title: Maine Mendoza

text: In December 2015, they appeared in GMA Network's station ID commercial for Christmas. Even though she appears in GMA, she is not a member of the GMA Artist Center and her career is being managed by Triple A, the talent management arm of Antonio P. Tuviera who is the executive producer of "Eat Bulaga!."


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza participated in the Lenten season drama specials of "Eat Bulaga!" in March 2016. She reprised her role as Divina/Yaya Dub in "Kaputol ng Buhay" and starred as Dani in "God Gave Me You" where she won the Darling of the Screen award and was nominated for Most Dramatic Performance by a Lead Star in "Eat Bulaga!"'s 3rd EB Dabarkads Awards held on April 2, 2016. Mendoza and Richards starred in film "Imagine You & Me" as lead actors. Some of the scenes of the film were shot in Como, Italy.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: In 2017, Mendoza and Richards starred in their first prime time television series "Destined to be Yours" where Mendoza played the role as Sinag Obispo, a radio DJ and the love interest of Benjie Rosales who is an architect played by Richards. In October 2017, Mendoza and Richards headlined in an "Eat Bulaga!" produced television film entitled "Love is..." with Adolf Alix Jr as the director. Since December 2017, Mendoza frequently appears playing different guest roles in "Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko".


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza and Richards have done a number of product endorsements while Mendoza also appeared in a number of advertisements by herself. She has appeared as the cover girl for "Meg" magazine and "Preview" magazine for November 2015. Mendoza and the cast of "Kalyeserye" segment were featured on "YES!" magazine's November 2015 issue. Mendoza and Richards appeared on the covers of "Reader's Digest Asia", a special issue of "YES!" magazine, and "Inside Showbiz" and "PeopleAsia" in December 2015. Aside from being in the cover of "PeopleAsia", Mendoza together with Richards received the People of the Year award in 2016 from the magazine. In recognition of Mendoza's effectiveness as a product endorser, she became the Trinitian Awardee for Most Valuable Female Advertising Endorser during Platinum Stallion Awards (Awards for Advertising) in 2016.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza and Richards were on the cover again of the January 2016 issue of "YES!" magazine. On the same month, the couple was the first showbiz personalities to land on the cover of "BizNews Asia". In the 2016 calendar of Disney Channel Asia, Mendoza appeared as Elsa from the Disney film "Frozen". Mendoza appeared in the February 2016 issue of "Cosmopolitan" magazine with Richards and "Esquire Philippines" with Jose Manalo, Wally Bayola and Paolo Ballesteros.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: In July 2016, Mendoza together with Richards appeared on the cover of "YES!" magazine for the third time and led the magazine's list of Most Beautiful Stars of 2016. In the same month, Mendoza landed in the 21st rank of "FHM Philippines"' 100 Sexiest Women for 2016 as a new entry while in July 2017, she climbed a few notches higher and ranked as the 9th sexiest woman. For its 25th anniversary, Mega Magazine named Mendoza as one of the Philippines' "25 iconic women" and she was one of the 25 different covers of their hard bound book Mega Stories. She was also featured on the cover of the Cosmopolitan Philippines magazine's 20th anniversary special.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: According to Soltero Salazar of the Association of Philippine Advertisers in June 2017, Mendoza surpassed Kris Aquino as the top celebrity endorser in the Philippines. Soltero added that Aquino has been a top endorser since the 1990s but when she departed from ABS-CBN in 2017 making her rarely seen in television, the advertisers preferred Mendoza instead. With 30 product endorsements in 2016, Mendoza became a top endorser due to her popularity and wholesome image.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza has been maintaining a personal blog, the "Pessimistic Optimist Bella", since 2012 and she revealed in April 2017 that she is planning to release a book in the latter part of 2017 and her blog is one of her inspirations in writing the book. According to her, the book, which will focus on her personal life, will have no ghostwriters as she will personally write the book herself. In October 2017, her first autobiographical book entitled "Yup, I Am That Girl" was published by Summit Media and was launched on October 26, 2017. The book's title is based on her Twitter account's bio and according to its short description, an unfiltered version of her personal blog. After the book launching was declared, the #YupIAmThatGirl trended on Twitter and book authors Lang Leav and Michael Faudet reacted positively to Mendoza's book. Her book was already sold out in just four hours after a bookstore announced its availability.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza wrote and interpreted "Imagine You and Me," the theme song for the 2016 movie of the same name. The music for the song is done by Vic Sotto with arrangements by Jimmy Antiporda. A duet version of the song was also released for the film.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: In June 2018, Mendoza signed a record deal with Universal Records. Neocolours lead vocalist Ito Rapadas is the over-all producer of Mendoza's first album.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza was part of "Eat Bulaga! Tamang Panahon" benefit concert on October 24, 2015 held at the Philippine Arena where PHP 14 million was raised for the program's "AlDub Library Project".


title: Maine Mendoza

text: In April 2018, Mendoza launched "Humans of Barangay" which is inspired by Brandon Stanton's Facebook page, "Humans of New York." Mendoza considers this project as her way to inspire more people through stories of people she meets in barangays.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza is a supporter of the causes of the Lumads in Mindanao, who experienced expulsion from their lands, persecution, and killings. Her brother-in-law John Carlos Catalan is a member of the group AlDub for Lumad, which supported a caravan by Lumad leaders in Surigao City. Brigadier General Joey Kakilala, commander of the Civil Relations Office of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, criticized Mendoza and other celebrities on supporting the Lumads saying that they do not know the real story behind the Lumads' cause and are being misled.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza advocates same-sex marriages and believes that "everyone has the right to love whoever they want."


