title: Diriyah

text: The Turaif district, the first capital of Saudis, in Diriyah was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010. The layout of the city itself can be easily studied in the National Museum of Saudi Arabia with the help of a large-scale detailed model of the city on display there.


title: Diriyah

text: The ruins of the old city of Diriyah lay on either side of the narrow valley known as Wadi Hanifa, which continues southwards through Riyadh and beyond. Consisting almost entirely of mud-brick structures, the ruins are divided into three districts, Ghussaibah, Al-Mulaybeed, and Turaif set on top of hills overlooking the valley. Of the three, Turaif is the highest, and its bottom is easily accessible to tourists by foot. Part of the city wall, running along the edges of the wadi and also made of mud bricks, are still extant along with some short observation towers.


title: Diriyah

text: The modern city is built at a lower altitude at the foot of the hill upon which Turaif is located. To the north of the town, inside the valley, are a number of gardens, palm groves, and small farms and estates. A dam known as Al-Ilb lies further north.


title: Diriyah

text: During the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's era the Expedition of Muhammad ibn Maslamah took place here in July, 627AD in Muharram, 6AH.


title: Diriyah

text: A platoon of thirty Muslims under the leadership of Muhammad bin Maslamah was despatched on a military mission. It headed for the habitation of the Qurata, a sept of the Bakr clan of the Banu Kilab. The Muslims attacked that sept and dispersed them in all directions. The Muslims captured war booty and returned with the chief of the tribe of Banu Hanifa, called Thumamah Bin Uthal Al-Hanafi.


title: Diriyah

text: The event is also mentioned by the Muslim scholar Ibn Sa'd in his book about Muhammad's military campaigns. he wrote about the expedition:


title: Diriyah

text: Although the location is sometimes identified with an ancient settlement mentioned by Yaqut and Al-Hamadani known as "Ghabra", the history of Diriyah proper dates back to the 15th century. According to the chroniclers of Nejd, the city was founded in 1446–47 by Mani' Al-Muraydi (), an ancestor of the Saudi royal family. Mani and his clan had come from the area of Al-Qatif in eastern Arabia, upon the invitation of Ibn Dir' (), who was then the ruler of a group of settlements that now make up Riyadh. Ibn Dir' is said to have been a relative of Mani' Al-Mraydi, and Mani's clan is believed to have left the area of Wadi Hanifa at some unknown date and were merely returning to their country of origin.


title: Diriyah

text: Initially, Mani' and his clan, known as the Mrudah, settled in Ghusaybah () and Al-Mulaybeed (). The entire settlement was named Al-Dir'iyah, after Mani's benefactor Ibn Dir'. Later on, the district of Turaif () was settled. Many families from other towns or from the Bedouin tribes of the nearby desert eventually settled in the area and by the 18th century Diriyah had become a well-known town in Nejd.


title: Diriyah

text: At that time, Muhammad ibn Saud emerged from a struggle within the ruling family of Al-Diriyah, the Al Miqrin (, sons of Miqrin, a descendant of Mani'), and became the "emir", or ruler, of Al-Diriyah. In 1744, Ibn Saud took in a religious scholar named Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who hailed from the town of Al-Uyaynah, lying on the same wadi some 30 miles upstream. Ibn Saud agreed to implement Muhammadi religious views, and what later became known as the First Saudi State, with its capital at Diriyah, was born. Within the next several decades, Ibn Saud and his immediate descendants managed to subjugate all of Nejd, as well as the eastern and western regions of Arabia, and sent raids into Iraq. Diriyah quickly swelled in size and increased in wealth, becoming the largest town in Nejd and a major city in Arabia by the standards of the time. However, the Saudis' conquest of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina drew the ire of the Ottoman Empire, the major Islamic power at the time, which led to the Ottoman-Saudi War of 1811–1818 and an invasion of Arabia by the Ottoman Empire and Egyptian forces. They brought the Saudi state to an end in 1818, with Diriyah capitulating after a nearly-year-long siege. The leader of the invading force, Ibrahim Pasha, ordered the destruction of Diriyah. However, when a member of the local nobility tried to revive the Wahhabi state in Diriyah, Ibrahim ordered his troops to destroy the town even further and set whatever was left of it on fire. When the Saudis revived their fortunes in 1824 and again in 1902, they made their capital further south in Riyadh, which has remained their capital ever since.


title: Diriyah

text: The Ottoman Empire viewed the Arab challenge with alarm, especially after the loss of Mecca and Medina, and the removal of the Ottoman emperor's name from Friday prayers. An Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pasha was sent to recover lost territory. In 1818 the army entered Diriyah and after a six-month siege penetrated the defences on the Turaif, totally destroyed the houses and cut down every tree in the palm groves. The Egyptians were estimated to have lost 10,000 men in the siege, and the Saudi forces 1,800.


title: Diriyah

text: The town's original inhabitants left Diriyah after 1818, with the bulk of them moving to Riyadh. In "The Kingdom" (first published in 1981), British author Robert Lacey observed that the Al Saud had "left the shell of their old capital behind them, an enduring reminder of the frontiers of the possible" and compared the old Diriyah to "a sand-blown Pompeii". However, the area was resettled in the late 20th century, mostly by former nomads (Bedouin), and a new city was founded by the Saudi government in the late 1970s. This new city of Diriyah grew in size and is now a small but modern town and the seat of its own governorate. The ruins remain a tourist attraction and are subject to a slow restoration project on the part of the Saudi government.


title: Diriyah

text: Saudi Arabia has formed the Diriyah Gate Development Authority (DGDA) to oversee the preservation and development of the historic site.


title: Diriyah

text: Among the rebuilt structures are the Bath and guest house, the Qasr Nasr, the Saad bin Saud Palace (finished by the early 90s), the Burj Faysal (a wall tower renovated in the 80s), major sections of the wall surrounding Turaif, and sections of the outer walls and some watchtowers surrounding the wadi. Outside of the Turaif district, on the opposite side of the wadi Hanifa, the region of the mosque of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab has been completely remodeled, leaving only some of the more recent original structures standing to the north of the complex build on the site of the historic mosque.


title: Diriyah

text: The "Turaif District Development Plan" aims to turn the district into a major national, cultural and touristic center. Before turning the complete site into a modern open-air museum documentation and necessary investigations, including excavations especially in places that may need to be remodelled, are planned in three major phases. These will include sites such as:


title: Diriyah

text: Once finished, there will be a new visitors center as well as a documentation center. Four new museums are planned for the district.


title: Diriyah

text: The Saudi government undertook a large scale renovation of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's domain, turning it into a major tourist attraction.


title: Ragout

text: The basic method of preparation involves slow cooking over a low heat. The main ingredients are many; ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned.


title: Ragout

text: Two 18th-century English dishes from "The Compleat Housewife" show some of the varying meats, vegetables, seasonings, garnishes and procedures which can be applied to the ragoût.


title: Ragout

text: TAKE claret, gravy, sweet-herbs, and savoury spice, toss up in it lamb-stones (i.e. lamb’s testicles), cock's-combs, boiled, blanched, and sliced, with sliced sweet-meats, oysters, mushrooms, truffles, and murrels; thicken these with brown butter; use it when called for.


title: Ragout

text: TAKE a quantity of pigs-ears, and boil them in one half wine and the other water; cut them in small pieces, then brown a little butter, and put them in, and a pretty deal of gravy, two anchovies, an eschalot or two, a little mustard, and some slices of lemon, some salt and nutmeg: stew all these together, and shake it up thick. Garnish the dish with barberries.


title: Ragout

text: In his 19th century culinary dictionary, Alexandre Dumas credits ragouts with making "the ancient French cuisine shine". He gives several examples including salpicons, made with a variety of meats and vegetables like mushrooms, artichokes, truffles, quenelles, and sweetbreads. According to Dumas each ingredient is cooked separately. The "Ordinary Salpicon" includes veal sweetbreads, ham, mushrooms, foie gras and truffles served in espagnole sauce. Celery ragout is cooked in bouillon seasoned with salt, nutmeg and pepper. Cucumber ragout is made with velouté sauce. One ragout is made with madeira, chestnuts and chipolata sausages cooked in bouillon with espagnole sauce.


title: Ragout

text: The 1731 patriotic ballad "The Roast Beef of Old England" by the British writer Henry Fielding comically attributes Britain's traditional military prowess to the eating of roast beef, suggesting that this has been lost since the introduction of ragout from "all-vapouring France".


title: Ragout

text: In the novel "Pride and Prejudice", the character Mr Hurst reacts with disdain when Elizabeth Bennet opts for a "plain dish" instead of a ragout at dinner.


title: Ragout

text: In the Haddawy translation of "The Arabian Nights", the Steward's tale about "The Young Man from Baghdad and Lady Zubaida's Maid" (beginning during the 121st night and continuing through the 130th night) tells of the suffering of a young man who attempts to consummate his marriage without having washed his hands after having eaten a large quantity of ragout spiced with cumin.


title: Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez

text: Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez (born January 16, 1978) is a Mexican fugitive and drug cartel boss who was added to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list on October 13, 2020. He is wanted for orchestrating the murder of Juan Jesús Guerrero Chapa, which was carried out on May 22, 2013, in Southlake, Texas. He is also believed to be responsible for numerous murders in Mexico. Villarreal-Hernandez was the 524th fugitive to be placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. The United States Department of State's Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program is offering a reward of up to $1 million for information leading directly to his arrest.


title: Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez

text: Villarreal-Hernandez was born in Mexico on January 16, 1978. He was a leader of the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel. A few years prior to the 2013 murder of Juan Jesús Guerrero Chapa, Villarreal-Hernandez's father was murdered by the Gulf Cartel, a rival cartel to the Beltrán-Leyva, with whom they had an ongoing feud. Guerrero, who was a lawyer, was reportedly associated with the Gulf Cartel, and represented the Gulf Cartel leader Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. Villarreal-Hernandez blamed Guerrero personally for the death of his father and sought revenge.


title: Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez

text: Villarreal-Hernandez hired a crew to assassinate Guerrero. By May 2013, Guerrero was living in Southlake, Texas, and was now a U.S. informant who was cooperating with law enforcement. Because of this, he was allowed to live legally in the United States. Villarreal-Hernandez sent a crew from Mexico to track and locate Guerrero. He was eventually located and found to be living in Southlake.


title: Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez

text: On the evening of May 22, 2013, two hitmen working for Villarreal-Hernandez, known only as Clorox and Captain, tracked Guerrero and his wife in their vehicle, as they drove to Southlake Town Square. Around 6:47 p.m., Guerrero climbed into the front passenger seat of his burgundy Range Rover while his wife placed bags into the back of the vehicle. The two assassins, driving a white Toyota Sequoia, pulled up behind them. The passenger exited the vehicle wearing a hoodie and a bandanna and fired multiple rounds from a 9mm handgun at Guerrero. Guerrero was shot in his side and back before slumping motionless against the front seats. The shooter returned to the car and the assassins escaped. Guerrero was rushed to a local hospital where he was pronounced dead. His wife escaped the shooting unharmed.


title: Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez

text: Three men who were connected to the assassination plot have since been arrested for their involvement in the crime. The two assassins and Villarreal-Hernandez remain at large. According to witness testimony, Guerrero's sister took revenge against Villarreal-Hernandez by having one of his relatives beheaded. He was then sent a video of the severed head.


title: Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez

text: Villarreal-Hernandez is still in hiding and is wanted by the FBI for interstate stalking and conspiracy to commit murder-for-hire. He is believed to be hiding in Mexico. A reward of up to $1 million is available for information leading to his arrest.


title: Most valuable player

text: In team sports, a most valuable player award, abbreviated 'MVP award', is an honor typically bestowed upon an individual (or individuals, in the instance of a tie) whose individual performance is the greatest in an entire league, for a particular competition, or on a specific team. The purpose of the award is recognize the contribution of the individual's efforts amongst a group effort, and to highlight the excellence, exemplariness, and/or outstandingness of a player's performance amidst the performance of their peers in question.


title: Most valuable player

text: The term can have different connotations depending on the context in which it is used. A 'League MVP' is the most valuable player in an entire league, and refers to the player whose performance is most excellent in the league. Similarly, a "Team MVP" is the most valuable player on a team, referring to the player whose team contribution is greatest amongst their teammates. In many sports, MVP awards are presented for a specific match—in other words, a player of the match award. This is particularly true for high profile matches like championship games. For example, during a finals championship series, a 'Finals MVP' award would be bestowed upon the most valuable player in the finals game(s).


title: Most valuable player

text: Ice hockey player, Wayne Gretzky, has been named MVP more times than any player in the history of the other three North American major professional leagues (MLB, NBA, and NFL). He won the award a record nine times during his career, eight consecutively. Barry Bonds is second, having won the MVP award seven times in the National League of Major League Baseball (The American League also awards an MVP), although until the 1930s baseball players were only permitted to win the award one time which limited the number of times Babe Ruth could win. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the NBA MVP award six times, and Michael Jordan won the award five times. Peyton Manning won the NFL MVP five times. Only five players have won as many as three: Jim Brown, Johnny Unitas, Brett Favre, Tom Brady, Aaron Rodgers.


title: Most valuable player

text: An important distinction is that the MVP is not be conflated with the most winningest player. Although the two are usually somewhat correlated, there are several (albeit rare) prime counterexamples. For instance, in professional basketball, Kareem-Abdul Jabbar won the 1975-76 MVP award even though his team did not qualify for the postseason. Additionally, several other NBA players in history have been awarded MVP, and proceeded to lose in the first round of the postseason. In another instance in professional basketball, Jerry West was awarded the 1969 NBA Finals MVP Award, despite having lost the finals. In the sport of professional football, Johnny Unitas won the 1967 MVP award, despite not qualifying for the playoffs. Likewise, O.J. Simpson won the 1973 MVP award, despite not qualifying for the playoffs. Similar to Jerry West in basketball, Chuck Howley in football won the 1971 Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award despite having lost the Super Bowl V. In 1960, Bobby Richardson won the World Series MVP Award, but lost the World Series. In ice hockey, three players, Al Rollins in 1954, Andy Bathgate in 1959 and Mario Lemieux in 1988 each won an NHL MVP award, but did not make the playoffs. Also, Reggie Leach won the 1976 NHL Finals MVP award while breaking the league record for most playoff goals, but lost the finals. In baseball history, several MVPs have not made the playoffs, and in 2021, all six MLB MVP finalists did not make the playoffs.


title: Most valuable player

text: The term is most common in the United States and Canada. In most other countries around the world, "player of the year" is used for a season-spanning award and "player of the match" for individual games. In Australia, Australian rules football clubs and leagues use the term "best and fairest", while those playing rugby league use "player of the year", such as the Dally M Medal.


title: Most valuable player

text: The first most valuable player award given in North American sports can be traced back to professional baseball in the early 1900s. A group of sportswriters met after the 1911 baseball season to determine the “most important and useful players to the club and to the league”. These athletes would receive The Chalmers Award, named for Hugh Chalmers, a car manufacturer seeking to increase sales of his Chalmers Model 30 automobiles. The first recipients were Ty Cobb, playing for the Detroit Tigers, and Frank Schulte of the Chicago Cubs. The award was discontinued in 1914, after it failed to result in higher car sales. From 1922 to 1928 in the American League and from 1924 to 1929 in the National League, an MVP award was given to "the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club". Prior winners were not eligible to win the MVP award again during this time. The MVP award, as it is known today in Major League Baseball, was first established in 1931.


title: Most valuable player

text: Generally, MVP awards are given at the conclusion of a multi-step process. In most professional sports leagues, the overall pool of players is initially narrowed down to a list of nominees, called finalists, forming a group from which the individual winner is decided based on regular season performance. This process is typically performing by way of a vote, wherein voters are usually either other players, members of the media and/or coaches. The specifics of this process varies across leagues. Some prominent examples of sports that conduct MVP awards are baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, handball and rugby.


title: Most valuable player

text: In MLB, MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear-cut definition of what "most valuable" means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.


title: Most valuable player

text: In the NBA, the protocol for selecting the MVP has shifted throughout the year. Through the 1979-80 season, the basketball players themselves comprised the MVP voting bloc up through . Since the start of the 1980 NBA season, a panel of broadcasters and sportswriters are brought together to vote on the MVP award. Every person on the panel casts a vote for their first-place selection all the way to their fifth. A first-place vote nets a player 10 points while a second is worth seven, a third worth five, a fourth worth three, and a fifth worth one. At the end of the voting, the player with the most overall points wins the award.


title: Most valuable player

text: In the NFL, the MVP award is voted upon by a panel of 50 sportswriters at the end of the regular season, before the playoffs, though the results are not announced to the public until the day before the Super Bowl. The sportswriters chosen regularly follow the NFL, and remain mostly consistent from year to year. They are chosen based on expertise and are independent of the league itself.


title: Most valuable player

text: In the NHL, the MVP award voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association, and each individual voter ranks their top five candidates on a 10-7-5-3-1 point(s) system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs.


title: Most valuable player

text: In the PLL, the MVP award (and all other awards) are selected by a two-round voting process. In first round voting, players and coaches will vote to determine nominees for each award. In second round voting, Media, PLL Front Office, and PLL Lacrosse Advisory Board vote on nominees to determine winners. Award winners are announced during the Awards Ceremony at the end of the season.


title: Most valuable player

text: In the NLL, the MVP award (and all other awards) nominees are voted on by select media. Each ballot allowed the voting members to rank their top five choices for the award. Each individual voter ranks their top five candidates on a 10-7-5-3-1 point(s) system (similar to the NHL system). The top three vote accumulating individuals will be announced as the finalists for the award. The finalist who accumulated the most points after the voting period ended will be the award winner. In the case of a tie, the tiebreaker is to be decided by the individual who received the most 1st Place votes, followed by the number of 2nd place votes, and so on, until a winner is decided.


title: Most valuable player

text: In the FIFA World Cup, the MVP award (Golden Ball) is chosen by the FIFA technical committee (Technical Study Group)and the winner voted for by representatives of the media.


title: Most valuable player

text: In the Premier League, the MVP award (Player of the Season) is chosen by a panel assembled by the league's sponsors consisting of members of "football's governing bodies, the media and fans", and is announced in the second or third week of May.


title: Most valuable player

text: The concept of the 'most valuable player' is discussed within the field of philosophy of sport. Philosophers Stephen Kershnar and Neil Feit argue that the concept of the MVP is a fundamentally vague concept, but yet valuable in that it promotes the active discussion of different types of excellence found within a specific sport and the weight to be assigned these types, thus leading to a gain for the discussants. Stephen Kershnar termed this vagueness the 'Most Valuable Player Problem'. He offered a solution to the problem, but later recanted it conceding that the problem remains unsolved.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: "Message in a Bottle" is a song by English rock band The Police. It was released as the lead single from their second studio album, "Reggatta de Blanc" (1979). Written by the band's lead singer and bassist Sting, the song is ostensibly about a story of a castaway on an island, who sends out a message in a bottle to seek love. A year later, he has not received any sort of response, and despairs, thinking he is destined to be alone. The next day, he sees "a hundred billion bottles" on the shore, finding out that there are more people like him out there. Over the course of the song, Sting mentions "sending an S.O.S." 31 times.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The song was the first of their five UK number one singles. "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 65 on its list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time".


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The song exemplifies the reggae rock/new wave style of early Police. It is composed in the key of C minor with a chord progression of C#m9-Amaj9-B7-F#m.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: According to the band's guitarist, Andy Summers, Sting had initially intended the guitar riff that "Message in a Bottle" is centred around for a different song. Summers said to L'Historia Bandidio in 1981: "Sting had that riff for a while, but there was another tune with it originally. He'd been fiddling about with it during our first American tour. Finally, he rearranged the riff slightly and came up with the song." Summers came up with, as Sting described, "lovely arpeggiated shiver" during the break prior to the third verse. Sting praised this addition saying, "He'd [Summers] do that – the song would be quite raw and he'd just add these lovely colours." The riff in its final form is built of multiple overdubbed guitar parts, played by Summers. Following the main progression of the song, one part features Summers playing a three note figure featuring the root, fifth, and ninth of each chord in succession. A second guitar part plays the identical rhythm with different harmony notes, adding minor or major thirds to each chord, as well as additional extensions such as eleventh and thirteenth notes.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The song was recorded at Surrey Sound Studios as part of the sessions for the "Reggatta de Blanc" album. Stewart Copeland's drumming, praised as his "finest drum track" by Summers, was "overdubbed [from] about six different parts."


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: "Cash Box" described the song's hook as "a mesmerizing guitar figure" that is similar to that of Blue Öyster Cult's "Don't Fear The Reaper."


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The theme of the song is "universality of desired connection." The lyrics depict a castaway longing for someone to listen to him and then discovered many messages from others washing up on his shore.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The song's B-side, "Landlord", was written by Sting (lyrics) and Copeland (music). Sting said of its inspiration, "I wrote that after Frances and I were thrown out of the house we were renting in London. I hated the idea of somebody fucking my life up like that. Stewart [Copeland] wrote the music." The song originally featured lyrics by Copeland, but they were replaced by Sting's.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The Police debuted the song on live television on the BBC's "Rock Goes to College", filmed at Hatfield Polytechnic College in Hertfordshire, England. The Police donated all money earned from the show to the college.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The Police performed at Live Earth, a 2007 charity concert to raise awareness of global warming and other environmental hazards, and performed "Message in a Bottle" as the US finale, with John Mayer playing guitar with Andy Summers and Kanye West performing a rap verse over the chorus of the song.


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The song was released as the first single from "Reggatta de Blanc" in September 1979. The song was a massive success in Britain, becoming The Police's first hit in the UK Singles Chart. The song also topped the charts in Ireland and reached in Australia. Despite its popularity in the UK, the single only reached in the United States. Even though it only reached No. 74 in the United States, it is widely popular contemporarily and is still played on radio stations. An alternative "classic rock" mix is available on "".


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: "Message in a Bottle" is also a personal favourite of the members of the band. In addition to saying it was his favourite song in an interview with Jools Holland of the BBC, Sting described it as a "good song", and also said that he was "very proud" of it. Copeland said it was "one of our [The Police's] best moments in the studio and always great on stage." Summers described the track as a personal favourite in his book "One Train Later", and said, "For me, it's still the best song Sting ever came up with and the best Police track."


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: According to "Billboard", "Message in a Bottle" has an "irresistible" hook. "Ultimate Classic Rock" critic Mike Duquette rated it as the Police's best song, praising the "foolishly simple guitar riff devised by Sting but played to perfection by Summers" the "cacophony of percussive brilliance by Copeland" and "Sting’s most plainspoken and razor-sharp lyric."


title: Message in a Bottle (The Police song)

text: The album credits simply state: "All noises by the Police. All arrangements by the Police." On Tidal, the credits are given as the following:


title: S Club 8

text: S Club 8 (originally S Club Juniors) were a spin off of the British pop group S Club 7. The group's members, Jay Asforis, Daisy Evans, Calvin Goldspink, Stacey McClean, Aaron Renfree, Hannah Richings, Frankie Sandford and Rochelle Wiseman were all in their early teens or younger when they were chosen from thousands of hopefuls on the television series "S Club Search" in 2001.


title: S Club 8

text: The group was originally intended only as a support act at Wembley Arena on S Club 7's "S Club Carnival Tour". The group also had its own documentary series, "S Club Juniors: The Story".


title: S Club 8

text: S Club Juniors was formed in 2001 through a reality television show originally consisting of ten members; original members Connor Daley left the group soon after its formation to accept a scholarship to study ballet at a performing arts school.Then the youngest member; Marcell Peters left due to other projects. The auditions were aired on CBBC. S Club Juniors' appearances were considered a success by 19 Entertainment, the management company that had created S Club 7 and auditioned S Club Juniors. Consequently, it was decided they should perform as a support act at all of the venues on the tour. The juniors made their first television appearance on Children in Need on 16 November 2001. By the end of the tour, S Club Juniors had created a following and, with the encouragement of 19, Polydor Records signed the group. Their first single was called "One Step Closer". It was promoted by the TV series "S Club Junior: The Story" and released in the UK on 22 April 2002 in a chart battle with the Sugababes who released their comeback single the same day. Although the Juniors remained number one in the midweek charts, the single dipped over the weekend and managed to sell 73,000 copies, compared to the Sugababes' 85,000. The Juniors stayed at number two for a second week selling a further 60,000 copies, compared to Holly Valance's 143,000. In excess of 250,000 copies were sold in the UK in total and they stayed in the UK top 75 for 11 weeks.


title: S Club 8

text: The group began working on their studio album in June 2002. A video for the second single, "Automatic High", was filmed in Spain, while S Club 7 began their fourth TV series. Released on 22 July 2002, the single reached number two in the UK charts selling 52,000 copies, and spent eight weeks inside the UK top 75 and sold in excess of 110,000 copies in the UK. The third single, "New Direction", was released on 10 October reached number two in the UK charts selling 55,000 copies in the first week. It became their third consecutive top ten hit, selling 130,000 copies in six weeks. The Juniors released their debut album "Together" on 21 October reaching number five in its first week of sale and selling 40,000 copies. Their fourth single, "Puppy Love/Sleigh Ride", was released on 9 December 2002. The single debuted at number six in the UK charts, and sold 85,000 copies in the UK, spending eight weeks inside the UK Top 40. The song was also used in the 2003 film "Love Actually".


title: S Club 8

text: The group joined S Club on their S Club United tour in April 2003 where the announcement came of a name change to S Club 8 and a fifth single, "Fool No More". The single was released on 30 June and reached number four in the UK chart, selling 26,000 copies in its first week and overall 75,000 copies in the UK. A second single, "Sundown", was released in the UK on 29 September 2003 reaching number four in the UK and became their sixth and final top ten hit and selling 37,000 copies in its first week and 80,000 altogether. The album, "Sundown", was released on 13 October 2003 and reached number 13 in the UK charts, falling to number 40 in the second week. Despite selling a total of 60,000 copies in the UK and 315,859 worldwide, the record company perceived the album as a failure. In a review for BBC Music, Jack Smith stated that some of "Sundown"s tracks, "come across as brattier, livelier, younger relatives of... S Club('s)", and that "the album only really flags when the '8 attempt to do more grown-up songs". The third single, "Don't Tell Me You're Sorry", was released on 29 December 2003 in the UK where it reached number 11, becoming the band's first single to chart outside the top ten.


title: S Club 8

text: Unlike the "S Club 7" shows which focused upon the group's fictional exploits, "I Dream" saw S Club 8 as members of a larger ensemble cast. "I Dream" revolved around the summer school Avalon Heights, run by Professor Toone (played by Christopher Lloyd of "Back to the Future" fame), where the characters tried to improve on their talents in the performing arts. The show featured many songs and dances: normally two songs per episode. . On 15 November 2004, the show's theme tune "Dreaming" was released as a single, sung by members Frankie and Calvin. The single charted at number 19, falling to 36 the following week, then out of the UK top 40. On 29 November 2004 an album titled "Welcome to Avalon Heights" was released, containing songs from the show performed by S Club 8 members and the rest of the cast. The album debuted at number 133, having sold around 700 copies. The following week, it left the chart entirely.


title: S Club 8

text: The group disbanded in late 2004. In 2020 band mate Jay Asforis hosted a series of Instagram live conversations with his former fellow band mates, in his conversation with Daisy Evans she recalled her memories of the bands split explaining that after I Dream was filmed, the band (along with their parents) where told by 19 Entertainment the programme would be aired however following this the band would be shelved for a while and their tutoring would be stopped advising them to go back to school. Stacey McClean also mentioned her memories of the split explaining she was told the “lease was up” on the house she shared with fellow band mates Hannah Richings, Aaron Renfree and Calvin Goldspink and following her move back home was told she would hear about “future projects” however nothing was mentioned and the group never reformed.


title: Enes Ünal

text: Enes Ünal (born 10 May 1997) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Getafe and the Turkey national team.


title: Enes Ünal

text: Ünal scored on his Süper Lig debut on 25 August 2013 for Bursaspor against Galatasaray, making him the youngest player to net in Turkey's top division. An international at several youth levels, he earned his first senior cap on 31 March 2015 in a friendly against Luxembourg.


title: Enes Ünal

text: Ünal was born in Osmangazi in Bursa, and was promoted from the Bursaspor youth team. He made his professional debut against FK Vojvodina in the first leg of third qualifying round of 2013–14 UEFA Europa League on 1 August 2013, replacing Sebastián Pinto for the last five minutes of a 2–2 draw at Karađorđe.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 25 August 2013, Ünal came off the bench for Ferhat Kiraz in the 71st minute to make his debut against Galatasaray, and scored his first league goal three minutes later with the assist by Pablo Batalla. This goal made him the youngest player to score in the Süper Lig. On 21 October, he scored his second league goal against Kayserispor with the assist by Şener Özbayraklı. On 19 December 2013, he came off the bench for Musa Çağıran in the 80th minute in the Turkish Cup game against İnegölspor, and scored Bursaspor's second goal via a free kick two minutes later, netting the third in the 86th minute. On 12 February 2014, he scored the third goal for Bursaspor against Akhisar Belediyespor in the cup group stages. They finished first in the group stage with 13 points and advanced to the semi-finals to face Galatasaray.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 7 July 2015, English Premier League club Manchester City announced Ünal's signing for a reported fee of £2 million, their first purchase of the summer. He made his debut against Adelaide United on a tour of Australia, in a 2–0 win.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 31 July 2015, Manchester City announced that Ünal would be going out on loan to Belgian Pro League side Genk for two seasons. On 29 January 2016, his agreement was cancelled, and he returned to Manchester City.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 1 February 2016, Ünal was loaned to Dutch club NAC Breda until end of the season; eighteen days later he scored on his debut against Fortuna Sittard. He scored his first career hat-trick on 11 April 2016 in a game against SC Telstar.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 23 July 2016, Ünal was loaned to Dutch club FC Twente for the 2016–17 season. On 21 August, he made his first start, scoring his second career hat-trick. He scored two more goals in his next game for the club, a 4–1 win over ADO Den Haag.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 30 May 2017, Ünal joined La Liga side Villarreal for £12 million with a buy back option for Manchester City. He made his debut in the season opener, a 1–0 loss to Levante on 21 August. His first goal came on 10 September in a 3–1 win over Real Betis.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 30 October 2017, Ünal joined Levante on an emergency loan deal until June 2018, with the option of a call back in January. He scored on his debut against Girona, on 5 November 2017, though the match ended in a 2–1 loss.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 26 December 2017, Villarreal exercised the call back option and Ünal rejoined the club three days later. The following 19 August, he joined newly-promoted side Real Valladolid on a one-year loan deal. In 2019 July, his loan contract was extended until the end of 2019–20 season.


title: Enes Ünal

text: After scoring 25 goals in 24 games for the Turkey U16 side, he was quickly promoted to the U17s, and after scoring his first professional goal in 2013 was invited to join the Turkey U21 side, despite being just 16 years old. He scored his first U21 goal in 4–0 win against Malta.


title: Enes Ünal

text: Ünal earned his first international cap at senior level on 31 March 2015, replacing Olcay Şahan in the 57th minute of at a 2–1 friendly victory against Luxembourg at the Stade Josy Barthel. His second cap wouldn't come for over a year, appearing as a substitute in a friendly against Russia on 31 August 2016.


title: Enes Ünal

text: On 30 September 2016, Ünal was called up for 2018 World Cup qualification matches against Ukraine and Iceland. He made his first start and competitive debut for Turkey against Ukraine, on 6 October, in a 2–2 draw. On 17 November 2019, Ünal scored his first two goals for Turkey in a 2–0 win against Andorra, during the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification.


title: Enes Ünal

text: Ünal's father, Mesut Ünal, was also a professional footballer who also played for Bursaspor and was a youth international for Turkey.


title: Enes Ünal

text: Ünal's family became Manchester City fans after Sergio Aguero's 94th minute Premier League title winner in 2012.


title: Enes Ünal

text: He had been dating Lisa Smellers, a Belgian footballer who plays for KRC Genk Ladies. The couple got married in December 2019.


title: GAZ-66

text: The GAZ-66 is a Soviet and later Russian 4x4 all-road (off-road) military truck produced by GAZ. It was one of the main cargo vehicles for motorized infantry of the Soviet Army and is still employed in former Soviet Union countries. It is nicknamed "shishiga" (шишига), "shisharik" (шишарик)/"shehsherik" (шешерик), "trueman" (in Siberia).


title: GAZ-66

text: Almost one million vehicles of this type were built for both military and civil use. The GAZ-66 has gained legendary status in many countries around the world due to its reliability, simplicity and off-road capability. Since the 1960s, the GAZ-66 has been popular with armed forces and off-road enthusiasts. Production ceased in 1999, with the GAZ-3308 being produced instead.


title: Bec de corbin

text: Bec de corbin (Modern French: Bec de corbeau ) is a type of polearm and war hammer that was popular in medieval Europe. The name is Old French for "raven's beak". Similar to the Lucerne hammer, it consists of a modified hammer's head and spike mounted atop a long pole. Unlike the Lucerne hammer, the "bec de corbin" was used primarily with the "beak" or fluke to attack instead of the hammer head. The hammer face balancing the beak was often blunt instead of the multi-pronged Lucerne, and the beak tended to be stouter; better designed for tearing into plate armor, mail, or gambeson. The spike mounted on the top of the head was also not nearly as long and thin as on the Lucerne. "Bec de corbin" is sometimes used as a general term to describe several types of war hammer, such as mauls and horseman's picks. A similar name, bec de faucon (meaning "falcon's beak"), refers to a related weapon called a pollaxe or, more specifically, to the hook on its reverse side.


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: The novel has sold over 1.5 million copies in Japan and is the first of Murata's novels to be translated into English. The translation, by Ginny Tapley Takemori, was released by Grove Press (US) and Portobello Books (UK) in 2018. The book has further been translated into more than thirty languages.


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: Keiko Furukura is a 36-year-old woman who has been working part-time at a convenience store, or "konbini", for the last 18 years. She has known since childhood that she is "different" and that expressing her own views and actions is inexplicable and distressing to others, and causes problems.


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: The highly regulated world of the "konbini", where each action is prescribed by the corporate manual, allows her to maintain an identity acceptable to those around her and a sense of purpose. She models her behaviour, dress style, and even speech patterns on those of her coworkers. Keiko maintains some friendships and a relationship with her sister, but finds it increasingly difficult to explain why, after 18 years, she is still single and working as a temp in a convenience store.


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: Keiko meets Shiraha, a man who cannot hold a steady job and lives on the fringes of society since he doesn't conform to "normal" expectations. While they have no affection for each other, Shiraha eventually moves in with Keiko. They decide that by pretending to be a couple, they can avoid problems with families and a society that expects them to have romantic relationships, children, and stable jobs.


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: As part of the plan, Keiko eventually quits her job in the "konbini", though she immediately feels that her life has lost purpose. She stays home doing nothing, and only at Shiraha's insistence applies for steady jobs.


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: On the way to the first job interview, Keiko and Shiraha stop at a "konbini". She sees that the store is not as regulated and immediately begins rearranging the merchandise and assisting the staff. When Shiraha confronts her, she explains that her purpose in life is to be a "konbini" employee, even though she knows that it would be easier and more convenient for her to live the semblance of a "normal" life with him. She then walks away from an enraged Shiraha, cancels the interview, and resolves to find herself a new "konbini".


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: Murata herself works at a convenience store on a part-time basis. In a profile for "The New York Times", the author explained she "wanted to illustrate how odd the people who believe they are ordinary or normal are" and that she admires Keiko's character, who chooses and is fine with not having sex at all. She says that she wanted to write from the perspective of "someone who defied conventional thinking, particularly in a conformist society".


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: Joyce Lau of the "South China Morning Post" gave the novel four out of five stars, calling it a "cutting commentary on the pressure society puts on its citizens, particularly single women." Julie Myerson of "The Guardian" gave the novel a generally positive review, calling it "sublimely weird" and praising the "nutty deadpan prose and even more nuttily likable narrator."


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: The novel won the prestigious Akutagawa Prize, and Murata was named one of "Vogue Japan"s Women of the Year.


title: Convenience Store Woman

text: The novel was adapted into a radio drama on NHK-FM's and was broadcast from 22:00 to 22:50 on 30 November 2019. Chiaki Kuriyama voiced the role of the protagonist Keiko Furukura.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: Sohni Mahiwal or Suhni Mehar ( is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab including Sindh. In Sindh Sohni's shrine is in Shahdadpur Town of Sangar District. The others are Sassi Punnun, Mirza Sahiba, and Heer Ranjha. Sohni Mahiwal is a tragic love story which inverts the classical motif of Hero and Leander. The heroine Sohni, unhappily married to a man she despises, swims every night across the river using an earthenware pot to keep afloat in the water, to where her beloved Mehar herds buffaloes. One night her sister-in-law replaces the earthenware pot with a vessel of unbaked clay, which dissolves in water and she dies in the whirling waves of the river.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: The story also appears in Shah Jo Risalo and is one of seven popular tragic romances from Sindh. The other six tales are Umar Marui, Sassui Punhun, Lilan Chanesar, Noori Jam Tamachi, Sorath Rai Diyach and Momal Rano commonly known as "Seven Heroines" () of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Shah begins the story at the most dramatic moment, when a young woman cries out for help in the cold river, attacked by crocodiles. The whole chapter (Sur Sohni) is merely an extension of this dreadful and yet hoped-for moment when the vessel of her body breaks and she, faithful to her pre-eternal love-covenant with Mehar, will be forever united through death.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: In the 18th century (late Mughal period), the beautiful girl Sohni was born to a potter named Tulla (Toolha). They were from the Kumhar caste, and lived in Gujrat, Punjab. At the time, Gujrat, on the river Chenab, was a caravanserai on the trade route between Bukhara and Delhi.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: As Sohni grew up, she helped her father decorate his pots. Their shop is said to have been near Rampyari Mahal by the river. As soon as the "Surahis" (water-pitchers) and mugs came off the wheel, she would draw artistic designs on them and set them up for sale.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: Shahzada Izzat Baig, a rich trader from Bukhara (Uzbekistan), came to Punjab on business and halted in Gujrat. Here he saw Sohni at the shop and was completely smitten. Just to get a glimpse of Sohni, he would end up buying the water pitchers and mugs every day.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: Sohni too lost her heart to Izzat Baig. Instead of returning to Bukhara with his caravan, the noble-born Izzat Baig took up the job of a servant in the house of Tulla. He would even take their buffaloes for grazing. Soon, he came to be known as "Mehar" or "Mahiwal" (buffalo herder).


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: The love of Sohni and Mahiwal caused a commotion within the Kumhar community. It was not acceptable that a daughter from this community would marry an outsider, so her parents immediately arranged her marriage with another potter. On the day the "barat" (marriage party) of that potter arrived at her house, Sohni felt helpless and lost. She was sent off to the husband's house in a "Doli" (palanquin).


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: Izzat Baig renounced the world and started living as a faqir (hermit). He eventually moved to a small hut across the river Chenab from Sohni's new home hamirpur.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: In the dark of night, when the world was fast asleep, the lovers would meet by the river. Izzat would come to the riverside and Sohni would come to meet him swimming with the help of an inverted hard baked pitcher (inverted so that it would not sink). He would regularly catch a fish and bring it for her. It is said that once, when due to high tide he could not catch a fish, Mahiwal cut a piece of his thigh and roasted it. Sohni didn't realise this at first but then she told Izzat that this fish tastes different. When she kept her hand on his leg, she realised what Mahiwal had done and this only strengthened their love for each other.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: Meanwhile, rumours of their romantic rendezvous spread. One day Sohni’s sister-in-law followed her and saw the hiding place where Sohni kept her earthenware pitcher. She informed her mother, Sohni's mother-in-law, and instead of telling Sohni's husband (who was away on a business trip), the women decided to take the decision in their own hands and finish the matter. The next day, the sister-in-law removed the hard baked pitcher and replaced it with an unbaked one. That night, when Sohni tried to cross the river with the help of the pitcher, it dissolved in the water and Sohni drowned. From the other side of the river, Mahiwal saw Sohni drowning and jumped into the river to save her and drowned as well. Thus, the lovers were reunited in death.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: A somewhat different version of the story is told in Sindh, where Sohni is believed to be a girl of Jat tribe living on the western bank of the Indus River; and Dam, Sohni's husband, was of the Samtia, living on the eastern bank. In actual version of Sindhi lovetale of Sohni Mehar, Sohni was believed to be daughter of Kumhar tribe, a Potter. The love between Sohni and Mehar is attributed to a drink of milk that Mehar gave her during the marriage procession over the river.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: Legend has from Hyderabad, Pakistan. Sohni's tomb is located at nawabshah Road, Shahdadpur, and is visited by lovers.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: The story of Sohni and Mahiwal was popularized in the Punjabi qissa (long poem) "Sohni Mahiwal" by Fazal Shah Sayyad, who also wrote poems on Heer Ranjha, Laila Majnu and others.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: The Sohni Mahiwal love story continues to inspire numerous modern songs, including Pathanay Khan's famous song "Sohni Gharay nu akhadi aj mainu yaar milaa ghadeya". Alam Lohar has also made many renditions of this kalaam and was one of the first singers to present the story in a song format. Pakistani pop band Noori's song Dobara Phir Se is inspired by the lore of this story as well as the more recent, Paar channa de, from Coke Studio Pakistan (season 9). Paar channa de was earlier sung by Arif Lohar and Saleema Jawwad for 2013 movie Zinda Bhaag, based on a traditional folk song.


title: Sohni Mahiwal

text: Many paintings of Sohni Mahiwal continue to be created by well-known artists such as Sobha Singh. Folk versions of these paintings, for example in the Kangra style, are commonly found across the whole Punjab region.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: The "Clemson" class was a series of 156 destroyers which served with the United States Navy from after World War I through World War II.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: The "Clemson"-class ships were commissioned by the United States Navy from 1919 to 1922, built by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, New York Shipbuilding Corporation, William Cramp & Sons, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Bath Iron Works, some quite rapidly. The "Clemson" class was a minor redesign of the for greater fuel capacity and was the last pre-World War II class of flush-deck destroyers to be built for the United States. Until the , the "Clemson"s were the most numerous class of destroyers commissioned in the United States Navy and were known colloquially as "flush-deckers”, "four-stackers" or "four-pipers".


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: As finally built, the "Clemson" class would be a fairly straightforward expansion of the "Wickes"-class destroyers. While the "Wickes" class had given good service there was a desire to build a class more tailored towards the anti-submarine role, and as such several design studies were completed, mainly about increasing the ships' range. These designs included a reduction in speed to between by eliminating two boilers, freeing up displacement for depth charges and more fuel. This proposal foreshadowed the destroyer escorts of World War II.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: Upgrading the gun armament from to guns was also considered, but only five ships (DD-231 to DD-235) were armed with 5-inch guns. In addition, the tapered stern of the "Wickes"-class destroyers resulted in a large turning radius and a correction to this defect was also sought, although this was not corrected in the final design. In the end the General Board decided the speed be retained so as to allow the "Clemson" class to be used as a fleet escort. The pressing need for destroyers overruled any change that would slow production compared to the proceeding "Wickes" class. Wing tanks for fuel oil were installed on either side of the ships to increase the operational range. This design choice meant the fuel oil would be stored above the waterline and create additional vulnerability, but the Navy felt a range was worth the risk. Additional improvements included provisions for 5-inch guns to be installed at a later date, an enlarged rudder to help reduce the turn radius, and an additional anti-aircraft gun on the after deck-house.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: The class resulted from a General Board recommendation for further destroyers to combat the submarine threat, culminating in a total of 267 "Wickes"- and "Clemson"-class destroyers completed. However, the design of the ships remained optimized for operation with the battleship fleet.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: The main armament was the same as the "Wickes" class: four /50 caliber guns and twelve torpedo tubes. The Mark 8 torpedo was initially equipped, and probably remained the standard torpedo for this class, as 600 Mark 8 torpedoes were issued to the British in 1940 as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: Although the design provided for two anti-aircraft (AA) guns, most ships carried a single /23 caliber AA gun, typically on the aft deckhouse. A frequent modification was replacing the aft 4-inch gun with the 3-inch gun to make more room for the depth charge tracks. Anti-submarine (ASW) armament was added during or after construction. Typically, two depth charge tracks were provided aft, along with a Y-gun depth charge projector forward of the aft deckhouse.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: Despite the provision for 5-inch guns, only seven ships were built with an increased gun armament. and had twin 4-inch/50 mounts for a total of eight guns, while DD 231–235 had four /51 caliber guns in place of the 4-inch guns.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: As with the preceding "Wickes" class, the fleet found that the tapered cruiser stern, which made for a nice depth charge deployment feature, dug into the water and increased the turning radius, thus hampering anti-submarine work. While an increased rudder size helped, the answer would be in a redesigned stern, but this was not implemented. They were reported to be prone to heavy rolling in light load conditions. The flush deck gave the hull great strength but this also made the deck very wet.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: Fourteen ships of the class were involved in the Honda Point Disaster (aka Point Pedernales) in 1923, of which seven were lost.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: Many never saw wartime service, as a significant number were decommissioned in 1930 and scrapped as part of the London Naval Treaty. About 40 "Clemson"-class destroyers with Yarrow boilers were scrapped or otherwise disposed of in 1930–31, as these boilers wore out quickly in service. Flush-deckers in reserve were commissioned as replacements. In 1936 only some 169 of the flush deck destroyers would be left, four "Caldwell" class and the rest "Wickes" and "Clemson" class. In 1937 four "Clemson" class were converted to destroyer minelayers (hull classification symbol DM), joining several "Wickes"-class ships in this role.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: Nineteen were transferred to the Royal Navy in 1940 as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, where they became part of the . Others were upgraded or converted to high-speed transports (APD), high-speed minesweepers (DMS), destroyer minelayers (DM), or seaplane tenders (AVD) and served through World War II. Four "Wickes"-class DM conversions and the four "Clemson"-class DM conversions survived to serve in World War II.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: Most ships remaining in service during World War II were rearmed with dual-purpose 3-inch/50 caliber guns to provide better anti-aircraft protection. The AVD seaplane tender conversions received two guns; the APD high-speed transport, DM minelayer, and DMS minesweeper conversions received three guns, and those retaining destroyer classification received six. Their original low-angle 4-inch/50 caliber guns (Mark 9) were transferred to Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships for anti-submarine protection. For the ships converted to minesweepers, the twelve 21-inch torpedo tubes were replaced by minesweeping gear.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: The wrecks of two "Clemson"-class destroyers remain in the San Francisco Bay area, a few miles north of Mare Island Navy Yard on the Napa River, and in the southern part of the Bay, used as a bombing target in World War II.


title: Clemson-class destroyer

text: A number of ships in the class were christened by the initial batch of women who enlisted in the Navy as Yeoman (F) in World War I. The USS "Hatfield" (DD-231) was sponsored by Mrs. J. Edmond Haugh (Helen Brooks) who had been a Yeoman during the Great War.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty is an Indian actor of theatre, films and television. He is best known for portraying iconic Bengali detective characters, Feluda, and Kakababu.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: In 1975, he passed Higher Secondary Examination from Andrew's High School, Kolkata. He earned a degree in B.Sc. from Hansraj College, University of Delhi. He cleared his AMI examination from Delhi in 1978. Apart from acting, his love for nature and forests is well known. He takes ardent interest in wild life photography.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: Sabyasachi got married in 1986 to Mithu Chakrabarty, who is also a popular face in the Bengali entertainment industry. He has two sons, Gaurav and Arjun, both of whom are talented actors. They are working in both film and television.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: Sabyasachi's first mainstream work was a lead role in the 1987 TV series "Tero Parbon" for Kolkata Doordarshan channel. "Tero Parbon" was critically acclaimed with a memorable soundtrack in which his role as the character Gora was well-received and made him fairly popular in his early days of acting.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: He made his movie debut in Tapan Sinha’s "Antardhan" in 1992. He continued to work in several television series and shows (mostly in Bengali). He has directed many TV shows and some shows for children. He played Kakababu in the Kakababu original film series. He acted in "Kakababu Here Gelen?" (1995) and "Ek Tukro Chand" (2001) and the mini TV series "Khali Jahajer Rahasya" (1999) as Kakababu. His role as Feluda in "Baksho Rahashya" (1996), "Gosaipur Sargaram" (1996), "Sheyal Debota Rahasya" (1996), "Bosepukure Khunkharapi" (1997), "Joto Kando Kathmandute" (1997), "Jahangirer Swarnamudra" (1998), "Ghurghutiyar Ghotona" (1998), "Golapi Mukto Rahashya" (1998), "Ambar Sen Antardhan Rahashya" (1999), "Dr. Munshir Diary" (2000),"Bombaiyer Bombete" (2003), "Kailashey Kelenkari" (2007), "Tintorettor Jishu" (2008), "Gorosthaney Sabdhan" (2010), "Royal Bengal Rahashya" (2011) and "Double Feluda" (2016) have reinstated the nostalgia surrounding Satyajit Ray’s Feluda series. His roles in "Antardhan", "Sweth Pathorer Thala", "Mahulbanir Sereng", "Parineeta" (Hindi), "Nishijapon" and Mira Nair's "The Namesake" amongst others have earned him wide recognition. He got involved with Charbak theatre group in 1983. He has worked in a number of Hindi movies and TV shows as well. He is also very popular in Bangladesh and was one of the main casts of the first ever Bangladeshi Science fiction film "Porobashinee."


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: In 2002 Chakrabarty was awarded the Best Actor award for "Ek Je Aachhe Kanya" and in 2004 he was awarded Best Actor for his performance in "Bombaiyer Bombete" by Anandalok Awards.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: In 1996 he received the Best Actor award for his performance in "Kakababu Here Gelen" and, again, in 2005 he was awarded Best Actor for his role in "Mahulbanir Sereng", by Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards (BFJA). Sabyasachi Chakrabarty was the recipient of the Best Actor award in a Supporting Role by the BFJA in 1995, 2000 and 2003.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: Sabyasachi portrayed "Feluda" on both small and big screens after legendary Soumitra Chatterjee donned the detective's hat in two films directed by Ray himself in the 1970s. Soumitra Chatterjee originally played Feluda in Satyajit Ray's Feluda series. He acted in "Sonar Kella" (1974) and "Joi Baba Felunath" (1979) as "Feluda". Both Soumitra and Sabyasachi played the Feluda character with great success. As Sabyasachi said in many interviews, Feluda is one of his idols and favourite heroes from his young age. In the late 80's Sabyasachi met the author of Feluda series Satyajit Ray and expressed an interest in starring as Feluda. But Satyajit Ray said that he will not make another Feluda movie as Santosh Dutta the actor who played the role of Jatayu died in 1988, but he told Sabyasachi to go to his son Sandip Ray who was a rising film director in that time. Then Sabyasachi met Sandip Ray, but Sandip Ray had no plan of making any Feluda film at that time. Then Sabyasachi started working in the movies besides theatre and television.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: In the year 1994 Sandip Ray called Sabyasachi Chakrabarti in Ray's home. By that time Sabyasachi had become a well known actor in big screens beside theatre. Ray offered him the iconic hero of Bengali literature, Feluda. It was a dream character for Sabyasachi Chakrabarti. All films of the Feluda new film series (Continuation of the original series) were directed by Sandip Ray. In this series he made ten TV films and five full-length films in Bengali on the character. His first Feluda film was "Baksho Rahashya" (1996). It was released as a TV film and it was a part of Feluda 30 TV film series which includes five TV films based on five Feluda novels and stories. The series continued from the year 1996 to 1997. In 1999 series Satyajiter Gappo includes four Feluda TV films. In the year 2000 he acted in Dr. Munshir Diary as Feluda. It was the last Feluda TV film since 2000.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: In 2002 Sandip Ray was developing a third big screen adaptation of "Feluda" film series. "Bombaiyer Bombete"(2003) was the first big screen adaptation of the Feluda new film series (Continuation of the original series) and the third big screen adaptation of the Bengali sleuth "Feluda" after 25 years of the second Feluda movie "Joi Baba Felunath" (1979) which was directed by the author of the "Feluda" series Satyajit Ray. After the huge success of "Bombaiyer Bombete" (2003) four sequels have been made till 2011. They are "Kailashey Kelenkari" (2007), "Tintorettor Jishu" (2008), "Gorosthaney Sabdhan" (2010) and "Royal Bengal Rohosso" (2011). The first Feluda film shot abroad was "Tintorettor Jishu" (2008) directed by Sandip Ray and Sabyasachi as Feluda. A fifth sequel is announced by Sandip Ray where Sabyasachi Chakrabarty will return as the Bengali sleuth Feluda after five years.


title: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty

text: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty played that role in the telefilms made later directed by Sandip Ray. Santosh Dutta died in 1988, so Jatayu was played by Rabi Ghosh in the first two TV films of Sandip Ray, after his death Anup Kumar played Jatayu and finally by Bibhu Bhattacharya. In Sandip Ray's ten Feluda TV films Topshe was played by Saswata Chatterjee. Later in "Bombaiyer Bombete"(2003), "Kailashey Kelenkari" (2007) and "Tintorettor Jishu" (2008) Parambrata Chatterjee played Topshe. After him in "Gorosthaney Sabdhan" (2010) and "Royal Bengal Rohosso" (2011) Saheb Bhattacharya played as Topshe. There will be a new film named "Double Feluda" heading to release in December, 2016. Where Sabyasachi Chakrabarty and Saheb Bhattacharya will return as Feluda and Topshe respectively. Though Sabyasachi Chakrabarty is 60 years old, in the new Feluda film Feluda will be 50 years old and Topshe will be 30. The movie will be a tribute to 50 years of Feluda.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: The Sisters of Mercy is a religious institute of Catholic women founded in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland, by Catherine McAuley. As of 2019, the institute had about 6200 sisters worldwide, organized into a number of independent congregations. They also started many education and health care facilities around the world.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: The Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy began when Catherine McAuley used an inheritance to build a large house on Baggot Street, Dublin, as a school for poor girls and a shelter for homeless servant girls and women. She was assisted in the works of the house by local women. There was no idea then of founding a religious institution; McAuley's plan was to establish a society of secular ladies who would spend a few hours daily in instructing the poor. Gradually the ladies adopted a black dress and cape of the same material reaching to the belt, a white collar and a lace cap and veil.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 1828, Archbishop Daniel Murray advised Miss McAuley to choose some name by which the little group might be known, and she chose that of "Sisters of Mercy", having the design of making the works of mercy the distinctive feature of the institute. She was, moreover, desirous that the members should combine with the silence and prayer of the Carmelite, the active labors of a Sister of Charity. The position of the institute was anomalous, its members were not bound by vows nor were they under a particular rule.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: Archbishop Murray asked the Sisters of Mercy to declare their intentions as to the future of their institute, whether it was to be classed as a religious congregation or to become secularized. The associates unanimously decided to become religious. It was deemed better to have this congregation unconnected with any already existing community.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: On the Octave of the Ascension 1829 the archbishop blessed the chapel of the institution and dedicated it to Our Lady of Mercy. This combination of the contemplative and the active life necessary for the duties of the congregation called forth so much opposition that it seemed as though the community, now numbering twelve, must disband; but it was settled that several of the sisters should make their novitiates in some approved religious house and after their profession return to the institute to train the others to religious life.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: The Presentation Sisters, whose rule was based on the Rule of St. Augustine, seemed best adapted for the training of the first novices of the new congregation and Miss McAuley, Miss Elizabeth Harley, and Miss Anna Maria Doyle began their novitiate at George's Hill, Dublin, on 8 September 1830. While they were in training, Miss Frances Warde managed the affairs of the Baggot Street house.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: On 12 December 1831, Catherine McAuley, Mary Ann Doyle, and Mary Elizabeth Harley professed their religious vows as the first Sisters of Mercy, thereby founding the congregation. In 1839 Mary Francis Bridgeman professed her vows and joined the Order.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In the 10 years between the founding and her death on 11 November 1841, McAuley had established additional independent foundations in Ireland and England: Tullamore (1836), Charleville (1836), Carlow (1837), Cork (1837), Limerick (1838), Bermondsey, London (1839), Galway (1840), Birr (1840), and St Mary's Convent, Birmingham (1841), and branch houses of the Dublin community in Kingstown (1835) and Booterstown (1838).


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: The Sisters offered free schools for the poor, academies for the daughters of the rising middle class, and “houses of mercy”, providing shelter for poor youth and women in Dublin and other cities who were in danger of being exploited. They were called upon by bishops in several major epidemics of cholera to nurse people in homes and in the public hospitals.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: Their services were in much demand. McAuley opened the first Convent of Mercy in England at Bermondsey on 19 November 1839 for the education of children and the visitation of the poor, sick, and needy. Mother Mary Clare Moore was appointed Superior. The convent was designed in the 'Gothic Style' by Augustus Pugin, his first purpose-designed religious community building. It was destroyed during World War II.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In May 1842, at the request of Bishop Fleming, a small colony of Sisters of Mercy crossed the Atlantic to found the congregation at St. John's, Newfoundland. The sisters arrived in Perth, Australia in 1846, and in 1850, a band from Carlow arrived in New Zealand. Sisters from Limerick opened a house in Glasgow in 1849. In 1860, St Catharine's Convent was founded in Edinburgh. In 1868, the English community established houses in Shrewsbury and Guernsey.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In the United States, the first community of Sisters of Mercy was established in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1843; followed by Providence, Rhode Island in 1851.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: With the "London Times" reporting appalling conditions at the front, the War Office appealed for volunteer nurses. On 14 October 1854, Bishop Thomas Grant, of Southwark approached the Sisters at Bermondsey.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: At the request of the bishop of Mahikeng, Dr Anthony Gaughran, sisters came to South Africa to found convents there. Mother Superior Teresa Cowley led a group from the convent in Strabane, with the group acting as nurses to the military during the siege of Mahikeng.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 1992 leaders of the various congregations formed the "Mercy International Association" to foster collaboration and cooperation. The Mercy International Centre is located in Dublin. Members of the Association are:


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: Sisters of Mercy is an international community of Roman Catholic women religious vowed to serve people who suffer from poverty, sickness and lack of education with a special concern for women and children. Members take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the evangelical counsels commonly vowed in religious life, and, in addition, vows of service.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: They continue to participate in the life of the surrounding community. In keeping with their mission of serving the poor and needy, many sisters engage in teaching, medical care, and community programs. The organization is active in lobbying and politics.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: The Sisters of Mercy are constituted as religious and charitable organizations in a number of countries. Mercy International Association is a registered charity in Ireland.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 1869 Sister of Mercy Susan Saurin brought suit against her superiors accusing them of bullying, assault and imprisonment, and claiming £5,000 in damages. The "Great Convent Case" opened at Westminster Hall with heightened press interest given Victorian antipathy to all things Catholic. The Daily Telegraph made a special publication on the "Inner Life of the Hull Nunnery Exposed" to cover the trial. Saurin won her case and was awarded fifty pounds in damages.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In May 2009, the institute was among four congregations of religious women that have come under scrutiny and criticism for their part in running Magdalene laundries in decades past, where women were brought by the state or their families for being unmarried and pregnant, or for other reasons. The report found that girls supervised by orders of nuns, chiefly the Sisters of Mercy, suffered much less sexual abuse but instead endured frequent assaults and humiliation.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: The Mercy Sisters have noted they were not compensated for caring for the women and that the laundries were not profit-making ventures. "We acknowledge fully the limitations of the service we provided for these women when compared with today's standards and sincerely wish that it could have been different. We trust that the implications of the changed context are understood by the wider society."


