milk. Ever since Bunnicula's arrival, Chester becomes increasingly jealous and convinced that the bunny could be a threat, though by the end he becomes friends with Bunnicula. Chester is often paranoid.


title: Bunnicula

text: The carefree and sometimes slightly dim Dachshund puppy who was adopted by the Monroes from Chateau Bow-Wow.


title: Bunnicula

text: The oldest of two boys who slacks off often. He often bullies his younger brother Toby and the pets, except for Bunnicula.


title: Bunnicula

text: The younger of two boys who is kinder than Pete. He likes to share his snacks with Harold during his late-night readings and is adored by Harold, Chester, Bunnicula, and Howie. Toby's family adopted Bunnicula after the family brought him home.


title: Bunnicula

text: When the Monroe family decides to leave for a vacation, they send Harold and Chester off to a kennel called Chateau Bow-Wow, where they meet the other inhabitants of the kennel, including a poodle named Louise and two Dachshunds named Heather and Howard. The owner of the kennel, Dr. Greenbriar, takes the week off and the other staff, Jill and Harrison, are overworked. Louise goes missing and Chester becomes convinced that foul play was involved before he vanishes as well. Upon returning, he leads the other animals to find Harrison trying to capture Heather and Howard. Chester tells Harold later that Harrison caught wind that one of the animals in the shelter was very valuable. He kidnapped Louise and then Chester, thinking that it could have been one of them. It is revealed that it was the Dachshunds, who are rare wire-haired Dachshunds. When the Monroe family returns from their vacation, they reveal that they are adopting the runt of the Dachshund litter, who they name Howie.


title: Bunnicula

text: Bunnicula has gone missing and Chester begins to fear for the town again. He believes that the vegetables that Bunnicula sucks dry could return as the rabbit's vampire slaves to use as an army to take over the town. He, Harold, and Howie set off to search the neighborhood. They witness Toby and Pete wearing dark robes and holding a group of frightened children prisoner. The pets fear that Bunnicula has begun to control people and run to the nearby school. After causing much mayhem they are caught by the Monroes. It is revealed that there was a carnival at the school that day and Toby, Pete and the other children were rehearsing for a play they were going to put on. Bunnicula is discovered to have been entered in the pet show at school. The title is a reference to the 1951 animated film of the same name by John Whitney.


title: Bunnicula

text: Mr. Monroe has a mid-life crisis and wants to do something exciting while he is at his lakeside retreat of Boggy Lake while fishing with Harold, Chester, and Howie. He decides to go camping out in the woods. They meet two men, Bud and Spud, and their dog Dawg. That night, they go out for a walk, and Dawg leads Harold, Chester, and Howie away from his masters and the Monroes to show them something "neat", getting them lost in the woods. Chester begins to suspect that Bud and Spud are planning to murder the Monroes and that Dawg is luring them away to keep them from interfering. Once they reach a house right in the middle of the woods, Chester tells a story about Bunnicula's origin in an attempt to lull Dawg to sleep and allow himself, Harold, and Howie to escape. While the plan is successful, Harold, Howie, and Chester fall asleep along with Dawg, and awaken shortly before dawn. After they return to the Monroes' camp, only to find it trashed and deserted, Dawg reveals that the house they visited is his own. The Monroes also stayed the night with them to avoid the rain, and are relieved that Harold, Howie, and Chester are unharmed.


title: Bunnicula

text: The Monroe family leaves Harold, Chester, and Howie at Chateau Bow-Wow again. The pets quickly notice differences, including a new group of animals staying there, including a sad Great Dane named Hamlet. The three Monroe pets learn that Hamlet's old owner left him there a long time ago. Chester finds his owner's new address and they leave the chateau to escort Hamlet there. The new address turns out to be a nursing home that does not allow animals. Hamlet finds his old owner, and it is revealed that the owner was a ventriloquist. Using ventriloquism, the pets and patients convince the staff of the nursing home to allow Hamlet to stay. When Harold, Chester, and Howie are picked up at the end, they fool the Monroes with the ventriloquism tricks they learned.


title: Bunnicula

text: Chester suspects again that Bunnicula is a threatening vampire and starts drinking the rabbit's juice in the daytime so Bunnicula will die of starvation. One night, Harold notices Bunnicula crying while singing him a lullaby. Chester thinks he misses his mother, and in the next few days, he leads the two dogs to search for her to no luck. When Bunnicula becomes increasingly ill, he is taken to the veterinarian. Chester escapes, and both he and Bunnicula are crushed under rubble. Harold and Howie manage to alert the Monroes who dig through the rubble and find them both unharmed. Chester finally accepts Bunnicula.


title: Bunnicula

text: Pete writes to the author of his (and Howie's) favorite series, FleshCrawlers. He visits the Monroe household and stays in the guestroom, bringing with him his favorite pet crow, Edgar Allan Crow. Everyone is thrilled, except for Chester, who insists that the author, M.T. Graves, is suspicious. Harold and Howie are not convinced, but Chester is convinced that there is a secret society amongst the crows and Edgar is a messenger sent to help Graves transform Bunnicula into a bat. When Bunnicula escapes, the entire party chases after him, and Harold and Howie begin to think that Chester may have been right. M.T. Graves is very careful about a black bag, and when Bunnicula is not found, Chester believes he is trapped in the bag. Harold dumps the bag, only to discover it is filled with stuffed animals. M.T. Graves tells them that he stayed at the Monroes' house so that he could conquer his phobia of animals.


title: Bunnicula

text: A 1982 animated TV special (from Ruby-Spears) by the same name was created based on the first book and aired on the "ABC Weekend Special".


title: Bunnicula

text: An animated series loosely adapted from the series began airing on Cartoon Network and on Boomerang on February 6, 2016.


title: Bunnicula

text: A stage adaptation based on the books was written by Jon Klein and performed by the B Street Theatre in Sacramento, California. An additional stage adaptation was created for a children's theatre at the DR2 Theatre in New York, adapted by writer Charles Busch.


title: Bunnicula

text: In 2022, "Bunnicula: The Graphic Novel", an adaptation of the first book in the series by Andrew Donkin and art by Stephen Gilpin was released.


title: Economic order quantity

text: Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), also known as Economic Buying Quantity (EPQ), is the order quantity that minimizes the total holding costs and ordering costs in inventory management. It is one of the oldest classical production scheduling models. The model was developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913, but R. H. Wilson, a consultant who applied it extensively, and K. Andler are given credit for their in-depth analysis.