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza ventured into the fast food business after she bought a franchise of the American restaurant chain McDonald's, which she also endorses. Her restaurant formally opened on August 11, 2017 at her hometown, Barangay Sta. Clara, Santa Maria, Bulacan. The exact location of her business is said to be located near the gasoline station business of her family.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Being the Philippines' most googled female personality in 2015 and most tweeted Filipino celebrity in the world in 2017, Mendoza is considered to have wide influence on the Internet and social media as recognized by award-giving bodies, earning her title as the Social Media Queen. She has also been nicknamed as The Phenomenal Star.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: In October 2015, Mendoza's Twitter account became the third-fastest growing profile, her followers increased to 1,094,813 in just a few months. Due to her popularity, her social media accounts were hacked twice. One of those hacks happened in November 2015 where her Twitter was taken by a group of hackers who identified themselves as Anonymous Philippines. They posted series of tweets promoting the Million Mask March. Despite hacking the account, they promised to return it to the rightful owner. In less than 24 hours, Mendoza was able to get hold of her social media accounts.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: After a series of tweets telling fans to refrain from leaving hateful messages, Mendoza deactivated her Twitter account in June 2017; her other social media accounts are still active. On October 22, 2017, she re-activated her Twitter.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Mendoza was featured in several television news magazines and talk shows on GMA Network including "Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho", "CelebriTV", and "Tonight with Arnold Clavio". Rico Hizon interviewed Mendoza along with Richards for a BBC special report. She also appeared in "Lip Sync Battle Philippines" through a video-taped recording during the fourth episode of the show in March 2016 where she gave lip-syncing tips to Alden Richards who was the guest of the show. The actress appeared in a series of vignettes explaining what to do and not to do in the 2016 Philippine general elections, as part of GMA News and Public Affairs coverage of the elections dubbed as "Eleksyon 2016".


title: Maine Mendoza

text: In October 2016, it was revealed that Mendoza has a cameo role in the film "Enteng Kabisote 10 and the Abangers".


title: Maine Mendoza

text: In December 2015, Mendoza got a star at the Philippine Walk of Fame at Eastwood City, Libis, Quezon City along with her "Kalyeserye" co-stars and was named Favorite Young Actress in the 5th OFW Gawad Parangal. Mendoza was also given a "Makabatang Alagad ng Telebisyon" (Child-friendly Artist on Television) seal by Anak TV in February 2016. Mendoza also won several awards in the Nuffnang Philippines Bloggers Awards. She also won Female TV Star of the Year and Female Breakout Star of the Year for 2016 in the PEPList Awards Year 3 by the Philippine Entertainment Portal.


title: Maine Mendoza

text: Aside from being given accolades for her performance as an artist, as a citizen in the Philippines, the Philippine Bureau of Internal Revenue at the regional district office in Caloocan acknowledged Mendoza in August 2017 as the top individual regional tax payer. As alumni of a De La Salle educational institution, Mendoza was given recognition during the 1st Gawad Lasallianeta in September 2017 upon receiving the Zeal for Lasallian Excellence as Media Communicators award. In December 2017, Mendoza received another Anak TV award, the Female Makabata Star award.


title: Programmable logic device

text: A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike digital logic constructed using discrete logic gates with fixed functions, a PLD has an undefined function at the time of manufacture. Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must be programmed to implement the desired function. Compared to fixed logic devices, programmable logic devices simplify the design of complex logic and may offer superior performance. Unlike for microprocessors, programming a PLD changes the connections made between the gates in the device.


title: Programmable logic device

text: PLDs can broadly be categorised into, in increasing order of complexity, Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPLDs), comprising programmable array logic, programmable logic array and generic array logic; Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).


title: Programmable logic device

text: In 1969, Motorola offered the XC157, a mask-programmed gate array with 12 gates and 30 uncommitted input/output pins.


title: Programmable logic device

text: In 1970, Texas Instruments developed a mask-programmable IC based on the IBM read-only associative memory or ROAM. This device, the TMS2000, was programmed by altering the metal layer during the production of the IC. The TMS2000 had up to 17 inputs and 18 outputs with 8 JK flip flop for memory. TI coined the term Programmable Logic Array (PLA) for this device.


title: Programmable logic device

text: In 1971, General Electric Company (GE) was developing a programmable logic device based on the new Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM) technology. This experimental device improved on IBM's ROAM by allowing multilevel logic. Intel had just introduced the floating-gate UV erasable PROM so the researcher at GE incorporated that technology. The GE device was the first erasable PLD ever developed, predating the Altera EPLD by over a decade. GE obtained several early patents on programmable logic devices.


title: Programmable logic device

text: In 1973 National Semiconductor introduced a mask-programmable PLA device (DM7575) with 14 inputs and 8 outputs with no memory registers. This was more popular than the TI part but cost of making the metal mask limited its use. The device is significant because it was the basis for the field programmable logic array produced by Signetics in 1975, the 82S100. (Intersil actually beat Signetics to market but poor yield doomed their part.)


title: Programmable logic device

text: In 1974 GE entered into an agreement with Monolithic Memories (MMI) to develop a mask–programmable logic device incorporating the GE innovations. The device was named the 'Programmable Associative Logic Array' or PALA. The MMI 5760 was completed in 1976 and could implement multilevel or sequential circuits of over 100 gates. The device was supported by a GE design environment where Boolean equations would be converted to mask patterns for configuring the device. The part was never brought to market.


title: Programmable logic device

text: In 1970, Texas Instruments developed a mask-programmable IC based on the IBM read-only associative memory or ROAM. This device, the TMS2000, was programmed by altering the metal layer during the production of the IC. The TMS2000 had up to 17 inputs and 18 outputs with 8 JK flip-flops for memory. TI coined the term programmable logic array for this device.


title: Programmable logic device

text: A programmable logic array (PLA) has a programmable AND gate array, which links to a programmable OR gate array, which can then be conditionally complemented to produce an output. A PLA is similar to a ROM concept, however a PLA does not provide full decoding of a variable and does not generate all the minterms as in a ROM.


title: Programmable logic device

text: PAL devices have arrays of transistor cells arranged in a "fixed-OR, programmable-AND" plane used to implement "sum-of-products" binary logic equations for each of the outputs in terms of the inputs and either synchronous or asynchronous feedback from the outputs.


title: Programmable logic device

text: MMI introduced a breakthrough device in 1978, the programmable array logic or PAL. The architecture was simpler than that of Signetics FPLA because it omitted the programmable OR array. This made the parts faster, smaller and cheaper. They were available in 20 pin 300 mil DIP packages while the FPLAs came in 28 pin 600 mil packages. The PAL Handbook demystified the design process. The PALASM design software (PAL assembler) converted the engineers' Boolean equations into the fuse pattern required to program the part. The PAL devices were soon second-sourced by National Semiconductor, Texas Instruments and AMD.