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 2011, as part of their Sculpture Trail initiative, the Ennis Tidy Towns Committee erected a statue at the site of the old St. Xavier's Primary School, now the Clare Museum. Created by Barry Wrafter, it was commissioned to celebrate the work of the Sisters of Mercy since their coming to the town in 1854. In light of the controversy regarding the Magdalen laundries, RTE listeners were divided whether the statue should remain.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 1849 Bishop Pompallier visited St Leo's Convent in Carlow, Ireland, seeking sisters to emigrate; eight left from St Leo's, led by Mother Mary Cecilia. They travelled to New Zealand, learning Māori along the way, establishing the Sisters of Mercy in Auckland as the first female religious community in New Zealand in 1850.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: Michael O'Connor was born in Cobh, Ireland. In June 1841, O'Connor was appointed Vicar General of Western Pennsylvania, and two years later, Bishop of the newly constituted Diocese of Pittsburgh. He traveled to Rome for his consecration and on his return, stopped in Ireland to recruit clergy for his new diocese, obtaining eight seminarians from St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, and seven Sisters of Mercy from Carlow, Ireland. The sisters arrived in Pittsburgh in December 1843, with Frances Warde as superior. Mercy Hospital in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania opened 1898.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 1858, Mother Mary Teresa Maher led a group of ten Sisters of Mercy to Cincinnati from Kinsale, Ireland. In 1892, the eleven Sisters of Mercy came to Cincinnati at the invitation of Archbishop John Baptist Purcell. They soon opened a Night School for Young Women. Mercy Hospital in Hamilton, Ohio was founded in 1892. Mother of Mercy High School was founded in 1915. They also direct Bethany House Services for homeless women and children.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: By the 1920s there were 39 separate Sisters of Mercy congregations across the United States and Latin America. In 1929 the "Sisters of Mercy of the Union" was founded, merging many of the congregations into one single entity with nine provinces. Seventeen communities remained independent. A federation of all the Mercy congregations was formed and in the 1970s, a common constitution was developed. Further work toward consolidation continued, and in July 1991, the "Sisters of Mercy of the Americas was established". In December 2018, the sisters marked 175 years in the United States. (The Religious Sisters of Mercy of Alma, Michigan developed from the Sisters of Mercy in 1973 and remains a separate congregation.)


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In July 2017 "Mercy Education System of the Americas" (MESA) was formally established to unite and serve the Mercy education ministries in Argentina, Belize, Guam, Honduras, Jamaica, the Philippines and the United States.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: The Sisters founded dozens of hospitals in the United States, and sponsors, or co-sponsors, six health systems. The organization also operates health care ministries in Belize, Guam, Guyana, Peru and the Philippines.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 1892, they founded Mercy Hospital in Hamilton, Ohio. "With lots of heavy industry in Hamilton at the time, there was a lot of need for emergency care for accident victims."


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: In 1916, the Sisters of Mercy established Sisters of Mercy's St. Joseph's Sanitarium, in Asheville, North Carolina, to treat tuberculosis patients, which later became St. Joseph's Hospital. In 1998, St. Joseph's Hospital was sold to Memorial Mission Hospital. The Sisters continue to operate urgent care centers in the Asheville area, under the name Sisters of Mercy Urgent Care.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: Mercy Health is an NPO Catholic healthcare organization in the Midwestern United States, and is headquartered in the suburban western St. Louis County suburb of Chesterfield, Missouri.


title: Sisters of Mercy

text: Healthcare systems sponsored by, co-sponsored by, or with historical ties to the Sisters of Mercy of the Americas include:


The 2016 United States presidential election in Iowa was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Iowa voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and her running mate Virginia Senator Tim Kaine. Iowa has six electoral votes in the Electoral College.


title: 2016 United States presidential election in Iowa

text: Trump won the state with 51.2% of the vote, while Clinton received 41.7%. Clinton's performance in Iowa was the worst performance for a Democratic presidential candidate since 1980. Trump won over a dozen counties that had not voted Republican since Ronald Reagan was on the ticket; won two counties that had last voted Republican in Richard Nixon's landslide victory in 1972; and won a county, Dubuque, that had last voted Republican in 1956. Trump carried Iowa by the largest margin of any Republican candidate since Reagan in 1980, and he was the first Republican to win more than 50% of the popular vote since Reagan's 1984 landslide. Trump enjoyed the support of working-class whites in the agricultural industry, as well as the endorsement of Iowa's GOP establishment.


text: The difference of 9.4% points was the largest winning margin for Trump in a state that had voted for Barack Obama in 2012. This was also the first time since 1976 that Iowa voted to the right of Texas, which Trump won in this election by 8.99 points. Trump carried 93 out of 99 counties, the most for a Republican presidential nominee in the state since 1980, and he flipped 32 counties won by Obama in 2012, the most out of any state. This was the first time since 1988 in which Iowa did not go for the winner of the popular vote. It was also the first time since 2004 (and only the second since 1984) that Iowa would vote for a Republican candidate.


text: The incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois, was first elected to the presidency in 2008, running with U.S. Senator Joe Biden of Delaware. Defeating the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, with 52.9% of the popular vote and 68% of the electoral vote, Obama succeeded two-term Republican President George W. Bush, the former Governor of Texas. Obama and Biden were reelected in the 2012 presidential election, defeating former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney with 51.1% of the popular vote and 61.7% of electoral votes. Although Barack Obama's approval rating in the RealClearPolitics poll tracking average remained between 40 and 50 percent for most of his second term, it experienced a surge in early 2016 and reached its highest point since 2012 during June of that year. Analyst Nate Cohn noted that a strong approval rating for President Obama would equate to a strong performance for the Democratic candidate, and vice versa.


text: President Obama was not eligible to be re-elected after having served two terms. Obama's running-mate and two-term Vice President Biden decided not to enter the race for the Democratic presidential nomination either.


text: There is no ballot; instead, a unique form of debate and groupings chose delegates to county conventions supporting Hillary Clinton, Martin O'Malley, and Bernie Sanders. The Iowa Democratic Party does not release vote counts or the numbers of these delegates.


text: In early March, the delegates chosen in the Caucuses met chose delegates to the Congressional District Conventions.


text: Up until late August 2016, the election was close, with both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton winning polls but neither taking a serious lead. In September 2016, Trump gained momentum, by winning a poll 44% to 39% in early September and then winning 3 more polls in a row by margins larger than 5%. From late September 2016 till election day, Trump won every poll but one. The final poll average showed Donald Trump ahead 44% to 41%, with many undecided voters that mostly swung to Donald Trump on election night. The latest poll also showed Trump ahead by 46% to 39%.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing is a GUI widget toolkit for Java. It is part of Oracle's Java Foundation Classes (JFC) – an API for providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for Java programs.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing was developed to provide a more sophisticated set of GUI components than the earlier Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT). Swing provides a look and feel that emulates the look and feel of several platforms, and also supports a pluggable look and feel that allows applications to have a look and feel unrelated to the underlying platform. It has more powerful and flexible components than AWT. In addition to familiar components such as buttons, check boxes and labels, Swing provides several advanced components such as tabbed panel, scroll panes, trees, tables, and lists.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Unlike AWT components, Swing components are not implemented by platform-specific code. Instead, they are written entirely in Java and therefore are platform-independent.


title: Swing (Java)

text: In December 2008, Sun Microsystems (Oracle's predecessor) released the CSS / FXML based framework that it intended to be the successor to Swing, called JavaFX.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The Internet Foundation Classes (IFC) were a graphics library for Java originally developed by Netscape Communications Corporation and first released on December 16, 1996. On April 2, 1997, Sun Microsystems and Netscape Communications Corporation announced their intention to incorporate IFC with other technologies to form the Java Foundation Classes. The "Java Foundation Classes" were later renamed "Swing."


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing introduced a mechanism that allowed the look and feel of every component in an application to be altered without making substantial changes to the application code. The introduction of support for a pluggable look and feel allows Swing components to emulate the appearance of native components while still retaining the benefits of platform independence.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Originally distributed as a separately downloadable library, Swing has been included as part of the Java Standard Edition since release 1.2. The Swing classes and components are contained in the package hierarchy.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Development of Swing's successor, JavaFX, started in 2005, and it was officially introduced two years later at JavaOne 2007. JavaFX was open-sourced in 2011 and, in 2012, it became part of the Oracle JDK download. JavaFX is replacing Swing owing to several advantages, including being more lightweight, having CSS styling, sleek design controls, and the use of FXML and Scene Builder. In 2018, JavaFX was made a part of the OpenJDK under the OpenJFX project to increase the pace of its development.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Members of the Java Client team that was responsible for Swing included James Gosling (Architect), Rick Levenson (manager), Amy Fowler & Hans Muller (co-technical leads), Tom Ball, Jeff Dinkins, Georges Saab, Tim Prinzing, Jonni Kanerva, and Jeannette Hung & Jim Graham (2D Graphics).


