title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst, with its young demographic, has established modern sporting competitions such as the Newtons Nation event. At this event, held at Mount Panorama, young people can participate in modern sports such as BMX Dirt Bikes, Mountain Bikes, Wakeboarding, Parkour, Flatland BMX, Krumping, Skateboarding, and Luge.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst is a cathedral city, being the seat for the Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops of Bathurst. The city is dotted with many churches and other religious buildings such as schools and halls. The cathedrals are All Saints' (Anglican), and St Michael and St John's (Catholic); then there are many churches and places of worship, including St Stephens Presbyterian Church & Hall, Assumption Church (Catholic), St Barnabas' South Bathurst (Anglican) that was partially fire-destroyed in 2014 and others.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst was also the home of wartime Labor Prime Minister Ben Chifley, who represented the area in the Federal Parliament and is buried in Bathurst. Each year, the Labor party celebrates his legacy with a function known as "the Light on the Hill" speech by a senior Labor figure.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst has a collection of house museums representing different periods of its history from first settlement to the 1970s. The house museums include "Old Government Cottage" built 1837–1860, "Abercrombie House" a 40-room historic mansion built c. 1870s, "Miss Traill's House" built in 1845, and "Chifley Home" which retains the simple furnishings that demonstrated the lifestyle and image of Chifley as a 'plain man'.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst is home to several museums including the Bathurst Historical Society Museum located in the left wing of the historic courthouse. This museum includes in its collection a range of Aboriginal artefacts and large collections of documents relating to Bathurst's early history and collection of local items from Australia's early settlement. Central Bathurst is host to the Australian Fossil and Mineral Museum, which houses the Somerville Collection of fossils and minerals, and features Australia's only complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton. The Somerville Collection also consists of one of the largest collections of tourmaline in the Southern Hemisphere. The Fossil and Mineral Museum is located in the historic school building in the CBD.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Organisations that support the various arts are well catered for in Bathurst they include the Mitchell Conservatorium which was the NSW's first regional, community-based, pre-tertiary and non-profit music centre, it was established in May 1978. The Conservatorium provides musical education and performance opportunities to children and adults. The Bathurst Regional Art Gallery focuses on Australian art from 1955 and has a strong representation of local landscapes and particularly local villages and towns. The collection includes several Lloyd Rees paintings. The design of the gallery allows regular exhibitions with an average of 25 exhibitions per year. The gallery is owned by the Bathurst Regional Council and is located in a modern purpose built building incorporating the Regional Library.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Another Arts group is the Macquarie Philharmonia, this professional and amateur orchestra annually brings together professional musicians living in western areas of NSW. Known as Australia's Inland Symphony Orchestra, throughout the year the Macquarie Philharmonia invites selected music students from the region's Conservatoriums to perform alongside professionals to audiences throughout the Region.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Carillon Theatrical Society is an amateur theatrical society that has been performing musicals for the people of Bathurst since 1959. Recent shows include The Producers and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: The NSW Government and Charles Sturt University supports the Arts in the area through Arts OutWest which is the peak arts and cultural body for the Central West area of NSW, operating since 1974. This group promotes and educates arts and cultural development for Bathurst and the region.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: The Bathurst Memorial Entertainment Centre (BMEC) is a new purpose built building completed in 1999 that provides a venue for local and visiting performances. BMEC has an annual season of entertainment encompassing all forms of the performing arts from Australia and around the world.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: The historic Royal Bathurst Show is an Agricultural Show conducted by the Bathurst Agricultural, Horticultural & Pastoral Association since 1860 and promotes excellence in agriculture, industry and rural competition, encourages learning and provides entertainment. It is one of the largest regional shows in NSW. The show has been operating continuously from the present site since 1878 and attendances now typically reach 25,000 people over a three-day period. In 1994 approval was received from the Queen to use the title "Royal Bathurst Show".


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: The Central Tablelands region is a location with a growing reputation as a producer of gourmet food and drink. A non-profit volunteer based organisation known as Bre&d was established in 2001 to encourage visitors and residents to experience the regions produce. The organisation operates the monthly Bathurst Farmers Markets held at the Bathurst Showground as well as the "Bre&d Under the Stars" and "Bre&d on the Bridge" annual events that showcase the regions chefs and local produce. The events are held on the historic Denison Bridge with the Macquarie River passing below.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Education is Bathurst's largest industry with 60 education facilities that represent 7.6% of Bathurst's Gross Regional Product. The education range covers all levels including university, TAFE, secondary, primary both public and private. 12.1% of the local population are employed in the education sector; the NSW state average is 7.0%.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst is the headquarters for Charles Sturt University which has a major campus in Bathurst, complementing campuses in Wagga Wagga, Albury, Dubbo, Orange, Canberra, and Goulburn. It is a major provider of regional tertiary education. The university is renowned for its reputation in journalism.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: The Western Institute of TAFE has two campuses in Bathurst. The college has 12 Industry Training Divisions including arts and media, building and construction, business services, computing and information services, engineering services, rural and mining services and tourism and hospitality.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Western Sydney University has a clinical education facility, housed within Bathurst Hospital, open since June 2010 for its fourth year medical students.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst has numerous primary schools and high schools, both public and private. These include the Scots All Saint's College, Denison College, MacKillop College, St. Stanislaus College


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst is a regional highway hub. Several roads including the Great Western Highway, Mid-Western Highway, Mitchell Highway, O'Connell Road to Oberon and Bathurst-Ilford Road all start in Bathurst. Other major roads in Bathurst include Durham Street, Eleven Mile Drive, and Bradwardine Road.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst railway station is located ten minutes' walk from the city centre. It is serviced by daily NSW TrainLink trains and buses east to Lithgow then on to Sydney, north west to Dubbo, west to Parkes and south to Cootamundra.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Local bus services provided by Bathurst Buslines operate in the surrounding suburbs of Bathurst, with a bus interchange in Howick Street, opposite Armada Bathurst.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Interurban bus services are provided between Bathurst and Lithgow, Bathurst and Orange, and Bathurst and Oberon. Long-distance coaches are operate between Bathurst and Sydney by Australia Wide Coaches.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: FlyPelican is the only airline providing passenger services at Bathurst Airport; the airline operates 6 return flights from Sydney Airport per week from Sunday to Friday.


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: Bathurst's location close to Sydney and on major highways placed it in a desirable position for decentralisation plans by various governments over the years. Several decentralisation plans relating to Bathurst can be identified:


title: Bathurst, New South Wales

text: The local daily newspaper is the Western Advocate, published in Bathurst for 150 years. The publication has a circulation of 5,800 copies.


title: My Back Pages

text: "My Back Pages" is a song written by Bob Dylan and included on his 1964 album "Another Side of Bob Dylan". It is stylistically similar to his earlier folk protest songs and features Dylan's voice with an acoustic guitar accompaniment. However, its lyrics—in particular the refrain "Ah, but I was so much older then/I'm younger than that now"—have been interpreted as a rejection of Dylan's earlier personal and political idealism, illustrating his growing disillusionment with the 1960s folk protest movement with which he was associated, and his desire to move in a new direction. Although Dylan wrote the song in 1964, he did not perform it live until 1988.


title: My Back Pages

text: "My Back Pages" has been covered by artists as diverse as Keith Jarrett, the Byrds, the Ramones, the Nice, Steve Earle, Eric Johnson, and the Hollies. The Byrds' version, initially released on their 1967 album "Younger Than Yesterday", was also issued as a single in 1967 and proved to be the band's last Top 40 hit in the U.S.


title: My Back Pages

text: Bob Dylan wrote "My Back Pages" in 1964 as one of the last songs—perhaps the last song—composed for his "Another Side of Bob Dylan" album. He recorded it on June 9, 1964, under the working title of "Ancient Memories", the last song committed to tape for the album. The song was partly based on the traditional folk song "Young But Growing" and has a mournful melody similar to that of "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" from Dylan's previous album, "The Times They Are a-Changin'". As with the other songs on "Another Side", Dylan is the sole musician on "My Back Pages" and plays in a style similar to his previous protest songs, with a sneering, rough-edged voice and a hard-strumming acoustic guitar accompaniment.


title: My Back Pages

text: In the song's lyrics, Dylan criticizes himself for having been certain that he knew everything and apologizes for his previous political preaching, noting that he has become his own enemy "in the instant that I preach." Dylan questions whether one can really distinguish between right and wrong, and even questions the desirability of the principle of equality. The lyrics also signal Dylan's disillusionment with the 1960s protest movement and his intention to abandon protest songwriting. The song effectively analogizes the protest movement to the establishment it is trying to overturn, concluding with the refrain:


title: My Back Pages

text: Music critic Robert Shelton has interpreted this refrain as "an internal dialogue between what he [Dylan] once accepted and now doubts." Shelton also notes that the refrain maps a path from Blakean experience to the innocence of William Wordsworth. The refrain has also been interpreted as Dylan celebrating his "bright, new post-protest future."


title: My Back Pages

text: Dylan's disenchantment with the protest movement had previously surfaced in a speech he had given in December 1963 when accepting an award from the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (ECLC) in New York. Author Mike Marqusee has commented that "No song on "Another Side" distressed Dylan's friends in the movement more than 'My Back Pages' in which he transmutes the rude incoherence of his ECLC rant into the organized density of art. The lilting refrain ... must be one of the most lyrical expressions of political apostasy ever penned. It is a recantation, in every sense of the word."