title: Programmable logic device

text: After MMI succeeded with the 20-pin PAL parts, AMD introduced the 24-pin 22V10 PAL with additional features. After buying out MMI (1987), AMD spun off a consolidated operation as Vantis, and that business was acquired by Lattice Semiconductor in 1999.


title: Programmable logic device

text: An improvement on the PAL was the generic array logic device, or GAL, invented by Lattice Semiconductor in 1985. This device has the same logical properties as the PAL but can be erased and reprogrammed. The GAL is very useful in the prototyping stage of a design, when any bugs in the logic can be corrected by reprogramming. GALs are programmed and reprogrammed using a PAL programmer, or by using the in-circuit programming technique on supporting chips.


title: Programmable logic device

text: Lattice GALs combine CMOS and electrically erasable (E) floating gate technology for a high-speed, low-power logic device. A similar device called a PEEL (programmable electrically erasable logic) was introduced by the International CMOS Technology (ICT) corporation.


title: Programmable logic device

text: PALs and GALs are available only in small sizes, equivalent to a few hundred logic gates. For bigger logic circuits, complex PLDs or CPLDs can be used. These contain the equivalent of several PALs linked by programmable interconnections, all in one integrated circuit. CPLDs can replace thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, of logic gates.


title: Programmable logic device

text: Some CPLDs are programmed using a PAL programmer, but this method becomes inconvenient for devices with hundreds of pins. A second method of programming is to solder the device to its printed circuit board, then feed it with a serial data stream from a personal computer. The CPLD contains a circuit that decodes the data stream and configures the CPLD to perform its specified logic function. Some manufacturers (including Altera and Microsemi) use JTAG to program CPLDs in-circuit from .JAM files.


title: Programmable logic device

text: While PALs were being developed into GALs and CPLDs (all discussed above), a separate stream of development was happening. This type of device is based on gate array technology and is called the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Early examples of FPGAs are the 82s100 array, and 82S105 sequencer, by Signetics, introduced in the late 1970s. The 82S100 was an array of AND terms. The 82S105 also had flip flop functions.


title: Programmable logic device

text: FPGAs use a grid of logic gates, and once stored, the data doesn't change, similar to that of an ordinary gate array. The term "field-programmable" means the device is programmed by the customer, not the manufacturer.


title: Programmable logic device

text: FPGAs are usually programmed after being soldered down to the circuit board, in a manner similar to that of larger CPLDs. In most larger FPGAs, the configuration is volatile and must be re-loaded into the device whenever power is applied or different functionality is required. Configuration is typically stored in a configuration PROM or EEPROM. EEPROM versions may be in-system programmable (typically via JTAG).


title: Programmable logic device

text: The difference between FPGAs and CPLDs is that FPGAs are internally based on look-up tables (LUTs) whereas CPLDs form the logic functions with sea-of-gates (e.g. sum of products). CPLDs are meant for simpler designs while FPGAs are meant for more complex designs. In general, CPLDs are a good choice for wide combinational logic applications, whereas FPGAs are more suitable for large state machines such as microprocessors.


title: Programmable logic device

text: Using the same technology as EPROMs, EPLDs have a quartz window in the package that allows it to be erased on exposure to UV light.


title: Programmable logic device

text: An Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) is an integrated circuit that comprises an array of PLDs that do not come pre-connected; the connections are programmed electrically by the user. Most GAL and FPGA devices are examples of EPLDs.


title: Programmable logic device

text: These are microprocessor circuits that contain some fixed functions and other functions that can be altered by code running on the processor. Designing self-altering systems requires engineers to learn new methods, and that new software tools be developed.


title: Programmable logic device

text: PLDs are being sold now that contain a microprocessor with a fixed function (the so-called "core") surrounded by programmable logic. These devices let designers concentrate on adding new features to designs without having to worry about making the microprocessor work. Also, the fixed-function microprocessor takes less space on the chip than a part of the programmable gate array implementing the same processor, leaving more space for the programmable gate array to contain the designer's specialized circuits.


title: Programmable logic device

text: A PLD is a combination of a logic device and a memory device. The memory is used to store the pattern that was given to the chip during programming. Most of the methods for storing data in an integrated circuit have been adapted for use in PLDs. These include:


title: Programmable logic device

text: Silicon antifuses are connections that are made by applying a voltage across a modified area of silicon inside the chip. They are called antifuses because they work in the opposite way to normal fuses, which begin life as connections until they are broken by an electric current.


title: Programmable logic device

text: SRAM, or static RAM, is a volatile type of memory, meaning that its contents are lost each time the power is switched off. SRAM-based PLDs therefore have to be programmed every time the circuit is switched on. This is usually done automatically by another part of the circuit.


title: Programmable logic device

text: An EPROM memory cell is a MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) that can be switched on by trapping an electric charge permanently on its gate electrode. This is done by a PAL programmer. The charge remains for many years and can only be removed by exposing the chip to strong ultraviolet light in a device called an EPROM eraser.


title: Programmable logic device

text: Flash memory is non-volatile, retaining its contents even when the power is switched off. It is stored on floating-gate MOSFET memory cells, and can be erased and reprogrammed as required. This makes it useful in PLDs that may be reprogrammed frequently, such as PLDs used in prototypes. Flash memory is a kind of EEPROM that holds information using trapped electric charges similar to EPROM. Consequently, Flash memory can hold information for years, but possibly not as many years as EPROM.


title: Programmable logic device

text: As of 2005, most CPLDs are electrically programmable and erasable, and non-volatile. This is because they are too small to justify the inconvenience of programming internal SRAM cells every time they start up, and EPROM cells are more expensive due to their ceramic package with a quartz window.


title: Programmable logic device

text: Many PAL programming devices accept input in a standard file format, commonly referred to as 'JEDEC files'. They are analogous to software compilers. The languages used as source code for logic compilers are called hardware description languages, or HDLs.


title: Programmable logic device

text: PALASM, ABEL and CUPL are frequently used for low-complexity devices, while Verilog and VHDL are popular higher-level description languages for more complex devices. The more limited ABEL is often used for historical reasons, but for new designs VHDL is more popular, even for low-complexity designs.


title: Programmable logic device

text: For modern PLD programming languages, design flows, and tools, see FPGA and Reconfigurable computing.


title: Programmable logic device

text: A device programmer is used to transfer the boolean logic pattern into the programmable device. In the early days of programmable logic, every PLD manufacturer also produced a specialized device programmer for its family of logic devices. Later, universal device programmers came onto the market that supported several logic device families from different manufacturers. Today's device programmers usually can program common PLDs (mostly PAL/GAL equivalents) from all existing manufacturers. Common file formats used to store the boolean logic pattern (fuses) are JEDEC, Altera POF (programmable object file), or Xilinx BITstream.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: The naval Battle of the Eastern Solomons (also known as the Battle of the Stewart Islands and, in Japanese sources, as the Second Battle of the Solomon Sea) took place on 24–25 August 1942, and was the third carrier battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II and the second major engagement fought between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Guadalcanal campaign. As at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, the ships of the two adversaries were never within sight of each other. Instead, all attacks were carried out by carrier-based or land-based aircraft.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: After several damaging air attacks, the naval surface combatants from both America and Japan withdrew from the battle area. Although neither side secured a clear victory, the U.S. and its allies gained a tactical and strategic advantage. Japan's losses were greater and included dozens of aircraft and their experienced aircrews. Also, Japanese reinforcements intended for Guadalcanal were delayed and eventually delivered by warships rather than transport ships, giving the Allies more time to prepare for the Japanese counteroffensive and preventing the Japanese from landing heavy artillery, ammunition, and other supplies.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: On 7 August, Allied forces, consisting mainly of U.S. Marine Corps units, landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands. The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases to threaten supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and secure the islands as launching points for a campaign with an eventual goal of isolating the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign. The landings initiated the six-month-long Guadalcanal campaign.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: The Allied landings were directly supported by three U.S. aircraft carrier task forces (TFs): TF 11 centered around ; TF 16 based on ; and TF 18 formed around ; their respective air groups; and supporting surface warships, including a battleship, four cruisers, and 11 destroyers. Not all of the ships were U.S. warships; attached to TF 18 was TF 44, commanded by Victor Alexander Charles Crutchley, which included the Royal Australian Navy cruisers and . The overall commander of the three carrier task forces was Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, who flew his flag on "Saratoga". The aircraft from the three carriers provided close air support for the invasion forces and defended against Japanese air attacks from Rabaul. After a successful landing, they remained in the South Pacific Area charged with four main objectives: guarding the line of communication between the major Allied bases at New Caledonia and Espiritu Santo; giving support to Allied ground forces at Guadalcanal and Tulagi against possible Japanese counteroffensives; covering the movement of supply ships aiding Guadalcanal; and engaging and destroying any Japanese warships that came within range.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Between 15 and 20 August, the U.S. carriers covered the delivery of fighter and bomber aircraft to the newly opened Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. This small, hard-won airfield was a critical point in the entire island chain, and both sides considered that control of the airbase offered potential control of the local airspace. In fact, Henderson Field and the aircraft based there soon limited the movement of Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands and in the attrition of Japanese air forces in the South Pacific Area. Allied control of Henderson Field became the key factor in the entire battle for Guadalcanal.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Surprised by the Allied offensive in the Solomons, Japanese naval forces, commanded by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, and army forces prepared a counteroffensive, with the goal of driving the Allies off of Guadalcanal and Tulagi. The counteroffensive was called "Operation Ka", from the first syllable in the Japanese name for Guadalcanal. The naval forces had the additional objective of destroying Allied warship forces in the South Pacific Area, specifically the U.S. carriers.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: On 16 August, a Japanese convoy of three slow transport ships loaded with 1,411 soldiers from the 28th "Ichiki" Infantry Regiment, as well as several hundred naval troops from the 5th Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF), departed the major Japanese base at Truk Lagoon (Chuuk) and headed towards Guadalcanal. The transports were guarded by the light cruiser , eight destroyers, and four patrol boats, with the escort force commanded by Rear Admiral Raizō Tanaka, who flew his flag in "Jintsū". Also departing from Rabaul to help protect the convoy was a "close cover force" of four heavy cruisers from the 8th Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa. These were the same, relatively old, heavy cruisers that had defeated an Allied naval surface force in the earlier Battle of Savo Island, less the , which had been sunk by an American submarine on her journey from that battle to her base. The four heavy cruisers of Mikawa's group left the Shortlands on 23 August and become tangentially involved, dropping bombs on Henderson Field during the following nights with their float planes. Tanaka planned to land the troops from his convoy on Guadalcanal on 24 August.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: On 21 August, the rest of the Japanese "Ka" naval force departed Truk, heading for the southern Solomons. These ships were divided into three groups. The "main body" contained the Japanese carriers and , the light carrier , and a screening force of one heavy cruiser and eight destroyers, commanded by Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo in "Shōkaku". The "vanguard force" consisted of two battleships, three heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and six destroyers, commanded by Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abe. The "advanced force" contained five heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, five destroyers, the seaplane carrier , and a "covering group" consisting of the battleship "Mutsu" and three destroyers, commanded by Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō. Finally, a force of about 100 IJN land-based bombers, fighters, and reconnaissance aircraft at Rabaul and nearby islands were positioned for operational support. Nagumo's main body positioned itself behind the "vanguard" and "advanced" forces in an attempt to more easily remain hidden from U.S. reconnaissance aircraft.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: The "Ka" plan dictated that once U.S. carriers were located, either by Japanese scout aircraft or an attack on one of the Japanese surface forces, Nagumo's carriers would immediately launch a strike force to destroy them. With the U.S. carriers destroyed or disabled, Abe's "vanguard" and Kondo's "advanced" forces would close with and destroy the remaining Allied naval forces in a warship surface action. This would then allow Japanese naval forces the freedom to neutralize Henderson Field through bombardment while covering the landing of the Japanese army troops to retake Guadalcanal and Tulagi.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: In response to an unanticipated land battle fought between U.S. Marines and Japanese forces on Guadalcanal on 19–20 August, the U.S. carrier task forces under Fletcher reversed towards Guadalcanal from their positions to the south on 21 August. The U.S. carriers were to support the Marines, protect Henderson Field, engage the enemy and destroy any Japanese naval forces that arrived to support Japanese troops in the land battle on Guadalcanal.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Both Allied and Japanese naval forces continued to converge on 22 August and both sides conducted intense aircraft scouting efforts, but neither side spotted its adversary. At least one Japanese scouting aircraft was shot down by aircraft from "Enterprise" before it could send a radio report, and this caused the Japanese to strongly suspect that U.S. carriers were in the immediate area. The U.S. forces were unaware of the disposition and strength of the approaching Japanese surface warship forces.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: At 09:50 on 23 August, a U.S. PBY Catalina flying boat operating out of Ndeni in the Santa Cruz Islands initially sighted Tanaka's convoy. By late afternoon, with no further sightings of Japanese ships, two aircraft strike forces from "Saratoga" and Henderson Field took off to attack the convoy. Tanaka, knowing that an attack would be forthcoming following the PBY sighting, reversed course once it had departed the area, and eluded the strike aircraft. After Tanaka reported to his superiors his loss of time by turning north to avoid the expected Allied airstrike, the landings of his troops on Guadalcanal was pushed back to 25 August. By 18:23 on 23 August, with no Japanese carriers sighted and no new intelligence reporting of their presence in the area, Fletcher detached "Wasp", which was getting low on fuel, and the rest of TF 18 for the two-day trip south toward Efate Island to refuel. Thus, "Wasp" and her escorting warships missed the upcoming battle.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: At 01:45 on 24 August, Nagumo ordered Rear Admiral Chūichi Hara, commanding the light carrier "Ryūjō", the heavy cruiser and the destroyers and , to proceed ahead of the main Japanese force and send an aircraft attack force against Henderson Field at daybreak. The "Ryūjō" mission was most likely in response to a request from the naval commander at Rabaul, Nishizō Tsukahara, for help from the combined fleet in neutralizing Henderson Field. The mission may also have been intended by Nagumo as a feint maneuver to divert U.S. attention, allowing the rest of the Japanese force to approach the U.S. naval forces undetected, as well as to help provide protection and cover for Tanaka's convoy. Most of the aircraft on "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" were readied to launch on short notice if the U.S. carriers were located. Between 05:55 and 06:30, the U.S. carriers, mainly "Enterprise", augmented by PBY Catalinas from Ndeni, launched their own scout aircraft to search for the Japanese naval forces.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: At 09:35, a Catalina made the first sighting of the "Ryūjō" force. Later that morning, several more sightings by carrier and other U.S. reconnaissance aircraft followed, including "Ryūjō" and ships of Kondo's and Mikawa's forces. Throughout the morning and early afternoon, U.S. aircraft also sighted several Japanese scout aircraft and submarines, leading Fletcher to believe that the Japanese knew where his carriers were, which actually was not yet the case. Still, Fletcher hesitated to order a strike against the "Ryūjō" group until he was sure there were no other Japanese carriers in the area. Finally, with no firm word on the presence or location of other Japanese carriers, at 13:40 Fletcher launched a strike of 38 aircraft from "Saratoga" to attack "Ryūjō". He kept aircraft in reserve on both U.S. carriers in case any Japanese fleet carriers were sighted.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Meanwhile, at 12:20, "Ryūjō" launched six Nakajima B5N2 bombers and 15 A6M3 Zero fighters to attack Henderson Field in conjunction with an attack by 24 Mitsubishi G4M2 bombers and 14 Zero fighters from Rabaul. Unknown to the "Ryūjō" aircraft, the Rabaul aircraft had encountered severe weather and returned to their base at 11:30. The "Ryūjō" aircraft were detected on radar by "Saratoga" as they flew toward Guadalcanal, further fixing the location of their ship for the impending U.S. attack. The "Ryūjō" aircraft arrived over Henderson Field at 14:23, and tangled with the Cactus Air Force based at Henderson while they bombed the airfield. In the resulting engagement, three B5N level bombers, three Zeros, and three U.S. fighters were shot down, and no significant damage was done to Henderson Field.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Almost simultaneously, at 14:25 a Japanese scout aircraft from the cruiser sighted the U.S. carriers. Although the aircraft was shot down, its report was transmitted in time, and Nagumo immediately ordered his strike force launched from "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku". The first wave of aircraft, consisting of 27 Aichi D3A2 dive bombers and 15 Zeros under the command of Lieutenant Commander Mamoru Seki, was in the air by 14:50 and on its way toward "Enterprise" and "Saratoga". About this same time, two U.S. scout aircraft finally sighted the main Japanese force, but due to communication problems, these sighting reports never reached Fletcher. Before leaving the area, the two U.S. scout aircraft attacked "Shōkaku", causing negligible damage, but forcing five of the first-wave Zeros to give chase, thus aborting their mission. At 16:00 a second wave of 9 Zeros and 27 D3A dive bombers, under the command of Lieutenant Sadamu Takahashi, was launched by the Japanese carriers and headed south toward the U.S. carriers. Abe's "Vanguard" force also surged ahead in anticipation of meeting the U.S. ships in a surface action after nightfall.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Also at this time, the "Saratoga" strike force arrived and attacked "Ryūjō", hitting and heavily damaging her with three to five bombs and perhaps one torpedo, and killing 120 of her crew. Also during this time, several U.S. B-17 heavy bombers attacked the crippled "Ryūjō" but caused no additional damage. The crew abandoned the heavily damaged Japanese carrier at nightfall and she sank soon after. "Amatsukaze" and "Tokitsukaze" rescued "Ryūjō"s survivors and the aircrews from her returning strike force, who ditched their aircraft in the ocean nearby. After the rescue operations were complete, both Japanese destroyers and "Tone" rejoined Nagumo's main force.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: At 16:02, still waiting for a definitive report on the location of the Japanese fleet carriers, the U.S. carriers' radar detected the first incoming wave of Japanese strike aircraft. Fifty-three F4F-4 Wildcat fighters from the two U.S. carriers were directed by radar control towards the attackers. Communication problems, limitations of the aircraft identification capabilities of the radar, primitive control procedures, and effective screening of the Japanese dive bombers by their escorting Zeros, prevented all but a few of the U.S. fighters from engaging the D3A dive bombers before they began their attacks on the U.S. carriers. Just before the Japanese dive bombers began their attacks, "Enterprise" and "Saratoga" cleared their decks for the impending action by launching the aircraft that they had been holding ready in case the Japanese fleet carriers were sighted. These aircraft were told to fly north and attack anything they could find, or else to circle outside the battle zone, until it was safe to return.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: At 16:29, the Japanese dive bombers began their attacks. Although several attempted to set up to attack "Saratoga", they quickly shifted back to the nearer carrier, "Enterprise". Thus, "Enterprise" was the target of almost the entire Japanese air attack. In a desperate attempt to disrupt their attacks, several Wildcats followed the D3A dive bombers into their attack dives, despite the intense anti-aircraft artillery fire from "Enterprise" and her screening warships. As many as four Wildcats were shot down by U.S. anti-aircraft fire, as well as several D3A dive bombers.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Because of the effective anti-aircraft fire from the U.S. ships, plus evasive maneuvers, the bombs from the first nine D3A dive bombers missed "Enterprise". The second division, which was led by Lieutenant Keiichi Arima, managed to score three hits. Initially, the lead D3A dive bomber, piloted by Petty Officer Kiyoto Furuta, scored a hit with a 250 kg semi-armor-piercing, delayed-action "ordinary" bomb that penetrated the flight deck near the aft elevator and passed through three decks before detonating below the waterline, killing 35 men and wounding 70 more. Incoming seawater caused "Enterprise" to develop a slight list, but it was not a major breach of hull integrity.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Just 30 seconds later, the next D3A dive bomber, piloted by Petty Officer Tamotsu Akimoto, planted its 242 kg high-explosive "land" bomb only away from where the first bomb hit. The resulting detonation ignited a large secondary explosion from one of the nearby guns' ready powder casings, killing 35 members of the nearby gun crews and starting a large fire.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: About a minute later, at 16:46, a third and last bomb (also a 242 kg "land" bomb), dropped by Petty Officer Kazumi Horie, hit "Enterprise" on the flight deck forward of where the first two bombs hit. This bomb exploded on contact, creating a hole in the deck, but caused no further damage. Seven D3A dive bombers—three from "Shokaku" and four from "Zuikaku"—then broke off from the attack on "Enterprise" to anti-aircraft fire or U.S. fighters. The attack was over at 16:48, and the surviving Japanese aircraft reassembled in small groups and returned to their ships.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Both sides thought that they had inflicted more damage than was the case. The U.S. claimed to have shot down 70 Japanese aircraft, even though there were only 37 aircraft in all. Actual Japanese losses—from all causes—in the engagement were 25 aircraft, with most of the crews of the lost aircraft not being recovered or rescued. The Japanese, for their part, mistakenly believed that they had heavily damaged two U.S. carriers, instead of just one. The U.S. lost six aircraft in the engagement, along with five pilots.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Although "Enterprise" was heavily damaged and on fire, her damage-control teams were able to make sufficient repairs for the ship to resume flight operations at 17:46, only one hour after the engagement ended. At 18:05, the "Saratoga" strike force returned from sinking "Ryūjō" and landed without major incident. The second wave of Japanese aircraft approached the U.S. carriers at 18:15 but was unable to locate the U.S. formation because of communication problems and had to return to their carriers without attacking any U.S. ships. It lost five aircraft from operational mishaps. Most of the U.S. carrier aircraft launched just before the first wave of Japanese aircraft attacked failed to find any targets, but two SBD Dauntlesses from "Saratoga" sighted Kondo's advanced force and attacked the seaplane tender "Chitose", scoring two near-misses which heavily damaged the unarmored ship. The U.S. carrier aircraft either landed at Henderson Field or were able to return to their carriers after dusk. The U.S. ships retired to the south to get out of range of any approaching Japanese warships. In fact, Abe's "vanguard force" and Kondō's "advanced force" were steaming south to try to catch the U.S. carrier task forces in a surface battle, but they turned around at midnight without having made contact with the U.S. warships. Nagumo's main body, having taken heavy aircraft losses in the engagement and being low on fuel, also retreated northward.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Believing that two U.S. carriers had been taken out of action with heavy damage, Tanaka's reinforcement convoy again headed toward Guadalcanal, and by 08:00 on 25 August they were within of their destination. At this time, Tanaka's convoy was joined by five destroyers which had shelled Henderson Field the night before, causing slight damage. At 08:05, 18 U.S. aircraft from Henderson Field attacked Tanaka's convoy, causing heavy damage to "Jintsu", killing 24 crewmen, and knocking Tanaka unconscious. The troop transport "Kinryu Maru" was also hit and eventually sank. Just as the destroyer pulled alongside "Kinryu Maru" to rescue her crew and embarked troops, she was attacked by four U.S. B-17s from Espiritu Santo, which landed five bombs on or around "Mutsuki", sinking her immediately. An uninjured but shaken Tanaka transferred to the destroyer , sent "Jintsu" back to Truk, and took the convoy to the Japanese base in the Shortland Islands.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Both the Japanese and the U.S. elected to completely withdraw their warships from the area, ending the battle. The Japanese naval forces lingered near the northern Solomons, out of range of the U.S. aircraft based at Henderson Field, before finally returning to Truk on 5 September.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: The battle is generally considered to be a tactical and strategic victory for the U.S. because the Japanese lost more ships, aircraft, and aircrew, and Japanese troop reinforcements for Guadalcanal were delayed. Summing up the significance of the battle, historian Richard B. Frank states:


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: The Battle of the Eastern Solomons was unquestionably an American victory, but it had little long-term result, apart from a further reduction in the corps of trained Japanese carrier aviators. The [Japanese] reinforcements that could not come by slow transport would soon reach Guadalcanal by other means.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: The U.S. lost only seven aircrew in the battle. The Japanese lost 61 veteran aircrew, who were hard for the Japanese to replace because of an institutionalized limited capacity in their naval aircrew training programs and an absence of trained reserves. The troops in Tanaka's convoy were later loaded onto destroyers at the Shortland Islands and delivered piecemeal to Guadalcanal without most of their heavy equipment, beginning on 29 August. The Japanese claimed considerably more damage than they had inflicted, including that —not in the battle—had been sunk, thus avenging its part in the Doolittle Raid.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: Emphasizing the strategic value of Henderson Field, in a separate reinforcement effort, the Japanese destroyer was sunk and two other Japanese destroyers heavily damaged on 28 August, north of Guadalcanal in New Georgia Sound by U.S. aircraft based at the airfield.


title: Battle of the Eastern Solomons

text: The damaged "Enterprise" traveled to Pearl Harbor for extensive repairs, which were completed on 15 October. She returned to the South Pacific on 24 October, just in time for the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands and her rematch with "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku".


title: Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain

text: Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain is the second studio album by American indie rock band Pavement, released on February 14, 1994 by Matador Records. The album saw the band move on towards a more accessible rock sound than that of their more lo-fi debut "Slanted and Enchanted" and achieve moderate success with the single "Cut Your Hair". The album also saw original drummer Gary Young replaced by Steve West. It was a UK Top 20 hit upon release, although it was not so successful in the US charts.


title: Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain

text: "Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain" was released on February 14, 1994 by Matador Records. As of 2009, the album had sold about 500,000 copies.


title: Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain

text: In 2004, Matador released "", a compilation containing the album in its entirety, as well outtakes and other rarities from the same era.


title: Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain

text: AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave "Crooked Rain" a perfect 5-star rating, describing it as "the "Reckoning" to "Slanted & Enchanted"s "Murmur"". He concluded that the album was "a vibrant, dynamic, emotionally resonant album that stands as a touchstone of underground rock in the '90s and one of the great albums of its decade." Robert Christgau of "the Village Voice" gave the album an A grade, describing it as "a tour de force melodywise". "Entertainment Weekly" David Browne gave the album a B+, writing that ""Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain" is just a bunch of guys dwelling on topics like skateboarding, plane crashes, girls, and mocking Stone Temple Pilots. When they set those sentiments to bumpy-road drones or a bit of a country lilt...the result has a subtle, ingratiating beauty." "Los Angeles Times" critic Richard Cromelin gave the album 3.5 out of 4 stars. Cromelin wrote that the album contains "some of the Meat Puppets' loopiness, a Stones/Burritos folk-country resonance, and a chirpy pop tunefulness--along with enough contrary abrasiveness to keep you from getting too comfortable with them."


title: Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain

text: In 2003, the album was ranked number 210 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and 212 in a 2012 revised list. In the 2020 update of the list, the album's rank dropped to number 434. It was also ranked number 10 on their best albums of the Nineties. In 2003, it was ranked number 8 on "Pitchfork"s list Top 100 Albums of the 1990s, and in 2010, the song "Gold Soundz" was listed as number one on "Pitchfork"s 200 Greatest Songs of the 1990s. In July 2014, "Guitar World" ranked "Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain" at number 21 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list. The photo in the middle of the cover was taken from the March 1978 issue of "National Geographic". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain

text: (*) Due to an ink splodge on the back of the original artwork, the song "Silence Kid" has become erroneously known as "Silence Kit". This misnomer persisted when designer Mark Ohe printed it onto the back of the reissue "Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain: LA's Desert Origins", despite the interior artwork showing the correct name in print several times, including written in Stephen Malkmus' own handwriting.


title: Ululation

text: Ululation (), , is a long, wavering, high-pitched vocal sound resembling a howl with a trilling quality. It is produced by emitting a high pitched loud voice accompanied with a rapid back and forth movement of the tongue and the uvula.


title: Ululation

text: Ululation is practiced either alone or as part of certain styles of singing, on various occasions of communal ritual events (like weddings) used to express strong emotion.


title: Ululation

text: Ululation is practised in all parts of Africa; the Middle East; as well and it is practiced as far east as Central and South Asia, including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bengal, Odisha, and Assam in India, and Sri Lanka. It is also practiced in a few places in Europe, like Cyprus, and among the diaspora community originating from these areas. Ululation also occurs among Mizrahi Jews during "simcha" (festive occasions) such as at the inauguration of a Torah scroll ("hachnasat sefer Torah"), "brit milah" (circumcision), communal celebrations, weddings, "bar mitzvah" celebrations, and most of all at "henna" celebrations. The Modern Hebrew word for ululation is "tsahalulim" (Hebrew: צהלולים). Recordings of various styles of ululations are commonly found in the music of artists performing Mizrahi styles of music.


title: Ululation

text: Ululation is commonly used in Middle Eastern weddings. In the Arab world, "zaghārīt" (Arabic: زغاريت) is a ululation performed to honor someone. For example, zagharits are widely performed and documented in Egyptian movies featuring traditional Egyptian weddings, where women are known for their very long and very loud performed ululations. Another example of the incorporation of ululations into traditional wedding songs can be found in "Zaghareed" (also spelled "zaghareet"), a collection of traditional Palestinian wedding songs reinterpreted and rearranged by Mohsen Subhi and produced in 1997 by the Palestinian National Music and Dance Troupe "El-Funoun".


title: Ululation

text: In Ethiopia and Eritrea, ululation (called "ililta") is part of a Christian religious ritual performed by worshipers as a feature of Sunday or other services in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and some Ethiopian Evangelical Churches. And it is also randomly (spontaneously) uttered during secular celebrations such as parties or concerts. Elsewhere in Africa ululation is used as a cheer, mourn or attention seeking sound by women. In Hausa ululation is called "guda", in Zulu "lilizela" in Tsonga "nkulungwani" and in Northern SiNdebele "ukubulula". Ululation is incorporated into African musical styles such as Tshangani music, where it is a form of audience participation, along with clapping and call-and-response.


title: Ululation

text: In Tanzania ululation is a celebratory cheer sound when good news has been shared or during weddings, welcoming of a newborn home, graduations and other festivals even in church when sermons are going on. In Swahili it is known as "vigelele" and in Luo dialect it is known as "udhalili". Generally women exuberantly yell "lililili" in a high-pitched voices. Female children are usually proud of being able to ululate like their mothers and aunts.


title: Ululation

text: Ululation is also widely practiced in the eastern parts of India, where it is also known as Ululudhvani. People, especially women roll their tongues and produce this sound during all Hindu temple rituals, festivals and celebrations. This is also an integral part of most weddings in these parts where, depending upon the local usages, women ululate to welcome the groom or bride or both. Bengalis call it "ulu-uli" and they use this during weddings and other festivals. Odias call it "Hulahuli" or "Huluhuli".


