title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: Rachael's relatives were able to offer tentative identification of her body from a chipped tooth and piercings in her ears. Due to the advanced state of the body's decomposition, the precise cause of Rachael's death was never established. The coroner was unable to exclude smothering as the cause of death.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: Shortly after the formal identification of their daughter, Jeff and Elaine Runyan held Rachael's funeral service at the Sunset Stake Center. Over 300 mourners were in attendance. Rachael was laid to rest in Washington Heights Memorial Park in the city of Ogden, Utah. She was buried in a white casket adorned with her photograph, a single pink rosebud, and one of her favorite Raggedy Ann dolls. Rachael's gravestone is inscribed with the words: "She brought a nation to its knees."


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: The abduction and murder of Rachael Runyan proved to be a major factor in the October 1982 passage of a federal law allowing the parents of missing children access to a clearinghouse administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which would obtain and file records of the fingerprints and blood types of more than 300,000 Utah children.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: As a result of this abduction and murder, the state of Utah also formally implemented the "Rachael Alert" child abduction alert system in April 2002. It was designed to alert residents statewide of active child abduction and missing children cases. Once law enforcement personnel verified the authenticity of a child abduction case, a "Rachael Alert" form was faxed to all television and radio networks for immediate and high-priority statewide broadcast. The criteria to be met in these cases Included: the missing child was a minor or mentally handicapped; that they were in imminent danger; that the disappearance was not a runaway situation; and that law enforcement had a complete and accurate physical description of the missing child.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: The "Rachael Alert" system was only used in the June 2002 abduction of Elizabeth Smart and the January 2003 abduction of 3-month-old Nicholas Triplett; both children were ultimately found alive. In the wake of Elizabeth Smart's subsequent safe recovery, 41 states implemented the AMBER Alert child abduction alert system. Utah replaced the "Rachael Alert" system with the AMBER Alert system in April 2003—primarily to conform with nationwide standards. The AMBER Alert system is now tested twice a year in Utah— on January 13 and on the anniversary of Rachael's abduction, August 26.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: Rachael's murder was also a factor in the passing of the Missing Children's Act, which places descriptions of missing children in the FBI's National Crime Information Computer database.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: Although Rachael's murder is an unsolved case, Lieutenant Phil Olmstead, who first answered Elaine Runyan's frantic call for assistance following her daughter's abduction, continually assured the Runyan family of the Sunset Police Department's determination to find Rachael's murderer or murderers. The investigation into her murder was officially reopened by the Sunset Police Department in 2007. Police continue working closely with the Utah Attorney General's office in their efforts to apprehend and convict the perpetrator(s). A reward of $58,000 is available should any information leading to the arrest and subsequent conviction of the person or persons responsible be provided to authorities.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: Hopes for the identification of the perpetrator rest primarily on notable advances in forensic technology in the years since 1982. As a means to this end, investigators have not ruled out the possibility of exhuming Rachael's body to retrieve further forensic evidence.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: DNA testing conducted on items found near Rachael's body in 2007 yielded tentative results, although they have not helped advance the investigation. Rachael's family has never given up hope her killer will be found.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: In 2012, investigators announced that a prison inmate in Pennsylvania who had been a resident of Sunset in 1982 was under active investigation. Although no formal charges have been filed against this individual, he is considered a possible suspect in Rachael's abduction and murder. Another potential suspect is a man with a criminal record who is believed to live in New Mexico. Sunset Police Chief Ken Eborn has said that evidence supporting the potential guilt of this suspect exists, but it is insufficient for police to make a formal arrest. Furthermore, Eborn has said he is convinced that witnesses or individuals with knowledge of the man's guilt are reluctant to come forward to authorities—possibly because of death threats he has made against them.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: Following her daughter's abduction and murder, Elaine Runyan-Simmons channeled her grief into action, becoming an outspoken advocate in a national movement to raise awareness of issues regarding child safety, child abduction, and the legislated procedures regarding their recovery. Runyan-Simmons has frequently offered emotional support, guidance and advice to parents undergoing a similar experience to her family's ordeal.


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: Regarding her ongoing commitment to the perpetuation and expansion of Utah's "Rachael Alert" child abduction alert system (which was subsumed under the nationwide AMBER alert system in 2003), Runyan-Simmons has said that being a voice in this field of advocacy is not a choice she would have made had Rachael not been abducted and murdered: the events of August and September 1982 left her with little choice in this matter. In 2013, Runyan-Simmons stated: "It's a legacy I leave for my daughter. If there was something in place like this [in 1982], maybe we'd still have her."


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: In May 2016, the park where Rachael was abducted was renamed Rachael Runyan Memorial Park. It was formally dedicated to Rachael's memory on August 26; a memorial stone bearing an image of the girl, a brief summary of her story, and the park's name stands within its grounds. The inscription on the stone reads: "In honor of Rachael Marie Runyan, June 23, 1979 - August 26, 1982. Abducted from Doxey Elementary Playground August 26, 1982."


title: Murder of Rachael Runyan

text: The Rachael Runyan Missing and Exploited Children's Day was signed into legislation in Utah in March 2017. The stated aim of this annual observance is to encourage individuals in Utah to prioritize child safety. The bill was inspired by Rachael Runyan, and has been described as a "catalyst for the development of better responses to (child) abduction" within Utah. In instances where an AMBER Alert is implemented and the missing child is subsequently found safe and well, a "Rachael Runyan Award" is presented to the individual who either locates the missing child or initially alerted authorities to his or her abduction.


title: Unfinished Business (Jay-Z and R. Kelly album)

text: Unfinished Business is the second and final collaboration album between American rapper Jay-Z and singer R. Kelly. The album was released worldwide on October 26, 2004. It was distributed in the United States and Canada by Jive Records and Island Def Jam Music Group, by the Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) and its subsidiary Jive Records, except in Canada and the United States of America where Island Def Jam Music Group and its labels Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records replaced BMG. The album was composed of unreleased tracks from the recording sessions of 2002's "The Best of Both Worlds". although slight additions were made.


text: The album was promoted by the "Best of Both Worlds" concert tour with R. Kelly and Jay-Z performing songs from both their solo and joint albums. The "Best of Both Worlds" tour filled with tension and accusations that boiled over at an October 31 show where R. Kelly was accused of erratic behavior and was pepper sprayed by a Jay-Z associate. Jay-Z and the tour promoter then banned R. Kelly from the tour claiming "lack of professionalism". R. Kelly responded by suing his co-act and touring company for $75 million for breach of contract, among other things, on November 2.


text: "Unfinished Business" was supported by two singles: "Big Chips" and "Don't Let Me Die". They were both sent to radio stations, but only the former saw a physical release. Like its predecessor, the album was criticized for repetitive lyrics but was a commercial success. It debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 215,000 copies in its first week. It was also certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in December 2004.


text: R. Kelly appeared on Jay-Z's "Guilty Until Proven Innocent". In 2001, Jay-Z was featured on R. Kelly's popular single "Fiesta Remix" that shot up to fifth on the "Billboard" Top 100. The positive reception to both songs opened dialog between the two for a possible joint album. In December 2001, R. Kelly confirmed the album's existence and name in an interview with MTV at that year's Billboard Music Awards. In January 2002, the two announced "Best of Both Worlds" in a New York City news conference. When the album was leaked on February 22, the release date was moved up seven days to combat piracy. Outside parties speculated that the album would be the biggest release of the year and easily sell multi-million. However, in February 2002, an unknown person sent a sex tape to the "Chicago Sun-Times" newspaper, claiming that it was R. Kelly and an underage female. This would be illegal under Illinois law, which states that adults cannot have sexual intercourse with a minor. R. Kelly denied the claims. In response to the public outrage, Def Jam cut all promotion plans of the album, including music videos and the planned tour. Jay-Z also refused to appear with R. Kelly in anything.


text: "Best of Both Worlds" was criticized by critics for uninspired and recycled song meanings. It debuted number–two on the "Billboard" 200 with 223,000 units scanned. Despite the lack of promotion, it was still considered a commercial failure; the total was less than half of the artists' last solo efforts. Jay-Z's "The Blueprint" and R. Kelly's "TP-2.com" sold 427,000 and 543,000 respectively in their debut week and debuted number–one. If any chances of doing a tour lingered, they were crushed in June when R. Kelly was arrested for 21 counts of child pornography after witnesses claimed the woman in the video was 14 years old. He was later acquitted of all charges in 2008.


text: In November 2003, R. Kelly appeared at Jay-Z's "farewell" concert that was featured in the 2004 documentary film "Fade to Black". The response from the crowd led to two to reconsider the idea of touring again, noting how R. Kelly's studio album that year, "Chocolate Factory" was certified multi-platinum by the RIAA. After watching Kelly get back on top, keep his fanbase, and go platinum in only 3 weeks, Jay-Z and Def Jam jumped back on the bandwagon. On September 21, "Unfinished Business" was confirmed.


text: As the album is composed of unreleased tracks of R. Kelly and Jay-Z, the recording took place during the "Best of Both Worlds" recording sessions. The two never met in a studio, instead sending tracks to each other to finish. Jay-Z described the process in their "Best of Both Worlds" press conference.


text: R. Kelly in a 2001 MTV interview stated that they had recorded nine songs by December 10. Album producers Tone and Poke also made sure the songs moved along.


text: The Best of Both Worlds Tour was a United States-only, 40-city tour to promote "Unfinished Business", headlined by R. Kelly and Jay-Z. Artists affiliated with Roc-A-Fella performed with Jay-Z during his solo sets. It was sponsored by Atlanta Worldwide Touring. The tour was originally planned for 2002, but was scrapped after the R. Kelly accusations surfaced. It was originally announced on August 19, 2004, with initial tour dates coming on August 27. The remaining shows were announced on October 6. The concert was expected to gross $30 million.


text: Although the concert was well received by critics, they noticed tension between R. Kelly and Jay-Z. The two only performed together on stage for the beginning and finale sets. Sean Daly of "The Washington Post" wrote on their interactions, "Did any of it look remotely genuine? Absolutely not. How about "As the Best of Both Worlds Turn?".


text: To help promote voting in the upcoming presidential election in the United States, Jay-Z used the tour dates in Ohio to register eligible voters using his organization Voice Your Choice and music executive Russell Simmons' Hip-Hop Summit Action Network.


text: The concerts began with a video depicting a news report high-speed police chase of two buses heading to the arena. At the climax, the arena is darkened and the two vehicles crash and break a faux-wall on the stage. From there, R. Kelly and Jay-Z exit their respective vehicles clad in white suits and perform "The Best of Both Worlds", "Shake Ya Body", "Take You Home With Me A.K.A. Body", and "Somebody's Girl" from the "Best of Both Worlds" album. R. Kelly then goes backstage while Jay-Z and his entourage perform their set. From there, the two transition with 10 to 20 minute sets consisting of their songs. After about five, they then conclude with the songs "Fiesta Remix", "Big Chips" and "Hell Yeah".


text: During the first Rosemont concert, R. Kelly ran a skit that made light of his court case. Due to national outrage, he removed the act from the second concert. For reasons both Jay-Z and R. Kelly dispute, Kelly was more than two hours late for the next day's concert that ended at 1 AM—and, to make matters worse, R. Kelly left before the final joint set. The tour was unable to make it to Cincinnati, Ohio, for the next concert and was therefore canceled. On October 17, Jay-Z left early to attend to an emergency, but was later seen at the R&B singer Usher's birthday party. R. Kelly stopped his set midway through the October 23 St. Louis concert for difficulty with the lighting. The Milwaukee and Hartford shows were canceled for technical difficulties.


text: The tension boiled over in New York City's Madison Square Garden on Friday, October 29 when R. Kelly told the audience that two men were showing their guns to him. Although various media reports dispute the actual time of the disturbance, it is presumed to be near the beginning to an hour into R. Kelly's set. Madison Square Garden security then searched the area but found nothing and gave clearance for R. Kelly and his bodyguards to return. On their walk back, they were suddenly pepper-sprayed by Tyran "Ty Ty" Smith, a childhood friend of Jay-Z and rushed to nearby Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center. By this time Jay-Z was performing onstage in place of R. Kelly, unaware of the backstage violence. After a 45-minute set, he told the crowd he would have a show for them in a few minutes. Jay-Z returned with several musicians in the crowd Usher, Mary J. Blige, and rappers Foxy Brown, Ja Rule, T.I., P. Diddy and his Roc-A-Fella entourage.


text: Following the show, both Jay-Z and R. Kelly interviewed separately with New York City radio station WQHT personality Angie Martinez. Jay-Z mocked R. Kelly's claims of a gun in the audience, saying, ""That's Madison Square Garden. You cannot get a gun in Madison Square Garden. Does he know where he's at?" He also confirmed the rumors of their strained relationship and called R. Kelly insecure about his louder reception at concerts and being over-concerned about stage lighting. Although R. Kelly confessed that he had not actually seen any guns, he was cautious after a threatening phone call earlier Friday. He also expressed his desire to perform at Saturday's show. The next day, Madison Square Garden banned R. Kelly and his group from that night's show, and Atlantic Worldwide Touring banned R. Kelly from the rest of the tour, which was renamed Jay-Z and Friends.


text: After a statement detailing his disappointment at being barred, R. Kelly sued Jay-Z, Atlantic Worldwide, and his production company Marcy Projects on the next day (November 1) for breach of contract and $75 million in damages ($60 million in punitive damages and $15 million for lost income) as a result of not being able to tour. The suit alleged that lighting problems caused by Jay-Z's production staff had been plaguing his performances since rehearsals in September and had to resort to fixing them himself or hiring a professional. It also accused Jay-Z of being jealous of the 60/40 split R. Kelly had over the tour gross and thus conspired the events that occurred at Madison Square Garden pressured Atlantic Worldwide to remove him.


text: Jay-Z countersued in January 2005, claiming R. Kelly showed erratic behavior that included: being periodically late or absent from meetings and rehearsals, missing deadlines for material, and sudden demands and requests that led to several concert delays and cancellations that resulted in loss of gross. R. Kelly's lawyers challenged it as "inaccurate smears of Mr. Kelly that are utterly irrelevant to the issues of the case". They further claimed it didn't deny that the rapper refused to work with R. Kelly after the Madison Square Garden incident and thus broke the contract. It was ultimately thrown out by a judge in May 2005, who agreed.


text: Ty Smith was arrested and charged with third-degree assault, which carried one year of prison, on November 12 for the pepper-spraying incident. In November 2005, R. Kelly filed another lawsuit against Jay-Z, claiming Smith was awarded with vice president of Def Jam's artist and repertoire. Regardless, he pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct in 2006 in a plea deal that contained no jail time.


text: The album received mixed to negative reviews from critics whom criticized the album for having the same theme as their previous outing and accused both artists of a cheap cash–in to promote their tour. Jon Caramanica of the "Rolling Stone" criticized Jay-Z's raps as boring. Rapreviews.com's Steve Juon judged the album as a tolerable release, saying "this time R. Kelly's peanut butter R&B is actually de-emphasized a little in favor of Jay-Z's hip-hop chocolate. That's fine by me, because it tastes better that way. Not as good as an unrestrained and unfettered Jay-Z does by himself mind you, but it's an improvement."


text: "Unfinished Business" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 215,000 copies in its first week. This became Jay-Z seventh US number one album and R. Kelly's fourth. In its second week, the album dropped to number ten on the chart, selling an additional 71,000 copies. On December 1, 2004, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over one million copies in the United States.


title: Intron

text: An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. The word "intron" is derived from the term "intragenic region", i.e. a region inside a gene. The term "intron" refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding RNA sequence in RNA transcripts. The non-intron sequences that become joined by this RNA processing to form the mature RNA are called exons.


title: Intron

text: Introns are found in the genes of most organisms and many viruses and they can be located in both protein-coding genes and genes that function as RNA (noncoding genes). There are four main types of introns: tRNA introns, group I introns, group II introns, and spliceosomal introns (see below). Introns are rare in Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes), but most eukaryotic genes contain multiple splicesomal introns.


title: Intron

text: Introns were first discovered in protein-coding genes of adenovirus, and were subsequently identified in genes encoding transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA genes. Introns are now known to occur within a wide variety of genes throughout organisms, bacteria, and viruses within all of the biological kingdoms.


title: Intron

text: The fact that genes were split or interrupted by introns was discovered independently in 1977 by Phillip Allen Sharp and Richard J. Roberts, for which they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993. The term "intron" was introduced by American biochemist Walter Gilbert:


title: Intron

text: "The notion of the cistron [i.e., gene] ... must be replaced by that of a transcription unit containing regions which will be lost from the mature messenger – which I suggest we call introns (for intragenic regions) – alternating with regions which will be expressed – exons." (Gilbert 1978)


title: Intron

text: The term "intron" also refers to "intracistron", i.e., an additional piece of DNA that arises within a cistron.


title: Intron

text: Although introns are sometimes called "intervening sequences", the term "intervening sequence" can refer to any of several families of internal nucleic acid sequences that are not present in the final gene product, including inteins, untranslated regions (UTR), and nucleotides removed by RNA editing, in addition to introns.


title: Intron

text: The frequency of introns within different genomes is observed to vary widely across the spectrum of biological organisms. For example, introns are extremely common within the nuclear genome of jawed vertebrates (e.g. humans and mice), where protein-coding genes almost always contain multiple introns, while introns are rare within the nuclear genes of some eukaryotic microorganisms, for example baker's/brewer's yeast ("Saccharomyces cerevisiae"). In contrast, the mitochondrial genomes of vertebrates are entirely devoid of introns, while those of eukaryotic microorganisms may contain many introns.


title: Intron

text: A particularly extreme case is the "Drosophila dhc7" gene containing a ≥3.6 megabase (Mb) intron, which takes roughly three days to transcribe. On the other extreme, a 2015 study suggests that the shortest known metazoan intron length is 30 base pairs (bp) belonging to the human "MST1L" gene. The shortest known introns belong to the heterotrich ciliates, such as "Stentor coeruleus", in which most (> 95%) introns are 15 or 16 bp long.


title: Intron

text: Splicing of all intron-containing RNA molecules is superficially similar, as described above. However, different types of introns were identified through the examination of intron structure by DNA sequence analysis, together with genetic and biochemical analysis of RNA splicing reactions. At least four distinct classes of introns have been identified:


title: Intron

text: Group III introns are proposed to be a fifth family, but little is known about the biochemical apparatus that mediates their splicing. They appear to be related to group II introns, and possibly to spliceosomal introns.


title: Intron

text: Nuclear pre-mRNA introns (spliceosomal introns) are characterized by specific intron sequences located at the boundaries between introns and exons. These sequences are recognized by spliceosomal RNA molecules when the splicing reactions are initiated. In addition, they contain a branch point, a particular nucleotide sequence near the 3' end of the intron that becomes covalently linked to the 5' end of the intron during the splicing process, generating a branched ("lariat") intron. Apart from these three short conserved elements, nuclear pre-mRNA intron sequences are highly variable. Nuclear pre-mRNA introns are often much longer than their surrounding exons.


title: Intron

text: Transfer RNA introns that depend upon proteins for removal occur at a specific location within the anticodon loop of unspliced tRNA precursors, and are removed by a tRNA splicing endonuclease. The exons are then linked together by a second protein, the tRNA splicing ligase. Note that self-splicing introns are also sometimes found within tRNA genes.


title: Intron

text: Group I and group II introns are found in genes encoding proteins (messenger RNA), transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA in a very wide range of living organisms. Following transcription into RNA, group I and group II introns also make extensive internal interactions that allow them to fold into a specific, complex three-dimensional architecture. These complex architectures allow some group I and group II introns to be "self-splicing", that is, the intron-containing RNA molecule can rearrange its own covalent structure so as to precisely remove the intron and link the exons together in the correct order. In some cases, particular intron-binding proteins are involved in splicing, acting in such a way that they assist the intron in folding into the three-dimensional structure that is necessary for self-splicing activity. Group I and group II introns are distinguished by different sets of internal conserved sequences and folded structures, and by the fact that splicing of RNA molecules containing group II introns generates branched introns (like those of spliceosomal RNAs), while group I introns use a non-encoded guanosine nucleotide (typically GTP) to initiate splicing, adding it on to the 5'-end of the excised intron.


title: Intron

text: The spliceosome is a very complex structure containing up to one hundred proteins and five different RNAs. The substrate of the reaction is a long RNA molecule and the transesterification reactions catalyzed by the spliceosome require the bringing together of sites that may be thousands of nucleotides apart. All biochemical reactions are associated with known error rates and the more complicated the reaction the higher the error rate. Therefore, it is not surprising that the splicing reaction catalyzed by the spliceosome has a significant error rate even though there are spliceosome accessory factors that suppress the accidental cleavage of cryptic splice sites.


title: Intron

text: Under ideal circumstances, the splicing reaction is likely to be 99.999% accurate (error rate of 10) and the correct exons will be joined and the correct intron will be deleted. However, these ideal conditions require very close matches to the best splice site sequences and the absence of any competing cryptic splice site sequences within the introns and those conditions are rarely met in large eukaryotic genes that may cover more than 40 kilobase pairs. Recent studies have shown that the actual error rate can be considerably higher than 10 and may be as high as 2% or 3% errors (error rate of 2 or 3 x 10) per gene. Additional studies suggest that the error rate is no less that 0.1% per intron. This relatively high level of splicing errors explains why most splice variants are rapidly degraded by nonsense-mediated decay.


title: Intron

text: The presence of sloppy binding sites within genes causes splicing errors and it may seem strange that these sites haven't been eliminated by natural selection. The argument for their persistence is similar to the argument for junk DNA.


title: Intron

text: Although mutations which create or disrupt binding sites may be slightly deleterious, the large number of possible such mutations makes it inevitable that some will reach fixation in a population. This is particularly relevant in species, such as humans, with relatively small long-term effective population sizes. It is plausible, then, that the human genome carries a substantial load of suboptimal sequences which cause the generation of aberrant transcript isoforms. In this study, we present direct evidence that this is indeed the case.


title: Intron

text: While the catalytic reaction may be accurate enough for effective processing most of the time, the overall error rate may be partly limited by the fidelity of transcription because transcription errors will introduce mutations that create cryptic splice sites. In addition, the transcription error rate of 10 - 10 is high enough that one in every 25,000 transcribed exons will have an incorporation error in one of the splice sites leading to a skipped intron or a skipped exon. Almost all multi-exon genes will produce incorrectly spliced transcripts but the frequency of this background noise will depend on the size of the genes, the number of introns, and the quality of the splice site sequences.


title: Intron

text: In some cases, splice variants will be produced by mutations in the gene (DNA). These can be SNP polymorphisms that create a cryptic splice site or mutate a functional site. They can also be somatic cell mutations that affect splicing in a particular tissue or a cell line. When the mutant allele is in a heterozygous state this will result in production of two abundant splice variants; one functional and one non-functional. In the homozygous state the mutant alleles may cause a genetic disease such as the hemophilia found in descendants of Queen Victoria where a mutation in one of the introns in a blood clotting factor gene creates a cryptic 3' splice site resulting in aberrant splicing. A significant fraction of human deaths by disease may be caused by mutations that interfere with normal splicing; mostly by creating cryptic splice sites.


title: Intron

text: Incorrectly spliced transcripts can easily be detected and their sequences entered into the online databases. They are usually described as "alternatively spliced" transcripts, which can be confusing because the term does not distinguish between real, biologically relevant, alternative splicing and processing noise due to splicing errors. One of the central issues in the field of alternative splicing is working out the differences between these two possibilities. Many scientists have argued that the null hypothesis should be splicing noise, putting the burden of proof on those who claim biologically relevant alternative splicing. According to those scientists, the claim of function must be accompanied by convincing evidence that multiple functional products are produced from the same gene.


title: Intron

text: While introns do not encode protein products, they are integral to gene expression regulation. Some introns themselves encode functional RNAs through further processing after splicing to generate noncoding RNA molecules. Alternative splicing is widely used to generate multiple proteins from a single gene. Furthermore, some introns play essential roles in a wide range of gene expression regulatory functions such as nonsense-mediated decay and mRNA export.


title: Intron

text: The biological origins of introns are obscure. After the initial discovery of introns in protein-coding genes of the eukaryotic nucleus, there was significant debate as to whether introns in modern-day organisms were inherited from a common ancient ancestor (termed the introns-early hypothesis), or whether they appeared in genes rather recently in the evolutionary process (termed the introns-late hypothesis). Another theory is that the spliceosome and the intron-exon structure of genes is a relic of the RNA world (the introns-first hypothesis). There is still considerable debate about the extent to which of these hypotheses is most correct. The popular consensus at the moment is that introns arose within the eukaryote lineage as selfish elements.


title: Intron

text: Early studies of genomic DNA sequences from a wide range of organisms show that the intron-exon structure of homologous genes in different organisms can vary widely. More recent studies of entire eukaryotic genomes have now shown that the lengths and density (introns/gene) of introns varies considerably between related species. For example, while the human genome contains an average of 8.4 introns/gene (139,418 in the genome), the unicellular fungus "Encephalitozoon cuniculi" contains only 0.0075 introns/gene (15 introns in the genome). Since eukaryotes arose from a common ancestor (common descent), there must have been extensive gain or loss of introns during evolutionary time. This process is thought to be subject to selection, with a tendency towards intron gain in larger species due to their smaller population sizes, and the converse in smaller (particularly unicellular) species. Biological factors also influence which genes in a genome lose or accumulate introns.


title: Intron

text: Alternative splicing of exons within a gene after intron excision acts to introduce greater variability of protein sequences translated from a single gene, allowing multiple related proteins to be generated from a single gene and a single precursor mRNA transcript. The control of alternative RNA splicing is performed by a complex network of signaling molecules that respond to a wide range of intracellular and extracellular signals.


title: Intron

text: Introns contain several short sequences that are important for efficient splicing, such as acceptor and donor sites at either end of the intron as well as a branch point site, which are required for proper splicing by the spliceosome. Some introns are known to enhance the expression of the gene that they are contained in by a process known as intron-mediated enhancement (IME).


title: Intron

text: Actively transcribed regions of DNA frequently form R-loops that are vulnerable to DNA damage. In highly expressed yeast genes, introns inhibit R-loop formation and the occurrence of DNA damage. Genome-wide analysis in both yeast and humans revealed that intron-containing genes have decreased R-loop levels and decreased DNA damage compared to intronless genes of similar expression. Insertion of an intron within an R-loop prone gene can also suppress R-loop formation and recombination. Bonnet et al. (2017) speculated that the function of introns in maintaining genetic stability may explain their evolutionary maintenance at certain locations, particularly in highly expressed genes.


title: Intron

text: The physical presence of introns promotes cellular resistance to starvation via intron enhanced repression of ribosomal protein genes of nutrient-sensing pathways.


title: Intron

text: Introns may be lost or gained over evolutionary time, as shown by many comparative studies of orthologous genes. Subsequent analyses have identified thousands of examples of intron loss and gain events, and it has been proposed that the emergence of eukaryotes, or the initial stages of eukaryotic evolution, involved an intron invasion. Two definitive mechanisms of intron loss, reverse transcriptase-mediated intron loss (RTMIL) and genomic deletions, have been identified, and are known to occur. The definitive mechanisms of intron gain, however, remain elusive and controversial. At least seven mechanisms of intron gain have been reported thus far: intron transposition, transposon insertion, tandem genomic duplication, intron transfer, intron gain during double-strand break repair (DSBR), insertion of a group II intron, and intronization. In theory it should be easiest to deduce the origin of recently gained introns due to the lack of host-induced mutations, yet even introns gained recently did not arise from any of the aforementioned mechanisms. These findings thus raise the question of whether or not the proposed mechanisms of intron gain fail to describe the mechanistic origin of many novel introns because they are not accurate mechanisms of intron gain, or if there are other, yet to be discovered, processes generating novel introns.


title: Intron

text: In intron transposition, the most commonly purported intron gain mechanism, a spliced intron is thought to reverse splice into either its own mRNA or another mRNA at a previously intron-less position. This intron-containing mRNA is then reverse transcribed and the resulting intron-containing cDNA may then cause intron gain via complete or partial recombination with its original genomic locus. Transposon insertions can also result in intron creation. Such an insertion could intronize the transposon without disrupting the coding sequence when a transposon inserts into the sequence AGGT, resulting in the duplication of this sequence on each side of the transposon. It is not yet understood why these elements are spliced, whether by chance, or by some preferential action by the transposon. In tandem genomic duplication, due to the similarity between consensus donor and acceptor splice sites, which both closely resemble AGGT, the tandem genomic duplication of an exonic segment harboring an AGGT sequence generates two potential splice sites. When recognized by the spliceosome, the sequence between the original and duplicated AGGT will be spliced, resulting in the creation of an intron without alteration of the coding sequence of the gene. Double-stranded break repair via non-homologous end joining was recently identified as a source of intron gain when researchers identified short direct repeats flanking 43% of gained introns in Daphnia. These numbers must be compared to the number of conserved introns flanked by repeats in other organisms, though, for statistical relevance. For group II intron insertion, the retrohoming of a group II intron into a nuclear gene was proposed to cause recent spliceosomal intron gain.


title: Intron

text: Intron transfer has been hypothesized to result in intron gain when a paralog or pseudogene gains an intron and then transfers this intron via recombination to an intron-absent location in its sister paralog. Intronization is the process by which mutations create novel introns from formerly exonic sequence. Thus, unlike other proposed mechanisms of intron gain, this mechanism does not require the insertion or generation of DNA to create a novel intron.


title: Intron

text: The only hypothesized mechanism of recent intron gain lacking any direct evidence is that of group II intron insertion, which when demonstrated in vivo, abolishes gene expression. Group II introns are therefore likely the presumed ancestors of spliceosomal introns, acting as site-specific retroelements, and are no longer responsible for intron gain. Tandem genomic duplication is the only proposed mechanism with supporting in vivo experimental evidence: a short intragenic tandem duplication can insert a novel intron into a protein-coding gene, leaving the corresponding peptide sequence unchanged. This mechanism also has extensive indirect evidence lending support to the idea that tandem genomic duplication is a prevalent mechanism for intron gain. The testing of other proposed mechanisms in vivo, particularly intron gain during DSBR, intron transfer, and intronization, is possible, although these mechanisms must be demonstrated in vivo to solidify them as actual mechanisms of intron gain. Further genomic analyses, especially when executed at the population level, may then quantify the relative contribution of each mechanism, possibly identifying species-specific biases that may shed light on varied rates of intron gain amongst different species.


title: B Young

text: Bertan Jafer (born 12 January 1995), known professionally as B Young, is a British rapper and singer and songwriter from Hackney, London. Before becoming a rapper, B Young spent several years as a sound engineer during which he crafted his melodic rap sound. He is best known for his breakthrough single, "Jumanji", released via Columbia Records, which peaked at number 13 on the UK singles chart. Its follow-up, "079ME", peaked at number 23.


title: B Young

text: On 10 March 2017 B Young released "London Boy", his debut single. He also remixed UK Rapper Dave's hit "Wanna Know" on 6 April 2017. Followed by his second single"Cash Flow", which he released on 7 May 2017.


title: B Young

text: On 25 August 2017, B Young released "Been Wavey". The song, which has racked up over 11 million views on YouTube, helped gain B Young traction and allowed Jumanji to reach the heights it did. In an interview with Capital XTRA, he said that he believed Been Wavey was better than Jumanji, and they are similar as they were recorded and created together.


title: B Young

text: On 5 January 2018, B Young released his debut studio single "Jumanji", which entered the UK chart at number 64. It has since spent six weeks in the top 20, and twenty-four weeks in the top 100, peaking at number 13 in the UK charts and number 5 in the UK R&B charts. Later that year, he released "079ME" and "Juice", which both also entered the UK charts. 079ME peaked at number 23 in the UK charts, and number 12 in the UK R&B charts. It spent 16 weeks in the top 100. Juice reached number 96 in the UK charts.


title: B Young

text: In July 2019, B Young released Gucci Demon, which peaked at number 44 in the UK charts. Other than that, it was a quiet year for B Young, as he was barely active on any social media platforms and released just one single.


title: B Young

text: On 13 February 2020, B Young released "Wine". He has pledged to release music more often last year with an impending project looming. On 19 March 2020, he released "Want2". In August 2020, he released "Last Night" featuring Tion Wayne.


title: Narayana Health

text: Narayana Health (formerly known as Narayana Hrudyalaya) is an Indian chain of multi-speciality hospitals, heart centres, and primary care facilities with its headquarters in Bengaluru, India. It was founded by Dr. Devi Shetty in the year 2000.


title: Narayana Health

text: Narayana Health has its presence across major Indian cities Bangalore, Delhi, Gurugram, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Raipur, Jaipur, Mumbai, Mysore etc. with an international subsidiary in the Cayman Islands. The facilities offer medical care in over 30 medical specialities and three of its hospitals – Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, and Health City Cayman Islands – are JCI (Joint Commission International) accredited.


title: Narayana Health

text: Dr. Devi Shetty founded Narayana Hrudalaya (NH) in the year 2000 with a 280-bed heart hospital in Bangalore.


title: Narayana Health

text: In 2013, Narayana Hrudyalaya officially changed its identity to Narayana Health. It now operates several hospitals and heart centres across India, making it the second largest hospital network in India (based on operational bed count). Since 2014, the group operates Health City Cayman Islands in Grand Caymen. Dr. Emmanuel Rupert was made the MD & Group CEO in the place of Dr. Ashutosh Raghuvansha following the latter's resignation in January 2019. The company has built a track record of providing good quality services at an affordable cost, especially in cardiology. From 2016 onwards, NH has increased its presence in New Delhi, Gurugram and Mumbai, by opening premium multi speciality hospitals, in order to boost margins. In 2022, NH announced that it is looking to set up a 1000-bed advanced speciality hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal.


title: Narayana Health

text: Narayana Hrudyalaya was listed on the BSE and the NSE on 6 January 2016. Upon debut, the company was valued at over US$1 billion.


title: Old Enough!

text: Old Enough! () is a Japanese reality show that has been aired irregularly since 1991 on Nippon Television. The program depicts, in a documentary manner, the efforts of toddlers going on an errand on their ownbuying groceries, delivering packagesaccompanied by the camera crew. The program has been distributed internationally since 2022 on Netflix.


title: Old Enough!

text: The show was a segment of the information program "Tsuiseki" ( " ) that aired on NTV from April 1988 to March 1994, but after the program ended, it began to be broadcast irregularly as a one-shot special program of two to three hours under the title "Hajimete no Otsukai". Yoriko Tsutsui and Akiko Hayashi's picture book of the same name (published in English as "Miki's First Errand") was the inspiration for the program's launch.


title: Old Enough!

text: Most of the children who try to perform errands are between 3 and 6 years old (nursery school children and kindergarteners), but in rare cases, children as young as 1 or 2 years old have also participated. Since the parents basically do not provide notes, but only verbally tell their children what they want, there are many cases where children forget to buy items for the errands or make a mistake.


title: Old Enough!

text: Currently, a winter special (broadcast on the first Monday of January or Coming of Age Day) and a summer special (broadcast on Marine Day) are broadcast twice a year. In addition to new works, the program also broadcasts the "XX years since then..." series, in which past participants and their children are reported on how they have grown up today.


title: Old Enough!

text: There was also a child on the show who became a parent years later and decided to send their child on their first errand.


title: Old Enough!

text: "Old Enough!" has been distributed internationally on Netflix since March 31, 2022, stripped down to ten-minute segments focusing only on the children's errands.


title: Old Enough!

text: The children who participate in the show are chosen after a selection process. Before the filming, the program staff and the parents inspect the errand routes, checking to avoid dangers and suspicious people; the people in the neighborhood are informed beforehand. The camera and safety crew accompany the children from close by.


title: Pedro V of Portugal

text: Peter V ( ; 16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861), nicknamed "the Hopeful" (), was King of Portugal from 1853 to 1861.


title: Pedro V of Portugal

text: As the eldest son of Queen Maria II and King Ferdinand II, Peter was a member of the House of Bragança. As heir apparent to the throne he was styled Prince Royal (Portuguese: "Príncipe Real"), and was also the 23rd Duke of Braganza ("Duque de Bragança").


title: Pedro V of Portugal

text: Peter was a conscientious and hard-working monarch who, under the guidance of his father, sought radical modernisation of the Portuguese state and infrastructure. Under his reign, roads, telegraphs, and railways were constructed and improvements in public health advanced. His popularity increased when, during the cholera outbreak of 1853–1856, he visited hospitals handing out gifts and comforting the sick.


title: Pedro V of Portugal

text: Pedro V, along with his brothers Fernando and João and other royal family members, succumbed to typhoid fever or cholera in 1861.


title: Pedro V of Portugal

text: Peter married Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, eldest daughter of Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, and Princess Josephine of Baden, by proxy in Berlin on 29 April 1858 and then in person in Lisbon on 18 May 1858. It was a happy marriage until Queen Stephanie died a year later from diphtheria. As Peter and Stephanie's marriage was childless, the Portuguese throne passed to his brother Luís.


title: Pedro V of Portugal

text: Pedro V's official styling as King of Portugal: "By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Peter V, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, South Africa, Arabia, Persia and India, etc."


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: A House for Mr Biswas is a 1961 novel by V. S. Naipaul, significant as Naipaul's first work to achieve acclaim worldwide. It is the story of Mohun Biswas, a Hindu Indo-Trinidadian who continually strives for success and mostly fails, who marries into the influential Tulsi family only to find himself dominated by it, and who finally sets the goal of owning his own house. It relies on some biographical elements from the experience of the author's father, and views a colonial world sharply with postcolonial perspectives.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: In 1998, the Modern Library ranked "A House for Mr Biswas" number 72 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. "Time" magazine included the novel in its list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005. In 2022, it was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: Mohun Biswas (based on V. S. Naipaul's father, Seepersad Naipaul) is born in rural Trinidad and Tobago to Hindu Indian parents and his father is a Brahmin. His birth was considered inauspicious as he is born "in the wrong way" and with an extra finger. A pundit prophesies that the newborn child "will be a lecher and a spendthrift. Possibly a liar as well", and that he will "eat up his mother and father". The pundit advises that the boy be kept "away from trees and water. Particularly water". A few years later, Mohun leads a neighbour's calf, which he is tending, to a stream. The boy, who has never seen water "in its natural form", becomes distracted and allows the calf to wander off. Mohun then hides in fear of punishment. His father, believing his son to be in the water, drowns in an attempt to save him, thus in part fulfilling the pundit's prophecy. This leads to the dissolution of the family. Mohun's sister is sent to live with a wealthy aunt and uncle, Tara and Ajodha. Mohun, his mother, and two older brothers go to live with other relatives.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: The boy is withdrawn prematurely from school and apprenticed to a pundit, but is cast out on bad terms. Ajodha then puts him in the care of his alcoholic and abusive brother Bhandat, an arrangement which also ends badly. Finally, the young Mr Biswas decides to make his own fortune. He encounters a friend from his school days who helps him get into the business of sign-writing. While on the job, Mr Biswas attempts to romance a client's daughter but his advances are misinterpreted as a wedding proposal. He is drawn into a marriage which he does not have the nerve to stop and becomes a member of the Tulsi household.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: Mr Biswas becomes very unhappy with his wife Shama (based on Droapatie Naipaul) and her overbearing family. The Tulsis (based on the Capildeo family), and the big decaying Hanuman House (based on Anand Bhavan aka the Lion House) where they live represent the communal way of life which is traditional throughout Asia. Mr Biswas is offered a place in this cosmos, a subordinate place to be sure, but a place that is guaranteed and from which advancement is possible. But Mr Biswas wants more than being just a gharjamai. He is, by instinct, a modern man. He wants to be the author of his own life. That is an aspiration with which the Tulsis cannot deal, and their decaying world conspires to drag him down. Despite his poor education, Mr Biswas becomes a journalist, has four children with Shama, and attempts several times to build a house that he can call his own, a house which will symbolise his independence. Mr Biswas' desperate struggle to acquire a house of his own can be linked to an individual's need to develop an authentic identity. He feels that only by having his own house he can overcome his feelings of rootlessness and alienation.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: Naipaul wrote the book based on his own experiences as a child. Writing for "The New York Review of Books" in 1983, he stated that, "Of all my books "A House for Mr. Biswas" is the one closest to me." The book took him three years to write.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: Naipaul finished the final proofreading of the book in May 1961. The book was first published in London by André Deutsch in 1961. McGraw Hill published the first US edition of the book in New York in the same year.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: A central theme of the novel is alienation. Right from his birth, Mr Biswas is alienated due to the prophecy. He grew up as a lonely child who lived in isolation. Following his marriage to Shama, the joint family of the Tulsis expected him to merge his personal identity with theirs, which he finds difficult and makes him feel trapped. They later humiliate him and he is forced to work at the estate at Green Vale, where he grows resentful of even his own children. Ultimately, this sense of alienation motivates him to search for a house, symbolising an effort to find and create his own identity.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: Throughout the novel, Mr Biswas' gradual progress is indicated through the many objects he and his wife acquire over the years. Naipaul lists out detailed inventories, much like "the catalogue of ships in the "Iliad" or the many descriptions of rooms by Dickens".


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: The novel is generally regarded as Naipaul's most significant work and is credited with launching him into international fame and renown.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: "Time" magazine included the novel in its "All-Time 100 Novels". On 5 November 2019 BBC News listed "A House for Mr Biswas" on its list of the 100 most influential novels.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: The novel was later adapted as a stage musical, with compositions by Monty Norman. One of the songs written for the play, "Good Sign, Bad Sign", was later rewritten as the "James Bond Theme", according to the documentary "Inside Dr. No".


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: In 1980, the book was serialised by the BBC in England as part of "A Book at Bedtime" and broadcast on the BBC World Service in 1981.


title: A House for Mr Biswas

text: A two-part radio dramatisation, featuring Rudolph Walker, Nitin Ganatra, Nina Wadia and Angela Wynter ran on BBC Radio Four on 26 March and 2 April 2006.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: The Aston Martin DBS is a grand tourer produced by the British manufacturer Aston Martin Lagonda Limited from 1967 to 1972.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: The DBS was intended as the successor to the Aston Martin DB6, although the two ran concurrently for three years. Powered by a straight-six engine, it was produced from 1967 until 1972, eventually being phased out in favour of the Aston Martin V8.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: It was a larger coupé than the DB6, with four full sized seats, but was powered by the same 4.0 L engine as the previous car. Claimed engine output was , but a "Vantage" engine option used Italian made Weber carburettors, increasing output to an advertised .


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: In 1966, Touring of Milan was commissioned to design the DB6 replacement and produced two prototypes before the design house went out of business. The DB6 was incapable of accommodating the planned V8-engine and had to be replaced. William Towns was then hastily brought in to design the new car. The DBS was intended to have a more "modern" look than the previous series of Aston models (the DB4 through DB6), and it incorporated a fastback style rear end and squared off front grille, atypical of Astons at the time but very much then in vogue in automotive design circles of the late sixties. Trademark Aston design features, such as a bonnet scoop, knock-off wire wheels with 815X15 Crossplys or 205VR15 Pirelli Cinturato CN72 Radial Tyres, and side air vents with stainless steel brightwork were however retained. The DBS was the last Aston Martin to be developed under David Brown's control.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: In September 1969 the DBS was made available with the 5340 cc V8 engine for which it was always intended, this variant being known as the DBS V8. At the time, it was the fastest four-seater production car in the world. The new model was fitted with light alloy wheels (as opposed to wire wheels on the DBS) fitted with Pirelli 225/70VR15 Cinturato CN12 and ventilated brake discs. Automatic transmission was offered as an alternative to the ZF 5-speed manual gearbox. The DBS V8 was produced until May 1972, after which it was given a single headlamp front end and was renamed simply the Aston Martin V8.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: In 1969 the Lagonda name was briefly resurrected, appearing on a four-door prototype of the DBS model. The prototype was allocated chassis MP230/1 and was retained by the factory until 1972 and used by Sir David Brown as his personal car, registered JPP 5G. The car originally ran a prototype 5-litre V8 engine but this was quickly replaced by an early 5.3-litre production quad carb version (VS4008EE).


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: Between 1974 and 1976, seven Lagonda four-door saloons were produced based on the 1969 prototype. The production models adopted a single-headlight treatment with a Lagonda "horseshoe" grille in place of the twin-headlamp treatment of the prototype.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: The DBS was used by George Lazenby's James Bond in the 1969 film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". Unlike Bond's previous car, the Aston Martin DB5, no gadgets were seen in this car, other than a mounting for a telescopic-sight rifle in the glove compartment. In the final scenes of the film, Bond's wife, Tracy, is shot and killed whilst sitting in the car.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: A second DBS also appears in a brief single scene in the next Bond film, "Diamonds are Forever". It can be seen in the background being fitted with small missiles at Q Branch whilst Bond is talking to Q on the telephone.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: Another DBS was later used in the TV series "The Persuaders!" (1971–1972), in which Roger Moore's character Lord Brett Sinclair drove a distinctive "Bahama Yellow" 6-cylinder DBS (chassis number DBS/5636/R) that, through the use of alloy wheels and different badges, had been made to look like the DBS V8 model. Supplied by Aston Martin to the show's producers, the car used the personalised number plate "BS 1" (except for one scene in the episode "The Gold Napoleon," where the car has its original UK registration number PPP 6H instead), courtesy of the plate's real owner Billy Smart, Jr. After filming ended it was sold by the factory, via HR Owen in London, to its first private owner. It was restored to a very high standard in recent years by the Aston Martin factory, and is currently owned by divorce lawyer and noted art collector Jeremy Levison. Moore and co-star Tony Curtis both signed the underside of the car's boot lid (rear luggage compartment): Moore at Pinewood Studios in May 2003; Curtis at Cheltenham Racecourse in October 2008. In 2013 the Aston Martin DBS was an invited participant at two of Europe's most exclusive motoring concours, the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este at Lake Como, and the Salon Privé Concours in London.


title: Aston Martin DBS

text: The restoration of an original DBS, registration JRA615H was featured in the first episode of series 2 of the Channel 4 series "For the Love of Cars", screened in April 2015. The process took over 6,000 man-hours. During restoration, it was upgraded to Vantage specification which included conversion from an automatic to manual gearbox. It sold at auction with Coys of Kensington for £169,800 .


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) is the commonly used name of a camouflage pattern used by the British Armed Forces as well as many other armed forces worldwide, particularly in former British colonies.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: The main variants of DPM are a four-colour woodland pattern, and desert patterns in two, three or four colours. The Woodland Pattern DPM was used with the mediumweight No.8 Temperate Combat Dress (c.1966/1968) and lightweight (c.1976). The later Desert Pattern DPM (c.late 1980s) was designated the .


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: The British Army first used a form of DPM for the famous Denison smock issued to the Parachute Regiment and British Commandos from the early 1940s. The first examples of this design were said to be hand-painted. The Denison smock design went through minor changes, and continued in use with the Royal Marines and the Parachute Regiment until the 1970s.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: From 1960, the British Army was issued with the 1960 Pattern field-uniform consisting of a "Combat Smock", "Combat Trousers", a "Combat Hood" attached to the smock by two epaulette buttons and a third button concealed under the collar, and, for exceptionally cold conditions, a Parka.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: A new British DPM was developed in the early 1960s, using the four basic western European temperate colours of black, dark brown, mid-green and a dark sand to make a very effective camouflage that has survived in its basic design, with no more than slight changes to the colours and pattern, until current times.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: This design was probably used first on a very small scale for a hooded "Smock, Windproof, 1963 Pattern", issued only to special forces.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: In 1966 the Army introduced, though not universally, a camouflage field uniform. Known informally as the 1966 Pattern, it was in fact identical in design to the 1960 Pattern kit, though now made in DPM fabric. It is labelled, like the earlier plain olive green version, "Smock, Combat, 1960 Pattern" and "Trousers, Combat, 1960 Pattern".


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: The 1966 DPM range did not completely replace the plain olive green 1960 Pattern Smock and Trousers, which continued to be worn widely until the 1968 DPM kit was issued. Both the Royal Marines and the Parachute Regiment continued to wear the "Trousers, Combat, 1960 Pattern" with the Denison smock, and examples of these trousers were made even after 1968. These units eventually stopped issuing the Denison smock (in mid to late 1970s) and adopted smocks in the general-issue DPM while still for a time wearing the plain olive 1960 Pattern Trousers.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: Before the 1966 Pattern equipment had reached all units a slightly revised design of "Smock, Combat" and "Trousers, Combat" were introduced as the 1968 Pattern range. The 1966 Pattern DPM fabric design was changed very little for the 1968 issue, and it seems that the 1968 Pattern garments were made for some time in the two very similar DPM fabrics. A "Hood, Combat, DPM", made of DPM cotton fabric and with a plain olive green lining, was also included in the range, fastened as required to the back of the Smock with the two epaulette buttons and a third under the collar.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: For the Royal Marines, which had a responsibility for NATO's northern flank, a "Smock, Windproof, Arctic" and "Trousers, Windproof, Arctic" were introduced circa 1972. These were made in a lightweight, but wind-proof, DPM fabric and could be worn over quilted jacket and trousers in extreme cold conditions. The design of both smock and trousers differ radically from both the standard and para designs. The smock is long and loose-fitting, and incorporates a voluminous wired-rim hood, while the trousers have zips in the lower leg to allow them to be put on over boots.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: In the mid-1970s a new Smock Parachutist DPM (Para smock) was introduced for the Parachute Regiment and other airborne units. Though made in the 1968 Pattern cotton fabric, its design was closer to that of its predecessor, the Denison smock.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: At the same time a "Smock, Sniper", was introduced, based heavily on the Smock Parachutist DPM and sharing many of its details. It was distinguished by its padded elbows and shoulders, relocated lower pockets, multiple loops for securing natural camouflage material and hooks for the rifle sling.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: During the late 1970s, batches of the 1968 Pattern camouflage were used by the USAF Police Tactical Neutralisation Teams at RAF Upper Heyford as a temporary stand-in for the ERDL/M81 Woodland fatigues.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: The pattern was changed slightly with subsequent issues. On early 1960 Pattern (manufactured from 1966) and 1968 Pattern DPM uniforms the sand coloured base would appear to lighten in tone at night, becoming dangerously conspicuous. This was addressed in the late 1970s, when the sand and brown colours were slightly darkened. The 1985 Pattern has fewer, less precise dots and the brown is much darker; 1990 and later has a band of new shapes and is smaller; 1994 has an orangey colour instead of a tan. Tropical poly-cotton DPM uniforms varied even more; early versions were very brightly coloured notably with a russet brown and emerald green which faded to rather unexpected pastel tones of blueish green and pink-brown with washing. Late 1970s and early 1980s Tropicals have a more yellowish sand base and are greatly sought-after by those wishing to appear stylish, while the final production style in the early 1990s used colours closer to temperate uniforms.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: DPM items in the Combat Soldier 95 clothing system have similar colours to the 1966 uniform. However, instead of all four colours being printed onto a whitish base, the material is in fact woven in the sand shade and overprinted only with three colours. This leads to a loss in contrast between the colours after washing and wear, and the clothing tends to appear darker when wet than previous types did.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: Although slight changes have been made to DPM and the colours, the pattern is easy to recognise. There are also jungle versions of DPM where the colours are brighter, and on one variation the tan is darker than the green.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: From 1990 a system of Personal Load Carrying Equipment was introduced, initially produced in olive green. The olive type was quickly replaced in production by a disruptively patterned version, and now almost all British issue webbing and rucksacks are disruptively patterned in the Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP).


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: Current issued DPM equipment is IRR (Infrared Reflective) coated. This coating has a specific reflective wavelength in order to blend in with natural colours in the infra-red light spectrum. This reduces the visibility of soldiers to night vision devices, which detect infra-red light, as trees and other green plants reflect deep red and infra-red light (the Wood Effect).


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: A desert variant was first issued on a limited basis in the late 1980s consisting of subdued sand and khaki hues but was replaced by a two-colour light brown on sand version by 1990 because four-colour (light and dark browns, khaki, and sand) versions had been adopted by some Middle Eastern countries, notably Kuwait and the Iraqi Republican Guard. One variant including a shade of green is also currently worn by members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces assigned to the Garuda Contingent serving in the United Nations peacekeeping missions.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: A three colour (reddish brown, khaki, and sand) version also exists and was worn by Syrian forces, Lebanese Forces, and the Saudi Arabian National Guard.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) is a six-colour camouflage pattern intended to replace both the four colour woodland DPM uniform and the desert pattern uniform used by the British Armed forces. MTP was procured and announced in late 2009, predicated around use in the Afghanistan theatre of operations but applicable to other theatres. A range of patterns were tried and evaluated in Britain, Cyprus, Kenya and Afghanistan against DPM, desert patterns and existing commercially available patterns. In April 2010 MTP combat uniforms began being issued to forces deployed in Afghanistan.


title: Disruptive Pattern Material

text: It was intended for DPM to be phased out completely for British Regular and Reserve forces by 2016, but the use of jungle pattern DPM could still be retained by special forces for jungle operations.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Key West International Airport is an international airport located in the City of Key West in Monroe County, Florida, United States, east of the main commercial center of Key West.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Flights departing from EYW often have weight restrictions, because the airport's runway is only long.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Key West's aviation history began in 1913 with a flight to Cuba by Augustin Parla. In 1928, Pan American Airways began scheduled flights from Key West. The main runway at Meacham Field was pressed into U.S. Army use after the Pearl Harbor attack, as well as into U.S. Navy use later in World War II as an alternative to the Trumbo Point seaplane base and the main Naval Air Station for fixed-wing and lighter-than-air (blimp) aircraft on Boca Chica Key. After the war, the city took over what became Key West Municipal Airport. In January 1953, the city gave Monroe County the title to Meacham Field, allowing the county to apply for Federal Aviation Administration grants. Around the same time, the airport became Key West International Airport.


title: Key West International Airport

text: National Airlines began flights to Miami in 1944 with Lockheed Lodestar twin prop aircraft, although the airport did not have a paved runway until around 1956. National served Key West for nearly 25 years and later operated Convair 340 and Convair 440 prop aircraft, as well as Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprops, into the airport. In 1968, National began the first jet flights into Key West with Boeing 727-100s, providing nonstop service to Miami. By 1969, National was operating daily 727 jet service direct to Washington National Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, and John F. Kennedy International Airport via intermediate stops in Miami, West Palm Beach, and Orlando.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Several other airlines also began operating jet service into Key West. In 1979, Air Florida was operating five nonstop flights a day to Miami with Boeing 737 jetliners. In 1987, Eastern Airlines was operating daily mainline Boeing 727-100 jet service nonstop to Miami. By 1989, Piedmont Airlines was operating six nonstop flights a day to Miami with Fokker F28 Fellowship twin jets. This F28 jet service was then continued by USAir following its acquisition of and merger with Piedmont. More recently, Southwest Airlines, following its acquisition of AirTran, operated Boeing 737-700 jet service into the airport, including nonstop flights from New Orleans, Orlando, and Tampa. However, Southwest subsequently ceased all service to the airport.


title: Key West International Airport

text: As of May 9, 2010, the flight schedule included commercial service on United Express, American Eagle, Delta Air Lines, Delta Connection and, most notably, AirTran Airways. Delta and AirTran were both operating Boeing 737-700 jet service into Key West by 2009. Nonstop routes to EYW in 2010 included Atlanta on Delta, Orlando and Tampa on AirTran Airways, and Fort Lauderdale and Tampa on United Express (although neither FLL or TPA was the location of a United Airlines hub).


title: Key West International Airport

text: A number of commuter and regional airlines also served Key West with turboprop and prop aircraft during the 1980s and 1990s primarily with nonstop flights to Miami but also with nonstop service to Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Naples, Orlando and Tampa. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), these air carriers included Air Florida Commuter, Airways International, American Eagle Airlines, Bar Harbor Airlines (operating Eastern Express code sharing service for Eastern Airlines), Cape Air, Comair (operating Delta Connection code sharing service for Delta Air Lines), Dolphin Airlines, Gulfstream International Airlines (operating independently and later as Continental Connection with code sharing services for Continental Airlines), Gull Air, Pan Am Express, Paradise Island Airlines (operating code sharing service for Carnival Air Lines), Pro Air Services, Provincetown-Boston Airlines (PBA), Southeast Airlines, Southern Express and USAir Express. Turboprop aircraft operated into the airport included the ATR-42, British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31, Beechcraft 1900C, Beechcraft 1900D, Beechcraft C99, CASA 212 Aviocar, de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7, de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8, Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante, Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia, Nord 262 and Saab 340. American Eagle later operated ATR-72 propjets into the airport before introducing regional jet service. Delta Connection subsequently introduced regional jet service as well. Piston engine twin prop aircraft flown by commuter air carriers serving Key West included the Cessna 402, Douglas DC-3, Martin 2-0-2, Martin 4-0-4 and Piper Navajo.


title: Key West International Airport

text: On July 15, 2017, Key West International Airport was awarded a grant of $6.5 million by the FAA to assist in a $10 million runway project. The project added 277 feet to the runway for takeoffs and landings as well as added 10 feet-wide shoulders paved on each side of the runway. Construction work began in January 2018 and all construction was done at night.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Key West International Airport covers 334 acres (135 ha) at an elevation of 3 feet (1 m). Its one runway, 09/27, is 5,076 by 100 feet (1,547 x 30 m) asphalt.


title: Key West International Airport

text: The airport has two terminals designed by Mark Mosko and Dwane Stark of URS; Mosko also worked on Baltimore–Washington International Airport. The older ground-level terminal building opened in 1957 and now serves arriving passengers. The terminal was expanded with the addition of a second building elevated over the parking lot in February 2009. With an area of about , it more than doubled the airport's terminal space. The newer building includes an elevated roadway and houses ticketing, check-in, and the airport's security checkpoint. The older building was then renovated with the former ticketing area becoming an expanded departure gate lounge, and the baggage claim area was then expanded into the former departure lounge. The two buildings are connected by an enclosed walkway.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Parking for 300 vehicles is at ground level beneath the newer terminal—150 spaces for rental cars and 150 for the public.


title: Key West International Airport

text: In 2011, the airport had 62,293 aircraft operations, averaging 170 per day: 71% general aviation, 16% air taxi, 13% airline, and <1% military. At the time, 59 aircraft were based at the airport: 61% single-engine, 37% multi-engine, and 2% helicopter.


title: Key West International Airport

text: American Eagle operate E175 regional jets into Key West on behalf of American Airlines. On December 18, 2019, American began flying mainline Airbus A319 jetliners nonstop between Key West and Dallas/Fort Worth. American also currently operates A319 jetliners nonstop between Key West and Chicago O'Hare Airport, Charlotte, and Philadelphia.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Delta Air Lines currently operates mainline jet service into the airport with Airbus A319 jetliners. Key West's 5,076-foot runway is the shortest runway in North America used regularly by A319s. Delta's regional affiliate, Delta Connection (operated by Republic Airways), operates E170 and E175 regional jets on flights from Atlanta and seasonal flights from New York on a weekly basis.


title: Key West International Airport

text: United Express currently operates the E170 and E175 for service to Newark, Chicago O'Hare, and Houston-Intercontinental.


title: Key West International Airport

text: Key West's traffic was generally fairly stagnant to start the new millennium but gradually began increasing at the end of the 2000s with the addition of the new terminal and the introduction of low-cost jet service operated by AirTran, as well as mainline jet service by Delta.


title: Key West International Airport

text: When Southwest acquired AirTran in 2011, it continued to operate flights from the airport, first under the AirTran brand and then under the Southwest brand with Boeing 737-700 jetliners. Southwest Airlines ended service to Key West Airport in 2014.


title: Medicine man

text: A medicine man or medicine woman is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of Indigenous people of the Americas. Individual cultures have their own names, in their respective languages, for spiritual healers and ceremonial leaders in their particular cultures.


title: Medicine man

text: In the ceremonial context of Indigenous North American communities, "medicine" usually refers to "spiritual" healing. Medicine men/women should not be confused with those who employ Native American ethnobotany, a practice that is very common in a large number of Native American and First Nations households.


title: Medicine man

text: The terms "medicine people" or "ceremonial people" are sometimes used in Native American and First Nations communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall (Cherokee) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people is privileged, and it often remains in particular families."


title: Medicine man

text: Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with American Indians from other tribes. In most tribes, medicine elders are prohibited from advertising or introducing themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to a Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion." One example of this is the Apache medicine cord or whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them."


title: Medicine man

text: The 1954 version of "Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language" reflects the poorly-grounded perceptions of the people whose use of the term effectively defined it for the people of that time: "a man supposed to have supernatural powers of curing disease and controlling spirits." In effect, such definitions were not explanations of what these "medicine people" are to their own communities but instead reported on the consensus of socially and psychologically remote observers when they tried to categorize the individuals. The term "medicine man/woman", like the term "shaman", has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology.


title: Medicine man

text: While non-Native anthropologists often use the term "shaman" for indigenous healers worldwide, including the Americas, "shaman" is the specific name for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia and is not used in Native American or First Nations communities.


title: Medicine man

text: There are many fraudulent healers and scam artists who pose as Cherokee "shamans", and the Cherokee Nation has had to speak out against these people, even forming a task force to handle the issue. In order to seek help from a Cherokee medicine person, a person needs to know someone in the community who can vouch for them and provide a referral. Usually one makes contact through a relative who knows the healer.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes is a 1969 American science fiction comedy film starring Kurt Russell, Cesar Romero, Joe Flynn and William Schallert. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Company.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: It was one of several films made by Disney using the setting of Medfield College, first used in the 1961 Disney film "The Absent-Minded Professor" and its sequel "Son of Flubber". Both sequels to "The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes", "Now You See Him, Now You Don't" and "The Strongest Man in the World", were also set at Medfield.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: Dexter Reilly (Kurt Russell) and his friends attend small, private Medfield College, which cannot afford to buy a computer. The students persuade wealthy businessman A. J. Arno (Cesar Romero) to donate an old computer to the college. Arno is secretly the head of a large illegal gambling ring which used the computer for its operations.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: While installing a replacement computer part during a thunderstorm, Reilly receives an electric shock and becomes a human computer. He now has superhuman mathematical talent, can read and remember the contents of an encyclopedia volume in a few minutes, and can speak a language fluently after reading one textbook. His new abilities make him a worldwide celebrity and Medfield's best chance to win a televised quiz tournament with a $100,000 prize.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: Reilly single-handedly leads Medfield's team in victories against other colleges. During the tournament, on live television, a trigger word ("applejack") causes him to unknowingly recite details of Arno's gambling ring. Arno's henchmen kidnap Reilly and plan to kill him, but his friends help him escape by locating the house in which he is being kept, posing as house painters to gain access, and sneaking him out in a large trunk. During the escape, he suffers a concussion which, during the tournament final against rival Springfield State, gradually returns his mental abilities to normal; however, one of his friends, Schuyler, is able to answer the final question ("A small Midwest city is located exactly on an area designated as the geographic center of the United States. For 10 points and $100,000, can you tell us the name of that city?" with the answer "Lebanon, Kansas"). Medfield wins the $100,000 prize. Arno and his henchmen are arrested when they attempt to escape the TV studio and crash head-on into a police car.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: A. H. Weiler of "The New York Times" wrote, "This 'Computer' isn't I.B.M.'s kind but it's homey, lovable, as exciting as porridge and as antiseptic and predictable as any homey, half-hour TV family show." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" reported, "I rather enjoyed 'The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes,' and I suspect children under 14 will like it, too." Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" praised the film as "above-average family entertainment, enhanced in great measure by zesty, but never show-off, direction by Robert Butler, in a debut swing to pix from telefilm." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that "Disney Productions latched on to a terrific premise for some sharp satire only to flatten it out by jamming it into its familiar 'wholesome' formula. Alas, the movie itself comes out looking like it had been made by a computer."


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: This film was remade as the television film "The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes" in 1995 starring Kirk Cameron as Dexter Riley.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: Other Disney Channel films carrying similar plot elements were the "Not Quite Human" film series, which aired in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The films were based on the series of novels with the same name.


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: The animated title sequence, by future Academy Award-winning British visual effects artist Alan Maley, reproduced the look of contemporary computer graphics using stop motion photography of paper cutouts. It has been cited as an early example of "computational kitsch."


title: The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes

text: The 2000 episode of "The Simpsons", "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes", is a reference to the film but the episode isn't related to the film in any other way, according to M. Keith Booker in his book "Drawn to Television: Prime-Time Animation from The Flintstones to Family Guy."


title: Tyler Carter

text: Derek Tyler Carter (born December 30, 1991) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and record producer from Gainesville, Georgia. He is most notable for being the former vocalist and founding member of American metalcore band Issues. Carter began his musical career performing drums in local bands in Atlanta, Georgia. Following his underground success, he joined metalcore outfit Woe, Is Me, releasing their debut studio album, "Number[s]", in 2010, in which he left the following year.


title: Tyler Carter

text: After departing from Woe, Is Me, he began amalgamating Issues with former members of Woe, Is Me, including vocalist Michael Bohn. With Issues, they released their debut extended play (EP), "Black Diamonds" (2012). The following year, the band released the stand-alone single, "Hooligans". In 2014, the group released their debut full-length studio album, "Issues", to critical and commercial acclaim, charting at number-nine on the U.S. "Billboard" 200. The group released their second EP, "Diamond Dreams", on November 18, 2014. The band released their second full-length studio album, "Headspace" (2016), to positive acclaim, charting at number 20 on the US "Billboard" 200. Bohn departed from Issues in January 2018, making Carter the sole vocalist in the group's line-up. The following year, the group released their third studio album, "Beautiful Oblivion". In September 2020, he left after allegations of sexual misconduct. In 2020, he co-founded the duo Emerald Royce with Attila's Chris Linck.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Carter also pursues a solo music career, having released two EPs, "Leave Your Love" (2015) and "Moonshine Acoustic" (2020), and one studio album, "Moonshine" (2019). He has collaborated with various other musical artists and groups including blackbear, MAX, Jamie's Elsewhere, Breathe Carolina, Hands Like Houses, Slaves, and ONE OK ROCK, among others. He has collaborated with Luke Holland on a number of studio covers, including a cover of Paramore's 2013 single "Ain't It Fun" for "Punk Goes Pop Vol. 6" (2014), Years & Years' 2015 single "King", and Chris Brown's single 2013 single "Fine China".


title: Tyler Carter

text: Carter joined the metalcore band A Path Less Traveled in 2008. He began pursuing an interest in mixing post-hardcore and metalcore elements with electronic and pop influences, which would show in Carter's future musical projects. In A Path Less Traveled, he became acquainted with vocalist Michael Bohn, who would co-front bands with Carter in the future. A Path Less Traveled released their debut extended play, "From Here On Out", in 2009, selling over 500 copies. The following year, Carter departed from A Path Less Traveled and began working with Woe, Is Me.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Tyler Carter joined the American electronicore band Woe, Is Me, in 2009, eventually signing to Rise Records the same year. With this seven-member line-up, the band recorded a three-song demo with producer Cameron Mizell. After releasing a studio cover of Kesha's 2009 single Tik Tok, on MySpace, the group wrote and recorded their debut studio album with Mizell. Their debut studio album, "Number[s]", was released on August 30, 2010, on Velocity Records, a subsidiary of Rise Records. With Carter and Bohn still members of Woe, Is Me, the group went on to release the single "Fame > Demise", the following year. Due to complications with the line-up stability and tensions within the group, Carter departed from Woe, Is Me on August 10, 2011.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Following his departure with Woe, Is Me, Tyler Carter began forming together another metalcore musical project. After trying to pursue a solo musical career, Carter expressed his interest in forming a rock band with former members of Woe, Is Me, under the name Issues. Originally, screaming vocalist Michael Bohn, keyboardist Ben Ferris, bassist Cory Ferris, guitarist AJ Rebollo, and drummer Case Snedecor joined the line-up, subsequently signing to Rise Records. The Ferris brothers departed from the group prior to the release of their debut "Black Diamonds (EP)". The extended play was released on November 13, 2012, which was produced by Kris Crummett and recorded at Interlace Studios in Portland, Oregon. Snedecor left the band in 2013 and was replaced by drummer Josh Manuel while Ben and Cory Ferris were replaced by keyboardist and disc jockey Tyler "Ty" Acord and bassist Skyler Acord, respectively.


title: Tyler Carter

text: The band released their debut studio album, "Issues", on February 18, 2014, on Rise Records, which was praised for its DJ-based breakdowns and mixture of metalcore and post-hardcore, charting at No. 9 on the U.S. Billboard 200. The same year, the band released their second EP, "Diamond Dreams", on November 18. Their second studio album, "Headspace", was released on May 20, 2016.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Bohn announced his departure from the band in January 2018, making Tyler Carter the sole remaining vocalist in the band's line-up. The group's third studio album, "Beautiful Oblivion", was released on October 4, 2019, which charted at number 181 on the US "Billboard" 200 and number 31 on the ARIA Digital Album Chart. In support of the album, they headlined the Beautiful Oblivion Tour in Europe and North America during the fall of 2019.


title: Tyler Carter

text: On September 1, 2020 Carter was removed from the band due to grooming and sexual misconduct allegations made against him.


title: Tyler Carter

text: After his departure from Issues, Carter went on to work on new music under the name Emerald Royce. A demo compilation was released on the group's Instagram page on November 24, 2020.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Tyler Carter debuted his solo career with a holiday-inspired song "I Hate the Holidays", featuring Mat Musto, on December 19, 2010. He featured on American rock band All Things Will End's song "There's No Turning Back", released on August 19, 2012. Carter also appeared on Hands Like Houses' song "Lion Skin", alongside Jonny Craig, from the album "Ground Dweller" (2012). The following year, he released another holiday song, "Make it Snow", featuring Tyler "Scout" Acord, on December 13.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Carter released his debut extended play, "Leave Your Love", on January 13, 2015, on Velocity and Rise Records. On the album, Carter worked with producers blackbear, Ty "Scout" Acord, Boogie and Igloo. He featured on post-hardcore band Jamie's Elsewhere's 2014 single "The Illusionist".


title: Tyler Carter

text: Carter performed live with American rock band PVRIS at the 2015 Alternative Press Music Awards, performing the song "My House".


title: Tyler Carter

text: On July 8, 2016, American singer MAX released the Sokko remix of the single "Basement Party", featuring Tyler Carter. On December 20, Carter and Issues drummer Josh Manuel released a cover of "Pokémon Theme", entitled "Gotta Catch 'Em All", featuring Jacky Vincent.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Carter released the solo single, "Forget You", featuring Lophiile, on July 15, 2016. Two years later, he released the single "Pressure", on June 29, 2018. He released a second single, titled "Focus", on August 17. A third single, "Moonshine", was released on September 27, accompanied with its music video.


title: Tyler Carter

text: His debut studio album, "Moonshine", was released on February 1, 2019, on Rise Records. In support of the album, he embarked on a headlining U.S. tour with musician Riley in January 2019.


title: Tyler Carter

text: In 2020, Carter collaborated with Japanese musician KSUKE to release the song "Contradiction". The song was used as the opening theme for the anime "The God of High School".


title: Tyler Carter

text: In July 2020, Carter announced on Instagram that he had ended his recording contract as a solo artist with Rise Records and declared himself an independent artist, despite remaining signed with the label in Issues.


title: Tyler Carter

text: In December 2020, he announced Emerald Royce, a musical duo consisting of Carter and Chris Linck from metalcore band Attila.


title: Tyler Carter

text: Derek Tyler Carter was born in Habersham County, Georgia, on December 30, 1991. Throughout his early life, he became inspired by R&B, pop, and soul music, finding a passion for singing at a young age. In junior high, he grew interested in alternative rock music, having grown an interest in performing drums and percussion instruments. He performed in a number of bands in Atlanta, Georgia during his time in junior high and high school. Inspired by the likes of Underoath's Aaron Gillespie, Carter decided to pursue singing whilst continuing to drum. He later moved his focus to only singing, where he went on to perform post-hardcore, and R&B inspired rock music. With deep roots in Country music, a passion for soul music, and an obsession with boy bands, Carter has become a prominent voice in the metalcore industry, and a face for the LGBTQ in rock music.


title: Terry Southern

text: Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and university lecturer, noted for his distinctive satirical style. Part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s and a companion to Beat writers in Greenwich Village, Southern was also at the center of Swinging London in the 1960s and helped to change the style and substance of American films in the 1970s. He briefly wrote for "Saturday Night Live" in the 1980s.


title: Terry Southern

text: Southern's dark and often absurdist style of satire helped to define the sensibilities of several generations of writers, readers, directors and film goers. He is credited by journalist Tom Wolfe as having invented New Journalism with the publication of "Twirling at Ole Miss" in "Esquire" in February 1963. Southern's reputation was established with the publication of his comic novels "Candy" and "The Magic Christian" and through his gift for writing memorable film dialogue as evident in "Dr. Strangelove", "The Loved One", "The Cincinnati Kid", and "The Magic Christian". His work on "Easy Rider" helped create the independent film movement of the 1970s.


title: Terry Southern

text: Southern was born in Alvarado, Texas. He graduated from Sunset High School in Dallas, Texas in 1941. He attended North Texas Agricultural College for a year as a pre-med major before transferring to Southern Methodist University, where he continued to cultivate his interest in literature. From 1943 to 1945, he served in the U.S. Army as a demolitions technician during World War II. Stationed in Reading, England with the 435th Quartermaster Platoon (allowing for frequent forays to London), he earned a Bronze Star and a Good Conduct Medal. In the autumn of 1946, he resumed his studies at the University of Chicago before transferring to Northwestern University, where he received his undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1948.


title: Terry Southern

text: Southern left the United States in September 1948, using a G.I. Bill grant to travel to France, where he studied at the Faculté Des Lettres of the Sorbonne. His four-year stint in Paris was a crucial formative influence, both on his development as a writer and on the evolution of his "hip" persona. During this period he made many important friendships and social contacts as he became a central figure in the expatriate American café society of the 1950s. He became close friends with Mason Hoffenberg (with whom he subsequently co-wrote the novel "Candy"), Alexander Trocchi, John Marquand, Mordecai Richler, Aram Avakian (filmmaker, photographer and brother of Columbia Records jazz producer George Avakian), and jazz musician and motorsport enthusiast Allen Eager. He also met expatriate American writer James Baldwin and leading French intellectuals Jean Cocteau, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus.


title: Terry Southern

text: Southern frequented the Cinémathèque Française in Paris and saw jazz performances by leading bebop musicians including Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Bud Powell, Thelonious Monk, and Miles Davis, evoked in his classic "You're Too Hip, Baby". During the early 1950s he wrote some of his best short stories, including "The Butcher" and "The Automatic Gate", both published in David Burnett's "New-Story" magazine. His story "The Accident" was the first short story published in the "Paris Review" in its founding issue (1953); it was followed by "The Sun and the Still-born Stars" in issue #4. Southern became closely identified with the "Paris Review" and its founders, Peter Matthiessen, Harold L. "Doc" Humes, and George Plimpton, and he formed a lifelong friendship with Plimpton. He met French model Pud Gadiot during 1952; a romance soon blossomed and the couple married just before they moved to New York City.


title: Terry Southern

text: In 1953, Southern and Gadiot returned to the US and settled in Greenwich Village in New York City. As he had in Paris, Southern quickly became a prominent figure on the artistic scene that flourished in the Village in the late 1950s. He met visual artists such as Robert Frank, Annie Truxell and Larry Rivers. Through Mason Hoffenberg, who made occasional visits from Paris, he was introduced to leading beat writers including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso.


title: Terry Southern

text: He frequented renowned New York jazz venues such as the Five Spot, the San Remo, and the Village Vanguard. It was in this period that Southern read and became obsessed with the work of British writer Henry Green. Green's writing exerted a strong influence on Southern's early work, and Green became one of Southern's most ardent early supporters.


title: Terry Southern

text: Southern struggled to gain recognition during this period, writing short stories as he worked on "Flash and Filigree", his first solo novel. Most of these stories were rejected by leading magazines and journals. Here, as in Paris, Southern was almost entirely supported by his wife Pud, but their relationship fell apart within a year of their arrival in New York and they were divorced in mid-1954.


title: Terry Southern

text: During 1954 and 1955. Southern met two of his literary heroes, William Faulkner and Nelson Algren. Southern interviewed Algren for the "Paris Review" in the autumn of 1955. They kept in touch after the interview, and Algren became another of Southern's early friends and champions.


title: Terry Southern

text: Southern's fortunes began to change after he was taken on by the Curtis-Brown Agency in mid-1954; through them he had three of his short stories accepted by "Harper's Magazine". It published "The Sun and the Still-born Stars" and "The Panthers" in the same edition in late 1955, and "The Night Bird Blew for Doctor Warner" was featured in the January 1956 edition.


title: Terry Southern

text: In October 1955, Southern met model and aspiring actress Carol Kauffman, and they were married on July 14, 1956.