title: Economic order quantity

text: EOQ applies only when demand for a product is constant over the year and each new order is delivered in full when inventory reaches zero. There is a fixed cost for each order placed, regardless of the number of units ordered; an order is assumed to contain only 1 unit. There is also a cost for each unit held in storage, commonly known as holding cost, sometimes expressed as a percentage of the purchase cost of the item. While the EOQ formulation is straightforward there are factors such as transportation rates and quantity discounts to consider in actual application.


title: Economic order quantity

text: We want to determine the optimal number of units to order so that we minimize the total cost associated with the purchase, delivery, and storage of the product.


title: Economic order quantity

text: The required parameters to the solution are the total demand for the year, the purchase cost for each item, the fixed cost to place the order for a single item and the storage cost for each item per year. Note that the number of times an order is placed will also affect the total cost, though this number can be determined from the other parameters.


title: Economic order quantity

text: To determine the minimum point of the total cost curve, calculate the derivative of the total cost with respect to Q (assume all other variables are constant) and set it equal to 0:


title: Economic order quantity

text: where the non-negative quadratic term disappears for formula_12 which provides the cost minimum formula_13


title: Economic order quantity

text: If we check the total cost for any order quantity other than 400(=EOQ), we will see that the cost is higher. For instance, supposing 500 units per order, then


title: Economic order quantity

text: An important extension to the EOQ model is to accommodate quantity discounts. There are two main types of quantity discounts: (1) all-units and (2) incremental. Here is a numerical example:


title: Economic order quantity

text: In order to find the optimal order quantity under different quantity discount schemes, one should use algorithms; these algorithms are developed under the assumption that the EOQ policy is still optimal with quantity discounts. Perera et al. (2017) establish this optimality and fully characterize the (s,S) optimality within the EOQ setting under general cost structures.


title: Economic order quantity

text: In presence of a strategic customer, who responds optimally to discount schedules, the design of an optimal quantity discount scheme by the supplier is complex and has to be done carefully. This is particularly so when the demand at the customer is itself uncertain. An interesting effect called the "reverse bullwhip" takes place where an increase in consumer demand uncertainty actually reduces order quantity uncertainty at the supplier.


title: Economic order quantity

text: Several extensions can be made to the EOQ model, including backordering costs and multiple items. In the case backorders are permitted, the inventory carrying costs per cycle are:


title: Economic order quantity

text: where s is the number of backorders when order quantity Q is delivered and formula_22 is the rate of demand. The backorder cost per cycle is:


title: Economic order quantity

text: where formula_24 and formula_25 are backorder costs, formula_26, T being the cycle length and formula_27. The average annual variable cost is the sum of order costs, holding inventory costs and backorder costs:


title: Economic order quantity

text: If formula_33 either s=0 or formula_34 is optimal. In the first case the optimal lot is given by the classic EOQ formula, in the second case an order is never placed and minimum yearly cost is given by formula_35. If formula_36 or formula_37 formula_38 is optimal, if formula_39 then there shouldn't be any inventory system. If formula_40 solving the preceding quadratic equation yields:


title: Economic order quantity

text: If there are backorders the reorder point is: formula_43; with m being the largest integer formula_44 and μ the lead time demand.


title: Economic order quantity

text: Additionally, the economic order interval can be determined from the EOQ and the economic production quantity model (which determines the optimal production quantity) can be determined in a similar fashion.


title: Economic order quantity

text: A version of the model, the Baumol-Tobin model, has also been used to determine the money demand function, where a person's holdings of money balances can be seen in a way parallel to a firm's holdings of inventory.


title: Economic order quantity

text: Malakooti (2013) has introduced the multi-criteria EOQ models where the criteria could be minimizing the total cost, Order quantity (inventory), and Shortages.


title: Economic order quantity

text: Another important extension of the EOQ model is to consider items with imperfect quality. Salameh and Jaber (2000) are the first to study the imperfect items in an EOQ model very thoroughly. They consider an inventory problem in which the demand is deterministic and there is a fraction of imperfect items in the lot and are screened by the buyer and sold by them at the end of the circle at discount price.


title: Vin Santo

text: Vin Santo ("holy wine") is a style of Italian dessert wine. Traditional in Tuscany, these wines are often made from white grape varieties such as Trebbiano and Malvasia, though Sangiovese may be used to produce a "rosé" style known as "Occhio di Pernice" or eye of the partridge. The wines may also be described as straw wines since they are often produced by drying the freshly harvested grapes on straw mats in a warm and well ventilated area of the house. (However, several producers dry the grapes by hanging on racks indoors.) Though technically a dessert wine, a Vin Santo can vary in sweetness levels from bone dry (like a Fino Sherry) to extremely sweet. While the style is believed to have originated in Tuscany, examples of Vin Santo can be found throughout Italy and it is an authorised style of wine for several "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOCs) and "Indicazione geografica tipica" (IGTs).


title: Vin Santo

text: Although the style of making wine from dried grapes has been around almost as long as wine has been made, there are many theories on how the particular name Vin Santo or "holy wine" came to be associated with this style of wine in Italy. The most likely origin was the wine's historic use in the Catholic Mass, where sweet wine was often preferred. One of the earliest references to a ""vinsanto"" wine comes from the Renaissance era sales logs of Florentine wine merchants who widely marketed the strong, sweet wine in Rome and elsewhere. Eventually the term ""vinsanto"" became almost an umbrella name for this style of wine produced elsewhere in Italy. When the Greek island of Santorini came under rule of the Ottoman Empire, the ruling Turks encouraged the island's wine production of a sweet dessert wine made from dried grapes. Over the next few centuries, this wine became known as Vin Santo and was widely exported to Russia where it was used in the Eucharist by the Russian Orthodox Church.


title: Vin Santo

text: Another claim is that when the island of Santorini was ruled by Venice, packages sent from the island were labelled “Santo” to denote their origin, while their contents were labelled "Vin"; thus the term “Vinsanto” was born.


title: Vin Santo

text: Other, likely apocryphal, stories on the name's origin attribute its naming to the work of a 14th-century friar from the province of Siena who would use the leftover wine from Mass to cure the sick. The miraculous healing became associated with the "santo" or "holy" wine and the name "Vin Santo" was allegedly born. Another 15th-century story involves John Bessarion, a patriarch of the Greek Eastern Orthodox Church. According to legend, at the Ecumenical Council of Florence of 1439 a local Florentine wine called "Vin Pretto" (pure wine) was served. After trying the wine, Bessarion is said to have liked it and remarked that it was like Xanthos, alluding to the famous straw wine of Thrace, (though some sources said he described the wine as "Xantho" or "yellow"). The Florentine locals thought they heard the patriarch describe the wine as "Santo" and they accordingly started promoting the wine as a "holy wine". Another oft-cited theory for the name association is the tradition of starting fermentation around All Saint's Day and bottling the wine during Easter week.


title: Vin Santo

text: After the grapes destined for Vin Santo are harvested in September or October, they are laid out on straw mats, often under rafters or staircases. They are kept in warm, well ventilated rooms that allow the moisture in the grape to evaporate. This process of desiccation allows the sugars in the grape to be more concentrated. The longer the grapes are allowed to dry and desiccate, the higher the resulting residual sugar levels will be in the wine. Depending on the style of wine desired, the grapes may be crushed and the fermentation process started after a few weeks or not till late March. Producers may use a starter culture of yeast known as a "madre" that includes a small amount of finished Vin Santo from previous years production. It is believed that this older wine can help jump start the fermentation process and also add complexity to the wine.


title: Vin Santo

text: After fermentation the grapes are then aged in small oak barrels. In many DOC regions, the wines are required to age for at least 3 years though it is not uncommon for producers to age their wines for 5 to 10 years. Traditionally the barrels were made of chestnut instead of oak, which contributed high amounts of wood tannins and was very porous which promoted excessive evaporation in the barrel. Under this same traditional style of winemaking, a large ullage or air space would emerge in the barrel and oxidation took place. This gave the wine its characteristic amber but also flavours and traits that may be characterised as wine faults. Towards the end of the 20th century, more producers began switching to oak barrels while maintaining the tradition of not topping up the barrels and filling in the ullage space. This angel's share still produces some level of oxidation, though not as severe as the style was historically made. Modern winemaking technique also calls for more temperature control and keeping the wine in rooms with a consistent temperature that promotes more fresh flavours in the wine and fewer faults.


title: Vin Santo

text: Some producers will still use non-oak barrels, such as chestnut, juniper and cherry wood and may even blend batches of Vin Santo aged in different wood barrels together. This has the potential of giving the wines more layers of complexity in much the same way that vinegar producers in the Emilia-Romagna region use different wood types to add complexity to their vinegar. As a fall back, if their wines become too oxidised or do not develop the way the producer wishes, some Vin Santo may be intentionally converted into vinegar that is very desirable in the culinary market.


title: Vin Santo

text: The styles, colour, sweetness and quality of Vin Santo can vary widely depending on the grape varieties and production methods used to make the wine. While white grapes, such as Trebbiano and Malvasia in Tuscany, are most widely used, red grape varieties (such as Sangiovese) can be used to produce a "rosé" style wine. When red grape varieties are used, the wine is often labelled as Occhio di Pernice, which has its own DOC classification in several regions of Italy. The wines can be made to fit any style of sweetness levels from bone dry, almost Fino Sherry-like, to extremely sweet and on par with the botrytised wines of France and Germany. The wines can even be fortified with grape spirit added during fermentation, like Port. These fortified examples are usually labelled as Vin Santo Liquoroso.


title: Vin Santo

text: The colour of wine Vin Santo can range from a pale to dark amber to even neon orange. The flavours typical of Vin Santo often include nutty or raisin notes with honey and cream attributes. In Italy it is traditionally served with biscotti (cantuccini) that may be dunked into the wine.


title: Vin Santo

text: For most of the 20th century, Vin Santo was often sold as basic "vino da tavola" due to Italian wine authorities' difficulties in classifying the many different styles of the wine. Today most of the major Italian wine producing regions have their own DOCs for specific Vin Santo wines produced in those areas. While the style is traditionally associated with Tuscany, examples can be found on the international wine market from throughout Italy. In the Trentino region, a dried straw wine made from the Nosiola grape is popularly labelled as Vino Santo. A noticeable difference between the Trentino and Tuscan examples is that the Trentino wines are usually less oxidised due to the wines regularly being "topped up" to prevent a large ullage.


title: Vin Santo

text: There are two main DOC regions that cover the production of Vin Santo in the Chianti zone. The Vin Santo del Chianti DOC overlaps with the entire Chianti zone and includes nearly every style and sweetness level of Vin Santo produced in Tuscany. Most of the Vin Santo that is sold on the international wine market is produced under this DOC designation. As with red Chianti wine, several village are permitted to add their names on the wine label as sub-zones. These sub-zones are Rufina, Montalbano, Colli-Fiorentini, Colline-Pisani, Colli-Aretini, Colli-Senesi and Montespertoli. White Vin Santo must have a minimum 16% alcohol level and is composed of at least a 70% blend of Trebbiano and Malvasia with other local white grape varieties permitted to make up the remaining 30%. The Occhio di Pernice style must have a minimum alcohol level of 17% and is composed of 50-100% Sangiovese with other local white or red grape varieties permitted to make up to 50% of the remaining amount. The wines are to be aged a minimum of 3 years prior to release with wines aged for at least 4 years eligible to be labelled as "Riserva" styles.


title: Vin Santo

text: The Colli dell'Etruria Centrale DOC is located within the geographical boundaries of the Chiant zones this DOC is a "catch-all" designations for alternative styles of wines that would otherwise not qualify for anything above "vino da tavola". There are three distinct styles of Vin Santo that can produced under the Colli dell'Etruria Centrale DOC label-Occhio di Pernice, "Abboccato" and "Amabile" (also known as Secco). The first style, Occhio di Pernice, is a pale "rosé" style wine made from at least 50% Sangiovese with a mix of local red and white grape varieties permitted to fill in the remaining 50%. The wine must have a minimum alcohol level of at least 10.5% and be aged for at least 3 years prior to release. The "Amabile" and "Abboccato" styles related to their sweetness level with "Abbocato" designating a slightly sweet (or "off dry") style and "Amabile" designating a wine that is sweeter but not quite as sweet as something that would be labelled as "Dolce". These wines must have a minimum alcohol level of 15% and be aged for at least 3 years prior to release. If a Vin Santo is aged for 4 years, it qualifies to be labelled as "Riserva" wine. Both the "Amabile" and "Abboccato" wines must be composed of at least a 70% blend of Trebbiano and Malvasia with local grape varieties permitted to fill in the remaining 30%.


