title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Lindsay Gordon Anderson was born in Bangalore, South India, where his father had been stationed with the Royal Engineers, on 17 April 1923. His father Captain (later Major General) Alexander Vass Anderson was a British Army officer who had been born in North India, and his mother Estelle Bell Gasson was born in Queenstown, South Africa, the daughter of a wool merchant. Lindsay's parents separated in 1926 and Estelle returned to England with her sons; however, they tried to reconcile in 1932 in Bangalore, and when Estelle returned to England she was pregnant with her third son, Alexander Vass Anderson. The Andersons divorced and Estelle remarried Major Cuthbert Sleigh in 1936. Lindsay's father remarried in India; although Gavin Lambert writes, in "Mainly About Lindsay Anderson: A Memoir" (Faber and Faber, 2000, p. 18), that Alexander Vass Anderson 'cut (his first family) out of his life', making no reference to them in his "Who's Who" entry, Lindsay often saw his father and looked after his house and dogs when he was away.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Both Lindsay and his older brother Murray Anderson (1919–2016) were educated at Saint Ronan's School in Worthing, West Sussex, and at Cheltenham College. It was at Cheltenham that Lindsay had met his lifelong friend and biographer, the screenwriter and novelist Gavin Lambert. Lindsay won a scholarship for classical studies at Wadham College at the University of Oxford, in 1942.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Anderson served in the Army from 1943 until 1946, first with the 60th King's Royal Rifle Corps, and then in the final year of World War II as a cryptographer for the Intelligence Corps, at the Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi. Anderson assisted in nailing the Red flag to the roof of the Junior Officers' mess in Annan Parbat, in August 1945, after the victory of the Labour Party in the general election was confirmed. The colonel did not approve, he recalled a decade later, but no disciplinary action was taken against them.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Lindsay returned to Oxford in 1946 but changed from classical studies to English; he graduated in 1948.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Before going into film-making, Anderson was a prominent film critic writing for the influential "Sequence" magazine (1947–52), which he co-founded with Gavin Lambert, Peter Ericsson and Karel Reisz; later writing for the British Film Institute's journal "Sight and Sound" and the left-wing political weekly the "New Statesman". In a 1956 polemical article, "Stand Up, Stand Up" for "Sight and Sound", he attacked contemporary critical practices, in particular the pursuit of objectivity. Taking as an example some comments made by Alistair Cooke in 1935, where Cooke claimed to be without politics as a critic, Anderson responded:


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Following a series of screenings which he and the National Film Theatre programmer Karel Reisz organized for the venue of independently produced short films by himself and others, he developed a philosophy of cinema which found expression in what became known, by the late-1950s, as the Free Cinema movement. This was the belief that the British cinema must break away from its class-bound attitudes and that non-metropolitan Britain ought to be shown on the nation's screens. He had already begun to make films himself, starting in 1948 with "Meet the Pioneers", a documentary about a conveyor-belt factory.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Along with Karel Reisz, Tony Richardson, and others, he secured funding from a variety of sources (including Ford of Britain) and they each made a series of short documentaries on a variety of subjects. One of Anderson's early short films, "Thursday's Children" (1954), concerning the education of deaf children, made in collaboration with Guy Brenton, a friend from his Oxford days, won an Oscar for Best Documentary Short in 1954. "Thursday's Children" was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2005.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: These films, influenced by one of Anderson' heroes, the French filmmaker Jean Vigo, and made in the tradition of the British documentaries of Humphrey Jennings, foreshadowed much of the social realism of British cinema that emerged in the next decade, with Reisz's "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning" (1960), Richardson's "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner" (1962) and Anderson's own "This Sporting Life" (1963), produced by Reisz. Anderson's film met with mixed reviews at the time, and was not a commercial success.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Anderson is perhaps best remembered as a filmmaker for his "Mick Travis trilogy", all of which star Malcolm McDowell as the title character: "if..." (1968), a satire on public schools; "O Lucky Man!" (1973) a "Pilgrim's Progress" inspired road movie; and "Britannia Hospital" (1982), a fantasia taking stylistic influence from the populist wing of British cinema represented by Hammer horror films and Carry On comedies.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: In 1981, Anderson played the role of the Master of Caius College at Cambridge University in the film "Chariots of Fire".


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Anderson developed an acquaintance from 1950 with John Ford, which led to what has come to be regarded as one of the standard books on that director, Anderson's "About John Ford" (1983). Based on half a dozen meetings over more than two decades, and a lifetime's study of the man's work, the book has been described as "One of the best books published by a film-maker on a film-maker".


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: In 1985, producer Martin Lewis invited Anderson to chronicle Wham!'s visit to China, among the first-ever visits by Western pop artists, which resulted in Anderson's film "Foreign Skies: Wham! In China". He admitted in his diary on 31 March 1985, to having "no interest in Wham!", or China, and he was simply "'doing this for the money'". In 1986, he was a member of the jury at the 36th Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Anderson was also a significant British theatre director. He was long associated with London's Royal Court Theatre, where he was Co-Artistic Director 1969–70, and Associate Artistic Director 1971–75, directing premiere productions of plays by David Storey, among others.


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: In 1992, as a close friend of actresses Jill Bennett and Rachel Roberts, Anderson included a touching episode in his autobiographical BBC film "Is That All There Is?", with a boat trip down the River Thames (several of their professional colleagues and friends aboard) to scatter their ashes on the waters while musician Alan Price sang the song "Is That All There Is?".


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Every year, the International Documentary Festival in Amsterdam (IDFA) gives an acclaimed filmmaker the chance to screen his or her personal Top 10 favorite films. In 2007, Iranian filmmaker Maziar Bahari selected "O Dreamland" and "Every Day Except Christmas" (1957), a record of a day in the old Covent Garden market, for his top 10 classics from the history of documentary.[3]


title: Lindsay Anderson

text: Gavin Lambert's memoir, "Mainly About Lindsay Anderson", in which he wrote that Anderson repressed his homosexuality, was seen as a betrayal by his other friends. In November 2006 Malcolm McDowell told "The Independent":


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Eric Edgar Cooke (25 February 1931 – 26 October 1964), nicknamed the Night Caller and later the Nedlands Monster, was an Australian serial killer who terrorised the city of Perth, Western Australia, from September 1958 to August 1963. Cooke committed at least 22 violent crimes, eight of which resulted in deaths.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Eric Edgar Cooke was born on 25 February 1931 in Victoria Park, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, and was the eldest of three children. He was born into an unhappy, violent family; his parents married solely because his mother, Christine Edgar, was pregnant with him. His alcoholic father, Vivian Cooke, beat the boy frequently, especially when the boy tried to protect his mother. Christine would sleep in the staff room at her job in the Como Hotel to avoid going home and being beaten by Vivian.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke was born with a cleft lip and palate, for which he had one surgical operation when he was three months old and another when he was . The operations were not totally successful and left him with a slight facial deformity, and he spoke in a mumble; these disabilities made him the target of bullying at school. The constant mistreatment caused Cooke to feel ashamed and shy, and he subsequently became emotionally unstable.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Though very good at subjects that required retentive memory and manual dexterity, Cooke was expelled from Subiaco State School for stealing money from a teacher's purse at the age of six. Once he was transferred to Newcastle Street Infants' School, he was again the target of bullying. He continued to be bullied at every school he attended, including Highgate Primary School, Forrest Street Primary School, and Newcastle Street Junior Technical School.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke was also placed in orphanages or foster homes on occasion. Much like his mother, he would hide underneath the house or roam neighbouring streets just to escape a night of his father's violence. He was frequently hospitalised for head injuries and had suspected brain damage because of his accident-proneness. Later it was questioned whether these 'accidents' were due to repressed suicidal tendencies. Cooke also had recurrent headaches and was once admitted to an asylum. His reported blackouts later stopped after an operation in 1949.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke left school at age 14 to work as a delivery boy for Central Provision Stores in order to support the family. He would give his weekly wages to his mother, who could not fully support the family with the money she earned from cooking and cleaning. Many of Cooke's jobs put him in hospital due to his accident-proneness. At a job in the factory of Harris, Scarfe and Sandover, he was hospitalised after being struck on the nose by a winch. At the age of 16, he worked as a hammer boy in the blacksmith section of the workshop at Midland Junction, where he always signed his lunch bag "Al Capone". At the same job he suffered second-degree burns to his face from steam, jarred his right hand and injured his left thumb.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Starting at age 17, Cooke spent his nights involved in petty crimes, vandalism and arson; he would later serve eighteen months in jail for burning down a church after he was rejected in a choir audition. During his later teenage years, Cooke would sneak into houses and steal whatever he found valuable. These crimes escalated to damaging clothing and furniture in acts of vengeance. He would cut out newspaper accounts of his crimes to impress his acquaintances in an attempt to gain friends.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: On 12 March 1949, police finally caught up with Cooke and found evidence at his grandmother's house, where he was living. Cooke's fingerprints were matched to those found in other open cases. On 24 May 1949, Cooke was sentenced to three years in prison after being arrested for arson and vandalism; he was convicted on two charges of stealing, seven of breaking and entering and four of arson. He left many fingerprints and easy clues for detectives which would teach him to be more careful in his future crimes.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke was described as "a short, slight man with dark, wavy hair and a twisted mouth". At the age of 21, Cooke joined the regular Australian Army, but was discharged three months later after it was discovered that, before enlistment, he had had a juvenile criminal record. During his training, he was quickly promoted to lance corporal and was taught to handle firearms.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: On 14 November 1953, Cooke, then aged 22, married Sarah (Sall) Lavin, a 19-year-old waitress, at the Cannington Methodist Church (demolished 1995). They ultimately had a large family of seven children, four boys and three girls.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: During the 1950s and early 1960s, people in Australia frequently left cars unlocked and often with the keys in the ignition. Cooke found it easy to steal cars at night and sometimes returned stolen vehicles without the owners becoming aware of the theft. In September 1955, after having crashed a car and requiring hospitalisation, Cooke was sentenced to two years hard labour on a charge of unlawful use of a motor vehicle; he was ultimately released from Fremantle Prison just prior to Christmas, 1956. After his release, he took to wearing gloves while committing crimes, in order to avoid leaving fingerprints, which had been his undoing in relation to his prior breaking and entering convictions.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke's four-year killing spree involved a series of seemingly unrelated hit-and-runs, stabbings, strangulations, and shootings. Victims were shot with different rifles, stabbed with knives and scissors, hit with cars, and beaten with an axe. Several were killed after waking up as Cooke was robbing their homes, two were shot while sleeping without their homes being disturbed, and one was shot dead after answering to a ringing doorbell. After stabbing one victim, Cooke got lemonade from the refrigerator and sat on the verandah drinking it. One victim was strangled to death with the cord from a bedside lamp, after which Cooke raped the corpse, disrobed and dragged it to a neighbour's lawn, then sexually penetrated it with an empty whisky bottle, which he then left cradled in the victim's arms.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke's murder victims were Pnena (Penny) Berkman, Jillian McPherson Brewer, John Lindsay Sturkey, George Ormond Walmsley, Rosemary Anderson, Constance Lucy Madrill, and Shirley Martha McLeod. Another victim, Brian Weir, ultimately died as a result of permanent injury three years after having been shot by Cooke. As the crimes were opportunistic and used varying methods, and Cooke's victims shared no obvious common traits, it was not understood that all these crimes were being perpetrated by one individual killer. In fact, two of the murders—the deaths of Jillian Brewer and Rosemary Anderson—were attributed to other men, who were wrongfully convicted of those crimes.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: The police investigation included fingerprinting more than 30,000 males over the age of 12, as well as locating and test-firing more than 60,000 .22 rifles. After a rifle was found hidden in a Geraldton wax bush on Rookwood Street, Mount Pleasant, in August 1963, ballistic tests proved the gun had been used in the McLeod murder. Police returned to the location and tied a similar rifle, rendered inoperable, to the bush with fishing line and constructed a hide in which they waited in case someone returned for it. Cooke was noted loitering in a car in the area several times, and was apprehended when he tried to collect the weapon just after midnight on 1 September.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: After initial denials regarding the McLeod murder, Cooke cracked after one of detectives, Max Baker, snapped at him. "Cookie, you're gonna hang, you know – there's no doubt about it. You got a wife and kids, think of them, and then think about whether you're gonna be dragged to the gallows like a mongrel dog or you gonna go there like a man."


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke began confessing to his many crimes, including eight murders and fourteen attempted murders. He was convicted on a charge of murdering Sturkey, one of Cooke's five Australia Day shooting victims. In his confessions, Cooke demonstrated an exceptionally good memory for the details of his crimes irrespective of how long ago he had committed the offences. For example, he confessed to more than 250 burglaries and was able to detail exactly what he took, including the number and denominations of the coins he had stolen from each location. The book by Bret Christian includes details of Cooke's confession, made over two days in September 1963 at Fremantle Prison to his Legal Aid lawyer Desmond Heenan. "I have a great respect for the law, although my actions don't show this," Cooke said.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke pleaded not guilty on the grounds of insanity. At trial, Cooke's lawyers claimed that he had schizophrenia, but this claim was dismissed after the director of the state mental health services testified that he was sane. The state would not allow independent psychiatric specialists to examine Cooke. Cooke was convicted of wilful murder on 28 November 1963 after a three-day trial by jury in the Supreme Court of Western Australia before Justice Virtue. He was sentenced to death by hanging and, despite having grounds to appeal, he ordered his lawyers not to apply, claiming that he deserved to pay for what he had done.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: After 13 months in New Division, Cooke was hanged at 8 am on 26 October 1964 in Fremantle Prison. Ten minutes before the sentence was carried out, Cooke swore on the Bible that he had killed Brewer and Anderson, claims which had been previously rejected because other people had already been convicted of those murders. Cooke was the last person to be hanged in the state of Western Australia. He was buried in Fremantle Cemetery, above the remains of child killer Martha Rendell, who was hanged in Fremantle Prison in 1909.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Darryl Beamish, a deaf-mute, was convicted in December 1961 of murdering Jillian Macpherson Brewer, a Melbourne heiress who was struck with a hatchet and stabbed with scissors, in 1959. Beamish was initially sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment, and a later investigation, supported by "Post Newspapers" owner Bret Christian led to his conviction being overturned. Beamish's initial appeal was dismissed because the court did not believe Cooke's evidence. The prosecution claimed that Cooke's confessions were an attempt to prolong his own trial, and the then-Chief Justice of Western Australia, Sir Albert Wolff, called Cooke a "villainous unscrupulous liar". The police case against Beamish is detailed in Christian's book "Presumed Guilty".


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: John Button was wrongly convicted for the death of his girlfriend, Rosemary Anderson, who died in Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) at 2:30am in the early morning of 10 February 1963. Anderson had spent the previous day with Button in celebration of his nineteenth birthday; they had a minor argument at his home that night which culminated in her deciding to leave the Button house and walk home. Button followed her in his car at different stages, attempting to have her accept a lift home. At one stage Button parked his car to smoke a cigarette; upon resuming driving he turned into Stubbs Terrace, in Shenton Park, and discovered her lying on the ground beside the road. John Button took his injured girlfriend to a local doctor and she was subsequently transferred to RPH by ambulance. The police became involved and interviewed Button who, after intense questioning and upon receiving notice of Anderson's death, broke down and confessed to being responsible for her hit & run death. After conviction for manslaughter, the courts dismissed Button's initial appeal, even though Cooke had by this time confessed to the crime and provided details that only the culprit could have known; in particular, the judges did not believe Cooke's claim that Anderson's body was thrown "over the roof" of a Holden EK sedan without damaging its external windscreen sun visor, as Cooke had claimed.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Over subsequent decades, Button and his supporters – including Christian and Blackburn – continued to press for a retrial, a campaign that included a well-publicised 1998 simulated reenactment of Anderson's death, conducted by crash test experts, with both a Holden matching one believed to have been used by Cooke on the night in question, and three Simca Aronde sedans like the car owned by Button, which were driven toward a crash test dummy. The dummy was thrown over the roof of the Holden, as Cooke had claimed, and the damage sustained matched the records of a panelbeating business that had, in 1963, repaired the vehicle driven by Cooke. The experts found that the sun visor flexed when hit by a body and returned to its original shape, without cracking the paint. An expert from the United States was brought to Australia to prove Cooke's car, not Button's, hit Anderson.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Despite Cooke's 1963 confession, Beamish served 15 years, while Button was sentenced to 10 years and ended up serving five. In 2002, the Court of Criminal Appeal quashed Button's conviction. Button's success opened the way for an appeal by Beamish, who was acquitted in 2005. In both cases, the appeal judges found that the murders had most likely been committed by Cooke. On 2 June 2011, Beamish was granted a A$425,000 "ex gratia" payment by the Western Australian government.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Estelle Blackburn spent six years writing the biographical story "Broken Lives", about Cooke's life and criminal career, focusing particularly on the devastation left on his victims and their families. New information on Cooke and fresh evidence published in the book led to the exonerations of Button and Beamish. Another book was by Bret Christian.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: In Randolph Stow's final novel, "The Suburbs of Hell" (1984), he acknowledged that there was a delayed response to the horror of Cooke's murders, which he transposed for fictional purposes from his WA origins to a town resembling the English town he then inhabited, Harwich. Suzanne Falkiner's biography of Stow revealed that it piqued his sense of humour that Perth denizens at the time of the murders would knock on doors and say 'It's the Nedlands Monster'.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: A 2000 memoir by Robert Drewe, "The Shark Net" – later made into a three-part television series – provided one author's impressions of the effect the murders had on the Perth of that era. According to Drewe, more people bought dogs for security, and locked back doors and garages that had never been secured before.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: Cooke, as "The Nedlands Monster", features in Tim Winton's 1991 novel "Cloudstreet" and the subsequent 2011 television adaptation. Cooke is also referenced in Craig Silvey's 2009 novel "Jasper Jones".