title: My Back Pages

text: In an interview with the "Sheffield University Paper" in May 1965, Dylan explained the change that had occurred in his songwriting over the previous twelve months, noting "The big difference is that the songs I was writing last year ... they were what I call one-dimensional songs, but my new songs I'm trying to make more three-dimensional, you know, there's more symbolism, they're written on more than one level." In late 1965, Dylan commented on the writing of "My Back Pages" specifically during an interview with Margaret Steen for "The Toronto Star": "I was in my New York phase then, or at least, I was just coming out of it. I was still keeping the things that are really really real out of my songs, for fear they'd be misunderstood. Now I don't care if they are." As Dylan stated to Nat Hentoff at the time that "My Back Pages" and the other songs on "Another Side of Bob Dylan" were written, "There aren't any finger pointing songs [here] ... Now a lot of people are doing finger pointing songs. You know, pointing to all the things that are wrong. Me, I don't want to write for people anymore. You know, be a spokesman."


title: My Back Pages

text: Dylan did not play "My Back Pages" in concert until June 11, 1988, during a performance at the Shoreline Amphitheatre in Mountain View, California, the fourth concert of his "Never Ending Tour" which had started four days earlier. The arrangement he used eliminated some of the song's verses and included an electric guitar part performed by G. E. Smith as a member of his newly formed band. Since 1988, Dylan has played the song in concert many times in both electric and semi-acoustic versions, and sometimes as an acoustic encore. At the 30th Anniversary Tribute Concert to Dylan at Madison Square Garden in 1992, "My Back Pages" was performed in the Byrds' arrangement, with Roger McGuinn, Tom Petty, Neil Young, Eric Clapton, Dylan himself, and George Harrison, all singing one verse in that order. This performance, which featured vocals from all six musicians, along with guitar solos by Clapton and Young and with Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Jim Keltner and G. E. Smith (who was also the musical leader) as sidemen, was released on "The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration" album in 1993.


title: My Back Pages

text: In addition to its initial appearance on "Another Side of Bob Dylan", "My Back Pages" has appeared on a number of Dylan compilation albums. In the United States and Europe, it appeared on the 1971 album "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II" (a.k.a. "More Bob Dylan Greatest Hits") and on the 2007 album "Dylan". In Australia, the song was included on the 1994 compilation album "Greatest Hits Vol. 3".


title: My Back Pages

text: The American rock band the Byrds released a recording of "My Back Pages" on February 6, 1967, as part of their fourth album, "Younger Than Yesterday". The title of "Younger Than Yesterday" was itself directly inspired by the song's refrain of "Ah, but I was so much older then/I'm younger than that now." "My Back Pages" was subsequently issued as a single by the Byrds on March 13, 1967, with the version included on the single being a radio edit that omitted the song's second verse, to reduce the playing time from 3:08 to 2:31. The single reached number 30 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 18 in Canada, but failed to chart in the United Kingdom. "My Back Pages" was the last single by the Byrds to reach the Top 40 of the U.S. charts.


title: My Back Pages

text: The song was initially suggested as a suitable vehicle for the band by their manager Jim Dickson. Lead guitarist Jim McGuinn felt that it would make an effective cover version, but David Crosby, the band's rhythm guitarist, felt that covering another Dylan song was formulaic. The Byrds had already released a total of six Dylan covers on their first two albums, "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "Turn! Turn! Turn!", enjoying particular success with their recordings of "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "All I Really Want to Do". Despite Crosby's objections, the band recorded "My Back Pages" between December 5 and 8, 1966, during the recording sessions for their fourth album. Upon its release, this cover was received well by the critics and is today regarded as one of The Byrds' strongest Dylan interpretations. For example, on its release "Cash Box" called the single an "easy-going, rhythmic, flowing, folk-flavored rock outing that is a sure fire bet for air-play." Following its release on "Younger Than Yesterday", the song would go on to become a staple of the Byrds' live concert repertoire, until their final disbandment in 1973. On December 4, 1968, a later line-up of the Byrds re-recorded an excerpt of "My Back Pages" as part of a medley that was included on their 1969 album, "Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde". The song was performed live extensively during the band's later country rock period, often segueing into Jimmy Reed's "Baby What You Want Me to Do". Live versions from this time can be found on "Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971" and as a bonus track on the reissue of "(Untitled)". The song was also performed live by a reformed line-up of the Byrds featuring Roger McGuinn, David Crosby, and Chris Hillman in January 1989.


title: My Back Pages

text: In addition to its appearance on the "Younger Than Yesterday" album, the Byrds' original version of "My Back Pages" appears on several of the band's compilations, including "The Byrds' Greatest Hits", "History of The Byrds", "The Byrds Play Dylan", "", "The Byrds", "The Very Best of The Byrds", "The Essential Byrds", and "There Is a Season". In 1996, a previously unreleased alternate version of "My Back Pages" (which had been considered for release as a single in 1967) was included as a bonus track on the Columbia/Legacy reissue of "Younger Than Yesterday".


title: My Back Pages

text: The song has been covered by numerous artists, including the Ramones, Po!, America, the Hollies, the Nice, Eric Johnson, the Box Tops, Carl Verheyen, Jackson Browne & Joan Osborne, Marshall Crenshaw, Keith Jarrett, Steve Earle, La Mancha de Rolando, Dick Gaughan, and Anna Nalick. Austrian singer-songwriter Wolfgang Ambros recorded a version of the song named "Alt und Jung" ("Old and Young"). In 1995, the German rock musician Wolfgang Niedecken recorded a German-language (Kölsch language) cover of the song with the title "Vill Passiert Sickher" for his album "Leopardefell". In addition, a Japanese-language cover by the Magokoro Brothers is included in the soundtrack of the Dylan film "Masked and Anonymous".


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non-Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, Burmese and the Tibetic languages, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: During the 18th century, several scholars noticed parallels between Tibetan and Burmese, both languages with extensive literary traditions.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: In the following century, Brian Houghton Hodgson collected a wealth of data on the non-literary languages of the Himalayas and northeast India, noting that many of these were related to Tibetan and Burmese.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The name "Tibeto-Burman" was first applied to this group in 1856 by James Logan, who added Karen in 1858.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Charles Forbes viewed the family as uniting the Gangetic and Lohitic branches of Max Müller's Turanian, a huge family consisting of all the Eurasian languages except the Semitic, "Aryan" (Indo-European) and Chinese languages.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The third volume of the "Linguistic Survey of India" was devoted to the Tibeto-Burman languages of British India.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Julius Klaproth had noted in 1823 that Burmese, Tibetan and Chinese all shared common basic vocabulary, but that Thai, Mon and Vietnamese were quite different.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Several authors, including Ernst Kuhn in 1883 and August Conrady in 1896, described an "Indo-Chinese" family consisting of two branches, Tibeto-Burman and Chinese-Siamese.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Tai languages were included on the basis of vocabulary and typological features shared with Chinese.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Jean Przyluski introduced the term "sino-tibétain" (Sino-Tibetan) as the title of his chapter on the group in Antoine Meillet and Marcel Cohen's "Les Langues du Monde" in 1924.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Tai languages have not been included in most Western accounts of Sino-Tibetan since the Second World War, though many Chinese linguists still include them.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The link between Tibeto-Burman and Chinese is now accepted by most linguists, with a few exceptions such as Roy Andrew Miller and Christopher Beckwith.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: More recent controversy has centred on the proposed primary branching of Sino-Tibetan into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman subgroups.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: In spite of the popularity of this classification, first proposed by Kuhn and Conrady, and also promoted by Paul Benedict (1972) and later James Matisoff, Tibeto-Burman has not been demonstrated to be a valid family in its own right.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Most of the Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in remote mountain areas, which has hampered their study. Many lack a written standard.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: It is generally easier to identify a language as Tibeto-Burman than to determine its precise relationship with other languages of the group.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The subgroupings that have been established with certainty number several dozens, ranging from well-studied groups of dozens of languages with millions of speakers to several isolates, some only newly discovered but in danger of extinction.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The southernmost group is the Karen languages, spoken by three million people on both sides of the Burma–Thailand border. They differ from all other Tibeto-Burman languages (except Bai) in having a subject–verb–object word order, attributed to contact with Tai–Kadai and Austroasiatic languages.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The most widely spoken Tibeto-Burman language is Burmese, the national language of Myanmar, with over 32 million speakers and a literary tradition dating from the early 12th century. It is one of the Lolo-Burmese languages, an intensively studied and well-defined group comprising approximately 100 languages spoken in Myanmar and the highlands of Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Southwest China. Major languages include the Loloish languages, with two million speakers in western Sichuan and northern Yunnan, the Akha language and Hani languages, with two million speakers in southern Yunnan, eastern Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and Lisu and Lahu in Yunnan, northern Myanmar and northern Thailand. All languages of the Loloish subgroup show significant Austroasiatic influence.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Pai-lang songs, transcribed in Chinese characters in the 1st century, appear to record words from a Lolo-Burmese language, but arranged in Chinese order.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Tibeto-Burman languages of south-west China have been heavily influenced by Chinese over a long period, leaving their affiliations difficult to determine. The grouping of the Bai language, with one million speakers in Yunnan, is particularly controversial, with some workers suggesting that it is a sister language to Chinese. The Naxi language of northern Yunnan is usually included in Lolo-Burmese, though other scholars prefer to leave it unclassified. The hills of northwestern Sichuan are home to the small Qiangic and Rgyalrongic groups of languages, which preserve many archaic features. The most easterly Tibeto-Burman language is Tujia, spoken in the Wuling Mountains on the borders of Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou and Chongqing.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Two historical languages are believed to be Tibeto-Burman, but their precise affiliation is uncertain. The Pyu language of central Myanmar in the first centuries is known from inscriptions using a variant of the Gupta script. The Tangut language of the 12th century Western Xia of northern China is preserved in numerous texts written in the Chinese-inspired Tangut script.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Over eight million people in the Tibetan Plateau and neighbouring areas in Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan speak one of several related Tibetic languages. There is an extensive literature in Classical Tibetan dating from the 8th century. The Tibetic languages are usually grouped with the smaller East Bodish languages of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh as the Bodish group.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Sizable groups that have been identified are the West Himalayish languages of Himachal Pradesh and western Nepal, the Tamangic languages of western Nepal, including Tamang with one million speakers, and the Kiranti languages of eastern Nepal.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Newar language (Nepal Bhasa) of central Nepal has a million speakers and literature dating from the 12th century, and nearly a million people speak Magaric languages, but the rest have small speech communities.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Most of the languages of Bhutan are Bodish, but it also has three small isolates, 'Ole ("Black Mountain Monpa"), Lhokpu and Gongduk and a larger community of speakers of Tshangla.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Tani languages include most of the Tibeto-Burman languages of Arunachal Pradesh and adjacent areas of Tibet.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The remaining languages of Arunachal Pradesh are much more diverse, belonging to the small Siangic, Kho-Bwa (or Kamengic), Hruso, Miju and Digaro languages (or Mishmic) groups.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: These groups have relatively little Tibeto-Burman vocabulary, and Bench and Post dispute their inclusion in Sino-Tibetan.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The greatest variety of languages and subgroups is found in the highlands stretching from northern Myanmar to northeast India.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Northern Myanmar is home to the small Nungish group, as well as the Jingpho–Luish languages, including Jingpho with nearly a million speakers.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Brahmaputran or Sal languages include at least the Boro–Garo and Konyak languages, spoken in an area stretching from northern Myanmar through the Indian states of Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Tripura, and are often considered to include the Jingpho–Luish group.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The border highlands of Nagaland, Manipur and western Myanmar are home to the small Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme groups of languages, as well as the Karbi language.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Meithei, the main language of Manipur with 1.4 million speakers, is sometimes linked with the 50 or so Kuki-Chin languages are spoken in Mizoram and the Chin State of Myanmar.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The Mru language is spoken by a small group in the Chittagong Hill Tracts between Bangladesh and Myanmar.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: There have been two milestones in the classification of Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Burman languages, and , which were actually produced in the 1930s and 1940s respectively.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Shafer's tentative classification took an agnostic position and did not recognize Tibeto-Burman, but placed Chinese (Sinitic) on the same level as the other branches of a Sino-Tibetan family. He retained Tai–Kadai (Daic) within the family, allegedly at the insistence of colleagues, despite his personal belief that they were not related.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: A very influential, although also tentative, classification is that of , which was actually written around 1941. Like Shafer's work, this drew on the data assembled by the Sino-Tibetan Philology Project, which was directed by Shafer and Benedict in turn. Benedict envisaged Chinese as the first family to branch off, followed by Karen.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: James Matisoff proposes a modification of Benedict that demoted Karen but kept the divergent position of Sinitic. Of the 7 branches within Tibeto-Burman, 2 branches (Baic and Karenic) have SVO-order languages, whereas all the other 5 branches have SOV-order languages.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Tibeto-Burman is then divided into several branches, some of them geographic conveniences rather than linguistic proposals:


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Matisoff makes no claim that the families in the Kamarupan or Himalayish branches have a special relationship to one another other than a geographic one. They are intended rather as categories of convenience pending more detailed comparative work.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Matisoff also notes that Jingpho–Nungish–Luish is central to the family in that it contains features of many of the other branches, and is also located around the center of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking area.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Since Benedict (1972), many languages previously inadequately documented have received more attention with the publication of new grammars, dictionaries, and wordlists. This new research has greatly benefited comparative work, and Bradley (2002) incorporates much of the newer data.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: III. "Central" (perhaps a residual group, not actually related to each other. Lepcha may also fit here.)


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: George van Driem rejects the primary split of Sinitic, making Tibeto-Burman synonymous with Sino-Tibetan.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The internal structure of Tibeto-Burman is tentatively classified as follows by Matisoff (2015: xxxii, 1123–1127) in the final release of the "Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus" (STEDT).


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: The classification of Tujia is difficult due to extensive borrowing. Other unclassified Tibeto-Burman languages include Basum and the recently described Lamo language. New Tibeto-Burman languages continue to be recognized, some not closely related to other languages. Recently recognized distinct languages include Koki Naga.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Randy LaPolla (2003) proposed a Rung branch of Tibeto-Burman, based on morphological evidence, but this is not widely accepted.


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Roger Blench and Mark Post (2011) list a number of divergent languages of Arunachal Pradesh, in northeastern India, that might have non-Tibeto-Burman substrates, or could even be non-Tibeto-Burman language isolates:


title: Tibeto-Burman languages

text: Blench and Post believe the remaining languages with these substratal characteristics are more clearly Sino-Tibetan:


title: Folk punk

text: Folk punk (known in its early days as rogue folk) is a fusion of folk music and punk rock. It was popularized in the early 1980s by the Pogues in England, and by Violent Femmes in the United States. Folk punk achieved some mainstream success in that decade. In more recent years, its subgenres Celtic punk and Gypsy punk have experienced some commercial success.


title: Folk punk

text: Folk punk is related to and/or influenced by various styles such as Celtic punk, gypsy punk, anti-folk, and alternative country. Folk punk is also linked with DIY punk scenes, and bands often perform in house venues in addition to more traditional spaces.


title: Folk punk

text: Folk punk musicians may perform their own compositions in the style of punk rock, but using additional folk instruments, such as mandolins, accordions, banjos or violins. Folk punk possesses a rich history of progressive and leftist political views, involving topics like race, class, feminism, anti fascism, animal rights, queerness and anarchism.


title: Folk punk

text: Many proto-punk bands, including the Velvet Underground and T. Rex were influenced by such folk artists as Bob Dylan, Donovan and the Fugs. In 1977 London born singer-songwriter Patrik Fitzgerald released his first EP titled "Safety-Pin Stuck in My Heart" which was subtitled "a love song for punk music". The titular song from the EP still remains Fitzgerald's most famous work and acted as one of the pioneering releases for folk punk by combining punk rock imagery with acoustic guitar and vocals.


title: Folk punk

text: Formed in Milwaukee in 1979, Violent Femmes was one of the first and most commercially successful bands to fuse punk and folk, though much of their influence came more from early art rock acts like the Velvet Underground. During the 1980s other punk and hardcore bands would pepper their albums with acoustic tracks or inject folksier sounds, notably the Dead Milkmen, Hüsker Dü, and Articles of Faith. An influential album was the punk inflected folk-country album released in 1984 when psychedelic hardcore band the Meat Puppets switched their style for their seminal release "Meat Puppets II".


title: Folk punk

text: In the UK, the fusion of folk and punk was pioneered by the London-based Irish band the Pogues, formed in 1982, whose mixture of original songs and covers of established folk singers, many performed in a punk style, led to three top ten albums in the UK, a number two single in "Fairytale of New York" (1987) with Kirsty McColl, and a string of top ten singles and albums in Ireland. The Pogues' lead singer Shane MacGowan had played in London punk outfit the Nips, originally known as the Nipple Erectors.


title: Folk punk

text: The pioneers of a more distinctively English brand of folk punk were the Men They Couldn't Hang, founded in 1984. Also important were the Oysterband, who developed from playing English Céilidh music with a fast and harder rock sound from around 1986. the Levellers, founded in 1988, made less use of traditional melodies but more use of acoustic instruments, including violins. Several other prominent members of the English punk scene in the early 1980s were also experimenting with folk influences. Early demos by Chumbawamba feature the accordion and the trumpet, though it would take them over 20 years to transition into a full-fledged folk act. Attila the Stockbroker began entertaining punk audiences accompanied by mandola in 1986, and is still performing. Probably the most successful figure associated with English 1980s folk punk is singer-songwriter Billy Bragg, who enjoyed a series of hits in the 1980s and became a distinct influence on later folk punk acts.


title: Folk punk

text: The early nineties saw a general lull of interest in folk influenced punk, but there were a few acts touring. Formed in 1990, Austin-based experimental bluegrass band Bad Livers is one example, though the band used punk more as a cultural reference point than a musical one, often appearing wearing Misfits shirts and occasionally covering Iggy Pop's "Lust for Life".


title: Folk punk

text: 1994 saw the creation of Plan-It-X Records. which would later go on to release some of the most quintessential folk punk acts of the late 90s/early 2000s and have a large influence on the genre.


title: Folk punk

text: Another genre defining act, the Moldy Peaches formed in 1994 featuring Adam Green and Kimya Dawson. singing and playing acoustic guitars. The band labeled themselves as Anti-Folk.


title: Folk punk

text: Formed in 1995 the World/Inferno Friendship Society is a large ensemble that came to be influential in the later New York Gypsy Punk scene. They combined elements of Cabaret, Punk, and Klezmer into their grandiose and theatrical performances.


title: Folk punk

text: At the close of the 1990s, Celtic punk had a revival as bands like Dropkick Murphys, Flogging Molly, Greenland Whalefishers, and the Real McKenzies started to experience wider commercial notice. This wave of bands, who often mixed Pogues-derived sounds with those of street punk bands like Cockney Rejects, spawned imitators worldwide.


title: Folk punk

text: In the early 2000s, a Plan-It-X Records sound, heavily influenced by underground 1990s pop punk and classic DIY ethic began to take shape. For many in the punk community the record label has become synonymous with folk punk, though they have also released electric acts with little or no folk influence. At the same time in New York a Gypsy Punk sound began to coalesce around Gogol Bordello, Golem, Insomniac Folklore and other groups. These bands took eastern European instrumentation and fused it with the rhythms of punk, ska and rock. Many of these bands adopted a very recognizable aesthetic influenced by campy references to Soviet art, burlesque aesthetics, and the classic punk style of the Clash. Gogol Bordello, in particular, achieved a degree of mainstream success.


title: Folk punk

text: In the Northeast yet another community was emerging around the band Mischief Brew and Fistolo Records. These acts merged the DIY punk underground with '60s radical folk in the vein of Phil Ochs and contemporary anarchist folk musicians like David Rovics. Notable artists from the Northeast at this time were punk/appalachian hybrids the Can Kickers, and influential singer/songwriter Pat the Bunny under the name Johnny Hobo and the Freight Trains. Pat later went on to form Wingnut Dishwashers Union in the late 2000s. He is considered by many to be a highly definitive folk punk artist.


title: Folk punk

text: During this period, the genre gained increased attention as Against Me! from Gainesville, Florida achieved mainstream success; however this coincided with a change in their sound towards a more conventional punk rock sound that led to many in the scene considering them to have sold out.


title: Folk punk

text: In the mid-2000s, the west coast began to produce its own DIY scene of folk punk artists with a different sound, connected with Santa Cruz's Blackbird Raum who feature a completely acoustic lineup based entirely around traditional instruments, but with fast punk rhythms and bleak, political lyrics influenced by crust punk. They are closely associated with the all-acoustic hardcore band Hail Seizures and the Northwest Folklife festival folk-punk stage. These west coast bands play acoustically in order to busk. This time also hosted the rise of folk punk created in the Southwest United States. AJJ began in 2004 in Phoenix, AZ drawing inspiration from and collaborating with artists around the country.


title: Folk punk

text: In 2004, the Moldy Peaches split up and Kimya Dawson began releasing solo work. In 2007, her music was featured extensively in the soundtrack for the film "Juno." This soundtrack went on to win a Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack in 2009.


title: Folk punk

text: In 2006, Brian Sella and Mat Uychich formed the Front Bottoms. Their first two albums, "I Hate My Friends" and "My Grandma vs. Pneumonia", as well as first EP, "Brothers Can't Be Friends", featured them as well as Mat's brother, also named Brian.


title: Folk punk

text: In 2011, Pat the Bunny and others started Ramshackle Glory in Tucson, Arizona. This turned out to be his last larger collaborative project, as in 2016, revered by many as an integral part of the community, he announced his retirement from folk punk altogether. He cited a dramatic change in his viewpoints, shifting away from anarchism in politics and punk music.


title: Folk punk

text: 2016 saw also the death of Erik Petersen, member and founder of Mischief Brew, and the subsequent groups disbanding.


title: Folk punk

text: One of the most notable disruptions within the community occurred in 2017, when Chris Clavin, founder of Plan-It-X Records and member of several bands including Ghost Mice, was accused of sexual misconduct by several individuals. While he was defended by some close to him, bands he has collaborated with including Kimya Dawson, AJJ, Waxahatchee, Spoonboy and Ramshackle Glory have condemned his actions, left Plan-It-X Records, and removed their work from future printings of split albums.


title: Folk punk

text: The continued rise in popularity of several folk punk acts during this decade was aided by the emergence and spread of musical videos on websites like YouTube. Some of these videos gained widespread recognition, as exemplified by Days N' Daze's Misanthropic Drunken Loner, reaching well past 5 million views to date. Notably three channels have emerged over the years, featuring folk punk acts in various formats: A Fistful of Vinyl is a Los Angeles radio show with live sessions every Thursday night on KXLU 88.9 FM. AFoV releases videos of their studio sessions since 2012 periodically on YouTube. Shibby Pictures is a YouTube channel that features mostly indie music videos, short movies and documentaries since about 2010.


title: Folk punk

text: The songwriting of Matt Pless's has been compared to that of Bob Dylan. In 2014 Bostonian working class folk punker got banned by Disney from playing Anaheim's House of Blues, due to his political lyrics.


title: Folk punk

text: The Pogues' style of punked-up Irish music spawned and influenced a number of Celtic punk bands, including Nyah Fearties from Scotland, and Australia's Roaring Jack. It has been particularly popular in the US and Canada, where there are large communities descended from Irish and Scottish immigrants. From the USA this includes Irish-influenced bands Flogging Molly, the Tossers, Dropkick Murphys, Street Dogs, the Young Dubliners, Black 47, the Killdares, Flatfoot 56, and Jackdaw, and Scottish bands such as Seven Nations. From Canada come the Dreadnoughts, the Real McKenzies and the Mahones; from Australia, the Rumjacks, Roaring Jack and Mutiny; Catgut Mary; from the UK, Neck (featuring a former member of Shane MacGowan's post-Pogues band, the Popes) and Ferocious Dog; from Germany, Fiddler's Green; from the Czech Republic, Pipes And Pints; and from Norway, Greenland Whalefishers. These groups were influenced by American forms of music, and sometimes contained members with no Celtic ancestry and had lyrics sung in English.


title: Akeldama

text: Akeldama (Aramaic: חקל דמא or 𐡇𐡒𐡋 𐡃𐡌𐡀 "Ḥaqel D'ma", "field of blood"; Hebrew: חקל דמא; Arabic: حقل الدم, "Ḥaqel Ad-dam") is the Aramaic name for a place in Jerusalem associated with Judas Iscariot, one of the original twelve apostles of Jesus.


title: Akeldama

text: Most English-language versions of the Bible transliterate the term as "Akeldama" (e.g. American Standard Version (ASV), English Standard Version (ESV), Good News Translation (GNT), Modern English Version (MEV), and New International Version (NIV)) or as "Akel Dama" (New King James Version (NKJV) and 1599 Geneva Bible). "Aceldama" is used by the King James Version (KJV), Darby Bible and Wycliffe Bible. "Hakeldama" is used by the Common English Bible (CEB), New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) and Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB), whilst the Complete Jewish Bible (CJB) uses "Hakel-D'ma". The Jerusalem Bible has "Hakeldama" but uses the English translation "Bloody Acre" in place of "Field of Blood", which is otherwise consistently used as the English translation. In Greek, it is called Ἁκελδαμάχ ("Hakeldamach").


title: Akeldama

text: Christian tradition connects the place with Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. There are two accounts of his death.


title: Akeldama

text: The Gospel of Matthew describes how Judas returned the money to the Temple authorities before hanging himself. Deeming it as blood money, and therefore illegal to put into their treasury, they used it instead to buy a field as a burial ground for foreigners: thus the place gained the name "the Field of Blood" (, and possibly with allusions to and and ).


title: Akeldama

text: According to the Acts of the Apostles () Judas "acquired a field with the reward of his unjust deed, and falling headfirst he burst open in the middle and all his intestines gushed out. This became known to all who lived in Jerusalem, so that in their own language they called that field Hakeldama, that is, 'Field of Blood."


title: Akeldama

text: The implication in Matthew is that the location name refers to the blood of Jesus, whereas in Acts the name refers to the blood of Judas.


title: Akeldama

text: Barnabas Lindars holds the Acts narrative to be prior, and that although the incident is not created out of the Old Testament passages the text of Zechariah 11:12ff is "freely used to fill up the gaps in the story ... to the early Christian exegetes a perfectly legitimate hermeneutical procedure".


title: Akeldama

text: According to Ian Howard Marshall, Acts may be recording the (inaccurate) story as told within Jerusalem.


title: Akeldama

text: Another view holds that the passages (Matthew 27:3-9, Acts 1:18) are complementary. Both in the Matthew and the Acts accounts share the essential details of Judas’ betrayal, remorse, and suicide. Judas bought the field inadvertently through the priests. Luke states that Judas “fell head long and he burst open”. It has been suggested that the field could have been on a cliff and Judas’ body could have fallen off or it could have been that Judas’ body only rotted away. One interpretation connects the two, suggesting that after Judas hanged himself, his decomposing corpse fell to the ground and burst open.


title: Akeldama

text: In his "Onomasticon" (ed. Klostermann, p. 102, 16), Eusebius says the "field of Haceldama" lies nearer to "Thafeth of the Valley of Ennom". But under the word "Haceldama" (p. 38, 20) he says that this field was pointed out as being "north of Mount Sion". St. Jerome changed this to "south of Mount Sion" (p. 39, 27).


title: Akeldama

text: During the era of the Crusades, it was used to bury the fifty or more patients who died each day in the hospital run by the Knights Hospitaller in Jerusalem.


title: Akeldama

text: In the 12th century, the crusaders erected beyond the field, on the south side of the valley of Hinnom, a large building now in a ruined condition, measuring seventy-eight feet in length from east to west, fifty-eight feet in width and thirty in height on the north. It is roofed and covers towards the southern end several natural grottoes, which were once used as sepulchres of the Jewish type, and a ditch is hollowed out at the northern end which is sixty-eight feet long, twenty-one feet wide and thirty feet deep. It is estimated that the bones and rubbish accumulated there form a bed from ten to fifteen feet thick.


title: Akeldama

text: In 1892 the Greek Orthodox Church built a monastery at the site, named after Saint Onuphrius. Many burial caves have been identified in and around the monastery.


title: Akeldama

text: One of Jerusalem’s main cemeteries during the Second Temple period is a burial complex carved into dense limestone bedrock of a steep slope descending into the meeting point of the Hinnom and Kidron Valleys, 90 meters east of the monastery wall. They were first systematically studied in 1901. In 1989 a construction project was halted when bulldozers revealed the presence of burial caves cut into the rocks; construction was halted, and the Israel Antiquities Authority allowed archaeologists to investigate.


title: Akeldama

text: The "Tomb of the Shroud" in Akeldama is "one of very few examples of a preserved shrouded human burial" dating to the first-century, with the bone samples yielding evidence of the pathogens "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" and "Mycobacterium leprae", the latter being "the earliest case of leprosy with a confirmed date in which "M. leprae" DNA was detected".


