title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The Baron is newly engaged to Sophie Faninal ("Selbstverständlich empfängt mich Ihro Gnaden"), the daughter of a wealthy merchant, though this does not keep him from making lewd comments at the disguised Octavian. Ochs has come to ask two favors: he wants to borrow his cousin's notary to write the marriage contract, and he wants her recommendation of a young nobleman to serve as his Rosenkavalier ("Knight of the Rose"), who will deliver the traditional silver engagement rose to Sophie. The Marschallin instructs "Mariandel" to fetch Octavian's miniature portrait and present it to the Baron. Ochs easily accepts Octavian as his Rosenkavalier, deciding that the "maid" must be that young count's "bastard sister", then insists that the Marschallin allow "Mariandel" to come and work for his new bride. She refuses as politely as possible and finally dismisses the "maid".


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: A busy reception scene ensues as the room fills with vendors and supplicants to the Marschallin ("Drei arme adelige Waisen"), who ignores the former and aids the latter. A tenor sent by the Portuguese ambassador serenades her ("Di rigori armato") while Ochs sits down with the notary. Two Italian intriguers, Valzacchi and Annina, present scandal sheets for sale, which the Marschallin coldly declines. Ochs tries to stipulate a gift from Sophie's family consisting of all their properties, free from mortgages, and quickly loses patience with the notary's attempts to explain that this is illegal. Amidst all the activity, the Marschallin remarks to her hairdresser: "My dear Hippolyte, today you have made me look like an old woman." ("Mein lieber Hippolyte"). This so disturbs her that she orders the room to be emptied. As the people file out, Valzacchi and Annina offer Baron Ochs their spying services. He asks whether they know anything about "Mariandel"; they promptly lie and claim to know all about her.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The Marschallin, now alone, ponders her waning youth and the unhappiness of her forced marriage, perceiving the same in store for Sophie Faninal ("Da geht er hin..."). Octavian returns, dressed again in men's clothes ("Ach, du bist wieder da"). When he sees that the Marschallin is out of sorts, he assumes it is from her earlier fear that he might have been discovered. But she is still thinking of the passage of time (a clock is heard chiming thirteen times) and tells him that, very soon, he will leave her for someone younger and prettier. Octavian reacts with frustration, and the Marschallin turns him away. Too late, she realizes that she has neglected to kiss him goodbye. With nothing else to be done, she summons her young page, Mohammed, to take the silver rose to Octavian, then stares pensively into her hand mirror (or similar) as the curtain falls.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The next day, Herr von Faninal exultantly and Sophie nervously await the arrival of the Rosenkavalier ("Ein ernster Tag, ein grosser Tag!"). Following tradition, Faninal departs before the Knight appears, saying that he will return with the bridegroom. Sophie prays to keep her sense of humility through all the rapid changes happening in her life, but she is repeatedly interrupted by her duenna, Marianne, who reports from the window on the Rosenkavalier's elaborate entourage ("In dieser feierlichen Stunde der Prüfung"). Octavian arrives with great pomp, dressed all in silver, and presents the silver rose to Sophie ("Mir ist die Ehre widerfahren..."). She smells it, saying it is as sweet as a greeting from Heaven itself. Octavian, instantly smitten, joins her avowal that they will remember this moment until death.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: They settle into a chaperoned conversation. Sophie reveals that she already knows Octavian's full name – Octavian Maria Ehrenreich Bonaventura Fernand Hyacinth Rofrano – from studying the catalogue of Austrian nobility to prepare for her marriage. She even knows his nickname: Quinquin, which only intimate friends (including the Marschallin) call him. She adds that she likes him very much. Ochs then enters with Faninal ("Jetzt aber kommt mein Herr Zukünftiger") and wastes no time revealing his character to the bride, loudly examining Sophie's body and comparing her to "an unbroken filly" when she protests. Once he leaves the room with Faninal to finalize the marriage contract, Sophie and Octavian quickly agree that she will not marry the Baron under any circumstances.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The young lovers' rapturous duet ("Mit Ihren Augen voll Tränen") is soon interrupted by Valzacchi and Annina, who surprise them and call for Ochs. Octavian challenges the Baron to a duel. Ochs runs forward, scratches his arm on the point of Octavian's drawn sword, and screams so that Faninal and the rest of the household come rushing in. Sophie begs her father to call off the wedding, to no avail: Octavian is asked to leave, and Sophie is sent to her room. Ochs is left on the divan, his arm in a sling, nursing a bottle of Hippocras and fantasies of revenge against Octavian. But Annina brings him something that raises his spirits much more quickly: a letter signed by "Mariandel," the "chambermaid" from Act 1, asking for a tryst. At this, Ochs forgets his sling and waltzes across the stage, ignoring Annina's hints for a tip – and missing her quiet promise to get even ("Da lieg' ich!").


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Valzacchi and Annina, fed up with the Baron, help Octavian prepare a trap the following evening. Elaborate preparations are seen in pantomime before Ochs arrives with "Mariandel," ready for a cozy dinner at a table set for two.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: In spite of himself, Ochs is disturbed by "Mariandel's" uncanny resemblance to his nemesis Octavian, and he keeps catching glimpses of strange apparitions in the room. A disguised Annina bursts in, calling Ochs her husband and the father of her (numerous) children, who crowd around him crying "Papa! Papa!" The Baron calls for the police; to his unpleasant surprise, the vice squad treats "him" with suspicion, and Valzacchi is suddenly claiming not to know him. The police inspector asks about the "woman" accompanying him, and Ochs lies that "she" is his fiancée, Sophie Faninal – just in time for Herr von Faninal to arrive, demanding to know why Ochs' messenger (presumably Valzacchi) has summoned him to this disreputable place. When asked if "Mariandel" is his daughter, Faninal retorts in a rage that his daughter is outside. The real Sophie enters, confirming this statement, and her apoplectic father staggers out, leaning on her shoulder.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: "Mariandel" now offers to make a statement in private, and retires behind a screen with the Police Inspector. Soon Ochs sees articles of women's clothing coming into view. He rages against the vice squad, but is interrupted by the arrival of the Marschallin. The Police Inspector greets her before clearing the room, and she explains to the Baron that he has been had. Sophie returns and tells Ochs that their engagement is off; Octavian emerges, and the Marschallin confirms that Octavian, Valzacchi, Annina, and others set up a "masquerade" together to break his engagement. Ochs, glancing back and forth between Octavian and the Marschallin, now grasps the nature of their relationship and implies that he may tell the Marschallin's husband of it, but he is cowed by the Marschallin's force of will (if not the sight of Octavian's sword) and ingloriously departs, pursued by children and bill collectors.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The Marschallin, Sophie, and Octavian are left alone, and Octavian does not know what to do. The Marschallin introduces herself to Sophie, recognizing that the day she feared has come (Trio: "Marie Theres'!" / "Hab' mir's gelobt"), and releases Octavian to be with the woman he truly loves. She then withdraws, with a promise to Sophie that she will offer Faninal a face-saving ride home in her carriage. As soon as she is gone, Sophie and Octavian run to each other's arms. Faninal and the Marschallin return to find them locked in an embrace. With a last, bittersweet look toward her lost lover, the Marschallin heads for the carriage with Faninal. Sophie and Octavian follow after another brief but ecstatic love duet ("Ist ein Traum" / "Spür' nur dich"). The opera ends with little Mohammed trotting in to retrieve Sophie's dropped handkerchief, then racing out again after the others.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: In 1945 Strauss allowed an orchestral "Rosenkavalier" Suite to be published, but he was apparently not involved in creating it. It is likely that conductor Artur Rodziński arranged it, as he had conducted the Suite's first performance, which was in October 1944 by the New York Philharmonic.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The suite begins with the opera's orchestral prelude, depicting the night of passion (vividly portrayed by whooping horns) between the Marschallin and Octavian. Next comes the appearance of Octavian as the "Rosenkavalier", which is depicted in tender music; the sight of him looking so young makes the Marschallin realise that he will soon leave her for a younger woman. There follows the duet between Octavian and Sophie (oboe and horn) – in which their love for each other becomes ever more obvious, but this is abruptly interrupted by the discordant music associated with the clumsy arrival of Ochs. Next the violins tentatively introduce the first waltz, which is followed by another given out by the solo violin, before the whole orchestra settles into waltz mode. A general pause and a violin solo leads into the nostalgic music where the Marschallin sadly realises she has lost Octavian. Then comes its ecstatic climax. The work closes with a singularly robust waltz, depicting Ochs at his most pompous, and a boisterous coda newly composed for the suite.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Hofmannsthal's libretto uses various forms of the German language. Members of the nobility speak in a refined and courteous mode, appropriate to the opera's 1740s setting. In more intimate circles they use a more familiar style of speech (). For instance, the conversations between Octavian and the Marschallin in the first act use the familiar "you" but switch back and forth between more formal speech ("Sie") and the familiar "du", as well as the intermediate (and now obsolete) "Er".


