title: Zero waste

text: The Zero Waste Hierarchy describes a progression of policies and strategies to support the zero-waste system, from highest and best to lowest use of materials. It is designed to be applicable to all audiences, from policy-makers to industry and the individual. It aims to provide more depth to the internationally recognized 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle); to encourage policy, activity and investment at the top of the hierarchy; and to provide a guide for those who wish to develop systems or products that move us closer to zero waste. It enhances the zero-waste definition by providing guidance for planning and a way to evaluate proposed solutions. All over the world, in some form or another, a pollution prevention hierarchy is incorporated into recycling regulations, solid waste management plans, and resource conservation programs. In Canada, a pollution prevention hierarchy otherwise referred to as the Environmental Protection Hierarchy was adopted. This Hierarchy has been incorporated into all recycling regulations within Canada and is embedded within all resource conservation methods which all government mandated waste prevention programs follow. While the intention to incorporate the 4th R (recovery)prior to disposal was good, many organizations focused on this 4th R instead of the top of the hierarchy resulting in costly systems designed to destroy materials instead of systems designed to reduce environmental impact and waste. Because of this, along with other resource destruction systems that have been emerging over the past few decades, Zero Waste Canada along with the Zero Waste International Alliance have adopted the only internationally peer reviewed Zero Waste Hierarchy that focuses on the first 3Rs; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle including Compost.


title: Zero waste

text: An example of network governance approach can be seen in the UK under New Labour who proposed the establishment of regional groupings that brought together the key stakeholders in waste management (local authority representatives, waste industry, government offices etc.) on a voluntary basis. There is a lack of clear government policy on how to meet the targets for diversion from landfill which increases the scope at the regional and local level for governance networks. The overall goal is set by government but the route for how to achieve it is left open, so stakeholders can coordinate and decide how best to reach it.


title: Zero waste

text: Zero Waste is a strategy promoted by environmental NGOs but the waste industry is more in favor of the capital intensive option of energy from waste incineration. Research often highlights public support as the first requirement for success. In Taiwan, public opinion was essential in changing the attitude of business, who must transform their material use pattern to become more sustainable for Zero Waste to work.


title: Zero waste

text: California is a leading state in the United States for having zero-waste goals. California is the state with the most cities in the Zero Waste International Alliance. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, multiple cities have defined what it means to be a Zero Waste community and adopted goals to reach that status. Some of these cities include Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, San Francisco, Pasadena, Alameda, and San Jose. San Francisco has defined zero waste as "zero discards to the landfill or high-temperature destruction." Here, there is a planned structure to reach Zero Waste through three steps recommended by the San Francisco Department of the Environment. These steps are to prevent waste, reduce and reuse, and recycle and compost. Los Angeles defines zero waste as "maximizing diversion from landfills and reducing waste at the source, with the ultimate goal of striving for more-sustainable solid waste management practices." Los Angeles plans to reach this goal by the year of 2025. To reach this goal, major changes will have to be made to product creation, use, and disposal.


title: Zero waste

text: Retail stores specializing in zero-waste products have opened in various countries, including Spain and the United States.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Cave Johnson is a fictional character from the "Portal" franchise first introduced in the 2011 video game "Portal 2". He is voiced by American actor J. K. Simmons and created in part by "Portal 2"s designer Erik Wolpaw. He is referenced by a computer username in the first game and appears indirectly in "Portal 2". Johnson serves as a guide to the player-character Chell as she explores an abandoned part of the Aperture Science facility, though all of his messages are pre-recorded from before the events of the "Portal" games.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Cave Johnson was created by designer Erik Wolpaw and is voiced by J. K. Simmons. He is described as an "eccentric dead billionaire" and "extroverted, enthusiastic, and opinionated." He was the founder and CEO of Aperture Science. He was also a "shower curtain visionary." He was initially considered to be the main character of "Portal 2", where players were in control of him as he was trapped inside a computer. This idea was scrapped however. They later envisioned Cave Johnson as the primary antagonist, but this was also scrapped. This idea was revealed as a result of leaked quotes from the character.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Johnson was envisioned since "Portal" as an "industrial, Southern guy" who would contrast with the "anti-septic" and "politically correct" nature of Aperture Science. Though the idea of the character underwent several changes over the development, the selection of J.K. Simmons helped solidify the character. Pictures of Cave Johnson appear throughout "Portal 2", and though Valve used a casting call to try to find someone to use as a template, they turned back to their own lead animator, Bill Fletcher, for Cave's face.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Though comparisons have been made between Cave and Andrew Ryan, the wealthy industrialist who created the fictional underwater city of Rapture in "BioShock", Wolpaw claims they had not considered this character in their creation of Cave.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Cave Johnson's only full appearance to date is in the 2011 video game "Portal 2", having been referenced by a login username in the first "Portal" game in 2007. Johnson's voice actor, J.K. Simmons, spoke original lines for various trailers for "Portal 2", including at the PAX East exposition in 2011.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Cave Johnson does not appear directly in "Portal 2", but his image is seen in paintings and heard in pre-recorded messages as Chell traverses abandoned parts of the Aperture Science facility. These messages explain the area the player character has entered, as well as some of the backstory of the company. In these pre-recorded messages, he is sometimes accompanied by or makes reference to his personal assistant, a woman named Caroline. As Chell progresses through this area, the messages appear to indicate a decline in the company as well as in Johnson himself. The recordings reveal that Johnson eventually contracted a deadly illness after grinding up moon rocks to turn into Conversion Gel (in keeping with a previous comment that Aperture's research policy is to "throw science at the wall and see what sticks"); he explains that the dust was deadly poisonous, and begins discussing the prospect of putting a person's mind inside of a computer. Johnson indicates that if the process isn't able to be done on him before he dies, Caroline should be put in charge, by force if necessary. This leads the player to find out that Caroline is, in fact, the personality on which the GLaDOS computer system, which controls Aperture Science's testing course, is based.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: An alternate version of Cave Johnson, known as "Cave Prime of Earth-1" appears in the Perpetual Testing Initiative update. This Cave's assistant is Greg rather than Caroline. Cave Prime sends the player once again to fulfill the role of test subject - this time as silent stick figure Bendy. After proving the multiverse theory, Cave Prime decides to send test subjects to test in other universes so he can avoid the cost of building test rooms in his own universe, while also asking the player to watch out in case he finds "Moneyverse", an universe made entirely of US Dollars, and to avoid a "Pesoverse". After overhearing Caves from other universes, Cave Prime asserts his identity by adding the codeword "chariots chariots" at the end of his sentences. Cave Prime watches as Bendy travels through several universes, like the Cat Universe, where everyone is a cat; the Dancing Universe, where everyone is required by law to never stop dancing, even while testing; the Light Universe, where everyone was transformed into beings of pure light, as part of a failed experiment, as their goal was to turn everyone into pillars of pure salt; and an Universe where the Earth is run entirely by women. Cavina Johnson, this universe's Cave, insists that she and her assistant, Sally-Sue-Greg, are women, being strongly implied that they are actually men. Cave Prime cancels the GLaDOS project after seeing an universe where Cave uploaded his consciousness onto a computer, but gone mad after getting bored of being Pure Intellect. Another universe has Cave buying out Black Mesa and renaming it "Blapature Mesa", and canceling the experiment that would eventually lead to the alien invasion seen in Half-Life.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Cave Prime comes at odds with his evil self, known as "Dark Cave", who has the codeword "chariots chariots chariots", and comes from an universe where people breathe methane, eat only asparagus, and have a portal gun which can portal in any surface. Dark Cave tries bribing the player into giving him the Moneyverse. When two Moneyverses are discovered, Cave Prime and Dark Cave decide to split the findings, meaning that they're both wealthy enough to no longer need to test in alternate universes.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: J.K. Simmons returned to the role for "Lego Dimensions", and is able to be heard throughout the "Portal 2" adventure world and bonus level. In his "Lego Dimensions" appearance, Cave Johnson has put his own consciousness in a Personality Core.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: In 2022, Simmons once again reprised his role as Cave Johnson for the Steam Deck tech demo "Aperture Desk Job". The game takes place some years after Cave's body has died, but his personality has been implanted in a giant computer encased in a stone carving of his own head.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: 1UP.com's Steve Watts compared Cave Johnson to the industrialist Howard Hughes. A writer for "Edge" wrote that the "surprise star turn" was J.K. Simmons as Cave Johnson. The editor described him as a "gruff and acid alpha male who set up Aperture, who performs with real brio and bite" and that while it would be hard to quote him, his lines were "perfectly pitched, and funny to the bone". "PALGN"s Adam Ghiggino wrote that the dialogue of "Portal 2" was funny and cited Simmons as an example. GamesRadar's Tyler Wilde called Cave "bombastic" and praised Simmons for "perfectly" portraying him. GameSpy's Will Tuttle wrote that it is "hard not to feel oddly honored to take part in some of the experiments that ranged across his entire career". He also wrote of Simmons that his voice "adeptly blend gravitas and silliness, and I found his segment to be just as great the second time I played through the game". "GamePro"s Will Herring wrote that Valve should be "commended" for the introduction of the character. "Official Xbox Magazine"s Jon Hicks described Cave as a "cigar-chewing, damn-the-expense-and-particularly-the-health-restrictions" type.


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Computer and Video Games' Andy Robinson described Cave's personality as "loud" and that Simmons is "on form here". GameZone's Ben PerLee described Cave as "the typical tycoon mastermind/crazy man, so stubborn in his ways, government and basic human rights be damned" and that "his suggested history with GLaDOS provides an amazing focal point for the second entry". "PC Gamer"s Dan Stapleton wrote that Cave's "comically sociopathic approach to science is second only to GLaDOS’". He also praised Simmons for his portrayal of Cave because of his "fittingly cantankerous voice". Giant Bomb's Ryan Davis called Simmons' portrayal "terrific" and described Simmons as a "perennial tough-talker and boss-man-type". CNN's Larry Frum praised Cave's "sarcastic, shoot-from-the-hip attitude" for its contribution to the game's dialogue. ABC News' Lou Kesten wrote that Cave was a "memorable" character, and that Simmons helped in portraying what he thought was one of the three "most distinctive characters in video games" along with Wheatley and GLaDOS. "The Wall Street Journal"s Ryan Kuo wrote that Cave's "gruff proclamations are somewhat more grating than his synthetic counterparts" and that "for better or worse, it’s also impossible to un-see J.K. Simmons once you know it’s him speaking".


title: Cave Johnson (Portal)

text: Professor G. Christopher Williams discussed the relationship between Caroline, the form she held before she became GLaDOS, and Cave Johnson. He wrote that the relationship of Caroline and Johnson fulfilled the "adage that 'behind every good man is a good woman,' since he depends on Caroline to fulfill the role of executing his directives as well as providing comfort and support for the man in charge, himself". He added that "while Johnson warns his listeners jokingly that 'pretty as a postcard' Caroline is off limits because 'She’s married. To Science,' he may as well be simply warning off potential suitors for personal reasons" and wrote that "he is the 'science' that she has married herself to."


title: Skanda Purana

text: The Skanda Purana (IAST: Skanda Purāṇa) is the largest "Mukyapurana", a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts. The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is of Kaumara literature, titled after Skanda, a son of Shiva and Parvati, who is also known as Murugan. While the text is named after Skanda, he does not feature either more or less prominently in this text than in other Shiva-related Puranas. The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to the war-god Skanda.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The earliest text titled "Skanda Purana" likely existed by the 8th century CE, but the "Skanda Purana" that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions. It is considered as a living text, which has been widely edited, over many centuries, creating numerous variants. The common elements in the variant editions encyclopedically cover cosmogony, mythology, genealogy, dharma, festivals, gemology, temples, geography, discussion of virtues and evil, of theology and of the nature and qualities of Shiva as the Absolute and the source of true knowledge.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The editions of Skandapurana text also provide an encyclopedic travel handbook with meticulous "Tirtha Mahatmya" (pilgrimage tourist guides), containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, Nepal and Tibet, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories.


title: Skanda Purana

text: Haraprasad Shastri and Cecil Bendall, in about 1898, discovered an old palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana in a Kathmandu library in Nepal, written in Gupta script. They dated the manuscript to 8th century CE, on paleographic grounds. This suggests that the original text existed before this time. R. Adriaensen, H.Bakker, and H. Isaacson dated the oldest surviving palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana to 810 CE, but Richard Mann adds that earlier versions of the text likely existed in the 8th century CE. Hans Bakker states that the text specifies holy places and details about the 4th and 5th-century Citraratha of Andhra Pradesh, and thus may have an earlier origin. The oldest versions of the Skandapurana texts have been discovered in the Himalayan region of South Asia such as Nepal, and the northeastern states of India such as Assam. The critical editions of the text, for scholarly studies, rely on the Nepalese manuscripts.


title: Skanda Purana

text: Additional texts style themselves as "khandas" (sections) of Skandapurana, but these came into existence after the 12th century. It is unclear if their root texts did belong to the Skandapurana, and in some cases replaced the corresponding chapters of the original. The version of the earliest known recension was later expanded in two later versions namely the "Revakhanda" and "Ambikakhanda" recensions. The only surviving manuscript of the Revakhanda recension is from 1682. The four surviving manuscripts of the Ambikakhhnda recension are of a later period and contains much more alterations. Judit Törzsök says a similar recension to these two recensions seems to have been known to Laskhmidhara, thus it existed before 12th century. Ballala Sena quotes content found only in these two recensions, thus the version known at that time was similar to the ancient version of these two recensions.


title: Skanda Purana

text: There are a number of texts and manuscripts that bear the title "Skanda Purana". Some of these texts, except for the title, have little in common with the well-known Skandapurana traced to the 1st millennium CE. The original text has accrued several additions, resulting in several different versions. It is, therefore, very difficult to establish an exact date of composition for the Skanda Purana.


title: Skanda Purana

text: Stylistically, the "Skanda Purana" is related to the "Mahabharata", and it appears that its composers borrowed from the "Mahabharata". The two texts employ similar stock phrases and compounds that are not found in the "Ramayana". Some of the mythology mentioned in the present version of the "Skanda Purana" is undoubtedly post-Gupta period, consistent with that of medieval South India. This indicates that several additions were made to the original text over the centuries. The Kashi Khanda, for example, acquired its present form around the mid-13th century CE. The latest part of the text might have been composed in as late as the 15th century CE.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The whole corpus of texts which are considered as part of the "Skanda Purana" is grouped in two ways. According to one tradition, these are grouped in six 's, each of which consists of several 's. According to another tradition, these are grouped in seven ""s, each named after a major pilgrimage region or site. The chapters are "Mahatmyas", or travel guides for pilgrimage tourists.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The second type of division of the "Skanda Purana" is found in some texts like ' of the or the , ' of the , ' of the and ' of the . According to these texts, the "Skanda Purana" consists of six s (sections):


title: Skanda Purana

text: The manuscripts of the , the , the and the are extant. A manuscript of a commentary on the by is also available. These texts discuss cosmogony, theology, philosophical questions on virtues and vice, questions such as what is evil, the origin of evil, how to deal with and cure evil.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The manuscripts of several other texts which claim to be part of the "Skanda Purāṇa" are found partially or wholly. Some of the notable regional texts amongst these are: ' which contains "Nepalamahatmya" (30 chapters, Nepal Tirtha region), ", , , , , " and '.


title: Skanda Purana

text: Kaverimahatmya presents stories and a pilgrim guide for the Kaveri river (Karnataka) and Coorg Tirtha region. Vivsamitrimahatmya presents mythology and a guide for the Vadodara Tirtha region.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The oldest known 1st-millennium palm-leaf manuscripts of this text mention many major Hindu pilgrimage sites, but do not describe Kailash-Manasarovar. The later versions do, particularly in "Manasakhanda".


title: Skanda Purana

text: The "Skanda Purana", like many Puranas, include the legends of the Daksha's sacrifice, Shiva's sorrow, churning of the ocean (Samudra manthan) and the emergence of Amrita, the story of the demon Tarakasura, the birth of Goddess Parvati, her pursuit of Shiva, and her marriage to Lord Shiva, among others.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The central aim of the Skandapurana text, states Hans Bakker, is to sanctify the geography and landscape of South Asia, and legitimize the regional Shaiva communities across the land, as it existed at the time the edition was produced. The text reflects the political uncertainties, the competition with Vaishnavism, and the cultural developments with the Pashupata Hindus during the periods it was composed.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The "Skanda Purana" manuscripts have been found in Nepal, Tamil Nadu (Tamil: கந்த புராணம்) and other parts of India. The "Skanda Purana" is among of the oldest dated manuscripts discovered in Nepal. A palm-leaf manuscript of the text is preserved at the National Archives of Nepal (NAK 2–229), and its digital version has been archived by Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMCP B 11–4). It is likely that the manuscript was copied by the scribe on Monday, March 10 811 CE, though there is some uncertainty with this date because the "samvat" of this manuscript is unclear. Michael Witzel dates this Nepalese manuscript to about 810 CE. This manuscript was discovered as one in a group of seven different texts bound together. The group included fourteen manuscripts mostly Buddhist, six of which are very old "Saddharma Pundarika Sutra" manuscripts, one of "Upalisutra", one Chinese Buddhist text, and one "Bhattikavya" Buddhist yamaka text. The "Skanda Purana" found in this manuscripts collection is written in transitional Gupta script, Sanskrit.


title: Skanda Purana

text: The 1910 edition included seven 's (parts): ", " or ", Brahma, , , " and '. In 1999–2003, an English translation of this text was published by the Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi in 23 volumes. This translation is also based on a text divided into seven ""s.


title: Skanda Purana

text: "The Skandapurāṇa", vol. I, adhyāyas 1-25, edited by Rob Adriaensen, Hans T. Bakker, and Harunaga Isaacson, 1998; vol. IIa, adhyāyas 26-31.14, ed. by Hans T. Bakker and Harunaga Isaacson, 2005; vol. IIb, adhyāyas 31-52, ed. by Hans T. Bakker, Peter C. Bisschop, and Yuko Yokochi, 2014; vol. III, adhyāyas 34.1-61, 53-69, ed. by Yuko Yokochi, 2013. Supplement to the Groningen Oriental Studies, Groningen: Egbert Forsten, and Leiden: Brill.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: JTI - Japan Tobacco International is the international tobacco division of Japan Tobacco, a leading international tobacco product manufacturer. The holding company is JT International SA and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and sells its brands in 120 countries.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: As of 2018, JTI employed around 40,000 people around the world at 400 offices, 27 factories, five research and development centers, and five tobacco-processing facilities.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: Eddy Pirard is the president and CEO, and Koji Shimayoshi is the deputy CEO and executive vice president for business development and corporate strategy.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: JTI was formed in 1999, when Japan Tobacco Inc. purchased the international tobacco operations of the US multinational R.J. Reynolds for $ 7.8 billion.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: In 2007, Gallaher Group, a FTSE 100 business, was acquired by Japan Tobacco Inc. for GBP 9.4 billion. At the time, this was the largest foreign acquisition by a Japanese company.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: In 2009, the JT Group acquired part of the worldwide business of Tribac Leaf Limited (a company that trades tobacco in Africa), as well as two Brazilian companies active in the tobacco business, Kannenberg and KBH&C. In the same year, the JT Group also set up JTI Leaf Services, a joint venture with two leaf suppliers in the US – Hail & Cotton Inc. and JEB International.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: The three largest Canadian tobacco companies, Imperial Tobacco Canada, JTI-Macdonald Corp, and Rothmans Benson & Hedges, are the subject of the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history. The case started 12 March 2012 in Quebec Superior Court, and the companies face a potential payout of C$27 billion (US $20.18 billion) in damages and penalties. In addition, a number of Canadian provinces are teaming up to sue tobacco companies to recover healthcare costs caused by smoking.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: On 1 June 2015, Québec Superior Court Justice Brian Riordan awarded more than $15 billion to Quebec smokers in a landmark case that pitted them against three Canadian cigarette giants, including JTI-Macdonald Corp. JTI was ordered to pay 13% of the total, or C$2bn. The company stated, "JTI-Macdonald Corp fundamentally disagrees with today’s judgment and intends to file an appeal.". "The company strongly believes that the evidence presented at trial does not justify the court’s conclusions." The plaintiffs in the court case stated that even if an appeal were lodged, the companies were required to pay C$1bn within 60 days.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: Japan Tobacco International is a silver patron of the University of Latvia Foundation. It has supported the university since 2010 by donating to long-term projects of the University of Latvia Senior Association.


title: Japan Tobacco International

text: JTI also has a portfolio of cigarette brands that the company markets regionally, including Export in Canada.


title: Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi

text: Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi (English: "My Sai - Faith And Patience") is an Indian Hindi television series which premiered on Sony Entertainment Television on 25 September 2017. The show stars Tushar Dalvi in the lead role along with Kishori Godbole, Vaibhav Mangle in supporting roles.


title: Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi

text: Sai Baba of Shirdi helps many people of Shirdi village and even fulfils one's needs. He had corrected mistakes of many villainous and greedy people (Kulkarni sarkar) who hate him and his teachings. He showed them the path of Dharma and made them devoted only to God.


title: Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi

text: The filming of the series which resumed after three months owing COVID-19 outbreak in India in late June was halt soon in early July until 7 July 2020 when a crew member was tested positive for the virus and the cast and crew were kept under quarantine.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: The Mercedes-Benz GLC is a Compact luxury crossover SUV introduced in 2015 for the 2016 model year that replaces the GLK-Class. According to Mercedes-Benz, it is the SUV equivalent to the C-Class. Although officially considered compact, it is considered mid-size in the US market.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: Under the vehicle naming scheme maintained by Mercedes-Benz, SUVs use the base name "GL", followed by the model's placement in Mercedes-Benz hierarchy. The "G" is for Geländewagen (German for off-road vehicle) and alludes to the long-running G-Class. This is followed by the letter "L" that acts as a linkage with the letter "C" to signify that the vehicle is a SUV equivalent to the C-Class.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: Like its predecessor, it is assembled at Mercedes-Benz's plant in Bremen, Germany. Since the main GLC production site in Bremen already runs at full capacity, Mercedes-Benz have decided to expand the production capacity by utilizing Valmet Automotive plant at Uusikaupunki, Finland. The manufacturing of the GLC started in Finland during Q1 of 2017.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: The first-generation GLC was available in a five-door body style with seating for five. Mercedes also offers a GLC Coupé, with a sloping rear roof design. In mainland Europe, it is available with three diesel engines, three petrol engines, and a plug-in hybrid. In the United Kingdom, only three diesels and one petrol AMG-model are offered.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: Power comes from a choice of 2.0-litre 4-cylinder turbocharged petrol (same engine combined with the electric engine in the 350e hybrid) and 2.2-liter 4-cylinder turbo diesel engines in various power stages mated to a 9-speed (7-speed for the 350e hybrid) G-Tronic automatic transmission. 4MATIC all-wheel-drive is standard in some markets and optional in others. The GLC has a track width of in front and in the rear. Trunk volume is rated at .


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: In the German home market, the GLC 250 4MATIC petrol version is joined by GLC 220d 4MATIC and GLC 250d 4MATIC diesel versions along with a plug-in hybrid version called the 350e. In North America, only the GLC 300, GLC 43 AMG and GLC 63 AMG are available.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: In October 2018, Beijing-Benz introduced a long-wheelbase version of the GLC-Class exclusively for China. The overall length of 4,765 mm (187.6 in) is 109 mm (4.3 in) longer than the regular GLC. Of that increase, 100 mm (4 in) has gone into the distance between the wheels – the wheelbase is now 2,973 mm (117.1 in) versus the standard 2,873 mm (113.1 in). This can be seen in the longer rear doors. The GLC L will share the same engine range as the GLC. Three 2.0 litre turbocharged four-cylinder units push out 181 hp (184 PS) in the GLC 200 L 4Matic, 208 hp (211 PS) in the GLC 250 L 4Matic, and 241 hp (245 PS) in the top GLC 300 L 4Matic. AWD is standard across the range. The standard wheelbase GLC will continue to be sold in China alongside the LWB, which is said to cost 10,000 yuan more spec for spec.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: Standard features in the US include dual-zone automatic air conditioning; cruise control; Bluetooth System; 8-way power driver and passenger bucket seats; front, front side, side-curtain, and knee airbags.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: At the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, Mercedes unveiled the refreshed GLC as a 2020 model. New features include an updated MBUX Operating System that can be activated by saying "Hey Mercedes", new engines, a new steering wheel, and a 12.3-inch digital cockpit.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: Daimler tested a fleet of fuel cell-powered GLC models, dubbed "GLC F-CELL", which entered production in 2018. It features both fuel cells and a battery drive which can be charged externally. Apart from electricity, it also runs on pure hydrogen.


title: Mercedes-Benz GLC

text: The second generation GLC was unveiled in June 2022. Similar to the W206 C-Class, all models will be equipped with four-cylinder engines with MHEV tech. For those looking for better economy, there's also three PHEVs to choose from. The X254 GLC is also larger than its predecessor.


title: Younha

text: Go Youn-ha (Hangul: 고윤하, Hanja: 高潤荷; born April 29, 1988), known mononymously as Younha, is a South Korean singer-songwriter and record producer. She began her career in 2004 in Japan, where she was nicknamed the "Oricon Comet" for her success on the Japanese music chart. In 2006, she debuted in South Korea, where she is regarded as one of the country's best singer-songwriters.


title: Younha

text: Younha was born in South Korea on April 29, 1988, where she began to play the piano at the age of 5. She started singing in elementary school and later began to teach herself Japanese after watching the popular Japanese drama, "Gokusen". As a teenager, Younha said she went to as many as 20 auditions with South Korean record labels but was rejected because she wasn't "pretty enough to become a star." As a result, she dropped out of high school at the age of 16 to pursue a singing career in Japan. Younha later attended Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, where she majored in Japanese.


title: Younha

text: After arriving in Japan in January 2004, Younha released her debut single, "Yubikiri," that September, followed by the Japanese version of the song in October. Despite the fact the song was included on the soundtrack of the Fuji TV drama, "Destiny of Love", it was not a success.


title: Younha

text: Younha found mainstream success with her second Japanese single, "Houkiboshi," which was included on the soundtrack of the anime series "Bleach". The song debuted on the Oricon daily chart at #18 and peaked at #12, making Younha the second South Korean artist, after BoA, to break into the Oricon top 20. Less than 2 months after the success of Houkiboshi, she released "Motto Futari de", to little fanfare, with minimal promotion, and Younha made no TV appearances to promote the single live. Her third single, "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki", with a tie-in to the Touch live action movie adaptation, with Touch as the theme song, was significantly more successful, and brought her back into the Oricon Top 20, matching the success of "Houki Boshi". The single debuted at #15, and peaked at #11 on the Daily chart. After releasing four singles, Younha released her first album entitled "Go! Younha" with moderate success. It reached the #10 spot on the Oricon daily charts, and #12 on the weekly charts.


title: Younha

text: However, Younha's next three singles, "My Lover", "Te wo Tsunaide" and "Ima ga Daisuki", despite various tie-ins such as "", "Jyu Oh Sei" (獣王星) and "Jang Geum's Dream", failed to replicate the success from her earlier efforts, all ranking in the lower half of the Oricon Top 100.


title: Younha

text: In the meantime, Younha enrolled in Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and began her debut in Korea, releasing a digital Korean single album titled "Audition". Many performances of this song were shown on Korean TV, and the single received much promotion, as a result, "Audition" charted well for over 3 months on all Korean charts.


title: Younha

text: Despite the lackluster performance of her last 3 Japanese singles, Younha was chosen to sing an opening theme song for "Kiba". The song "Hakanaku Tsuyoku" (儚く強く) was used as the second opening theme for the show. The single was released on January 17, 2007, and due to the nature of its tie-in, charted much higher than her last 3 releases, peaking at #36 - but also marked her last single with Epic Records.


title: Younha

text: Exactly two months after "Hakanaku Tsuyoku", Younha returned to Korea to release her first Korean album entitled "The Perfect Day to Say I Love You" (고백하기 좋은 날, "Gobaekhagi Jo-eun Nal"). The album was a success, peaking at #1 on the charts. The first song promoted from the album was "Password 486", for which she won the SBS Inkigayo Mutizen award twice. A music video was made for "Password 486", which stars fellow Stam artist Yoon Ji-hoo. The album also features a collaboration with Wheesung. On July 14, 2007, Younha appeared on the Korean GomTV MSL Grand Finals (a StarCraft tournament) and performed in the opening ceremony. The second song promoted was "Love Condition", accompanied with a repackage of her debut album. While no music video was made, the song was performed live a number of times, and had modest success on the charts.


title: Younha

text: At the 2007 MKMF held on November 17, 2007, Younha won the Best New Solo Artist award. With her increasing success, Younha released a version of "Go! Younha" rerecorded in Korean. The album, with minor track list changes, is titled "Comet" (혜성, "Hyeseong") and was released on October 23, spawning two hit singles, the title track "혜성 (Hyeseong)" and "At First Sight". Riding the success experienced in Korea, her very first Korean single "Audition" was re-released on March 14 as a physical CD, limited to 10,000 copies.


title: Younha

text: Epic Records quietly released a "best of" Japanese album/music video DVD of Younha's work to date, "SONGS -Teen's Collection-", on March 26, 2008, signalling the end of her contract with the record label, due to the recent poor performance of her singles, and her focus on the Korean music industry.


title: Younha

text: On August 28, 2008 Younha followed up her last few successful albums with her sophomore effort, titled "Someday". The album went on to spawn two hit singles, "Telepathy", and "Gossip Boy". The album also featured her second collaboration with Tablo, who co-wrote and featured in the song, "Memory".


title: Younha

text: In early 2009, Younha made her comeback to the Japanese music industry, now signed with Sistus Records, with a Japanese version of "Memory", titled "Kioku", tying in as the ending theme to the "Rideback" anime. No physical release of the song was issued, and was an online only single until the release of her next studio album, Hitotsu Sora no Shita, which included it on the track listing. Her return to the industry also included a role in a Japanese movie, "On Next Sunday" (今度の日曜日に, "Kondo no Nichiyoubi ni"), released in April 2009, also singing the theme song "On the Other Side of the Rainbow" (虹の向こう側, "Niji no Mukougawa"). She went on to release 2 physical singles, "Girl" and "Sukinanda", however both failed to chart in the top 100.


title: Younha

text: Her highly anticipated third album "" was released on April 16, 2009, with a new record label, Lion Media. The promotional track "1, 2, 3" was a signalled change in her style, in fashion sense, taking on a cuter, girly appearance, as opposed to her more tomboy look for her previous promotional periods. The style change also encompassed her music, with her songs from the album losing her trademark debut Piano rock sound which brought her critical acclaim and success, turning to pop. Despite the sudden change in musical style, the song was a strong contender for #1, but was beaten out due to strong competition during the promotional run.


title: Younha

text: On December 11, 2009, Younha released the second part of her third Korean album, "", showing a mature, darker contrast to the happier, pop-based Part A. The album spawned one #1 single, "We Broke Up Today".


title: Younha

text: Her second Japanese album "Under the Same Sky" (ひとつ空の下) was released on September 22, 2010 in Japan and September 29, 2010 in Korea. The album features Younha's work with i-dep and Sotte Bosse's Nakamura Hiroshi, as well as popular acoustic guitar duo Depapepe. The album debuted to little fanfare, only achieving #169 on the Oricon Album charts.


title: Younha

text: After a year of relatively quiet activity since her last major release, "Lost in Love", Younha's first EP, was released, including a collection of various soundtrack singles released throughout the year, as well as the promotional singles "One Shot", stylistically a rare return to her piano rock roots, and "Take Care of My Boyfriend", a pop-rock ballad. While the latter barely made the Top 10, "One Shot" missed the Top 20. While "One Shot" was a welcome return to the original sound she was known for, there were also very strong similarities to the Sara Bareilles song, "Love Song" noted by netizens. With minimal promotion, the EP became the lowest selling album in Younha's Korean discography.


title: Younha

text: On May 9, 2011, Younha became the 22nd host of MBC FM radio program, "Starry Night". On July 12, 2011, it was revealed that Younha was suing her company, Lion Media, to request a termination of contract due to questionable validity, through the legal courts, though further revelations showed that these proceedings had started since April. A countersuit from her company was filed against her in return, for US$1 million to recover damages. A mediation session was scheduled for October to settle the matter, but fell through. It was not until February 2012, that the courts found the case in favor of Younha, resulting in the annulment of her contract with Lion Media, as well as 100 million KRW compensation.


title: Younha

text: After her legal troubles, Younha began her comeback activities with a new record label, "wealive" (now C9 Entertainment). She released her fourth album "Supersonic" on July 3, 2012, featuring artists such as Jay Park, Tiger JK, and John Park. The album spawned two singles, the Top 10 Hit, "Would We Have Changed?" featuring John Park, and "Run". The album was released to critical acclaim, embracing a rock based style, doing away with ballad styles she had promoted for the last 2 years, and even led to "Run" being nominated for Pop Song of the Year at the Korean Music Awards. She also joined the cast of "I Am a Singer", a show based around professional singers remaking songs, ranging from old to current hits.


title: Younha

text: On May 2, 2013, Younha released her second EP, "Just Listen" receiving rave reviews. The album also brought her back to commercial success, "아니야 (Unacceptable)" became her first Top 5 single since "오늘 헤어졌어요 (Broke Up Today)" in 2009, and is also her first album to feature 2 Top 10 singles, "Unacceptable" and "Reason". On December 6, 2013, Younha released her third EP, "Subsonic", featuring the lead-in single "It's Okay" and follow up "Not There" featuring Eluphant. With the release of these singles, it brings about the first time in Younha's career where she has achieved 3 Top 10 singles, and at a stretch, 4 Top 15 singles in one year.


title: Younha

text: On May 29, 2014, she collaborated with rock singer Jung Joon-young to release the digital single "Just The Way You Are" (달리 함께). The song peaked at #11 on the "Billboard" K-pop Hot 100. She achieved her first #1 single in her career on the Gaon Charts, 10 years after debut, with her solo remake of her 2008 hit with Epik High, "Umbrella". The original version in turn, also surged up the charts, jumping 245 places up to #53 in that same week. This marks the first time she has topped the chart since "Broke Up Today" 5 years before, in 2009, and "Comet" in 2007.


title: Younha

text: On November 11, 2015, Younha released her single "Thinking About You" (널 생각해), produced by Lee Chanhyuk of Akdong Musician. She released her fifth album, "RescuE", on December 27, 2017. "Billboard" ranked the album number eight on its list of top K-Pop albums of the 2010s, calling it "a cathartic listening experience that reflected on hard times and hinted to the brightness beyond them." Younha followed up by releasing the EP "Stable Mindset" in 2019, and then the EP "Unstable Mindset" on January 6, 2020. The latter contained the song "Winter Flower", a collaboration with RM from BTS, which "Billboard" called "an epic, comforting power ballad". Furthermore, the song gave Younha the title of the first Korean female solo artist to Top US iTunes chart. Younha released her sixth album, "End Theory" on November 16, 2021, and a repackaged version with 3 additional songs, "End Theory: Final Edition", was released on March 30, 2022. On June 30, 2022, Younha released the digital single "Rain Song", which is a remake of Epik High's single of the same name.


title: Younha

text: "Event Horizon", the lead single from "End Theory: Final Edition" began to rise in the charts and viral popularity 6 months after initial release, as Younha did major gigs at universities and festivals in the second half of 2022, with positive word of mouth and fan footage gathering views online. The song peaked at #1 on Billboard and on the Circle Chart.


title: Younha

text: Younha sang the song "Boku wa Koko ni Iru" on the tribute album to Masayoshi Yamazaki, "One More Time, One More Chance". (12.21.05)


title: Younha

text: Younha was selected as one of 14 female artists to perform in the omnibus album "14 Princess ~Princess Princess Children~", a collection of the most famous songs by the top girls band Princess Princess of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Younha performed the song "Diamonds", which was the #1 seller of the year during 1989 in Japan. (03.08.06)


title: Sudama

text: Sudama (), also known as Kuchela (), is a childhood friend of the Hindu deity Krishna. The story of his visit to Dvaraka to meet his friend is featured in the Bhagavata Purana.


title: Sudama

text: In their legend, Sudama and Krishna study together as children at Sandipani's ashrama, believed to have been at Ujjain. Leading a life of abject poverty, Sudama's wife urges him to go to Krishna, and request his assistance. Carrying some handfuls of parched rice as a gift, Sudama visits his old friend at Dvaraka, who receives him with honour. After discerning Sudama's unrevealed poverty, Krishna creates various luxurious palaces for his friend where his hut had stood, which the former sees when he returns home.


title: Sudama

text: In one iteration of his legend, Sudama, along with Tulasi, are stated to have once resided in Krishna's own abode, Goloka, before a curse by Radha forced them to be born on earth.


title: Sudama

text: Accordingly, Sudama was born into a poor Brahmin family. He received his education as a pupil of Sandipani, who was also the preceptor of Krishna. While Sudama had only known poverty, his friend Krishna was from a royal family of Yaduvamsha lineage. Despite this difference in socioeconomic status, they were educated in the same way. According to one story, Krishna and Sudama were sent to the forest to get firewood for a havana. The two boys grew hungry, and Krishna enquired if Sudama had anything to eat; Sandipani had given Sudama a bundle of chickpeas to share with Krishna. Sudama, however, chose to be selfish, and ate all the chickpeas, denying to Krishna that he had any foodstuffs with him. Despite this incident, their friendship did not waver. However, upon reaching adulthood, while Krishna became the ruler of Dvaraka, and became reputed for his deeds, Sudama remained a humble and impoverished villager.


title: Sudama

text: The Bhagavata Purana narrates that eventually, Sudama's starving wife implored her husband to visit Krishna and tell him of his impoverishment, stating that as the refuge of his devotees and a patron of Brahmins, he would no doubt shower his old friend with great wealth. Despite his reluctance to seek help from Krishna, Sudama agreed, if only to see the deity, which would accrue punya. He asked his wife if there was anything he could bring his friend as a gift, and she was able to procure four handfuls of parched and beaten rice for him to take to Dvaraka. He entered the palace of Krishna, and found the deity seated on a couch with his favourite queen, Rukmini. Overjoyed at the sight of his old friend, Krishna made him sit on his own couch, and washed his feet, according to custom. He offered his friend a number of refreshments and smeared his body with pastes and perfumes. Rukmini herself attended on him, holding a whisk, to the astonishment of the women of the palace. Krishna and Sudama conversed about their boyhood days at the ashrama of Sandipani. Krishna recounted an incident when the duo were once tasked with bringing fuel from the forest during a great storm, wandering aimlessly as they held each other's hands, until their preceptor found them. The deity jovially asked his friend if he had brought any presents for him. Ashamed of what he had brought, Sudama did not respond. Being omniscient, Krishna declared that the grains of parched rice that had been brought to him were his favourite food, and swallowed one grain of it. Rukmini prevented him from having anymore, for the abundance of her consort's act overwhelmed the world. After spending the night in the palace, the Brahmin begun his journey back home, feeling small because he had been ashamed to ask for anything, but also content because he had obtained a darshana of the deity. He decided that Krishna had been merciful to deny him of wealth. Sudama returned to find that his humble hut had been transformed into several seven-storied palaces, filled with beautiful gardens and parks. He was welcomed by splendid musicians and singers. Delighted, his wife rushed to embrace him, looking like the goddess Lakshmi herself as she cried tears of joy. The flabbergasted Brahmin entered his house, finding that it resembled Svarga itself with its facilities and opulence. Sudama exulted in the generosity of the deity, for having smiled upon him during his time of misfortune. His wife and he enjoyed the worldly pleasures they had been blessed with without attachment, and grew even more devoted to Krishna. The generosity of Krishna and his friendship with Sudama is associated with the celebration of the festival of Akshaya Tritiya.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: In computer science, bootstrapping is the technique for producing a self-compiling compiler – that is, a compiler (or assembler) written in the source programming language that it intends to compile. An initial core version of the compiler (the "bootstrap compiler") is generated in a different language (which could be assembly language); successive expanded versions of the compiler are developed using this minimal subset of the language. The problem of compiling a self-compiling compiler has been called the chicken-or-egg problem in compiler design, and bootstrapping is a solution to this problem.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: Many compilers for many programming languages are bootstrapped, including compilers for BASIC, ALGOL, C, C#, D, Pascal, PL/I, Haskell, Modula-2, Oberon, OCaml, Common Lisp, Scheme, Go, Java, Elixir, Rust, Python, Scala, Nim, Eiffel, TypeScript, Vala, Zig and more.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: The full compiler is built twice in order to compare the outputs of the two stages. If they are different, either the bootstrap or the full compiler contains a bug.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: Note that some of these points assume that the language runtime is also written in the same language.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: If one needs to compile a compiler for language X written in language X, there is the issue of how the first compiler can be compiled. The different methods that are used in practice include:


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: Methods for distributing compilers in source code include providing a portable bytecode version of the compiler, so as to "bootstrap" the process of compiling the compiler with itself. The T-diagram is a notation used to explain these compiler bootstrap techniques. In some cases, the most convenient way to get a complicated compiler running on a system that has little or no software on it involves a series of ever more sophisticated assemblers and compilers.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: The first high-level language to provide such a bootstrap was NELIAC in 1958. The first widely used languages to do so were Burroughs B5000 Algol in 1961 and LISP in 1962.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: Hart and Levin wrote a LISP compiler in LISP at MIT in 1962, testing it inside an existing LISP interpreter. Once they had improved the compiler to the point where it could compile its own source code, it was self-hosting.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: This technique is only possible when an interpreter already exists for the very same language that is to be compiled. It borrows directly from the notion of running a program on itself as input, which is also used in various proofs in theoretical computer science, such as the variation of the proof that the halting problem is undecidable that uses Rice's Theorem.


title: Bootstrapping (compilers)

text: Due to security concerns regarding the Trusting Trust Attack and various attacks against binary trustworthiness, multiple projects are working to reduce the effort for not only bootstrapping from source but also allowing everyone to verify that source and executable correspond. These include the Bootstrappable builds project and the Reproducible builds project.


Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? () is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin. The painting was created in Tahiti, and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Viewed as a masterpiece by Gauguin, the painting is considered "a philosophical work comparable to the themes of the Gospels".


title: Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

text: The painting is notable for its enigmatic subject and atmosphere. Some scholars have attributed these qualities to personal conflicts that Gauguin experienced while creating this artwork. It is an accentuation of Gauguin's trailblazing Post-Impressionistic style.


text: Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin, just outside Orléans, from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen. His studies there included a class in Catholic liturgy; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans, Félix-Antoine-Philibert Dupanloup. Dupanloup had devised his own catechism for students to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life. The three fundamental questions in this catechism were "where does humanity come from?" "where is it going to?", and "how does humanity proceed?". Although in later life Gauguin was vociferously anticlerical, these questions from Dupanloup's catechism had lodged in his mind, and "where?" became the key question that Gauguin asked in his art.


text: Looking for a society more simple and elemental than that of his native France, Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891. In addition to several other paintings that express his highly individualistic mythology, he completed this painting in 1897. During the process of creating this painting, Gauguin experienced a number of difficult events in his personal life. He suffered from medical conditions including eczema, syphilis, and conjunctivitis. He faced financial challenges, going into debt. He was also informed about the death of his daughter from Copenhagen. From one of many letters to his friend, Daniel de Monfreid, Gauguin disclosed his plan to commit suicide in December 1897. Before he did, however, he wanted to paint a large canvas that would be known as the grand culmination of his thoughts.


text: Following the completion of "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?", Gauguin made a suicide attempt with arsenic.


text: The three crouched women with a sleeping child on the right represent the beginning of life; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of young adulthood; in the final group, according to the artist, "an old woman approaching death appears reconciled and resigned to her thoughts"; at her feet, "a strange white bird...represents the futility of words" or "the uselessness of vain words". Together, the painting from right to left suggests the cycle of "birth-sin-death". Outside of this cycle of life, there is a blue figure. The blue idol in the background represents what Gauguin described as "the Beyond."


text: Gauguin approaches the life cycle from a feminine perspective. The girl surrounded by kittens demonstrates the purity of "girlhood". The figure in the center is placed in a "Garden of Eden motif"; she is picking fruits from a tree. Gauguin intended to represent this woman as sin, like the allegory of Eve. Maternity is represented through the figures that surround the baby. Along with the motherhood of a woman's life, Gauguin also displays the idea of "domestic submission" through the bracelet and collar worn by the mature woman on the left and the white goat, respectively. Finally, the state of seniority can be seen through the old woman on the left.


text: Near the blissful people are two sorrowful women by a tree who stand in contrast with their surroundings. In front of these women is a crouched figure who lifts her arm. The three women have been interpreted by one scholar as representing the contrast between enlightenment and “superstitious, irrational, even barbaric traditions”.


text: The painting also includes a number of inscriptions. Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner: D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous. The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark, no dash, and all words are capitalized. In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting: "P. Gauguin / 1897".


text: The painting is an accentuation of Gauguin's trailblazing Post-Impressionistic style; his art stressed the vivid use of colors and thick brushstrokes, while it aimed to convey an emotional or expressionistic strength. It emerged in conjunction with other avant-garde movements of the twentieth century, including cubism and fauvism.


text: In 1898, Gauguin sent the painting to Georges-Daniel de Monfreid in Paris. Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier. They went on view at the Galerie Vollard from November 17 to December 10 of 1898. The exhibition was a success, although "D'où Venons Nous?" received mixed reviews.


text: Subsequently, Frizeau sold the painting around 1913 to Galerie Barbazanges, which sold it before 1920 to the Norwegian ship owner and art collector . He sold the painting via in 1935, and it was bought by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936.


text: Critics thought of Paul Gauguin as one of the major artists of the time, but they were unsure about the artist's intentions in this work. of "La Revue Blanche" expressed confusion over its meaning, describing it as "obscure".


text: The critic André Fontainas of the "Mercure de France" acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory would be impenetrable without the inscription, and compared the painting to "Inter artes et naturam (Between Art and Nature)" of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes.


text: Although Gauguin appreciated the works of Puvis, he wanted to differentiate his works from “the great master of decorative painting”. He explained to Fontainas that the objectives of Puvis’s works were predetermined and could be conveyed in words; he believed his works consist of a great "pictorial language of feelings". Gauguin believed that his paintings had abstract, inexplicable qualities that could not be expressed in literary terms.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: Moscow on the Hudson is a 1984 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Mazursky which stars Robin Williams as a Soviet circus musician who defects while on a visit to the United States. It co-stars María Conchita Alonso (in her film debut), Elya Baskin as the circus clown, Savely Kramarov as one of two KGB apparatchiks, Alejandro Rey as the musician's immigration attorney, and Cleavant Derricks as his first American host and friend.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: Vladimir Ivanoff, a saxophonist with the Moscow circus, lives in a crowded apartment with his extended family. He stands in lines for hours to buy toilet paper and shoes. When Boris, the apparatchik assigned to the circus, criticizes Vladimir for being late to rehearsal and suggests Vladimir may miss the approaching trip to New York City, Vladimir gives Boris a pair of shoes from the queue that made Vladimir late. While Ivanoff is riding in his friend Anatoly's Lada, Anatoly stops to buy fuel for his car from a mobile black market gasoline dealer. While the friends wait for the gasoline seller to fill Anatoly's jerrycans, the two practice their English.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: The circus troupe is sent to perform in New York City. Anatoly, who has talked of little else but defecting, can't bring himself to go through with it; and Vladimir, who had opposed the scheme as reckless and foolhardy, suddenly decides to do it. He runs from his Soviet controllers and hides behind a perfume counter at Bloomingdale's under the skirt of the clerk, Lucia Lombardo. When the New York City Police Department and the FBI arrive, Vladimir stands up to his controllers and defects with news cameras rolling. Vladimir is left with nothing but the clothes on his back, the money in his pocket, and a pair of blue jeans he had planned to buy for his girlfriend in Moscow.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: Lionel Witherspoon, a security guard who protected Vladimir from his Russian handlers during the defection, takes him home to Harlem to live with Lionel's mother, unemployed father, sister, and grandfather—a living arrangement noticeably similar to Vladimir's family back in Moscow.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: With the help of sympathetic immigration attorney Orlando Ramirez, a Cuban emigrant, Vladimir soon adapts to life in the United States. Vladimir attempts to find work despite speaking little English and fearing the threat of his former KGB handlers. He initially works as a busboy, McDonald's cashier, sidewalk merchant, and limousine driver. Although these jobs enable Vladimir to eventually move into his own apartment, he begins to doubt he will ever play saxophone professionally again.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: Vladimir starts a relationship with Lucia. At a party celebrating Lucia's becoming an American citizen, Vladimir proposes to her; but she refuses and breaks up with him. Lionel decides to return to Alabama to be close to his minor son. However, more bad news comes in a letter from Vladimir's family that his grandfather has died.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: Grieving, Vladimir goes to a Russian nightclub to ease his mind. When he returns home late to his apartment building drunk, he is mugged by two African American youths. He reports the incident to the police with his attorney Orlando present; and the two go to a diner where Vladimir rants about his misfortunes. During a confrontation with a burly man who reveals himself also as a Russian defector, Vladimir comes to appreciate his good fortune of living in the United States. Soon after, Lucia reunites with Vladimir telling him that she is not ready for marriage but would love to live with an immigrant. Lionel moves back from Alabama and takes over Vladimir's job driving a limousine.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: Vladimir encounters his former KGB handler, who is now a street vendor selling hotdogs. He admitted he had to flee the USSR himself due to his failure to prevent Vladimir's defection, but has also come to appreciate New York City. Vladimir soon gets a job in a nightclub, where he once again plays saxophone.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: According to Director Mazursky, the idea for the film came from Mazursky's own grandfather's emigration from Ukraine through Russia nearly 80 years before. In developing the script, the director contacted the Russian immigrant community and made his first trip to Russia. "Most Russians," noted the director at the time, "are just trying to survive. Yet, all Russians who leave their country leave behind something they treasure and love. It's a terrible conflict for them, so the act of bravery is overwhelming."


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: After considering many locations for the Moscow portion of the film, Mazursky settled on Munich, based on the flexibility Bavaria Studios offered him with full control over an authentic "Eastern European street."


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: The poster, depicting a bird's eye view of New York with Moscow and Russia beyond, prompted a lawsuit by artist Saul Steinberg. Steinberg alleged that the movie poster infringed the copyright in "View of the World from 9th Avenue", his famous cover illustration for a 1976 issue of "The New Yorker". The district court agreed and awarded summary judgment to Steinberg in Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 663 F. Supp. 706 (S.D.N.Y. 1987).


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 86% based on 21 reviews. On Metacritic, it has a score of 67%, based on 11 reviews.


title: Moscow on the Hudson

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" said that the film "isn't ill conceived; rather, it seems unfinished, not yet thought through," with Canby finding the scene of Vladimir's defection inside of Bloomingdale's to be the film's funniest, a "tumultuous sequence, in which prissy floorwalkers, members of the Soviet secret police, the store's public-relations personnel, New York City policemen and Federal Bureau of Investigation agents all are working at cross purposes." Pauline Kael of "The New Yorker" wrote that it was "a wonderful comedy about a tragedy", and that "imaginative and mellow, this movie displays Mazursky's distinctive funky lyricism at its best", though "the film's comic rhythm (though not its mood) falters in the last third."


title: Ted Kord

text: Theodore Stephen "Ted" Kord is the second Blue Beetle, a superhero who was originally published by Charlton Comics and later picked up by DC Comics. This version of the character was created by Steve Ditko and first appeared as a back-up feature in "Captain Atom" #83 (November 1966), with Gary Friedrich scripting from Ditko's conception and plot.


title: Ted Kord

text: Ted Kord was a genius-level inventor and a gifted athlete, sharing much more in common with the Fox original than did Charlton's earlier reimagining of the character. Kord's signature equipment was his bug-shaped personal aircraft, which he entered and exited typically with a cable suspended from the cockpit. He also generally eschewed personal weaponry, except for a pistol that made a blinding flash of light and, additionally, a strong airblast to gain the advantage when he closed in for hand-to-hand combat.


title: Ted Kord

text: The character ran as a backup feature in "Captain Atom" #83–86 (November 1966 – June 1967) before getting his own "Blue Beetle" title, which ran for 5 issues between June 1967 and November 1968. A sixth issue was produced, but published in the "Charlton Portfolio" by CPL Gang. The Question ran as a backup series, with the fifth issue featuring a quasi-team-up in which the Blue Beetle story continues in part in the "Question" tale.


title: Ted Kord

text: An origin was given in "Secret Origins" vol. 2, #2, linking him to the original Blue Beetle. Ted was a former student of Dan Garrett, and they were investigating his uncle Jarvis Kord, learning Jarvis was working to create an army of androids to take over Earth; Garrett fought Jarvis, but both were killed in the battle. Garrett died and passed on the responsibility of the alter-ego to Ted, but was not able to pass on the mystical Blue Beetle scarab (a convenient means for Ditko to explain his preference for a power-free character). There was a hint that one android was still left in stasis, but this would remain unresolved until the DC series of the late 1980s.


title: Ted Kord

text: In the early 1980s, the first issue of Charlton's anthology comic "Charlton Bullseye" featured a team-up of the Blue Beetle and the Question. Later, AC Comics would publish a story intended for "Charlton Bullseye" in "Americomics" #3, and a one-shot of a team-up of all the Charlton "Action Heroes" called the Sentinels of Justice, as the company called its lineup. Upon losing Blue Beetle, AC Comics created a similar character called Scarlet Scorpion.


title: Ted Kord

text: DC Comics acquired the Charlton heroes in the mid-1980s and used the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" crossover event to integrate them all into the DC Universe. During this period, Ted Kord had his own "Blue Beetle" series, written by Len Wein, which ran for 24 issues from June 1986 to May 1988. Also published during this time was "Secret Origins" #2 (cover illustrated by Gil Kane), which explained the origins and careers of the Ted Kord and Dan Garrett Blue Beetles in the post-Crisis continuity. They would also follow up on the hinted android in stasis from the Charlton series, which would eventually become "Carapax, the Indestructible Man".


title: Ted Kord

text: In his monthly, solo series, Kord was shown as an industrialist, the owner of KORD Industries, which he took over from his father Thomas Kord and transformed it from a small R & D company to a scientific industry rivaling S.T.A.R. Labs. Upon joining the newly formed Justice League (following the events in the "Legends") Ted was more often portrayed as a second string joke. He was short on money, leading to his entering "get-rich-quick" schemes with Booster Gold. A brief appearance in "JLA: Year One" showed the young Ted working in Kord Industries R&D, where he designed the JLA HQ security system. Upon meeting the heroes, he thought, "Screw the family business. I want to be one of those guys", possibly explaining the company's fluctuating status since he took over. In recent comics, it has been implied that KORD Industries has become a subsidiary of Wayne Enterprises, headed by Bruce Wayne aka Batman.


title: Ted Kord

text: Kord is probably best known as the wisecracking Blue Beetle of Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis' lighthearted, five-year run on various "Justice League of America" titles (notably "Justice League International"), where he was memorably partnered with fellow third-string hero Booster Gold, and the two quickly became best friends. Among fans, they were known collectively as the "Blue and Gold" team. For a while, he grappled with a weight problem, but with sheer determination and coaching from the hero General Glory, as well as competing against Power Girl, he defeated it. After Giffen and DeMatteis left, the series continued to run until "Justice League America" #113. Dan Jurgens tied "The Death of Superman" storyline into "JLA", in which Doomsday left Kord in a coma during his murderous rampage, as well as a six-inch scar on the back of his skull. Kord and Booster Gold both subsequently joined the short-lived Justice League offshoot known as Extreme Justice.


title: Ted Kord

text: Kord then entered a period of relative obscurity. The miniseries "The LAW (Living Assault Weapons)" reunited him and the other heroes acquired from Charlton, but the series met with critical disfavor.


title: Ted Kord

text: In July 2003, Giffen, DeMatteis, and original "JLI" artist Kevin Maguire reunited for the six-issue miniseries "Formerly Known as the Justice League", where many of the original JLI characters re-teamed with a storefront office. Ted (who had grown in maturity) was an important member of this new team known as the "Super Buddies". The sequel story arc "I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League" was initially slated as a second miniseries, but instead ran delayed in "JLA: Classified" #4–9 (2005).


title: Ted Kord

text: Ted made several appearances in "Birds of Prey", at first as Oracle's internet friend and later in person. It was hinted in several issues that Ted had a crush on Oracle. Ted had gone back to his company, but still had many, many problems with it; problems Oracle tried to help resolve. During this time, it was revealed he had a heart condition (where he had actually experienced multiple heart attacks while in action without noticing), but this did not stop him from assisting when it was needed. After his death, the Birds of Prey visited a statue in Valhalla Cemetery built in his honor; Black Canary revealed that being in the JLA was only fun when Ted was there, and Oracle revealed having had a cyber crush on him.


title: Ted Kord

text: In the 80-page special "Countdown to Infinite Crisis", Kord discovers a revived Checkmate organization headquartered in a Belgian castle fortress where Kord is captured. Maxwell Lord, former bankroller of the JLA, reveals to Blue Beetle to use Checkmate to ensure that metahumans, including superheroes, will be kept under human's surveillance and control. Blue Beetle is then given an ultimatum to join Lord's organization, but refuses with the reply "Rot in hell, Max" to which Lord murders him with a bullet to the head.


title: Ted Kord

text: That same story had earlier reiterated that Kord had thought the scarab was destroyed back in "Blue Beetle" vol. 6, #18 (1987); however, it had been rediscovered, untouched, in a temple in Egypt and handed over to Kord. It is unclear as to whether or not this is the same scarab created from a piece of future technology magically infused by Nabu the Wizard in the "Time Masters" miniseries. Shazam took the scarab upon encountering Kord, fueling speculation about the possibility of the character's return during DC's "Infinite Crisis" series. This possibility was dashed when it was asked at the Wizard World convention if Kord would ever return, writer Greg Rucka stated: "There was a breeze blowing through his brain, and he was incinerated. How much clearer can it be?"


title: Ted Kord

text: Ted's death precipitated the events of "Infinite Crisis". Brother Eye was reorganized and the OMAC project restarted, and Lord was revealed as a villain who took telepathic control of Superman, which led to Wonder Woman killing Lord. Shazam had warned Ted about Lex Luthor who had supposedly straddled the worlds of both magic and science. Events in "Infinite Crisis" #3 revealed this to be Alexander Luthor Jr., in disguise. Booster Gold returned to the 25th century. He later returned to the present with Skeets to help find Brother Eye. The success of the mission put Booster Gold back into the spotlight and set in motion the events of "52".


title: Ted Kord

text: The young teenager Jaime Reyes later merges the scarab as the new Blue Beetle. A statue of Kord is displayed in J'onn J'onzz's memorial to fallen Justice League members. When recruiting members for the new Justice League, Superman suggests Booster Gold to which Batman responds: "There are better ways to honor Ted".


title: Ted Kord

text: Shockwave, the enforcer of the 1000, is sent to destroy buildings of interest to the still active KORD Industries but is stopped by Red Devil and Jaime; the 1000 managed to take over KORD Industries due to the property value plummeting.


title: Ted Kord

text: In Geoff Johns' 2007/2008 ongoing "Booster Gold" series, Booster Gold agrees to help Rip Hunter set right the timeline, but at a cost: Rip must help Booster go back and save Ted. Hunter tries to shock Booster Gold into acknowledging the inability to change past "solidified" events, tricking the latter into witnessing Barbara Gordon's over and over again. As Booster Gold prepares to accept this fate, a futuristic Blue Beetle appears with Garrett and Jaime in tow to show how to turn the time around Ted's death into "malleable time". Booster Gold betrays Hunter and with the other Blue Beetles' help, rescues Ted from death. The four Blue Beetles escape together in time, the technology used to save him preserving the future events the way they were meant to unfold (thus enabling Jaime's role intact), with the world at large still believing Ted to be deceased. The story arc "Blue and Gold" reveals that this act has altered the present, creating a timeline where Max and the OMACs have turned the world into a police state. The future Blue Beetle is also revealed to actually be the supervillain Black Beetle allied with the Ultra-Humanite, Despero, Per Degaton, and Supernova (under the control of Mister Mind) as the Time Stealers supervillain group. Facing the defeat of his former JLI teammates (the only free heroes in the new timeline), Ted realizes that the only way to restore the timeline is to die the way he was supposed to. As Black Beetle tries to stop him, he grapples the villain and both are brought to the past in a Time Sphere. Afterwards, a shadowy figure enters an old KORD Industries storehouse, stocked with backup Blue Beetle equipment. The figure then laughs in Ted's distinct "BWA-HA-HA-HA!" style.


title: Ted Kord

text: The character's corpse gets reanimated by a Black Power Ring as a Black Lantern, and is unable to locate Booster Gold due to the latter's new time-travelling duties. He lures Booster Gold into the open by targeting Daniel Carter (Supernova) and Rose Levin, Booster Gold's 21st century ancestor. He is able to successfully pierce the Supernova costume shields with a Black Lantern BB gun, and holds Supernova in place while beating Blue Beetle (Jaime Reyes) and staving off Skeets' attack until Booster Gold arrives. He then moves in for the kill, hoping to rip out Booster Gold's heart.


title: Ted Kord

text: He battles all of them, but is unsuccessful in killing anyone except a neighbor who complained about the noise from the fight. Jaime and Booster Gold remove Rose and Daniel from the scene and head to a KORD Industries warehouse where one of Kord's hidden bases is located to collect special equipment to fight the Black Lantern. Booster Gold discovers that even though the doors were genetically coded, someone had accessed Kord's hidden base a few months before his remains were reanimated. However to Booster Gold's knowledge, only two people, had authorization to access it: Booster Gold and Kord himself. They then head back, where Kord's corpse battles Booster Gold until he is attacked by a light blast from a gun designed by Kord himself, tuned to simulate the emotional spectrum. Separated from the ring, Booster Gold seizes his remains before the ring can reanimate them, takes them into the Time Sphere, and deposits them in a small grave at Vanishing Point Fortress.


title: Ted Kord

text: Lord gets restored to life and uses a device to amplify his own mind control powers to erase his own existence from the minds of almost everyone on the planet, and influences the superhero community into believing Ted committed suicide, which enrages Booster Gold, one of the few who could remember Max's existence as Ted's best friend. Later, Power Girl remembers Max and exhumes Ted's corpse in order to have Dick Grayson examine it. Dick refuses, still unconvinced about Max's existence but Batman reveal remembering Max as well. Batman and Dick examine Ted's body, which finally convinces Dick that Ted was indeed murdered.


title: Ted Kord

text: During a battle between the Justice Society of America and Doctor Chaos in the city of Monument Point, Manhunter arrives with a team of heroes meant to help turn the tide in favor of the JSA. One of the new heroes introduced is a woman clad in a red version of Ted's Blue Beetle costume, and is shown swinging from what appears to be Ted's trademark Bug.


title: Ted Kord

text: Following DC's 2011 relaunch of its properties as part of its The New 52 publishing event, Ted Kord is not mentioned in comics until 2014, when he is reintroduced in the final pages of "Forever Evil", DC's company-wide crossover event. At the beginning of the story, Lex Luthor threatens the owner of Kord Industries, Thomas Kord, and his entire family and company, as part of a plan to acquire the company but the helicopter loses control, and crashes into the side of LexCorp Tower. Lex later undergoes a change of heart after finding a message appearing on his phone's screen from the Crime Syndicate: "THIS WORLD IS OURS". Lex looks up to see that Thomas Kord is still alive, but dangling precariously from the helicopter's wreckage over a sheer drop to the street. He tries to save him but Ultraman accidentally causes Kord to fall to his death. Lex Luthor later promises Ted Kord (depicted as a grad student) that he will not be acquiring Kord Industries despite Ted's desire to sell it to him. Lex compliments Ted on his genius with nanotechnology and offers him his assistance should he ever need it again. Ted thanks Lex and praises him for living up to his reputation for benevolence.


title: Ted Kord

text: In "DC Universe: Rebirth", Ted Kord is the owner of Kord Industries where he makes and designs technologies. After Jaime Reyes approached Kord for help to get rid of the Scarab, Kord is trying to figure out what the Scarab can do and help as many people in the process. Kord is warned by Doctor Fate that he does not know what he's dealing with as the Scarab is not xenotechnology but magic. In "Blue Beetle", Ted Kord is established to have been Blue Beetle some time in the past, having worked alongside other heroes such as Nightshade.


title: Ted Kord

text: In "Heroes in Crisis", Ted Kord as Blue Beetle breaks out Booster Gold, who is one of the main suspects of the murders at the mental health institution Sanctuary, from a cell in the Hall of Justice.


title: Ted Kord

text: In "Doomsday Clock", Ted Kord as Blue Beetle appears alongside Nightshade, the Question, and Captain Atom in the Bug airship as they travel to Mars. There, they and many of Earth's other superheroes confront and fight Doctor Manhattan. Blue Beetle rams the Bug into Doctor Manhattan. Then, Captain Atom tells the Question to get Blue Beetle and get clear as he causes Doctor Manhattan to explode. All the superheroes are, however, defeated and incapacitated by Doctor Manhattan.


title: Ted Kord

text: During the "" storyline, Blue Beetle was among the prisoners in New Apokolips after The Batman Who Laughs and his Dark Knights took over Prime-Earth. They were freed when Wonder Woman, Batman, and Harley Quinn freed Superman from the control of Darkfather. During the heroes fight with Robin King, Blue Beetle accompanied Red Tornado and Blue Beetle into battle against Robin King. Robin King summoned a giant beetle which killed Blue Beetle. Batman later revived him with a Black Lantern ring.


title: Ted Kord

text: Nearly all of Ted Kord's Charlton Comics appearances as the Blue Beetle have been collected as part of the DC Archive Editions series.


title: Ted Kord

text: The "Charlton Portfolio" material is in black and white as originally presented, while the rest is in color. The collection includes nearly all of the Charlton appearances of the Question, as well as a brief appearance by Captain Atom. Volume 1 of the archive contained nearly all of Captain Atom's Charlton stories and a brief appearance by Nightshade.


title: Ted Kord

text: Ted Kord had no superpowers; he possess a genius-level intellect, with an IQ of 192. He was proficient in numerous sciences such as chemistry, physics, engineering, aircraft, and solar tech, as well as an understanding of alien tech. Despero once claimed that Ted's mind was second only to that of J'onn J'onzz. Former Justice League teammate Guy Gardner claims that Ted was smarter than Batman, "although nobody ever noticed". Kord was an Olympic-level acrobat and skilled hand-to-hand combatant, having studied in the martial arts of karate and aikido. Dick Grayson stated that Ted was very adept physically, to the point where he was almost ambidextrous. He is also highly skilled in espionage.


title: Ted Kord

text: This version of Blue Beetle has been ranked as the 61st-greatest comic book character of all time IGN also ranked this version of the Blue Beetle as the 61st-greatest comic book hero of all time stating that his intelligence, his "bwahahha" antics, his endearing partnership with Booster Gold, and his brave sacrifice during the build-up to "Infinite Crisis" all serve to cement this particular Beetle's legacy.


title: Edward de Bono

text: Edward Charles Francis Publius de Bono (19 May 1933 – 9 June 2021) was a Maltese physician, psychologist, author, inventor and broadcaster. He originated the term lateral thinking, wrote many books on thinking including "Six Thinking Hats", and was a proponent of the teaching of thinking as a subject in schools.


title: Edward de Bono

text: Edward Charles Francis Publius de Bono was born in Malta on 19 May 1933. Educated at St. Edward's College, Malta, he then gained a medical degree from the University of Malta. Following this, he proceeded as a Rhodes Scholar in 1953 to Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained an MA in psychology and physiology. He represented Oxford in polo and set two canoeing records. He then gained a PhD degree in medicine from Trinity College, Cambridge, an honorary DDes (Doctor of Design) from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, and an honorary LLD from the University of Dundee.


title: Edward de Bono

text: De Bono held faculty appointments at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge (where he helped to establish the university's medical school), London and Harvard. He was a professor at the University of Malta, the University of Pretoria, the University of Central England (now called Birmingham City University) and Dublin City University. De Bono held the Da Vinci Professor of Thinking chair at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona, US. He was one of the 27 Ambassadors for the European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009.


title: Edward de Bono

text: The originator of the term 'Lateral Thinking', de Bono wrote 85 books with translations into 46 languages. He taught his thinking methods to government agencies, corporate clients, organizations and individuals, privately or publicly in group sessions. He promoted the World Center for New Thinking (2004–2011), based in Malta, which applied Thinking Tools to solution and policy design on the geopolitical level.


title: Edward de Bono

text: In 1976, de Bono took part in a radio debate for the BBC with British philosopher A. J. Ayer, on the subject of effective democracy.


title: Edward de Bono

text: Starting on Wednesday 8 September 1982, the BBC ran a series of 10 weekly programmes entitled "de Bono's Thinking Course". In the shows, Dr Edward de Bono explained how thinking skills could be improved by attention and practice. The series was repeated the following year. A book with the same title accompanied the series.


title: Edward de Bono

text: In May 1994, he gave a half-hour "Opinions" lecture televised on Channel 4 and subsequently published in "The Independent" as "Thinking Hats On".


title: Edward de Bono

text: In 1995, he created the futuristic documentary film, "", depicting a lecture to an audience of viewers released from a cryogenic freeze for contemporary society in the year 2040.


title: Edward de Bono

text: Schools from over 20 countries have included de Bono's thinking tools into their curriculum, and he has advised and lectured at the board level at many of the world's leading corporations.


title: Edward de Bono

text: Convinced that a key way forward for humanity is a better language, he published "The Edward de Bono Code Book" in 2000. In this book, he proposed a suite of new words based on numbers, where each number combination represents a useful idea or situation that currently does not have a single-word representation. For example, de Bono code 6/2 means "Give me my point of view and I will give you your point of view." Such a code might be used in situations where one or both of the two parties in a dispute are making insufficient effort to understand the other's perspective.


title: Edward de Bono

text: In 2000, de Bono advised a UK Foreign Office committee that the Arab–Israeli conflict might be due, in part, to low levels of zinc found in people who eat unleavened bread (e.g. pita flatbread). De Bono argued that low zinc levels leads to heightened aggression. He suggested shipping out jars of Marmite to compensate.


title: Edward de Bono

text: Edward de Bono argued that companies could raise money just as governments now do – by printing it. He put forward the idea of private currency as a claim on products or services produced by the issuer. So IBM might issue "IBM Dollars" – theoretically redeemable for IBM equipment, but also practically tradable for other vouchers or cash. To make such a scheme work, IBM would have to learn to manage the supply of money to ensure that—with too many vouchers chasing too few goods—inflation does not destroy the value of their creations. But companies should be able to manage that trick at least as easily as governments do, particularly as they don't have voters to cope with.


title: Edward de Bono

text: The following three published critiques of de Bono's work emphasize the lack of evidence to support his proposals.


title: Edward de Bono

text: In the "Handbook of Creativity", Robert J. Sternberg writes, Equally damaging to the scientific study of creativity, in our view, has been the takeover of the field, in the popular mind, by those who follow what might be referred to as a pragmatic approach. Those taking this approach have been concerned primarily with developing creativity, secondarily with understanding it, but almost not at all with testing the validity of their ideas about it. [...] Perhaps the foremost proponent of this approach is Edward De Bono, whose work on lateral thinking and other aspects of creativity has had what appears to be considerable commercial success.


title: Edward de Bono

text: "Frameworks For Thinking" is an evaluation of 42 popular thinking frameworks conducted by a team of researchers. Regarding Edward de Bono they write, [he] is more interested in the usefulness of developing ideas than proving the reliability or efficacy of his approach. There is sparse research evidence to show that generalised improvements in thinking performance can be attributed to training in the use of CoRT [Cognitive Research Trust] or Thinking Hats tools. An early evaluation of CoRT reported significant benefits for Special Educational Needs (SEN) pupils... However, in a more recent study with Australian aboriginal children (Ritchie and Edwards, 1996), little evidence of generalisation was found other than in the area of creative thinking.


title: Edward de Bono

text: Summarising de Bono's 1985 work in "Conflicts: A Better Way to Resolve Them", M. Afzalur Rahim, distinguished professor of management at Western Kentucky University with a particular focus on conflict management in organizations, gives his view that, as pertains to Rahim's own field of research, "De Bono's approach to total elimination of conflict is no different from the approaches of the classicists. This approach to dealing with conflict is completely out of tune with modern thinking and, therefore, unsatisfactory."


title: Edward de Bono

text: De Bono also wrote numerous articles published in refereed and other journals, including "The Lancet" and "Clinical Science".


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Stephen Nathan Kinnock (born 1 January 1970) is a Welsh politician who has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Aberavon since 2015. A member of the Labour Party, he has been Shadow Minister for Immigration since 2022.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Kinnock was born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, the son of British politicians Glenys Kinnock and Neil Kinnock. He describes himself as from a "Labour and Trade Union family".


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Kinnock was educated at Drayton Manor High School, a comprehensive school in Hanwell, London. He studied Modern Languages at Queens' College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. He studied for a Master of Arts (MA) degree at the College of Europe in Bruges, graduating in 1993.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Although Kinnock's mother was a Welsh speaker, his father was not; he has suggested that Glenys "was reluctant to use Welsh with me for fear of shutting him out". He began learning the language properly as an adult, making a pledge to do so when he stood as a parliamentary candidate for a Welsh constituency. He is multi-lingual and has stated that "Languages go to right to the root of me", adding "...as a politician I want


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Kinnock worked as a research assistant at the Brussels European Parliament before becoming a British Council Development and Training Services executive based in Brussels in 1997. He held various positions with the British Council including director of its St. Petersburg office. Following the Russian authorities' closure of this office, Kinnock was posted to the British Council in Sierra Leone.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: In January 2009, he joined the World Economic Forum as director, head of Europe and Central Asia, based in Geneva, Switzerland. In August 2012, he took up a position at the business consultancy Xyntéo in London, Kinnock was managing director of the "Global Leadership and Technology Exchange" in 2012.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: In June 2010, the Danish tabloid newspaper "B.T." accused Kinnock of tax evasion. At that time, he was paying tax in Switzerland where his workplace was situated, and where he had declared his main residence, although his wife's political website stated that "The family lives in Østerbro in Copenhagen". The couple had previously stated to the media that Kinnock would spend his weekends in Denmark, sometimes including Thursday, and that he regarded his home and base as being exclusively with his family in Copenhagen. According to the newspaper, he would possibly exceed 183 days a year in Denmark, meaning he would be fully taxable there. His wife rebutted the accusations but said the couple would ask the Danish tax authority for an audit. The audit was concluded on 17 September 2010, and concluded that "Mr Kinnock does not have tax liability for 2007, 08, or 09, as he does not reside in this country within the meaning of the Danish Tax at Sources Act".


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: In March 2014, Kinnock was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the seat of Aberavon in Wales for the 2015 General Election. On 7 May 2015, he was elected the Member of Parliament for Aberavon with a majority of 10,445.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Kinnock was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the shadow Business, Innovation and Skills team in September 2015. He resigned as PPS in June 2016 and supported Owen Smith's failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: During the 2017 general election campaign, Kinnock was one of four MPs critical of Jeremy Corbyn's leadership of the Labour Party who were followed for six weeks for the BBC documentary "Labour: The Summer that Changed Everything". The documentary showed Kinnock predicting the poll would "not be a good night" for Labour, and his response to Labour gains in the election. He was re-elected in 2017 with an increased majority of 16,761, and 68.1% of the vote share.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Kinnock held his seat at the 2019 general election with a majority of 10,490 and a vote share of 53.8%. He endorsed Lisa Nandy in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Following Keir Starmer's election as Labour Leader in April 2020, he was appointed as Shadow Asia and Pacific Minister. Kinnock changed role in the December 2021 front bench reshuffle, becoming Shadow Armed Forces Minister, and moved again in February 2022, following Jack Dromey's death, to become Shadow Immigration Minister.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: Kinnock posted a photo on Twitter after travelling from Wales to London to visit his father on his birthday on 28 March 2020 – five days after the lockdown came into force. They were social distancing, but South Wales Police responded: "We know celebrating your Dad's birthday is a lovely thing to do; however, this is not essential travel. We all have our part to play in this, we urge you to comply with @GOVUK restrictions, they are in place to keep us all safe. Thank you." Kinnock stated that "this was essential travel as I had to deliver some necessary supplies to my parents".


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: His father, Neil Kinnock, is a former Leader of the Labour Party and was also a European Commissioner and Vice President of the European Commission. His mother, Glenys Kinnock, formerly served as a Labour Party Member of the European Parliament (MEP).


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: In 1996, Kinnock married Helle Thorning-Schmidt, who later became Prime Minister of Denmark. They met when both attended the College of Europe. The couple have two children, including a son who came out as transgender and non-binary in 2022, aged 22. His grandfather Neil Kinnock spoke of his pride after his grandchild came out as transgender.


title: Stephen Kinnock

text: When his father was created a life peer in 2005 as Baron Kinnock of Bedwellty, Kinnock was granted the prefix "The Honourable" as the son of a baron. As it is a life peerage rather than a hereditary peerage, Kinnock will not inherit his father's title.


title: Diabolique (1996 film)

text: Diabolique is a 1996 American psychological thriller film directed by Jeremiah Chechik, written by Henri-Georges Clouzot and Don Roos, and starring Sharon Stone, Isabelle Adjani, Chazz Palminteri, and Kathy Bates. The plot follows the wife and mistress of an abusive schoolmaster who find themselves stalked by an unknown assailant after murdering him and disposing of his body.


title: Diabolique (1996 film)

text: The film is a remake of the French film "Les Diaboliques" (1955) directed by Clouzot, which was based on the novel "She Who Was No More" () by Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac.


title: Diabolique (1996 film)

text: Mia Baran is a devout Catholic schoolteacher at a boys' school outside Pittsburgh where her husband, Guy, is schoolmaster. Guy is abusive to the weak Mia, a former nun who suffers from cardiomyopathy; his mistress, Nicole Horner, a fellow teacher at the school, is protective of Mia. When both women grow tired of his abuses, they collaborate to murder him in an apartment owned by a family friend of Nicole's. The women lure him there, and Mia drugs him before they successfully drown him in a bathtub. They wrap his body in a shower curtain and place it in a wicker box.


title: Diabolique (1996 film)

text: While en route to the school, Nicole crashes Guy's car in a pileup on the interstate, but the wicker box goes unnoticed by authorities. The women arrive at the school in the middle of the night, and dump Guy's corpse in the unkempt swimming pool on the property, staging his death as an accidental drowning. When his body fails to rise to the surface after several days, Nicole has the pool drained, but Guy's body is nowhere to be found. The women subsequently discover photos taken of them on the day of Guy's murder, and believe someone is blackmailing them.


title: Diabolique (1996 film)

text: After reading about the discovery of a John Doe in a nearby river, Mia goes to view the body at the sheriff's station, but finds it is not Guy. There, she attracts the attention of Shirley Vogel, a retired police officer-turned-private investigator who offers to look into Guy's disappearance. Nicole is resistant, and Shirley quickly becomes suspicious of the women. Their fears of a blackmailer are confirmed when Mia discovers the shower curtain used to conceal Guy's body hanging in her bathroom window.


title: Diabolique (1996 film)

text: Shirley confronts Mia with the accident report from Guy's car, and surmises that Guy was en route to see her in Pittsburgh on the day he disappeared. Mia grows increasingly paranoid, believing Guy is alive and stalking the women. This fear increases when two videographers filming an event at the school capture an image of Guy standing in one of the building's windows. Later, while investigating the school's basement, Shirley is attacked and knocked unconscious.