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing is a platform-independent, "model–view–controller" GUI framework for Java, which follows a single-threaded programming model. Additionally, this framework provides a layer of abstraction between the code structure and graphic presentation of a Swing-based GUI.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing is platform-independent because it is completely written in Java. Complete documentation for all Swing classes can be found in the Java API Guide for Version 6 or the Java Platform Standard Edition 8 API Specification for Version 8.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing is a highly modular-based architecture, which allows for the "plugging" of various custom implementations of specified framework interfaces: Users can provide their own custom implementation(s) of these components to override the default implementations using Java's inheritance mechanism via .


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing is a component-based framework, whose components are all ultimately derived from the class. Swing objects asynchronously fire events, have bound properties, and respond to a documented set of methods specific to the component. Swing components are JavaBeans components, compliant with the JavaBeans specification.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing's heavy reliance on runtime mechanisms and indirect composition patterns allows it to respond at run time to fundamental changes in its settings. For example, a Swing-based application is capable of hot swapping its user-interface during runtime. Furthermore, users can provide their own look and feel implementation, which allows for uniform changes in the look and feel of existing Swing applications without any programmatic change to the application code.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Swing's high level of flexibility is reflected in its inherent ability to override the native host operating system (OS)'s GUI controls for displaying itself. Swing "paints" its controls using the Java 2D APIs, rather than calling a native user interface toolkit. Thus, a Swing component does not have a corresponding native OS GUI component, and is free to render itself in any way that is possible with the underlying graphics GUIs.


title: Swing (Java)

text: However, at its core, every Swing component relies on an AWT container, since (Swing's) extends (AWT's) Container. This allows Swing to plug into the host OS's GUI management framework, including the crucial device/screen mappings and user interactions, such as key presses or mouse movements. Swing simply "transposes" its own (OS-agnostic) semantics over the underlying (OS-specific) components. So, for example, every Swing component paints its rendition on the graphic device in response to a call to component.paint(), which is defined in (AWT) Container. But unlike AWT components, which delegated the painting to their OS-native "heavyweight" widget, Swing components are responsible for their own rendering.


title: Swing (Java)

text: This transposition and decoupling is not merely visual, and extends to Swing's management and application of its own OS-independent semantics for events fired within its component containment hierarchies. Generally speaking, the Swing architecture delegates the task of mapping the various flavors of OS GUI semantics onto a simple, but generalized, pattern to the AWT container. Building on that generalized platform, it establishes its own rich and complex GUI semantics in the form of the model.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The Swing library makes heavy use of the model–view–controller software design pattern, which conceptually decouples the data being viewed from the user interface controls through which it is viewed. Because of this, most Swing components have associated "models" (which are specified in terms of Java interfaces), and the programmers can use various default implementations or provide their own. The framework provides default implementations of model interfaces for all of its concrete components. The typical use of the Swing framework does not require the creation of custom models, as the framework provides a set of default implementations that are transparently, by default, associated with the corresponding child class in the Swing library. In general, only complex components, such as tables, trees and sometimes lists, may require the custom model implementations around the application-specific data structures. To get a good sense of the potential that the Swing architecture makes possible, consider the hypothetical situation where custom models for tables and lists are wrappers over DAO and/or EJB services.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Typically, Swing component model objects are responsible for providing a concise interface defining events fired, and accessible properties for the (conceptual) data model for use by the associated JComponent. Given that the overall MVC pattern is a loosely coupled collaborative object relationship pattern, the model provides the programmatic means for attaching event listeners to the data model object. Typically, these events are model centric (ex: a "row inserted" event in a table model) and are mapped by the JComponent specialization into a meaningful event for the GUI component.


title: Swing (Java)

text: For example, the has a model called that describes an interface for how a table would access tabular data. A default implementation of this operates on a two-dimensional array.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The view component of a Swing JComponent is the object used to graphically represent the conceptual GUI control. A distinction of Swing, as a GUI framework, is in its reliance on programmatically rendered GUI controls (as opposed to the use of the native host OS's GUI controls). Prior to Java 6 Update 10, this distinction was a source of complications when mixing AWT controls, which use native controls, with Swing controls in a GUI (see Mixing AWT and Swing components).


title: Swing (Java)

text: Finally, in terms of visual composition and management, Swing favors relative layouts (which specify the positional relationships between components) as opposed to absolute layouts (which specify the exact location and size of components). This bias towards "fluid"' visual ordering is due to its origins in the applet operating environment that framed the design and development of the original Java GUI toolkit. (Conceptually, this view of the layout management is quite similar to that which informs the rendering of HTML content in browsers, and addresses the same set of concerns that motivated the former.)


title: Swing (Java)

text: Since early versions of Java, a portion of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) has provided platform-independent APIs for user interface components. In AWT, each component is rendered and controlled by a native peer component specific to the underlying windowing system.


title: Swing (Java)

text: By contrast, Swing components are often described as "lightweight" because they do not require allocation of native resources in the operating system's windowing toolkit. The AWT components are referred to as "heavyweight components".


title: Swing (Java)

text: Much of the Swing API is generally a complementary extension of the AWT rather than a direct replacement. In fact, every Swing lightweight interface ultimately exists within an AWT heavyweight component because all of the top-level components in Swing (, , , and ) extend an AWT top-level container. Prior to Java 6 Update 10, the use of both lightweight and heavyweight components within the same window was generally discouraged due to Z-order incompatibilities. However, later versions of Java have fixed these issues, and both Swing and AWT components can now be used in one GUI without Z-order issues.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The core rendering functionality used by Swing to draw its lightweight components is provided by Java 2D, another part of JFC.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT) is a competing toolkit originally developed by IBM and now maintained by the Eclipse community. SWT's implementation has more in common with the heavyweight components of AWT. This confers benefits such as more accurate fidelity with the underlying native windowing toolkit, at the cost of an increased exposure to the native platform in the programming model.


title: Swing (Java)

text: There has been significant debate and speculation about the performance of SWT versus Swing; some hinted that SWT's heavy dependence on JNI would make it slower when the GUI component and Java need to communicate data, but faster at rendering when the data model has been loaded into the GUI, but this has not been confirmed either way. A fairly thorough set of benchmarks in 2005 concluded that neither Swing nor SWT clearly outperformed the other in the general case.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The codice_2 class codice_3 the class; the codice_4 class implements a window with a title bar and a close control.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The codice_5 constructor initializes the frame by first calling the superclass constructor, passing the parameter codice_6, which is used as the window's title. It then calls the ' method inherited from codice_4 to set the default operation when the close control on the title bar is selected to ' this causes the codice_4 to be disposed of when the frame is closed (as opposed to merely hidden), which allows the Java virtual machine to exit and the program to terminate. Next, a ' is created for the string "Hello, world!" and the ' method inherited from the superclass is called to add the label to the frame. The method inherited from the superclass is called to size the window and lay out its contents.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The codice_9 method is called by the Java virtual machine when the program starts. It instantiates a new codice_2 frame and causes it to be displayed by calling the ' method inherited from the superclass with the boolean parameter codice_11. The code uses the ' method to invoke the constructor from the AWT event dispatching thread in order to ensure the code is executed in a thread-safe manner. Once the frame is displayed, exiting the codice_12 method does not cause the program to terminate because the event dispatching thread remains active until all of the Swing top-level windows have been disposed.


title: Swing (Java)

text: The following is a rather simple Swing-based program. It displays a window (a ) containing a label and a button.


title: Swing (Java)

text: Notice how all instantiation and handling of Swing components are done by creating an instance of the class,


title: Swing (Java)

text: which implements the Runnable interface. This is then run on the Event Dispatch Thread by use of the method ), created in the main method (see Swing and thread safety). Although Swing code can be run without using this technique (for instance, by not implementing Runnable and moving all commands from the run method to the main method), it is considered to be good form, as Swing is not thread-safe, meaning that invoking resources from multiple threads can result in thread interference and memory consistency errors.


title: Swing (Java)

text: In this example let javax.swing.JFrame be super class and add our own widget(s) to it (in this case, a JButton).


title: Swing (Java)

text: The layout is set to null using the method since JFrame uses java.awt.BorderLayout as its default layout-manager. With BorderLayout anything which is added to the container is placed in the center and stretched to accommodate any other widgets. Of course, most real world GUI applications would prefer to use a layout-manager instead of placing everything on absolute co-ordinates.


Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport () or simply Guadalajara International Airport () , is the main airport of Guadalajara, Mexico's third-largest city. Opened in 1966, it is located 16 km south of the city center. In 2020 it handled 8,094,115 passengers, and 12,243,000 in 2021. It is Latin America's sixth and Mexico's third-busiest airport, after Mexico City International Airport and Cancún International Airport, and second-busiest for cargo flights.


title: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport

text: Guadalajara's International Airport consists of two runways and one terminal. A major airport for connections, it became a hub for Volaris and its primary gateway to the United States. It is also a focus city for Aeroméxico and VivaAerobus. Flights are offered to destinations within Mexico and to Central America, the United States and Spain. In addition, cargo flights are offered to many destinations, including countries in Asia and Europe.


text: The airport is named for Miguel Hidalgo, who began the war that brought Mexican independence from Spain. He has been called the "father of Mexican independence".


text: It was inaugurated on 1 March 1951 by then-president of Mexico, Miguel Alemán Valdés, and the governor of the state of Jalisco, José de Jesús González Gallo.


text: On May 24, 1993 the airport parking lot was the scene of a deadly firefight between the Logan Heights Gang working for the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel. Seven people were killed including Catholic Archbishop Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo.