title: Mental As Anything

text: Mental As Anything's next two singles—Plaza's "Possible Theme for a Future TV Drama Series" (November 1979) and Mombassa's "Egypt" (January 1980)—did not reach the top 50. Their second LP, "Espresso Bongo", released in July, was named after the Cliff Richard movie, and it peaked into the top 40. Their fourth single, "Come Around", returned them to the top 20 in June, and it was followed by a top 30 hit with "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet", an upbeat cover of the 1964 hit by The Reflections, as a non-album single in November 1980.


title: Mental As Anything

text: They scored a No. 4 national hit with Plaza's "If You Leave Me Can I Come Too?", released in May 1981. Smith penned the follow-up, "Too Many Times", which became a No. 6 hit. It was accompanied by a music video shot on a building block in a Sydney seaside suburb and brought Mental As Anything international exposure by becoming a top 40 hit in Canada in July 1982, when they toured North America in support of Men at Work.


title: Mental As Anything

text: The next single, "Berserk Warriors" (December 1981), was a satirical tribute to ABBA, although the concurrent release of the pop hit "Swords of a Thousand Men" by British band Tenpole Tudor prevented Mental As Anything from realising their plan to make a Viking-themed music video to promote it, although they did eventually make the clip as planned and included it on their subsequent video album compilation. All of the 1981 singles were included on their Bruce Brown and Russell Dunlop produced "Cats & Dogs", which became their biggest success to date, reaching No. 3 nationally. Mombassa's "Let's Cook" (April 1982) was a radio-only single. "Let's Cook" was also an MTV Video. Mental As Anything members were also visual artists and held their first exhibition of their works in May. In June, during his tour of Australia, Elvis Costello heard them and produced their next single "I Didn't Mean to Be Mean" (August 1982), written by Plaza.


title: Mental As Anything

text: A compilation album, "If You Leave Me", was released in September 1982 in the United States and Men at Work, then at the peak of their popularity, had included Mental As Anything as a support act on their US tour. Peter O'Doherty wrote the band's next single, the sentimental "Close Again" (November), from their fourth album, "Creatures of Leisure", released in April 1983 and produced by Brown and Dunlop, which peaked at No. 8. It provided two more singles, the Smith and Mombassa collaboration "Spirit Got Lost" (March), which was accompanied by an imaginative animated video clip, and Pete O'Doherty's "Brain Brain" (September). To promote, "Spirit Got Lost", Mental As Anything performed the single on "Countdown" with the episode's director, Kris Noble, using a dry ice-filled coffin with a band member due to emerge; complaints from within the coffin were ignored by Noble with ""It's only another 30 seconds"", until a crew member remembered that dry ice could cause nausea, choking or even death.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Their final 1983 single was a cover of Roy Orbison's "Working for the Man" (November), produced by Mark Moffatt and Ricky Fataar. Internationally, "Creatures of Leisure" was altered to drop three Australia-only tracks and replace them with both sides of the "Working for the Man" single.


title: Mental As Anything

text: It was another year before their next single, Mombassa and Plaza's blackly humorous Christmas release, "Apocalypso (Wiping the Smile off Santa's Face)" appeared in December 1984, which was one of the first Australian recordings to be remixed as a 12" 'disco' version. The innovative stop-motion video by B Sharp Productions to promote "Apocalypso" later shared the "Best Promotional Video" award—with INXS' "Burn for You" by Richard Lowenstein—at the 1984 "Countdown" Awards held in 1985.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Greedy Smith began to gain prominence with his songwriting success and became the lead vocalist on several songs. Plaza's deep, sultry vocals contrasted well with Smith's higher pitched pop and falsetto. Smith penned and sang the next two singles, both from their "Fundamental" album produced by Richard Gottehrer and released in September 1985, which peaked at No. 3. "You're So Strong" (March 1985) reached No. 11 in Australia and also charted in the top 30 of the US "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs chart. It was followed by the band's biggest Australian hit "Live It Up" (May 1985) which climbed to No. 2 and remained there for three weeks behind Madonna's "Angel / Into the Groove". The single also reached No. 3 in the UK in 1987, and was a hit in Europe, after being included in the soundtrack of the hugely successful Australian 1986 film "Crocodile Dundee".


title: Mental As Anything

text: The band performed three songs in the 1985 Oz for Africa concert (part of the global Live Aid program) – "Live It Up", "If You Leave Me, Can I Come Too? " and "You're So Strong". It was broadcast both in Australia and on MTV in the US. Smith's "Date With Destiny" (September 1985) peaked into the top 30 but Plaza's "Big Wheel" (November 1985) did not reach the top 50. In December 1986, they performed under the pseudonym, The Death Barrels, in a competition sponsored by Mambo, Battle of the Surf Bands at Selina's Coogee Bay Hotel.


title: Mental As Anything

text: 1986 saw the release of "Greatest Hits Volume 1" which reached number 2 on the Australian charts. "Sloppy Croc", an instrumental that featured on the Crocodile Dundee Soundtrack alongside "Live It Up", was released as a single in Australia but with little promotion, failed to chart.


title: Mental As Anything

text: From late in 1986 to early 1987, Mental As Anything were the opening act on the multi-group Australian Made concert tour where they were joined by former Dynamic Hepnotics keyboardist Mike Gubb. The tour started with claims of mateship and cooperation; however arguments ensued between various band managers over the proposed concert series film. At the Sydney concert, Peter Trotter, playing saxophone for Mental As Anything, collapsed on stage and died a week later. The tour ended in acrimony with two managers, Chris Murphy (for INXS) and Jeremy Fabinyi (for Mental As Anything), arguing backstage in Sydney and coming to blows. A film of the tour, "Australian Made: The Movie", directed by Richard Lowenstein, was released in July 1987, but contained no footage of Mental As Anything performing. They followed the Australian Made tour by extensive touring of Europe and the UK on the back of the success of "Live It Up" and to promote their album of that year "Mouth to Mouth", again produced by Gottehrer


title: Mental As Anything

text: Mouth to Mouth charted in the top 20 in Australia and the two singles lifted from it, "He's Just No Good For You" and "Don't Tell Me Now" both charted in the Top 40, as did a further single at years end, a cover of Elvis Presley's "Love Me Tender". The music video for "He's Just No Good for You" was filmed on Scarborough Street in Monterey, New South Wales.


title: Mental As Anything

text: In late 1988, a cover of the Chuck Berry chestnut "Rock and Roll Music"—recorded for the Yahoo Serious movie "Young Einstein"—went top 5 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Charts. The single appeared on their next album, "Cyclone Raymond", produced by Steve James, Mark Moffatt, Mark Opitz and Robyn Smith; which peaked into the top 40 ARIA Albums Charts in October 1989. A planned first single for 1989, "Love Comes Running" was cancelled from release in Australia, instead appearing in New Zealand only. The first single released in 1989 from the album, "The World Seems Difficult" was a top twenty hit, but polished up for the overseas market, sounded unlike anything the band had previously released. Two further singles, "Baby You're Wild" and "Overwhelmed" did not peak into the top 50, and promotion of the album was hindered after Smith injured his arm in a horse riding accident, and was hospitalised, which forced tour concerts to be postponed or cancelled. By early 1990, Mental As Anything members agreed to take a sabbatical to work on solo work and side projects. Then Deputy Prime Minister, Paul Keating, opened their second group studio art exhibition in 1990.


title: Mental As Anything

text: In 1986 Plaza released a solo single, a cover of the 1960s Unit 4 + 2 song "Concrete and Clay", which was a No. 2 hit; the subsequent solo album, "Plaza Suite", also charted. In 1991, during his sabbatical from Mental As Anything, Plaza collaborated with former member of Models, James Freud. As Beatfish, they released the self-titled album, "Beatfish", which was one of the first Australian dance or house flavoured albums. Plaza's 1994 album "Andy's Chest" was composed almost entirely of Lou Reed covers. Another collaboration with Freud occurred in 1996 and resulted in the Hawaiian inspired Moondog project, with Plaza appearing on some tracks of the album "Postcard from Hawaii".


title: Mental As Anything

text: Mombassa and O'Doherty formed the duo Reg & Peter/Peter & Reg (they alternated names whenever interviewed) and released a single, "Jean" in March 1991, before adopting the band name Dog Trumpet and releasing the album "Two Heads One Brain". Studio musicians were Mike Gubb on keyboards (ex-Dynamic Hepnotics, Mental as Anything), John Bliss on drums (ex-The Reels) and Mark Honeybrook on bass guitar. Further releases followed with the EPs "Kiss a Gun Down" in October 1992 and "Strange Brew" in October 1993. After returning to Mental As Anything, they continued with their Dog Trumpet side project and provided three further album releases.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Mombassa also designed innumerable T-shirts, posters, videos and record covers for Mental As Anything and other bands. His most recent album cover is for Public Image Limited's "Greatest Hits So Far". Johnny Lydon spied Reg's work on Mambo clothing and sought him out to do their album cover. Reg's talents extend to illustrations and writings for, among others, "Rolling Stone", "Stiletto", "RAM", "Dolly" and "FMG".


title: Mental As Anything

text: Smith performed with his band, Greedy's on the Loose, during 1992 but there was no recorded output, while Twohill returned to art college and finished his degree.


title: Mental As Anything

text: During the sabbatical, Mental As Anything still played short tours and one-off gigs, but by 1993 they were back on record, providing the song "Ride", produced by Tim Farriss, for the soundtrack to the Yahoo Serious film "Reckless Kelly". They released a compilation of rare album tracks and b-sides, "Chemical Travel", in November.


title: Mental As Anything

text: By mid-1994 the band had recorded an album's worth of self-produced material but were having difficulty getting a release deal. They self-released an EP of songs, "Bicycle", and gave it away on their summer 1994/95 tour of NSW and Queensland. Radio station Triple J received a copy of the "Bicycle" EP on Christmas Day 1994 and put the lead track "Mr Natural" on immediate heavy rotation. Other stations followed and the demand led to the track being given a commercial release as a single and reaching the top 30 on the ARIA Charts (although charting higher in the States where the tour and free EP didn't reach). The resulting album, 1995's "Liar, Liar Pants on Fire", reached the top 40, with Mombassa's cover taking the 'Best Cover Art' award at the 1996 ARIA Music Awards.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Three further singles were lifted off "Liar Liar" in 1995 and 1996: Mombassa's "Nigel" which just failed to chart, a cover of Wreckless Eric's "Whole Wide World" which landed just out of the Top 50 (Top 30 in Victoria) and O'Doherty's tribute to Ms Faithful, "Marianne", which was released as the band supported Chris Issak on his 1996 tour of Australia.


title: Mental As Anything

text: On 16 August 1997, Mental As Anything celebrated 20 years together with the same line-up with a free birthday show at the Hopetoun Hotel in Surry Hills, Sydney. Late 1997 saw the band put together their third group art exhibition, Mentals III, which was opened by former Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, at the Manly Art Gallery (Paul Keating had opened their second group exhibition in 1990). Their 21st anniversary in 1998 was marked with the release of the last album by this line-up, "Garàge", which did not reach the top 50, nor did the two singles lifted from it, "Just My Luck" and "Calling Colin". December 1999 saw the release of "Best of Mental As Anything" which was accredited by ARIA with a gold certificate by 2001, and a seasonal single "White Christmas", that was given away at their "Yule Party" gig at Sydney's Metro Theatre.


title: Mental As Anything

text: In April 2000, Mental As Anything announced the first official change to their line-up since 1977. Brothers Peter O'Doherty and Reg Mombassa left to pursue their own musical projects, including their band Dog Trumpet, and their art careers. The last tour by this line-up was a short trip to Vietnam organised by the Australian Government. They were replaced by David 'Duck' Barraclough (ex-The Exponents) and Murray Cook (ex-Leah Purcell, Mixed Relations). Cook (no relation to Murray Cook of The Wiggles) left the band after the "Beetroot Stains" album (2000) and was replaced by New Zealand born Mike Caen, who had worked with Jenny Morris, Margaret Urlich, Rick Price, Daryl Braithwaite and Tina Arena. At the "Gimme Ted" benefit concert on 10 March 2001, Mental As Anything performed three songs. The "Road Case" album by this line-up appeared late in 2002.


title: Mental As Anything

text: In 2003 the band started recording favourite covers that had inspired the band in its early days, including songs such as "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town", "Lonesome Train", "Hangin Five", with a view to releasing an album under the title "Songs the Lord Tortoise". Although the album was completed in 2004 it has not been released.


title: Mental As Anything

text: The next line-up change occurred in September 2004 when Twohill was sacked from the band by Plaza and Smith. Upon return to Sydney following a tour of Western Australia by the band Twohill was told at the airport that he had played his last show for the band. Twohill lodged a wrongful dismissal case against his former bandmates with the NSW Industrial Relations Commission in 2007. At the hearing, he said he had "no inkling" that his bandmates were dissatisfied with his performances and his attitude, whereas Plaza advised that the band had been discussing Twohill's future for some time and had issued the drummer with a warning after alleged unprofessional behaviour during a gig at Ettalong, north of Sydney, in December 2003.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Darren Brain, said Twohill "played quite well". Twohill was ultimately successful in his claim, with Justice Frank Marks stating that the band gave "no basis" for the expulsion.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Twohill was replaced by Robbie Souter, a veteran of Dynamic Hepnotics, Slim Dusty band and other country and roots music combos. This line-up recorded the acoustic "Plucked", released in November 2005. In 2007 they toured Papua New Guinea for the first time to play three gigs in the capital Port Moresby as part of "Australia Week".


title: Mental As Anything

text: In May 2009 the band released the compilation album "Essential as Anything", celebrating thirty years since the release of their first EP and national tour of their debut album. The album also included a DVD of all the video clips released by the band. Additionally Mental As Anything re-issued all ten of the band's albums as digital downloads. The band also released a new studio album, "Tents Up", in June and toured nationally in support of both releases. On 27 August 2009, Mental As Anything was inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame alongside Kev Carmody, The Dingoes, Little Pattie and John Paul Young. Mombassa said that it was an honour to be inducted and thanked fans and industry supporters. At the ceremony they were inducted by Roy Slaven and they performed "Live It Up", "The Nips are Getting Bigger" and "If You Leave Me Can I Come Too" with Mombassa and O'Doherty rejoining them onstage.


title: Mental As Anything

text: On 18 September 2009 the band appeared live in Sydney's Apple Store with a digital download EP in the "iTunes Live from Sydney: Aussie Legends" series appearing the next day. An extensive pictorial biography of Mombassa, titled the "Mind of Times of Reg Mombassa" appeared in November, and by virtue of the subject served as a de facto biography of Mental As Anything up to Mombassa's departure in 2000. The Summer of 2009/2010 saw a national tour for the current line-up supporting the B-52s and Proclaimers. In mid-2010 children's entertainers, The Wiggles, released their "Let's Eat" album with the lead track being a collaboration with Smith, Plaza, Mombassa and O'Doherty on a re-recording of "Let's Cook".


title: Mental As Anything

text: The band continued to tour regularly, playing smaller venues throughout Australia's cities and regional centres. In 2012 both Barraclough and Souter departed the band due to ill health; and were replaced by Zoltan Budai and Jacob Cook, respectively. Souter died in 2017 due to liver failure, aged 68, and Barraclough died in 2018 due to pancreatic cancer, aged 58. Further changes occurred when Caen departed in late 2013 and was replaced by Martin Cilia in early 2014; and when Budai departed the band in 2015 and was replaced by James Gillard.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Martin Plaza has been battling kidney cancer since 2013 and has had extended periods off the road, with Caen and Craig Gordon variously standing in. Plaza played with the Mentals throughout 2014, and for a few dates in October 2016, but his health forced him to thereafter permanently retire from the group's touring schedule.


title: Mental As Anything

text: During this time, the band released newly recorded material: Smith's "Shake Off Your Sandals" (2015), Plaza's "Goat Tracks in My Sandpit" (2016) and a 5 track EP called "5 Track EP" (2017) which collected these two songs and three others. The EP was timed for release for the band's appearance on the 2017 APIA Good Times tour. Additionally back catalogue was reissued both physically and digitally in the UK/Europe via Demon/Edsel and in Australia via Universal Music Group.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Mental As Anything, now consisting of Greedy Smith (vocals/keyboards), Martin Cilia (guitars), Jacob Cook (drums), Craig Gordon (vocals/guitars) and Peter Gray (vocals/bass), played a special 40th anniversary show at Surfersaurus in Sydney, during October 2018. Smith was by this point the only original member of Mental As Anything to still be playing with the group. The concert was released as the live CD "At Play" in early 2019.


title: Mental As Anything

text: Andrew "Greedy" Smith died of a heart attack on 2 December 2019, in Sydney. Smith's final show with the band – and the band's last show to date – took place on 30 November in Tathra, New South Wales.


title: Mental As Anything

text: These awards were established by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) in 1982 to honour the achievements of songwriters and music composers, and to recognise their songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance, by its members annually. Andrew "Greedy" Smith of Mental As Anything won the APRA Award for "Most Performed Australasian Popular Work" in 1987 for "Live It Up".


title: Mental As Anything

text: Mental As Anything has won two Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Awards including their 2009 induction into their Hall of Fame. This induction recognised their achievement of a "significant body of recorded work" and that they "had a cultural impact within Australia".


title: Mental As Anything

text: "Countdown" was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine "TV Week" but then independently. "TV Week" had previously sponsored the 'King of Pop' awards. The were succeeded by the ARIA Awards.


title: Mental As Anything

text: The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Mental As Anything won one awards in that time.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: He is considered one of Japan's most important film actors. Several manga, anime and video game characters are based on him, including Kenshiro in "Fist of the North Star", Spike Spiegel in "Cowboy Bebop", Aokiji in "One Piece", and Jubei Yagyu in "Onimusha 2".


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: He began acting after graduating from high school, moving through several theatre companies before joining the Bungakuza theatre group at around the same time as Kaori Momoi. His career as a screen actor started in 1973 with a role as a junior police officer in a TV detective drama called "Taiyō ni Hoero!" He went on to appear in various television series and action films during the seventies. His most remembered role on television was in "Tantei Monogatari", in which he starred as an unlikely private detective. In films, he was known for such gun-toting roles as assassin Shōhei Narumi in the "Yūgi" ("Game") series of films, and master criminal Asakura in "Resurrection of the Golden Wolf".


