title: Danube Swabians

text: The first wave of resettlement came after the Ottoman Turks were gradually being forced back after their defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. The settlement was encouraged by nobility, whose lands had been devastated through warfare, and by military officers including Prince Eugene of Savoy and Claudius Mercy. Many Germans settled in the Bakony ("Bakonywald") and Vértes ("Schildgebirge") mountains north and west of Lake Balaton ("Plattensee"), as well as around the capital city, Buda ("Ofen"), now part of Budapest. The area of heaviest German colonization during this period was in the Swabian Turkey ("Schwäbische Türkei"), a triangular region between the Danube River, Lake Balaton, and the Drava ("Drau") River. Other areas settled during this time by Germans were Pécs ("Fünfkirchen"), Satu Mare ("Sathmar"), and south of Mukachevo ("Munkatsch").


title: Danube Swabians

text: After the Habsburgs annexed the Banat area from the Ottomans in the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), the government made plans to resettle the region to restore farming. It became known as the Banat of Temesvár ("Temeschwar"/"Temeschburg"), as well as the Bačka ("Batschka") region between the Danube and Tisza ("Theiss") rivers. Fledgling settlements were destroyed during another Austrian-Turkish war (1737–1739), but extensive colonization continued after the suspension of hostilities.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The late 18th-century resettlement was accomplished through private and state initiatives. After Maria Theresa of Austria assumed the throne as Queen of Hungary in 1740, she encouraged vigorous colonization on crown lands, especially between Timișoara and the Tisza. The Crown agreed to permit the Germans to retain their language and religion, generally Roman Catholic. The German farmers steadily redeveloped the land: drained marshes near the Danube and the Tisza, rebuilt farms, and constructed roads and canals. Many Danube Swabians served on Austria's Military Frontier ("Militärgrenze") against the Ottomans. Between 1740 and 1790, more than 100,000 Germans immigrated to the Kingdom of Hungary. Under the reign of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor , Lutheran Germans were also allowed to settle in Hungary and other parts of the Habsburg Empire. Mainly from Hesse, Palatinate and Lower Saxony. In the various Danube Swabian dialects they were locally referred as Lutherische (Lutheran). 80% from the Danube Swabians was Catholic while Lutheranians was 20% until the end of WW2.


title: Danube Swabians

text: In the 1950's, many of the Lutheranian Danube Swabians went from West Germany and Austria to Canada and USA.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The Napoleonic Wars ended the large-scale movement of Germans to the Hungarian lands, although the colonial population increased steadily and was self-sustaining through natural increase. Small daughter-colonies developed in Slavonia and Bosnia. After the creation of Austria-Hungary in 1867, Hungary established a policy of Magyarization whereby minorities, including the Danube Swabians, were induced by political and economic means to adopt the Magyar language and culture.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Beginning in 1893, Banat Swabians began to move to Bulgaria, where they settled in the village of Bardarski Geran, Vratsa Province, founded by Banat Bulgarians several years prior to that. Their number later exceeded 90 families. They built a separate Roman Catholic church in 1929 due to conflicts with the Bulgarian Catholics. Some of these Germans later moved to Tsarev Brod, Shumen Province, together with a handful of Banat Bulgarian families, as well as to another Banat Bulgarian village, Gostilya, Pleven Province.


title: Danube Swabians

text: After the treaties of Saint-Germain (1919) and Trianon (1920) following World War I, the Banat was divided between Romania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary; Bačka was divided between Yugoslavia and Hungary; and Satu Mare went to Romania. Before World War II, the biggest populations of Germans in the Vojvodina were at Hodschag, Werbass, and Apatin.


title: Danube Swabians

text: There were approximately two million ethnic Danube Swabians in the region before World War II. In Romania, census of 1930 recorded 745,421 Germans; Hungarian Census of 1933 recorded 477,153; and Yugoslavian Census of 1921, 513,472. German estimations from the interwar period place those estimations at 850,000; 600,000 and 620,000 for Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia respectively.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Beginning in 1920 and especially after World War II, many Danube Swabians migrated to the United States, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Austria, Australia, and Argentina. Some of them, descending from French-speaking or linguistically mixed families from Lorraine, had maintained the French language for some generations, as well as an ethnic identity, later referred to as Banat French, "Français du Banat." They were resettled in France around 1950.


title: Danube Swabians

text: In 1941 much of Yugoslavia was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany as part of the Second World War, and in the German-occupied Banat, they granted the Swabian minority superior status over the other ethnic groups in the Yugoslav population. The Baranja and Bačka Swabians reverted to Hungary. The Danube Swabians were already under heavy Nazi influence by that time and served as the Axis fifth column during the invasion of Yugoslavia, although many served in the royal Yugoslav army in the brief war against the Nazis in April 1941. The Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), a fascist puppet state created within Axis-occupied Yugoslavia, was home to 182,000 Danube Swabian ethnic Germans (who were called "Folksdojčeri" in Croatian). In addition, the Danube Swabian minority were granted the separate autonomous region of Banat within German-occupied Serbia In Backe in 1941, Danube Swabians formed around 20% of the population. Yugoslav Danube Swabians supplied more than 60,000 troops for German military formations, some voluntarily but many more under duress. They actively participated in the sometimes brutal repression of Yugoslav Partisans and their suspected sympathizers, including 69,000 Jews living in Yugoslavia.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The local collaborationist authorities were forced to make it illegal to draft Danube Swabians. However, of the approximately 300,000-strong Danube Swabian minority in occupied Yugoslavia (182,000 in the NDH, 350,000 in Vojvodina), 500,000 in Romania and 500,000 in Hungary, approximately 100,000 eventually entered service in various German and Axis military organizations, most notably in the two locally formed Waffen-SS volunteer divisions, the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division "Prinz Eugen", and the 22nd SS Volunteer Cavalry Division "Maria Theresa" (which was made-up of Hungarian Danube Swabians).


title: Danube Swabians

text: Although these military units were initially formed as volunteer units, SS officials ultimately imposed conscription under the dubious legal pretext that occupied Serbia was "deutsches Hoheitsgebiet", and the archaic "Tiroler Landsturmordung" (Tyrol General Levy Act) of 1872 was invoked. Guenther Reinecke, chief of the "Hauptamt SS-Gericht" (SS legal office) wrote to Himmler that the "Prinz Eugen" was "no longer an organization of volunteers, that on the contrary, the ethnic Germans from Serbian Banat were drafted, to a large extent under threat of punishment by the local German leadership, and later by the SS "Ergänzungsamt"." At the end of the war, all POWs captured by the Yugoslav Army were killed as Yugoslav citizens collaborating with the enemy. In 2010, a mass grave of 2,000 summarily executed prisoners from the 7th SS "Prinz Eugen" was discovered near the Slovenian village of Brežice.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Between 1941 and 1943, a total of 2,150 ethnic German Bulgarian citizens were transferred to Germany as part of Adolf Hitler's "Heim ins Reich" policy. These included 164 Banat Swabians from Bardarski Geran and 33 from Gostilya. From 1945 to 1948, many ethnic Germans in Hungary were dispossessed and expelled to Allied-occupied Germany under the Potsdam agreement. In the Bačka, which had been part of Hungary from 1941, Shwovish villages were emptied forcibly in March 1945.


title: Danube Swabians

text: In 1944, a joint advance of the Yugoslav Partisans, and the Soviet Red Army saw the liberation of northern areas of German-occupied Yugoslavia, which were home to the Danube Swabian minority. In Yugoslavia in particular, with many exceptions, the Danube Swabian minority "collaborated . . . with the occupation". Consequently, on November 21, 1944, the Presidium of the AVNOJ (the Yugoslav parliament) declared the ethnic German minority in Yugoslavia collectively hostile to the Yugoslav state. The AVNOJ Presidium issued a decree that ordered the government confiscation of all property of Nazi Germany and its citizens in Yugoslavia, persons of ethnic German nationality (regardless of citizenship), and collaborators. The decision acquired the force of law on February 6, 1945. The reasons for this announcement are still debated by historians, but revenge against the ethnic German minority and the expropriation of Swabian agricultural lands to facilitate collectivization in Yugoslavia appears to have been the prime reasons. In addition, approximately 30,000 Danube Swabians, the majority being women, were deported to Donbas in the Soviet Union as forced laborers in the coal mines of that region. It is estimated that 16% died due to the harsh conditions they faced.


title: Danube Swabians

text: In Yugoslavia in 1945, most ethnic Germans had their land confiscated and some were stripped of their citizenship by the new communist government. The old and the young were imprisoned in camps in several villages of Vojvodina (in modern Serbia) including Gakovo, Kruševlje, Rudolfsgnad (Knićanin), Molidorf (Molin), Bački Jarak, and Sremska Mitrovica, and two villages in the Slavonia region of Yugoslavia (now part of Croatia), Krndija, Valpovo. Those able to work were used as slave labor throughout the countryside. On March 1, 1946, there was a proposal to expel 130,388 interned Yugoslav ethnic Germans under the Potsdam Agreement. This proposal was turned down but provides a good estimate of the number of Shwovish internees. In addition, 35,000–40,000 Swabian children under age sixteen were separated from their parents and force into prison camps and re-education orphanages. Many were adopted by Serbian Partisan families.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Of a pre-war population of about 350,000 ethnic Germans in the Vojvodina, the 1958 census revealed 32,000 left. Officially, Yugoslavia denied the forcible starvation and killing of their Shwovish populations, but reconstruction of the death camps reveals that of the 170,000 Danube Swabians interned from 1944 to 1948, about 50,000 died of mistreatment. Men between the ages of 16 and 65 we executed while women, child children, and the elderly we interned, many succumbing to fatal diseases and malnutrition in Yugoslavia. Some of the Germans in Romania were deported, others were dispersed within Romania. Austrian historian Arnold Suppan considers the destruction of the Danube Swabians to be genocide.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Many left Romania for West Germany between 1970 and 1990, and this trend increased in 1990. Many were literally sold to the Federal Republic of Germany, from the 70s until 1990. Since the fall of communism and the formation of new nations with new borders, the forces for movement of people among European nations have changed. Hungary joined the European Union and travel between nations became simpler. From 2001 to 2011, the number of those identifying as German in Hungary increased sharply, comparing the census tables from the two years. Explanations for the increase seem complex, including the willingness of citizens to claim the ethnic identity.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Prior to the First World War, the Swabians were the largest ethnic group to assimilate into Hungarian society, seconded by the Galician Jews and the Slovaks. They were first and foremost Catholics, peasants thereafter, and thirdly loyal subjects to Kaiser Franz Joseph. But a distinct Hungarian Swabian ethno-national consciousness didn't develop until the spread of Romantic Nationalism in the late nineteenth century.


title: Danube Swabians

text: For the greater portion of their history, the Danube Swabian did not share a cultural identity. The term Swabian has its roots in the first wave a German-speaking immigrants from Swabia to re-settle southern Hungary after the expulsion of the Ottomans in 1689. However, it came to encompass all German-speaking people who followed in migrations from across the Holy Roman Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The term "Swabian" was not originally a self-proclaimed identity of a singular people but a term ascribed by Magyar lords to refer to German-speaking Catholic peasants, tavern keepers, and poor artisans. For the most part Swabians lived in villages, had few privileges, and no developed intellectual layer. In 1930 Hungary 55.4% of the total Swabian population were engaged in agriculture; 28.8% in industry, crafts, commerce, or transport; and 3.1% were in state administration. The rest were employed in the service sector.


title: Danube Swabians

text: The Danube Swabian culture is a melting pot of southern German regional customs, with a few degree of Hungarian-Croatian influence. This is especially true of the food, where paprika is heavily employed, which led to the German nickname for Danube Swabians as "Paprikadeutsche". The architecture is neither Southern German nor Balkan but is unique to itself. The houses, often made of stamped mud and straw walls or mud bricks, are ubiquitous throughout the Vojvodina region. Georg Weifert was responsible for developing one of the most famous beers in the Serbia/Yugoslavia region and later became an important banker and politician in Belgrade (his image currently features on the Serbian 1000 dinar note).


title: Danube Swabians

text: The Danube Swabian language is only nominally Swabian ("Shwovish", as it was referred to locally). In reality, it contains elements or many dialects of the original German settlers, mainly Swabian, Franconian, Bavarian, Pfälzisch, Alsatian, and Alemannic, as well as Austro-Hungarian administrative and military jargon. Loanwords from Hungarian, Serbian, or Romanian are especially common regionally regarding cuisine and agriculture, but also regarding dress, politics, place names, and sports. Other cultures of influence include Serbian and Croatian, Russian (for communist concepts), Romanian, Turkish (Hambar), English (for football), and general Balkan and South Slavic loanwords like "Kukuruts" (corn). The plural of loanwords is in most cases formed in the Shwovish way. Conjunctions and adverbs from the respective contact languages may be integrated as well.


title: Danube Swabians

text: Many German words used by speakers of Danube Swabian dialects may sound archaic. To the ear of a Standard German speaker, the Danube Swabian dialect sounds like what it is: a mix of southwestern German dialects from the 18th century with many strange words from other languages. Due to relative isolation and differing proximities to nearby German speakers (Austrians and Transylvanian Saxons), the language varies considerably, with speakers able to distinguish inhabitants of neighboring villages by the words they use for such things as marmalade ("Leckwaar" and "Schleckle" being two variants), or by how many (usually Hungarian) loanwords they employ. This even applied to verb conjugations. For example, the German verb "haben" was conjugated as "han" in Sankt Hubert and as "hava" In Mramorak, although both were in Banat. Herman Ruediger, a German sociologist, reports that in his trips throughout the Bačka in the 1920s, he noted that Danube Swabians from widely separated villages had to use standard high German to communicate with each other because their speech was so different. This was particularly true for towns like Esseg (Osijek) where Shwoveh were thoroughly mixed with majority Croatians. For instance, the ethnic Germans of Esseg were so thoroughly assimilated with Croatia that their Shwovish or 'Essekerish' could only be understood by those who also spoke Croatian or Serbian.


title: Danube Swabians

text: As is the custom in Hungary (as well as southern Germany), Danube Swabians often put the surname first, especially when writing, for example "Butscher Jakob" (see photo of memorial). Danube Swabian villages tend to have relatively few family names as the villagers stem from only a few families, but usually the same family name does not appear in more than a couple of villages, meaning that there are many Danube Swabian family names. The names come from throughout southern Germany, from assimilated Hungarians, and occasionally from Balkan and Italian origins. There are usually no middle names, but often double first names, if a distinction can be made. The variety of first names is few, since children were usually named after grandparents or godparents. Popular names for women include: Anna, Barbara, Christina, Elisabeth, Eva, Katharina, Magdalena, Maria, Sophia, Theresia, and many two-name combinations thereof. Popular names for men include: Adam, Anton, Christian, Franz, Friedrich, Georg, Gottfried, Heinrich, Jakob, Johann, Konrad, Ludwig, Mathias, Martin, Michael, Nikolaus, Peter, Philipp (or Filipp), and Stefan (or Stephan). With so few names in villages, other modifiers or nicknames were almost always used to distinguish people. The modifiers were often size related (e.g., "Kleinjohann" or "Little Johann"), occupation related ("Tischler Stefan" or the "carpenter Stefan"), or location related (usually by prefixing the streetname).


title: Danube Swabians

text: A coat of arms designed in 1950 by Hans Diplich has been adopted by many Danube Swabian cultural organizations. Its blazon is "Parti per fess wavy 1 Or, an eagle displayed couped Sable langued Gules; 2 parti per fess Argent and Vert, a fortress Argent roofed and turreted Gules surmounted with Sun and Crescent waning Or; chief wavy Azure".


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: In telecommunication, a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) line code is a binary code in which ones are represented by one significant condition, usually a positive voltage, while zeros are represented by some other significant condition, usually a negative voltage, with no other neutral or rest condition.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: For a given data signaling rate, i.e., bit rate, the NRZ code requires only half the baseband bandwidth required by the Manchester code (the passband bandwidth is the same). The pulses in NRZ have more energy than a return-to-zero (RZ) code, which also has an additional rest state beside the conditions for ones and zeros.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: When used to represent data in an asynchronous communication scheme, the absence of a neutral state requires other mechanisms for bit synchronization when a separate clock signal is not available. Since NRZ is not inherently a self-clocking signal, some additional synchronization technique must be used for avoiding bit slips; examples of such techniques are a run-length-limited constraint and a parallel synchronization signal.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: The NRZ code also can be classified as a polar or non-polar, where polar refers to a mapping to voltages of +V and −V, and non-polar refers to a voltage mapping of +V and 0, for the corresponding binary values of 0 and 1.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: "One" is represented by a DC bias on the transmission line (conventionally positive), while "zero" is represented by the absence of bias – the line at 0 volts or grounded. For this reason it is also known as "on-off keying". In clock language, a "one" transitions to or remains at a biased level on the trailing clock edge of the previous bit, while "zero" transitions to or remains at no bias on the trailing clock edge of the previous bit. Among the disadvantages of unipolar NRZ is that it allows for long series without change, which makes synchronization difficult, although this is not unique to the unipolar case. One solution is to not send bytes without transitions. More critically, and unique to unipolar NRZ, are issues related to the presence of a transmitted DC level – the power spectrum of the transmitted signal does not approach zero at zero frequency. This leads to two significant problems: first, the transmitted DC power leads to higher power losses than other encodings, and second, the presence of a DC signal component requires that the transmission line be DC-coupled.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: "One" is represented by one physical level (usually a positive voltage), while "zero" is represented by another level (usually a negative voltage). In clock language, in bipolar NRZ-level the voltage "swings" from positive to negative on the trailing edge of the previous bit clock cycle.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: "One" is represented by no change in physical level, while "zero" is represented by a change in physical level. In clock language, the level transitions on the trailing clock edge of the previous bit to represent a "zero".


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: This "change-on-zero" is used by High-Level Data Link Control and USB. They both avoid long periods of no transitions (even when the data contains long sequences of 1 bits) by using zero-bit insertion. HDLC transmitters insert a 0 bit after 5 contiguous 1 bits (except when transmitting the frame delimiter "01111110"). USB transmitters insert a 0 bit after 6 consecutive 1 bits. The receiver at the far end uses every transition — both from 0 bits in the data and these extra non-data 0 bits — to maintain clock synchronization. The receiver otherwise ignores these non-data 0 bits.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZI, also known as "non-return to zero IBM", "inhibit code", or "IBM code") was devised by Bryon E. Phelps (IBM) in 1956. It is a method of mapping a binary signal to a physical signal for transmission over some transmission medium. The two-level NRZI signal distinguishes data bits by the presence or absence of a transition at a clock boundary.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: "Which" bit value corresponds to a transition varies in practice, and the name NRZI is used for both. Run-length limited (RLL) codes are generally described using the convention that a logical 1 is transmitted as a transition, and a logical 0 is transmitted as no transition. The HDLC and Universal Serial Bus protocols use the opposite convention: a logical 0 is transmitted as a transition, and a logical 1 is transmitted as no transition.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: A long series of no-transition bits can be difficult for a receiver to count accurately, so some means for forcing a transition at reasonable intervals is generally used in addition to NRZI. Magnetic disk and tape storage devices generally use fixed-rate RLL codes, while HDLC and USB use bit stuffing: they insert an additional 0 bit (forcing a transition) after 5 or 6 (respectively) consecutive 1 bits. While bit stuffing is efficient, it results in a variable data rate because it takes slightly longer to send a long string of 1 bits than it does to send a long string of 0 bits.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: Synchronized NRZI (NRZI-S, SNRZI) and "group-coded recording" ("GCR") are modified forms of NRZI. In NRZI-S, each 8-bit group is extended to 9 bits by a 1 in order to establish a transition for synchronisation.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: Return-to-zero describes a line code used in telecommunications in which the signal drops (returns) to zero between each pulse. This takes place even if a number of consecutive 0s or 1s occur in the signal. The signal is self-clocking. This means that a separate clock does not need to be sent alongside the signal, but suffers from using twice the bandwidth to achieve the same data-rate as compared to non-return-to-zero format.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: The "zero" between each bit is a neutral or rest condition, such as a zero amplitude in pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), zero phase shift in phase-shift keying (PSK), or mid-frequency in frequency-shift keying (FSK). That "zero" condition is typically halfway between the significant condition representing a 1 bit and the other significant condition representing a 0 bit.


title: Non-return-to-zero

text: Although return-to-zero contains a provision for synchronization, it still may have a DC component resulting in "baseline wander" during long strings of 0 or 1 bits, just like the line code non-return-to-zero.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The Manunggul Jar is a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan, Philippines. It dates from 890–710 B.C. and the two prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the soul to the afterlife.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The Manunggul Jar is widely acknowledged to be one of the finest Philippine pre-colonial artworks ever produced and is considered a masterpiece of Philippine ceramics. It is listed as a national treasure and designated as item 64-MO-74 by the National Museum of the Philippines. It is now housed at the National Museum of Anthropology and is one of the most popular exhibits there. It is made from clay with some sand soil.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The Manunggul Jar was found by Robert B. Fox and Miguel Antonio in 1964. It was found alongside the remains of a Tabon Man. It was recovered by Robert in Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Southwestern Palawan. Manunggul Cave is one of the Tabon Caves in Lipuun Point. The Tabon Caves are known to be a site of jar burials with artifacts dating in a range from 2300 to 50 B.C. (4250-2000 BP). Chamber A dates as a Late Neolithic burial site (890-710 BC). Seventy-eight jars and earthenwares, including the Manunggul Jar, were discovered on the subsurface and surface of Chamber A. Each artifact varied in design and form but was evidently a type of funerary pottery.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The first ever excavation that discovered this burial jar was in the year 1964 by Dr. Robert Fox. During that time, he and his team were excavating the Tabon Cave Complex, specifically in the Lipuun Point. Fox’s excavation was most unusual in many ways.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The inside of the jar contained human bones which were covered in red paint. Like Egyptian burial practices, the jar also had numerous bracelets.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: “... is perhaps unrivaled in Southeast Asia, the work of an artist and a master potter.” — These words were said by Robert Fox when asked as to how he would describe the jar’s origin, based from its appearance.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The Manunggul Jar shows that the Filipinos' maritime culture is paramount that it reflected its ancestors' religious beliefs. Many epics around the Philippines would tell how souls go to the next life, aboard boats, pass through the rivers and seas. This belief is connected with the Austronesian belief of the anito. The fine lines and intricate designs of the Manunggul Jar reflect the artistry of early Filipinos. These designs are proof of the Filipinos' common heritage from the Austronesian-speaking ancestors despite the diversity of the cultures of the Filipinos. The upper part of the Manunggul jar, as well as the cover, is carved with curvilinear scroll designs (reminiscent of waves on the sea) which are painted with hematite.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: Early Filipinos believed that a man is composed of a body, a life force called ginhawa, and a kaluluwa. This explains why the design of the cover of the Manunggul Jar features three faces - the soul, the boatman, and the boat itself. On the faces of the figures and on the prow of the boat are eyes and mouth rendered in the same style as other artifacts of Southeast Asia of that period. The two human figures in a boat represent a voyage to the afterlife. The boatman is holding a steering paddle while the one on his front shows hands crossed on his chest. The steersman's oar is missing its paddle, as is the mast in the center of the boat, against which the steersman would have braced his feet. The manner in which the hands of the front figure are folded across the chest is a widespread practice in the Philippines when arranging the corpse.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The lid of the Manunggul Jar provides a clear example of a cultural link between the archeological past and the ethnographic present. It also signifies the belief of ancient Filipinos in life after death.


title: Manunggul Jar

text: The practice of jar burial is an instance of secondary burial, in which only the bones of the deceased are reburied. The jar itself was not interred.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Big Brother 6 is the sixth season of the American reality television series "Big Brother". It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name, which gained notoriety in 1999 and 2000. The series premiered on CBS on July 7, 2005, and lasted eleven weeks until the live finale on September 20, 2005. This season was the second to be accompanied by the "" spin-off series, which was viewable online and discussed the events of the game. The sixth season saw a moderate decline in ratings. The season premiered to a total of 8.47 million viewers, the lowest premiere numbers since 2001. Though the finale had a total of ten million viewers, the series averaged 7.24 million viewers, a series low at the time. "Big Brother 6" featured a total of 14 HouseGuests, the same number that was featured in the previous season. This was the highest number of initial HouseGuests to enter the house, due to the twin twist the previous season. The series ended after 80 days, in which HouseGuest Maggie Ausburn was crowned the Winner, and Ivette Corredero the Runner-Up.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: In September 2003, following the ratings success of "Big Brother 4", "Entertainment Weekly" confirmed that CBS had renewed the series leading up until 2006, ensuring three more seasons to air during the Summer time period. This meant that "Big Brother 6" was the second of these three seasons. Despite rumors of an All Star season, it was later confirmed this was not the case. Casting for the season began in late March, with producer Arnold Shapiro stating "Our goal this summer is to assemble the most colorful, competitive, and charismatic HouseGuests we’ve ever had. Right now, we’re seeking the most memorable and exciting competitors we can find." The fourteen HouseGuests for this season were revealed on June 30, 2005. That same day, the "Summer of Secrets" twist was revealed to the public. This season was the first to allow the Head of Household to blog while inside the house, a feature that would be carried out for all subsequent seasons. The HouseGuests officially entered the house on Sunday, July 3.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: The 14 HouseGuests this season were competing for the main prize of $500,000. The winner of the series, determined by the previously evicted HouseGuests sequestered in the Jury House, would win the $500,000 prize, while the Runner-Up would receive a $50,000 prize. If both of a set of two partners (predetermined before the start of the season) were to be the final two HouseGuests in the competition, the winner would receive a $1,000,000 prize with the runner up winning $250,000. Other than the main prize, various luxuries and prizes were given out throughout the season.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: "Big Brother 6" was broadcast on CBS from July 7, 2005, to September 20, 2005. This season featured the same schedule that was used in the previous edition, with episodes airing on Tuesdays, Thursday, and Saturday each week. The Thursday episode, which aired at 8pm Eastern Time, featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place. During the live eviction, the show was hosted by Julie Chen. The Saturday episode, which aired at 8pm Eastern Time, featured the food competition and nomination ceremony, as well as some highlights from the previous days. The Tuesday episode featured the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony, along with more highlights of recent events in the game. Some changes to the scheduling format were made.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: This season saw the return of the fantasy game first introduced in the previous season. In the game, players would make a team of HouseGuests and earn points when a member of their time did certain things in the game. The website for the series also featured a "Love 'Em or Leave 'Em" poll, in which fans could monitor the popularity of the HouseGuests each week. Much like the previous editions, the live feeds were also available again for this season. HouseGuests enter the house a few days before the premiere, and the feeds are not live for the first few days. They later go live after the broadcast of the launch episode. This season saw the return of the spin-off series "". The online webshow, hosted by Gretchen Massey and "Big Brother 3" HouseGuest Marcellas Reynolds aired thirty-minute episodes on weeknights, and allowed fans to call in and express their opinions on the events of the game. Evicted HouseGuests were also interviewed on the series following their eviction.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: The house used for "Big Brother 6" differed greatly from the house used for the first five seasons. The program was filmed at CBS Studios in Studio City, California. The production team was located in the second story of the House which included the story department, audio department and the switchers and shaders. The House was equipped with 47 cameras and 76 microphones to record the participants. The art department that created the competitions for the program was located outside the House. The main new addition to the house was the addition of a second floor, which was home to the Head of Household bedroom. The spy-screen, which made its debut in "Big Brother 5", returned for this season. Another new addition was that of an indoor gym, which the HouseGuests had to unlock by figuring out the passcode. The House featured two bedrooms, excluding the Head of Household room. The first room featured ten beds, three sleeping bags, and a cot. Rachel, the first Head of Household, was later given clues to find a second bedroom, which she eventually did. The new bedroom is adjacent to the first, and featured two queen-sized beds. The room was entirely gold colored, and featured three safe boxes.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: The format remained largely unchanged from previous seasons. HouseGuests were sequestered in the Big Brother House with no contact to and from the outside world. Each week, the HouseGuests took part in several compulsory challenges that determined who would win food, luxuries, and power in the House. The winner of the Head of Household competition was immune from nominations and was instructed to nominate two fellow HouseGuests for eviction. After a HouseGuest became Head of Household he or she was ineligible to take part in the next Head of Household competition. HouseGuests also took part in a weekly food competition, with the losing team being placed on the peanut butter and jelly diet for a week. Some competitions allowed all HouseGuests to earn food for the week, while others cause them all to lose food for the week. The winner of the Power of Veto competition won the right to save one of the nominated HouseGuests from eviction. If the Veto winner exercised the power, the Head of Household then had to nominate another HouseGuest for eviction.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: On eviction night all HouseGuests except for the Head of Household and the two nominees voted to evict one of the two nominees. Before the voting began the nominees had the chance to record a final message to their fellow HouseGuests. This compulsory vote was conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household would break the tie and reveal their vote in front of the other HouseGuests. Unlike other versions of "Big Brother", the HouseGuests could discuss the nomination and eviction process open and freely. The nominee with the most votes from the other HouseGuests was evicted from the House on Thursday and interviewed by Julie Chen. HouseGuests could voluntarily leave the House at any time and those who broke the rules were expelled by Big Brother. The last seven evictees of the season, known as the jury members, voted for the winner on the season finale. The jury members were sequestered in a separate house and were not allowed to watch the show except for segments that included all of the HouseGuests. The jury members were not shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that included strategy or details regarding nominations.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Aside from the usual format, various changes were made for "Big Brother 6". The main change was that each HouseGuest had a secret partner in the game. Unlike in "Big Brother 9", the partners each competed as individuals, were nominated as individuals, and were evicted as individuals. The partners in the game had pre-existing relationships. April and Jennifer were sorority sisters, Ashlea and Janelle were former roommates, Beau and Ivette were former co-workers, Eric and Maggie are friends, as are Howie and Rachel, and Kaysar and Michael are neighbors. James was originally supposed to bring his friend Mike into the house as his secret partner, but Mike dropped out last minute without even telling James. James then picked his girlfriend, Sarah, to be his secret partner. Initially, each secret pair thought that they were the only secret pair. If both members of a secret pair reached the final two, the game's winner would receive a prize of $1 million, while the runner-up would receive $250,000. Despite this, the HouseGuests quickly figured it out, and host Julie Chen officially confirmed the twist minutes after the third live eviction.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Janelle Pierzina, James Rhine, Howie Gordon, and Kaysar Ridha returned to compete on "Big Brother: All-Stars" in 2006. Ivette Corredero was a candidate to return for that season, but ultimately was not selected. April Lewis and Eric Littman also made appearances that season during competitions. Janelle went on to make brief appearances in seasons eight, ten, and eleven. Janelle later returned as a coach in 2012 for "Big Brother 14". Janelle competed on "The Amazing Race 31" with Britney Haynes Godwin (from "Big Brother 12"). In 2020, Janelle and Kaysar returned to compete on "Big Brother 22". In 2022, Janelle was a contestant on the USA Network reality competition series, "Snake in the Grass".


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: On Day 1, the original fourteen HouseGuests entered the house. This season featured a total of eight women and six men, making it the only season to feature more female than male HouseGuests. That same night, the HouseGuests competed in the "Wipe Out" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests split into two groups of seven, with each team standing on a surfboard in the center of a large pool. The people in the back of the surfboard were required to grab coconuts and get them to the front, while the person in the front attempts to throw the coconuts into a goal. The team with the most points at the end of the competition would be the winners, and would advance to the Head of Household competition. The team of Ashlea, Beau, Eric, Ivette, Jennifer, Kaysar, and Michael were placed on the peanut butter and jelly diet, and were not eligible to compete for Head of Household. The winning team then learned they would compete for the title of Head of Household by standing on their surfboard for the longest time. HouseGuests were not permitted to step off of the surfboard for any reason, otherwise they would be eliminated from the competition. While on the board, the seven players made a deal to not nominate one another. Ultimately, the group allowed Rachel to become the first Head of Household of the season after a two and a half hour competition. Shortly afterwards, Eric, James, Kaysar, and Michael made a deal to keep each other safe due to the larger number of women than men in the house.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: On Day 3, Rachel chose to nominate Ashlea and Kaysar for eviction. While looking at the spy screen in the Head of Household bedroom, Rachel discovered that there was a secret room in the house. Following an extensive search with numerous hints, Rachel found the new bedroom, which included a key to the hot tub. Also included were three locked safes, which the HouseGuests did not have a key for yet. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Rachel selected Maggie, while Kaysar selected Eric and Ashlea chose Howie; Ivette was selected to host the competition. On Day 7, the HouseGuests competed in the "Rec-Tangled" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were teamed up with the HouseGuest they selected to participate, and had to unravel a Power of Veto symbol from a string of tangled knots. The first member of the team to grab the Veto symbol and place it on a pole would be the winner of the competition. Ultimately, Rachel was the winner of the Power of Veto. When she found Jennifer in her bedroom, Rachel debated removing Ashlea from the block and replacing her with Jennifer; however, she ultimately chose to leave the nominations intact. On Day 12, Ashlea became the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of nine to two.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Ashlea's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Fast & Easy" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to answer a question without being the last one to do so. Being the last to answer resulted in eliminated, while an incorrect answer would also lead to elimination. Ultimately, Eric was the winner of the competition. On Day 13, HouseGuests competed in the "Snack Shack from Hell" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests partnered up and were required to eat various disgusting foods. Each pair represented a food group, and successfully finishing their meal would earn the HouseGuests the food group for the week. That same day, Eric chose to go back on his deal with the men of the house by nominating Janelle and Michael for eviction, with Michael being his main target. These nominations, along with Michael speaking badly of Eric, led to an altercation in the backyard between Eric and Michael that required production to intervene; minutes later, production also had to separate Kaysar and Ivette. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Eric chose James to compete, while Janelle chose Rachel and Michael chose Howie; Beau was selected to host the competition. On Day 14, HouseGuests competed in the "High and Dry" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests played against the person they selected, and were required to transport cups of water across the backyard on a zipline. They would use the cups of water to fill a box in the backyard, and the first HouseGuest to retrieve the ball out of their box would be the winner. Ultimately, James was the winner of the competition. James later decided to leave Janelle and Michael nominated, choosing not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 19, Michael became the second HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of nine to one.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Michael's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Majority Rules" Head of Household competition. For this competition, players had to answer questions while attempting to remain in the majority. If they answered outside of the majority, they were eliminated. When it came down to James, Janelle, Kaysar, and Maggie in a tie-breaker round, Kaysar became the new Head of Household. On Day 20, the HouseGuests competed in the "Will Spell for Food" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to correctly spell words that were food items. Each correct answer allowed the group to remove a slot from a wheel. If the wheel landed on an empty slot, they won food for the week; the HouseGuests lost food for the week. That same day, Kaysar chose to nominate James and Maggie for eviction. Following these nominations, Kaysar formed the "Sovereign Six" alliance, consisting of himself, Janelle, Howie, Rachel, James and Sarah. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Kaysar chose Howie, James chose Janelle, and Maggie chose Ivette; April was selected to host. On Day 21, HouseGuests competed in the "Knight Moves" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to move in an "L" formation on a life-sized chess board in an attempt to be the last HouseGuest remaining. Ultimately, James was the winner of the Power of Veto for the second week in a row. Shortly afterwards, Eric learned that he would be nominated as the replacement nominee, leading to numerous arguments in the house. James later chose to use the Power of Veto on himself, with Kaysar nominating Eric for eviction. On Day 26, Eric became the third HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of five to four.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Eric's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Power Roller" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to roll a ball down a strip in an attempt to get their ball closest to a hole at the end without falling in. The strip also had other holes, and if a HouseGuests ball fell into a hole they were eliminated. Ultimately, Maggie was the winner of the competition. Following this, April, Beau, Ivette, Jennifer, and Maggie formed "The Friendship" alliance, officially splitting the house into two sides. Maggie took over the leader role of the alliance. On Day 27, HouseGuests participated in the "Matching the Munchies" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to fill in the blanks of a situation by using the names of food items. If the contestants answer matched the panelists' answers, they would earn food for a day for a specific day of the week; the group won food for every day of the week, and also earned the combination for one of the safes in the gold room. Inside the safe was a plate of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, one of which had a "PB&J Pass" inside; Janelle won this prize. That same day, Maggie chose to nominate James and Kaysar for eviction, feeling they were the main reason Eric had been evicted the previous week. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Maggie chose Beau, Kaysar chose Janelle, and James chose Sarah; Rachel was selected to host the competition. On Day 28, HouseGuests competed in the "Couch Potato" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to change the channel on a television by throwing tennis balls at it. Sarah was the winner of the competition, giving Sarah her first win of the season. On Day 29, six of the HouseGuests competed to earn the right to watch the new film "Four Brothers". The team of Beau, Ivette, and Maggie competed against Jennifer, Rachel, and Sarah in the "Big Brother Movie Marquee" luxury competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to uncover a message by screwing lights into a wall. The team of Jennifer, Rachel, and Sarah won the right to watch the movie. Sarah later chose to use the Power of Veto on James, with Janelle being nominated in his place. On Day 33, Kaysar became the fourth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of seven to one.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Kaysar's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Eliminator" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were quizzed on events that had occurred in the house. The first HouseGuest to buzz in and answer correctly could eliminate one player from the competition, with the last remaining HouseGuest being the winner; Howie was the winner of the competition. Shortly afterwards, the HouseGuests learned that a previously evicted HouseGuest would be returning to the game in one week; Ashlea was not eligible as she had left sequester. On Day 34, HouseGuests split into teams to participate in the "Conveyer Belch" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to eat various sweet foods as they came out on a conveyor belt. All uneaten food was later weighed, and the team with the lowest amount of wasted food was the winner. This left the team of April, Beau, Maggie, Ivette, and Janelle on the peanut butter and jelly diet; however, Janelle had the "PB&J Pass" and was immune from the punishment. That same day, Howie nominated "Sovereign" alliance members James and Sarah for eviction, feeling the entire house wanted them out. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Howie chose Rachel, Sarah chose Jennifer, and James chose Ivette; Janelle was selected to host. On Day 35, HouseGuests competed in the "A Lotta Pinata" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, each player had a personalized pinata, and the HouseGuests had to distribute candy into the six pinatas. The HouseGuest whose pinata had the most pieces of candy without going over twenty would be the winner of the Power of Veto; James was the winner of the Power of Veto. James chose to use the Power of Veto to remove himself from the block, with Ivette being nominated in his place. On Day 40, Sarah became the fifth HouseGuest to be evicted in a vote of six to one. Minutes later, it was revealed that the viewers had chosen Kaysar to return to the house, having received 82% of the public vote.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Sarah's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Pressure Cooker" endurance Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests stood inside a glass box while holding down a button. When a HouseGuest let go of their button, they were eliminated from the competition. Once a HouseGuest was eliminated, they could open a box of their choice in the center of the glass room, with the box holding either a reward or punishment. Jennifer was the winner of the competition, which lasted more than fourteen hours. During the competition, Jennifer promised Kaysar that she would backdoor James that week. On Day 41, Jennifer chose to nominate Janelle and Rachel for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Jennifer chose April, Rachel chose Howie, and Janelle chose Kaysar; Maggie was selected to host. On Day 42, HouseGuests competed in the "Coast for the Most" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had coasters with the faces of the previously evicted HouseGuests on them, and they were required to throw them at a layered platform. A HouseGuest earned a point for each coaster they threw at the correct platform, and the HouseGuest with the most points would win the Power of Veto; Rachel was the winner of the Power of Veto. Rachel later chose to use the Power of Veto on herself, with Jennifer choosing Kaysar to be the replacement nominee. Jennifer's betrayal led to numerous arguments in the house, including an instance in which Beau and Janelle had a physical altercation. On Day 47, Kaysar was evicted for the second time in a unanimous vote of seven to zero.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Kaysar's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Face the Facts" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests answered questions that dealt with the previously evicted HouseGuests. Janelle was the winner of this competition. Following her win, the HouseGuests learned that this would be a Double Eviction week, and that Janelle would immediately make her nominations; she chose to nominate Jennifer and Maggie for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Janelle chose Howie, Jennifer chose April, and Maggie chose Ivette; Rachel was selected to host. On Day 48, HouseGuests competed in the "Goal For It" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to shoot various pucks into different goals in the quickest amount of time; Janelle was the winner of the competition. Janelle later made the decision to remove Maggie from the block, replacing her with Ivette. This made it the first time in "Big Brother" history that the HoH had chosen to change their nominations. On Day 49, Jennifer became the sixth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of five to one. She became the first member of the Jury of Seven. Following Jennifer's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "On the House" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests answered questions about items in the house; Beau was the winner. On Day 50, Beau chose to nominate Howie and Rachel for eviction, with Rachel being his main target. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Beau chose James, Howie chose Janelle, and Rachel chose April; this competition featured no host. On Day 51, HouseGuests competed in the "Get Your Pairings Straight" Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had to pair up images of the HouseGuests with their partners in the fastest time; James was the winner of the competition, giving James his fourth Power of Veto win. James later chose not to use the Power of Veto, leaving Howie and Rachel nominated. On Day 54, Rachel became the seventh HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a unanimous vote of five to zero. She became the second member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Rachel's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "High/Low" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were given a statement about the game that involved a number, and HouseGuests had to determine whether the answer was higher or lower than the given number by stepping upward or downward on a staircase. April was the winner of this competition. On Day 55, April chose to nominate Howie and Janelle for eviction, with the plan of backdooring James that week. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, April chose Maggie, Janelle chose Ivette, and Howie chose Beau; James was the host. On Day 56, HouseGuests competed in the "Playing Dirty" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to dig through mud to find keys which would unlock Veto symbols. The first HouseGuest to unlock their three Veto symbols would win the Power of Veto; a fourth Veto symbol would also award a HouseGuest the combination to the second safe in the bedroom. April was the winner of the Power of Veto, while Janelle won the prize in the safe. Inside the safe was a trip for two to the Bahamas, which Janelle could use once she left the house. That same week, America voted for Janelle to receive a phone call from the person of her choice; she chose previously evicted HouseGuest Michael. April chose to use the veto to save Janelle, completing her backdoor plan of evicting James. On Day 61, James became the eighth HouseGuest to be evicted in a vote of four to zero. He became the third member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following James's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Playing It Straight" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to roll a bowling ball down a line for the longest length, with the HouseGuest who makes it farthest being the winner. Howie was the winner of the competition, making him the first person to win Head of Household twice this season. Minutes later, the HouseGuests learned that this would be a second Double Eviction Week, and that Howie had to immediately make his nominations. Howie chose to nominate Beau and Ivette for eviction, the last remaining pair in the house. On Day 63, "Big Brother 5" HouseGuest Holly King entered the house to host the "Roll Me a Veto" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests wagered bets on being able to correctly answer questions about past events. Maggie was the winner of the competition. She later chose not to use the Power of Veto, ensuring either Beau or Ivette's eviction. On Day 62, Beau became the ninth HouseGuest to be evicted in a unanimous vote of three to zero. He became the fourth member of the Jury of Seven. Following Beau's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Magnetic Attraction" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were quizzed over comments made by the HouseGuests during their stay in the house, with HouseGuests answering questions by placing magnets on a specific side of a board. Ivette was the winner of the competition. On Day 64, Ivette chose to nominate Howie and Janelle for eviction. On Day 65, HouseGuests competed in the "Morph-O-Matic" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to figure out which three HouseGuests had been combined in various pictures in the quickest time. Janelle was the winner of the competition. On Day 68, Howie, the last man standing, became the tenth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house, with Ivette breaking a tie as the deciding vote. While the house now has an all female Final 4, Howie became the fifth member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following Howie's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Before or After" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to answer questions and determine whether a specific event happened before or after another event in the game. Janelle was the winner of the competition, answering every question correctly. Janelle later won an America's Vote poll, and was able to leave the house to visit the set of the CBS sitcom "Two and a Half Men". On Day 69, Janelle chose to nominate Ivette and Maggie for eviction. On Day 70, the HouseGuests competed in the "Missing Link" final Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to make a chain out of the faces of the previously evicted HouseGuests by using clues that applied to potentially more than one HouseGuest. There were numerous answers for most questions, though there was only one correct full combination. The HouseGuest who finished the chain in the fastest time would be the winner. Ivette was the winner of the competition. Ivette chose to use the Power of Veto on herself, with April being the only eligible HouseGuest to be nominated in her place. On Day 73, Ivette cast the sole vote to evict April from the game. She became the sixth member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: Following April's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the first round of the final Head of Household competition, called "The Key to Being Safe". For this endurance competition, HouseGuests had to balance on a combination dial while holding onto a key above their head. If a HouseGuest let go of their key or stepped off of the dial, they were eliminated from the competition. Ivette was the winner of the competition. For winning, she got to open the final safe in the gold room, and won two Vespa scooters. On Day 74, Janelle and Maggie competed against one another in the "Pad-Locked" competition, which was the second round of the final Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to unlock an oversized lock by figuring out a combination based on past events in the game. Janelle was the winner of the competition. On Day 76, Ivette and Janelle competed against one another in the final round of the Head of Household competition. In the "Jury Statements" competition, HouseGuests attempted to guess how a previously evicted HouseGuest would have finished a sentence. Following a tie-breaker round, Ivette became the final Head of Household of the season. She then cast the sole vote to evict Janelle, making Ivette and Maggie the Final Two. On Day 80, Maggie was crowned the winner of "Big Brother 6" in a Jury vote of four to three.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: "Big Brother 6" averaged a total of 7.24 million viewers, the lowest for the series at the time. The season premiere had a total of 8.47 million viewers, ranking it first for the hour and in all key demographics. The Tuesday, July 12 episode of the series saw a total of 8.8 million viewers. The Thursday, July 14 eviction episode had a total of 7.9 million viewers, slightly down from previous episodes of the same season. For that week, "Big Brother 6" came in tenth place in terms of ratings. The Tuesday, July 19 episode had a total of 8.3 million viewers, despite being delayed by 11 minutes. The Thursday, July 21 eviction episode had a total of 8 million viewers, ranking first for the night. This episode featured a 5.2 rating and a 10 share. The Tuesday, August 16 episode had a total of 9 million viewers, winning in numerous key demographics. The Thursday, August 18 episode featured a total of 8.4 million viewers. For that week, the series came in eleventh place in terms of average viewers. The Tuesday, August 23 episode had a total of 8 million viewers. The Thursday, August 25 episode had the same number of viewers, and ranked first in the hour. The Tuesday, September 6 episode drew in 8.1 million viewers, and came in first for the night. The special Friday, September 16 episode of the season had a total of 7.1 million viewers.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: The season received critical acclaim from fans and critics with people praising the dynamics of the cast and the unpredictability of the season.


title: Big Brother 6 (American season)

text: In the second week, Eric Littman and Michael Donnellan got into a confrontation regarding comments Michael made about Eric's family. Earlier in the evening, Rachel, who was eavesdropping on Janelle and Michael in the Gold Room, overheard Michael make a poor joke about Eric's grandparents to Janelle. Rachel told Eric that she heard them badmouthing his family. Later that night, Eric and Ivette were outside discussing the incident when Michael went outside. Eric provoked Michael who retorted, calling Eric "a midget with a small penis." Eric lost all control going after Michael. The other HouseGuests blocked Eric's attack at Michael. "Big Brother" intervened, telling Eric to go to the Diary Room, and telling Michael to go to the storage room. Shortly afterwards, Ivette told Kaysar he had no respect for women, attacked Kaysar's beliefs, and made racial remarks. "Big Brother" intervened again, giving warnings to all HouseGuests. Eric apologized to his fellow HouseGuests, saying he would never hurt anyone.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Thangam Elizabeth Rachel Debbonaire (' Singh; born 3 August 1966) is a British Labour Party politician, serving as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons since May 2021. She was previously the Shadow Secretary of State for Housing from 2020 to 2021. She was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol West at the 2015 general election, when she defeated the incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Shortly after being elected, Debbonaire was diagnosed with breast cancer, and did not attend a parliamentary vote from June 2015 until March 2016.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: She was appointed shadow Arts and Culture Minister in January 2016, but resigned on 27 June 2016 owing to her lack of confidence in the Labour Party Leader, Jeremy Corbyn. She rejoined his frontbench team as a whip in October that year, before being made Shadow Brexit Minister in January 2020.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire was born in Peterborough on 3 August 1966 to a father of Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil family origin and an English mother. She was educated at two independent schools, Bradford Girls' Grammar School and Chetham's School of Music. She then took the first stage of a mathematics degree at the University of Oxford, leaving before graduating, while at the same time training as a cellist at the Royal College of Music. She went to St John's City College of Technology, Manchester. Subsequently, she gained an MSc in Management, Development and Social Responsibility at the University of Bristol.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: In her twenties, she changed her name by deed poll from Singh to Debbonaire, borrowed from a relative from her first marriage.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Before becoming an MP, she performed professionally as a classical cellist, including for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. She has worked as National Children's Officer for the Women's Aid Federation of England, for which she moved to St Werburghs in Bristol in 1991, and later as an Accreditation Officer, Fundraising Manager, then National Research Manager for Respect, an anti-domestic violence organisation.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: She has co-authored two books, and a number of papers, about domestic violence. In 2004, Debbonaire and her husband, Kevin Walton, co-authored (along with Emilie Debbonaire) a report for Ireland's Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform entitled "Evaluation of work with domestic abusers in Ireland".


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: At the 2015 general election, Debbonaire was selected as a Labour candidate via an all-women shortlist for the constituency of Bristol West. She was elected with a majority of 5,673 votes, defeating incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams, who finished in third place after the Green Party.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire was diagnosed with breast cancer on 16 June 2015. She subsequently called on Parliament to allow MPs to vote remotely after she was unable to participate in votes during her recovery.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: During her treatment period she was appointed as Shadow Arts and Culture Minister by Jeremy Corbyn. According to Debbonaire, she found out about the role when a journalist contacted her in hospital in response to a Labour press release announcing that she was taking it on, and was then briefly removed from the position before she got a chance to meet with Corbyn. According to Debbonaire's colleague Chi Onwurah, whose frontbench portfolio was briefly split with hers, Corbyn's communication with both women, directly or indirectly, was practically non-existent.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire resigned from her role on 27 June 2016 following a series of other resignations, saying that she did not believe Corbyn was the right person to lead the Labour Party into the next election. She also opposed Corbyn's call for Article 50 to be triggered on the day immediately following the referendum on the European Union. Debbonaire's resignation attracted criticism in her Constituency Labour Party (CLP), with some concerned members accusing her of being a liar, a "traitor", and a "scab". Debbonaire endorsed Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour leadership election. After Corbyn defeated Smith, on 12 October 2016, Debbonaire accepted an appointment as a shadow whip in Corbyn's frontbench team, overcoming her former belief that Corbyn was not the right person to lead the Labour Party into the next election.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire was reelected in the 2017 general election with an increased majority of 37,336 votes; this was the fourth-largest majority by vote size nationally. Bristol West had been the number one target for the Green Party, which slipped to third place behind the Conservatives with a 12.9% vote share. Debbonaire had resisted calls from the Green Party for her to stand aside as part of a progressive alliance. The size of Debbonaire's majority was considered a shock, as the seat had been billed as a four-way marginal.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: On 15 September 2017, Debbonaire held what is thought to be the UK's first constituency surgery specifically for people on the autism spectrum.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: In the same month, she urged local constituency members discontented about her resignation to stop planning her deselection, which she claimed was "a catastrophic waste of time".


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: On 9 May 2021, Debbonaire was moved from the post of Shadow Secretary of State for Housing to Shadow Leader of the House of Commons in a shadow cabinet reshuffle.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire describes herself as a "northern European socialist – a democratic socialist". She supports "fettered capitalism".


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire opposes the decriminalisation of prostitution and has called for more funding and research to help reform male perpetrators of domestic violence. She supports mandatory education classes in female equality for newly arrived male refugees, as well as more English language support for refugees as part of a broader integration strategy. She has called on Bristol City Council to stop issuing licences to strip clubs in the city. Debbonaire has also called for student accommodation providers to pay council tax.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Before the 2016 referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union, Debbonaire endorsed remaining in the EU. Bristol West voted to remain in the European Union by 79.3%; this was the third-highest percentage result for the Remain campaign by parliamentary constituency.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: On 27 January 2017, Debbonaire stated that she would vote against triggering Article 50, despite being a whip herself and Labour imposing a three-line whip to vote for the government motion. She explained that this was because the government intended to leave "the Single Market or something close to it". On 29 June 2017, Debbonaire abstained from voting in an amendment by Chuka Umunna to the Queen's Speech which would have kept the UK in the Single Market and held a vote on the final Brexit deal; her abstention was criticised by Molly Scott Cato, the local Green Party candidate in the 2017 general election. Debbonaire defended her abstention, stating that she had supported a similar amendment drafted by Labour. She affirmed: "I will do everything I can to stop the UK from leaving the EU."


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: In December 2017, Debbonaire criticised the quality of the Brexit impact papers published by David Davis, then the Brexit Secretary. She stated that the sectoral analyses "wouldn't get an A grade...if [the government] were submitting it as GCSE research" and believed that the papers only compiled information already publicly available. She accused the government of "a dereliction of duty".


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: In July 2018, Debbonaire said that she did not support a referendum on the Brexit deal. She was criticised by Vince Cable, the leader of the Liberal Democrats. In response, Debbonaire said that there was insufficient public support for a final vote on the deal, and she accused the Liberal Democrats of "playing politics" on the issue.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire's treatment for breast cancer led her to support greater regulation of alcohol. She supports mandatory graphic health warnings on alcoholic drinks, akin to those on cigarette packaging, and has called for parliamentary debate to raise awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire has previously called for an “evidence-based policy review” of the laws around drugs such as ecstasy and marijuana. She supports sending addicted users to mandatory rehabilitation programmes. Debbonaire has also voiced support for "drug consumption rooms", telling ministers that drug-related admissions to Bristol Royal Infirmary cost the NHS £1.3 million per year. On 10 July 2018, Debbonaire co-launched a campaign for drugs policy reform alongside fellow Labour whip Jeff Smith. The campaign was launched without policy proposals, intended as a forum for Labour members to discuss drugs policy reform. Shortly after launching the campaign, Debbonaire called for drug-testing services to be made compulsory at festivals and nightclubs across the UK. She had previously called for a Royal Commission to investigate the impact of drugs and had called for the Prime Minister to watch Drugsland, a BBC documentary on drugs in Bristol.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: In August 2016, a student at the University of Bristol was investigated after telling Debbonaire to "get in the sea", an Internet meme, which she interpreted as a death threat. Following a complaint to the university by Debbonaire concerning that tweet and others, including one which called her a "traitor", the student apologised, deleted the tweet, and closed her Twitter account. The tweet was posted on the day of the funeral of Jo Cox, another Labour MP, who was murdered in June 2016.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: In November 2017, a constituent who harassed Debbonaire was jailed for 20 weeks after leaving multiple "upsetting and disturbing" racially offensive answerphone messages for a senior case worker.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire is married to Kevin Walton, an opera singer, former actor and a director of Ark Stichting, an Amsterdam charity that works with children with special educational needs.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Since her breast cancer treatment, during which time she read about the links between cancer and alcohol, Debbonaire drinks very little alcohol, is vegan and spent a month in 2017 attempting to live without single-use plastics.


title: Thangam Debbonaire

text: Debbonaire cites music, knitting and observing space as her hobbies. During her treatment for breast cancer, she credited listening to classical music with helping her recovery.


title: Kamala Devi (actress)

text: Kamala Devi (8 October 1933 – 29 November 2010) was an actress of Indian and British parentage, best known for her roles in the 1960s opposite her then-husband, Chuck Connors. She was born in Bombay (the current Mumbai) in British India.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: Aspirin causes several different effects in the body, mainly the reduction of inflammation, analgesia (relief of pain), the prevention of clotting, and the reduction of fever. Much of this is believed to be due to decreased production of prostaglandins and TXA2. Aspirin's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Cyclooxygenase is required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin acts as an acetylating agent where an acetyl group is covalently attached to a serine residue in the active site of the COX enzyme. This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDs (such as diclofenac and ibuprofen), which are reversible inhibitors. However, other effects of aspirin, such as uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, and the modulation of signaling through NF-κB, are also being investigated. Some of its effects are like those of salicylic acid, which is not an acetylating agent.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: There are at least two different cyclooxygenase isozymes: COX-1 (PTGS1) and COX-2 (PTGS2). Aspirin is non-selective and irreversibly inhibits both forms (but is weakly more selective for COX-1). It does so by acetylating the hydroxyl of a serine residue. Normally COX produces prostaglandins, most of which are pro-inflammatory, and thromboxanes, which promote clotting. Aspirin-modified COX-2 produces lipoxins, most of which are anti-inflammatory.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: Newer NSAID drugs called COX-2 selective inhibitors have been developed that inhibit only COX-2, with the hope for reduction of gastrointestinal side-effects. However, several COX-2 selective inhibitors have subsequently been withdrawn after evidence emerged that COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack (e.g., see the article on Vioxx). The underlying mechanism for the deleterious effect proposes that endothelial cells lining the microvasculature in the body express COX-2, whose selective inhibition results in levels of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin) down-regulated relative to thromboxane (since COX-1 in platelets is unaffected). Thus, the protective anti-coagulative effect of PGI2 is decreased, increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. As platelets have no DNA, they are unable to synthesize new COX once aspirin has irreversibly inhibited the enzyme, an important difference between aspirin and the reversible inhibitors.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: Prostaglandins are local chemical messengers that exert multiple effects including but not limited to the transmission of pain information to the brain, modulation of the hypothalamic thermostat, and inflammation. They are produced in response to the stimulation of phospholipids within the plasma membrane of cells resulting in the release of arachidonic acid (prostaglandin precursor).


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: Low-dose, long-term aspirin use irreversibly blocks the formation of thromboxane A in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: This antiplatelet property makes aspirin useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks; heart attacks are primarily caused by blood clots, and their reduction with the introduction of small amounts of aspirin has been seen to be an effective medical intervention. A dose of 40 mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large proportion of maximum thromboxane A release provoked acutely, with the prostaglandin I2 synthesis being little affected; however, higher doses of aspirin are required to attain further inhibition.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: A side-effect of aspirin mechanism is that the ability of the blood in general to clot is reduced, and excessive bleeding may result from the use of aspirin.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: Aspirin has been shown to have three additional modes of action. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the intermembrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. In short, aspirin buffers and transports the protons, acting as a competitor to ATP synthase. When high doses of aspirin are given, aspirin may actually cause hyperthermia due to the heat released from the electron transport chain, as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: Additionally, aspirin induces the formation of NO-radicals in the body, which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation. This reduces leukocyte adhesion, which is an important step in immune response to infection. There is currently insufficient evidence to show that aspirin helps to fight infection.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: More recent data also suggests that salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signaling through NF-κB. NF-κB is a transcription factor complex that plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: "Reye's syndrome" is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver, as well as causing hypoglycemia. The exact cause is unknown, and while it has been associated with aspirin consumption by children with viral illness, it also occurs in the absence of aspirin use.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: The disease causes fatty liver with minimal inflammation and severe encephalopathy (with swelling of the brain). The liver may become slightly enlarged and firm, and there is a change in the appearance of the kidneys. Jaundice is not usually present.


title: Mechanism of action of aspirin

text: Early diagnosis is vital; while most children recover with supportive therapy, severe brain injury or death are potential complications.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Ashokrao Shankarrao Chavan (born 28 October 1958) is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is one of the most influential leaders of Indian National Congress in Maharashtra. He has served as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra state from 8 December 2008 to 9 November 2010. Also, he has served as Minister for Cultural Affairs, Industries, Mines and Protocol in the Vilasrao Deshmukh government and he is also the former PWD Minister of Maharashtra.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: On 9 November 2010, the Congress Party asked him to resign from office over corruption allegations relating to Adarsh Housing Society scam. In the 2014 general elections, despite the allegations and anti-incumbency wave, he won the Lok Sabha election from his Nanded constituency with a comfortable margin. In 2015, he was appointed the president of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee. Chavan lost his Nanded seat in the 2019 Lok sabha election to Pratap Patil Chikhalikar of the BJP.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Chavan belongs to an influential political family based in Nanded district of Maharashtra state. He is the son of Shankarrao Chavan, a former Chief Minister of Maharashtra himself; they are the first father–son duo in the state's history to become chief ministers. His brother-in-law Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil was a three-time Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) and a three-time MP, and Chavan's wife, Amita is MLA from Bhokar constituency in Nanded for years 2014-19.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Chavan did his schooling at the St. Xavier's High School, Fort. He graduated in Science and has obtained his Master's in Business Management from Hazarimal Jomani College and B.Y.K. College of Commerce.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Chavan's father, Shankarrao Chavan had a long career as a minister and was twice, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He had also served as a senior minister in the national government under various Congress governments. Ashok Chavan is married to Ameeta (née Sharma). Ameeta is current member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Bhokar constituency which has previously been represented by both Shankarrao Chavan and Chavan himself. The couple has twin daughters Srijaya and Sujaya.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: He started career as student leader of University of Pune occupying post of University Representative (UR).


title: Ashok Chavan

text: He started his political career in Congress Party as General Secretary, Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee from 1995 to 1999.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: In 1992, he was elected as M.L.C. to the Maharashtra Legislative Council and later joined as Minister of State for Public works, Urban Development and Home in March 1993.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: In 2003, Vilasrao Deshmukh appointed Chavan as Minister for Transport, Ports, Cultural Affairs and Protocol.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: In November 2004, he was given the portfolio of Industries, Mining, Cultural Affairs & Protocol in Maharashtra cabinet.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: In the aftermath of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Vilasrao Deshmukh took the moral responsibility and offered to resign, which was then accepted by the party and Chavan was elected as Chief Minister of Maharashtra.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: After winning assembly elections in 2009, Congress President Sonia Gandhi once again nominated Chavan as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Sharad Pawar, the leader of rival coalition partner NCP party, had been lukewarm towards Chavan, after his first choice of union power minister Sushil Kumar Shinde was ignored well before the race began.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Congress had clearly plumped for a Maratha to lead the party in the state, and had ignored the NCP view that a non-Maratha should be selected for the position to set right the social combination.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: As a result, NCP chose a non-Maratha, Chhagan Bhujbal to occupy the deputy Chief Minister's post and gave the home ministry to Jayant Patil. The latter being a Maratha balanced the NCP's own bid to remain the community's first choice.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Chavan was asked to resign as Chief Minister during a meeting with Congress president, Sonia Gandhi, after it emerged that three of his relatives owned apartments in the Adarsh Housing Society which was created specifically to house Indian war veterans in the upmarket Colaba area of Mumbai. He was succeeded by Prithviraj Chavan.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Despite the corruption allegations, the Congress party put him up as a party candidate for the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections. He won the election by a huge margin. In Maharashtra, Rajiv Satav and Chavan were the only Congress candidates elected.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Chavan contested the 2019 Lok Sabha Elections from Nanded Constituency but lost the election to BJP's Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar. He is one of the 9 former Chief Ministers of Congress who lost in Lok Sabha 2019 Election.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Apart from the much discussed Adarsh Housing Society Scam, Chavan was accused of using his office to fund his relatives' bank.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: Recently High court of Maharashtra state denied permission to the agency investigating the Adarsh scam to question Chavan.


title: Ashok Chavan

text: In 2009 Assembly Elections, he was accused of hiding expenses on a paid supplement titled "Ashok Parva" in a leading Marathi daily. However, he denied the allegation by the Election Commission of India of having inserted favourable Paid News in newspapers.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis is a city in and the county seat of Curry County, New Mexico. The city had a population of 37,775 as of the 2010 census, and a 2019 estimated population of 38,319. Clovis is located in the New Mexico portion of the Llano Estacado, in the eastern part of the state.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: A largely agricultural community, closely bordering Texas, it is noted for its role in early rock music history and for nearby Cannon Air Force Base. After the discovery of several "Clovis culture" sites in eastern North America in the 1930s, the Clovis people came to be regarded as the first human inhabitants who created a widespread culture in the New World. Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway system helped establish Clovis over one hundred years ago, and for that railroad and its successor BNSF Railway continues to be a major hub of operations. Also notable is the Southwest Cheese Company, the largest cheddar cheese producer in North America.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: It is the principal city of the Clovis Micropolitan statistical area, which is part of the larger Clovis-Portales CSA.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The Eastern New Mexico region was home to the prehistoric Clovis culture, an anthropologically significant group of early Native Americans. Several remains have been found at the Blackwater Draw site (south of Clovis, near Portales), which remains a historical and tourist site.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis began in 1906, when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was being constructed through the area and railway engineers were instructed to "locate and buy the first level section of land west of Texico" on which to build a town site and railroad facilities. The land was bought on October 2, 1906, and the railroad began offering town lots for sale on May 1, 1907. At first known as "Riley's Switch", the town was reportedly renamed Clovis by the station master's daughter, who was studying about Clovis, the first Catholic king of the Franks, at the time. The settlement built up quickly and in 1909 was incorporated.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: On August 24, 2008, eight prisoners escaped from the Clovis Jail by shimmying up plumbing pipes. The escape was highlighted on the television show "America's Most Wanted".


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The Clovis library was the site of a mass shooting in August 2017 in which two people were killed and four wounded.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis is located in southeastern Curry County at (34.412509, −103.204611), west of the Texas border. The city's geographic center is at an elevation of above sea level.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: U.S. Routes 60, 70, and 84 pass through the city. US 60 and 84 lead west to Fort Sumner, while US 70 leads southwest to Portales and to Roswell. The three highways lead east together to the state line at Texico, New Mexico, and Farwell, Texas. Cannon Air Force Base is west of the center of Clovis.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.73%, is water from the several artificial ponds in Clovis' multiple public parks.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 32,667 people, 12,458 households, and 8,596 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,458.9 people per square mile (563.3/km). There were 14,269 housing units at an average density of 637.3 per square mile (246.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 71.3% White, 7.3% Black, 1.0% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 15.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino were 33.4% of the population.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: There were 12,458 households, out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.12.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: In the city, the population was 30.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were ages 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The median income for a household in the city was $28,878, and the median income for a family was $33,622. Males had a median income of $26,586 versus $20,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,561. About 17.2% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis has a population of 39,860 since the year 2014 and since the year 2000 the population increased by twenty-two percent. The number of males and females in the Clovis population are very close in numbers; there are approximately 20,451 males and 19,409 females. Almost 47% of the population in Clovis is Anglo-Saxon, 42% is Hispanic, 7% is African-American, 2% are two different races, and less than 2% is Asian. Cannon Air Force Base, which is located 10 miles west of the city, has increased the wide variety of people throughout the past several years. The population is spread throughout 22.9 square miles, which compared to other towns nearby, is rather large.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The income for a household, as of 2015, was about $41,000 for the city of Clovis but for the state of New Mexico as a whole, it averaged around $45,382.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Like most of east-central New Mexico and west Texas, the surrounding area plays host to significant agriculture and ranching activities, including peanut and cotton farming and cattle ranching used for both meat and dairy production. Several processing plants exist for these products; in 2004 construction began on the Southwest Cheese Company plant between Clovis and Portales. The plant commenced operations in late 2005 and provided a small boost to the local economy by employing over 200 personnel. It is one of the largest plants of its type in the world, processing milk provided by the numerous local dairies in excess of 2.3 billion pounds of milk annually.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: In 1995, the Santa Fe was merged into the BNSF Railway, which operates a division point and large freight classification yard on its Southern Transcon at Clovis, with a dispatcher's office monitoring traffic over the Belen Cutoff. This rail corridor is one of the most heavily trafficked routes in the western United States, often with more than 100 mostly intermodal freight trains arriving and leaving Clovis daily. The Southwestern Railroad, formerly the AT&SF Pecos Valley branch line, connects to the BNSF here, shipping potash from mines near Carlsbad.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis is home to Cannon Air Force Base (the 27th Special Operations Wing), Burlington Northern Railroad, the Southwest Cheese Plant, Cummins-Natural Gas Engines, and many locally owned and operated businesses. This community also is surrounded by thousands of acres of farming, ranching, and dairy land. Agriculture is thus a mainstay of the local economy. Many high-school students participate in FFA (Future Farmers of America), where they learn about agriculture. Many local jobs depend on this sector of the economy. According to City-Data.com, the 2016 cost of living index for Clovis was around 83.5, which is well below the national average.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis' location adjacent to Cannon Air Force Base, a special operations base, has had a large impact on the community. Clovis hosts a local organization, the Committee of Fifty, whose stated purpose is to lobby to keep Cannon AFB open; it subsequently helped coordinate the successful campaign which resulted in the realignment of Cannon to its new special ops mission.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis Municipal Airport provides a base for general aviation and daily service by Key Lime Air to and from Denver International Airport and Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: In addition to the agricultural, military and railroading sectors, music has contributed to the economy of Clovis almost since the city originated. Norman Petty Studio in Clovis is where several different artists have recorded; one of the most famous is Buddy Holly.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Plains Regional Medical Center is the primary hospital serving Clovis. It is part of the Presbyterian Healthcare Services based in Albuquerque.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Southwest, Spanish Mission, or Adobe architectural styles are prevalent, being considered representative of New Mexico. Much of Clovis architecture is indistinguishable from the group of styles prevalent throughout most small towns and suburbs since the 1930s.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The Hotel Clovis, a local landmark, opened on October 20, 1931. The hotel was designed by architect Robert Merrill, combining an Art Deco exterior with Southwestern Indian interior. The elegant ballroom hosted such names as Louis Armstrong, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, and Hank Williams, and the nearby train depot supplied the hotel with most of its business. The hotel closed shortly after the Santa Fe Railroad discontinued passenger train service to Clovis in 1971. The building is currently being renovated into affordable housing. As of January 2013, housing is being offered to the community on a first come-first served basis, with some apartments being available now, and others on an "as finished" basis.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The climate is relatively temperate with low humidity and high winds. Summers are warm with occasional extreme heat and winters are cool with frequent, extreme cold. Severe thunderstorms are often in the spring with rainstorms prevalent during summer evenings. Tornadoes are known to occur and Clovis is located on the southern edge of Tornado Alley. Several inches of snowfall frequently occur each winter, typically for several weeks in January–February, often resulting in minor flooding due to the non-existent runoff system. High winds are common due to the flat, open land and regularly gust well above and average . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clovis has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: For post-secondary education, there is one community college, Clovis Community College (CCC). Eastern New Mexico University is the nearest university, located south in Portales.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Clovis is the namesake of stone-age spear points that were found locally in 1929. Clovis points are the characteristically-fluted projectile points associated with the North American Clovis culture. These artifacts date to the Paleoindian period, approximately 13,500 years ago.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: Performances including music and drama often take place at Clovis Community College, Eastern New Mexico University, and the Lyceum Auditorium, as well as at the Special Events Center, located adjacent to the county fairgrounds. The Clovis Music Festival is, locally, a high-profile event held annually at the beginning of September. The Clovis Civic Center hosts this and other entertainment events. The Special Events Center holds events such as rodeos, auctions, and concerts.


title: Clovis, New Mexico

text: The Clovis-Carver Public Library is located downtown and provides many services. Many resources are available to the public such as books, study and research material, DVDs, access to computers and much more. The library also holds many public functions that are free to the public. These functions can include author readings, summer reading programs for children and adults, and holiday programs. There is also a mobile program that delivers books to patrons who are homebound. The Friends of the Library organization holds biannual used book sales to help raise money for library programs.