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Some productions include a glossary in the programme to help clarify the contextual meaning of the language used, which is mostly lost in translation. Baron Ochs makes clumsy, mannered attempts at using refined or flamboyant language, making use of non-German words and phrases such as (meaning "by Bacchus' body!" in Italian), some of which he mispronounces. The language used by Octavian when impersonating Mariandel, and by other non-noble characters, is an Austrian dialect, whose connotations are difficult for non-native speakers to grasp. The German used by the Italians, Valzacchi and Annina, is also very broken and marked by Italian accentuations. Strauss and his librettist Hofmannsthal use dialects to depict the social status of a role in a similar way in their next opera, Ariadne auf Naxos.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: In English translations, these dialects have been accounted for with varying degrees of rigor; the Chandos Highlights version, for example, uses only standard British English.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Percy Grainger wrote an elaborate and complex piano transcription of a theme from this opera. The "Ramble on the Last Love Duet in Der Rosenkavalier" is one of Grainger's more complex piano transcriptions, with many sumptuous ornamentations and harmonic twists and turns.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Artur Rodzinski recorded the suite with the Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra of London on Westminster Hi-Fi, XWN 18680 in 1958.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: The flag of Amsterdam is the official flag for Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. The current design of the flag depicts three Saint Andrew's Crosses and is based on the escutcheon in the coat of arms of Amsterdam.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: The colours of the flag are derived primarily from the shield of Amsterdam's coat of arms. According to the city government, its origin could go back to the coat of arms of the Persijn family, which once owned a large tract of land in the capital. These colors, as well as the crosses, are to be seen in the flags of both Ouder-Amstel and Amstelveen.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: The popular legend that the three Saint Andrew's crosses were meant to ward off fire, floods and the black plague is unfounded as the use of three St. Andrews crosses by noble families in the area precedes the arrival of the Black Death in Europe.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: In the coats of arms of two other Dutch cities, Dordrecht and Delft, the middle stripe symbolises water. In regards to Amsterdam, this black strip becomes the River Amstel. This could be why other references state that the three crosses represent three fordable places in the river Amstel.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: The flag was officially adopted on 5 February 1975 although it was already in use before this date, seen for example on the cover of the day programme of the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam. Before its official adoption there was also an unofficial use of a flag with the city's coat of arms in the middle of a red-white-black horizontal tricolor. Such a design was already in use in the 17th century, but in Amsterdam history, other designs in the colors red, black and white were also used. Sometimes the three St. Andrew crosses were placed in the white orbit of the red-white-blue Dutch national flag.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: The meaning of the crosses is unknown, but historians assume that it is derived from the coat of arms of the family Persijn (Mr Jan Persijn is mentioned as founder of "that place" the current Dam). Other possessions of this family, Amstelveen and Ouder-Amstel (Duivendrecht and Ouderkerk aan de Amstel) carry similar coats of arms derived from the family coat of arms.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: It is also reported that the crosses represent the three plagues that have hit Amsterdam, namely water, fire and plague. The three crosses can be found on all kinds of buildings, in many logos and also on the Amsterdammertjes. Another theory is that the three crosses represent three fords in the Amstel.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: The February Strike Flag was awarded to the city by Queen Wilhelmina on December 17, 1947. It was a token of appreciation for the massive resistance of the people of Amsterdam against the Jewish persecution, as expressed during the February strike in 1941. The flag is an important symbol in the annual commemoration of the strike. The flag was designed by Pam Rueter and made by students of the Industrial School for Women's Youth. A copy was later made due to wear and tear. The original flag ended up in a depot of the Amsterdams Historisch Museum in the 1970s, where it was recovered in 2008. This banner was subsequently preserved for further preservation.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: The flag consists of a variant of the city coat of arms on a white background and refers to the courage of the city during the World War II. The resistance flag is raised at commemorations.


title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: AFC Ajax, an Amsterdam-based football team who plays in the Dutch Eredivisie, uses the Amsterdam flag as their captain's armband.


title: Jack Ketch

text: John Ketch (died November 1686), generally known as Jack Ketch, was an infamous English executioner employed by King Charles II. He became famous through the way he performed his duties during the tumults of the 1680s, when he was often mentioned in broadsheet accounts that circulated throughout the Kingdom of England. He is thought to have been appointed in 1663. He executed the death sentences against William Russell, Lord Russell, in Lincoln's Inn Fields on 21 July 1683, and James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, on 15 July 1685, after the Monmouth Rebellion. Ketch's notoriety stems from "barbarity at the execution of Lord Russell, the Duke of Monmouth, and other political offenders".


title: Jack Ketch

text: Because of his botched executions, the name "Jack Ketch" is used as a proverbial name for death, Satan and executioners.


title: Jack Ketch

text: Ketch took office in 1663, succeeding the late Edward Dun, to whom he had been apprenticed. He is first mentioned in the Proceedings of the Old Bailey for 14 January 1676, although no printed notice of the new hangman occurred until 2 December 1678, when a broadside appeared called "The Plotters Ballad, being Jack Ketch's incomparable Receipt for the Cure of Traytorous Recusants and Wholesome Physick for a Popish Contagion." In 1679, there appears from another pamphlet purporting to be written by Ketch himself, and entitled "The Man of Destiny's Hard Fortune", that the hangman was confined for a time in the Marshalsea prison, "whereby his hopeful harvest was like to have been blasted." A short entry in the autobiography of Anthony à Wood for 31 August 1681 describes how Stephen College was hanged in the Castle Yard, Oxford, "and when he had hanged about half an hour, was cut down by Catch or Ketch, and quartered under the gallows, his entrails were burnt in a fire made by the gallows".


title: Jack Ketch

text: On that occasion, Ketch wielded the instrument of death either with such sadistically nuanced skill or with such lack of simple dexterity – nobody could tell which – that the victim suffered horrifically under blow after blow, each excruciating but not in itself lethal. Even among the bloodthirsty throngs that habitually attended English beheadings, the gory and agonizing display had created such outrage that Ketch felt moved to write and publish a pamphlet titled "Apologie", in which he excused his performance with the claim that Lord Russell had failed to "dispose himself as was most suitable" and that he was therefore distracted while taking aim on his neck.


title: Jack Ketch

text: He [the duke] would not make use of a cap or other circumstance, but lying down, bid the fellow to do his office better than to the late Lord Russell, and gave him gold; but the wretch made five chops before he had his head off; which so incensed the people, that had he not been guarded and got away, they would have torn him to pieces.


title: Jack Ketch

text: In January 1686, Ketch was committed to Bridewell Prison for "affronting" a sheriff. His assistant, Paskah Rose, formerly a butcher, took his place, but on 28 May, following his conviction for robbery, Rose himself was hanged at Tyburn and Ketch reinstated. Ketch died in November 1686.


title: Jack Ketch

text: In 1836 a fictitious autobiography of Ketch, with illustrations from designs by Meadows entitled "The autobiography of Jack Ketch", was published. Another book entitled "Life of Jack Ketch with Cuts of his own Execution" was furnished by Tom Hood for the Duke of Devonshire's library at Chatsworth.


title: Jack Ketch

text: Jack Ketch is one of the characters in Giovanni Piccini (d.1835) "The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy" as dictated to John Payne Collier, in 1828. He is mentioned in the Charles Dickens novels "Oliver Twist", "Dombey and Son", "The Pickwick Papers" and "David Copperfield" and in the C. M. Kornbluth science fiction story "The Marching Morons" (1951). More recently, Jack Ketch plays a role in Neal Stephenson's 2003 and 2004 volumes "Quicksilver" and "The System of the World", the first and last volumes, respectively, in his "The Baroque Cycle" series (though the last volume is set in 1714, well after the death of the historical Jack Ketch.) Ketch makes a brief appearance in issue #10 of Bill Willingham's comic book series "Fables".


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: Gaultheria procumbens, also called the eastern teaberry, the checkerberry, the boxberry, or the American wintergreen, is a species of "Gaultheria" native to northeastern North America from Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Alabama. It is a member of the Ericaceae (heath family).


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: "G. procumbens" is a small, low-growing shrub, typically reaching tall. The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to ovate, long and broad, with a distinct oil of wintergreen scent.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: The flowers are pendulous, with a white, sometimes pink-tinged, bell-shaped corolla with five teeth at the tip long, and above it a white calyx. They are borne in leaf axils, usually one to three per stem. The anthers are forked somewhat like a snake's tongue, with two awns at the tip.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: The fruit is red and across. It is an epigynous berry, with the majority of the flesh of the fruit being composed of the fleshy calyx.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: The plant is a calcifuge, favoring acidic soil, in pine or hardwood forests, although it generally produces fruit only in sunnier areas. It often grows as part of the heath complex in an oak–heath forest.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: "G. procumbens" spreads by means of long rhizomes, which are within the top of soil. Because of the shallow nature of the rhizomes, it does not survive most forest fires, but a brief or mild fire may leave rhizomes intact, from which the plant can regrow even if the above-ground shrub was consumed.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: The fruits of "G. procumbens," considered its actual "teaberries", are edible, with a taste of mildly sweet wintergreen similar to the flavors of the "Mentha" varieties "M. piperita" (peppermint) and "M. spicata" (spearmint) even though "G. procumbens" is not a true mint. The leaves and branches make a fine herbal tea, through normal drying and infusion process. For the leaves to yield significant amounts of their essential oil, they need to be fermented for at least three days. The berries and leaves contain methyl salicylate, a compound that is closely related to aspirin.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: Teaberry extract can be used to flavor tea, candy, medicine and chewing gum. Teaberry is also a flavor of ice cream in regions where the plant grows. It likewise inspired the name of Clark's Teaberry chewing gum.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: Wintergreen is not taken in large quantities by any species of wildlife, but the regularity of its use enhances its importance. Its fruit persist through the winter, and it is one of the few sources of green leaves in winter. White-tailed deer browse wintergreen throughout its range, and in some localities it is an important winter food. Other animals that eat wintergreen are wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, northern bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, black bear, white-footed mouse, and red fox. Wintergreen is a favorite food of the eastern chipmunk, and the leaves are a minor winter food of the gray squirrel in Virginia.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: Other common names for "G. procumbens" include American mountain tea, boxberry, Canada tea, canterberry, checkerberry, chickenberry, creeping wintergreen, deerberry, drunkards, gingerberry, greenberry, ground berry, ground tea, grouseberry, hillberry, mountain tea, one-berry, procalm, red pollom, spice berry, squaw vine, star berry, spiceberry, spicy wintergreen, spring wintergreen, teaberry, wax cluster, and youngsters.


title: Gaultheria procumbens

text: While this plant is sometimes mistakenly known as partridge berry, that name more often refers to the ground cover "Mitchella repens."


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Warren is a city in and the county seat of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Located in northeastern Ohio, Warren lies approximately northwest of Youngstown and southeast of Cleveland. The population was 39,201 at the 2020 census. The historical county seat of the Connecticut Western Reserve, it is the second largest city in the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area, and anchors the northern part of that area.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Ephraim Quinby founded Warren in 1798, on of land that he purchased from the Connecticut Land Company, as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. Quinby named the town for the town's surveyor, Moses Warren. The town was the county seat of the Western Reserve, then became the Trumbull County seat in 1801. In 1833, Warren contained county buildings, two printing offices, a bank, five mercantile stores, and about 600 inhabitants.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Warren had a population of nearly 1,600 people in 1846. In that same year, the town had five churches, twenty stores, three newspaper offices, one bank, one wool factory and two flourmills. In June 1846, a fire destroyed several buildings on one side of the town square, but residents soon replaced them with new stores and other businesses. Warren became an important center of trade for farmers living in the surrounding countryside during this period. Songwriter Stephen Foster, his wife Jane McDowell, and their daughter Marion lived briefly in Warren.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: During the latter decades of the nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth century, Warren remained an important trading and manufacturing center. By 1888, four railroads connected the community with other parts of Ohio. In that same year, there were five newspaper offices, seven churches, three banks and numerous manufacturing firms in Warren. The businesses manufactured a wide variety of products including linseed oil, furniture, barrel staves, wool fabric, blinds, incandescent bulbs, automobiles and carriages; however, the leading companies were the Packard Electric Company and Packard Motor Car Company, both founded in the 1890s in Warren by brothers James Ward Packard and William Doud Packard. Warren was the first town in the U.S. to have an electric street illumination, provided by Packard Electric. Warren's population was 5,973 people in 1890. Construction began on the Trumbull County Courthouse in downtown Warren on Thanksgiving Day, 1895.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Warren continued to grow in the twentieth century. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, steel production was a major industry in the county because of large deposits of coal and iron ore in surrounding counties. In recent years, many Warren residents have worked in local service and retail sales businesses. In 2000, Warren was Trumbull County's most populated community, with 46,832 residents. Many examples of late 19th and early 20th century architectural styles still stand in downtown Warren, including the Trumbull County Courthouse, which contains one of the largest courtrooms in the state of Ohio, and the Trumbull County Carnegie Law Library; in addition to office buildings, banks, stores, and homes surrounding the Courthouse Square area.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: John Ashbery mentions Warren in his poem 'Pyrography', first published in an exhibition catalogue in 1976 and included in his 1977 collection "Houseboat Days". In a later interview, Ashbery said he had never visited the town.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 41,557 people, 17,003 households, and 10,013 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 20,384 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 67.7% White, 27.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Of the 17,003 households 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.8% were married couples living together, 21.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.1% were non-families. 35.6% of households were one person and 13.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.97.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: The median age was 38.3 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: At the 2000 census, there were 46,832 people, 19,288 households and 12,035 families living in the city. The population density was 2,912.4 people per square mile (1,124.5/km). There were 21,279 housing units at an average density of 1,322.9 per square mile (510.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 60.94% White, 36.20% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races and 1.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Of the 19,288 households 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present and 37.6% were non-families. 32.9% of households were one person and 13.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.01.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: The age distribution was 26.3% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64 and 16.8% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.9 males.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: The median household income was $30,147 and the median family income was $36,158. Males had a median income of $32,317 versus $23,790 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,808. About 16.2% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.8% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Major employers in Warren include Trumbull Memorial Hospital, St. Joseph Warren Hospital, the "Tribune Chronicle", Seven Seventeen Credit Union, Hillside Rehabilitation Hospital, and Thomas Steel Strip.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Warren operates under a Mayor-council government system. William "Doug" Franklin has been the mayor of Warren since November 2011. His current term expires on January 1st, 2024. Opponents of the Mayor-Council system have pushed the idea of a Charter government, arguing that this would allow the citizens of Warren to have a bigger say in the governance of the city. Opponents say that this would decrease productivity within the city government.


title: Warren, Ohio

text: Children in Warren are served by the Warren City School District. The current schools serving Warren include four PreK-8 Schools: Jefferson PK-8 School, Lincoln PK-8 School, McGuffey PK-8 School, and Willard PK-8 School. Grades 9 through 12 attend Warren G. Harding High School. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown also operates the private John F. Kennedy Catholic School, with a Lower Campus for grades kindergarten through 5 and an Upper Campus for grades 6 through 12.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: Mutt and Jeff was a long-running and widely popular American newspaper comic strip created by cartoonist Bud Fisher in 1907 about "two mismatched tinhorns". It is commonly regarded as the first daily comic strip. The concept of a newspaper strip featuring recurring characters in multiple panels on a six-day-a-week schedule had previously been pioneered through the short-lived "A. Piker Clerk" by Clare Briggs, but it was "Mutt and Jeff" as the first successful daily comic strip that staked out the direction of the future trend.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: "Mutt and Jeff" remained in syndication until 1983, employing the talents of several cartoonists, chiefly Al Smith who drew the strip for nearly fifty years. The series eventually became a comic book, initially published by All-American Publications and later published by DC Comics, Dell Comics and Harvey Comics. Later it was also published as cartoons, films, pop culture merchandise and reprints.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: Harry Conway "Bud" Fisher was a sports cartoonist for the "San Francisco Chronicle" in the early 1900s, a time when a newspaper cartoon was single panel. His innovation was to tell a cartoon gag in a sequence, or strip, of panels, creating the first American comic strip to successfully pioneer that since-common format. The concept of a newspaper strip featuring recurring characters in multiple panels on a six-day-a-week schedule actually had been created by Clare Briggs with "A. Piker Clerk" four years earlier, but that short-lived effort did not inspire further comics in a comic-strip format. As comics historian Don Markstein explained,


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: "A. Mutt", the comic strip that became better known by its later title, "Mutt and Jeff", debuted on November 15, 1907 on the sports pages of the "San Francisco Chronicle". The featured character had previously appeared in sports cartoons by Fisher but was unnamed. Fisher had approached his editor, John P. Young, about doing a regular strip as early as 1905, but was turned down. According to Fisher, Young told him, "It would take up too much room, and readers are used to reading down the page, and not horizontally".


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: This strip focused on a single main character until the other half of the duo appeared on March 27, 1908. It appeared only in the "Chronicle", so Fisher did not have the extended lead time that syndicated strips require. Episodes were drawn the day before publication, and frequently referred to local events that were currently making headlines or to specific horse races being run that day. A 1908 sequence about Mutt's trial featured a parade of thinly-disguised caricatures of specific San Francisco political figures, many of whom were being prosecuted for graft.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: On June 7, 1908, the strip moved off the sports pages and into Hearst's "San Francisco Examiner" where it was syndicated by King Features and became a national hit, subsequently making Fisher the first celebrity of the comics industry. Fisher had taken the precaution of copyrighting the strip in his own name, facilitating the move to King Features and making it impossible for the "Chronicle" to continue the strip using another artist.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: A dispute between Fisher and King Features arose in 1913, and Fisher moved his strip on September 15, 1915, to the Wheeler Syndicate (later the Bell Syndicate), who gave Fisher 60% of the gross revenue, an enormous income in those times. Hearst responded by launching a lawsuit which ultimately failed. By 1916, Fisher was earning in excess of $150,000 a year. By the 1920s, merchandising and growing circulation had increased his income to an estimated $250,000.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: In 1918, "Mutt and Jeff" added a Sunday strip and, as success continued, Fisher became increasingly dependent on assistants to produce the work. Fisher hired Billy Liverpool and Ed Mack, artists Hearst had at one point groomed to take over the strip, who did most of the artwork. Other assistants on the strip included Ken Kling, George Herriman, and Maurice Sendak (while still in high school).


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: Fisher appeared to lose all interest in the strip during the 1930s, and after Mack died in 1932, the job of creating the strip fell to Al Smith. In c. 1944, the new Chicago-based Field Syndicate took over the strip. "Mutt and Jeff" retained Fisher's signature until his death, however, so it wasn't until December 7, 1954, that the strip started being signed by Smith.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: Al Smith received the National Cartoonists Society Humor Comic Strip Award in 1968 for his work on the strip. Smith continued to draw "Mutt and Jeff" until 1980, two years before it ceased publication.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: In the introduction to "Forever Nuts: The Early Years of Mutt & Jeff", Allan Holtz gave the following reason for the strip's longevity and demise:


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: During this final period it was drawn by George Breisacher. Currently, Andrews McMeel Universal continues to syndicate "Mutt and Jeff" under the imprint "Classic Mutt and Jeff" (in both English and Spanish language versions) under the copyright of Pierre S. de Beaumont (1915–2010), founder of the Brookstone catalog and retail chain. De Beaumont inherited ownership of the strip from his mother, Aedita de Beaumont, who married Fisher in 1925 (the couple parted after four weeks, but never divorced).


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: Augustus Mutt is a tall, dimwitted racetrack character—a fanatic horse-race gambler who is motivated by greed. Mutt has a wife, known only as Mrs. Mutt (Mutt always referred to her as "M'love"; Al Smith admitted in a "Boston Globe" newspaper column that her first name was Ima – and conceded that he did not use it often because it was not a complimentary name). The Mutts' son was named Cicero. Mutt first encountered the half-pint Jeff, an inmate of an insane asylum who shares his passion for horseracing, in 1908. They appeared in more and more strips together until the strip abandoned the horse-race theme, and concentrated on Mutt's other outlandish, get-rich-quick schemes. Jeff usually served as a (sometimes unwilling) partner. Jeff was short, bald as a billiard ball, and wore mutton chop sideburns. He has no last name, stating his name is "just Jeff—first and last and always it's Jeff". However, at one point late in the strip's life, he is identified in the address of a cablegram as "Othello Jeff". He has a twin brother named Julius. They look so much alike that Jeff, who cannot afford to have a portrait painted, sits for Julius, who is too busy to pose. Rarely does Jeff change from his habitual outfit of top hat and suit with wing collar. Friends of Mutt and Jeff have included Gus Geevem, Joe Spivis, and the English Sir Sidney. Characteristic lines and catchphrases that appeared often during the run of the strip included "Nix, Mutt, nix!", "For the love of Mike!" and "Oowah!"


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: The original inspiration for the character of "Jeff" was Jacques "Jakie" Fehr, a tiny () irascible Swiss-born shopkeeper in the village of Occidental, California. One summer day in 1908, Fisher, a member of San Francisco's Bohemian Club, was riding the North Pacific Coast narrow-gauge railway passenger train northbound to the Bohemian Grove, the club's summer campsite. During a stop in Occidental, Fisher got off the train to stretch his legs and observed the diminutive walrus-moustached Fehr in heated altercation with the tall and lanky "candy butcher", who sold refreshments on the train and also distributed newspapers to shops in towns along the train route. The comic potential in this scene prompted Fisher to add the character of Jeff to his "A. Mutt" comic strip, with great success.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: A recurring theme in the strip has the two interacting with celebrities, including sports figures, actors, and politicians. They often refer to these real-life people in a chummy way, such as an actor "Doug" Fairbanks and president "Herb" Hoover. Sometimes they interact with their own author, as shown in this 1924 comic where Fisher includes a caricature of himself.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: Starting on October 27, 1926, the Sunday page included a topper strip about Cicero, Mutt's son. On December 3, 1933, the topper began to focus on Cicero's pet, Desdemona. Under the title "Cicero's Cat", this pantomime strip ran until 1972.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: In early July 1911, during the silent era of motion pictures, at David Horsley's Nestor Comedies in Bayonne, New Jersey, Al Christie began turning out a weekly one-reel live-action "Mutt and Jeff" comedy short, which was based on the comic strip.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: The "Mutt and Jeff" serial was extremely popular and after the Nestor Company established a studio in Hollywood, in late October 1911, Christie continued to oversee a weekly production of a one-reel episode.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: In the fall of 1911, Nestor began using an alternate method of displaying the intertitles in the "Mutt and Jeff" comedies. Instead of a cut to the dialogue titles, the dialogue was displayed at the bottom of the image on a black background so the audience could read them as a subtitle, which was similar to the way they appeared in the cartoon strips. Horsley was very proud of the device and claimed to have entered a patent on it. He advertised the "Mutt and Jeff" movies as "talking pictures".


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: The first actors to portray Mutt and Jeff in the comedy shorts were Sam D. Drane, a tall man noted for his resemblance to President Lincoln, who actually played Lincoln in his last movie, "The Crisis" (1916), as A. Mutt, and Gus Alexander, whose nickname was "Shorty", as Jeff. When Alexander was leaving the serial, Christie hired the small actor Bud Duncan. Duncan played Jeff in two installments before the serial ended in 1912.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: In 1916, Fisher licensed the production of "Mutt and Jeff" for animation with pioneers Charles Bowers and Raoul Barré of the Barré Studio. The animated series lasted 11 years and more than 300 animated "Mutt and Jeff" shorts were released by the Fox Film Corporation, making it the longest continuing theatrical animated movie serial and second longest to "Krazy Kat".


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: In 1971, a feature film was released consisting of eleven redrawn colorized Mutt and Jeff silent films, with the short "Slick Sleuths" used as the frame, titled "The Weird Adventures of Mutt & Jeff and Bugoff", which added new dialogue and soundtrack songs. In this film, Mutt and Jeff are USA government agents, and they have been assigned to track down SMOGPOO’s top secret agent Bugoff, a master of disguise attempting to steal secrets all across the world. Bugoff is the Phantom character in "Slick Sleuths", but now he is coloured pink. Radio & Television Packagers, Inc. were the producers of the film, which received a very limited theatrical release, primarily being shown on the 16MM circuit.


title: Mutt and Jeff

text: In 2005, Inkwell Images released a DVD documentary entitled "Mutt and Jeff: the Original Animated Odd Couple"; several "Mutt and Jeff" animated cartoons are included on the disc. Also, individual Mutt and Jeff cartoons have been mixed with other titles on low-cost video collections, such as the "Cartoon Craze" DVDs from Digiview Productions. CartoonsOnFilm has been working on a long-term goal of restoring all surviving Mutt and Jeff cartoons.


title: Warren Earp

text: Warren Baxter Earp (March 9, 1855 – July 6, 1900) was an American frontiersman and lawman. He was the youngest of Earp brothers, Wyatt, Morgan, Virgil, James, and Newton Earp. Although he was not present during the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, after Virgil was maimed in an ambush, Warren joined Wyatt and was in town when Morgan was assassinated. He also helped Wyatt in the hunt for the outlaws they believed responsible. Later in life, Warren developed a reputation as a bully and was killed in an argument in 1900.


title: Warren Earp

text: Warren was born in Pella, Iowa. Little is known about his early life. Like Wyatt and Morgan, he was too young to take part in the American Civil War, as his older brothers James, Virgil, and Newton did. He was eighteen years younger than Newton. He joined his brothers in Tombstone, Arizona in 1880, and worked occasionally as a deputy for Virgil collecting taxes and for periodic guard duty. Wyatt landed the Faro concession at the Oriental Saloon. Virgil was the deputy marshal and in mid-1881 became the Tombstone city marshal as well. James was his deputy. The Earps had ongoing conflicts with a loose federation of outlaws known as The Cowboys, who were implicated in ongoing livestock thefts and had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps if they interfered.


title: Warren Earp

text: Warren was at his parents' home in Colton, California at the time of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. On December 28, 1881, the Cowboys ambushed Virgil Earp, maiming him. Warren returned to Tombstone and was deputized by Wyatt. On March 18, 1882, Morgan Earp was murdered while playing billiards. On March 20, 1882 he joined a posse guarding Virgil and Allie as they were transported to Tucson to catch a train for California. At the station, Frank Stilwell was spotted lying in wait for Virgil and was killed. Pima County Justice of the Peace Charles Meyer issued warrants for the arrest of Warren, Wyatt, Doc Holliday, "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson, and Sherman McMaster. The men returned to Tombstone where Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan found the men in the lobby of the Cosmopolitan Hotel, heavily armed, getting ready to leave town. He told Wyatt he wanted to see him. Deputy Marshal Wyatt replied: ""Johnny, if you're not careful you'll see me once too often."" On Friday the Tucson Grand Jury returned indictments naming all five men. The men were never tried or convicted. They left Tombstone that night and during the next week killed three more Cowboys they believed responsible for attacking their brothers in a vendetta across Cochise County.


title: Warren Earp

text: Following the vendetta ride, Warren left Arizona for a time. He returned in 1891, and worked as a mail stage driver on the route between Willcox and Fort Grant. He may have worked briefly as a range detective for rancher Henry Hooker in Cochise County, Arizona. Modern depictions of Warren Earp portray him as being slightly naive and youthful. After the shootout in Tombstone, he gained a reputation as a bully, playing off the reputation of his older brothers.


title: Warren Earp

text: His brother Virgil feared that Warren's temper would get him killed. Virgil was reunited in 1898 with his first wife Ellen and daughter Nellie who had been told he had been killed in the Civil War. They visited twice, and Nellie told "The Oregonian" that during their visit, "My father said then, If Warren ever dies he will be shot. He is too hasty, quick-tempered and too ready to pick a quarrel. Besides he will not let bygones be bygones, and on that account, I expect that he will meet a violent death."


title: Warren Earp

text: On July 6, 1900, Warren became involved in an argument with Hooker's range boss, Johnny Boyett, inside Brown's Saloon in Willcox. Boyett and Warren had been involved in verbal disputes before that night, and rumor was that their mutual dislike stemmed from affections for the same woman, possibly a local prostitute. However, the "Tombstone Epitaph" says that the incident began out of Earp's constant bullying of Boyett.


title: Warren Earp

text: Later that night, the two men, both drunk, began arguing. Bystanders said they "never heard any man take such abuse." Warren Earp is alleged to have said "Boyett, get your gun and well settle this right here. Ive got mine, go and get yours". Boyett left and returned shortly thereafter with two .45 caliber Colt handguns. Boyett called out for Earp, who walked in from another doorway. Immediately upon seeing Earp, Boyett fired two rounds, but both missed.


title: Warren Earp

text: Earp stepped calmly outside of the saloon onto the street without producing a weapon, just as Boyett fired two more rounds, missing again with both. Earp entered the saloon again and walked towards Boyett, opened his coat and vest. "I have not got arms. You have a good deal the best of this". Earp continued walking toward Boyett, talking the entire time. As Boyett warned him several times to halt, Boyett appearing slightly frightened but angry. When Earp did not stop, Boyett fired a fifth round, this time striking Earp in the chest, killing him almost instantly. Boyett claimed that he feared for his life, and that by allowing Warren Earp to get too close, he believed his life was in danger. Warren Earp was found to have no gun, though he had an open pocket knife in his fist. No arrest was made.


title: Warren Earp

text: Lynn R. Baily, the daughter of rancher Henry Hooker, wrote in "Henry Clay Hooker and the Sierra Bonita", that "Virgil Earp sneaked into Willcox under an assumed name, checked into the hotel near Browns Saloon, and began interviewing witnesses. He concluded his brothers death was "cold blooded murder even if Warren was drunk and abusive at the time."


title: Warren Earp

text: The "Tombstone Epitaph" reported on July 9, 1900, "Warren Earp, the youngest of the four Earp brothers whose names twenty years ago were synonymous with gun fighting on the Arizona frontier, died with his boots on here. He was shot through the heart in a saloon by Cowboy Johnny Boyett, and died almost Instantly."


title: Warren Earp

text: Boyett was arrested for the shooting. The coroner's inquest confirmed that he killed Earp. Boyett sought protection from the local sheriff, fearing retribution from the Earp brothers. He returned to work on Hooker's ranch, staying out of Willcox for a long period of time. Wyatt did not get involved in the incident, nor did James or Newton. It was later falsely reported that the Earps avenged Warren's death by killing Boyett. Boyett eventually retired in Redlands, California. He later died in Texas. Warren Earp was buried in Willcox, Arizona in the Pioneer Cemetery.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli (English: "Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprara, and Montecuccoli"; born Georg Leo von Caprivi; 24 February 1831 – 6 February 1899) was a German general and statesman who served as the chancellor of the German Empire from March 1890 to October 1894. Caprivi promoted industrial and commercial development, and concluded numerous bilateral treaties for reduction of tariff barriers. However, this movement toward free trade angered the conservative agrarian interests, especially the Junkers. He promised educational reforms to the Catholic Center party which would increase their influence, but failed to deliver. As part of Kaiser Wilhelm's "new course" in foreign policy, Caprivi abandoned Bismarck's military, economic, and ideological cooperation with the Russian Empire, which historians consider a major mistake. Even worse, Caprivi misjudged multiple opportunities to open good relations with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Frustrated, Britain turned to the Empire of Japan and the French Third Republic for agreements. Caprivi's downfall came with trade agreements that favored German industry and urban workers over more powerful agricultural interests. Historians praise his refusal to renew the harsh restrictions on socialists, and his success in the reorganization of the German military.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Leo von Caprivi was born in Charlottenburg (then a town in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, today a district of Berlin), the son of jurist Julius Leopold von Caprivi (17971865), who later became a judge at the Prussian supreme court and member of the Prussian House of Lords. His father's family was of Italian origin (Caprara Montecuccoli, from Modena), and possibly also Slovenian. It has been claimed that their original surname was "Kopriva" and they originated from Koprivnik ("Nesseltal") near Kočevje in the Kočevje Rog ("Hornwald") region of Lower Carniola (present-day Slovenia). However, other research states that this cannot be confirmed. The Caprivis were ennobled during the 17th century Ottoman–Habsburg wars. They later moved to Landau in Silesia. His mother was Emilie Köpke, daughter of Gustav Köpke, headmaster of the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster and teacher of Caprivi's predecessor Otto von Bismarck.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Caprivi was educated in Berlin. He entered the Prussian Army in 1849 and served in the Second Schleswig War of 1864, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 as a major in the staff of Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, the latter as chief of staff of the X Army Corps. Backed by the Chief of the general staff Helmuth von Moltke, Caprivi achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel and distinguished himself at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour, the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande, receiving the military order Pour le Mérite.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: After the war he served at the Prussian War Ministry. In 1882, he became commander of the 30th Infantry Division at Metz. In 1883, he succeeded Albrecht von Stosch, a fierce opponent of Chancellor Bismarck, as Chief of the Imperial Navy. The appointment was made by Bismarck and caused great dissatisfaction among the officers of the navy. According to historian Robert K. Massie, at the time of Caprivi's appointment, he "had no interest in naval affairs and did not know the names of his officers or the emblems of rank on the uniforms they wore." However, Caprivi showed significant administrative talent in the position.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Caprivi emphasized the development and construction of torpedo boats during his tenure as naval chief. This eventually led him into conflict with Emperor Wilhelm II, who favored larger battleships on the English model. After being overruled on the issue by the Kaiser, Caprivi resigned in 1888. He was briefly appointed to the command of his old army corps, the X Army Corps stationed in Hanover, before being summoned to Berlin by Emperor Wilhelm II in February 1890.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: In Berlin, Caprivi was informed that he was the Kaiser's intended choice if Bismarck was resistant to Wilhelm's proposed changes to the government, and upon Bismarck's dismissal on 18 March, Caprivi became Chancellor. Though his exact motives are unknown, Wilhelm appears to have viewed Caprivi as a moderate who would make a sufficiently strong replacement for Bismarck, should the former chancellor make trouble in retirement, yet lacked the ambition to seriously oppose the throne. For his part, Caprivi was unenthusiastic, yet felt duty-bound to obey the Emperor. He said to one gathering, "I know that I shall be covered in mud, that I shall fall ingloriously".


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Caprivi's administration was marked by what is known to historians as the "Neuer Kurs" ("New Course") in both foreign and domestic policy, with moves towards conciliation of the Social Democrats on the domestic front, and towards a pro-British foreign policy. Success was exemplified by the Anglo-German Agreement of July 1890, in which the British ceded the small island of Heligoland to Germany in exchange for control of Zanzibar and a large portion of East Africa.. This led to animosity from the colonialist pressure-groups like the "Alldeutscher Verband". The treaty also gave Germany the Caprivi Strip (named after him), which was added to German South West Africa, thus linking that territory with the Zambezi River, which he had hoped to use for trade and communications with eastern Africa (the river proved to be unnavigable). In general, Caprivi did not believe that Germany should compete with other powers for overseas colonies but rather should focus on its position within Europe. In which the British wanted closer relations and Caprivi's government failed to make an agreement


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Only a week into office, Caprivi was forced to choose whether to renew the Reinsurance Treaty, a secret alliance Bismarck had made with Russia. Caprivi opposed the ideas of a preventive war against Russia developed by General Alfred von Waldersee. Nevertheless, he conformed to the decision of officials of the Foreign Office around Friedrich von Holstein not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty and focus on a more straightforward alliance with Austria-Hungary. Unaware of the Foreign Office's determination, Wilhelm II had personally assured Russian Ambassador Count Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov that the treaty would be renewed. When Caprivi discussed the issue with the Emperor, Wilhelm II yielded to his Chancellor, unwilling to dismiss another chancellor one week after dismissing Bismarck. The treaty was not renewed, and Shuvalov was shocked at the sudden reversal. In the years following this rejection, Russia forged the Alliance with France.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: According to Andrew Carlson, Caprivi obtained commercial treaties with Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Serbia, Romania, Belgium, and Russia. The treaties reduced agricultural tariffs, which lowered the price of food in Germany. They also assisted the expansion of German trade exports of industrial products. Opponents were angry at the downplaying of German agriculture in favor of urban workers. Led by East Elbian Junkers, a coalition emerged that included peasant farmers, artisans, and conservative intellectuals hostile to the emerging industrial society. They demanded the Kaiser remove Caprivi. According to James C Hunt, the Agrarian League was launched in 1893 to protest the reduction in tariffs against imported grains. The league was organized nationally like a political party, with local chapters, centralized discipline, and a clear-cut platform. It fought against free trade, industrialization, and liberalism. Its most hated enemy was socialism, which it blamed on Jewish financial capitalism. The League helped establish grassroots anti-Semitism of the sort that flourished into the 1930s.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: A number of progressive reforms were carried out during Caprivi's time as Chancellor. The employment of children under the age of 13 was forbidden and 13- to 18-year-olds restricted to a maximum 10-hour day, in 1891 Sunday working was forbidden and a guaranteed minimum wage introduced, and working hours for women were reduced to a maximum of 11. Industrial tribunals were established in 1890 to arbitrate in industrial disputes, and Caprivi invited representatives of trade unions to sit on these tribunals. In addition, duties on imported timber, cattle, rye, and wheat were lowered and a finance bill introduced progressive income tax under which the more one earned, the more tax that person paid. Other achievements included the army bills of 1892 and 1893, and the commercial treaty with Russia in 1894.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Caprivi clashed with Wilhelm increasingly during his term as Chancellor, offering his resignation nearly a dozen times in four years. The Kaiser privately called him "a sensitive old fathead". The anger of the Conservatives intensified, accompanied by constant public attacks by retired Bismarck. Caprivi also lost the support of the National Liberals and Progressives in a legislative defeat of 1892 on an educational bill providing denominational board schools, a failed attempt to re-integrate the Catholic Centre Party after the "Kulturkampf". Caprivi, although himself a Protestant, needed the 100 votes of the Catholic Centre Party but that alarmed the Protestant politicians. Caprivi had to resign as Prussian Minister President and was replaced by Count Botho zu Eulenburg, leading to an untenable division of powers between the Chancellor and the Prussian premier. When the two clashed over revisions to the criminal code in 1894, Wilhelm II required both to resign. They were succeeded by Prince Chlodwig von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.


title: Leo von Caprivi

text: Following his resignation, Caprivi destroyed his papers. In retirement, he refused to speak or write publicly about his experiences as Chancellor or share his opinions on current events. He died in 1899 in Skyren in Germany (today known as Skórzyn, Poland).


title: Novato, California

text: Novato (Spanish for "Novatus") is a city in Marin County, California, in the North Bay region of the Bay Area. At the 2020 census, Novato had a population of 53,225.


title: Novato, California

text: What is now Novato was originally the site of several Coast Miwok villages: Chokecherry, near downtown Novato; Puyuku, near Ignacio; and Olómpali, at the present-day Olompali State Historic Park.


title: Novato, California

text: In 1839, the Mexican government granted the Rancho Novato to Fernando Feliz. The rancho was named after a local Miwok leader who had probably been given the name of Saint Novatus at his baptism. Subsequently, four additional land grants were made in the area: Rancho Corte Madera de Novato, to John Martin in 1839; Rancho San Jose, to Ignacio Pacheco in 1840; Rancho Olómpali, awarded in 1843 to Camilo Ynitia, son of a Coast Miwok chief; and Rancho Nicasio, by far the largest at , awarded to Pablo de la Guerra and John B.R. Cooper in 1844.


title: Novato, California

text: Following the American Conquest of California and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Novato, along with the rest of California, became part of the United States on February 2, 1848. Early pioneers included Joseph Sweetser and Francis De Long who bought in the mid-1850s and planted orchards and vineyards.


title: Novato, California

text: The first post office at Novato opened in 1856; it closed in 1860, and a new post office opened in 1891.


title: Novato, California

text: The first school was built in 1859, at the corner of Grant Avenue and what is today Redwood Boulevard.


title: Novato, California

text: The original town was located around Novato Creek at what is now South Novato Boulevard. A railroad was built in 1879, connecting Novato to Sonoma County and San Rafael. The area around the train depot became known as "New Town", and forms the edge of what today is Old Town Novato. The Novato Flatiron Building was built in 1908.


title: Novato, California

text: The Great Depression of the 1930s had a marked effect on the area as many farmers lost their land. After World War II, Novato grew quickly with the construction of tract homes and a freeway. As the area was unincorporated much of the growth was unplanned and uncontrolled.


title: Novato, California

text: Novato was finally incorporated as a city in 1960. One of the most important venues of the time (1960 to 1965) was "Western Weekend". Beard-growing contests, sponsored by Bob's Barber Shop, and many other odd activities helped to bring this community together.


title: Novato, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, Novato has a total area of and is the largest city in area in Marin County. of it is land and of it (1.85%) is water.


title: Novato, California

text: Major geographical features nearby include Mount Burdell and Mount Burdell Open Space Preserve to the north and Big Rock Ridge to the southwest. Stafford Lake to the west is a secondary water supply for Novato, with the Russian River in Sonoma County to the north supplying most of the city's water.


title: Novato, California

text: Novato includes ten Marin County Open Space District preserves: Mount Burdell, Rush Creek, Little Mountain, Verissimo Hills, Indian Tree, Deer Island, Indian Valley, Ignacio Valley, Loma Verde, and Pacheco Valle. Although Novato is located on the water, access to the water is blocked by expansive farmland and wetlands.


title: Novato, California

text: Official weather observations were taken at Hamilton Air Force Base through 1964. Average January temperatures were a maximum of and a minimum of . Average July temperatures were a maximum of and a minimum of . There were an average of 12.4 days with highs of or higher and an average of 12.5 days with lows of or lower. The record high temperature was on September 5, 2022. The record low temperature was in December 2013. Average annual precipitation was . The wettest year was 1940 with and the driest year was 2015 with . The most rainfall in one month was in December 1955. The most rainfall in 24 hours was between December 10, 2014 – December 11, 2014.


title: Novato, California

text: Today, the nearest National Weather Service cooperative weather station is in San Rafael, where records date back to 1894. Compared to records from Hamilton Air Force Base, San Rafael is generally several degrees warmer than Novato and has an average of about more rainfall. The record high temperature in San Rafael was on September 7, 1904, and June 14, 1961. The record low temperature was on December 26, 1967.


title: Novato, California

text: According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Novato has a warm-summer mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps. This means that Summers are Hot, but Winters are rainy and can be mild to chilly. Precipitation occurs in the colder seasons, but there are a number of clear sunny days even during the wetter seasons, except during spells of seasonal tule fog, when it can be quite chilly for many days.


title: Novato, California

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Novato is in . From 2008 to 2012, Huffman represented Marin County in the California State Assembly.


title: Novato, California

text: According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Novato has 31,544 registered voters. Of those, 15,794 (50.1%) are registered Democrats, 6,048 (19.2%) are registered Republicans, and 8,188 (26%) have declined to state a political party.


title: Novato, California

text: At the 2010 census Novato had a population of 51,904. The population density was . The racial makeup of Novato was 39,443 (76.0%) White, 1,419 (2.7%) African American, 286 (0.6%) Native American, 3,428 (6.6%) Asian, 117 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 4,693 (9.0%) from other races, and 2,518 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,046 persons (21.3%).


title: Novato, California

text: The census reported that 51,278 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 449 (0.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 177 (0.3%) were institutionalized.


title: Novato, California

text: There were 21,279 households, 6,679 (32.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 10,393 (51.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,237 (11.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 854 (4.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,010 (5.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 195 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,358 households (26.4%) were one person and 2,415 (11.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.53. There were 13,484 families (66.5% of households); the average family size was 3.04.


title: Novato, California

text: The age distribution was 11,769 people (22.7%) under the age of 18, 3,355 people (6.5%) aged 18 to 24, 12,743 people (24.6%) aged 25 to 44, 15,914 people (30.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 8,123 people (15.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males.


title: Novato, California

text: There were 21,158 housing units at an average density of 756.8 per square mile, of the occupied units 13,591 (67.0%) were owner-occupied and 6,688 (33.0%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.7%. 33,252 people (64.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 18,026 people (34.7%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Novato, California

text: At the 2000 census there were 47,630 people in 18,524 households, including 12,411 families, in the city. The population density was 1,719.2 inhabitants per square mile (663.9/km). There were 18,994 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city in 2010 was 65.8% non-Hispanic White American, 2.5% non-Hispanic Black American, 0.2% Native American, 6.5% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.3%.


title: Novato, California

text: Of the 18,524 households 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 25.2% of households were one person and 9.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.01.


title: Novato, California

text: The age distribution was 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.


title: Novato, California

text: The median household income was $63,453 and the median family income was $74,434 (these figures had risen to $78,895 and $91,890 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $55,822 versus $40,287 for females. The per capita income for the city was $32,402. About 3.1% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.


title: Novato, California

text: The city is home to the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, and several biotech firms, such as Biosearch Technologies, BioMarin Pharmaceutical and Ultragenyx. Several small technology companies are also based in Novato, such as 2K, Radiant Logic, Toys For Bob, One Legal, International Genetics Incorporated, Channel Management Solutions, Enwisen, Sonic Solutions and DriveSavers.


title: Novato, California

text: The former Hamilton Air Force Base is also located in Novato, but was decommissioned in 1974 and designated a Historic District in 1998. After lying stagnant for many years, major renovations were pushed through by then-mayor Michael DiGiorgio. As of 2008 the base has largely been redeveloped into single-family homes. The former hangar buildings were gutted and redeveloped into two-story office buildings; tenants include 2K Sports, Sony Imageworks, Visual Concepts, The Republic of Tea, Toys For Bob, and Birkenstock Distribution USA.


title: Novato, California

text: From 1983 to 1998, the iconic developer of video games, Brøderbund Software, was headquartered in Novato, known through games "Choplifter", "Lode Runner", "Karateka", and "Prince of Persia", and others. From the 1982 until 2015, Novato was headquarters for Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, which was Marin County's largest employer at one time, with 2,400 employees as of 2000. By 2015, the company had laid off or transferred most its employees and relocated its remaining employees to a smaller headquarters in nearby Petaluma.


title: Novato, California

text: In Eastern Novato, north of Hamilton, there are several hayfields contributing to the local economy, but they are diminishing as more and more of them are restored to wetlands.


title: Novato, California

text: Other museums in Novato include the Novato History Museum, the Space Station Museum, the Marin Treks Natural History Museum, and the Novato Roundhouse. Other notable attractions in Novato include the Harkleroad wind turbine, the Point Reyes National Seashore, Miwok Park, the Hamilton Wetlands, and the Mount Burdell Open Space Preserve.


title: Novato, California

text: Novato is served by the Novato Unified School District. Notable public high schools include Novato High School and San Marin High School. Novato Charter School is a charter school in Novato.


title: Novato, California

text: Major highways in Novato include U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 37, and major roads in Novato include Atherton Avenue, Novato Boulevard, San Marin Drive, and Ignacio Boulevard.


title: Novato, California

text: Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) operates three commuter rail stations in Novato: San Marin / Atherton station, Hamilton station, and Novato Downtown station. Novato is also served by several bus routes of Golden Gate Transit and Marin Transit, with a transit center in the downtown area, which serves 2 Golden Gate Transit routes and 6 Marin Transit routes.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Glenn Alan Robinson III (born January 8, 1994) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Michigan Wolverines.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson was an all-state high school basketball player for Lake Central High School in St. John, Indiana. He was drafted 40th overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 2014 NBA draft. Robinson won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 2017. He is the son of Glenn Robinson, the 1994 NBA first overall draft pick.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson was prematurely born to his mother, Shantelle Clay, at Methodist Hospital in Gary, Indiana. He spent his first two months in an incubator, until he was about . By age three, he was a participant in the Hammond, Indiana YMCA children's basketball league. Robinson attended Grimmer Middle School in Schererville, Indiana prior to attending Lake Central High School in St. John, Indiana. He stood at in seventh grade and two years later as a freshman. Robinson was nearly during his sophomore season and stood at more than as a junior.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: As a freshman, he played junior varsity for Lake Central. At the time, his father lived in Atlanta, and Robinson grew up with his mother, Shantelle Clay-Irving alongside his younger brother Gelen. During the summer between his freshman and sophomore season, he came under the wing of two substitute father figures: Dave Milausnic, Lake Central Varsity Basketball head coach, and Wayne Brumm, AAU SYF Players under-17 coach. Milausnic convinced Robinson to come to the gym for early morning workouts, often waking Robinson at his home. Brumm, who would eventually continue to mentor Robinson as a collegian, advised Robinson to hire a personal trainer named Andrew Wallen, who helped Robinson augment his vertical leap. He also helped Robinson bulk up from prior to his sophomore year to in two years.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: As a sophomore, he was a first-team all-area selection after leading Lake Central in scoring. On September 14, 2010, Robinson became the first verbal commitment to the Michigan Wolverines men's basketball class of 2012. At the time, he had scholarship offers from Colorado, Valparaiso, Missouri State, IUPUI and Indiana State, and Rivals.com rated him as the 118th-best player in the class of 2012. On February 5, 2011, Robinson posted his career-high 39 points against East Chicago Central High School on 14-for-19 shooting. In the 2011 Indiana sectional against Munster High School, Robinson scored 31 points in an overtime 54–53 loss.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson and Mitch McGary had been friends for years prior to their Michigan affiliation. By the time McGary committed to Michigan in November 2011, Robinson had moved up to the national no. 34 player ranking, per Rivals.com. The pair, along with Nik Stauskas, gave Michigan a consensus top-10 entering class for its 2012 campaign. Robinson visited Michigan along with future teammate Stauskas to see the 61–56 New Year's Day 2012 victory by the 2011–12 Wolverines team over Minnesota. Robinson blossomed as a senior in 2012. In January 2012, he led Lake Central to a 71–47 win over North Carolina-bound J. P. Tokoto's Menomonee Falls High School at the Brandon Jennings Invitational in Milwaukee. Robinson earned most valuable player (MVP) honors with 33 points while Tokoto posted 28. Robinson led Lake Central to its first sectional championship since 1997 with a 24-point performance in the team's 63–37 victory over Highland High School. The road to the sectional title included a rematch 66–56 victory over Munster.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Following the season, Robinson was invited to participate in the four-team All-American Championship along with future teammate McGary in New Orleans on April 1, 2012. He posted 16 points and 4 rebounds to earn the ESPNHS All-American Championship game MVP. He was named the 2012 "Post-Tribune" boys' basketball player of the year. By the end of his senior year, Robinson was considered a five-star player by Rivals.com. Robinson was an honor roll student at Lake Central. He placed fourth in the Indiana Mr. Basketball voting behind Gary Harris, Yogi Ferrell and Kellen Dunham. Robinson was a second-team Associated Press all-state selection. His late rise offset a late fall by McGary and enabled Michigan to retain its top-ten class status.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: The 2011–12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team had been co-champions of 2011–12 Big Ten Conference, but lost both of its co-captains, Zack Novak and Stu Douglass, to graduation. The team also lost three players as transfers. The team was returning a nucleus of All-Big Ten players Trey Burke and Tim Hardaway Jr.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson began his Michigan career in the starting lineup on November 9. In his first career game, Robinson nearly posted a double-double with ten points and eight rebounds in a 100–62 victory against Slippery Rock. In his second game, Robinson had 21 points, while making his first eight field goals in a 91–54 victory against the IUPUI Jaguars on November 12. On November 23, he posted 12 rebounds in the championship game victory in the NIT Season Tip-Off tournament against Kansas State.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On January 6, Robinson posted 20 points and 10 rebounds against Iowa, to earn his first career double-double. He was the first Michigan freshman to post at least 20 points and 10 rebounds in a game since LaVell Blanchard did so three times for the 1999–2000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. On January 7, he earned recognition as Big Ten Conference Freshman of the Week. Robinson earned his second Big Ten Freshman of the week award on January 28 due to a pair of 12-point performances on 71.4% shooting in which he averaged 8 rebounds. On January 31, Robinson and Stauskas were named to the Wayman Tisdale Award (USBWA National Freshman of the Year) top 12 midseason list. On February 17 against Penn State, Robinson tied his career-high point total of 21 and posted his second double-double by adding 10 rebounds. He was a 2012–13 Big Ten Conference all-freshman and honorable mention all-conference selection by the coaches.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: As a number four seed, Michigan defeated its first NCAA tournament opponent, South Dakota State, 71–56. Michigan Robinson tied his career-high again with 21 points. The 27th victory of the season gave the team its most wins in 20 years and matched head coach John Beilein's career high. Michigan had held a narrow 30–26 lead at the half, but Robinson made two 3-pointers to open the second half. He scored Michigan's first eleven second-half points as South Dakota only made one field goal in that time. In the first two tournament games against South Dakota State and VCU, Robinson shot a combined 15-for-19. On March 29 against Kansas, Robinson contributed 13 points and 8 rebounds, bringing his averages in the first three tournament games to 16 points and 7.7 rebounds. During the final media timeout with 3:47 to play and Michigan trailing by 10 points, Robinson became the vocal leader during the team huddle for the first time as a Wolverine reminding his teammates to focus on their defense. With Michigan down by 5 points, he scooped a loose ball for an offensive rebound and made a reverse layup following a Tim Hardaway Jr. missed three-point shot with 35 seconds remaining. It was part of a Michigan 14–4 run in the final 2:52 to force overtime in the victory. On April 1, he was one of two Big Ten players (Harris) named to the 21-man 2013 Kyle Macy Freshman All-America team. Michigan advanced to the April 8 national championship game where the team lost to Louisville by an 82–76 margin despite 12 points from Robinson. Following his freshman season there was speculation he was considering entering the 2013 NBA draft. He was a projected first-round pick; however, on April 18, he and Mitch McGary held a joint press conference to announce that they would not enter the draft.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson declined an invitation to try out for the USA Basketball team that competed at the 2013 FIBA Under-19 World Championship, opting instead to attend a Nike Skills Academy for wing players featuring Kevin Durant and the LeBron James Skills Academy. While training, he became the first player in the history of Michigan basketball to max out the Vertec apparatus that is used to measure vertical leap.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson was a preseason All-Big Ten selection in both the official media poll released by the Big Ten Conference and the unofficial media poll released by the Big Ten Network. Robinson was on the 50-man Naismith Award and Wooden Award preseason watchlists.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On November 8, Robinson tied career highs with 4 assists and 3 steals against UMass Lowell on a night when he also had 15 points and 7 rebounds. On November 13, Robinson earned his first "Sports Illustrated" cover as part of a four-version set of regional covers depicting college basketball's greatest rivalries on the College Basketball Preview Issue. Robinson and Michigan State Spartans men's basketball player Gary Harris represented the Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry on one of the four regional versions. On December 14, Robinson tallied 20 points on 8–9 field goal shooting and 4 rebounds against (#1/#1) Arizona in a 72–70 loss. On December 28, against Holy Cross Robinson posted a career high with 23 points.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: In the January 2 Big Ten Conference opener against Minnesota, Robinson set a career high with 4 blocks despite missing the final 17:24 of the game with an injury to his left ankle. Robinson tied his career high with 23 points against Nebraska on February 5 as the team posted its largest conference game margin of victory since defeating Indiana 112-64 on February 22, 1998. On February 26, Robinson contributed a team-high 17 points including a game-winning overtime buzzer beater against his father's alma mater Purdue to help the team overcome its largest deficit of the season (19). On March 8, Robinson had his fourth 20-point game of the season to help Michigan close out its season with a season-ending 84–80 victory over Indiana. His 20 points included a tie-breaking 3-pointer with 1:10 remaining. Michigan clinched its first outright (unshared) Big Ten Conference championship since 1985–86. Following the regular season, he was named an honorable mention All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Michigan played its first two games of the 2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament at the BMO Harris Bradley Center, which was the home arena for Robinson's father, Glenn Robinson for most of his NBA career as a member of the Milwaukee Bucks. In the two games at the Bradley Center against Wofford and Texas, Robinson scored 14 points in each game and averaged 6 rebounds. In the Sweet Sixteen round, he opposed his father's former Purdue roommate and Tennessee head coach Cuonzo Martin. Robinson scored 13 points as Michigan again advanced in the tournament. The 2013–14 team was eliminated in the elite eight round of the NCAA Tournament by Kentucky.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On April 15, in a joint press conference with Stauskas, Robinson announced that he was declaring himself eligible for the 2014 NBA draft. During his two years with Michigan, the school enjoyed its winningest two-year stretch in school history, marked by a total of 59 wins.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: At the May NBA Draft Combine, Robinson excelled with the top standing vertical jump at the combine, the top small forward spot up shooting percentage and impressive measurements. Robinson pleased with his overall performance, but disappointed with his running vertical jump, which was short of his personal best. Robinson was drafted in the second round of the 2014 draft with the 40th overall pick by the Minnesota Timberwolves. With teammates Stauskas and McGary also being drafted, it marked the first time Michigan had at least three draft picks since the 1990 NBA draft. With Burke and Hardaway having been drafted the year before, every player that started in the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship Game was drafted either in the 2013 or 2014 NBA draft.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson committed to represent the Timberwolves in 2014 NBA Summer League. On September 17, 2014, he signed with the Timberwolves and then made the opening day 15-man roster. Robinson made his professional debut with the Timberwolves on November 14 against the New Orleans Pelicans, scoring 1 point in 8 minutes of play. On November 21, he posted his first field goals with a 2-for-2 shooting performance against the defending champion San Antonio Spurs. Among his early performances, he tallied 7 points on December 6 against the Spurs and 4 rebounds on December 8 against the Golden State Warriors. On March 5, 2015, he was waived by the Timberwolves.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On March 7, 2015, he was claimed off waivers by the Philadelphia 76ers. Robinson debuted for the 76ers on March 14 against the Brooklyn Nets, going scoreless in 7 minutes. He reached double digits for the first time on April 11 against the Chicago Bulls, scoring 10 points. Robinson started in the season finale on April 15 against the Miami Heat. It was his first and only start of the season and he posted a season-high 8 rebounds to go along with another 10-point performance.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: The 76ers opted not to make a qualifying offer to Robinson before the July 1, 2015 signing period, thus making him a free agent. He later joined the Atlanta Hawks for the 2015 NBA Summer League on July 9.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On July 27, 2015, Robinson signed a three-year deal with the Indiana Pacers. Pacer General Manager Larry Bird noted that he had been attempting to acquire Robinson for some time due to the potential that he saw. He hooked Robinson up with shooting guru Hal Wissel for extra attention during his first offseason. Robinson entered the season impaired by shoulder soreness and did not dress for the October 28 season opener. Robinson began practicing with the team at the beginning of November as he recovered from his shoulder injury.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On November 4, 2015, Robinson debuted with the Pacers against the Boston Celtics in their fifth game of the season. Robinson posted 10 points and 2 rebounds in 19 minutes of action. On November 13, he posted 11 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves. On November 21, he scored a career-high 17 points off the bench and was 4-of-4 from three-point range against the Milwaukee Bucks. On December 27, he was assigned to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League. He was recalled the next day. With George Hill attending to personal business and Rodney Stuckey injured, the Pacers—who only dressed 10 players—gave Robinson his first start of the season on January 17 against the Denver Nuggets. Hill missed three consecutive games and came off the bench for a fourth as he endured the loss of his grandmother, mourned the loss of a former IUPUI Jaguars men's basketball teammate and celebrated the birth of his first child. Hill replaced Robinson in the starting lineup on January 26 against the Los Angeles Clippers.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On November 20, 2016, with forwards Paul George, C. J. Miles and Kevin Seraphin sidelined, Robinson started and posted a double double with 16 points and 11 rebounds in an overtime win against the Oklahoma City Thunder. He got his second start of the season on November 25 and finished with a team high and career-high 20 points and five rebounds against the Brooklyn Nets. Those two starts were regarded as the best two performances of his career up to that date. Robinson returned to the starting lineup when Monta Ellis was injured in mid-December. He posted a season-high rebounding performance in a 12-point, 12-rebound double-double against the Detroit Pistons in his fourth start in his return to the starting lineup.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: During the 2017 All-Star Weekend, Robinson became the first Pacers player since Fred Jones (in 2004) to win the Slam Dunk Contest. On March 24 with less than 3 weeks left in the regular season, Robinson was sidelined for at least two weeks with a calf strain. After missing the final 11 games of the regular season, Robinson was sidelined for the first game of the 2017 NBA playoffs on April 15 against Cleveland, but he returned to the lineup for game 2 on April 17.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson was injured during a September 29, 2017 intrasquad scrimmage. On October 13, 2017, he was ruled out for three to four months after undergoing surgery for a repair of medial and lateral ligaments in his left ankle. On February 1, 2018, he began a rehab assignment with Fort Wayne. He was recalled by the Pacers later that day. On February 23, 2018, he made his season debut for the Pacers against the Atlanta Hawks. He had four points and two rebounds in 19 minutes.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On July 7, 2018, Robinson signed with the Detroit Pistons. Robinson was injured on December 10 and was sidelined for the subsequent eight games. Although he was cleared to play on December 30, he did not return to the court until late in a January 1, 2019 contest against the Milwaukee Bucks.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On July 10, 2019, Robinson signed a two-year deal with the Golden State Warriors. On November 25, Robinson posted a career-high 25 points against the Oklahoma City Thunder. He matched that high on December 31 against the San Antonio Spurs.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On February 6, 2020, Robinson and teammate Alec Burks were traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for three second-round draft picks. Robinson matched his career-high of 25 points again on March 3, 2020 against the Los Angeles Lakers.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: On December 2, 2020, Robinson signed a one-year contract with the Sacramento Kings. On February 24, 2021, the Kings waived Robinson.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: Robinson is the founder of the Angels are Real Indeed Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping young fathers in fatherhood while providing resources to fatherless families. Based in his hometown of Gary, IN, the ARI Foundation is named after Robinson's daughter, Ariana. The ARI Foundation has hosted toy drives, back-to-school supply and holiday-specific fundraisers, and has furnished the apartments of working-class single mothers. The nonprofit's work has been featured in CNN, Sports Illustrated and USA Today.


title: Glenn Robinson III

text: His younger brother, Gelen (class of 2014), was the 2013 & 2014 Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA) wrestling champion, 2014 IHSAA discus champion, 2013 IHSAA shot put runner-up, 2013 IHSAA discus runner-up and 2013 "Post-Tribune" Football Defensive Player of the Year. Gelen verbally committed to the Purdue Boilermakers football team and played 46 games in four seasons.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: Municipal or local governance refers to the third tier of governance in India, at the level of the municipality or urban local body.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: Municipal governance in India in its current form has existed since the year 1664. In 1664, Fort Kochi Municipality was established by Dutch, making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century. British followed with the formation of Madras Municipal Corporation in 1687, and then Calcutta and Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1726. In the early part of the nineteenth century almost all towns in India had experienced some form of municipal governance. In 1882 the then Viceroy of India, Lord Ripon, known as the Father of Local Self Government, passed a resolution of local self-government which lead the democratic forms of municipal governance in India.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: In 1919, a Government of India Act incorporated the need of the resolution and the powers of democratically elected government were formulated. In 1935 another Government of India act brought local government under the preview of the state or provincial government and specific powers were given.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: It was the 74th amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 that brought constitutional validity to municipal or local governments. Until amendments were made in respective state municipal legislations as well, municipal authorities were organised on an "ultra vires" (beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies. As per the Constitution of India, 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be designated as municipalities or Nagar panchayats with elected bodies.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions, although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states. These local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities or Nagar panchayats have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions, and have to deal with the state governments through the Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: State Municipal Acts are legislations enacted by state governments to establish municipal governments, administer them, and provide a framework of governance for cities within the state. Every state has its own municipal act and some states have more than one municipal act, governing larger and smaller municipalities under different acts. Various processes including rules for elections, recruitment of staff, and demarcation of urban areas derived from the state municipal acts. Most Municipal Acts are enforced across all statutory urban areas in the respective states except the cantonment areas. The Government of India had issued a Model Municipal Law in 2003 which aimed to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the municipal governments in the various states and bring them into conformity with the provisions of the 74th CAA.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: The municipal bodies of India are vested with a long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under their respective municipal legislations.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list of "eighteen functions", that may be entrusted to the municipalities.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: Public health includes water supply, sewerage and sanitation, eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as education, recreation, etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcing building regulations, encroachments on public land, birth registration and death certificate, etc.; public safety includes fire protection, street lighting, etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner-city roads, etc.; and development functions related to town planning and development of commercial markets. In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such as family planning, nutrition and slum improvement, disease and Epidemic control, etc.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning for economic development and social justice, urban poverty alleviation programs, and promotion of cultural, educational, and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicates wide variations in this regard. Whereas Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Manipur, Punjab and Rajasthan have included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws, Andhra Pradesh has not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions. Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in the list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development, urban forestry and protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities of Maharashtra, in Karnataka these are discretionary functions.


title: Municipal governance in India

text: The provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by the state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example, in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state-level Public Health Engineering Department or the Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenances are with the municipalities. Besides these state-level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and Urban Development Authorities, like Delhi Development Authority (DDA), have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc.