title: Guitar Hero II

text: In addition to working more directly with artists, RedOctane and Activision worked with various musical instrument and equipment companies to provide in-game product placement. Such vendors include BOSS Effectors, DW Drums, Eden Bass Amplification, EMG, Epiphone, Ernie Ball Strings, Gibson Guitar Corporation, Guitar Center, Hofner, Kramer, Krank, Line 6, Mesa Boogie, MusicMan Basses, Orange Amplifiers, Randall Amplifiers, Roland, Vans and the Vans Warped Tour, VHT, and Zildjian.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: "Guitar Hero II" was originally announced for the PlayStation 2 on April 17, 2006. A demo version of the PlayStation 2 version of "Guitar Hero II" was released with issue #110 of "Official PlayStation Magazine" on October 5, 2006. Features of the demo included four playable songs on four difficulty levels for single player and co-op modes. Demo releases do not feature the ability to flip the notes for left-handed players. Demo versions feature the songs "Shout at the Devil", "You Really Got Me", "Strutter" and "YYZ". The retail game was released for the PlayStation 2 on November 7, 2006, in North America, November 15, 2006 in Australia, and November 24, 2006, in Europe. It was released as both a stand-alone game, and as a bundle containing the game with a cherry Gibson SG guitar controller.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: When Activision purchased RedOctane in 2006, the company expressed strong interest in bringing the "Guitar Hero" series to "every significant new format" in order to take advantage of the next generation of consoles. The Xbox 360 version was announced on September 27, 2006, at Microsoft's X06. Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 "provides an incredible platform for facilitating downloadable content" due to the integrated hard drive on the console. The Xbox 360 version of the game included 10 exclusive songs and additional content available for purchase through the Xbox Live Marketplace.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: The Xbox 360 version was released on April 3, 2007, in North America and Australia, and then on April 6, 2007, in Europe (only as a bundle containing the game and a wired Gibson X-Plorer guitar controller). It was released as a stand-alone game for the Xbox 360 in the UK on January 25, 2008. The arrangement of the songs were also altered, and the graphics were slightly improved.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Gameplay is based on the successful formula created for the first "Guitar Hero" game; the player may use the guitar peripheral to play scrolling notes by holding the corresponding fret button on the guitar neck and simultaneously pressing the strum bar. Alternatively, one can play with the DualShock 2 or Xbox 360 controller by using four shoulder buttons and a face button, mapped to specific fret keys.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Several changes have been made to the gameplay mechanics for "Guitar Hero II": hammer-on and pull-off functionality has been improved, and three note chords have been introduced, scored as triple points if played correctly. There are additional statistics available for a song upon completion, and the scores achieved in either "Quick Play" or "Career" mode are saved to the same in-game high-score list. The handedness of the guitar can now be toggled from the Pause menu when playing a song (previously, this was only available from the game's main menu). For the Xbox 360 version, scores can also be compared with other players through Xbox Live via the Leaderboard feature, and there are 50 Achievements that can be earned in the game.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: In Career mode, players create a band name and select a guitarist from among the available characters. Eight characters, each representing a unique genre of rock music - are available from the start of the game: Eddie Knox (rockabilly), Axel Steel (heavy metal), Casey Lynch (hard rock), Lars Ümlaüt (extreme metal), Izzy Sparks (glam), Judy Nails (alternative), Johnny Napalm (punk), and Pandora (gothic). Additional characters can also be purchased, allowing them to be used in later sessions.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Only the lead guitar is available to be played in the Career mode. Over the course of the Career mode the band plays at eight available venues. The venue system from the original game has been altered slightly and has the band traveling geographically from town to town in order to play at the next arena. The venues are Nilbog High School, The Rat Cellar Pub, The Blackout Bar, The RedOctane Club, the Rock City Theater, the Vans Warped Tour, Harmonix Arena and Stonehenge. The venues feature lighting and pyrotechnics that are synchronized with the music.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Not all songs in the main setlist are available from the start. Once a song is unlocked for play within Career Mode, it becomes available for play in all other modes. When working through Career Mode at a specific difficulty level, the next tier of songs is unlocked once the required number of songs on the current tier (3-5, depending on difficulty and console) are completed. Additionally, the encore song for a particular tier is only made available once its requirements are completed. On the Easy difficulty setting, there are no encores available, but the next tier will be unlocked immediately after completing the required songs in the previous tier.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Successful completion of a song on Medium or higher difficulty during Career mode will earn the player in-game cash. Higher difficulty levels and better scoring performances are rewarded with more cash. In-game money can be used at "The Store" to buy various items. Some items are available only after completing all songs at higher difficulty levels or 5-star performances. Within "The Store", the player can purchase new Gibson guitars, guitar finishes, three additional characters, alternate outfits for the eight characters available from the start, bonus songs, and videos. For unknown reasons, the bonus videos are absent from the PAL version of the game. Within the Xbox 360 version, there is also an option to access the "Guitar Hero II" content on the Xbox Live Marketplace.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Although, online multiplayer was not available at the release of "Guitar Hero II" for the Xbox 360, RedOctane has stated that they hope to be able provide this later once they are able to work out the technical issues.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Practice mode is a new addition to the game, allowing a player to practice certain sections of a song ("Verse 2," "Chorus," "Bridge 3," "Gtr Solo 4," etc.) on different difficulties and instruments. Practice mode gives the player the ability to toggle the speed of the notes (Full Speed, Slow, Slower and Slowest) and does not stop a song no matter how many mistakes are made. Players can play the bass guitar lines on most songs. On others, a rhythm guitar line is available instead.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Both the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 versions of "Guitar Hero II" feature the same core 64 playable songs (40 licensed, 24 bonus songs). Among the featured tracks are Van Halen's version for The Kinks' "You Really Got Me", "Sweet Child O' Mine" by Guns N' Roses, "Girlfriend" by Matthew Sweet, "Woman" by Wolfmother, "War Pigs" by Black Sabbath, and "Free Bird" by Lynyrd Skynyrd. The Xbox 360 version of the game contains 10 exclusive tracks not included in the PlayStation 2 version, including "Billion Dollar Babies" by Alice Cooper, "Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo" by Rick Derringer, and "The Trooper" by Iron Maiden. Additionally, the Xbox 360 version allows for downloadable songs to be purchased on the Xbox Live Marketplace. The Xbox 360 version also features a reorganized set list that provides a more balanced progression in difficulty.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Most of the songs featured in the main set list are cover versions, with the exception of "Stop!", "Possum Kingdom", "Dead!", and "John the Fisherman"; these four are based on master recordings. The unlockable bonus songs are all master recordings, including some specifically arranged for use within "Guitar Hero II". Cover songs are credited on screen with the phrase "as made famous by" (for example, ""Heart-Shaped Box, as made famous by Nirvana""), while the original songs are credited with "as performed by" (for example, ""John the Fisherman, as performed by Primus"").


title: Guitar Hero II

text: RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 version of "Guitar Hero II" "planned to feature more downloadable content than any other 360 title" utilizing the Xbox Live Marketplace, including many of the songs from the original "Guitar Hero" a week after the release of the game. Four such packs have been released since April 11, 2007. Additionally, two packs featuring new content to the "Guitar Hero" series have also been released, including songs from My Chemical Romance, Protest the Hero, Trivium, and Atreyu. There have also been individual track downloads featuring songs from bands Los Rodríguez, Pleymo, and Soilwork.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: "Guitar Hero II" features many popular real world Gibson, Epiphone, and Kramer guitars, including the Gibson Les Paul, Gibson SG, Gibson Flying V, (these three being the only ones available from the start) Gibson Sonex 180 and Gibson Explorer. Oddities such as the double necked Gibson EDS-1275 and unusual looking Gibson Corvus also make an appearance. Several available finishes are also recognizable from popular guitarists, including Zakk Wylde's bullseye Les Paul. As play progresses, several custom shaped guitars become available, although some are notable in the real world such as the US and Battle Axe (a similar looking bass is played by Gene Simmons, and the guitar was played by John Christ of Samhain/Danzig fame). Basses, such as the Music Man StingRay, Gibson Thunderbird, and the Höfner bass (as made famous by Paul McCartney, the bassist for the Beatles) are also available for co-op play.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: The band itself plays with Orange amps and DW drum kits, along with more in-game endorsements. When the player passes each set of songs in career mode, his/her band is rewarded with money and equipment endorsements, including Ernie Ball strings, Boss effects, Line 6 guitar amplifiers, VHT amplifiers, Mesa Boogie amplifiers, and Roland keyboards. These products then appear on stage while the band plays the ensuing setlists.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: The PlayStation 2 version of "Guitar Hero II" was critically acclaimed. It received a 10/10 review in the December 2006 issue of "Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine" and was awarded the Game of the Month award. The game received a rating of 9.5/10 from IGN, ranking higher than the original game in the series and amongst IGN's highest rated PlayStation 2 games ever. IGN would later include it on their 2007 list of "The Top 100 Games of All Time" at #49. GameSpot reviewed the PlayStation 2 version with a rating of 8.7/10, and the Xbox 360 version 8.9, both slightly lower than its predecessor. "Game Informer" gave it a 9/10, while its "second opinion" rating was better, at 9.25/10. According to GameRankings, the average critic score of "Guitar Hero II" is 93%, making it the 9th best reviewed game of 2006. The Australian video game talk show "Good Game"'s two reviewers gave the game a 9/10 and 10/10.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: The Xbox 360 version has earned similarly positive reviews and slightly higher scores with a 9.5/10 in the March issue of "Official Xbox Magazine", a 4.75/5 from "GamePro", a 9.5/10 from "Play Magazine" a 9.6/10 from IGN, and a perfect score of 5/5 from "Got-Next". As of April 3, 2007, the Game Rankings score is 94%. The popular G4 television show "X-Play" gave both versions of the game a 5/5. Additionally, the Australian Xbox Magazine has also awarded the game, for the first time, an 11/10, in a reference to "This Is Spinal Tap". "Hyper"'s Daniel Wilks commends the game for its "huge number of tracks" but criticises it for "some really average covers".


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Common praise for the game by critics is aimed at the new multiplayer and practice modes. Common critiques concern the song list, which includes more hard rock and metal than the previous game, deeming it less accessible to casual players. Other common critiques concern the quality of the covers.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: The downloadable song packs for the Xbox 360 version have been criticized for being too pricey. The price was seen by many fans of the series as being far too expensive and was met with resistance and angst with a large number of people pledging to boycott the content. Microsoft's Xbox Live Director of Programming, Major Nelson, defending the pricing and release scheme, and attributed the high cost of the content to "licensing issues" on the Xbox 360 platform, as all contracts drawn up for songs from the original game had to be rewritten, since they are playable on an additional console.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: In 1UP.com's review for the Xbox 360 version of the game, the downloadable song packs are noted as a "mixed blessing"; praise is given for retooling the songs with better gameplay elements such as the inclusion of co-op modes, but the fact that the songs come in pricey packs of three "defeats much of the appeal". In an interview with RedOctane president Kai Huang, Huang stated that the decision to pack the songs in three was made to keep the cost of the tracks down. Though Huang felt the pricing was fair, he noted afterward "we do listen to the fans and take any feedback we receive seriously."


title: Guitar Hero II

text: In December 2006, "Guitar Hero II" for PlayStation 2 was the second best-selling video game of the month, selling 805,200 units. It was outsold only by "Gears of War" for Xbox 360, which sold 815,700 units. It was the fifth best-selling video game of the fiscal year of 2006, with 1.3 million copies sold. It was also the third best-selling game for the PlayStation 2, behind "Madden NFL 07" and "Kingdom Hearts II". Total sales of the game during 2006 were $200 million.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: On July 12, 2007, Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated that there have been over 300,000 downloads of the music packs until that point and that the prices were "very attractive and desirable for consumers." On September 11, 2007, Activision reported that with over 650,000 downloads, the music packs qualified as "multi-platinum" under RIAA's definitions.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: No official statement from RedOctane or Activision were made about the discs or the game itself having any issues, but players have reported songs freezing or skipping, causing the audio to be unsynchronized; unusually long loading screens; and menus that freeze or lock up entirely causing the game to crash. The RedOctane Support Center Answer Guide states, "We’re already in the process of looking into this and testing to replicate the experience. We’ll notify everyone with our results shortly, and will have a positive resolution if need be."


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Two models of the X-Plorer controller were released for the Xbox 360 version of the game: model numbers 95055 and 95065. Of the two versions, the 95055 has an RJ-11 jack for effect pedals near the controller cord and is subject to having an unresponsive whammy bar. RedOctane later responded, saying that they "isolated this issue to two model numbers that can be found on the guitar's packaging". Customers are able to exchange these models for new models.


title: Guitar Hero II

text: On April 13, 2007, Activision revealed that the issue was not a problem with the hardware, and that the guitars were "not" defective. The cause of the problem was anti-cheat protection software, and Activision released a patch on Xbox Live on April 14, 2007, to remedy it. However, this patch may have caused some unintended side effects. Starting on April 16, 2007, numerous users began reporting lockups and failures of their system after downloading and installing this patch. RedOctane stated, "We're aware of the problem and we're looking into it."


title: Guitar Hero II

text: Numerous game players have also reported problems with static shocks to the X-Plorer guitars causing various fret buttons (usually the green one) to permanently malfunction. Multiple exchanges of guitars have not solved the problem, as exchanged guitars also exhibit the problem. To date, RedOctane has not solved the problem, and has refused to extend warranties to replacement guitars, time limiting the warranty back to the original date of purchase.


title: Matt Taven

text: Matthew Marinelli (born March 20, 1985), known by his ring name, Matt Taven, is an American professional wrestler and wrestling trainer, who currently wrestles for All Elite Wrestling.


title: Matt Taven

text: He is best known for his work with Ring of Honor (ROH), where he won the Ring of Honor World Championship in Madison Square Garden in 2019 and Impact Wrestling where he is a former member of Honor No More. He also appears for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), where he is a former NWA World Historic Welterweight Champion.


title: Matt Taven

text: Taven's Ring of Honor work includes being a member of The Kingdom (with Adam Cole, Michael Bennett, Maria Kanellis, Vinny Marseglia, and T. K. O'Ryan at various times) as well as performing across the Northeastern United States independent circuit. Taven won ROH's 2013 Top Prospect Tournament to become a full-time wrestler for the promotion. He is a former one-time ROH World Champion, one-time World Television Champion, one-time ROH World Tag Team Champion with Michael Bennett, and one-third of the first ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champions. Taven has also worked for the Japanese promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he is a former one-time IWGP Tag Team Champion with Bennett. Taven is the second wrestler to win championships in ROH, CMLL, and NJPW, the other being Rocky Romero.


title: Matt Taven

text: Marinelli, using the ring name Matt Taven, made his professional wrestling debut on March 7, 2008. During his first year, Taven worked mainly for Top Rope Promotions (TRP) and Collision Pro Wrestling (CPW) in Massachusetts. While working for TRP he challenged for the vacant TRP Interstate Championship in a six-way ladder match that also included Buck Nasty, Gregory Edwards, J. Freddie, Ryan Waters, and Spike Dudley, but lost to Buck Nasty.


title: Matt Taven

text: Taven's first match for Ring of Honor (ROH) was on May 8, 2009, where he lost to Jaleel Patel in a bout that took place before cameras began recording the remaining show for television. Taven competed in tag team matches over the course of 2010 and 2011, but lost every outing. At ROH's Boiling Point show on August 11, 2012, Taven lost a four-way match, where the winner would receive an ROH contract. He would go on to win the 2013 Top Prospect Tournament the following year, with the storyline reward being that Taven would earn a full-time ROH contract. With that win, Taven also earned a ROH World Television Championship match against Adam Cole. Taven went on to defeat Cole to win the television championship at the 11th Anniversary Show. During the match he established himself as a heel after Truth Martini hit Cole in the back of the head with the Book of Truth, allowing Taven to apply his "Climax" finishing move to pick up the win. On April 5, at Supercard of Honor VII, he successfully defended the title against Adam Cole and Matt Hardy.


title: Matt Taven

text: On April 6, he would successfully defend the title against A. C. H. At Border Wars 2013 he would successfully defend the title against Mark Briscoe. On June 22 at Best in the World 2013, Taven successfully defended the ROH World Television Championship against Jimmy Jacobs and Jay Lethal in a three-way match. On August 3 at All Star Extravaganza 5, he faced Roderick Strong in a losing effort in the first round of the tournament to determine the new a champion after the ROH World Championship was vacated. On September 20, 2013 at Death Before Dishonor XI, Taven, Michael Bennett and reDRagon (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) lost to the team of Adrenaline Rush (ACH and TaDarius Thomas) and C&C Wrestle Factory (Caprice Coleman and Cedric Alexander) On September 21 he successfully defended the title against Jay Lethal. On October 26 at Glory by Honor XII, he teamed with reDRagon and Adam Cole in an Eight-man elimination tag team match where he was eliminated by Michael Elgin.


title: Matt Taven

text: On November 15 at Pursuit Night, he retained the title against Zach Gowen. On December 14 at Final Battle 2013, Taven lost the ROH World Television Championship to Tommaso Ciampa. Matt Taven's reign as World Television Champion was the longest in the company's history to date at 287 days and he accrued the most title defenses, 12, in an individual reign. Taven fired Truth Martini at ROH's Wrestling's Finest show. Later that night he unsuccessfully challenged Tommaso Ciampa for the ROH World Television Championship in a three-way match that also included Jay Lethal. At the 12th Anniversary Show, he defeated Silas Young. On March 7, 2014, at Raising The Bar Day 1, he unsuccessfully challenged Adam Cole for the ROH World Championship.


title: Matt Taven

text: Taven then entered a feud with Jay Lethal, unsuccessfully challenging him for the ROH World Television Championship on three different occasions. The first was at Global Wars in a four corner survival match that also included Tommaso Ciampa and Silas Young. At War of the Worlds he teamed with ACH and Tommaso Ciampa to defeat Forever Hooligans (Alex Koslov and Rocky Romero) and Takaaki Watanabe. The second was at Best in the World in a singles match. The last was at Field of Honor on August 15, where he was defeated by Lethal in a steel cage match after interference by Truth Martini. On August 19, 2014, Taven announced he had decided not to re-sign with ROH and would be leaving the promotion. This was an angle used to explain why Taven left the company. Taven returned to Ring of Honor in October.


title: Matt Taven

text: In November 2014, Taven began teaming with Michael Bennett, collectively known as the Kingdom. On November 15 at Glory By Honor XIII, they were defeated by reDRagon for the ROH World Tag Team Championship. Almost one year later, on September 18, 2015, they won the title at All Star Extravaganza VII, when they defeated The Addiction (Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian) and The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) in a three-way match. They lost the title to War Machine (Hanson and Ray Rowe) on December 18 at Final Battle.


title: Matt Taven

text: Taven suffered a knee injury during the December 18 match at Final Battle, tearing an anterior cruciate ligament and medial meniscus and rupturing a lateral meniscus, which forced him to undergo a four-and-a-half-hour surgery on January 12, 2016. He was expected to be sidelined for nine months. During his injury, Bennett left ROH and, when Taven made his return in September 2016, he was put in a new version of The Kingdom as the leader, with T. K. O'Ryan and Vinny Marseglia as his new partners. The Kingdom won a tournament to become the first ROH 6-Man Tag Team Champions, defeating Jay White, Kushida and Lio Rush at the Final Battle 2016 PPV. They lost the title to Bully Ray and The Briscoes on March 11, 2017 in a match where Silas Young replaced an injured T. K. O'Ryan.


title: Matt Taven

text: On May 10, 2017 during the second night of ROH/NJPW War Of The Worlds, Taven was unsuccessful at winning the ROH World Championship against Christopher Daniels. At Final Battle 2017, Taven defeated Will Ospreay. In January 2018, Taven started a rivalry with Cody Rhodes, attacking him and stealing his "Ring Of Honor". On the ROH 16th Anniversary Show, Taven was defeated by Cody. On May 9, 2018, at ROH/NJPW War of the Worlds Tour, The Kingdom would regain the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship by defeating SoCal Uncensored. During a match for the ROH World Championship, Taven achieved a three count in the match, however the referee was not looking and the match ended with Jay Lethal winning the title. The Kingdom would lose the titles to Bullet Club, later known as The Elite (Cody and the Young Bucks).


title: Matt Taven

text: At ROH's Death Before Dishonor The Kingdom attacked Will Ospreay and Jay Lethal. After the assault, Taven pulled out of a bag a copy of the Ring Of Honor World Championship which was purple instead of black leather, saying he is the true Ring Of Honor World Champion. On November 2, 2018, The Kingdom would win the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship for the third time, beating The Elite, holding them until March 16, 2019. On March 15, 2019, at the ROH 17th Anniversary Show, Taven challenge Lethal for the Ring of Honor World Championship, with the match ending in a 60-minute time-limit draw. The following month at G1 Supercard, Taven would defeat Lethal and Marty Scurll in a ladder match to win the ROH World Title, and with that becoming the second ROH Grand Slam winner. His title win over the more popular Marty Scurll has been criticized, usually calling him a "critical and financial flop". During a 411Mania podcast, Jerome Cusson said his title win "actively hurt ROH" since it was not "a draw" and he "wasn't over". On September 27, 2019, at Death Before Dishonor, Matt Taven was defeated by Rush for the ROH Championship, ending his reign at 174 days. On ROH television Vinny Marseglia turned and attacked Matt Taven. On December 13, 2019, at Final Battle, Marseglia defeated Taven.


title: Matt Taven

text: Through ROH's relationship with NJPW, from November 23 to December 5, 2014, Taven and Michael Bennett took part in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s 2014 World Tag League. The team finished their round-robin block with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals. Taven and Bennett returned to NJPW on April 5, 2015, at Invasion Attack 2015, where they defeated Bullet Club (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. On July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, The Kingdom lost the IWGP Tag Team Championship back to Bullet Club in their first defense. Taven and Bennett returned to NJPW in November to take part in the 2015 World Tag League, where they finished with a record of two wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Taven returned to Japan in 2019, teaming with Vinny Marseglia for the ROH/NJPW co-promoted "Honor Rising" tour, which ended with a loss to "Los Ingobernables de Japón" (Shingo Takagi and Tetsuya Naito).


title: Matt Taven

text: Through ROH's working relationship with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Taven made his debut for the Mexican promotion on September 9, 2016, which also marked his return from a nine-month absence due to a knee injury. On September 13, Taven was defeated by Rush in Arena México in the last CMLL match of the 2016 tour. Taven returned to CMLL on March 17, 2017, unsuccessfully challenging Último Guerrero for the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship at that year's "Homenaje a Dos Leyendas" show. He returned to Mexico later in 2017, participating in the International Gran Prix as part of "Team International". Taven was eliminated by Rush near the end of the tournament. Taven returned to CMLL on March 16, 2018, participating in that year's Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show, where he, Atlantis, and Niebla Roja defeated "Los Guerreros Laguneros" (Euforia, Gran Guerrero, and Último Guerrero).


title: Matt Taven

text: On March 30, 2018, Taven defeated Volador Jr. to win the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship. He returned to Mexico in August of that year, starting out by losing the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship back to Volador Jr. at the Negro Casas 40th Anniversary Show. Afterwards Taven and Volador Jr. joined forces they were both attacked by "Los Ingobernables" ("The Unruly"; the team of Rush and El Terrible). The storyline with "Los Ingobernables" built over the following month, with Bárbaro Cavernario replacing El Terrible due to an injury, to the main event of the CMLL 85th Anniversary Show. Rush and Cavernario defeated Taven and Volador Jr. on a "Lucha de Apuesta" ("Bet match"). As part of the storyline, Taven turned on Volador Jr., costing their team the match. After the match both Taven and Volador Jr. had their hair shaved off as a result. Taven, now bald, returned to CMLL for the 2018 International Gran Prix tournament. During the match, Volador Jr. took revenge on Taven for costing them their match and pinned Taven 45 minutes into the match. Taven returned to Mexico and CMLL once more in August 2019, this time as ROH World Heavyweight Champion, for the 2019 International Gran Prix tournament. For the second year in the row Volador Jr. pinned Taven to eliminate him.


title: Matt Taven

text: At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, Taven made his Impact Wrestling debut, appeared along with Maria, Mike Bennett, PCO, and Vincent, attacking Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino. The group is known as Honor No More. On September 1, 2022 episode of "Impact!", they defeated The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) to capture the Impact World Tag Team Championship for a first time. They would lose the titles on the October 20, 2022 edition of "Impact!" to Heath and Rhino.


title: Matt Taven

text: On October 8, 2022, it was announced that Taven, Bennett, Kanellis, and Vincent had left "Impact Wrestling".


title: Matt Taven

text: Taven made his All Elite Wrestling debut on the October 14, 2022 episode of "Rampage", alongside Mike Bennett and Maria Kanellis interrupting FTR and Shawn Spears' victory celebration. On the October 28, 2022 episode of "Rampage" Taven unsuccessfully challenged the AEW TNT Champion Wardlow.


title: Jeffrey Pierce

text: Jeffrey Pierce (born Jeffrey Douglas Plitt; December 13, 1971) is an American actor, voice actor, director, producer, and novelist. He is best known for providing the voice and motion capture for Tommy in the video game series "The Last of Us", for which he received a BAFTA Award for Performer in a Supporting Role nomination in 2020.


title: Jeffrey Pierce

text: At age 25, he made his acting debut when he played Bill Drake in the 1997 episode "Soulmate" from the television series "Pacific Blue".


title: Jeffrey Pierce

text: Since then he has appeared in a number of series in guest roles, for example in "Profiler", "The West Wing", "Judging Amy", "JAG", "Charmed", "Crossing Jordan", "NCIS", "Life", "Criminal Minds", "Private Practice", "", "Castle", "", "", "Nikita", "The Night Shift", "Justified", "The Mysteries of Laura" and "Hell's 9th Circle".


title: Jeffrey Pierce

text: Pierce took on his most famous role to date in 2005 in "Charlie Jade", in which he played the title role. Pierce has also appeared repeatedly in series such as "Close to Home", "The Nine", "Alcatraz", "Cult", "The Tomorrow People", "Drop Dead Diva" and "Bosch". His film appearances include works such as "S1m0ne", "The Foreigner" and "The Double".


title: Jeffrey Pierce

text: In addition to his acting activities, Pierce also regularly lends his voice to video game characters or provides the movement model. It can be heard more often in the original, especially in the "Call of Duty" video game series.


title: Jeffrey Pierce

text: He then provided the voice and motion-capture of the character Tommy Miller in the video game, "The Last of Us", which became his most prominent role. Originally, Pierce auditioned for the role of Joel Miller, which was later given to fellow castmate Troy Baker. When the team was required to cast an actor for the role of Tommy, they immediately contacted Pierce, as they were impressed by his audition. He then reprised his role in its 2020 sequel "The Last of Us Part II", for which he was nominated for Performer in a Supporting Role at the 17th British Academy Games Awards.


title: 1890 United States census

text: The United States census of 1890 was taken beginning June 2, 1890, but most of the 1890 census materials were destroyed in 1921 when a building caught fire and in the subsequent disposal of the remaining damaged records. It determined the resident population of the United States to be 62,979,766an increase of 25.5 percent over the 50,189,209 persons enumerated during the 1880 census. The data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier.


title: 1890 United States census

text: This was the first census in which a majority of states recorded populations of over one million, as well as the first in which multiple citiesNew York as of 1880, Chicago, and Philadelphiarecorded populations of over one million. The census also saw Chicago rise in rank to the nation's second most populous city, a position it would hold until Los Angeles (then 57th) would supplant it in 1990. This was the first U.S. census to use machines to tabulate the collected data.


title: 1890 United States census

text: The 1890 census was the first to be compiled using methods invented by Herman Hollerith and was overseen by Superintendents Robert P. Porter (1889–1893) and Carroll D. Wright (1893–1897). Data was entered on a machine readable medium (punched cards) and tabulated by machine. Changes from the 1880 census included the larger population, the number of data items to be collected from individuals, the Census Bureau headcount, the volume of scheduled publications, and the use of Hollerith's electromechanical tabulators. The net effect of these changes was to reduce the time required to process the census from eight years for the 1880 census to six years for the 1890 census. The total population of 62,947,714, the family, or "rough", count, was announced after only six weeks of processing (punched cards were not used for this tabulation). The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was widely believed that the "right answer" was at least 75,000,000.


title: 1890 United States census

text: The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in the United States, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850.


title: 1890 United States census

text: The 1890 census announced that the frontier region of the United States no longer existed, and that the Census Bureau would no longer track the westward migration of the U.S. population.


title: 1890 United States census

text: By 1890, settlement in the American West had reached sufficient population density that the frontier line had disappeared. For the 1890 census, the Census Bureau released a bulletin declaring the closing of the frontier, stating: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports."


title: 1890 United States census

text: The original data for the 1890 census is mostly unavailable. The population schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington, D.C. in 1921. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke and water (although the actual damage may have been closer to 15–25%). The damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. In December 1932, following standard federal record-keeping procedures, the Chief Clerk of the Bureau of the Census sent the Librarian of Congress a list of papers to be destroyed, including the original 1890 census schedules. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, but the Librarian did not accept the census records. Congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21, 1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. Few sets of microdata from the 1890 census survive. Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: Jayne Middlemiss (born 3 February 1971) is an English television and radio presenter. She began presenting music television shows such as "The O-Zone" and "Top of the Pops" in the mid-1990s, before presenting a variety of other television and radio shows, including on BBC Radio 6 Music. She has won both "Celebrity MasterChef" and reality show "Celebrity Love Island".


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: Middlemiss was born and raised in the town of Bedlington in Northumberland. Her father Tom was a miner and her mother Janet was a factory worker. She attended Whitley Memorial C of E First School, followed by Meadowdale Middle School and later Bedlingtonshire Community High School.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: Middlemiss first worked in an electrical store, but left for London. In 1991, Middlemiss started out as a model; within a year, she left that behind to pursue a career in the media.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: She has since appeared in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World poll, at 77 (1998), 75 (1999) and 74 (2000).


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: Middlemiss worked for Noel Edmonds and Chris Evans before briefly working as a nanny, a shop assistant and a waitress. She worked for only two weeks as a trainee researcher on GMTV with Peter McHugh, before gaining her first presenting job on music show "The O-Zone" with Jamie Theakston from 1995. She gained the audition for "The O-Zone" after she met presenter Toby Anstis at a party and he gave her tape to the producer. She then presented the Smash Hits Awards, "The Phone Zone" and "Top of the Pops" and its spin-off radio show on BBC Radio 1. She also regularly covered Jo Whiley's show and various other programmes on the same station.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: After hosting live coverage of Glastonbury Festival and the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, Middlemiss presented "Rough Cut" and "Dog’s Balearics". She was one of the original presenters on the new digital station BBC Radio 6 Music in 2002, presenting the "Music Week", where she remained until she left in April 2004.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: Middlemiss began presenting fashion show "She's Gotta Have It" in 2000, going on to front three series. She went on to present some of the BBC's "Holiday - On a Shoestring" programmes, to destinations across the globe before co-hosting the "LA Pool Party" series with Lisa Snowdon, which won a TRIC Award. In 2003, Middlemiss was a panellist on ITV's "Loose Women".


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: In 2004, for Five TV, Middlemiss presented the dating show "What Women Want", before co-presenting the seventh series of "Robot Wars", alongside Craig Charles and "The Games" with Jamie Theakston.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: In 2005, she appeared on ITV's "Celebrity Love Island" and became emotionally involved with footballer Lee Sharpe. The pair did not become a couple, however, despite the producers of the show sending them on a trip in a 'make or break' boat. She eventually went on to win the show, alongside Fran Cosgrave. In 2006 she returned to Fiji to host "Love Island's" sister show "Aftersun" on ITV2.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: In 2005, Middlemiss presented "Family Forensics UK" on Living TV, but the show was taken off air after the first episode was broadcast. Other recent credits include coverage of Live 8 for commercial radio, ITV2's coverage of the British Comedy Awards and Soapstar Superstar, work as a reporter for GMTV and Richard & Judy and appearances as a 'talking head' in a number of celebrity-based documentaries. In 2007, Middlemiss presented the third series of the "Orange Playlist" for ITV on Thursday nights.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: In 2010, Middlemiss was a guest presenter on "Live from Studio Five". She replaced Emma Willis, who left to front the new series of the "Big Brother" spin-off, "Big Brother's Little Brother", alongside George Lamb. Middlemiss presented the show alongside Kate Walsh and Ian Wright (until his departure in August 2010). Middlemiss left "Live From Studio Five" in December 2010.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: Middlemiss featured on "Pointless Celebrities" on BBC One in December 2012 alongside Theakston, winning the episode.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: In 2019, Middlemiss joined Absolute Radio and covered for Sarah Champion for two weeks on Absolute 80s.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: In July 2021, Middlemiss covered weekend breakfast on Virgin Radio UK, in the absence of Amy Voce. She also covered for other regular presenters including Eddy Temple-Morris during the 2021 Christmas and New Year holidays.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: Middlemiss lives in Belsize Park, London. She dated: TV producer Andy Davies; from 2000–02 TV director Eliot Fletcher; and Irish model Alan Byrne from 2007–08.


title: Jayne Middlemiss

text: A committed follower of yoga since around 1995, in 2005 Middlemiss released the DVD "Jayne Middlemiss - Love Yoga". In 2006, Middlemiss narrated a documentary about a yoga retreat for the BBC. She was also seen in "A Beginners Guide to ... Yoga" for Channel 4 (2007).


title: Whoville

text: Whoville, sometimes written as Who-ville, is a fictional town created by author Theodor Seuss Geisel, under the name Dr. Seuss. Whoville appeared in the 1954 book "Horton Hears a Who!" and the 1957 book "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!;" with significant differences between the two renditions. Its denizens go by the collective name "Whos", as in a plural form of the pronoun "who".


title: Whoville

text: According to the book "Horton Hears a Who!", the city of Whoville is located within a floating speck of dust which is then placed onto a clover flower by Horton the Elephant. In the book "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", the location of Whoville is never mentioned; geographic references include the mentioning of a several thousand-foot tall "Mount Crumpit", and an overlook just north of the city where the titular Grinch resides. In the 1977 television special "Halloween Is Grinch Night", which implies that the overlook is located on Mount Crumpit, additional geographic features are added to Whoville such as Punkers Pond, where sea monsters known as Hakken-Kraks (an apparent play on the legendary kraken, and reference to one of the many creatures from his book 'Oh The Places You'll Go') reside. Again, however, its greater location is not mentioned.


title: Whoville

text: In the 1970s television special " Horton Hears a Who!" as well as the 2008 CGI-animated film of the same name, Whoville retains its literary location being within a speck on a clover flower. The 1966 television special " How the Grinch Stole Christmas" also stays true of the literature.


title: Whoville

text: In the 2000 live-action film adaptation " Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas", from Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment, Whoville is located inside a snowflake, south of Mt. Crumpit within the mountainous High range of Pontoos, described in the film's introduction. As the story takes place in the winter, the speck on which Whoville has landed is now on a snowflake instead of a clover, which would be out of season.


title: Whoville

text: Because the city of Whoville resides on a speck, the Whoville depicted in 2008 film is prone to unexpected movement and weather and may from time to time change location altogether, a major plot point in the film.


title: Whoville

text: Many of the different characters, known as Whos, live within the speck that contains Whoville. The Whos are whimsical, animal-like creatures who live in shaped houses, known for their warm hearts and welcoming spirits. They are small, furry humanoids with canine snouts and 12 toes. As they celebrate Christmas and readily recognize its true meaning in the absence of material gifts, it is implied to be a majority Christian community; Seuss had gone through several attempts at a more explicitly Christian ending to "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" but, dissatisfied in the idea of a heavy-handed approach, decided to leave the religious aspects implied. In the live-action film, however, the Whos resemble ordinary people with large ears, buck-teeth and strange hairstyles, and while the Who children have ordinary human noses, the adult Whos' noses are snout shaped. Also, they are shown to be very greedy and materialistic as compared to the book version. Just north of Whoville, atop a high mountain, Mount Crumpit, a bitter, cave-dwelling creature named the Grinch lives with his dog, Max.


title: Whoville

text: Cindy Lou Who is a generous young girl who was introduced in the book "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" In the 2000 live-action film, "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" she is played by actress Taylor Momsen.


title: Whoville

text: The Grinch is a fictional, green-colored creature with a cat-like face and a cynical personality. He lives in isolation on Mt. Crumpet with his dog Max. The Grinch overlooks the city of Whoville with a lack of empathy for all Whos. He is known to be of a different species than the Whos, being stated as a What in the 2000 film. The Grinch is played by actor Jim Carrey in the 2000 production of "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!"


title: Whoville

text: In the book "Horton Hears a Who", there is a mayor in Whoville. In the live-action film "How the Grinch Stole Christmas," there is a mayor named Augustus May Who, played by Jeffrey Tambor. Actor Steve Carell voices the Mayor of Whoville in the 2008 animated film "Horton Hears a Who". In this version, he is named Ned McDodd, and he lives with his wife, 96 daughters, and one son named Jo-Jo. There are differences between May and McDodd that are instantly noticeable: May is a pompous, arrogant man who views himself as the only person worth listening to, whereas McDodd is "devoted, and fair and a little bit odd".


title: Whoville

text: Dr. Seuss created two children's books introducing readers to the magical world of Whoville. His first story, "Horton Hears a Who" was published in 1954. His second use of Whoville was in the story "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" published in 1957.


title: Whoville

text: "Seussical", is a Broadway musical produced by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty in 2000. The musical is a collection of Dr. Seuss's most famous stories that were combined to represent a synthesis of his work. The majority of the musical centers around the life in Whoville, especially the Whos' Christmas pageant and Horton the elephant. Both themes were based on the plots of "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" and "Horton Hears a Who!"


title: Whoville

text: Universal Orlando Resort endorses Dr. Seuss's work by attributing a section of the amusement park to him. Within the Islands of Adventure, there is a component designated to the city of Whoville. In the town, visitors of Universal Orlando Resort can interact with the characters and explore the theme park.


title: Whoville

text: The television program "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" was a 26-minute special originally telecast on CBS in 1966. In 2000 "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" was developed into a motion picture, which became the first Dr. Seuss story ever made into a featured film. Also, "Horton Hears a Who" was adapted into a 26-minute television segment in 1970. In 2008, "Horton Hears a Who!" was made into a full-length film. A CGI adaptation called "The Grinch" was released in November 2018. In the Netflix adaptation of "Green Eggs and Ham", Whoville is referred to in the pilot episode "Here." Guy-Am-I reads a newspaper and one article regarding "Who Were You in Whoville?". Additionally, Whoville was rebautized as "Newville" in the 2022 horror film adaptation "The Mean One", based on "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!".


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Babylonian mathematics (also known as "Assyro-Babylonian mathematics") are the mathematics developed or practiced by the people of Mesopotamia, from the days of the early Sumerians to the centuries following the fall of Babylon in 539 BC. Babylonian mathematical texts are plentiful and well edited. With respect to time they fall in two distinct groups: one from the Old Babylonian period (1830–1531 BC), the other mainly Seleucid from the last three or four centuries BC. With respect to content, there is scarcely any difference between the two groups of texts. Babylonian mathematics remained constant, in character and content, for nearly two millennia.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: In contrast to the scarcity of sources in Egyptian mathematics, knowledge of Babylonian mathematics is derived from some 400 clay tablets unearthed since the 1850s. Written in Cuneiform script, tablets were inscribed while the clay was moist, and baked hard in an oven or by the heat of the sun. The majority of recovered clay tablets date from 1800 to 1600 BC, and cover topics that include fractions, algebra, quadratic and cubic equations and the Pythagorean theorem. The Babylonian tablet YBC 7289 gives an approximation to formula_1 accurate to three significant sexagesimal digits (about six significant decimal digits).


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Babylonian mathematics is a range of numeric and more advanced mathematical practices in the ancient Near East, written in cuneiform script. Study has historically focused on the Old Babylonian period in the early second millennium BC due to the wealth of data available. There has been debate over the earliest appearance of Babylonian mathematics, with historians suggesting a range of dates between the 5th and 3rd millennia BC. Babylonian mathematics was primarily written on clay tablets in cuneiform script in the Akkadian or Sumerian languages.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: "Babylonian mathematics" is perhaps an unhelpful term since the earliest suggested origins date to the use of accounting devices, such as bullae and tokens, in the 5th millennium BC.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The Babylonian system of mathematics was a sexagesimal (base 60) numeral system. From this we derive the modern-day usage of 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 360 degrees in a circle. The Babylonians were able to make great advances in mathematics for two reasons. Firstly, the number 60 is a superior highly composite number, having factors of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60 (including those that are themselves composite), facilitating calculations with fractions. Additionally, unlike the Egyptians and Romans, the Babylonians had a true place-value system, where digits written in the left column represented larger values (much as, in our base ten system, 734 = 7×100 + 3×10 + 4×1).


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BC. From 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Most clay tablets that describe Babylonian mathematics belong to the Old Babylonian, which is why the mathematics of Mesopotamia is commonly known as Babylonian mathematics. Some clay tablets contain mathematical lists and tables, others contain problems and worked solutions.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The Babylonians used pre-calculated tables to assist with arithmetic. For example, two tablets found at Senkerah on the Euphrates in 1854, dating from 2000 BC, give lists of the squares of numbers up to 59 and the cubes of numbers up to 32. The Babylonians used the lists of squares together with the formulae:


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The Babylonians did not have an algorithm for long division. Instead they based their method on the fact that:


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: together with a table of reciprocals. Numbers whose only prime factors are 2, 3 or 5 (known as 5-smooth or regular numbers) have finite reciprocals in sexagesimal notation, and tables with extensive lists of these reciprocals have been found.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Reciprocals such as 1/7, 1/11, 1/13, etc. do not have finite representations in sexagesimal notation. To compute 1/13 or to divide a number by 13 the Babylonians would use an approximation such as:


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The Babylonian clay tablet YBC 7289 (c. 1800–1600 BC) gives an approximation of in four sexagesimal figures, 1;24,51,10, which is accurate to about six decimal digits, and is the closest possible three-place sexagesimal representation of :


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: As well as arithmetical calculations, Babylonian mathematicians also developed algebraic methods of solving equations. Once again, these were based on pre-calculated tables.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: To solve a quadratic equation, the Babylonians essentially used the standard quadratic formula. They considered quadratic equations of the form:


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: where "b" and "c" were not necessarily integers, but "c" was always positive. They knew that a solution to this form of equation is:


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: and they found square roots efficiently using division and averaging. They always used the positive root because this made sense when solving "real" problems. Problems of this type included finding the dimensions of a rectangle given its area and the amount by which the length exceeds the width.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Tables of values of "n" + "n" were used to solve certain cubic equations. For example, consider the equation:


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: which could now be solved by looking up the "n" + "n" table to find the value closest to the right-hand side. The Babylonians accomplished this without algebraic notation, showing a remarkable depth of understanding. However, they did not have a method for solving the general cubic equation.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Babylonians modeled exponential growth, constrained growth (via a form of sigmoid functions), and doubling time, the latter in the context of interest on loans.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Clay tablets from c. 2000 BC include the exercise "Given an interest rate of 1/60 per month (no compounding), compute the doubling time." This yields an annual interest rate of 12/60 = 20%, and hence a doubling time of 100% growth/20% growth per year = 5 years.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The Plimpton 322 tablet contains a list of "Pythagorean triples", i.e., integers formula_12 such that formula_13.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Much has been written on the subject, including some speculation (perhaps anachronistic) as to whether the tablet could have served as an early trigonometrical table. Care must be exercised to see the tablet in terms of methods familiar or accessible to scribes at the time.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: (E. Robson, "Neither Sherlock Holmes nor Babylon: a reassessment of Plimpton 322", "Historia Math." 28 (3), p. 202).


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Babylonians knew the common rules for measuring volumes and areas. They measured the circumference of a circle as three times the diameter and the area as one-twelfth the square of the circumference, which would be correct if "" is estimated as 3. They were aware that this was an approximation, and one Old Babylonian mathematical tablet excavated near Susa in 1936 (dated to between the 19th and 17th centuries BC) gives a better approximation of as 25/8 = 3.125, about 0.5 percent below the exact value.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The volume of a cylinder was taken as the product of the base and the height, however, the volume of the frustum of a cone or a square pyramid was incorrectly taken as the product of the height and half the sum of the bases. The Pythagorean rule was also known to the Babylonians.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The "Babylonian mile" was a measure of distance equal to about 11.3 km (or about seven modern miles).


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a "time-mile" used for measuring the travel of the Sun, therefore, representing time.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The ancient Babylonians had known of formulas concerning the ratios of the sides of similar triangles for many centuries, but they lacked the concept of an angle measure and consequently, studied the sides of triangles instead.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: The Babylonian astronomers kept detailed records of the rising and setting of stars, the motion of the planets, and the solar and lunar eclipses, all of which required familiarity with angular distances measured on the celestial sphere.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: They also used a form of Fourier analysis to compute an ephemeris (table of astronomical positions), which was discovered in the 1950s by Otto Neugebauer. To make calculations of the movements of celestial bodies, the Babylonians used basic arithmetic and a coordinate system based on the ecliptic, the part of the heavens that the sun and planets travel through.


title: Babylonian mathematics

text: Tablets kept in the British Museum provide evidence that the Babylonians even went so far as to have a concept of objects in an abstract mathematical space. The tablets date from between 350 and 50 B.C.E., revealing that the Babylonians understood and used geometry even earlier than previously thought. The Babylonians used a method for estimating the area under a curve by drawing a trapezoid underneath, a technique previously believed to have originated in 14th century Europe. This method of estimation allowed them to, for example, find the distance Jupiter had traveled in a certain amount of time.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: Hidalgo County (; ) is located in the U.S. state of Texas. The county seat is Edinburg and the largest city is McAllen. The county is named for Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the priest who raised the call for Mexico's independence from Spain. It is located in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas and is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of Hidalgo County was 870,781, making it the eighth-most populous county in Texas.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: Hidalgo County is designated by the U.S. Census Bureau as the McAllen-Edinburg-Mission metropolitan statistical area, which itself is part of the McAllen-Edinburg-Mission-Rio Grande City, Texas combined statistical area with neighboring Starr County.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: With a population that is 91.9% Hispanic as of 2020, it is Texas' second-most populous majority-Hispanic county and the fifth-largest nationwide. It is also the largest county which is over 90% Hispanic. It is also the southernmost landlocked county in the United States.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which (0.8%) are covered by water. The northern part of the county has sandy and light loamy soils over deep reddish or mottled, clayey subsoils. In some areas, limestone lies within of the surface. The southern part of the county has moderately deep to deep loamy surfaces over clayey subsoils. Along the Rio Grande, brown to red clays occur. Hidalgo County is in the South Texas Plains vegetation area, which features grasses, mesquite, live oaks, and chaparral. Native plants, reduced in recent years by extensive farming, include chapote, guayacán, ebony, huisache, brasil, and yucca.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: Natural resources included caliche, sand, gravel, oil, and gas. Oil and gas production in 1982 totaled of gas-well gas, 139,995 barrels of crude oil, 1,101,666 barrels of condensate, and of casinghead gas. The climate is subtropical and subhumid. Temperatures range from an average low of in January to an average high to in July; the average annual temperature is . Rainfall averages a year, and the growing season lasts for 320 days of the year.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: As of the 2015 Texas Population Estimate Program, the population of the county was 841,667, non-Hispanic whites 62,232 (7.4%). Black Americans 2,973 (0.3%). Other non-Hispanic 11,106 (1.3%). Hispanics and Latinos (of any race) 765,356 (90.9%).


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: As of the 2010 United States census, there were 774,769 people living in the county. 88.0% were White, 1.0% Asian, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 8.8% of some other race and 1.3% of two or more races. 90.6% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: There were 216,471 households, and 179,668 families living in the county. The population density was 363 people per square mile (140/km). There were 248,287 housing units at an average density of 123 per square mile (47/km). There were 216,471 households, out of which 54.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.00% were married couples living together, 18.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.0% were non-families. 14.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.55 and the average family size was 3.94.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.3 years. For every 100 females there were 94.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.90 males.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: The median income for a household in the county was $30,134, and the median income for a family was $31,760. Males had a median income of $22,635 versus $17,526 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,130. About 32.60% of families and 35.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.4% of those under age 18 and 29.8% of those age 65 or over. The county's per-capita income makes it one of the poorest counties in the United States. In 2009, it was tied with Bronx County, New York for "the greatest share of people receiving food stamps: 29 percent."


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Hidalgo County as the McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. The United States Census Bureau ranked the McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area as the 70th most populous metropolitan statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: The Office of Management and Budget has further designated the McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area as a component of the more extensive McAllen-Edinburg, TX Combined Statistical Area, the 60th most populous combined statistical area and the 67th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: Hidalgo County tends to vote for the Democratic Party, although there is representation of the Republican Party in some of the offices that affect the county. Hidalgo County is represented by Vicente González of , Henry Cuellar of and Mayra Flores of . In the 2012 presidential election, 70.4% of the voters voted for Barack Obama while 28.6% voted for Mitt Romney. The last time Hidalgo County voted Republican was in the 1972 presidential election when Richard Nixon won over 55% of the votes. In the 2020 Presidential election, Hidalgo County saw a significant shift to the Republican Party with Donald Trump increasing the Republican vote from 27.9% in 2016 to 41%. However, as an urban county, the shift was not as large as nearby less densely populated counties.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: The Hidalgo County Sheriff's Office operates jail facilities and is the primary provider of law enforcement services to the unincorporated areas of the county.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: In addition, the county is served by the multi-county South Texas Independent School District. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville operates three PK-8th Grade schools, two lower-level elementary schools and two high schools.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: The Edinburg campus of the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (formerly University of Texas-Pan American) is located in Hidalgo County.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: All of the county is in the service area of South Texas College. The Pecan, Mid-Valley, Technology, and Nursing & Allied Health campuses of South Texas College are located in Hidalgo County.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: In 1982, 91% of the land was in farms and ranches, with 52% of the farmland under cultivation and 85% irrigated; 51 to 60% of the county was considered prime farmland. The primary crops were sorghum, cotton, corn, and vegetables; Hidalgo County led Texas counties in the production of cabbage, onions, cantaloupes, carrots, and watermelons. The primary fruits and nuts grown in the county were grapefruit, oranges, and pecans. Cattle, milk cows, and hogs were the primary livestock products. Hidalgo is the highest-producing county in the state for oilseeds and dry beans.


title: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: The Southern Cattle Tick ("Rhipicephalus microplus") is invasive here. Populations here have also become highly permethrin resistant. In 2014 the problem had become so severe in Cameron that spread here (and to other neighboring counties) was feared. A Temporary Preventative Quarantine Area was established in Cameron to preserve efficacy in these counties. This was unsuccessful however, due at least in part to the ticks' infestation of wildlife including whitetail ("Odocoileus virginianus").


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Shabab Al-Ahli Club () is a Emirati professional association football club based in Dubai, that currently plays in the UAE ADNOC Pro League. Al-Ahli is one of the most successful clubs in the UAE.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Al Ahli FC has won 7 league titles, a record of 10 UAE's President Cup titles, 5 UAE super Cup titles, 5 UAE League Cup titles and 1 Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup, earning a total of 41 titles, making them the second most successful team in UAE. In the latest ranking by the IFFHS, Shabab Al Ahli is the 7th best club in Asia and ranked 110th in the world.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Al Ahli club was established in 1970 when two local football teams Al Wehdah and Al Shabab (est. 1958) joined together for a training camp in Egypt but decided to merge as one single club under first club president H.E. Nasser Abdulla Hussain Lootah. Four years later another local team Al Najah joined to form Al Ahli Club.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Al Ahli translates to "domestic or national" in Arabic. The club won three UAE Arabian Gulf League titles in the 1970s and won its fourth in 2006, fifth in 2009, sixth in 2014 and seventh in 2016.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: It took Al Ahli only four years after its establishment to win the UAE Arabian Gulf League twice consecutively in 1974-75 and 1975-76 then again in 1979-80 for the third time, which allowed them to permanently keep the league trophy. The victorious team, led by coach Mohamed Shehta and featuring players such as Hassan Nazari and Hassan Roshan. The team also won three President Cup titles during that period. Drawing hometown fans, Al Ahli has been and continues to be one of the most popular sports teams in the UAE. However, the club went into decline for few decades, the result of which saw the club relegated to the second division (1995–96) in a dramatic way, when Al Ahli played against neighbour rival Al Shabab, Al Ahli needed just one point from the match to stay in the first division. Al Ahli has lost the match and Al Shabab has won the league title. The same year, Al Ahli won the President Cup title. After a period of decline, Al Ahli went back on top under the new leadership of Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Deputy Ruler of Dubai, winning its fourth league title in 2006 and the following years, Al Ahli continued to be a successful club in the UAE by winning 6 President Cups. The early 2000s saw Iranian legend Ali Karimi play multiple seasons for Al Ahli, finishing as league top scorer in 2003-04 and being named Asian footballer of the year 2004.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Al-Ahli, as 2008–09 UAE Pro-League champions and as Abu Dhabi was hosting the event, qualified for the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup which was held in December 2009. They lost 0–2 to Auckland City in their only game in the competition.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: The club began to rise again and in 2010 with Abdullah Al Naboodah, the squad was gradually re-built, with the likes of Fabio Cannavaro and Grafite and Ricardo Quaresma joined the Emirati homegrown talents Ahmed Khalil and Ismael Al Hammadi. In 2012, Al Ahli won the UAE President's Cup and the Arabian Gulf Cup. The arrival of the Romanian football manager Cosmin Olaroiu in 2013, set the stage for a highly successful 2013–14 season. Al Ahli performed strongly in the league and assured its 6th title with a record for the highest ever points total for a league season (62). In addition, the club won the Arabian Gulf Cup, 2 Arabian Gulf Super Cups (2013–14, 2014–15) and in the following year they reached 2015 AFC Champions League Final which they narrowly lost to the Chinese team Guangzhou Evergrande 1–0 on aggregate. Al Ahli homegrown forward Ahmed Khalil named the UAE's sole recipient of the prestigious Asian Footballer of the Year award in 2015. In 2016, they again won their 7th domestic league title with two matches to play.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: In 2017 the clubs Dubai CSC and Al Shabab joined with Al-Ahli FC to form Shabab Al Ahli FC. The merge was seen as a controversial move as it meant combining the success of rival club Al Shabab with Al Ahli and it also meant missing the AFC Champions League for the first three years of its existence since it requires a club to exist for three years to obtain an AFC licence. However, the team would quickly experience success as they would win the League Cup and President's Cup in 2019.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: The original Al Ahli logo reflected a falcon on top of football and the words "Al Ahli Club" written horizontally. After rebranding themselves to Red Knights in 2006, the logo changed to a horse head shape with the letters "AC" (Al Ahli Club) on top. The new logo represents strength and high spirits also it goes along with the new nickname Red Knights instead of the old nickname the Red Devils.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Rashid Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Dubai, United Arab Emirates that was named after Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum. It is currently used mostly for football & Rugby matches. The stadium holds 12,000 people. It was built in 1948. It is the home ground of Shabab Al-Ahli. Shabab Al Ahli also has Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum Stadium and Al Aweer


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Stadium as a second and third home ground for the club after merging with Al Shabab and Dubai in 2017.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: Shabab Al Ahli rivalry with Al Ain is gaining popularity as the two clubs alternated as champions in the 70s and more after 2010, and currently, both teams are considered among the top teams in the UAE. The match usually creates a lively atmosphere. Al Nasr and Al Wasl are also neighbouring rivals competing for who is the best team in Dubai


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: The club is also known as Al Ahli Castle because of its involvement in other professional sports. The club competes in basketball, volleyball, handball, track sport, table tennis and track cycling. Al Ahli is also known for its involvement in cultural activities and community services. Al Ahli Drama club established in 1981, to promote Emirati arts and theatrical plays focusing on UAE tradition, heritage and current events.


title: Shabab Al Ahli Club

text: In 2016 Al Ahli became the first foreign club to sign a partnership agreement with La Liga that is the first of its kind for both the renowned professional Spanish league and the Arabian Gulf League leaders. The signing of the agreement, which was staged at La Liga's headquarters, marks the beginning of a linkup in which La Liga's experience will be used to support Dubai's leading club in its development especially a training program from youth coaches in Spain will be applied. The club's junior sides will gain invitations to leading tournaments there, providing the opportunity to gain valuable experience playing top-class opposition.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The Wadden Sea ( ; ; or ; ; ; ) is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of low-lying Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It has a high biological diversity and is an important area for both breeding and migrating birds. In 2009, the Dutch and German parts of the Wadden Sea were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List and the Danish part was added in June 2014.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The Wadden Sea stretches from Den Helder, in the northwest of the Netherlands, past the great river estuaries of Germany to its northern boundary at Skallingen in Denmark along a total coastline of some and a total area of about . Within the Netherlands, it is bounded from the IJsselmeer by the Afsluitdijk. Historically, the coastal regions were often subjected to large floods, resulting in thousands of deaths, including the Saint Marcellus' floods of 1219 and 1362, Burchardi flood of 1634 and Christmas Flood of 1717. Some of these also significantly changed the coastline. Numerous dikes and several causeways have been built, and as a result recent floods have resulted in few or no fatalities (even if some dikes rarely and locally have been overrun in recent history). This makes it among the most human-altered habitats on the planet.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The word "wad" is Frisian and Dutch for "mud flat" (Low German and , ). The area is typified by extensive tidal mud flats, deeper tidal trenches (tidal creeks) and the islands that are contained within this, a region continually contested by land and sea.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The landscape has been formed for a great part by storm tides in the 10th to 14th centuries, overflowing and carrying away former peat land behind the coastal dunes. The present islands are a remnant of the former coastal dunes.


title: Wadden Sea

text: Towards the North Sea the islands are marked by dunes and wide sandy beaches, and towards the Wadden Sea a low, tidal coast. The impact of waves and currents carrying away sediments is slowly changing both land masses and coastlines. For example, the islands of Vlieland and Ameland have moved eastwards through the centuries, having lost land on one side and added it on the other.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The Wadden Sea is famous for its rich flora and fauna, especially birds. Hundreds of thousands of waders, ducks, and geese use the area as a migration stopover or wintering site. It is also a rich habitat for gulls and terns, as well as a few species of herons, Eurasian spoonbills and birds-of-prey, including a small and increasing breeding population of white-tailed eagles. However, the biodiversity of Wadden Sea is smaller today than it once was; for birds, greater flamingos and Dalmatian pelicans used to be common as well, at least during the Holocene climatic optimum when the climate was warmer. Due to human activity and a changing environment, species have gone extinct, while others are expected to migrate in.


title: Wadden Sea

text: Larger fish including rays, Atlantic salmon and brown trout are still present in several sections of the Wadden Sea, but others like European sea sturgeon only survive in the region through a reintroduction project. The world's only remaining natural population of houting survives in the Danish part of the Wadden Sea and it has been used as a basis for reintroductions further south, but considerable taxonomic confusion remains over its status (whether it is the same as the houting that once lived further south in the Wadden Sea). European oyster once formed large beds in the region and was still present until a few decades ago, when extirpated due to a combination of disease and the continued spread of the invasive Pacific oyster, which now forms large beds in the Wadden Sea. Especially the southwestern part of the Wadden Sea has been greatly reduced. Historically, the Rhine was by far the most important river flowing into this section, but it has been greatly reduced due to dams. As a result, about 90% of all the species which historically inhabited that part of the Wadden Sea are at risk.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The Wadden Sea is an important habitat for both harbour and grey seals. Harbour porpoises and white-beaked dolphins are the sea's only resident cetaceans. They were once extinct in the southern part of the sea but have also re-colonized that area again. Many other cetaceans only visit seasonally, or occasionally. In early history, North Atlantic right whales and gray whales (now extinct in the North Atlantic) were present in region, perhaps using the shallow, calm waters for feeding and breeding. It has been theorized that they were hunted to extinction in this region by shore-based whalers in medieval times. They are generally considered long-extinct in the region, but in the Netherlands a possible right whale was observed close to beaches on Texel in the West Frisian Islands and off Steenbanken, Schouwen-Duiveland in July 2005. Recent increases in number of North Atlantic humpback whales and minke whales might have resulted in more visits and possible re-colonization by the species to the areas especially around Marsdiep. Future recovery of once-extinct local bottlenose dolphins is also expected.


title: Wadden Sea

text: A number of human-introduced invasive species, including algae, plants, and smaller organisms, are causing negative effects on native species.


title: Wadden Sea

text: Although the Wadden Sea is not yet listed as a transboundary Ramsar site, a great part of the Wadden Sea is protected in cooperation of all three countries.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The governments of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have been working together since 1978 on the protection and conservation of the Wadden Sea. Co-operation covers management, monitoring and research, as well as political matters. Furthermore, in 1982, a Joint Declaration on the Protection of the Wadden Sea was agreed upon to co-ordinate activities and measures for the protection of the Wadden Sea. In 1997, a Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan was adopted.


title: Wadden Sea

text: In June 2009, the Wadden Sea (comprising the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) was placed on the World Heritage list by UNESCO. A minor boundary modification in 2011 added the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park to the site, and the Danish part was added to in 2014.


title: Wadden Sea

text: The German part of the Wadden Sea was the setting for the 1903 Erskine Childers novel "The Riddle of the Sands" and Else Ury's 1915 novel "Nesthäkchen in the Children's Sanitorium".


title: Qadiani

text: Qadiani or Qadiyani (, , ; ) is a religious slur used to refer to Ahmadi Muslims, primarily in Pakistan. The term originates from Qadian, a small town in northern India, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement. While it is pejorative to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, it is used in official Pakistani documents.


title: Qadiani

text: Pakistan officially persecutes Ahmadiyya and uses the term Qadiani to label members of the religion. Pakistan's Second Amendment to the Constitution officially declares Ahmadiyya to be non-Muslims. Ordinance XX officially labels Ahmadi Muslims as Qadiani and prohibits them from any religious or social practices of the Muslim faith. The fourth caliph of the community, Mirza Tahir Ahmad, was forced to flee Pakistan under threat of arrest in 1984, prompting a diaspora of followers to the UK, Germany, and Canada. Ahmadiyya members are targets of death threats by majority Muslims, both inside Pakistan and in diaspora refuges.


title: Qadiani

text: The term is sometimes used in an academic context to distinguish the main Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat, referred to as Qadiani, from the separatist Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam, referred to as Lahori.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: Joel Álvarez González (born March 2, 1993) is a Spanish mixed martial artist who competes in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: Joel was born in Gijón, Spain and spent his childhood in the neighborhood of the Pumarín industrial park. When he was 18 years old he began to practice mixed martial arts at a gym in his city, the Tibet Sports Center, and years later he made his debut in several tournaments at regional level.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: A professional competitor since 2013, Álvarez fought primarily in his native Spain and garnered a record of 15 wins against 1 loss in the first five years of his career. He was undefeated in the Spanish promotion (AFL), where he was the Lightweight Champion, after defeating Brazil's Julio César Alves by submission in the second round.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: In his debut, Álvarez faced Damir Ismagulov on February 23, 2019 at . He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: Álvarez faced Joseph Duffy on July 15, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 172. He won the fight via a submission in round one.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: Álvarez faced Alexander Yakovlev on October 24, 2020 at UFC 254. At the weigh-ins, Álvarez weighed in at 159.5 pounds, three and a half pounds over the lightweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at catchweight and he was fined 30% of his purse, which went to his opponent Yakovlev. He won the fight via an armbar submission in round one.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: Álvarez was scheduled to face Christos Giagos on May 15, 2021 at UFC 262. However, Álvarez was removed from the bout in early May due to alleged visa issues that restricted his travel, and was replaced by Sean Soriano.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: Álvarez faced Thiago Moisés on November 13, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 197. At the weigh-ins, Álvarez weighed in at 157.5 pounds, one and a half pounds over the lightweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at a catchweight with Álvarez fined 30% of his purse, which went to Moisés. Álvarez won the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Joel Álvarez

text: Álvarez faced Arman Tsarukyan on February 26, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 202. He lost the bout via ground and pound TKO in the second round.


title: Suppressive Person

text: Suppressive Person, often abbreviated SP, is a term used in Scientology to describe the "antisocial personalities" who, according to Scientology's founder L. Ron Hubbard, make up about 2.5% of the population. A statement on a Church of Scientology website describes this group as including notorious historic figures such as Adolf Hitler.


title: Suppressive Person

text: The term is often applied to those whom the Church perceives as its enemies, such as those whose "disastrous" and "suppressive" acts are said to impede the progress of individual Scientologists or the Scientology movement.


title: Suppressive Person

text: One of the reasons Scientology doctrines portray Suppressive Persons as such a danger is that they are supposed to make people around them become Potential Trouble Sources (abbreviated PTS). Scientology defines a PTS as "a person who is in some way connected to and being adversely affected by a suppressive person. Such a person is called a potential trouble source because he can be a lot of trouble to himself and to others." Hubbard suggested that Potential Trouble Sources make up 17.5% of the population.


title: Suppressive Person

text: As with most Scientology terminology, "Suppressive Person" was coined by L. Ron Hubbard. Ruth A. Tucker writes in her book "Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement" that the concept appears to have first been introduced into Scientology in the 1960s "as membership grew and as authoritarian control [by Hubbard] increased". Tucker notes that many of those who joined Scientology during this period were "well-educated people who prided themselves in independent thinking [and] struggled with the idea of allowing any other individual to completely dominate their opinions." Many of Hubbard's early writings on Suppressive Persons focus on their alleged responsibility for poor management within the Church of Scientology.


title: Suppressive Person

text: The church's official glossary defines a Suppressive Person as being:a person who possesses a distinct set of characteristics and mental attitudes that cause him to suppress other people in his vicinity. This is the person whose behavior is calculated to be disastrous. Also called "antisocial personality".


title: Suppressive Person

text: The church regards these "antisocial personalities" as being those "who possess characteristics and mental attitudes that cause them to violently oppose any betterment activity or group," This concern with "groups" continues in the official "Scientology Handbook", which states the corollary: "The antisocial personality supports only destructive groups."


title: Suppressive Person

text: According to the Hubbard textbook "Introduction to Scientology Ethics" ("the Ethics book"), when an individual is found to be under the influence of a Suppressive Person, it is believed that this will affect their general well-being. An individual with an SP in their vicinity is likely to be under stress or frequently upset, and this would potentially jeopardize the stability of any treatment or education. Therefore, a parishioner who is found to have such suppressive connections is not permitted to participate in certain Scientology classes and counseling until the situation has been adequately resolved.


title: Suppressive Person

text: The Ethics book provides a guideline for use in sorting out such a condition. A first step is always to educate the person about the phenomenon of the Suppressive Person and the effects this is believed to have on the individuals close to the SP. Once the education step is completed, the person can further follow the guidelines to sort out the situation so that the parishioner is no longer negatively affected.


title: Suppressive Person

text: Scientology Security checks are also common for SP and PTS situations. If reasonable attempts have been made to "handle" the situation to no avail, the parishioner may take the option of "disconnecting" from the SP. In "Introduction to Scientology Ethics", "disconnection" is defined as a self-determined decision made by an individual that he is not going to be connected to another. It is a severing of communication by one individual against the other.


title: Suppressive Person

text: The concept of the Suppressive Person in Scientology has been the source of some controversy, due in some part to aversion to the idea of "disconnecting" from close family members and friends.


title: Suppressive Person

text: Another source of controversy related to the Suppressive Person doctrine is the formal administrative judgment that labels an individual a "Suppressive Person". This is known as an "SP Declare", and has been issued as a "Flag Ethics Order" since 1976. This is because presently, an SP Declare needs to be approved by the "International Justice Chief" (IJC), who resides at Gold Base, which is not a formal Scientology office and thus not authorized to issue Ethics Orders.


title: Suppressive Person

text: Non-Scientologists as well as Scientologists can be and have been labelled Suppressive Persons. A Suppressive Person is anyone who has been responsible for "suppressive acts", defined by Hubbard as being "the overt or covert actions or omissions knowingly and willfully undertaken to suppress, reduce, prevent or destroy case gains, and/or the influence of Scn on activities, and/or the continued Scn success and actions on the part of organizations actions and Scientologists." Similarly, entire groups can be declared Suppressive; Suppressive Groups, in Hubbard's view, are "those which seek to destroy Scn or which specialize in injuring or killing persons or damaging their cases or which advocate suppression of mankind." Under this broader definition, suppressiveness included more than just publicly opposing Scientology; it also included any group supporting activities to which Hubbard was strongly opposed, especially psychiatry. Specifically, Hubbard considered reporters and government agents to be members of Suppressive Groups: "There are no good reporters. There are no good government or SP group agents. The longer you try to be nice, the worse off you will be. And the sooner one learns this, the happier he will be."


title: Suppressive Person

text: The Church of Scientology maintains a central list of ex-members and splinter groups formally declared to be Suppressive. In an executive directive of 1992, the Church's "International Justice Chief" lists over 400 groups and over 2,300 individuals considered to be Suppressive. The list includes individual ex-Scientologists and breakaway groups regarded as hostile or heretical, such as Erhard Seminars Training (EST).


title: Suppressive Person

text: In a lecture he made on 19 July 1966, L. Ron Hubbard expressed concern about the possible abuse of the "Suppressive Person" label in respect of those who are otherwise good citizens and contribute to civil society:


title: Suppressive Person

text: You should upgrade your idea of what an SP is. Man, meet one sometime! A real one! A real monster...Well, in all the time we've been around here we only had one SP that I know of. One real SP that was on staff... And I don't know of another single SP that we've ever had on staff. Isn't that interesting. You see all these SP orders and so on...Don't throw it around carelessly, because this is an—a very exaggerated condition, SP.


title: Suppressive Person

text: Some former Scientologists have alleged that there has indeed been such abuse. For example, Bent Corydon describes seeing Scientology franchise holder Gary Smith declared Suppressive on the spot during the October 1982 Mission Holders' Conference, simply for not obeying a shouted order to change his seat.


title: Suppressive Person

text: According to a 2006 "St. Petersburg Times" article entitled "SP profiles", one Scientologist found himself declared an SP after he repeatedly challenged the validity of a "patter drill" in which he was instructed to read passages of a course to a wall. He insisted the drill was not based on Hubbard teachings and stated that he had been previously threatened with an SP declare after a run-in with a Scientology attorney on an unrelated issue.


title: Suppressive Person

text: Those who communicate with Suppressive Persons can face being branded SPs themselves by Scientology. Associates of the branded SP are ordered to disconnect from that person. Religious scholars have taken a negative view of Scientology's disconnection policies, which includes many who have previously testified on behalf of Scientology. For example, religious scholar J. Gordon Melton stated, "I just think it would be better for all concerned if they just let them go ahead and get out and everyone goes their own way, and not make such a big deal of it. The policy hurts everybody."


title: 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries

text: Presidential primaries and caucuses are being organized by the Democratic Party to select the delegates to the 2024 Democratic National Convention, to determine the party's nominee for president in the 2024 United States presidential election. The elections will take place in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. territories, and Democrats Abroad, and will be held between February and June that year.


text: Incumbent president Joe Biden declared his intent in January 2022 to run for re-election, keeping vice president Kamala Harris as his running mate. On September 15, he told Scott Pelley in a CBS "60 Minutes" interview that he has not yet committed to run. In a private conversation with civil-rights activist Al Sharpton on October 3, he reportedly told that he is seeking re-election. On October 11, he told Jake Tapper in an interview on CNN that he would decide whether or not to run after the 2022 midterm elections. He is the oldest person to assume the office at age 78, and he would be 82 at the end of his first term. If re-elected, he would be 86 at the end of his second term. During late 2021, as Biden was suffering from low approval ratings in the polls, there was speculation that he would not seek re-election. If this occurs, Vice President Harris and Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg would be considered likely candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination, both having run for president in 2020.


text: Some prominent Democrats have publicly urged Biden not to run, including U.S. Representatives Dean Phillips and Carolyn Maloney and former U.S. Representative and 2022 South Carolina gubernatorial nominee Joe Cunningham, though Maloney later apologized and said that Biden should run again. There is speculation that Biden will face a primary challenge from a member of the Democratic Party's progressive faction. If Biden is not the nominee in 2024, it will be the first election since 1968 in which an eligible incumbent president was not the eventual nominee of their party after Lyndon B. Johnson, and if he chooses not to seek reelection, it will be the first election since 1928 in which an eligible incumbent president did not seek reelection after Calvin Coolidge.


text: , the following notable individuals have expressed an interest in running for president within the previous six months.


text: , the following notable individuals have been subjects of speculation about their potential candidacy within the previous six months. Most of these candidates are viewed as potential replacements if President Biden does not seek re-election, while some are viewed as potential primary challenges if he does.


text: The following notable individuals have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy, but have publicly denied interest in running.


text: On January 19, 2022, Biden confirmed that Harris would be his running mate in 2024 in his likely re-election campaign.


title: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll (née Mathilda Coster Mortimer; 20 August 1925 – 5 June 1997) was a Scottish noblewoman. She was the fourth and final wife of Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll.


title: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: Mathilda Coster Mortimer was born on 20 August 1925 in Geneva, Switzerland to American parents Stanley Mortimer and his wife Mathilda (née Coster). Her father was a landowner from Litchfield, Connecticut, and her mother was the daughter of the banker William B. Coster. She was raised by her grandparents in France, then eventually went on to study philosophy at Harvard University.


title: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: In 1948, Mathilda married Clemens Heller, a professor of human sciences at the University of Paris. They had three sons together before divorcing in 1961.


title: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: She met the then-recently divorced Duke of Argyll, Ian Campbell in Scotland not long after her divorce from Heller. Ian Campbell (unknown to Mathilda at the time),had had an affair with her mother in the 1920s. They began a relationship shortly after meeting and were married in 1963 at the Registry Office in Horsham, West Sussex. The Duke and Duchess had one child together, Lady Elspeth Campbell, born in 1967. However, Elspeth died within a few days of her birth.


title: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: In 1969, the Duke and Duchess moved to France, spending time in both Paris and Vézelay. The Duke died in 1973 in Edinburgh.


title: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: Campbell was fluent in both French and German. In her later years, she wrote a novel called "Orian — A Philosophical Journey", inspired by the death of her youngest son. She also had a keen interest in photography, and once held an exhibition of her work at the Demarco Gallery in Edinburgh.


title: Mathilda Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: Campbell died on 5 June 1997 in the American Hospital of Paris, aged 71. She was buried shortly after in Vézelay, near her home.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: The Ernest Hemingway House was the residence of American writer Ernest Hemingway in the 1930s. The house is situated on the island of Key West in Florida. It is at 907 Whitehead Street, across from the Key West Lighthouse, close to the southern coast of the island. Due to its association with Hemingway, the property is the most popular tourist attraction in Key West. It is also famous for its large population of so-called Hemingway cats, many of which are polydactyl.


title: Ernest Hemingway House

text: The residence was constructed in 1851 in a French Colonial style by wealthy marine architect and salvager Asa Tift. From 1931 to 1939, the house was inhabited by Hemingway and his wife Pauline Pfeiffer. They restored the decaying property and made several additions. During his time at the home, Hemingway wrote some of his best received works, including the non-fiction work "Green Hills of Africa" (1935), the 1936 short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber", and the novels "To Have And Have Not" (1937) and "Islands in the Stream" (1970). After the Hemingways' divorce and deaths, the house was auctioned off and subsequently converted into a private museum in 1964. On November 24, 1968, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.