title: Vin Santo

text: Offida DOC in Marche, includes 19 comuni within the region but only 2 are allowed to produce Vin Santo. The wine must have a minimal alcohol content of 12% and be aged for at least 3 and half years prior to release. The wine must be composed of at least 85% of Passerina with the remaining 15% coming from local white grape varieties.<br>


title: Vin Santo

text: Trentino DOC is a large province wide DOC covering the entire province of Trentino. The Vino Santo sub-zone (not to be confused with Vin Santo wine) covers the Valle dei Laghi area, using 100% Nosiola grapes air-dried for up to 6 months when they become affected by noble rot. Vinification takes up to 3 years to reach 12-13% abv. Most producers age the wine for 7–10 years but the minimum is 3 years.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: In the United States, barbecue refers to a technique of cooking meat outdoors over a fire; often this is called pit barbecue, and the facility for cooking it is the barbecue pit. This form of cooking adds a distinctive smoky taste to the meat; barbecue sauce, while a common accompaniment, is not required for many styles.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: In the South, barbecue is more than just a style of cooking, but a subculture with wide variation between regions, and fierce rivalry for titles at barbecue competitions. Often the proprietors of Southern-style barbecue establishments in other areas originate from the South.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: There are usually three ingredients to barbecue—meat and wood smoke are essential. The use of a sauce or seasoning varies widely between regional traditions.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The first ingredient in the barbecue tradition is the meat. The most widely used meat in most barbecue is pork, particularly pork ribs, and also the pork shoulder for pulled pork. (In Texas, beef is more common, especially brisket.)


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The techniques used to cook the meat are hot smoking and smoke cooking, distinct from cold-smoking. Hot smoking is when meat is cooked with a wood fire, over indirect heat, at temperatures 120-180 °F (50-80 °C), and smoke cooking (the method used in barbecue) is cooking over indirect fire at higher temperatures, often in the range of 250°F (121°C) ±50°F (±28°C). The long, slow cooking process can take up to 18 hours, and leaves the meat tender and juicy.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Characteristically, this process leaves a distinctive line of red just under the surface, where the myoglobin in the meat reacts with carbon monoxide from the smoke, and imparts the smoky taste essential to barbecue.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The second ingredient in barbecue is the wood used to smoke the meat. Since the wood smoke flavors the food, the type of wood used influences the process. Different woods impart different flavors, so the regional availability of various woods for smoking defines the taste of the region's barbecue.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Stronger flavored woods are used for pork and beef, while the lighter flavored woods are used for fish and poultry. More exotic smoke-generating ingredients can be found in some recipes; grapevine adds a sweet flavor, and sassafras, a major flavor in root beer, adds its distinctive taste to the smoke.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The last, and in many cases optional, ingredient is the barbecue sauce. There are no constants, with sauces running the gamut from clear, peppered vinegars to thick, sweet, tomato and molasses sauces to mustard-based barbecue sauces, which themselves range from mild to painfully spicy.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The sauce may be used as a marinade before cooking, applied during cooking, after cooking, or used as a table sauce. An alternate to barbecue sauce is dry rub, a mixture of salt and spices applied to the meat before cooking.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The origins of American barbecue date back to colonial times, with the first recorded mention in 1672 and George Washington mentions attending a "barbicue" in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1769. As the country expanded westwards along the Gulf of Mexico and north along the Mississippi River, barbecue went with it.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The core region for barbecue is the southeastern region of the United States, an area bordered on the west by Texas and Oklahoma, on the north by Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Central Florida, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: While barbecue is found outside of this region, the 14 core barbecue states contain 70 of the top 100 barbecue restaurants, and most top barbecue restaurants outside the region have their roots there.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Barbecue in its current form came from the South, where cooks learned to slow-roast tough cuts of meat over fire pits to make them tender.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: These humble beginnings are still reflected in the many barbecue restaurants that are operated out of "hole-in-the-wall" (or "dive") locations; the "rib joint" is the purest expression of this. Many of these will have irregular hours, and remain open only until all of a day's ribs are sold; they may shut down for a month at a time as the proprietor goes on vacation. Despite these unusual traits, rib joints often have a fiercely loyal clientele.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Barbecue is strongly associated with Southern cooking and culture due to its long history and evolution in the region.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Indian corn cribs, predecessors to Southern barbecue, were described during the Hernando de Soto expedition in southwest Georgia, and were still around when English settlers arrived two centuries later.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Early usage of the word "barbecue", derived from Spanish "barbacoa", meant "to preserve (meat) by drying or slowly roasting"; the meaning became closer to that of its modern usage as a specific cooking technique by the time Georgia was colonized.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Today, barbecue has come to embody cultural ideals of communal recreation and faithfulness in certain areas. These ideals were historically important in farming and frontier regions throughout the South and parts of the Midwest with influences from the South. As such, due to the strong cultural associations that it holds, barbecue has attained an important position in America's culinary tradition.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Parts of the Midwest also incorporate their own styles of barbecue into their culinary traditions. For example, in Kansas City, barbecue entails a wide variety of meats, sweet and thick sauces, dry rubs, and sliced beef brisket. Kansas City barbecue is a result of the region's history, a combination of cooking techniques brought to the city by freed slaves and the Texas cattle drives during the late 19th century, leading to the development of the region's distinctive barbecue style.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Barbecue as a cultural tradition spread from the South and was incorporated into several Midwestern regions such as western Missouri. Variations of these ideals by region are reflected in the great diversity of barbecue styles and traditions within the United States.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Barbecue has been a staple of American culture, especially Southern American culture, since colonial times. As it emerged over years many traditions have become prevalent in the United States. Barbecue remains one of the most traditional foods in the United States. While many festive foods, such as roasted turkey or ham, are usually served on particular days or holidays, barbecue can be served on any day. Barbecue is often served on the Fourth of July; however, it is not only confined to that day. Barbecues tend to bring people together and serve as a bonding experience at any time of the year. It brings people back to their roots, providing a cooking experience that is often an escape from civilization and closer to nature. Barbecues are traditionally held outside. They could be small informal gatherings with a few people in a backyard or a formal event that could last all day, typically held for larger numbers of people. Barbecue has been a tradition in the United States beginning with Native Americans. As author Andrew Warnes states, "its mythology of savagery and freedom, of pleasure, masculinity and strength" is part of what makes barbecues so popular to date. By the 19th century, barbecues became one of the main forms of United States public celebration, especially in celebration of 4 July.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: As barbecues continued to be held through the times of U.S. expansion the traditions began to migrate with the people. Today, barbecues held in different regions of the country vary in cuisine but the cuisines all hold the same concept of cooking outside and over a fire. Barbecues today have taken on new meaning yet again with the emergence of competitive barbecue. Competitive barbecue competitions are held throughout the country in which people will compete by cooking barbecue and having it judged by the events judges. The constraints of what one may barbecue and the qualities that are judged vary by competition. Usually, competitions are held in big open areas where spectators will be admitted as well and barbecue is served to all.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The pig, the essential ingredient to most barbecue, became a fundamental part of Southern cuisine in the 18th century because it requires little maintenance and more efficiently converts feed to meat (six times quicker than beef cattle). As a result of the prevalence of hogs in the South, the pig became synonymous with Southern culture and barbecue.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The pig symbolizing Southern culture began as a result of its value as an economic commodity. By 1860, hogs and southern livestock were valued at double the cotton crop, at a price of half a billion dollars. The majority of pigs were raised by residents of the South and pigs contributed considerably to the economic well-being of many Southerners.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Pigs and barbecue were not only valuable economically but for barbecues "scores of hog" were set aside for large gatherings, often used for political rallies, church events, and harvest festival celebrations.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Barbecues have been a part of American history and tradition as early as the first Independence Day celebration. In the early years, Independence Day was celebrated as a formal gathering, in which civic ideals were reinforced. The traditions of Independence Day moved across the country as settlers traveled to western territories.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: By the 19th century, the role of barbecue in public celebration and political events increased significantly, becoming prominent in the South and the Midwest.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: While the wide variety of barbecue styles makes it difficult to break them down into regions, there are four major styles commonly referenced, North Carolina and Memphis, which rely on pork and represent the oldest styles, and Kansas City and Texas, which use beef as well as pork, and represent the later evolution of the original Deep South barbecue.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Pork is the most common meat used, followed by beef and veal, often with chicken or turkey in addition. Lamb and mutton are found in some areas, such as Owensboro, Kentucky (International Bar-B-Q Festival), and some regions will add other meats.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Throughout the Carolinas, barbecue is exclusively defined as being pork. Pork can be either prepared as the whole animal (Whole Hog) or prepared by the individual cut, typically the shoulder. Meat is served pulled, shredded, chopped, and occasionally sliced. It is cooked with hardwood and/or hardwood charcoal. It is served with a vinegar-based sauce for dipping.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Sauces used to 'mop' meat while cooking vary dramatically from Western North Carolina through the East and South Carolina. Although mustard is commonly associated with South Carolina barbecue, its application in barbecue cooking can be seen throughout the United States wherever German immigrants settled. Use of mustard or tomato varies drastically throughout the Carolinas, although mustard based is more common in South Carolina and eastern North Carolina, and vinegar and ketchup based (Lexington style) is more common in central and western North Carolina.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Carolina hog-based barbecue is considered the major starting point for the American barbecue diaspora.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Barbecue was brought to Kansas City, Missouri by Memphian Henry Perry. Despite these origins, the Kansas City style is characterized by a wide variety in meat, including beef, pork, and lamb; a strong emphasis on the sauce; and by including french fries as a side dish.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Kansas City barbecue is rubbed with spices, slow-smoked over a variety of woods and served with a thick tomato-based barbecue sauce, which is an integral part of KC-style barbecue.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Major Kansas City-area barbecue restaurants include Arthur Bryant's, which is descended directly from Perry's establishment and Gates Bar-B-Q, notably spicier than other KC-style sauces with primary seasonings being cumin and celery salt.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Memphis barbecue is primarily two different dishes: ribs, which come "wet" or "dry", and barbecue sandwiches. Wet ribs are brushed with sauce before and after cooking, and dry ribs are seasoned with a dry rub. Barbecue sandwiches in Memphis are typically pulled pork (that is shredded by hand and not chopped with a blade) served on a simple bun and topped with barbecue sauce, and coleslaw.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Of note is the willingness of Memphians to put this pulled pork on many non-traditional dishes, creating such dishes as barbecue salad, barbecue spaghetti, barbecue pizza, or barbecue nachos.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Alabama is known for its smoked chicken which is traditionally served with Alabama white sauce, a mayonnaise-based sauce including vinegar, black pepper, and other spices. The sauce was created by Bob Gibson in Decatur, Alabama during the 1920s and served at the restaurant bearing his name, Big Bob Gibson's Barbecue. Chicken is first smoked in the pit and then coated or dunked in the white sauce. The sauce is also served at the table where it is eaten on a variety of other foods.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The original use of buried cooking in barbecue pits in North America was done by the Native Americans for thousands of years, including by the . In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when the territory became Spanish Las Californias and then Mexican Alta California, the Missions and ranchos of California had large cattle herds for hides and tallow use and export. At the end of the culling and leather tanning season large pit barbecues cooked the remaining meat. In the early days of California statehood after 1850 the Californios continued the outdoor cooking tradition for fiestas.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: In California, the Santa Maria-style barbecue, which originated in the Central Coast region, is best known for its tri-tip beef rump, sometimes cut into steaks, which is grilled over a pit of red oak, and simply seasoned with salt and garlic. Versions made in towed trailers are frequently seen at farmers markets. It is often served with pinto beans, pico de gallo salsa, and tortillas.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The cooking customs of the became the traditional Hawaiian "luau" of the Native Hawaiians. It was brought to international attention by 20th-century tourism to the islands.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The Korean immigrant community heavily influenced the development of the Hawaiian barbecue tradition. Serving barbecued meat, slathered in sweet garlic teriyaki sauce, over bowls of steamed vegetables and rice is common in both Hawaiian and Korean barbecue cuisines. Interpretations of bulgogi and bibimbap, recreated with local Hawaiian ingredients like pineapple and spam, can be found in many Hawaiian barbecue menus.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: L&L Hawaiian Barbecue, a franchise restaurant chain from Honolulu, serves traditional Hawaii barbecue nationwide. Their staple dish is a Hawaiian plate lunch, which includes rice, macaroni salad, and a hot meat entree.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: A staple of barbecuing in St. Louis is pork steak, which is sliced from the shoulder of the pig. Although now considered a part of the Midwest, Missouri was originally settled primarily by Southerners from Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: These original settlers brought a strong barbecue tradition and even though successive waves of later, primarily German and Scandinavian, immigration obscured much of the state's Southern roots, the Southern influences persisted, especially throughout the Little Dixie enclave of central Missouri (connecting the Kansas City and St. Louis barbecue traditions).


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: St. Louis style barbecue sauce is characterized by its mildly sweet, tart, and spicy taste and tomato base. Unlike most other prominent barbecue sauces, the St. Louis style variety doesn't contain liquid smoke.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Chicago is know for its distinctive barbecue style which was brought north to Chicago via the great migration. It is known for the use of an aquarium smoker, an indoor smoker adapted for use in the cold midwestern winter. Rib tips are the cut of meat most associated with Chicago barbecue. It is generally served on a bed of French fries and white bread and is smothered in mild sauce.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Other regions of the core barbecue states tend to be influenced by neighboring styles, and often drawing from more than one region.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Southern barbecue is available outside of the core states, and there are some new variations. With less local tradition to draw on, restaurants often bring together eclectic mixes of things such as Carolina pulled pork and Texas brisket on the same menu, or add original creations or elements of other types of cuisine.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: There are many nationally and regionally sanctioned barbecue competitions. State organizations like the Florida BBQ Association often list competitions taking place throughout the year. Visitors are invited to these contests, many of which hold judging classes where one can become a certified barbecue judge on site.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: There are hundreds of barbecue competitions every year, from small local affairs to large festivals that draw from all over the region. The American Royal World Championship contest, with over 500 teams competing, is the largest in the United States.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: Another major event is the Houston BBQ world championship contest in Texas. In May, the Memphis World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest is another, and there is a contest dedicated to sauces, the Diddy Wa Diddy National Barbecue Sauce Contest.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The nonprofit Kansas City Barbeque Society, or KCBS, sanctions over 300 barbecue contests per year, in 44 different states. Despite the "Kansas City" name, the KCBS judges all styles of barbecue, broken down into classes for ribs, brisket, pork, and chicken. KCBS also hosts educational classes across the nation in improving barbecue techniques and barbecue judge certification.


title: Barbecue in the United States

text: The largest street festival in North Carolina is the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which attracts up to 200,000 visitors per year to the host city of less than 20,000 residents. The event was listed in the book "1000 Places to See in the USA & Canada Before-You-Die", a part of the series based on the best-selling "1,000 Places to See Before You Die" In 2012, the "U.S. News & World Report" ranked Lexington as #4 on its list of the best cities for barbecue. The barbecue competition is central to the event.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Noticias Univision (, ) is the news division of Univision, an American Spanish-language free-to-air television network owned by the Univision Television Group division of TelevisaUnivision. The news division is based out of the network's facilities, referred to as the "NewsPort", in the Miami suburb of Doral, Florida, which it shares with sister English language news channel Fusion and Univision's flagship owned-and-operated station WLTV-DT.


title: Noticias Univision

text: The division's flagship program is "Noticiero Univision", consisted of two nightly evening newscasts (airing in the early and late evening) focusing on international news and stories of relevance to the network's main target demographic of Latino Americans. Other programs produced by the news division include morning news-talk show "¡Despierta América!", newsmagazine series "Primer Impacto" and "Aquí y Ahora", and Sunday morning political affairs program "Al Punto con Jorge Ramos".


title: Noticias Univision

text: Noticias Univision maintains bureaus located at many of the network's television stations across the United States (particularly those owned by parent subsidiary Univision Television Group, that serve as owned-and-operated stations of the network) and throughout Latin America. Noticiero Univision also has news share agreements with many of the national terrestrial networks in those same nations and will often carry their footage and reporting with credit. Noticias Univision uses content from Mexico-based broadcaster (and Univision's major content partner) Televisa, Venezuela-based Venevision, Colombia-based RCN TV, Peru-based América Televisión, and regional-wide CNN en Español.


title: Noticias Univision

text: The division's tagline is "Para estar al tanto del acontecer mundial, los hispanos sintonizan Noticias Univision." (English: "To stay on top of what's happening around the world, Hispanics tune into Univision News.")


title: Noticias Univision

text: The national newscasts began on KMEX-DT in June 1986 when the network was known as the Spanish International Network, and before the network's name change in 1987 was known as "Noticiero Nacional SIN". In 1987, Televisa owner Emilio Azcárraga Milmo, who also oversaw SIN (then a subsidiary of the Mexico City-based company), appointed former Televisa news anchor Jacobo Zabludovsky as director of SIN's news division; the move met with protest among staff at the news division, concerned over the extent of the autonomy of SIN's news department and potential censorship in its journalistic practices (specifically, the reporting on the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba, which while recognized in Mexico, did not have aspects that led to the migration of Cubans to the United States), with most news staffers opting to quit.


title: Noticias Univision

text: After Azcárraga and Emilio Nicolas, Sr. subsequently sold their interests in SIN parent Spanish International Communications to Hallmark Cards after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the U.S. Justice Department asked them to sell the network to a U.S.-based company amid inquiries as to whether Nicolas was being used by the Azcárraga family to skirt the FCC's rules prohibiting foreign ownership of broadcast media, in 1987, the newly renamed Univision appointed Roberto FE Soto – a former producer at NBC News – to produce a revamped flagship evening newscast, "Noticiero Univision", the latter becoming the network's youngest executive; the network also reassigned Jorge Ramos – then the host of the network's first attempt at a morning program, the two-hour-long "Mundo Latino" – and hired veteran journalist Maria Elena Salinas (the latter of whom replaced Teresa Rodriguez as anchor) to co-anchor the evolving network newscast.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Univision eventually decided to expand its news programming to afternoons; in 1992, the network debuted "Noticias y Más" ("News and More"), anchored by Jackie Nespral, Ambrosio Hernandez and Raúl Peimbert; Myrka Dellanos joined the program after Nespral's departure later that year. Hernandez and Peimbert left Univision in 1993 to join Telemundo, while Nespral became co-host of the weekend edition of NBC's "Today". Univision had other plans for the moribund show: the network revamped its format, changed its name and its theme music, and hired Puerto Rican-born María Celeste Arrarás as a weekend reporter to serve as Dellanos' partner; the retooled newsmagazine series became "Primer Impacto" ("First Impact") in February 1994.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Then on April 14, 1997, Univision replaced reruns of Televisa-produced children's programs (such as "Plaza Sesamo" {the Latin American version of "Sesame Street"}) and re-entered into the morning news arena for the first time in eight years with the premiere of "¡Despierta América!" ("Wake Up America!"). Maintaining a format similar to its English language counterparts, it was designed to compete with (and was loosely based on the format of) "Today", ABC's "Good Morning America" and "CBS This Morning", with a focus on the network's Hispanic and Latino target demographic. The program quickly grew into a major competitor, increasing Univision's viewership in its morning time period by more than 46% by April 1998, and developed a unique style in its reporting of various types of news stories (including health, lifestyle, fashion, beauty and entertainment news, the latter of which was featured as part of a segment called "échate pa' acá" ("Come here") with a focus on popular Latino actors and musicians).


title: Noticias Univision

text: In 1998, Univision premiered a prime time investigative news magazine "Aquí y Ahora" ("Here & Now"), which focuses on in-depth investigative pieces and interviews with newsmakers. From 2000 to 2010, Univision was the only major U.S. broadcast network to increase its news viewership, while its English-language counterparts on ABC, NBC and CBS each lost half of their total viewership. By the early 2000s, as the network expanded its national reach through the signing of new over-the-air affiliates, Univision's news programs had grown to regularly outrank its Spanish-language competitors, with the early-evening edition of "Noticiero Univision" often placing ahead of its English language rivals ("NBC Nightly News", "ABC World News Tonight" and the "CBS Evening News") among viewers in the 18-49 age demographic. On September 9, 2007, the network premiered the first Sunday morning talk show on Spanish-language American television, "Al Punto" ("On Point"), a program moderated by Jorge Ramos that features discussions on political and socioeconomic issues pertinent to Latino Americans.


title: Noticias Univision

text: On December 9, 2010, Univision announced that it had hired Isaac Lee as the president of its news division; His duties were expanded upon on October 4, 2013, when he was named chief executive officer of its new cable news channel Fusion, and further in February 2015, when he became president of Univision's digital media operations through a reorganization of that division.


title: Noticias Univision

text: In March 2011, the network hosted its first Presidential town hall meeting; the televised special – which was watched by more than 2.7 million viewers, and featured anchor Jorge Ramos and President Barack Obama – focused on the future of education in the United States. Noticias Univision would later produce two town hall debates between presidential incumbent Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney the following year in the run-up to the 2012 Presidential elections.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Also in 2011, Noticias Univision formed two new departments within the news division: an investigative reporting unit, which was led by Pulitzer Prize winner Gerardo Reyes, and a documentary unit, which produced several critically acclaimed films on issues affecting the Latin American and international communities. The division's expanded commitment to investigative journalism helped Noticias Univision earn multiple journalism awards since 2012 including Peabody and Investigative Reporters and Editors Awards for its investigative piece on Operation Fast and Furious, two Gracie Awards, a Cronkite Award for Excellence in Political Journalism and fourteen other award wins for five documentaries produced by both units. In addition, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences honored Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas with Lifetime Achievement Awards at the 33rd News & Documentary Emmy Awards in 2012.


title: Noticias Univision

text: In March 2013, Noticias Univision and Participant Media announced a partnership to co-produce ten, one-hour documentaries to air on Pivot Channel in English and on Univision in Spanish. Three months later, in June of that year, the Documentary Unit produced "Violación de un Sueño" ("Rape in the Fields"), which was produced in partnership with the PBS documentary program "Frontline" and the Center for Investigative Reporting.


title: Noticias Univision

text: The network's flagship newscast, "Noticiero Univision", is a traditional evening news program that provides a general rundown of the day's news headlines, with more of a bent towards stories occurring in Latin America and, domestically, news stories and issues of utmost importance to Hispanic and Latino Americans. Because of this, reports focusing on immigration and diplomatic relations with Latin America are regularly highlighted on the program, in addition to issues relating to government, healthcare and economic issues. The main early-evening broadcast of the program is currently co-anchored by Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas (who have shared those duties since 1986, a departure from the traditional single-anchor format used by the evening newscasts of its English language competitors ABC, NBC and CBS), and Félix de Bedout and Arantxa Loizaga on weekend evenings. The program is on equal footing with the English language newscasts ratings-wise in urban areas with a large Hispanic population, often being the top network newscast in areas such as New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Miami.


title: Noticias Univision

text: A secondary late-night edition of the program, "Noticiero Univision: Edición Nocturna" ("Univision News: Evening Edition"), airs nightly at 11:30 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time (with a rebroadcast at 4:30 a.m. local time). The program – which is one of only two traditional national newscasts among the major U.S. broadcast networks (alongside "Hechos" on competitor Azteca) that airs in a late-evening time slot – maintains a similar format to the early-evening edition, with more of a focus on major news headlines; however, the program utilizes separate anchors from the early broadcast for the weeknight editions. From 1999 to 2011, the late-evening newscast was known as "Noticiero Univision Ultima Hora", maintaining an in-depth, investigative focus anchored by Enrique Gratas.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Noticias Univision also produces 60-second news capsules (titled "Breve Informativo de Noticiero Univision", or "Univision News Brief") that air during commercial breaks – except those featured during the "Noticiero Univision"-branded early and late newscasts – each hour throughout the broadcast day on Univision, and provides special report cut-ins within regular programming if needed during breaking news events. Some newsmagazine programs produced by Televisa (such as "Hoy" and "Tras la Verdad") also air as part of the network's schedule.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Fusion is a digital cable and satellite television channel operated by Fusion Media Network, LLC, a joint venture between Univision Communications and the Disney-ABC Television Group subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, which launched on October 28, 2013. Relying in part on the resources of the news divisions operated by the respective companies, ABC News and Noticias Univision, the network carries a broad mix of news, lifestyle, pop culture, satire and entertainment programs aimed at English-speaking millennial adults between the ages of 18 and 34 (marking Univision's first major push into English-language programming), including those of Hispanic and Latino American heritage. Fusion operates out of Noticias Univision's "Newsport" facility in Doral, Florida; although, while Univision handles programming responsibilities for Fusion and Disney-ABC Television Group provides advertising sales and distribution for the channel, it operates independently from ABC News and Noticias Univision, employing its own hosts and correspondents, management, production staff and board of directors.


title: Noticias Univision

text: In December 2010, Noticias Univision president Isaac Lee announced plans to start an English language cable news channel aimed at American Hispanics; after Univision Communications reached an agreement with The Walt Disney Company to partner in the development of the channel, the two companies formally announced its launch on May 8, 2012. Through its focused target demographic, which is regarded as being fluent in digital consumption and favors social media and internet sources over traditional broadcast and print media for receiving news content, the network operates FusionLive, an online and mobile streaming service available to subscribers of participating cable and satellite providers.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Univision Noticias is a planned Spanish language cable news channel, which Univision Communications announced on May 19, 2011, in a press release mentioning the launch of three specialty cable channels. Univision secured a carriage deal with satellite provider Dish Network to carry Univision Noticias and sister networks Univision Deportes Network and Univision tlnovelas in January 2012; , however, the network has not yet launched.


title: Noticias Univision

text: Noticias Univision also maintains a separate website – powered through a partnership with Tumblr – and a companion Twitter feed, under the banner Univision News. The website and feed provides national and international news content presented in English, intended to cater to Hispanics and other news consumers not fluent in the Spanish language.


title: Noticias Univision

text: On May 21, 2015, Univision Communications announced that it would acquire The Root, a magazine-style news and culture website aimed at African-Americans, from the Slate Group division of Graham Holdings Company (whose chairman and CEO, Donald E. Graham, co-founded the site with Henry Louis Gates Jr. in 2008). The deal will allow The Root to use Univision Communications' digital production facilities and publishing infrastructure, although it will maintain editorial autonomy over its content and its existing editorial staff (including managing editor Lyne Pitts and publisher and vice president of digital content Donna Byrd, the latter of whom was also appointed as a member of the Univision Digital division's management staff).


title: Noticias Univision

text: "All Univision owned-and-operated stations are considered bureaus of Noticias Univision, including those not listed here."


title: Noticias Univision

text: After Donald Trump launched his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination in June 2015, Noticias Univision lead anchor Jorge Ramos pursued an interview with Trump to discuss the comments he made in his declaratory campaign speech disparaging Mexican immigrants, accusing Mexico of sending criminals, rapists and drug importers to the United States (which led Univision Communications to terminate its contract to air the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants, which were set to air on sister network UniMás through a five-year deal signed that February, and prohibit its employees from conducting company business at Trump-owned hotels or resorts; Trump subsequently filed a $500 million breach of contract lawsuit against Univision over the contract termination). On June 26, Trump posted a handwritten correspondence letter sent by Ramos, requesting an interview with him, on Instagram, which contained Ramos' personal cell phone number for business use (which was unobscured), before deleting the post.


title: Noticias Univision

text: At a press conference held by Trump on August 25, 2015 at the Grand River Center in Dubuque, Iowa, Ramos – attempting to ask a question to Trump about his immigration policies without being called on beforehand, as Trump had pointed to another reporter in the audience – was rebuffed by Trump, who repeatedly asked Ramos to sit down and remarked to him to "go back to Univision." Security present at the conference escorted Ramos out of the hotel's conference room, where one member of the security team (whom campaign officials denied was a Trump staffer) told Mexican-born Ramos – who became an American citizen in 2008 – to "get out of my country." An aide for Trump invited Ramos to re-enter the conference about 15 minutes later on the pretense that he wait to be called upon, engaging in a heated exchange with Trump on his hardline stance on immigration when asked to field a question. In a series of interviews regarding his removal from the press conference, Ramos accused Trump of "spreading hate" and questioned the feasibility of Trump's campaign proposals to conduct mass deportations of undocumented families and repeal a statute in the U.S. Constitution granting birthright citizenship, later citing a poll which indicated 75% of prospective Latino voters held unfavorable opinions of him regarding Trump's viability as a presidential candidate. In a statement supporting Ramos, Univision chief executive officer Randy Falco blasted his treatment by Trump, calling it "beneath contempt" and suggesting that Trump comport himself better with members of the press as his campaign continues, stating "Mr. Trump demonstrated complete disregard for [Ramos] and for the countless Hispanics whom Jorge seeks to represent through press questions that are at the heart of the First Amendment."


title: Noticias Univision

text: As he has gained visibility in the general journalistic community in recent years, Ramos has received criticism of his balancing of journalistic ethics and an advocacy approach in his reporting (such as his criticism of the lack of Latino moderators for the U.S. presidential debates in which he stated that those sanctioning the debates were "stuck in the 1950s", and his challenging of presidential candidates Barack Obama and Mitt Romney's immigration policies in a Univision-produced political forum in which Ramos served as a moderator), with Luis Silberwasser, president of rival network Telemundo (whose executive vice president of network news, Luis Carlos Velez, also made veiled criticisms that Univision was not promoting "fair, balanced and objective journalism"), citing a poll of Hispanic and Latino adults conducted in conjunction with sister network NBC and "The Wall Street Journal" that stated immigration, as while being important, was "not [a] defining issue, as other media outlets would lead you to believe" in the 2016 election season. Similarly as did Trump, Ramos was criticized for his line of questioning at the Dubuque conference, with syndicated columnist Ruben Navarrette, Jr. stating that Ramos acted "unprofessional" and "play[ed] into every negative stereotype that Americans subscribe to about Mexicans;" Fox News media critic Howard Kurtz stating that Ramos had behaved "like a heckler;" CNN political commentator Jeffrey Lord accusing Ramos of playing the "race card" despite being a "blue-eyed, light-skinned[...] European Mexican" and "dividing the country by race;" and Politico writer Marc Caputo calling Ramos biased for his open support for immigration reform, although "Intercept" writer Glenn Greenwald defended him, pointing out American journalists such as Thomas Paine and Edward R. Murrow who have balanced opinion and advocacy. Ramos stated in regards to his approach to journalism, "Our position is clearly pro-Latino or pro-immigrant ... We are simply being the voice of those who don't have a voice"; in an October 2015 "New Yorker" interview, Ramos also noted that Latino Americans "have almost no political representation", specifically criticizing Republican candidates Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz for not "defend[ing] the undocumented."


title: Noticias Univision

text: A situation similar to that of the Dubuque incident involving Ramos occurred on October 24, 2015, as news crews belonging to Noticias Univision and Miami owned-and-operated station WLTV-DT – although the division and station were reportedly given media clearance to cover the event – was ordered to leave a campaign event held for Trump at the hotel on the Trump National Doral Miami complex (located near Univision's Doral studios) by an off-duty police officer who informed them that they were not allowed on the property.


title: Tata Daewoo

text: Tata Daewoo (officially Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company) is a commercial vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea and a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. It is the second-largest heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer in South Korea.


title: Tata Daewoo

text: The company was established in 2002 as "Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Co. Ltd", after it was spun off from parent Daewoo Motors.