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: In the 1980s, desiring to be seen as more than an action star, he moved from action films to a wider range of dramatic roles. He made a dramatic weight loss to appear in the film "The Beast to Die" in 1980. The following year he appeared in another action film, "Yokohama BJ Blues", which also featured his singing, and the surreal art film "Kagerō-za". In 1983, he won the award for best actor at the 8th Hochi Film Award for "Detective Story" and "The Family Game". In 1985 he took the lead role in the award-winning "Sorekara". In 1986, he directed "A Homansu", after the scheduled director left due to disagreements. This was the only film he directed. During the eighties, he also appeared in many commercials, such as for Gatsby hair products or Triangle shochu. In addition to acting, from the late seventies to the eighties he toured as a singer, releasing several albums of music.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: In 1989, although already diagnosed with cancer, he starred as the villain, Sato, in "Black Rain". Director Ridley Scott and co-stars Michael Douglas, Andy Garcia, and Kate Capshaw praised his professionalism and performance, despite his suffering. He died shortly afterwards, after making a final appearance in a special television drama with Florence Griffith-Joyner, in which he was supposed to run against her, but was unable to do so because of his illness.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: After his death, his image continued to be used in commercials, such as a 2000 campaign for Schick razors using his image from the "Tantei Monogatari" television series. Books, films, television specials, and other products, such as scale models of his most famous characters, continue to appear long after his death. In 1998, a film called "Yomigaeru Yūsaku: Tantei Monogatari Tokubetsu-hen" was released, containing two episodes of the "Tantei Monogatari" television series and some additional material. In 2009, his second wife, Miyuki Matsuda, produced a tribute film, "Soul Red", including clips from his films and interviews with actors such as Andy Garcia, as well as his two sons.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: Matsuda was born out of wedlock in Shimonoseki, to a Japanese father, a probation officer, whom he never met, and a Zainichi Korean mother, Kaneko Matsuda, originally Kim. She was a Korean who had married a Japanese man who died during World War II. Kaneko wrote his birth year incorrectly as 1950 on his birth records deliberately.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: He grew up and was educated in Shimonoseki, attending Kanda elementary school and Bunyo Junior High School, before entering Shimonoseki Secondary School. In 1967, while at high school, at the urging of his mother, he stayed with his aunt in the city of Seaside in America for one year. He attended Seaside High School. However, extremely unhappy in America, malnourished, unable to speak English, and feeling himself the victim of discrimination, he returned to Japan. Because he was afraid of facing his mother, he went to stay with his older brother in Tokyo. He attended as a night student and graduated in 1969. After graduating, he entered a theatre company called , leaving in November 1969. In 1971 he joined a theatre group "Club Marui", then in 1972 he joined "Bungakuza". He met his future wife Michiko through Club Marui in May 1971. At the time he was working as a barman.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: He changed his citizenship from Korean to Japanese while he was starring in "Taiyō ni Hoero!", with the help of Michiko, whose father was a member of the Liberal Democratic party who was head of the then-Prime Minister's support office.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: In 1975 he was involved in two fracases, first with two journalists, and then with a student who attacked him with a wooden kendo sword because the student thought he was assaulting a woman. The student ended up in a hospital, and Matsuda received a suspended sentence for assault. This caused a major disruption in his career, with film studios and television companies dropping him.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: He married Michiko Kumamoto in 1975 and had one daughter. They divorced in 1981 after six years of marriage. In 1983, he married Miyuki Kumagai, with whom he had started a relationship in 1979, when she was 17, when she appeared in the television series "Tantei Monogatari". They had three children. Two of the children, Ryuhei and Shota, became actors and daughter Yuki became a singer.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: In 1988, Matsuda was diagnosed with bladder cancer, before shooting began for "Black Rain". Matsuda refused chemotherapy, as he thought it would affect his ability to act in the film. After his death, his first wife, who had experienced him ignoring an ear infection until it required surgery to prevent deafness, wrote that she suspected that he did not actually realize the seriousness of his illness. During the filming, he was urinating blood. By the time shooting finished, in March 1989, his cancer had spread to his spine and lungs, making it inoperable. On October 7, 1989, Matsuda was hospitalized. A month after he was admitted, Matsuda died at 6:45 PM JST on November 6 at the age of 40, at a Tokyo hospital. He was buried in in Akiruno, Tokyo.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: A number of manga and anime characters were inspired by Matsuda. Manga author and artist Tetsuo Hara cited Yūsaku Matsuda as one of the two major influences on the character design of Kenshiro, the protagonist of manga and anime series "Fist of the North Star". The other major influence was martial artist Bruce Lee, with Hara combining the appearance and character traits of Lee and Matsuda when he came up with the character design of Kenshiro.


title: Yūsaku Matsuda

text: In the anime series "Cowboy Bebop", protagonist Spike Spiegel's appearance was primarily based on the main protagonist of "Tantei Monogatari", portrayed by Matsuda. Spike's voice actor Kōichi Yamadera was a fan of Matsuda, but avoided imitating Matsuda's distinctive manner of speaking, noting that it "wouldn't have sounded right" for Spike. Matsuda also inspired the character Aokiji from the manga and anime series "One Piece".


title: He Zizhen

text: He Zizhen (; 20 September 1910 – 19 April 1984) was the third wife of Chairman Mao Zedong from 1928 to 1937.


title: He Zizhen

text: He Zizhen was born in Yunshan (云山, now Yongxin County), Jiangxi, during the Qing dynasty and joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1925. She attended a Protestant school in her youth. She later graduated from the Yongxin Girls' School and joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1926.


title: He Zizhen

text: He Zizhen was introduced to Mao Zedong at Jinggangshan by Yuan Wencai, a classmate of her elder brother, in the spring of 1928. An expert in guerrilla warfare and a capable fighter, He Zizhen was also an excellent shooter who earned the nickname of "Two-Gunned Girl General". She and Mao married in 1928 and had six children together. When they married, Mao had not divorced his second wife Yang Kaihui, whom he had wed in 1920. Yang was arrested and executed in 1930 by the Kuomintang.


title: He Zizhen

text: He Zizhen had three daughters and three sons with Mao Zedong, but except for their daughter, Li Min, all of them either died young or were separated from the family. Their eldest daughter, who was left to a local family in Fujian, was found and recognized by He Zizhen's brother in 1973, but never had the chance to meet Mao or He.


title: He Zizhen

text: Two English researchers who retraced the entire Long March in 2002–2003 located a woman whom they believe might be a missing child left in the care of others by Mao and He in 1935.


title: He Zizhen

text: In 1937, He Zizhen traveled to the Soviet Union for treatment of a wound suffered earlier in battle, later attending the Moscow East University.


title: He Zizhen

text: While He Zizhen was in Russia, Mao courted Jiang Qing, who would become his fourth wife. He Zizhen was reportedly "dispatched to a mental asylum in Moscow to make room for Jiang". Upon her return to China in 1947, she found she could not hope to fulfill any sort of political role in Beijing. She later became the chair of Zhejiang Province Women's Union. In 1984, He Zizhen died alone in Shanghai.


title: He Zizhen

text: In 2007, a memorial hall was opened in Yongxin for He Zizhen with her daughter, Li Min, present as a guest.


title: Roelof Botha

text: Roelof F. Botha (born 19 September 1973) is a South African actuary, venture capitalist and company director.


title: Roelof Botha

text: Botha is a partner at Sequoia Capital and as of 2022 sits on the boards of MongoDB, Evernote, Bird, Ethos, Natera, Square, Unity, and Xoom. He also worked with AssureRX, FutureAdvisor, Instagram, Mixpanel and Mu Sigma. He previously sat on the board of directors of Meebo and YouTube before they were each acquired by Google, Weebly before they were acquired by Square, and Tumblr before they were acquired by Yahoo!. He previously sat on the boards of Eventbrite, Jawbone, Mahalo, Nimbula, Tokbox, and Whisper.


title: Roelof Botha

text: On "Forbes" Midas List, an annual ranking of venture capital professionals, he ranked 22nd in 2008, 9th in 2021, and 36th in 2022.


title: Roelof Botha

text: Botha was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and at the age of six he moved to Cape Town with his parents. He was raised in Hout Bay, a suburb of Cape Town, and attended Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck. Botha earned a BSc in Actuarial Science, Economics, and Statistics from the University of Cape Town, graduating in 1996. He worked as a business analyst at McKinsey & Co. in Johannesburg from 1996 through 1998. He then moved to the United States, where he received an MBA from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business.


title: Roelof Botha

text: In 2000, prior to his graduation from Stanford, Botha became director of corporate development for PayPal. He moved on to vice-president of finance and was named CFO in September 2001. PayPal went public in February 2002, and was purchased by eBay in October 2002. Meg Whitman offered Botha the opportunity to stay on as CFO post-acquisition, but he left to join Sequoia Capital in January 2003.


title: Roelof Botha

text: At Sequoia, Botha oversaw the firm's investment in YouTube, Instagram, and Square, among others. He also helped to plan the acquisition of Xoom by PayPal. In 2017, Botha took over lead responsibility for Sequoia's US operations from Jim Goetz. In April 2022, Sequoia announced that, starting in July 2022, Botha would replace Doug Leone as Senior Steward of Sequoia's global brand and operations.


title: Roelof Botha

text: Botha has led or co-led Sequoia's investments in several early and growth stage companies. As of 2022, his active investments include Ethos, Evernote, GenEdit, Landis, mmhmm, Pendulum, Skiff, Temporal Technologies, and The Org.


title: Roelof Botha

text: Botha's father, also named Roelof, is an economist. His uncle was the rock musician Piet Botha. His grandfather was Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha, a South African politician who served as the country's last foreign minister under the Apartheid government, and the first minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs under Nelson Mandela.


title: Billy Postlethwaite

text: He is the son of actor Pete Postlethwaite, and grew up in Shropshire. He began training in acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2008 and graduated in 2011. That same year, he made his stage debut as Grigory in the John Hodge play "Collaborators".


title: Billy Postlethwaite

text: In 2017, Postlethwaite appeared in the "Game of Thrones" episode "Dragonstone", alongside singer Ed Sheeran in a scene that received critical and fan backlash for Sheeran's cameo. In 2018, he had a role in "Tomb Raider", a film adaptation of the video game franchise. He starred as Boris Stolyarchuk in the HBO miniseries "Chernobyl" and had a small role in Sam Mendes' war drama "1917". In 2021, Postlethwaite joined the cast of "Beforeigners" for its second season.