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Jennifer Tallulah Humphrey is one of the characters in both the "Gossip Girl" and "The It Girl" series of novels by Cecily von Ziegesar. She is portrayed by Taylor Momsen in the "Gossip Girl" television adaptation on The CW.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Jennifer Humphrey is the daughter of Rufus Humphrey, an editor of Beat poets who has never been published himself, and Jeanette Humphrey, who ran off with a European aristocrat. She has an older brother, Dan Humphrey, an aspiring writer. Jenny is a student at the Constance Billard School for Girls, a small, elite, all-girls school on the Upper East Side that Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf also attend. In the book series, Jenny is described as a short, well-endowed brunette, but the television show depicts her as tall, skinny and blonde.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: In the "Gossip Girl" prequel "It Had to Be You", Jenny is noted for having a rather flat chest until she begins taking breast enlargement supplements, which are the cause of her DD cup size.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Jenny is the protagonist of the book series "The It Girl", which shows her new life after she gets expelled from Constance Billard and starts at Waverly Academy in upstate New York. In "The It Girl", Jenny tries to reinvent herself as a "popular and sophisticated city girl" and leave behind the person she was at Constance. When Jenny arrives at Waverly, she finds the students even more attractive, athletic, and intimidating than she had imagined. Jenny then meets her two new exceptionally beautiful and popular roommates: lithe and blonde Southern girl Callie Vernon, and red-headed, green-eyed, sophisticated New Jerseyan Brett Messerschmidt. She quickly learns that she has replaced their old best friend, the extremely attractive and notorious Tinsley Carmichael. Jenny can't help but feel that sleeping in such a lucky bed must rub off.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Jenny Humphrey is introduced in Season 1. A pretty, blonde freshman at Constance Billard, she tries desperately to fit in with Blair's clique, but Blair makes it difficult for her, subjecting Jenny to the rules of high school hierarchy. A possible friendship ends when Blair discovers Nate's lingering feelings for Serena and Jenny's interest in Nate, entailing further cruelty to Jenny. When Blair's affair with Chuck Bass is exposed, Nate approaches Jenny and Blair's affair is made public. Blair's friends shun her for her hypocrisy and establish Jenny as the new Queen Bee of Constance Billard. Despite being one of the school It Girls, she is driven to prove herself. Lacking self-confidence because she is not as rich as the other girls, she sells her sewing machine and barters an expensive dress she stole from one of her friends. When Blair throws her a surprise birthday party, the other girls discover that Jenny stole the dress, bringing Blair's scheme to fruition. Jenny retaliates by bringing Nate with her to Blair's victory party and winning the girls to her side. Jenny and Blair then struggle for the position of Queen Bee. Jenny thinks she's found true love with Asher Hornsby, but their romance is short-lived when she discovers that he is gay. He convinces her to say that she lost her virginity to him in order to dispel the rumors that he is gay, promising that as long as she pretends it's true, he'll give her privileges that the Upper East Side can offer. But Blair and Eric out Asher at his own party, and Jenny confesses that she lied about having sex with him. Blair's clique abandons her once again, and she later finds Blair to tell her that she's won as it's "not worth it". In the season finale, Jenny receives an internship at Blair's mother Eleanor's company.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: At the beginning of season 2, Jenny spends her summer working hard as a new intern for Eleanor Waldorf Designs. She apologizes to Eric for her behavior the previous season. He forgives her and invites her to the White Party in the Hamptons, where he introduces her to Tinsley Mortimer and she proves her worth to one of Eleanor's supervisors.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Eleanor fires Jenny after a critical remark about one of her dresses, but during a citywide blackout, Eleanor realizes her talent and hires Jenny. After constant harassment by Blair's minions, Jenny decides to skip school to pursue a future in fashion.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Blair and Serena have another fight about Serena's growing popularity, and Jenny is dragged into it during Eleanor's fashion show. When she changes the seating arrangement Blair had planned, Blair retaliates by telling Rufus that Jenny has been skipping school, and he confronts her. Blair attempts to sabotage Jenny's work in the show but Jenny improvises, proposing that Serena and the socialites walk the runway. In an effort to ruin Serena, Blair switches the final dress with one that Jenny made, drawing Eleanor's ire. The dress is a huge hit with the audience and the fashion show is a big success. Jenny realizes Blair's frustrations with her friendship with Serena, commenting that they have worked hard for what they’ve wanted and Serena just glides through. Eleanor later praises Jenny for her work.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Rufus eventually agrees to Jenny being home-schooled after seeing how committed and good at her job she is. At work, Jenny befriends Agnes Andrews (Willa Holland), a model who convinces her to start her own fashion line. Realizing that working for Eleanor won't help her develop as a designer and that Eleanor has begun to take advantage of her talents, Jenny leaves. Jenny also begins a short relationship with Nate when they share a passionate kiss after he rescues her from being taken advantage of by an older photographer. Jenny and Rufus argue over her quitting Eleanor's and Jenny moves out of the Humphreys' apartment and moves in with Agnes, who suggests that they plan a guerrilla fashion show at the charity gala honoring Lily and Bart. The show is a big success but Vanessa witnesses her kissing Nate, thereby straining their friendship. Rufus tries to get her arrested but is stopped by Lily. Agnes's fiery temper and their growing disagreements over the clothing line make it hard for them to close a business deal. Jenny steals Agnes's contact list, attempting to make a deal by herself. Upon learning of Jenny's betrayal, Agnes burns all her dresses and kicks her out of her apartment, leaving her with nothing.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Upon learning that she is too young to start her own business, she attempts to file for emancipation, but Rufus refuses. On Thanksgiving, Lily finds the papers after discovering that Jenny has been hiding in their apartment with Eric, and warns Rufus. Rufus and Jenny reconcile after a little persuasion from Eleanor and she returns home. During the Snowflake Ball, Jenny learns that Vanessa and Nate are back together even though Vanessa was aware of Nate's feelings for her. Nate breaks up with her after she helps to humiliate Vanessa at the ball. Jenny returns to Constance and is forced to contend with Blair's minions.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: During the season finale and Serena's hunt for Gossip Girl, Jenny decides to compete to be the next Queen Bee after Blair leaves. She almost drops out, but Blair gives her a touching speech about keeping her eye on the prize. In the end Blair chooses Jenny and crowns her queen of Constance.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: After Jenny fails to bring about egalitarianism at Constance, she resolves to rule as Queen Bee with her own group of minions. With her new position and wealth, Jenny's social-climbing persona resurfaces and she begins to erase her former Brooklyn self, throwing away her homemade clothes and sewing machine. Worried that Jenny is turning into a typical Queen Bee, Eric and Jonathon attempt an intervention, but are humiliated by Jenny and her clique. Eric teams up with Blair to take down Jenny at the Cotillion Ball by sabotaging her escort. The plan backfires, and Jenny instead secures Nate to escort her, winning her the respect of the Queens at every prep school on the Upper East Side. As a consequence of Eric's scheming, Jonathan breaks up with him and a rift emerges in Jenny and Eric's relationship.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Chuck introduces her to Damien Dalgaard, son of the Belgian ambassador, who deals drugs. Liking his wild lifestyle, Jenny strikes up a relationship with him and helps him supply drugs to his customers while sharing in some of the profit, even stealing some of Lily's “headache pills”. Lily and Rufus find out about the drugs, which Damien covers up with a story about his father. Against Rufus's will, Jenny continues her relationship with Damien, who seems interested in taking it further. Jenny, who is a virgin, backs out at the last minute, causing Damien to break up with her, leaving her to face her family.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: At Rufus's suggestion, Eleanor reemploys Jenny to help out with her upcoming fashion show. Jenny is happy to be back, but is shocked to learn that one of the models she’ll be working with is Agnes, who, after the show finishes, takes revenge on Jenny by drugging her and leaving her in a bar to be taken advantage of. Nate rescues Jenny before anything happens to her. Because of this, Jenny's feelings for Nate reawaken and she aspires to win him over. She tries to kiss him but he resists her advances because he sees her only as a friend and because he is dating Serena. Jenny attempts to sabotage Serena and Nate's relationship by lying to Serena and implying to Nate that she is having an affair with Carter Baizen. Jenny's attempts fail, and her relationship with both is left tenuous after Nate kicks her out of his apartment.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: At a gala event where Serena's recently returned father William Van Der Woodsen is making a speech, a former client of Damien's approaches Jenny, angrily telling her the drugs she sold her (Lily's cancer medication) gave her a yeast infection. Rufus overhears this and grounds Jenny to the Humphrey apartment in Brooklyn. During her punishment, Jenny researches Lily's medicine and tells Chuck there is something very wrong with the medication Serena's father is prescribing her. It is discovered that William has lied to Lily about her condition and been giving her drugs that make her sick in a plot to win her back from Rufus. Seeing an opportunity to break up Rufus and Lily and return her family to the way it was before, Jenny attempts to sabotage Blair, Chuck, and Nate's plan to unveil William's deception. When William is about to be held accountable, she quickly runs to William and warns him, telling him the police are coming to get him, and urges him to escape. Back at the van der Woodsen penthouse she reveals that she warned William and says she wishes her family could go back to normal: "When I lived in Brooklyn, I may have had to ride the subway to school, and make my own clothes, but at least our family was happy". Rufus says the only thing that needs to return to normal is Jenny. Eric is hurt by Jenny's attempt to leave the family, and says that if she wants out, no one is forcing her to stay.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Jenny hits rock bottom after sending Gossip Girl a picture of Dan and Serena in bed together, jeopardizing Dan and Nate's friendship, Dan and Vanessa's relationship, and breaking up Nate and Serena's relationship. Blair confronts Jenny, telling her, “Nate loves Serena, Dan loves Vanessa — God knows why — and Chuck loves me. But you, Jenny? No one loves you except your daddy. And after what you pulled yesterday, who knows if that's even true anymore?” Emotionally distressed, Jenny goes to Nate's apartment but instead finds Chuck devastated over his break-up with Blair and in her state of vulnerability, Jenny loses her virginity to Chuck. Afterward, Blair arrives willing to take Chuck back and Jenny sneaks out. She breaks down in tears to Eric, telling him that everyone hates her and that she slept with Chuck. Eric tells Dan, who confronts Chuck just as he is about to propose to Blair. Jenny, in tears, leaves with Rufus and Lily. A week later, she says her goodbyes to her family and leaves to finish high school with her mother in Hudson.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Jenny has been living in Hudson with her mother since May. Blair finds Jenny preparing for an interview with Tim Gunn, and grants her a special day pass. When Chuck steals Jenny's portfolio, she is forced to visit The Empire Hotel, where Blair had forbidden her to go. This results in Blair and Jenny scheming against each other, and Jenny eventually telling Gossip Girl that she lost her virginity to Chuck, not Damien Dalgaard. While Jenny is left feeling victorious, a defeated Blair blames Chuck. Jenny ultimately realises the damage of her return and decides to leave for good, telling Blair and Chuck that their vindictive games against each other will soon destroy them both.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Juliet and Vanessa Skype Jenny, asking for help to take down Serena. Jenny doesn't want to go back to her old tricks but also feels Serena is to blame for everything that happened last year and can never take blame for anything, so she agrees to help with the scheme. But when Serena ends up in the hospital after being drugged by Juliet, Jenny tells Juliet that she is going to come clean with everyone about their scheme. Juliet warns her that she will be going down alone. When Jenny appears at the hospital, Vanessa has already pinned the entire scheme on her; unable to defend herself, she leaves, showing up at Blair's later that night, telling her that Juliet was behind everything and that she and Vanessa were merely accomplices. To prove her story, she hands Blair Juliet's masquerade mask and earns Blair's forgiveness. After confessing to Blair, she says she would love to help her take down Juliet, but she should return to Hudson rather than become involved in another scheme.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: In the premiere episode of season 5, "Yes, Then Zero", Rufus reveals that Jenny moved to London to attend Central Saint Martins.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: In the final episode of the series, it is revealed that Jenny knew that her brother, Dan Humphrey, was the mysterious blogger behind Gossip Girl. She returns to the Upper East Side, appearing in the five-year time jump for her brother's wedding to Serena van der Woodsen. Jenny works as a designer for Blair's fashion empire, implying that they have gotten over their past animosity. Together they create their own clothing line, "J for Waldorf".


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Rumors have been made throughout Gossip Girl's first few seasons that Jenny would be given her own spin-off, in line with the character leaving for boarding school just like the novels. News later confirmed that producers did not pick up the spin-off.


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: Jenny's character further gained prominence during the show's third season. Enid Portugez of the "Los Angeles Times" praised Jenny's fashionable skills, stating that "Jenny capped off the drama by showing us she's becoming extremely adept at becoming a drug dealer. Her brilliant idea to sew pills into jacket paillettes could have easily won her a "Project Runway" challenge! Despite the illegality of it all, it was nice to see Jenny put her wit and wiles to use..." Following the dramatic events during the third season finale, Michael Ausiello praised both Leighton Meester and Taylor Momsen's performance. L.J. Gibbs, from "TV Fanatic", gave the episode a 3.5 rating star out of 5, and said that he felt that Chuck being shot at the end of the episode was a very "cheap move by the writers", and that the storyline involving Chuck and Jenny having sex was very "unlikely". Mark O. Estes, from "TV Overmind", had also praised Taylor Momsen's performance in the episode and said that he "wish that Jenny had of gotten her own spin-off", and questions that if her send-off in this episode means that the show's writers have a "Katherine Heigl" situation on their hands". However, Jenny was included on "TV Guide" list of "The Most Loathed TV Characters".


title: Jenny Humphrey

text: When asked during a "Vanity Fair" interview if "real" girls could afford the looks from the show, costume designers Eric Daman and Meredith Markworth-Pollack commented on Jenny's style and stated "Of course! Have fun with it like Jenny Humphrey does, and listen to your fashion sense. Go to a vintage or thrift store and have it tailored so it looks like Marc Jacobs [...] but it’s all about individuality."


title: Disjoint sets

text: In mathematics, two sets are said to be disjoint sets if they have no element in common. Equivalently, two disjoint sets are sets whose intersection is the empty set. For example, {1, 2, 3} and {4, 5, 6} are "disjoint sets," while {1, 2, 3} and {3, 4, 5} are not disjoint. A collection of two or more sets is called disjoint if any two distinct sets of the collection are disjoint.


title: Disjoint sets

text: This definition of disjoint sets can be extended to a family of sets formula_1: the family is pairwise disjoint, or mutually disjoint if formula_2 whenever formula_3. Alternatively, some authors use the term disjoint to refer to this notion as well.


title: Disjoint sets

text: For families the notion of pairwise disjoint or mutually disjoint is sometimes defined in a subtly different manner, in that repeated identical members are allowed: the family is pairwise disjoint if formula_2 whenever formula_5 (every two "distinct" sets in the family are disjoint). For example, the collection of sets is disjoint, as is the set of the two parity classes of integers; the family formula_6 with 10 members is not disjoint (because the classes of even and odd numbers are each present five times), but it is pairwise disjoint according to this definition (since one only gets a non-empty intersection of two members when the two are the same class).


title: Disjoint sets

text: Two sets are said to be almost disjoint sets if their intersection is small in some sense. For instance, two infinite sets whose intersection is a finite set may be said to be almost disjoint.


title: Disjoint sets

text: In topology, there are various notions of separated sets with more strict conditions than disjointness. For instance, two sets may be considered to be separated when they have disjoint closures or disjoint neighborhoods. Similarly, in a metric space, positively separated sets are sets separated by a nonzero distance.


title: Disjoint sets

text: Disjointness of two sets, or of a family of sets, may be expressed in terms of intersections of pairs of them.


title: Disjoint sets

text: If a collection contains at least two sets, the condition that the collection is disjoint implies that the intersection of the whole collection is empty. However, a collection of sets may have an empty intersection without being disjoint. Additionally, while a collection of less than two sets is trivially disjoint, as there are no pairs to compare, the intersection of a collection of one set is equal to that set, which may be non-empty. For instance, the three sets have an empty intersection but are not disjoint. In fact, there are no two disjoint sets in this collection. Also the empty family of sets is pairwise disjoint.


title: Disjoint sets

text: A Helly family is a system of sets within which the only subfamilies with empty intersections are the ones that are pairwise disjoint. For instance, the closed intervals of the real numbers form a Helly family: if a family of closed intervals has an empty intersection and is minimal (i.e. no subfamily of the family has an empty intersection), it must be pairwise disjoint.


title: Disjoint sets

text: A partition of a set "X" is any collection of mutually disjoint non-empty sets whose union is "X". Every partition can equivalently be described by an equivalence relation, a binary relation that describes whether two elements belong to the same set in the partition.


title: Disjoint sets

text: Disjoint-set data structures and partition refinement are two techniques in computer science for efficiently maintaining partitions of a set subject to, respectively, union operations that merge two sets or refinement operations that split one set into two.


title: Disjoint sets

text: A disjoint union may mean one of two things. Most simply, it may mean the union of sets that are disjoint. But if two or more sets are not already disjoint, their disjoint union may be formed by modifying the sets to make them disjoint before forming the union of the modified sets. For instance two sets may be made disjoint by replacing each element by an ordered pair of the element and a binary value indicating whether it belongs to the first or second set.


title: Disjoint sets

text: For families of more than two sets, one may similarly replace each element by an ordered pair of the element and the index of the set that contains it.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Baseball was featured at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in Tokyo, for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics. Six national teams competed in the tournament: Israel, Japan (host), Mexico, South Korea, the United States, and the Dominican Republic.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Baseball/softball was one of five sports that were added to the programme of the 2020 Summer Olympics only. It will not return in 2024. The tournament was originally scheduled to be held in 2020, but on 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the games were played behind closed doors.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Six national teams qualified for the Olympic baseball tournament. Japan automatically qualified, as the host nation. Israel qualified by winning the September 2019 Europe/Africa continental tournament.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Two teams qualified through the 2019 WBSC Premier12 tournament in November 2019. South Korea qualified as the best-placed team from the Asia/Oceania region (other than Japan, which already qualified as host), while Mexico qualified as the best-placed team from the Americas.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The United States qualified by winning the Americas Qualifying Event that was originally scheduled to take place in March 2020, but was postponed to May/June 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The final spot was awarded to the Dominican Republic which won a world Final Qualifying Tournament in late June 2021.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The small number of teams in the tournament resulted in an unusual competition format being adopted that featured 16 games. There was an opening group round-robin round, and a modified double-elimination bracket.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: For the group round, there were two pools of three teams each. Each team played the other two teams in its pool once. A total of six games were played in the group round.


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: In the knockout round, the first three games featured teams that each finished in the same position in their respective pools (A1 vs B1, A2 vs B2, A3 vs B3). The loser of the A3 vs. B3 game was eliminated (with only one loss in the elimination round, plus one or two in the group stage). After this, play continued in double-elimination format until there is one team left in each of the winners and losers brackets. Those two teams played in the gold medal game (a single game; the losers bracket representative does not need to beat the winners bracket representative twice). The last two teams eliminated from the losers bracket played in the bronze medal game. In total, 10 games are played in the knockout round:


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: Thus, the best two teams from group play face each other in the quarterfinals, with a possible rematch later in the tournament (including the gold medal game, if the winner also wins its next game and the loser wins its next two).


title: Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The schedule was announced on 28 June 2021. Note that "Qualification" column represents positional seeding in the knockout stage, effective at the conclusion of the group stage.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys) is a cavalry regiment of the British Army, and the senior Scottish regiment. The regiment, through the Royal Scots Greys, is the oldest surviving Cavalry Regiment of the Line in the British Army. The regiment is based at Waterloo Lines, Leuchars Station, as part of 51st Infantry Brigade and Headquarters Scotland, a light adaptable force brigade.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards were formed on 2 July 1971 at Holyrood, Edinburgh, by the amalgamation of the 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards) (themselves the product of the amalgamation in 1922 of 3rd Dragoon Guards (Prince of Wales's) and 6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers)), and The Royal Scots Greys (2nd Dragoons).


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: Soon after, the regiment deployed on four tours of Northern Ireland in 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1980, suffering one fatality in 1972, when Trooper Ian Hunter Caie was killed by a bomb in a beer barrel that exploded in the path of his Ferret scout car in Moybane, near Crossmaglen County Armagh.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The regiment saw active service during the Gulf War in 1991 deploying 57 Challenger tanks and in Bosnia as part of SFOR in 1996–97. In 1998, it became the first regiment in the British Army to operate the Challenger 2 main battle tank. It deployed to Kosovo, as part of KFOR, in 2000.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The regiment deployed to Iraq for Operation Telic, the British element of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The bulk of the regiment deployed as part of the Scots Dragoon Guards Battle Group with a single squadron (A Squadron) detached to the First Battalion The Black Watch Battle Group. All deployed elements of the regiment took part in the advance on Iraq's second largest city, Basra. Prior to reaching Basra, A Squadron fought in and around Az Zubayr and C Squadron was detached from the SCOTS DG BG to fight with 3 Commando Brigade in actions south of Basra that included Britain's largest tank engagement since the Gulf War, when 14 Challenger 2 tanks engaged and destroyed 14 Iraqi tanks (the so-called '14–0' engagement).


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The regiment saw more deployments to Iraq in 2006 and 2008, where it suffered two casualties, Lieutenant Richard Palmer and Corporal Gordon Pritchard. In 2008, 2011 and 2013/14 the regiment deployed to Afghanistan. The pipes and drums distinguished themselves, winning the award for "Album of the Year" at the 2009 Classical Brits for "Spirit of the Glen: Journey," recorded on active service.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: In November 2013, the unit bade farewell to its Challenger 2 tanks and converted to a Light Cavalry unit, armed with Jackal vehicles. Under the Army 2020 plan, it was reroled as a light cavalry unit, and moved to Leuchars Station in summer 2015. On 29 September 2015, Queen Elizabeth II visited Leuchars, where she named the north part of the camp 'Waterloo Lines' in celebration of 200 years since the Battle of Waterloo.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Regiment deployed to Cyprus with the United Nations on Operation TOSCA 27 where they conducted peace-keeping for six months from September 2017.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Regiment deployed to Poland in 2019 and 2020 on Operation CABRIT as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence Poland Battlegroup on two separate six month deployments with the A Squadron lead contingent named "Dragoon Troop" and the C Squadron lead Contingent named "Balaklava Troop".


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the unit deployed on Operation RESCRIPT where they assisted the NHS and local authorities across the UK.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: In 2022, the unit will resubordinate to 7th Brigade Combat Team as part of Future Soldier and deploy to Mali on Operation Newcombe.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The regiment has converted to the role of light cavalry as part of restructuring in the army under Army 2020. It is now equipped with Jackal armoured fighting vehicles. The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards is paired with the Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry, an Army Reserve light cavalry regiment.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: In the regiment, all soldiers with the rank of OR-2 are called 'Troopers', an ode to the regiment's cavalry lineage.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Museum is situated at Edinburgh Castle. Opened in 2006, the exhibits include uniforms, medals, weapons, regalia, music and the French Imperial Eagle that was captured by Sergeant Charles Ewart of the Royal Scots Greys from the French "45th Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne" at the Battle of Waterloo.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The regiment's official abbreviation (as listed in Joint Service Publication 101 (Service Writing)) is SCOTS DG (note all capitals and the space), the format of which follows the traditional Cavalry line.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The cap badge features an eagle, which represents the French Imperial Eagle that was captured by Sergeant Charles Ewart of the Royal Scots Greys from the French 45th Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Waterloo. It is always worn with a black backing in mourning for Tsar Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, who was their Colonel-in-Chief at the time of his execution. The cap badge also has the crossed carbines of the 3rd Carabiniers at the rear of the eagle.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Plume of The Prince of Wales with its motto ""Ich Dien"" is worn by all members of the Regiment embroidered on the upper part of the left sleeve. The right to wear this badge was granted to the 3rd Dragoon Guards in 1765, subsequently became the cap badge and later, with the crossed carabines, formed the badge of the 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's).


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The distinctive yellow zigzag (or "vandyke") cap band was inherited from the Royal Scots Greys, who had worn it since the mid-19th century.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: As a royal regiment, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards is permitted to wear the Royal Stewart tartan, which was a privilege granted by King George VI, and is worn by the regiment's pipers.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Loyal Toast is drunk at formal dinners in the Mess and is always taken seated, except when Royalty is present. On evenings when a military band is present, besides playing God Save the King the band also plays "God Bless the Prince of Wales", an old 3rd Dragoon Guards custom, and the "Imperial Russian Anthem" in memory of Tsar Nicholas II, the Colonel-in-Chief of the Scots Greys, killed with his family during the Russian Civil War (1918).


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The regiment has its own pipe band, who were first formed in 1946 and tour widely, performing in competitions, concerts and parades. It was the first official organized pipes and drums in the history of the regiment. Their most famous piece is "Amazing Grace", which reached number one in the charts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa in 1972. The track sold over seven million copies by mid 1977, and was awarded a gold disc. The track was also featured in the 1978 version of "Invasion of the Body Snatchers".


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The band released a new CD in late November 2007 through Universal Music, featuring a number of classic pipe tunes along with some modern arrangements, which was recorded while the regiment was based in Iraq. The album "Spirit of the Glen" was produced by Jon Cohen and released by Universal on 26 November 2007. It was a remake of their most popular song "Amazing Grace" and featured the Czech Film Orchestra. "Spirit of the Glen" was officially launched at Edinburgh Castle and won "Album of the Year" at the 2009 Classical Brits. They have also made regular appearances at the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo over the years.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The bass drummer parades with a distinctive white bearskin cap with red plume. Adopted in 1887 for the jubilee of Queen Victoria, it was originally worn by the mounted kettle drummer of the band. At some point, the white bearskin cap passed to the pipes and drums of the regiment. Folklore has it that the white bearskin was presented to the regiment by Tsar Nicholas II, the Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Scots Greys, however this is incorrect according to the regimental history. Additionally, pictures exist of the white bearskin cap in use by the regimental kettle drummer prior to 1894 when Tsar Nicholas II was crowned.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: Following the formation of the new regiment, the regimental bands of the 3rd Dragoon Guards and The Royal Scots Greys merged to form the Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The band deployed with the regiment on all operations, including during the Gulf War. Following massive reductions to the army in 1992, the band amalgamated with the Band of the Queen's Dragoon Guards and Band of the Royal Dragoon Guards to form the new, smaller, Band of the Dragoon Guards. The percussion section of the new band, as an ode to The Royal Scots Greys, wore bearskins with a large crimson plume extending over the crest of the cap and black pants lined with yellow stripes. This was a direct copy of The Royal Scots Greys band's old uniforms. In addition, the Drum Major's uniform consisted of a black bearskin with large crimson plume over the crest of the cap and yellow pants, with the tunic of the Royal Dragoon Guards. Band of the Dragoon Guards picture.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: In 2006, this band amalgamated with the Cambrai Band of the Royal Tank Regiment to form the Heavy Cavalry and Cambrai Band, maintaining the percussion uniforms of the old band. Following the formation of the Band of the Royal Armoured Corps, the bearskin cap was lost, but the black and yellow pants were carried over.


title: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards

text: The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiners and Greys) inherited all of its antecedent Regiments' battle honours when it was formed in 1971. These consist:


title: UFC 256

text: UFC 256: Figueiredo vs. Moreno was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on December 12, 2020 at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.


title: UFC 256

text: The promotion was initially targeting a UFC Welterweight Championship bout between current champion Kamaru Usman (also welterweight winner) and Gilbert Burns to serve as the event headliner. The pairing was previously scheduled to meet in July at UFC 251. However, Burns was pulled from the contest after he and his coach, Greg Jones, tested positive for COVID-19. In turn, Usman faced, and defeated Jorge Masvidal at that event. On October 5, it was reported Usman pulled out from this bout, citing more time needed to recover from undisclosed injuries and the bout was postponed.


title: UFC 256

text: While not officially announced by the organization, the promotion was also targeting a UFC Women's Featherweight Championship bout between the current champion Amanda Nunes (also the current UFC Women's Bantamweight Champion) and former Invicta FC Featherweight Champion Megan Anderson to serve as the event headliner. In turn, it was announced on November 9 that Nunes pulled out due to an undisclosed injury and the bout was postponed to 2021.


title: UFC 256

text: A UFC Bantamweight Championship bout between current champion Petr Yan and Aljamain Sterling was originally scheduled to serve as the co-main event. Due to the aforementioned cancelations, they were then expected to headline the card. On November 22, Russian media revealed that the fight was also canceled due to personal reasons related to Yan and is expected to be booked at a later date. Those "personal reasons" were later revealed to be related to visa and travel issues.


title: UFC 256

text: Following his first title defense at UFC 255 on November 21, UFC Flyweight Champion Deiveson Figueiredo headlined this event against Brandon Moreno, who also fought at that same date. This booking represented the shortest turnaround between title fights by a champion in UFC history at just 21 days. Former Rizin FF Bantamweight Champion Manel Kape, who was expected to make his promotional debut a week later at , served as a potential replacement.


title: UFC 256

text: Former Invicta FC and UFC Women's Strawweight Champion Carla Esparza (also women's strawweight winner) was briefly scheduled to face Amanda Ribas at the event. However on October 9, it was announced that Esparza was pulled due to undisclosed reasons. Ribas was rescheduled against former Invicta FC Atomweight Champion Michelle Waterson at UFC 257.


title: UFC 256

text: A middleweight rematch between Omari Akhmedov and Marvin Vettori was briefly linked to the event. The pairing met previously at UFC 219 in December 2017, when they fought to a majority draw. On October 13, it was announced that Akhmedov pulled out due to undisclosed reasons and was replaced by former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Ronaldo Souza. In turn, Vettori was removed from the contest to serve as a replacement for the main event of a week earlier. Kevin Holland, whom Vettori replaced due to a COVID-19 positive test, was rescheduled to face Souza at this event.


title: UFC 256

text: A featherweight bout between Billy Quarantillo and Gavin Tucker took place at this event. The pairing was previously scheduled to meet at an event on April 25 that was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: UFC 256

text: Renato Moicano and Rafael Fiziev were expected to meet in a lightweight bout at . In turn, Moicano pulled out after testing positive for COVID-19 and the bout was rescheduled for this event.


title: UFC 256

text: Andrea Lee was expected to face Gillian Robertson in a women's flyweight bout at this event. However, Lee pulled out in early December due to a broken nose and Robertson was rescheduled to face Taila Santos at .


title: Malavika (actress)

text: Shweta Konnur Menon (born 19 July 1979), known by her stage name Malavika, is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Tamil films and a few Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam films.


title: Malavika (actress)

text: Malavika's birth name is Shweta Konnur. She was born to Aishwarya and Brigadier Jayvibhav Konnur in Bengaluru.


title: Malavika (actress)

text: Malavika shot to fame at the age of 19, with her debut in the 1999 Tamil movie "Unnai Thedi" with Ajith Kumar directed by Sundar C. The film went on to become a major blockbuster. She again was cast alongside Ajith in the film "Anandha Poongatre". She showed her acting skills in the film "Rojavanam", which established her as an actress and left her with three hits from three films. However, her fame was short lived as the film "Pooparika Varugirom" flopped, although the cast included Sivaji Ganesan.


title: Malavika (actress)

text: From 2000 to 2003 all her film failed at the box office except "Vetri Kodi Kattu" and "Seenu". She returned with Suriya in "Perazhagan" in a song. In 2004, she starred alongside Kamal Haasan in "Vasool Raja MBBS". She was cast in the film "Chandramukhi" (2005). Later in that year, she ventured into Bollywood again and acted in "C U at 9". She gave her best performance in the Tamil film "Thiruttu Payale" in 2006. She was also a part of Mani Ratnam's stage show, "Netru Indru Naalai". In 2007, she appeared in supporting roles such as "Vyapari", "Thirumagan", "Sabari", "Manikanda" and "Naan Avanillai". Since then, she has mostly seen in guest appearance roles in "Kuruvi" (2008), "Aayudham Seivom" (2008) and "Aarupadai" (2009).


title: Malavika (actress)

text: In 2022, Malavika returned to the film industry nearly after a decade with the film "Golmaal", directed by Pon Kumaran


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: David Kaufman (born July 23, 1961) is an American actor. He is best known for his voice roles of Dexter Douglas in "Freakazoid!", Jimmy Olsen in "", the titular protagonist in "Danny Phantom", Aldrin in "The Buzz on Maggie", Marty McFly in "Back to the Future", and Stuart Little in the animated series of the same name. He often is a voice double for Michael J. Fox.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: Kaufman was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. His father is Jewish, while his mother is Catholic. Kaufman began acting at a young age in his hometown when his kindergarten teacher handed him the plum lead role of Santa Claus in the class Christmas play.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: At the age of 18, Kaufman moved from St. Louis to attend UCLA; he was a student in the Department of Theater Arts.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: Since his college years, Kaufman has studied and worked extensively as a professional actor in films and television.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: He has worked with the Daly family of actors on several projects: He worked with Tim Daly on "" and its subsequent spin-offs, playing Jimmy Olsen. He also appeared with Daly in the series "Wings" in 1995 with his wife Lisa; the two portrayed a couple whose wedding Daly's character Joe and his fiancée Helen crash. He worked with Tim's sister, Tyne Daly on "Kids Like These" and will join Tim again in "Justice League: Doom", reprising his role of Jimmy Olsen.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: Kaufman has also worked as a commercial actor. One of his most prominent roles was as a dancing stockboy in a 1989 commercial for Hi-C Ecto Cooler.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: On June 30, 1990, Kaufman married actress Lisa Picotte; together, they have two children who are also actors, including Grace Kaufman and Henry Kaufman.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: Kaufman lent his voice to several well-known animated series, including Jimmy Olsen from ""/"", and "Justice League", and Dexter Douglas from "Freakazoid", as well as filling in for Michael J. Fox in both the roles of Marty McFly on "Back to the Future" and Stuart Little in HBO's "Stuart Little". He voiced Human Torch in "Ultimate Spider-Man", and reprised the role for both "", and "". Kaufman also provided the voice of Arik, a one-time character in the acclaimed Nickelodeon animated series "The Legend of Korra".


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: as well as spots for Honda, Hi-C Ecto-Cooler, Maxwell House, Dentyne, Chili's, Midas, Wendy's, Twiglets and British Petroleum, among others.


title: David Kaufman (actor)

text: He has been a member of the West Coast Ensemble in Los Angeles for over ten years, performing such varied roles as:


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: The Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (, abbreviated to KMar) is the national gendarmerie force of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, performing military and civilian police duties. It is also one of the two national police forces in the Netherlands, alongside the National Police, and is one of the four branches of the Netherlands Armed Forces.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: The was created by King William I to replace the French Gendarmerie on October 26, 1814. The word "gendarmerie" had gained a negative connotation, so William called the new force ""marechaussée"" (he forgot the first acute accent in the document). Maréchaussée is an alternate French word for "gendarmerie". In the French historical context, "Maréchaussée" had been the force's name under the Royal Ancien Regime, while the term "gendarmerie" had been adopted by the French Revolution - making the Royalist term preferable for the Dutch King.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: At that time, the Marechaussee was a part of the army (). The Marechaussee was tasked with maintaining public order, law enforcement, and safeguarding the main roads. Although not specifically mentioned, this included police duties for the army. As such, the Marechaussee was part of the national police ().


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: The Marechaussee was the only police force in many small municipalities, such as Venlo, especially in the southern provinces of Limburg and North Brabant (former Generality Lands).


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: In 1908, Queen Wilhelmina assigned the Marechaussee the task of guarding the royal palaces, which had previously been done by gardeners. To this day, guarding a palace is called " (clog service).


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: After in November 1938, the Dutch government officially closed its borders to any Jewish refugees. The Dutch Marechaussee border guards searched for them and returned any found to Germany, despite the horrors of being well known. In 1939 Nicholas Winton succeeded with his Kindertransport, thanks to the guarantees he had obtained from Britain. After the first train, the process of crossing the Netherlands went smoothly.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: On 5 July 1940, the German occupation government merged the Marechaussee with the and the . This meant that the Marechaussee lost its military status and the predicate Royal. These changes did not apply to the Marechaussee outside occupied Dutch territory. About 200 "marechaussees" guarded the Royal Family and the Dutch government-in-exile, and provided military police services to the Princess Irene Brigade, a brigade formed in the United Kingdom, consisting of Dutchmen.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: After World War II, the Marechaussee was split into a "Korps Rijkspolitie" (National Police Corps) (as a replacement of the and the ) and the , which regained its military status. The main tasks for the Marechaussee since then have been border protection, military police and guard duties.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: In 1994, the national and municipal police forces were merged into 25 regional police forces and the "Korps landelijke politiediensten" (National Police Services Agency). The National Police transferred its airport police and security tasks (primarily Schiphol) to the Marechaussee.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: In 2014, a team of 40 Marechausee officers went to eastern Ukraine to assist the investigation into the shooting down of Malaysian airliner MH17. They provided security for the international team and assistance in collecting evidence from the crash site.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: The emblem of the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee is, as with many other gendarmerie forces, a flaming grenade. In the 17th century, a new weapon was introduced in Europe: the hand grenade. The soldiers who handled grenades were called grenadiers. They became an elite type of soldier in all European armies. In France, the grenade symbol was adopted by the gendarmerie, and this was imitated by similar forces throughout Europe.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: The present marechaussee is a police organisation with a military status, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense, but mostly working for the Ministry of Security and Justice and the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. The RNLM performs the following duties:


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: The Royal Netherlands Marechaussee wants to define its tasks better so that tasks can be carried out in a targeted manner. The KMar also wants to be deployed more as a team, in the future and to avoid having to operate as an individual. At the same time it wants to operate better through automation and the purchase of new systems, especially with regard to ICT and tactical deployment of vehicles/boats and aircraft.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: The purchase of new equipment is also part of this, including the GBB (Armed Civil Aviation Security) and the HRB (High Risk Security) are getting new Baltic vests. The YPR-765 is also being replaced with the Iveco Medium Tactical Vehicle. Dutch Defense Vehicles (DDV) is also working on a mobile command post and a mobile interrogation room, both based on the Iveco Daily. DDV calls these vehicles AthenA.


title: Royal Marechaussee

text: In the course of time the two acute accents of the French spelling (Maréchaussée) were dropped. The lowest ranking personnel are referred to as marechaussees (without the capital M), a rank comparable to lance corporal and corporal.


title: Aguilera (album)

text: Aguilera is the ninth studio album by American singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera. It was released digitally through Sony Music Latin on May 31, 2022, as the follow up to her first Spanish-language album, "Mi Reflejo" (2000). As a trilogy album, "Aguilera" consists of three "chapters" with each being released as a separate extended play (EP): "La Fuerza", "La Tormenta" and "La Luz". Titled after her surname, the album pays tribute to Aguilera's Latin-American heritage, her Ecuadorian father, and her childhood and as a means to connect her children with their Latin heritage.