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: In March 2009, the second season of "Crime Investigation Australia" featured an episode about Eric Edgar Cooke. In September 2016, "Felon True Crime Podcast" also reviewed Cooke's crime spree in detail.


title: Eric Edgar Cooke

text: In November 2020, Stan released an original four-part docuseries "After the Night", covering the story of Cooke's murders.


title: Linear motion

text: Linear motion, also called rectilinear motion, is one-dimensional motion along a straight line, and can therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial dimension. The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion, with constant velocity (zero acceleration); and non-uniform linear motion, with variable velocity (non-zero acceleration). The motion of a particle (a point-like object) along a line can be described by its position formula_1, which varies with formula_2 (time). An example of linear motion is an athlete running a 100-meter dash along a straight track.


title: Linear motion

text: Linear motion is the most basic of all motion. According to Newton's first law of motion, objects that do not experience any net force will continue to move in a straight line with a constant velocity until they are subjected to a net force. Under everyday circumstances, external forces such as gravity and friction can cause an object to change the direction of its motion, so that its motion cannot be described as linear.


title: Linear motion

text: One may compare linear motion to general motion. In general motion, a particle's position and velocity are described by vectors, which have a magnitude and direction. In linear motion, the directions of all the vectors describing the system are equal and constant which means the objects move along the same axis and do not change direction. The analysis of such systems may therefore be simplified by neglecting the direction components of the vectors involved and dealing only with the magnitude.


title: Linear motion

text: The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the same time is called translatory motion. There are two types of translatory motions: rectilinear motion; curvilinear motion. Since linear motion is a motion in a single dimension, the distance traveled by an object in particular direction is the same as displacement. The SI unit of displacement is the metre. If formula_3 is the initial position of an object and formula_4 is the final position, then mathematically the displacement is given by:


title: Linear motion

text: The equivalent of displacement in rotational motion is the angular displacement formula_6 measured in radians.


title: Linear motion

text: The displacement of an object cannot be greater than the distance because it is also a distance but the shortest one. Consider a person travelling to work daily. Overall displacement when he returns home is zero, since the person ends up back where he started, but the distance travelled is clearly not zero.


title: Linear motion

text: Velocity refers to a displacement in one direction with respect to an interval of time. It is defined as the rate of change of displacement over change in time. Velocity is a vectorial quantity, representing a direction and a magnitude of movement. The magnitude of a velocity is called speed. The SI unit of speed is formula_7 that is metre per second.


title: Linear motion

text: The average velocity of a moving body is its total displacement divided by the total time needed to reach a body from the initial point to the final point. It is an estimated velocity for a distance to travel. Mathematically, it is given by:


title: Linear motion

text: In contrast to an average velocity, referring to the overall motion in a finite time interval, the instantaneous velocity of an object describes the state of motion at a specific point in time. It is defined by letting the length of the time interval formula_14 tend to zero, that is, the velocity is the time derivative of the displacement as a function of time.


title: Linear motion

text: Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration is the second derivative of displacement i.e. acceleration can be found by differentiating position with respect to time twice or differentiating velocity with respect to time once. The SI unit of acceleration is formula_17 or metre per second squared.


title: Linear motion

text: If formula_18 is the average acceleration and formula_19 is the change in velocity over the time interval formula_14 then mathematically,


title: Linear motion

text: The instantaneous acceleration is the limit, as formula_14 approaches zero, of the ratio formula_23 and formula_14, i.e.,


title: Linear motion

text: The rate of change of acceleration, the third derivative of displacement is known as jerk. The SI unit of jerk is formula_26. In the UK jerk is also known as jolt.


title: Linear motion

text: The rate of change of jerk, the fourth derivative of displacement is known as jounce. The SI unit of jounce is formula_27 which can be pronounced as "metres per quartic second".


title: Linear motion

text: In case of constant acceleration, the four physical quantities acceleration, velocity, time and displacement can be related by using the Equations of motion


title: Linear motion

text: These relationships can be demonstrated graphically. The gradient of a line on a displacement time graph represents the velocity. The gradient of the velocity time graph gives the acceleration while the area under the velocity time graph gives the displacement. The area under a graph of acceleration versus time is equal to the change in velocity.


title: Linear motion

text: The following table refers to rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: formula_37 is arclength, formula_38 is the distance from the axis to any point, and formula_39 is the tangential acceleration, which is the component of the acceleration that is "parallel" to the motion. In contrast, the centripetal acceleration, formula_40, is "perpendicular" to the motion. The component of the force parallel to the motion, or equivalently, "perpendicular" to the line connecting the point of application to the axis is formula_41. The sum is over formula_42 from formula_43 to formula_44 particles and/or points of application.


title: Girl You Know It's True

text: Girl You Know It's True is a 1989 album that served as the North American debut of German contemporary R&B duo Milli Vanilli. It is a version of Milli Vanilli's Europe-only release "All or Nothing" reconfigured and repackaged for the US market.


title: Girl You Know It's True

text: The album was a major success in the USA, producing five singles that entered the top 5 of the "Billboard" Hot 100, three of which reached the top position. In January 1990, "Girl You Know It's True" was certified 6× platinum by the RIAA after spending seven weeks atop the "Billboard" Top 200. Additionally, the album spent 41 weeks within the top 10 of the "Billboard" Top 200 and 78 weeks within the charts overall. The album was also certified Diamond in Canada, denoting shipments of over one million units. The success of the album earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best New Artist on February 22, 1990.


title: Girl You Know It's True

text: On November 16, 1990, "Los Angeles Times" freelancer Chuck Philips reported that the group, which consisted of reputed vocalists Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan, did not sing a single note on the album. Arista Records dropped the act from its roster and deleted their album and its masters from their catalog, making it one of the largest-selling albums to ever be deleted. In addition to this, their Grammy Award was revoked, marking the first time a Grammy was ever rescinded from an artist.


title: Girl You Know It's True

text: According to producer Frank Farian, the decision to repackage "All or Nothing" as "Girl You Know It's True" was made by Arista Records president Clive Davis. In addition to including five of the tracks that originally appeared on "All or Nothing" ("I'm Gonna Miss You", "All or Nothing", "Baby Don't Forget My Number", "Dreams to Remember" and "Girl You Know It's True"), "Girl You Know It's True" featured several new tracks, including "Blame It on the Rain", which would go on to be a worldwide hit single, reaching number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In Europe, the track later appeared in an extended version on the album "All or Nothing - The U.S. Remix Album".


title: Girl You Know It's True

text: The track orders of some US releases are out of sequence with the listings printed on their cover art, while several tracks are listed with incorrect running times, and some of the writers' credits are inconsistent with what is listed in external sources.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown is a 1966 American prime time animated television special based on the comic strip "Peanuts" by Charles M. Schulz.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: A Halloween special, it was the third "Peanuts" special (and second holiday-themed special, following "A Charlie Brown Christmas") to be produced and animated by Bill Melendez. The special features music composed by jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi, whose contributions include the theme song "Linus and Lucy". It was also the first "Peanuts" special whose title used the pattern of a short phrase followed by "Charlie Brown", a pattern which remained the norm for almost all subsequent "Peanuts" specials.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Its initial broadcast took place on October 27, 1966 on CBS, preempting "My Three Sons", and tied "Bonanza" as the No. 1 broadcast in that week's Nielsen TV ratings. The original sponsors were Coca-Cola (which had been the original sponsor of "A Charlie Brown Christmas") and the Dolly Madison brand of baked snack food. (Dolly Madison continued to co-sponsor the "Peanuts" specials on CBS for many years.) The special was nominated for a 1966 Emmy Award.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: CBS re-aired the special annually through 2000, with ABC picking up the rights beginning in 2001. It aired annually on ABC during the Halloween season until 2019. From 2006 until 2019, ABC usually aired the special twice, once in a truncated format during a half-hour time slot and once in full during an hour-long time slot (filled out with an abridged version of the 1972 special "You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown").


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Beginning in 2020, Apple TV+ became the exclusive home of all "Peanuts" specials. The special is also aired on Family Channel in Canada since 2018. In 2021, the special returned to broadcast television on PBS and PBS Kids stations as part of a partnership by Apple and PBS. It aired at 7:30 P.M. ET/PT on October 24, 2021. It would be the only time the special aired on PBS, as the network could not renew the agreement for 2022. Apple allowed non-subscribers free streaming in 2022 from October 28 to 31.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: The program has been issued on home video several times, including a "Remastered Deluxe Edition" of the special released by Warner Home Video on September 2, 2008, with the bonus feature "It's Magic, Charlie Brown" which was released in 1981. To celebrate its 40th anniversary, a retrospective book was published in 2006. "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown: The Making of a Television Classic" includes the entire script, never-before-seen photographs, storyboard excerpts, and interviews with the original child actors who provided the voices of the "Peanuts" gang.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: A history of the program and the various religious interpretations of Linus' sincere belief in the Great Pumpkin are explained in the 2015 book, "A Charlie Brown Religion," published by the University Press of Mississippi.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: As Halloween approaches, Linus and Lucy Van Pelt go out to the local pumpkin patch to find a pumpkin until Lucy selects the largest they can find; she makes Linus carry it back to the house. He becomes upset when Lucy starts cutting it to make a jack-o-lantern. Later, Snoopy helps Charlie Brown finish raking a pile of leaves. Linus jumps into the heap with a large lollipop, resulting in leaves sticking to his face and lollipop. Then Lucy entices Charlie Brown to kick her football by showing him a signed agreement, but then pulls it away as usual before pointing out the agreement never got notarized.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Linus is writing his yearly letter to the Great Pumpkin. As he does so, he suffers from Snoopy's laughter, Lucy's threats, Patty's claim he's wasting his time, and Charlie Brown's initial disbelief of him and later outrage of him dragging Sally, his little sister, into it (the only one who, because she's so smitten with him, supports him). Lucy follows Linus as he goes out to mail the letter, refusing to even help him and thus, leaving him to use his blanket to open the mailbox and let the letter float in. Charlie Brown shows up to announce that he was invited to a Halloween party hosted by Violet. Lucy is skeptical about his invitation, assuming it was sent by mistake.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: On Halloween night, the group goes trick-or-treating, with each wearing a costume. Most dress as ghosts in simple white sheet costumes; Charlie Brown has "trouble with the scissors," leaving his costume full of holes. Pig-Pen's trademark dust cloud makes him easy to identify. Lucy dresses as a witch, claiming it represents the opposite of her real personality. On the way, they stop at the pumpkin patch to jeer at Linus for missing the festivities as usual. Undeterred, Linus persuades Sally, due to her infatuation with him, to skip trick-or-treating and join him.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: The "tricks or treats" group receives various sweets and some money, except for Charlie Brown, who is given nothing except rocks. After going back to the pumpkin patch to tease Linus and Sally again, they go to Violet's Halloween party. The girls ask Charlie Brown to serve as their model, initially to his delight, then embarrassment, when they use the back of his head to canvas potential jack-o'-lantern designs. Meanwhile, Snoopy, wearing his World War I flying ace costume, climbs aboard his doghouse and imagines it is a Sopwith Camel fighter plane. After a fierce battle with the unseen Red Baron, Snoopy makes his way across "the countryside" to crash the Halloween party. Sneaking into an apple bobbing tank, he accidentally kisses Lucy when she picks up an apple, disgusting her. He is entertained by Schroeder playing of World War I tunes on his piano, but when the sad songs make him cry, he leaves.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Linus and Sally are still in the pumpkin patch when Linus sees a mysterious shadowy figure, which turns out to be Snoopy, rising from the moonlit patch. Linus mistakes Snoopy for the Great Pumpkin, and faints. When Linus wakes, Sally furiously yells at him for making her miss the Halloween festivities, even as Charlie Brown and the others come to take her home. As they leave Linus, still adamant that the Great Pumpkin will materialize, promises to put in a good word for them if it comes and then panics after realizing that he said "if" instead of "when".


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: At 4 a.m., Lucy wakes up to find that Linus is not in bed and goes outside. She finds her brother in the pumpkin patch, covered by his blanket, shivering and half asleep. She leads him into the house, takes off his shoes, and puts him to bed.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: The next morning, Charlie Brown and Linus lean against a brick wall and commiserate about the previous night. Charlie Brown attempts to console Linus by explaining that he has done many stupid things too. Hearing that makes Linus snap, and he vows that the Great Pumpkin will come to the pumpkin patch next year; Charlie Brown dejectedly listens to Linus’ ranting while credits roll.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Schulz did not wish to make Charlie Brown's response of "I got a rock" a running gag. As such, he only wanted it as a one-shot joke, where Charlie Brown only gets a rock at one house. Melendez suggested it happen three times. Although executive producer Lee Mendelson disagreed, he was overruled. According to Schulz in the retrospective television special "Happy Birthday, Charlie Brown" (1979), after the program first aired, bags and boxes of candy came in from all over the world "just for Charlie Brown."


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Executive producer Lee Mendelson told "The Washington Post" that the sequence with Snoopy flying his doghouse was "one of the most memorable animated scenes ever." He also said that of all the "Peanuts" TV specials, "I believe "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown" is Bill Melendez's animation masterpiece."


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Similar to the earlier "A Charlie Brown Christmas" and "Charlie Brown's All-Stars" specials, "It's The Great Pumpkin" was sponsored by Coca-Cola and Dolly Madison Cakes. These sponsor tags were replaced in later broadcasts and edited out of the VHS/DVD releases.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: The score was performed by the Vince Guaraldi Sextet, featuring Guaraldi on piano, Monty Budwig on double bass, Colin Bailey on drums, John Gray on guitar, Ronald Lang on woodwinds and Emmanuel Klein on trumpet. It was orchestrated by John Scott Trotter, arranged by Guaraldi and Robert G. Hartley. All the music was recorded on October 4, 1966, at Desilu's Gower Street Studio in Hollywood.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Guaraldi's theme for the special, "Great Pumpkin Waltz", is first heard when Linus is writing the Great Pumpkin at the beginning and plays throughout. The World War I songs played by Schroeder while Snoopy dances are: "It's a Long Way to Tipperary", "There's a Long, Long Trail", "Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit-Bag", and "Roses of Picardy". Guaraldi historian and author Derrick Bang commented that the music Guaraldi composed for the special "emphatically established the "Peanuts" 'musical personality'," adding that the version of "Linus and Lucy" featured during the cold open was "arguably the best arrangement…that Guaraldi ever laid down, thanks in great part to Ronald Lang's flute counterpoint." (This version was again utilized in the 1969 feature film "A Boy Named Charlie Brown".)


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: Craft Recordings released the from the special on October 12, 2018. (Previously, only "Great Pumpkin Waltz" was released on the 1998 posthumous compilation album, "Charlie Brown's Holiday Hits", as well as Guaraldi's subsequent cover version released on the Warner Bros. Records release, "Oh Good Grief!".) Following criticism, Craft Recordings reissued the soundtrack in August 2022 using newly discovered original master tapes, without sound effects from the television special.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: The special was released on RCA's SelectaVision CED format in 1982 along with the specials "You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown", "It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown", and "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving". "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown" was first released on VHS by Media Home Entertainment in 1985 and Hi-Tops Video in 1988, as part of the "Snoopy's Home Video Library" set. This version included editing of the "trick-or-treat" scene to limit the scene to just the first house, and also removed the entire sequence of Schroeder playing World War I-era songs. Paramount Home Video later released the special in its entirety on VHS on August 17, 1994. It was re-released by the studio on October 1, 1996, and reprinted on October 7, 1997. It was released on DVD on September 12, 2000, with "You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown" as a bonus special.


title: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown

text: After Warner Home Video had obtained the off-air rights to the Charlie Brown library of TV specials, they released a new DVD release under the new "Remastered Deluxe Edition" line on September 2, 2008. On this DVD, the bonus special was "It's Magic, Charlie Brown" ("You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown" was released on its own DVD later that year), and it included a new featurette, "We Need a Blockbuster, Charlie Brown". A Blu-ray/DVD combo pack was released on September 7, 2011, with the same features as the Warner DVD. The feature was later released on 4K UHD on October 10, 2017.


title: UFC 260

text: UFC 260: Miocic vs. Ngannou 2 was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on March 27, 2021 at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.


title: UFC 260

text: A UFC Heavyweight Championship rematch bout between current two-time champion Stipe Miocic and Francis Ngannou headlined this event. The pairing met previously at UFC 220 on January 20, 2018, where Miocic won via unanimous decision and broke the record for most consecutive title defenses for the division with his third.


title: UFC 260

text: A UFC Featherweight Championship bout between current champion Alexander Volkanovski and former title challenger Brian Ortega would have served as the co-main event. However, the fight was cancelled a week before taking place as Volkanovski tested positive for COVID-19. The pairing was later rescheduled for UFC 266.


title: UFC 260

text: Johnny Walker was expected to face Jimmy Crute in a light heavyweight bout at the event. However, Walker pulled out of the fight in early February citing a chest injury. Promotion officials elected to remove Crute from the card and reschedule him against Anthony Smith the following month at UFC 261.


title: UFC 260

text: A heavyweight bout between former WSOF Heavyweight Champion Blagoy Ivanov and Marcin Tybura was scheduled to take place at the event. However, Ivanov was pulled from the bout in late February, citing an injury. Tybura is now expected to compete against Walt Harris at UFC Fight Night 193 on June 5.


title: UFC 260

text: A women's flyweight bout between Gillian Robertson and Miranda Maverick was scheduled for UFC 258, but it was cancelled on the day of the event after Robertson had a non-COVID related illness. They eventually met at this event.


title: UFC 260

text: A women's strawweight bout between Randa Markos and promotional newcomer Luana Pinheiro was expected to take place at the event. However, Markos was removed from the card on March 18 after testing positive for COVID-19. The pairing was left intact and rescheduled five weeks later at .


title: UFC 260

text: Former Invicta FC Atomweight Champion and UFC Women's Strawweight Championship challenger Jessica Penne and Hannah Goldy were expected to meet in a women’s strawweight bout at the event. However on March 24, Goldy tested positive for COVID-19 and the bout was postponed. The pairing remained intact and was rescheduled for .


title: UFC 260

text: A light heavyweight bout between Alonzo Menifield and William Knight was originally expected to take place at . However, the bout was postponed during the week leading up to the event after Menifield tested positive for COVID-19. The bout was then rescheduled for this event, but this time Knight was removed due to COVID-19 protocols and was replaced by promotional newcomer Fabio Cherant. At the weight-ins, Cherant weighted 206.5 pounds, half a pound over the non-title light heavyweight limit. His bout proceeded at a catchweight and he was fined 20% of his individual purse, which went to Menifield.


title: Ron Brown

text: Ronald Harmon Brown (August 1, 1941 – April 3, 1996) was an American politician. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce during the first term of President Bill Clinton. Prior to this he was chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). He was the first African American to hold these positions. He was killed, along with 34 others in a 1996 plane crash in Croatia.


title: Ron Brown

text: Ron Brown was born in Washington, D.C., and was raised in Harlem, New York, in a middle-class family. He was a member of an African-American social and philanthropic organization, Jack and Jill of America. Brown attended Hunter College Elementary School and Rhodes Preparatory School. His father managed the Theresa Hotel in Harlem where Brown and his family also lived. His best friend John R. Nailor moved into the penthouse while he was a student at Rhodes. Nailor was one of the other few black students who attended Rhodes Prep. As a child, Brown appeared in an advertisement for Pepsi-Cola (renamed to Pepsi in 1961), one of the first to be targeted specifically towards the African-American community.


title: Ron Brown

text: While at Middlebury College, Ron Brown became the first African-American member of Sigma Phi Epsilon, collegiate fraternity. Brown was commissioned through the ROTC program as a 2nd Lieutenant of Armor in the United States Army in 1962, after graduating from Middlebury, the same year he married Alma Arrington. After tours of duty in Germany and California, deploying temporarily to Korea, he left the United States Army as a Captain in 1967. Brown then joined the National Urban League, a leading economic equality group in the United States. Meanwhile, Brown enrolled at St. John's University School of Law and obtained a degree in 1970.


title: Ron Brown

text: By 1976, Brown had been promoted to Deputy Executive Director for Programs and Governmental Affairs of the National Urban League. However, he resigned in 1979 to work as a deputy campaign manager for Senator Edward M. Kennedy who sought the Democratic Party's presidential nomination.


title: Ron Brown

text: In May 1988, Brown was named by Jesse L. Jackson to head Jackson's convention team at the Democratic National Convention in Atlanta. Brown was named along with several other experienced party insiders to Jackson's convention operation. By June, it was apparent that Brown was also running Jackson's campaign.


title: Ron Brown

text: In 1982, Brown was named deputy chairman of the Democratic National Committee. That same year, he began lobbying the U.S. government on behalf of the brutal Duvalier regime which was then in power in Haiti. Over the next four years, Brown earned $630,000 helping to persuade the Administration to continue aid to the government of dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier. Brown refused to drop the Duvaliers despite being criticized for representing such unsavory clients.


title: Ron Brown

text: Brown was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee on February 10, 1989, becoming the first African American chosen to lead a major U.S. political party. He later played an integral role in running a successful 1992 Democratic National Convention and in Bill Clinton's successful 1992 presidential run.


title: Ron Brown

text: President Clinton then appointed Brown to the position of Secretary of Commerce in 1993. Clinton's highest priority was bolstering the economy, not diplomacy, and Brown produced results. He led delegations of entrepreneurs, businessmen and financiers to South Africa, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, the West Bank, Gaza, Egypt, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Ireland, India, and Senegal. He was leading a trade mission en route to Croatia when all passengers died in a plane crash.


title: Ron Brown

text: During the Nannygate scandal, Brown admitted that he had failed to pay taxes for his maid, who was an illegal immigrant. Forty percent of Americans called for Brown's resignation, but Brown remained in office.


title: Ron Brown

text: In 1996, before Brown’s trade mission, he was involved in selling seats on the plane used for the mission to raise funds for Bill Clinton's reelection campaign.


title: Ron Brown

text: In 1993, Brown was alleged to have accepted $700,000 from Vietnamese businessmen Nguyen Van Hao so that Brown would lift the embargo against Vietnam.


title: Ron Brown

text: On April 3, 1996, when Brown was on an official trade mission, a U.S. Air Force CT-43 (a modified Boeing 737) carrying Brown and 34 other people, including "New York Times" Frankfurt Bureau chief Nathaniel C. Nash, crashed into a mountainside on approach to Croatia's Dubrovnik Airport. The Air Force attributed the crash to pilot error and a poorly designed landing approach. Speculation about the crash included many government cover-up and conspiracy theories, largely based on Brown having been under investigation by independent counsel for corruption. Of specific concern was a trip Brown had made to Vietnam on behalf of the Clinton Administration. Brown carried an offer for normalizing relations between the United States and the former communist enemy.


title: Ron Brown

text: Some people, including Kweisi Mfume—head of the NAACP at the time—and Rep. Maxine Waters (D-CA), chairwoman of the Congressional Black Caucus, had written federal officials to ask for more data on the suspicious circumstances of Brown's death. "Responding to homicide allegations, an official of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology acknowledged that doctors initially were puzzled by a circular wound on the top of Brown's head when his remains were recovered at the crash scene. The forensic pathologist then consulted with others and took extensive X-rays. As a result of these consultations and full-body X-rays, we absolutely ruled out anything beyond a blunt-force injury to the head."


title: Ron Brown

text: On April 5, 1996, President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton planted a white dogwood tree on a hill on the South Lawn in memory of Brown and the others killed in the aircrash. On January 8, 2001, Brown was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton, twelve days before George W. Bush took office. The award was accepted by Brown's widow, Alma Brown. President Clinton also established the Ron Brown Award for corporate leadership and responsibility. The Conference Board administers the privately funded award. The U.S. Department of Commerce also gives out the annual Ronald H. Brown American Innovator Award in his honor.


title: Ron Brown

text: Many academic scholarships and programs have been established to honor Brown. St. John's University School of Law established the Ronald H. Brown Center for Civil Rights and Economic Development in memorial. The Ronald H. Brown fellowship is awarded annually to many students at Middlebury College to pursue research internships in science and technology, and the Ron Brown Scholar Program was established in Brown's honor in 1996 to provide academic scholarships, service opportunities and leadership experiences for young African Americans of outstanding promise.


title: Ron Brown

text: A memorial room has been installed in the Ronald Brown memorial house in the old city of Dubrovnik. It features portraits of the crash victims as well as a guest book.


title: Ron Brown

text: The largest ship in the NOAA fleet, the NOAA Ship "Ronald H. Brown", was named in honor of his public service not long after his death. The section of 14th Street between Pennsylvania and Constitution Avenue was renamed Ron Brown Way in March 2011.


title: Ron Brown

text: In March 2011, the new United States Mission to the United Nations building in New York City was named in Brown's honor and dedicated at a ceremony in which President Obama, former President Clinton and the United States representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Susan Rice, spoke.


title: Ron Brown

text: In 1997, Daniel C. Roper Middle School in Washington, DC, was renamed Ronald H. Brown Middle School in his honor. That school was closed in 2013 and the building reopened as Ronald Brown College Preparatory High School in 2016.


title: Ron Brown

text: His son Michael Brown was elected to the Council of the District of Columbia in 2008. He lost his re-election campaign in 2012 and later pleaded guilty to the charge of accepting a bribe from undercover agents. He was sentenced to 39 months in prison.


title: Allianz Parque

text: Allianz Parque (), also known as Palestra Itália Arena, is a multipurpose stadium in São Paulo, Brazil, built to receive shows, concerts, corporate events, and especially football matches of Palmeiras, the site owner. The stadium has a capacity of 43,713 spectators. At the time of its opening, the stadium had one of the most modern multipurpose spaces in the whole country. Its stadium meets all of FIFA's standards, accrediting it to receive the most relevant sports tournaments. Its construction started in 2010 under the authorship of Portuguese architect Tomás Taveira. The stadium was built by the company WTorre Properties/Arenas, belonging to WTorre Group. The stadium is located on the site previously occupied by Palestra Itália Stadium, also popularly known as Parque Antárctica, and opened in 2014.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The stadium is located in Pompeia Village, nearby the neighbourhoods of Perdizes and Barra Funda, in the west zone of São Paulo city. Near to the stadium, there is the Palmeiras–Barra Funda Metro Station at 1.5 km of distance, the Água Branca Metropolitan Train Station and several bus lines, totaling 50 different itineraries.


title: Allianz Parque

text: For drivers, parking service adjacent to the Allianz Parque, with capacity for 2,000 cars, plus 4,800 parking spaces in two malls located nearby. The complex is situated only 4 km from Paulista Avenue and 5 km from Central Zone of São Paulo. Besides, there are 9 5-star hotels in a radius of 6 km, more than 8,000 hospitalar beds at a distance of 5 km, apart from Congonhas Airport and Guarulhos Airport, at 13 and 30 km of distance, respectively.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The transformation of the former Palestra Italia Stadium in arena is the result of an agreement signed between Palmeiras and the company WTorre Properties/Arenas, belonging to WTorre Group. WTorre will manage the site for 30 years, and Palmeiras will profit 100% with the ticket sales at football matches.


title: Allianz Parque

text: According to the agreement between Palmeiras and WTorre, all expenses for the use of the arena, such as water, electricity, security, cleaning, insurance, lawn maintenance, shall be borne by the entrepreneur.


title: Allianz Parque

text: WTorre will hire a specialized company to manage the complex, passing onto Palmeiras an increasing percentage of the revenue with sponsorships, box seats and shows amongst others, starting on the first day of the complex's operation. At the end of this 30-year period, Palmeiras will integrate the whole enterprise, putting an end to the deal with company.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On September 30, 2009, WTorre completed the partnership with Traffic Group for marketing properties of the arena, such as the naming rights, cabins, special chairs, restaurants, cafés and shops, among others. The sports media company will market the spaces used in sporting, musical, social and corporate events.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On October 6, 2011, Palmeiras and WTorre announced the agreement with Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), to manage events in the arena. In turn, AEG made a partnership with Blue Box Company, that will provide consulting services to the US company of the best services in the Brazilian territory.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On April 24, 2013, WTorre announced the naming rights agreement with the Allianz company, which holds the rights to name five other sporting arenas: the Allianz Arena in Germany, the Allianz Stadium in Australia; Allianz Park in England; Allianz Riviera, in France; and Allianz Stadion, under construction, in Austria. The agreement with the insurance company is valid for 20 years, with an option to renew for another 10 at the end of the period. The deal is estimated at R$300 million.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On April 29, 2013, Allianz announced three name options for the arena: Allianz Parque, Allianz Center and Allianz 360º. On June 6, 2013, with 89% of over 620 thousand votes registered on the official website of the enterprise, the name "Allianz Parque" was announced. The other two options had 7% and 4% of the votes, respectively.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On March 13, 2014, WTorre and AEG announced the agreement with the Gourmet Sports Hospitality company, belonging to Kofler & Kompanie (K&K) Group, from Germany. The agreement provides chef services on game days and buffets for corporate events, conferences, concerts and other events that occur on site. In the stadium there is a central kitchen of 1,500 m and ten support kitchens, three lounges and 46 cafeterias and kiosks to serve the public on game days and corporate events. Up to 500 people can work in these places in a day with maximum capacity. The company was also responsible for serving the public during the 2006 FIFA World Cup, in Germany, 2010 FIFA World Cup, in South Africa, 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, in Brazil, 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, and some stages of Formula One. The company's contract with WTorre is valid for 20 years.


title: Allianz Parque

text: WTorre announced a partnership with Works Brazil Agency, a Works UK subsidiary, to perform the visual brand identity of the arena. In partnership with Allianz, the arena branding project was developed from its main logo. All communication elements associated with the brand "Allianz Parque", including banners, signboards, tickets, merchandising and other applications, were prepared for print and digital content. Similar projects have been developed by the company for corporations, national and international associations and international sports federations, such as IAAF, FIFA, FIVB, FIBA, FIH and NBA.


title: Allianz Parque

text: To organize events, from small conferences to large concerts, AEG hired Susan Darrington, former vice-president of the CenturyLink Field, largest stadium in Seattle, home field for the Seattle Seahawks and Seattle Sounders FC, for the position of general manager of the arena. Darrington will have primary responsibility for raising revenue for the Allianz Parque, with the initial goal of attracting about 300 events per year.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The first official game at Allianz Parque was held on November 19, 2014, between Palmeiras and Sport Recife in the Brazilian Série A, when hosts Palmeiras lost to Sport Recife 0–2. The first official goal of the stadium was scored by Ananias.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On June 7, 2015, the Arena hosted a friendly between Brazil and Mexico in order to prepare for the 2015 Copa América. The event was promoted by AEG Brazil in partnership with the British sports marketing agency Pitch International. The game ended 2–0 to Brazil, with goals from Philippe Coutinho and Diego Tardelli. It was the first game of the Brazilian team in the country since 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On August 8, 2015, the arena hosted the final of the "League of Legends" Brazilian Tournament, a Riot Games event. The winner competed with teams from Latin America and CIS for a place in the "League of Legends" World Championship. About 12,000 people attended the event, which was held in the amphitheater of the arena.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The very first big event at the Arena was on November 25 and 26, 2014, when Paul McCartney performed and completed his tour Out There in Brazil. About 50,000 people attended both concerts. The hard rock band Guns N' Roses performed at the stadium during their Not in This Lifetime...Tour on November 4 and 5, 2016 for an audience of 93,600 people. Shakira performed there during her El Dorado World Tour on October 21, 2018. The South Korean group BTS performed at the stadium during their Love Yourself: Speak Yourself Tour on May 25 and 26, 2019, with a sold-out crowd of 84,728 people.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The first national concert at the Arena was performed by singer Roberto Carlos, on April 18, 2015, in commemoration of his 74th birthday. Over 50,000 people attended the presentation.


title: Allianz Parque

text: List of major concerts and musical events held at the Allianz Parque involving the full stadium and the amphitheater. Some concerts may have a different configuration, by using an increased amphitheater with the stage advancing a bit further into the pitch, and therefore, creating a greater space for the audience on the stands and on the pitch itself.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On May 16, 2015, the arena hosted the edition of the "Arena Simpatia" event, with the presentation of the carioca band Samba de Santa Clara. The show also counted on the participation of the M.O.N. with Mario Velloso and Pietra Bertolazzi, The Juns, Jun Honda & Caio Ogura, besides the DJs Emiliano Beyrute, Gigga and Dre Guazelli.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On June 26, 2015, the arena hosted the event "Fextinha", 12 hours of open air non-stop music promoted by New Fun agency. With a capacity of up to 3,000 people, the party was led by DJs Make U Sweat, formed by Pedro Almeida, Dudu Linhares and Gustavo Guizeline, the Jetlag, with Thiago Mansur and Paulo Velloso, the duet M.O.N., with Mario Velloso and Pietra Bertolazzi, The Juns, with Jun Honda & Caio Jun, the Az Project of Ivan Arcuschin and Gabriel Salvia and also Emiliano Beyruthe and Marina Diniz.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On December 20, 2015, the Arena hosted the "All Colors Festival" for celebrating the 125 years of Allianz company. The festival featured various musical acts from 1 p.m. to 22 p.m., and part of the funds collected was donated to Instituto Ayrton Senna and Allianz Group's Employees' Benevolent Association (ABA).


title: Allianz Parque

text: On December 18, 2014, the arena hosted the official training session, opened for fans and media and sponsored by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). In addition, Brazilian athletes Renan Barão, Antônio Carlos Júnior, Erick Silva and Elias Silverio attended the training, beyond the Canadian fighter Mitch Gagnon.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On January 25, 2015, just before the friendly match between Palmeiras and Red Bull Brasil, which Palmeiras won by 3–2, the arena hosted a freestyle motocross (FMX) show, a freestyle football presentation and a paraglider landing on the grass, among other actions promoted by both clubs. The Palmeiras former players Evair, Ademir da Guia and Rosemiro attended the event. After these presentations, there was the exhibition game in celebration of the 100 years since Palmeiras played their historical first game ever, when Palestra Italia (changed to Palmeiras after WWII) played against Sport Club Savoia on January 24, 1915, winning 2:0 and their first title, Savoia Cup.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On March 28, 2015, the arena hosted a friendly farewell match in honor of the former attacking midfielder Alex, who had a winning history at Palmeiras between the 1997 and 2000 seasons. With the presence of several players and club idols, the Palmeiras champion team, winner of the 1999 Copa Libertadores, won "Friends of Alex" by 5–3 with two goals from Alex.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On May 21, 2015, the arena hosted the Build Tour São Paulo, Brazilian stage of the annual Microsoft conference for developers of all Windows platforms. Among the speakers figured Pete Brown, Jeff Burtoft, Wael Rabadi and Matt Velloso, who presented details of Windows 10 development platform.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The 3rd Stadiums and Arenas Management Forum was held at the Arena on October 20, 2015. Organized by the companies Arenaplan Consulting and Brasil Sports Market, the meeting discussed the challenges and management strategies for small and large stadiums in Brazil. With a legacy of at least 14 new arenas after the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the management of these venues becomes an important goal to strive toward.


title: Allianz Parque

text: Allianz Parque has 43,713 covered seats, being 25,395 lower seats, 14,888 upper seats and 3,430 in the cabins. There are 188 private boxes from 12 to 21 seats, a panoramic restaurant, cafes, shops, convention center with modular structure for up to 1,500 visitors, media center for up to 1,000 media members, a multimedia memorial space with the history of the club and an adjacent covered parking for up to 2,000 cars, with exclusive spaces for motorcycles and bike rack. Multiple events such as shows and concerts, can receive up to 55,000 spectators.


title: Allianz Parque

text: Aiming to facilitate the goers movement, as well as cleaning the bleachers, chairs are not fixed to the floor, but on metal rails, the same model used in Wembley Stadium. In some sectors, the seats and backrests are upholstered with or without arms. The chairs are composed of three shades of green, giving rise to a geometric design inspired by arecaceae leaves.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The changing rooms have similar dimensions: a 355 m room to the home team, and a 270 m to the visiting team. The biggest has wooden cabinet with identification of athletes and a "community" cabinet to hold large numbers of objects. In the bathrooms there are two hot tubs and an individual one, for immersion.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The Allianz Parque complex comes with a Multisport Building, erected where once was located the old gym club. The new building has about 10 thousand square meters, spread over 4 floors and is served by three elevators. Downstairs, there is a gymnasium with seating for approximately 1,500 fans built to host basketball, futsal and volleyball games. Two intermediate floors with about 2 thousand square meters each other were designed to receive multisport activities. On the rooftop, there is a synthetic grass pitch for football practice, with an area of almost 2,000 meters to over 48 meters high. An unprecedented architectural solution in Brazil allows the visitors to enjoy the outside scenery, good ventilation and much natural light.


title: Allianz Parque

text: There is also a Multipurpose Building, designed based on the architectural concept developed by architect Tomás Taveira. It has approximately 13 thousand m, spread over six floors plus ground floor. The building offers 8 changing rooms, 12 toilets and 6 elevators. The building facilities are for the use of club management, besides the indoor sports like judo and gymnastics; there is even a noble space on the top floor, which offers panoramic views of the club and the region.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The attractions of Allianz Parque are open to the general public. Access to club facilities, however, remains restricted to members of the Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On March 12, 2013, WTorre announced the acquisition of 64 high definition security cameras. The equipment, valued at R$15 million, is capable of performing face recognition of all visitors. The technology, which is used in high-traffic venues, such as airports in Europe and US, is able to immediately identify non-standard behaviors, i.e., fights and vandalism acts. The security software can archive images of faces to compare them later, even people using caps and goggles.


title: Allianz Parque

text: In early 2014, the WTorre announced the acquisition of two high-definition video screens to be installed inside the stadium. With costs estimated at R$7 million, the equipment has a format, each with more than area. The screens are installed at the ends of lawns, behind the goals, enabling the display of any content without the need for adaptation. The models feature white LED structure and shun conventional standards, with a resolution (16 mm) 20% higher compared to others. Thus, in all the seats of the stadium there is a good view of the images.


title: Allianz Parque

text: A solution developed by architect Edo Rocha, responsible for the arena project, was to coat the entire facade with drilled stainless steel that causes an optical art effect, with hollow spaces that resemble a wicker basket. The use of stainless steel ensures the best use of natural ventilation and lighting, in addition to functioning as a passive solar control element in order to moderate the temperature in the environment. The material is highly durable, low maintenance and cleaning, because it is washed in the rain. Furthermore, the use of that material aims to make outdoor advertising and serves to impact both visitors and pedestrians.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The arena roof is fully integrated into the facade, i.e., without the pillars, increasing the space for visitors. There are 33 meters vertically between the floor and the ceiling of the stadium, which protects 100% of the bleachers. Developed by Usiminas, a tubular metal frame and zipped thermo tiles provide the most pleasant sensations to the public, reducing the temperature by 2 °C between the level of the field and the upper seats and also the outside noises of the streets.


title: Allianz Parque

text: Around the playing field was installed a transparent polycarbonate cover to allow the maximum amount of sunlight to reach the ground. The Aviva Stadium in Dublin, and the Etihad Stadium in Manchester are some of the few in the world that use this technology.


title: Allianz Parque

text: Regarding environmental issues, the Allianz Parque has a system to capture rainwater that falls on the roof of the stadium, which has 23 thousand square meters. Thus, the collected water can be reused in different sectors of the arena, preventing stormwater is overloaded.


title: Allianz Parque

text: According to the builder, in the arena there are 889 spaces for wheelchair users, 778 seats for the handicapped, 122 seats for obese, 63 accessible bathrooms distributed in all sectors: lower and upper stands and cabins. Furthermore, there are 15 elevators, 26 escalators, ramps and special box office. In the parking lot, there are forty-nine vacancies for people with special needs (PSN) located near to the elevators and 78 places for the elderly. Thus, the adjustments exceed the recommendations of the Brazilian standard and also FIFA.


title: Allianz Parque

text: In June 2017, the arena was the first in Brazil to be qualified by its architectural accessibility, receiving the "Selo guiaderodas" award, which evaluates premises and services for people with mobility issues. The qualification was based in analyses by specialized architects, practical tests by people with mobility issues and capacitation training for the staff of the stadium and the club.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The Allianz Parque has received much praise from the world's media, such as the Spanish site Elgoldigital.com, which considered it the most spectacular arena in the world, and the site Goal.com by Italian version, which defined it as the new contemporary architectural jewel of São Paulo.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On February 19, 2015, the Allianz Parque was named by popular vote the Stadium of The Year 2014. The leading competition was organized by Stadiony.net and StadiumDB.com, two websites dedicated to sports stadia. The competition was for venues opened in 2014, with Palmeiras stadium among 32 entries worldwide. Between January 17 and February 17, 2015, Allianz Parque got about 34,000 votes and 134,725 points. San Mamés Barria, in Spain, and Otkritie Arena, in Russia, have had 96,712 and 89,518 points each one and figured on second and third place, respectively. The renovated century-old Palestra Italia competed with seven other Brazilian arenas: Arena Corinthians, Arena da Amazônia, Arena da Baixada, Arena das Dunas, Arena Pantanal, Beira Rio and Estádio Kléber Andrade.


title: Allianz Parque

text: To celebrate the opening of Allianz Parque, Allianz launched in December 2014 the mini-game Allianz Goal for Xbox Live, an online gaming service of Microsoft's Xbox consoles. The game content, designed in partnership with Ogilvy & Mather, a WPP company, aims to make football fans, especially young people, experience the brand of the Arena and interact with photos and information about this and five other arenas sponsored by Allianz around the world.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On September 3, 2014, the architectural design of the arena received the Master Award at the 11th edition of the Grand Prix of Corporate Architecture, considered one of the most important architecture awards in Latin America. The arena also received the Sports Spotlight Award, category "Completed Work". The award was based on two evaluation criteria: architectural quality and benefits of the project for the region, noting various sectors of activity, such as health, education, sports, hotels, offices, etc.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On November 12, 2014, the construction of the arena was awarded in the category "Environmental Management at Works" at the 3rd Seconci Award for Occupational Safety and Health, organized by the São Paulo State Civil Construction Social Services (SECONCI-SP). Among the environmental management system implemented by the construction company, there were a waste management plan, erosion prevention measures, soil and water pollution control, water reuse and engineering control of noise levels. About 90% of all waste was reused or recycled, with 16 thousand cubic meters used in the work itself. The Palestra Italia stadium's old grass field was donated to the Mayor of the City of São Paulo to be reused in a town square.


title: Allianz Parque

text: On March 18, 2015, was inaugurated the "Allianz Parque Tour", which offers a guide service to the public with a trained Arena guide. In partnership with Futebol Tour company, the service offers a narrative journey through exclusive areas of the stadium, such as press boxes, cabins, convention center, press conference area, dressing rooms and field of play. The tour is available from Wednesday to Sunday (except on game days, other events or holidays) and lasts approximately one hour.


title: Allianz Parque

text: Initially planned to be opened in late 2012, the Allianz Parque has suffered from delays due to bureaucracy and construction challenges. The first deadline for finalizing the works was in the first half of 2013, then for the second half of that year, for February of the following year, and finally for the second half of 2014, when the works were completed.


title: Allianz Parque

text: In April 2013, the collapse of three beams in the Arena works left one person dead and another injured. The accident happened where the new grandstand was built on the old structure of the Palestra Italia Stadium.


title: Allianz Parque

text: The beams collapse occurred at the same time in which the prosecution attempted to impound the works. The prosecutors questioned, besides the environmental degradation and traffic impacts, if the work was a renovation or a new construction, because the permit Palmeiras had since 2002 was for renovation, not demolition. It was precisely for this reason that the grandstands were not demolished, the same local where the worker died in 2013.


title: Allianz Parque

text: In February 2014, Palmeiras attempted to resolve an impasse with WTorre at the FGV Chamber of Conciliation and Arbitration. The main cause of disagreement between the club and the company is the division of seats in the Allianz Parque. WTorre claims to have the right to sell 100% of the seats, while Palmeiras claims that the contract set a maximum number of ten thousand seats to be sold by the builder. However, there is no discussion as to the amounts to be collected from the box office, which are 100% of the club, but today the marketing impasse to sell the seats is still being discussed.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Marimar is a Mexican telenovela created by Inés Rodena and produced by Valentín Pimstein and Verónica Pimstein for Televisa in 1994. It is a remake of the 1977 telenovela "La venganza", which is in turn based on the radionovela "La indomable".


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Thalía and Eduardo Capetillo star as the show's romantic leads, while Chantal Andere plays the main antagonist.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Marimar is a poor, innocent girl who lives with her grandparents in a hut on the beach at San Martin de la Costa, in Ixtapa Zihuatanejo. She falls in love with Sergio, the son of Renato Santibáñez, a wealthy ranch owner. Sergio takes an interest in Marimar due to her humble, sweet demeanor and decides to marry her to spite his father and young stepmother, Angélica. Angélica despises Marimar because of her naivete, her illiteracy, and her ignorance of societal norms, deciding to embark on a campaign to disparage and humiliate her. Angered by his stepmother's behavior, Sergio decides to leave on a short business trip to earn enough money to allow him to take Marimar somewhere where she will be safe from Angélica's abuse.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: However, Sergio's departure leaves Marimar alone with no defense between her and Angélica's malice. First, Angélica turns the family and all the household staff against her. She then devises a plan to rid Marimar from the hacienda by staging a theft: she shows Marimar a bracelet lying in a puddle and tells her that she recognizes it as something that once belonged to Sergio's biological mother. She encourages Marimar to retrieve it from the mud with her teeth, and after Marimar follows Angélica's instructions and retrieves the bracelet, Angélica reports to the police that Marimar has stolen it. With Marimar being sent to prison, Angélica sends one of her servants, Nicandro, to set fire to the home of Marimar's grandparents where both of them die in the blaze that ensues. Finally, Angelica forges a letter in Sergio's name in which he tells Marimar that he never loved her and that he will divorce her. Traumatized by Angélica's wickedness, her imprisonment, the death of her grandparents, and the apparent betrayal of Sergio, the formerly good-natured Marimar becomes a woman hell-bent on revenge. Once released from jail, Marimar decides to create an entirely new life for herself. Accompanied by Padre Porres, she moves to Mexico City, where she adopts a new identity as "Bella".


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Marimar's life takes an unexpected turn when she finds employment in the home of a stranger named Gustavo Aldama, a man who has been looking for his daughter, "María del Mar", for many years. Gustavo and his sister Esperanza take "Bella" under their wing and teach her how to read and write, how to speak eloquently, and how to dress elegantly. Her family circle expands further when she discovers that she is pregnant with Sergio's child, in due course giving birth to a daughter, Crucita.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: When Marimar's metamorphosis into a new, brilliant social butterfly is complete, Gustavo takes her to the opera, where she happens to meet her estranged husband. Still believing that Sergio betrayed her, she launches herself into her long-planned vendetta against him and the rest of the Santibañez family. Diving into her new identity as Bella Aldama, she torments Sergio in a game of erotic cat and mouse, sometimes seducing him, sometimes rejecting him. After Marimar reveals to Gustavo that she is his daughter, in the middle of an argument with Bernardo Duarte, he suffers a heart attack and later dies. Marimar inherits her father's share of a country club in Valle Encantado and moves there to manage it. In the meantime, Marimar and Sergio's relationship becomes further complicated when the local governor, Fernando Montenegro, falls in love with Marimar, while his daughter, Natalia, becomes infatuated with Sergio and begins to plot against Marimar for Sergio's affection.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Marimar's campaign against the Santibáñez family enters its final phase, in which she strips Renato and Angélica of their wealth by driving Renato deep into gambling debt while holding the deed to the Santibáñez ranch as collateral. Finally revealing herself to everyone as Marimar, she takes ownership of the ranch and renames it "Hacienda los Abuelos", now ranking further above Angélica socially than Angélica ever was. Marimar exploits their fall from grace publicly to humiliate Angélica in the same way that Angélica used to humiliate her. Meanwhile, although Sergio remains in love with Marimar, he ends his marriage with her in disgust due to her actions and makes preparations to marry his childhood friend, Inocencia del Castillo. Marimar sets out to disrupt Sergio and Inocencia's lives by ruining their wedding and wielding her power and influence over Sergio.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Angélica is involved in a major traffic collision on her way to Valle Encantado and suffers fatal burns as a result. While lying on her deathbed, but still as hateful as ever, her last request is for someone to set fire to Marimar's home so that she will die in agony like Angélica. Meanwhile, Inocencia is distressed to discover that Sergio has been making repeated visits to Marimar's home. Pregnant with Sergio's baby, she collapses and is taken to the hospital. Her baby is delivered safely, but a scan conducted reveals she has a brain tumor. While awaiting surgery, she is visited by Marimar. Inocencia then makes a deal with Marimar: if she survives her operation, Marimar will have to leave Sergio and her alone; if she doesn't survive, Marimar will have to marry Sergio. Nevertheless, Marimar commits to Inocencia that she will forget about Sergio regardless of the outcome of her surgery.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Marimar then decides to enter into a relationship with an engineer, Adrián Rosales. Inocencia's tumor is successfully removed. With a new lease on life and ashamed of how she has treated Marimar, Inocencia tells her that she will no longer stand between Marimar and Sergio, as long as she can count on Sergio's support as a father to their child. Renato also expresses regret over how he has treated Marimar, and asks for forgiveness on behalf of himself and Angélica.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Padre Porres helps Sergio understand the motive behind Marimar's quest for revenge, and the couple eventually resolve the outstanding issue of the betrayal that never occurred. The story ends with Marimar and Sergio finally remarrying in the small church in San Martin de la Costa.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: Marimar: The Movie, a feature-length recap of the telenovela, was theatrically released by Solar Entertainment in the Philippines on October 2, 1996.


title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)

text: The first ever remake, as granted by Televisa, was the 2007 Philippine version of the same title "Marimar" starring Marian Rivera under GMA Network. It was a huge hit around Asia at the time. In Mexico, Nathalie Lartrilleaux remade "Marimar" in 2013 under the title Corazón indomable and Ana Brenda Contreras and Daniel Arenas starred as the protagonists. In 2015, Philippines' GMA Network remade the Mexican telenovela for a second time, with Tom Rodriguez and Miss World 2013 winner Megan Young playing the title role.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, or WIPP, is the world's third deep geological repository (after Germany's Repository for radioactive waste Morsleben and the Schacht Asse II salt mine) licensed to store transuranic radioactive waste for 10,000 years. The storage rooms at the WIPP are 2,150 feet (660 m) underground in a salt formation of the Delaware Basin. The waste is from the research and production of United States nuclear weapons only. The plant started operation in 1999, and the project is estimated to cost $19 billion in total.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: It is located approximately east of Carlsbad, New Mexico, in eastern Eddy County, in an area known as the southeastern New Mexico nuclear corridor, which also includes the National Enrichment Facility near Eunice, New Mexico, the Waste Control Specialists low-level waste disposal facility just over the state line near Andrews, Texas, and the International Isotopes, Inc. facility to be built near Eunice, New Mexico.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: Various mishaps at the plant in 2014 brought focus to the problem of what to do with the growing backlog of waste and whether or not WIPP would be a safe repository. The 2014 incidents involved a waste explosion and airborne release of radiological material that exposed 21 plant workers to small doses of radiation that were within safety limits.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: In 1970 the United States Atomic Energy Commission (later merged into the Department of Energy) proposed a site in Lyons, Kansas for the isolation and storage of radioactive waste. Ultimately the Lyons site was deemed unusable due to local and regional opposition, and in particular the discovery of unmapped oil and gas wells located in the area. These wells were believed to potentially compromise the ability of the planned facility to contain nuclear waste. In 1973, as a result of these concerns, and because of positive interest from the southern New Mexico community, the DOE relocated the site of the proposed nuclear waste repository, now called the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), to the Delaware Basin salt beds located near Carlsbad, New Mexico.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: The Delaware Basin is a sedimentary basin formed largely during the Permian Period approximately 250 million years ago. It is one of three sub-basins of the Permian Basin in West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico. It contains a thick column of sedimentary rock that includes some of the most oil- and gas-rich rocks in the United States. An ancient shallow sea repeatedly filled the basin and evaporated while the basin slowly subsided, leaving behind a nearly impermeable layer of evaporites, primarily salt, in the Salado and Castile Formations, geologically similar to other basins created by evaporitic inland seas. Over time the salt beds were covered by an additional of soil and rock. As drilling in the Salado Formation salt beds began in 1975, scientists discovered that at the edge of the basin there had been geological disturbances that had moved interbed layers into a nearly vertical position. In response, the site was moved toward the more stable center of the basin where the Salado Formation salt beds are the thickest and perfectly horizontal.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: Some observers suggested, early in the investigations, that the geological complexity of the basin was problematic, causing the hollowed-out caverns to be unstable. However, what is considered by some to be instability is considered by others to be a positive aspect of salt as a host rock. As early as 1957 the National Academy of Sciences recommended salt for radioactive waste disposal because at depth it would plastically deform, a motion called "salt creep" in the salt-mining industry. This would gradually fill in and seal any openings created by the mining, and in and around the waste.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: Exact placement of the construction site in the Delaware Basin changed multiple times due to safety concerns. Brine deposits located below the salt deposits in the Delaware Basin posed a potential safety problem. The brine was first discovered when a 1975 drilling released a pressurized deposit of the liquid from below the repository level. Constructing the plant near one of these deposits could, under specific circumstances, compromise the facility’s safety. The brine could leak into the repository and either dissolve radioactivity or entrain particulate matter with radioactive waste to the surface. The contaminated brine would then need to be cleaned and properly disposed of. There is no drinking water near the site, so possible water pollution is not a concern. After multiple deep drilling, a final site was selected. The site is located approximately east of Carlsbad.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: Waste is placed in rooms underground that have been excavated within a thick salt formation (Salado and Castile Formations) where salt tectonics have been stable for more than 250 million years. Because of plasticity effects, salt will flow to any cracks that develop, a major reason why the area was chosen as a host medium for the WIPP project.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: As of March 2022, the WIPP has received 40% of the authorized amount of waste set by the Land Withdrawal Act. More rooms and panels are to be added to accommodate for more waste.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: In order to address growing public unrest concerning construction of the WIPP, the New Mexico Environmental Evaluation Group (EEG) was created in 1978. This group, charged with overseeing the WIPP, verified statements, facts, and studies conducted and released by the DOE regarding the facility. The stewardship this group provided effectively lowered public fear and let the facility progress with little public opposition in comparison to similar facilities around the nation such as Yucca Mountain in Nevada.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: The EEG, in addition to acting as a check for the government agencies overseeing the project, acted as a valuable advisor. In a 1981 drilling, pressurized brine was again discovered. The site was set to be abandoned when the EEG stepped in and suggested a series of tests on the brine and the surrounding area. These tests were conducted and the results showed that the brine deposit was relatively small and was isolated from other deposits. Drilling in the area was deemed safe due to these results. This saved the project valuable money and time by preventing a drastic relocation.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: In 1979 Congress authorized construction of the facility. In addition to formal authorization, Congress redefined the level of waste to be stored in the WIPP from high temperature to transuranic, or low level, waste. Transuranic waste often consists of materials which have come in contact with radioactive substances such as plutonium and uranium. This often includes gloves, tools, rags, and assorted machinery often used in the production of nuclear fuel and weapons. Although much less potent than nuclear reactor byproducts, this waste still remains radioactive for approximately 24,000 years. This change in classification led to a decrease in safety parameters for the proposed facility, allowing construction to continue at a faster pace.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: The first extensive testing of the facility was due to begin in 1988. The proposed testing procedures involved interring samples of low level waste in the newly constructed caverns. Various structural and environmental tests would then be performed on the facility to verify its integrity and to prove its ability to safely contain nuclear waste. Opposition from various external organizations delayed actual testing into the early 1990s. Attempts at testing were resumed in October 1991 with US Secretary of Energy James Watkins announcing that he would begin transportation of waste to the WIPP.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: Despite apparent progress on the facility, construction still remained costly and complicated. Originally conceptualized in the 1970s as a warehouse for waste, the repository now had regulations similar to those of nuclear reactors. As of December 1991, the plant had been under construction for 20 years and was estimated to have cost over one billion dollars (equivalent to $ in dollars). At the time, WIPP officials reported over 28 different organizations claimed authority over operations of the facility.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: In November 1991, a federal judge ruled that Congress must approve WIPP before any waste, even for testing purposes, was sent to the facility. This indefinitely delayed testing until Congress gave its approval. The 102nd United States Congress passed legislation allowing use of the WIPP. The House of Representatives approved the facility on October 6, 1992 and the Senate passed a bill allowing the opening of the facility on October 8 of the same year. The bill was met with much opposition in the Senate. Senator Richard H. Bryan fought the bill based on safety issues that concerned a similar facility located in Nevada, the state for which he was serving as senator. His efforts almost prevented the bill from passing. New Mexico senators Pete V. Domenici and Jeff Bingaman effectively reassured Senator Bryan that these issues would be addressed in the 103rd Congress. The final legislation provided safety standards requested by the House and an expedited timeline requested by the Senate.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: The final legislation mandated that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issue revised safety standards for the facility. It also required the EPA to approve testing plans for the facility within ten months. The legislation stated that the security standards mandated in the bill were only applicable to the WIPP in New Mexico and not to other facilities in the United States. This clause caused Senator Bryan to oppose the bill, as he wanted safety standards mandated by the bill to apply to the facility in Nevada as well.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: In 1994, Congress ordered Sandia National Laboratories to begin an extensive evaluation of the facility against the standards set forth by the EPA. Evaluation of the facility continued for four years, resulting in a cumulative total of 25 years of evaluation. In May 1998, the EPA concluded that there was "reasonable expectation" that the facility would contain the vast majority of the waste interred there.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: The first nuclear waste arrived to the plant on March 26, 1999. This waste shipment was from Los Alamos National Laboratory, a major nuclear weapons research and development facility located north of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Another shipment followed on April 6 of the same year. These shipments marked the beginning of plant operations. As of December 2010, the plant had received and stored 9,207 shipments () of waste. The majority of this waste was transported to the facility via railroad or truck. The final facility contains a total of 56 storage rooms located approximately underground. Each room is in length. The plant is estimated to continue accepting waste for 25 to 35 years and is estimated to cost a grand total of 19 billion dollars.


title: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

text: On February 5, 2014 at around 11:00 a.m., a salt haul truck caught fire, prompting an evacuation of the underground facility. Six workers were taken to a local hospital with smoke inhalation and were released by the next day. Lab tests after the fire confirmed that there was zero release of radiological material during, or as a result of, the fire. Underground air-monitoring equipment was out of commission after the truck fire.