title: Billy Postlethwaite

text: The actor took up the titular role in "Macbeth", in addition to the role of Lysander in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" for the Watermill Theatre. His performance as Macbeth received positive reviews by Judi Herman, writing for WhatsOnStage.com. "Macbeth" had previously been portrayed by Postlethwaite's father, in 1997.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: The Srisailam Dam is constructed across the Krishna River in Nagarkurnool district , Telangana and Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh near Srisailam temple town and is the 2nd largest capacity working hydroelectric station in India.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: The dam was constructed in a deep gorge in the Nallamala Hills in between Kurnool and Nagarkurnool districts, above sea level. It is long, maximum height and has crest gates. It has a reservoir of . Project has an estimated live capacity to hold 178.74 Tmcft at its full reservoir level of MSL. It's gross storage capacity is 6.116 cubic kms (216 tmc ft). The minimum draw down level (MDDL) of the reservoir is at MSL from its river sluice gates and corresponding dead storage is 3.42 Tmcft. The left bank underground power station houses reversible Francis-pump turbines for pumped-storage operation (each Turbine can pump 200 cumecs) and the right bank semi under ground power station houses Francis-turbine generators.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: Tail pond dam/weir located 14 km downstream of Srisailam dam is under advanced stage of construction to hold the water released by the hydro turbines and later pump back into the Srisailam reservoir by operating the turbines in pump mode. The weir portion got breached in November 2015 unable to withstand the normal water release from the hydro power stations. Tail pond weir was completed during the year 2017 and pumping mode operation is being done even when the downstream Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir water level is below MSL. The tail pond has nearly 1 tmcft live storage capacity.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: The Srisailam project began in 1960, Initially only as a power project. After several delays, the main dam was finally completed twenty years later in 1980 July 26. In the meantime the project was converted into a multipurpose facility with a generating capacity of by its second stage which was completed in 1987. The dam is to provide water for an estimated . Under the right bank branch canal in Kurnool and Kadapa districts will have assured irrigation. From the initial modest estimate of for a power project the total cost of the multipurpose project was estimated to cross in its enlarged form. The dam has alone cost together with the installation of four generating sets of each. The right bank branch canal is estimated to cost and the initial investment of has been provided by the World Bank. The projected cost-benefit ratio of the project has been worked out at 1:1.91 at 10% interest on capital outlay.. In 1998 a coffer dam was over topped by flooding. The power house required repairs and did not generate power for a year. On 2 October 2009, Srisailam dam experienced a record inflow which threatened the dam.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: Srisailam right main canal (SRMC) is constructed with 44,000 cusecs capacity at Srisailam reservoir level of MSL to feed Veligodu reservoir (16.95 tmcft), Brahmamsagar Reservoir (17.74 tmcft), Alaganoor reservoir (2.97 tmcft), Gorakallu reservoir (12.44 tmcft), Owk reservoir (4.15 tmcft), Gandikota Reservoir (26.86 tmcft), Mylavaram reservoir (9.98 tmcft), Somasila reservoir (78 tmcft) and Kandeleru reservoir (68 tmcft) with nearly 235 Tmcft total storage capacity. This canal also supplies water to Telugu Ganga project which supplies Krishna river water to Chennai city for its drinking purpose. This main canal by feeding water to K. C. Canal, Srisailam right bank canal, Telugu Ganga canal and Galeru Nagari canal irrigates vast area in Kurnool, Kadapa, Chittoor and Nellore districts.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: Handri-Neeva lift canal by drawing water from the Srisailam reservoir, supplies drinking water in all the districts of Rayalaseema.Veligonda reservoir receives water by gravity through tunnels to irrigate lands in Nellore, Kadapa and Prakasam districts. Kalwakurthy lift irrigation scheme by drawing water from the Srisailam reservoir, supplies irrigation water in Mahbubnagar and Nalgonda districts


title: Srisailam Dam

text: Srisailam left bank canal will receive water by gravity through tunnels to irrigate lands in Nalgonda district. Tunnel work is not complete and the required water has been provided to most of the project area by lifting water from the downstream Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: Systematic Neglect and absence of diversion of funds is evident in maintenance of the dam and lack of any modernization attempts of the Powerhouse. The officers report a shortage of maintenance staff.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: Safety concerns to the 2nd largest Hydroelectric project in the country have been raised over the years and have been assessed false subsequently. In 2009, the dam, designed for a maximum flood of 19 lakh cusecs, endured a flood of 25.5 lakh cusecs. According to a survey conducted in summer of 2018, the scouring resulted in the formation of a huge pit in the apron downstream the dam. And a structure protecting the ‘toe’ and foundation of the main dam has weakened. Efforts are not yet made to repair and maintain the dam.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: At present, the initial inflows into Srisailam reservoir are stored excessively without being used for power generation. The flood water fills the remaining empty Srisailam reservoir quickly and most of the flood water overflows into the downstream Nagarjunasagar reservoir without being used for power generation. The endeavor shall be to fill the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir fully with the uniform water released through the power generating units.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: The existing right bank power station (770 MW) can be converted into pumped storage hydroelectric power (PSHP) to operate in pumping mode when the downstream Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir level is above MSL. The PSHP can be used for energy storage purposes on daily basis and to transfer Godavari water to the Srisailam reservoir during drought years. Alternately, the tunnel of the existing power station can be used for a new PSHP station to pump water from the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir to the Srisailam reservoir.


title: Srisailam Dam

text: Srisailam reservoir, serving as lower level reservoir, has potential to install nearly 77,000 MW high head pumped storage hydroelectric plants on its right side.


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: Heather Anne Campbell is an American writer, comedienne, improv comedy performer, voice actress, and actress.


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: Born in Chicago, Illinois, Campbell began studying improvisational comedy at iO Theater at the age of fifteen, under the tutelage of Del Close. Following a four-year stint of performing in Northwestern University's "Mee-Ow Show", she relocated to Amsterdam in 2002 for three years as part of the comedy group Boom Chicago. In 2005, Campbell moved to Los Angeles and found work with multiple comedy clubs such as The Groundlings and the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater.


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: Campbell currently performs in and writes for The Midnight Show, a monthly sketch showcase at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater, and is a recurring performer on The CW's "Whose Line Is It Anyway". Campbell was also a writer on Cartoon Network's "Incredible Crew". In 2013, she began writing for Adult Swim's "The Eric Andre Show". She has also written for Fox's Animation Domination, and is a voice talent behind various short clips on Fox's Animation Domination High-Def (ADHD). She was a recurring guest on Comedy Central's "@midnight".


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: Campbell appeared on "MADtv" and was the featured singer in Improv Everywhere's "Food Court Musical".


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: In September 2010, Campbell was hired as a writer for Season 36 of "Saturday Night Live". In March 2011, Campbell appeared in "Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza", a shortform improv show that aired on GSN.


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: Campbell has also appeared in commercials for CiCi's Pizza, Wendy's, Toyota, and was featured in Activision's "Mapathy" campaign for the video game "". She has written several viral internet videos for "The Midnight Show", including "Twilight with Cheeseburgers", "Bavatar", and "Drive Recklessly", which was nominated for The Comedy Awards on Comedy Central in 2012.


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: Campbell's photography has been selected by National Geographic as Photo of the Day, and her poster design work was featured as the back cover of "Adbusters".


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: In addition, Campbell is also a video game journalist, and was editor of Dave Halverson's "Play Magazine" as well as Jeff Bond's "Geek Monthly" until their closure in 2010. Formerly, Campbell was also the Executive Editor of Fusion Publishing's "Rocket Magazine", in addition to being a freelance contributor for Edge Online, Action Button, and "EGM".


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: She has written or co-written three episodes of the 2019 "Twilight Zone" series. Campbell was also hired as a writer for the sixth season of Adult Swim's "Rick and Morty".


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: In June 2019, Campbell began co-hosting "Get Played" (formerly "How Did This Get Played?"), a podcast focused on unusual or poorly rated video games. In June 2022, Campbell began co-hosting spin-off podcast Get Anime'd!, with Get Played co-hosts Nick Wiger and Matt Apodaca.


title: Heather Anne Campbell

text: In October 2018, she came out on Instagram as part of National Coming Out Day. She is engaged to screenwriter and playwright Mary Laws.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: Nemanja Radonjić (, ; born 15 February 1996) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays for Serie A club Torino, on loan from Ligue 1 club Marseille. He has also represented the Serbia national team since 2017.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: Romani origin. He is born in Niš. Radonjić played in youth academy of the local club Radnički in his early years. Previously, he was a member of the local clubs Medijana and Železničar where he made his first football steps. As one of the best prospects in the academy, Radonjić moved to Partizan where he spent several, but later declared himself as a fan of the greatest opponent, Red Star Belgrade. Next he spent several months with Gheorghe Hagi Football Academy in Romania, before he signed a five-year contract with Roma in 2014, being loaned to Empoli for a season. At the beginning of 2016, Radonjić returned to Serbia, and joined Čukarički as a loaned player. He scored a goal on his debut for Čukarički in the Serbian SuperLiga. In the next fixture match, against Jagodina, he scored a goal from around 30 meters long distance of a goal, and later made assist for another goal. Playing with Čukarički, Radonjić collected 31 appearances with 4 goals in all competitions until the end of 2016–17 season.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: On 21 July 2017, Radonjić moved to Red Star Belgrade. He signed a five-year deal with his new club, being formally loaned until summer 2019, when his contract with Roma will end. He chose to wear the number 49 jersey at his new club. Radonjić made his debut for Red Star Belgrade in the first leg of the third qualifying round for 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, replacing Ricardo Cavalcante Mendes in the 61st minute of the match against Sparta Prague, played on 27 July 2017. Radonjić scored his first goal for the club in the second leg of the play-off round for UEFA Europa League, in 2–1 victory against Krasnodar. Radonjić played his first eternal derby on 27 August 2017, replacing Aleksandar Pešić in the 67th minute of the match. Radonjić scored his second goal for Red Star in 1–1 draw to BATE Borisov on 14 September 2017. Radonjić suffered a metatarsal bone fracture during the match against Rad on 18 November 2017. He became the third player in squad who injured in the same way since the beginning of the 2017–18 campaign, after Branko Jovičić and Vanja Vučićević. Returning to the field, Radonjić scored his first domestic league goal for Red Star Belgrade in the eternal derby match, played on 14 April 2018. Later, Radonjić scored four goals in five played matches until the end of season, including the last fixture match against Voždovac, when he won the first trophy in the professional career. In May 2018, Radonjić was elected in the best 11 players for the 2017–18 Serbian SuperLiga season, by clubs captains' and managers' choice. On 25 July 2018, Radonjić scored a twice in the first leg of second qualifying round for the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League campaign, after which he was also named as a player of the match in 3–0 victory over Sūduva. Scoring in extra time of the match against Spartak Trnava on 14 August 2018, Radonjić secured the group stage of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League campaign and play-off qualifying round for the Champions League, against Red Bull Salzburg. On 29 August 2018, Red Star purchased the deal from Roma, keeping Radonjić until June 2021.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: On 30 August 2018, Radonjić signed with French side Olympique de Marseille after helping qualify Red Star Belgrade for the group stage of the Champions League. He was assigned the number 7 jersey in his new club. The transfer fee was reported as €12 million plus 2 million in bonuses. Radonjić made his debut for the club in 4–0 Ligue 1 home victory over Guingamp on 16 September 2018, replacing Dimitri Payet in the 84th minute.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: On 1 February 2021, Radonjić joined German side Hertha BSC on loan for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. While at Hertha BSC, Radonjić appeared in 12 games overall, scoring his first goal and getting his first assist in the same game against Freiburg. He played his last game for Hertha against TSG Hoffenheim before returning to France.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: On 7 July 2022, Radonjić joined Serie A club Torino on loan from Marseille for the 2022–23 season. The deal includes an option to make the move permanent for Torino.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: As a member of Serbian under-17 level, Radonjić scored 5 goals on 6 matches between 2012 and 2013, including a hat-trick in a match Belarus. Later, he had also been a member of the under-18 and under-19 national teams. Radonjić was called into the Serbia U20 national squad in November 2016 by coach Nenad Lalatović, when made his debut for the team in a match against Montenegro. As a coach of Serbia U21 selection, Nenad Lalatović also invited him to the squad for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. In November 2017, Radonjić was invited to Serbia national football team for an Asia tour by caretaker Mladen Krstajić. He made his debut for Serbia in a friendly draw to South Korea on 14 November 2017, replacing Andrija Živković in 81 minute of the match.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: In June 2018, Serbia manager Mladen Krstajić included Radonjić in the final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. There he appeared on two matches, against Switzerland and Brazil. Serbia was knocked out in the group stage, having only won against Costa Rica.


title: Nemanja Radonjić

text: In November 2022, he was selected in Serbia's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup held in Qatar. He played in all three group stage matches, against Brazil, losing 2-0 Cameroon, drawing 3-3 and Switzerland losing 3-2. Serbia finished fourth in the group.


title: H.E.R. discography

text: American R&B singer H.E.R. has released one studio album, two compilation albums, five extended plays, twenty-three singles (including ten as a featured artist) and thirteen promotional singles.


title: Production designer

text: In film and television, the production designer is the individual responsible for the overall aesthetic of the story. The production design gives the viewers a sense of the time period, the plot location, and character actions and feelings. Working directly with the director, cinematographer, and producer, production designers have a key creative role in the creation of motion pictures and television. The term "production designer" was coined by William Cameron Menzies while he was working on the film "Gone with the Wind". Production designers are commonly confused with "art directors" as the roles have similar responsibilities. Production designers decide the visual concept and deal with the many and varied logistics of filmmaking including, schedules, budgets, and staffing. Art directors manage the process of making the visuals, which is done by concept artists, graphic designers, set designers, costume designers, lighting designers, etc. The production designer and the art director lead a team of individuals to assist with the visual component of the film. Depending on the size of the production the rest of the team can include set decorators, buyers, dressers, runners, graphic designers, drafts people, props makers, and set builders.


title: Production designer

text: Production design plays an essential role in storytelling, for instance, in the movie "Titanic", when the characters Jack and Rose are in the cold water after the ship sank, we know that they are cold because of the setting: it is nighttime and there is ice on their hair. A more specific example is "The Wizard of Oz", in which we know the story takes place on a farm because of the bale of hay Dorothy leans on and the animals around, as well as the typical wooden fence. In the scene in which Dorothy's dog is taken away, we know that it happens in her aunt and uncle's house, which adds more tension because her beloved friend, Toto is not killed, lost or kidnapped on the street, but is forced to leave by an outsider, Ms. Gulch, who enters Dorothy's private and safe zone (her home). Jane Barnwell states that the place the characters exist in gives information about them and enhances the fluency of the narrative (175). Imagine Dorothy's home was dirty and everyone in her house were dressed untidily, the viewer would have supported the outsider instead, perhaps thinking that the outsider in a way, rescued the dog from an unhealthy environment. Additionally, the characters' clothing, especially that of Ms. Gulch, makes the description "own half the county" more reliable in portraying Ms. Gulch, and also supports the reason why Dorothy cannot rebel against Ms. Gulch by making the dog stay. However, this does not mean that the setting or costume should be extremely detailed and cluttered with information. The goal is to not let the viewer notice these elements, which, however, is how production design works. Jon Boorstin states in his book, "Making Movies Work Thinking Like a Filmmaker", that the background, the camera motion or even the sound effect is considered well-done if the viewer does not notice their appearance.


title: Production designer

text: In the United States and British Columbia, production designers are represented by several local unions of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE). Local 800, the Art Directors Guild, represents production designers in the U.S., with the exception of New York City and its vicinity. Those members are represented by Local 829, the United Scenic Artists. In the rest of Canada, production designers are represented by the Directors Guild of Canada. In the United Kingdom, members of the art department are represented by the non-union British Film Designers Guild.


title: Production designer

text: The production design credit must be requested by a film's producer, prior to completion of photography, and submitted to the Art Directors Guild Board of Directors for the credit approval.


title: Primo Victoria

text: Primo Victoria (Latin for "Victory First") is the debut studio album by Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton.


title: Primo Victoria

text: The band had previously recorded the full length album "Metalizer" with Italian label Underground Symphony, but due to conflicts its release was delayed until 2007. "Primo Victoria" instead became Sabaton's debut album, recorded in 2004 in Abyss Studios, and released the following year with their new label, Black Lodge Records.


title: Primo Victoria

text: In 2010 the album was re-released on German label Nuclear Blast, with six additional bonus tracks, under the name "Primo Victoria Re-Armed". The re-release reached 43rd place in the Swedish album charts.


title: Primo Victoria

text: Sabaton used themes of war history in "Primo Victoria", a style they have continued ever since. According to singer Joakim Brodén, he and bass player Pär Sundström had written the music for the title track, but were missing lyrics. Because they felt the song had a "big sound", they wanted a big subject, and chose the allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. Having to do some research on the historic events, they decided they liked the meaning that the subject added to the song, and decided to give the whole album a war history theme.


title: Primo Victoria

text: The band was commissioned by members of the Norwegian Army 2nd Battalion to make an alternative version of "Panzer Battalion". The alternate version, called "Second Battalion", differs only in that the lyric "Second Battalion" is sung in place of "Panzer Battalion".


title: Primo Victoria

text: The band also later created another alternate version of Panzer Battalion named Amphibious Battalion for the Swedish marines fighting in Chad as a part of EUFOR.


title: Primo Victoria

text: As part of Nuclear Blast's 30th anniversary, in 2017, Sabaton announced through their website that they were beginning a long-term collaboration with Wargaming. The band stated they often play "World of Tanks" between shows. This collaboration resulted in the filming of a music video for the song "Primo Victoria", as well as the custom-painted Swedish Army Centurion tank featured in the video being made available for purchase in "World of Tanks".


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: Odessa Lee Clay (née O'Grady; February 12, 1917 – August 20, 1994) was the mother of three-time world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali and Rahman Ali, and the paternal


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: grandmother of Laila Ali. She married Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr. in the 1930s and worked for some time as a household domestic to help support her young children. She supported and inspired her son throughout his boxing career and was a ring-side regular at his bouts.


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: She was born in Hopkins County, Kentucky, one of six children of John Lewis O'Grady and Birdie B. Morehead. Her paternal grandfather was a white Irishman named Abe O'Grady, who emigrated to the United States from Ennis, County Clare, soon after the Civil War and married the daughter of freed slaves Lewis and Amanda J. "Mandy" Walker of Todd County, Kentucky. Her maternal grandfather, Tom Morehead (1837-1913), was the son of a white man whose surname was Morehead and a slave woman named Dinah. Morehead served in the 122nd United States Colored Troops during the war.


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: Clay's parents separated when she was young, and her mother worked as a maid, taking care of the household chores and the young children of a white family. Clay was raised partly by her aunt. When she became an adolescent, she dropped out of school and also found work as a domestic. Then, when she was sixteen years old, she met twenty-year-old Cassius, whom everyone referred to as "Cash". They soon married and settled into their own house in Louisville, Kentucky. The Clays' marriage was troubled. Ali told boxing promoters, "She's afraid of him."


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: Through her strong Christian belief, Clay had a great influence on the life and spiritual upbringing of both of her sons. Muhammad Ali later said, "My mother is a Baptist, and when I was growing up, she taught me all she knew about God. Every Sunday, she dressed me up, took me and my brother to church, and taught us the way she thought was right. She taught us to love people and treat everybody with kindness. She taught us it was wrong to be prejudiced or hate. I've changed my religion and some of my beliefs since then, but her God is still God; I just call him by a different name. And my mother, I'll tell you what I've told people for a long time. She's a sweet, fat, wonderful woman, who loves to cook, eat, make clothes, and be with family. She doesn't drink, smoke, meddle in other people's business, or bother anyone, and there's no one who's been better to me my whole life."


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: Clay supported and inspired her son throughout his boxing career. At small gyms early in her son's career and later at international arenas when he became world-famous, Clay traveled with her son and was a ring-side regular at his bouts. Muhammad Ali was much closer to his mother, whom he lovingly called "Bird", than to his father. After discovering boxing, it was his mother with whom he shared his dreams of greatness.


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: Clay's husband died in 1990. Odessa Clay died of heart failure on August 20, 1994 at Hurstbourne Health Center, a nursing home in the Louisville, Kentucky area. She had been disabled by a stroke since February 1994. Her body was buried in a grave alongside her husband in Green Meadows Memorial Cemetery, in Louisville.


title: Odessa Grady Clay

text: Odessa Clay appeared as herself in the film documentaries "Muhammad Ali: The Whole Story" (1996) and "When We Were Kings" (1996). In the 1977 film "The Greatest", Odessa Clay was portrayed by Dorothy Meyer, and in the 2001 film "Ali" she was portrayed by Candy Ann Brown.


title: Rob Simonsen

text: Simonsen began playing the piano by ear at an early age. His grandmother was a voice teacher and music was around him in his family home. He later studied music at Southern Oregon University, the University of Oregon and Portland State University.


title: Rob Simonsen

text: Rob's first break into film composing was the independent feature "Westender" in 2003. In 2004 he teamed up with composer Mychael Danna and has provided additional music and arrangements on "Surf's Up", "Fracture", "Moneyball", and the Oscar-winning "Life of Pi". Simonsen and Danna co-wrote the score of "(500) Days of Summer", and Joss Whedon's television series "Dollhouse". Simonsen's work includes the Sundance Film Festival features "The Way, Way Back" and "The Spectacular Now;" the Lionsgate feature film "The Age of Adaline"; and most recently "Love, Simon and Stargirl."


title: Rob Simonsen

text: In 2009 he opened his own studio, and The Hollywood Reporter named him one of the "15 Composers Primed to Take Their Place on the A List."


title: Rob Simonsen

text: Simonsen's music can be heard in nearly all iPhone 5 ads, and he appears in them as the conductor. "Red", one of his tracks for iPhone 5, has gained wide recognition. His music was featured in Coca-Cola's 2018 Super Bowl TV spot, "The Wonder of Us".


title: Ace (band)

text: Ace were a British rock band who enjoyed moderate success in the 1970s. Their membership included Paul Carrack, who later became famous as a vocalist for Mike + The Mechanics and as a solo artist. Ace are perhaps best known for their hit single "How Long", which was a top 20 single in the United Kingdom in 1974, and reached no. 3 in the United States and Canada in 1975.


title: Ace (band)

text: The band were formed in December 1972 in Sheffield as "Ace Flash and the Dynamos", but the name was soon abbreviated to "Ace". The members were assembled from various professional bands. Carrack and Terry Comer had previously played with Warm Dust, and Alan "Bam" King with Mighty Baby, whose antecedents were the 1960s band The Action. Ace were popular on the pub rock circuit. Their music was a fusion of pop and funk.


title: Ace (band)

text: Before the recording of their debut album, "Five-A-Side", the former drummer of Bees Make Honey, Fran Byrne, replaced Steve Witherington. The single "How Long" was taken from this record, and was a significant chart success, achieving a top 20 place in the UK Singles Chart, and reaching number three in the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the spring of 1975. The "Five-A-Side" album did well on its own, too, peaking at number 11 on the "Billboard" 200. Carrack, the band's keyboardist and chief songwriter, sang lead on "How Long", but was not the band's only vocalist. Follow-up singles were sung by other band members.


title: Ace (band)

text: Ace eventually moved to the United States, and replaced Phil Harris with Jon Woodhead in June 1976, releasing their third and final album "No Strings" in January 1977. Unlike earlier Ace LPs, this album featured an emphasis on Carrack's vocals, and the two singles issued from the album both featured Carrack as lead singer. The singles, however, didn't chart and the group disbanded in July 1977, when Carrack, Comer and Byrne all joined Frankie Miller's backing band.


title: Ace (band)

text: In addition to his solo career, Carrack has since played in Eric Clapton's band, Roger Waters' The Bleeding Heart Band, Roxy Music for the "Manifesto" album and tour, Squeeze in the early 1980s, and Mike + The Mechanics, for which he is best known. His solo re-recording of "How Long" became a UK top 40 hit again in 1996.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Lemierre's syndrome is infectious thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. It most often develops as a complication of a bacterial sore throat infection in young, otherwise healthy adults. The thrombophlebitis is a serious condition and may lead to further systemic complications such as bacteria in the blood or septic emboli.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Lemierre's syndrome occurs most often when a bacterial (e.g., "Fusobacterium necrophorum") throat infection progresses to the formation of a peritonsillar abscess. Deep in the abscess, anaerobic bacteria can flourish. When the abscess wall ruptures internally, the drainage carrying bacteria seeps through the soft tissue and infects the nearby structures. Spread of infection to the nearby internal jugular vein provides a gateway for the spread of bacteria through the bloodstream. The inflammation surrounding the vein and compression of the vein may lead to blood clot formation. Pieces of the potentially infected clot can break off and travel through the right heart into the lungs as emboli, blocking branches of the pulmonary artery that carry blood with little oxygen from the right side of the heart to the lungs.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Sepsis following a throat infection was first described by Hugo Schottmüller in 1918. In 1936, André Lemierre published a series of 20 cases where throat infections were followed by identified anaerobic sepsis, of whom 18 died.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: The signs and symptoms of Lemierre's syndrome vary, but usually start with a sore throat, fever, and general body weakness. These are followed by extreme lethargy, spiked fevers, rigors, swollen cervical lymph nodes, and a swollen, tender or painful neck. Often there is abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting during this phase. These signs and symptoms usually occur several days to two weeks after the initial symptoms.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Symptoms of pulmonary involvement can be shortness of breath, cough and painful breathing (pleuritic chest pain). Rarely, blood is coughed up. Painful or inflamed joints can occur when the joints are involved.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Septic shock can also arise. This presents with low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output and an increased rate of breathing. Some cases will also present with meningitis, which will typically manifest as neck stiffness, headache and sensitivity of the eyes to light. Liver enlargement and spleen enlargement can be found, but are not always associated with liver or spleen abscesses. Other signs and symptoms that may occur:


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: The bacteria causing the thrombophlebitis are anaerobic bacteria that are typically normal components of the microorganisms that inhabit the mouth and throat. Species of "Fusobacterium", specifically "Fusobacterium necrophorum", are most commonly the causative bacteria, but various bacteria have been implicated. One 1989 study found that 81% of Lemierres's syndrome had been infected with "Fusobacterium necrophorum", while 11% were caused by other Fusobacterium species. MRSA might also be an issue in Lemierre infections. Rarely Lemierre's syndrome is caused by other (usually Gram-negative) bacteria, which include "Bacteroides fragilis" and "Bacteroides melaninogenicus", "Peptostreptococcus spp.", "Streptococcus microaerophile", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Streptococcus pyogenes", and "Eikenella corrodens".


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Lemierre's syndrome begins with an infection of the head and neck region, with most primary sources of infection in the palatine tonsils and peritonsillar tissue. Usually this infection is a pharyngitis (which occurred in 87.1% of patients as reported by a literature review), and can be preceded by infectious mononucleosis as reported in several cases. It can also be initiated by infections of the ear, mastoid bone, sinuses, or saliva glands.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: During the primary infection, "F. necrophorum" colonizes the infection site and the infection spreads to the parapharyngeal space. The bacteria then invade the peritonsillar blood vessels where they can spread to the internal jugular vein. In this vein, the bacteria cause the formation of a thrombus containing these bacteria. Furthermore, the internal jugular vein becomes inflamed. This septic thrombophlebitis can give rise to septic microemboli that disseminate to other parts of the body where they can form abscesses and septic infarctions. The first capillaries that the emboli encounter where they can nestle themselves are the pulmonary capillaries. As a consequence, the most frequently involved site of septic metastases are the lungs, followed by the joints (knee, hip, sternoclavicular joint, shoulder and elbow). In the lungs, the bacteria cause abscesses, nodulary and cavitary lesions. Pleural effusion is often present. Other sites involved in septic metastasis and abscess formation are the muscles and soft tissues, liver, spleen, kidneys and nervous system (intracranial abscesses, meningitis).


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Production of bacterial toxins such as lipopolysaccharide leads to secretion of cytokines by white blood cells which then both lead to symptoms of sepsis. "F. necrophorum" produces hemagglutinin which causes platelet aggregation that can lead to diffuse intravascular coagulation and thrombocytopenia.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Diagnosis and the imaging (and laboratory) studies to be ordered largely depend on the patient history, signs and symptoms. If a persistent sore throat with signs of sepsis are found, physicians are cautioned to screen for Lemierre's syndrome.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Laboratory investigations reveal signs of a bacterial infection with elevated C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cells (notably neutrophils). Platelet count can be low or high. Liver and kidney function tests are often abnormal.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein can be displayed with sonography. Thrombi that have developed recently have low echogenicity or echogenicity similar to the flowing blood, and in such cases pressure with the ultrasound probe show a non-compressible jugular vein - a sure sign of thrombosis. Also color or power Doppler ultrasound identify a low echogenicity blood clot. A CT scan or an MRI scan is more sensitive in displaying the thrombus of the intra-thoracic retrosternal veins, but are rarely needed.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Bacterial cultures taken from the blood, joint aspirates or other sites can identify the causative agent of the disease.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Lemierre's syndrome is primarily treated with antibiotics given intravenously. "Fusobacterium necrophorum" is generally highly susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, metronidazole, clindamycin and third generation cephalosporins while the other fusobacteria have varying degrees of resistance to beta-lactams and clindamycin. Additionally, there may exist a co-infection by another bacterium. For these reasons is often advised not to use monotherapy in treating Lemierre's syndrome. Penicillin and penicillin-derived antibiotics can thus be combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as clavulanic acid or with metronidazole. Clindamycin can be given as monotherapy.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: If antibiotic therapy is unsuccessful, additional treatments include draining of any abscesses and ligation of the internal jugular vein where the antibiotic cannot penetrate.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: There is no evidence to opt for or against the use of anticoagulation therapy. The low incidence of Lemierre's syndrome has not made it possible to set up clinical trials to study the disease.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: The mortality rate was 90% prior to antibiotic therapy. In the contemporary era, a mortality of 4% has been estimated. Since this disease is not well known and often remains undiagnosed, mortality might be much higher. Approximately 10% of those with the condition experience clinical sequelae, including cranial nerve palsy and orthopaedic limitations.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Lemierre's syndrome is currently rare, but was more common in the early 20th century before the discovery of penicillin. The reduced use of antibiotics for sore throats may have increased the risk of this disease, with 19 cases in 1997 and 34 cases in 1999 reported in the UK. The estimated incidence rate is 0.8 to 3.6 cases per million in the general population, but is higher in healthy young adults. The number of cases reported is increasing; however, because of its rarity, physicians may be unaware of its existence, possibly leading to underdiagnosis.


title: Lemierre's syndrome

text: Sepsis following from a throat infection was described by Hugo Schottmüller in 1918. In 1936, André Lemierre published a series of 20 cases where throat infections were followed by identified anaerobic sepsis, of whom 18 patients died.


title: Community (season 1)

text: The first season of the television comedy series "Community" originally aired from September 17, 2009 on NBC to May 20, 2010 in the United States. The first three episodes aired at 9:30 pm ET before being moved to 8:00 pm ET. The show was picked up for 22 episodes in October 2009, and an additional 3 episodes were ordered later.


title: Community (season 1)

text: The show focuses on disbarred lawyer Jeff Winger, and his attempt to get a bachelor's degree at a community college, while he forms a bond with his Spanish study group.


title: Community (season 1)

text: Dan Harmon emphasized the importance of the cast to making the premise of the comedy work. "Casting was 95 percent of putting the show together," he said in an interview. He had worked with several of the cast members earlier; Joel McHale, John Oliver, and Chevy Chase all had cameo roles in episode 9 of "Water and Power", the short film series produced by Harmon for Channel 101. Actor Chevy Chase had long been a favorite of Harmon. Though principally not very partial to sitcoms, Chase was persuaded to take the job by the quality of the show's writing. Harmon saw similarities between Chase and the character he plays on the show. Though Chase has often been ridiculed for his career choices, Harmon believed this role could be redeeming: "What makes Chevy and Pierce heroic is this refusal to stop." Harmon had to warn Chase against playing a "wise-ass" the way he often does in his roles, since the character of Pierce is a rather pathetic figure who is normally the butt of the joke himself.


title: Community (season 1)

text: McHale, known from the E! comedy talk show "The Soup", was also (like Chase) impressed by Harmon's writing. He commented that "Dan's script... was so head and shoulders above everything else that I was reading." McHale appealed to Harmon because of his likeable quality, which allowed the character to possess certain unsympathetic traits without turning the viewer against him. For the role of Annie, Harmon wanted someone who would resemble Tracy Flick, Reese Witherspoon's character from the 1999 film "Election". Originally the producers were looking for a Latina or Asian Tracy Flick. Instead they ended up casting Alison Brie, known from her role as Trudy Campbell on "Mad Men".


title: Community (season 1)

text: The premise of "Community" was based on Harmon's real-life experiences. In an attempt to save his relationship with his then-girlfriend, he enrolled in Glendale Community College northeast of Los Angeles, where they would take Spanish together. Harmon got involved in a study group and, somewhat against his own instincts, became closely connected to the group of people with whom he had very little in common. "...I was in this group with these knuckleheads and I started really liking them," he explains, "even though they had nothing to do with the film industry and I had nothing to gain from them and nothing to offer them." With this as the background, Harmon wrote the show with a main character largely based on himself. He had, like Jeff, been self-centered and independent to the extreme before he realized the value of connecting with other people.


title: Community (season 1)

text: About the creative process behind the writing, Harmon says that he had to write the show as if it were a film, not a sitcom. Essentially, he says, the process was no different from the earlier work he had done, except for the length and the target demographic.


title: Community (season 1)

text: The show's reviews for season 1 have been mostly positive, scoring a 69 out of 100 with critics on Metacritic. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 90% with an average score of 7.5 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Snarky and fast-paced with a surprisingly tender undercurrent and an engaging cast, "Community" is one of the best new comedies of the season."


title: Community (season 1)

text: Notably, David Bushman (Curator, Television) of the Paley Center for Media called "Community" the best new show of the fall season. Jonah Krakow of IGN gave the first season an 8.5 saying "Given the way "Community" eventually ramped up and delivered some amazing stories in the second half of the season, I'm extremely excited about what's to come for Season 2."


title: Community (season 1)

text: The first season averaged 5 million viewers with a 2.4 rating in the 18–49 demographic and ranked #97 for the season.


title: Community (season 1)

text: The first season of "Community" was released on DVD on September 21, 2010. The DVD contains all 25 episodes on four discs plus special features. Special features on the DVD include:


title: Lidice

text: Lidice (, ) is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.


title: Lidice

text: Lidice is built near the site of the previous village of the same name, which was completely destroyed on 10 June 1942 on orders from Adolf Hitler and "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler in reprisal for the assassination of Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich.


title: Lidice

text: Lidice is located about east of Kladno and northwest of Prague. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the Prague Plateau.


title: Lidice

text: The first written mention of Lidice is from 1318. After the industrialisation of the area, many of its people worked in mines and factories in the neighbouring cities of Kladno and Slaný.


title: Lidice

text: Lidice was chosen as a target for reprisals in the wake of the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, because its residents were suspected of harbouring local resistance partisans, and were falsely associated with aiding team members of Operation Anthropoid. On 9 June 1942, 172 boys and men between age 14 to 84 were shot. Altogether, about 340 people from Lidice were murdered in the German reprisal (192 men, 60 women and 88 children). The village of Lidice was set on fire and the remains of the buildings destroyed with explosives. After the war ended, only 153 women and 17 children returned. They were rehoused in a new village of Lidice that was built overlooking the original site, using money raised by the Lidice Shall Live campaign, initiated by Sir Barnett Stross and based in north Staffordshire in the United Kingdom. The first part of the new village was completed in 1949.


title: Lidice

text: An art gallery, which displays permanent and temporary exhibitions, is in the new village from the museum. The annual children's art competition attracts entries from around the world.


title: Lidice

text: In 1942, poet Edna St. Vincent Millay published "The Murder of Lidice," a dramatic poem commissioned by the Writers' War Board in the United States.


title: Lidice

text: In 1943, The British author Gerald Kersh lightly fictionalized the massacre in the short novel "The Dead Look On."


title: Lidice

text: In 2017, to mark the 75th anniversary of the tragedy, the English composer Vic Carnall wrote his Opus 17, "In Memoriam: the Village of Lidice (Czechoslovakia / June, 1942)", a work for solo piano.


title: Lidice

text: In recent years numerous films have highlighted the events of the village's razing in 1942. The 1975 film "Operation Daybreak", 2011 film "Lidice" and "Anthropoid" from 2015 all detail the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich and the subsequent massacre and razing of the village.


title: Lidice

text: In remembrance of the Lidice massacre, many neighborhoods adopted the name Lidice in the years after the tragedy, and memorials were built. Notable examples include Lídice in Panama, San Jerónimo Lídice in Mexico, Lídice neighbourhood in La Pastora Parish of Caracas, Venezuela, Nova Lídice settlement in Medeiros Neto, Brazil, Lidice Memorial in Phillips, Wisconsin, Lidice Memorial Park in Crest Hill, Illinois, Plazuela Lidice town square in Montevideo, Uruguay, Lidic street in Santiago, Chile, and others.


title: Penelope Pitstop

text: Penelope Pitstop is a fictional character who appeared in the 1968 Hanna-Barbera animated series "Wacky Races" and the spin-off "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop", and was voiced by Janet Waldo. She also appeared in the 2017 reboot of "Wacky Races".


title: Penelope Pitstop

text: Penelope "Penny" Pitstop is an attractive southern belle, and the only female racer in the original Wacky Races lineup, driving a pink feminine car known as The Compact Pussycat which has personal grooming facilities that would sometimes backfire on other racers, such as shampoo foam hitting their faces. She always has time to relax and worry about her looks, because her car is like a beauty parlor. Penelope Pitstop also has a habit of holding her arm out in the breeze to dry newly applied nail polish, which the others mistake for a turn signal (this habit once sent the Roaring Plenty into a cactus).


title: Penelope Pitstop

text: Peter Perfect had a crush on her, a feeling that was returned, and always tried to help her; in "Dash to Delaware", they almost end up married. In the 2007 TV short "Wacky Races Forever" it is revealed that she had two children with Peter Perfect.


title: Penelope Pitstop

text: Unlike other drivers, Penelope rarely was targeted by the other racers (except Dick Dastardly of course), as it seems they also liked and tried to help her as Peter did. Penny was always thankful for their assistance and was perhaps the most peaceful racer on the track, though she twice gave the Creepy Coupe's dragon and serpent a good bashing with her umbrella. In the 2017 version, she eventually shows martial arts skills.


title: Penelope Pitstop

text: Penelope also had her own cartoon series, "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop", which also featured her rescuers the Ant Hill Mob. Her sworn enemy is the Hooded Claw (who is the secret identity of her own guardian, Sylvester Sneekly). Although she is blind to the fact her guardian is her nemesis in disguise, she is very smart and often manages to get herself out of trouble before her true guardians the Ant Hill Mob can get to her in time.


title: Penelope Pitstop

text: In "Wacky Races", Penelope has long blond hair in a full fringe. She wears a purple racer helmet with goggles. She also wears a dark pink rider jacket with a purple turtleneck and purple job gloves, pink skirt with red pants underneath and white boots.


title: Penelope Pitstop

text: In "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop", Penelope's eyes resemble those of Daphne Blake, and despite having white sclerae, she wears red lipstick. She wears a slight alteration to her Wacky Races wardrobe. Her helmet is replaced by a magenta pilot helmet with matching white goggles. She wears a hot pink long-sleeved jacket with a matching belt and long magenta scarf, which is hanging loose on the right side. Even though she still wears her red pants and white boots from Wacky Races, her job gloves are now white.


title: Nissan YD engine

text: The YD engine is a Inline-4 diesel engine from Nissan. It has a cast-iron block and aluminium head with chain driven DOHC. The engine shares much of its architecture with the QR petrol engine.


title: Nissan YD engine

text: The YD22DDT is used in the X-Trail, N16 Almera. It features the VP44 electronic rotary injection system and wastegated turbochargers. The VP44 pump models are easily spotted due to a flat acoustic cover over the engine.


title: Nissan YD engine

text: The YD22DDTi was a common rail diesel introduced in 2001, during the first small facelift of the P12 Primera, N16 Almera and V10 Almera Tino. It is also fitted to the Nissan X-trail. The injection system is common rail with a variable vane turbocharger is intercooled and produces the most power and torque of all the YD22 engines. Cars with this common rail engine usually carry the DDTI badge. The common rail version is easily distinguished from the VP44 model by the 4 injector bumps on the top of the acoustic cover.


title: Nissan YD engine

text: This engine features the VP44 rotary injection pump and is turbocharged and intercooled. In the Presage/Bassara it is fitted sideways with a variable vane turbocharger (Garrett GT1749V) and torque is limited to approximately accommodate the 4 speed automatic gearbox attached.


title: Nissan YD engine

text: In the D22 Navara/Kingcab/Frontier the engine is essentially the same other than modifications to accessories, mounts and plumbing to accommodate the longitudinal engine layout. The turbo is a wastegated IHI RHF4 which is also intercooled. The stronger gearbox allows it to produce more torque than the Presage/Bassara version.


title: Nissan YD engine

text: The model description YD25DDTi technically refers to the YD25 engines which use the VP44 rotary electronic injection pump and run injection lines to each cylinder. It is equipped with a variable nozzle turbocharger (Garrett gt2056v).


title: Nissan YD engine

text: The common rail versions of this engine are referred to in Europe as DCi. The common rail engines are used in the D40 navara, late model D22 Navara and the R51 Pathfinder. This is the engine referred to below.


title: Nissan YD engine

text: YD25DDTi High Power was developed in 2005 for the Nissan Navara (D40) and the Nissan Pathfinder (R51). It initially produced at 4,000 rpm and of torque. In 2010, Nissan updated the engine and the turbo(BV45 from gt2056v) for the Nissan Navara (D40) and Nissan Pathfinder (R51) facelift to produce and of torque. In 2011 the Nissan Murano was fitted with the updated engine.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Neel Tushar Kashkari (born July 30, 1973) is an American banker, economist and politician who is the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. As interim Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability from October 2008 to May 2009, he oversaw the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) that was a major component of the U.S. government's response to the Financial crisis of 2007–2008. A Republican, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California in the 2014 election.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Born and raised in Ohio, and educated at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Kashkari worked initially as an aerospace engineer. After attending business school at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, he became an investment banker, covering the information technology security sector for Goldman Sachs.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Henry Paulson, the former head of Goldman, and then Secretary of the Treasury, hired Kashkari on as an aide. Kashkari was eventually named Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Economics and Development. At Treasury, he played a number of roles in the response to the financial crisis and the subprime mortgage crisis that preceded it, most notably administering the TARP.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari left government and began working for Pimco in 2009, leading that company's push into the equities market. He resigned from Pimco in January 2013 to explore a run for public office. One year later, he announced his candidacy for Governor of California. He came in second in California's nonpartisan blanket primary but lost the general election to incumbent governor Jerry Brown.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: He was named the new president of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve November 10, 2015, succeeding Narayana Kocherlakota who announced his resignation in June.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari was born on July 30, 1973, in Akron, Ohio, to Sheila Kashkari, a pathologist at Akron City Hospital, and Chaman Kashkari, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Akron. His parents are Kashmiri Hindus who were born and raised in Srinagar in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and immigrated to the United States in 1964. They settled in Stow, a suburb of Akron, where Neel Kashkari grew up. His parents were well known within the local community of Indian Hindus. His older sister, Meera Kashkari Kelley, is a physician specializing in infectious diseases. Growing up, Neel's parents and sister were liberal, but his free-market views led him to identify more with the Republican Party.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari attended Stow–Munroe Falls High School before transferring to the Western Reserve Academy. He graduated in 1991 with honors in mathematics and was elected graduation speaker. In 2009, he described his high school grades as not good enough to apply to top-tier universities.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari earned bachelor’s (1995) and master’s (1998) degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He was the team leader for the mechanical engineering component of the school's entry in the 1997 Sunrayce, a solar-powered vehicle race.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: After completing his master's degree, Kashkari moved to Redondo Beach, California, and worked as an engineer for TRW Inc., a contractor for NASA. There he worked on a stabilizing component for the James Webb Space Telescope.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari left TRW to enter the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, earning an MBA in 2002. At Wharton he was president of the Finance Club and was part of the student organizing team for the annual Wharton Finance Conference.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari interned at the investment bank Goldman Sachs during the summer between his two academic years at Wharton. After graduation from Wharton in 2002, he joined Goldman's San Francisco office as an associate covering software companies in the investment banking division. In this role, he was part of the team that advised clients on mergers and acquisitions, as well as other financial matters, until leaving the firm in 2006.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: In May 2006 President George W. Bush announced his intention to appoint Paulson as Secretary of the Treasury. Kashkari contacted Paulson and asked to join him at Treasury. Despite not knowing Kashkari well, Paulson agreed to meet with him, and much later offered him a job as a policy generalist. Kashkari accepted, and then Paulson remembered to confirm that Kashkari was a Republican. After the U.S. Senate confirmed Paulson, he and Kashkari started at Treasury on the same day. Kashkari was one of several Goldman employees who followed Paulson to Treasury.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari began as a special assistant to Paulson working on energy policy. He and Allan B. Hubbard developed Bush's "Twenty in Ten" plan to promote energy conservation. He also worked on issues related to India, particularly infrastructure development. In November 2007, Bush nominated Kashkari to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Economics and Development. The U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination in June 2008, and Kashkari was sworn in the following month.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: By the summer 2007, concerns over the credit quality of private-label securitizations, underwriting standards and institutional solvency accelerated. The value of unconventional financial instruments backed by U.S. subprime mortgages declined sharply as it became clear that many of the borrowers would continue to default on the mortgages. This caused a housing glut and crisis as the banks holding the mortgages saw their assets decline in value and rushed to foreclose the loans. This ultimately intensified into a global financial crisis with broad implications.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari played important roles in several episodes of the crisis. He led Treasury's participation in the Hope Now Alliance, a mortgage industry initiative coordinated by the federal government that aimed to reduce foreclosures by modifying loan terms on a loan-by-loan basis. In March 2008 he represented Treasury at negotiations that led ultimately to the federally sponsored takeover and rescue of the investment bank Bear Stearns by JPMorgan Chase. He was in charge of Treasury's (ultimately unsuccessful) efforts to create a market in the U.S. for covered bonds, whose value would continue to be guaranteed by the issuing bank after the bank had sold them. He also worked closely with Paulson on Treasury's takeover of the government-sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on September 6, 2008, and the federal bailout of American International Group on September 16.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: In March 2008, Kashkari began to worry that, if the Bush administration never received the authority it needed to deal with the growing crisis, the next administration would blame them for everything wrong in the economy. Paulson scoffed at this idea, particularly Kashkari's speculation that Barack Obama, then a candidate in that year's presidential election, would win the presidency and use the crisis to ride to popularity just as former President Ronald Reagan had following the Iran hostage crisis.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: In early 2008, Paulson directed Kashkari and fellow Treasury aide Phillip Swagel to write a plan to recapitalize the banking system in case the crisis worsened. The plan called for Congress to authorize Treasury to spend $500 billion to buy mortgage-backed securities from troubled banks, replacing them on banks' balance sheets with safe, liquid Treasury bills. This would prevent runs on the banks and encourage them to lend. The plan was conceived as an alternative to proposals from the staff of the House Financial Services Committee, then led by Democratic Representative Barney Frank.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Following the collapse of the investment bank Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA) was enacted on October 3. Both Democrats and Republicans in Congress voted for the law. Kashkari was one of several Paulson aides who was heavily involved in the crafting the legislation. Based in large part on Kashkari and Swagel's recapitalization plan, the EESA created the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), a $700 billion bailout fund for financial institutions threatened with collapse. Kashkari initially proposed a $1 trillion fund, but Paulson vetoed that number as too large. Kashkari came up with the lesser figure of $700 billion by taking 5% of the $14 trillion in then-outstanding mortgages in the United States.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: To administer TARP, the EESA created within the Treasury Department a new Office of Financial Stability to be headed by an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability, who would be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. However, it also specified that the Treasury Secretary could designate an interim Assistant Secretary to run the office. Kashkari first came to widespread public attention on October 6, 2008, when Paulson named him to this position. During his time running TARP he retained his title as Assistant Secretary for International Economics and Development, but his international affairs responsibilities were delegated to another Treasury official.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Noticing a lack of necessary expertise in investment within Treasury, Kashkari recruited new staff for the program, some from government and others from industry, ultimately hiring about 100 people by January 2009. Kashkari also chaired the five-member investment committee within Treasury that decided which banks would receive TARP money.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: With Bush scheduled to leave office on January 20, 2009, following the November 2008 election, Kashkari's appointment was initially viewed as temporary. There were even plans to replace him before Bush left office. However, after Obama won the election, his transition team asked Kashkari to remain at Treasury after the inauguration for a limited period. He left the Treasury Department on May 1, 2009, replaced at the helm of TARP by Herbert M. Allison.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: During his time heading TARP, Kashkari was frequently called to testify before Congressional oversight panels. The House members would often question him hostilely over the politically unpopular program, but at least one, Representative Dennis Kucinich, assured Kashkari privately that he thought Kashkari was doing a great job. Another public critic, Representative Gregory Meeks, later thanked Kashkari for his service. Kashkari also won praise from Paulson and Timothy Geithner, Paulson's successor as Treasury Secretary and Kashkari's boss under the Obama administration. Neil Barofsky, who oversaw TARP within Treasury as a special inspector general, commended Kashkari's commitment to the job but criticized his actions. Elizabeth Warren, who headed TARP's Congressional Oversight Panel, later criticized Kashkari for allegedly promising to focus on smaller banks shortly before Treasury announced additional measures to bail out Citigroup. Kashkari later said that Bush not running for reelection allowed the government to "do things that were deeply unpopular but we knew were the right thing."


title: Neel Kashkari

text: One week after his resignation, he and his wife moved to a cabin in rural Northern California near Lake Tahoe as part of what he called a "detox" from Washington. He worked on home improvement projects and helped Paulson write a memoir.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: In December 2009 Kashkari was named a managing director at the investment firm Pimco, in charge of new investment initiatives. Pimco, which had traditionally focused on bonds, hired him to broaden its focus into equities; Pimco later named him global head of equities. Kashkari had met Bill Gross, Pimco's co-founder, in December 2007 as part of his work at Treasury. Kashkari's move to Pimco attracted attention because Pimco benefited from the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, though it did not receive TARP funds. The six equity mutual funds Pimco launched under Kashkari all underperformed benchmarks in 2012. Kashkari attributed this to the funds hedging risk, which decreases returns when stock prices increase.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: Kashkari resigned from Pimco in January 2013, citing a desire to return to public service. He was expected to announce a campaign for elected office.


title: Neel Kashkari

text: In 2015, the Wall Street "Journal" said that "the performance of [Pimco equity] funds Mr. Kashkari launched was spotty [and] the firm has since closed some of" them.