title: Ululation

text: Ululation is used to some extent by south European women The Basque is a signal of happiness originating from shepherds.


title: Ululation

text: Ululation is rooted in the culture of North Africa, Northern parts of West Africa and Eastern Africa as well as Southern Africa and is widely practiced in Tanzania, Kenya, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Ethiopia-Eritrea, Somalia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It is used by women to give praises at weddings and all other celebrations. It is a general sound of good cheer and celebration, when good news has been delivered in a place of gathering, even in church. It is also an integral part of most African weddings where women gather around the bride and groom, dancing and ululating exuberantly. During graduation ceremonies ululation shows pride and joy in scholastic achievement. The women ululating usually stand and make their way to the front to dance and ululate around the graduate.


title: Ululation

text: Among the Lakota, women yell "lililili!" in a high-pitched voice to praise warriors for acts of valor.


title: Ululation

text: In Ancient Egypt, reference to ululation appears on the inscription of the pyramid texts of Unas, on the West Wall of the Corridor (section XIII), and of Pepi I, in the Spells for Entering the Akhet. In ancient Greece ululation or () was normally used as a joyful expression to celebrate good news or when an animal's throat is cut during sacrifice. However, in Aeschylus' "Agamemnon", along with being an expression of joy, it is also used for fury, and in Sophocles' "Electra" it is employed as an expression of grief. As in many cultures, use depended on context, as ululated exclamations could appear in different circumstances as a cry of lament or as a battle-cry.


title: Ululation

text: Homer mentions ololuge (ululation) in his works, as does Herodotus, citing ululation in North Africa – where it is still practiced – saying: I think for my part that the loud cries uttered in our sacred rites came also from thence; for the Libyan women are greatly given to such cries and utter them very sweetly.


title: Ululation

text: Or in another translation: I also think that the "ololuge" or cry of praise emitted during the worship of Athena started in Libya, because it is often employed by Libyan women, who do it extremely well.


title: Ululation

text: The Hebrew word Hallelujah, translated as a call to "praise the Lord", contains the root H-L-L, with meanings related to "praise". This root may have originally been an onomatopoeic imitation of ululation performed in Israelite rituals.


title: Ululation

text: Ululation appears in many films set in the Middle East and North Africa, such as "Lawrence of Arabia" and "The Battle of Algiers" and "Lion of the Desert". Sometimes it is depicted as a battle cry, for example in "" and "Avatar". Even the animated feature "" featured the ululation "Cobra-la-la-la-la-la". It appears as comic relief in "The Simpsons" episodes "The Last Temptation of Homer" and "Midnight Rx"; as well as on "Family Guy" in the episode "E. Peterbus Unum" where Stewie is curious about the sound Achmed "makes when you're about to assassinate an infidel". Further, Peter learns how to do this in "Turban Cowboy". In the film "Get Him to the Greek", during the threesome scene, Russell Brand "ululates" the girl. The word also appears in the book "Lord of the Flies" as a way in which Sam and Eric could warn the other members of Jack's tribe of the coming beast or other intruders. The word ululation is used in H. G. Wells's "The War of the Worlds" to describe a sound that the Martians make during battle. Ululation is found in the song "Pray For Me" by "Kendrick Lamar" and "The Weeknd" from the official "Black Panther: The Album". Sting used the sound as well as the soundtrack to "Gladiator". Shakira, who is of Lebanese descent, ululated during the 2020 Super Bowl halftime performance.


title: Normandy Format

text: The Normandy Format (), also known as the Normandy contact group, is a grouping of states who met in an effort to resolve the War in Donbas and the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. The four countries who make up the group, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, and France, first met informally during the 70th anniversary of D-Day celebrations in Normandy, France.


title: Normandy Format

text: The group was created on 6 June 2014, when leaders from France, Germany, Russia, and Ukraine met on the margins of the 70th anniversary of the D-Day allied landings in Normandy. It operates mainly through telephone calls between the leaders and their respective ministers of foreign affairs. The Normandy Format has at times been expanded to include Belarus, Italy, and the United Kingdom.


title: Normandy Format

text: Early talks in 2014 led to the establishment of the Trilateral Contact Group in order to facilitate further talks between Russia and Ukraine. This, along with mediation through the Normandy Format, directly led to the establishment of Minsk Protocol. This agreement, signed in September 2014, outlined several provisions for peace in the Donbas Region and Crimea.


title: Normandy Format

text: Following a continued break-down of relations in early 2015, the Normandy Format met during talks in Belarus from 11 to 12 February 2015. This was precipitated by a joint French-Germany diplomatic plan, which was negotiated overnight for over sixteen hours while the group met in Minsk. The emerging package, Minsk II, negotiated ceasefires as well as planned domestic reforms in Ukraine.


title: Normandy Format

text: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, in his May 2019 inaugural address made peace talks with Russia his top priority. He reaffirmed that priority in July that year when he invited via YouTube the other nations to a dialogue. He said: "Let's discuss who Crimea belongs to and who isn't in the Donbas region."


title: Normandy Format

text: On 18 July 2019, a "comprehensive" cease-fire was agreed with arbitration by the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine.


title: Normandy Format

text: In early September 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron and Russian President Vladimir Putin stated their intention to hold a Normandy format meeting. On 21 September, "continuing bickering" was cited as causing "a political tug-of-war" over the preliminaries to negotiations, as they had been since the Normandy Format meeting in 2016 in Berlin. Also in late September, a phone call between US President Donald Trump and Zelenskyy in which the latter described the support of France and Germany as lukewarm damaged Zelenskyy's image in Europe. On 10 October, Zelenskyy repeated his statement in a public news conference. On 16 October, French and German leaders decided in favour of another Normandy Format meeting.


title: Normandy Format

text: A Normandy Format meeting between the four countries' representatives was held in Paris on 26 January 2022 in the context of the lead-up to the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia, to be followed by a telephone conversation between the French and Russian presidents on 28 January. The representatives of the four governments confirmed their support for Minsk II and committed themselves to resolving existing disagreements. They supported an unconditional ceasefire, and supported strengthening of the 22 July 2020 ceasefire, independent of their disagreements about implementing other components of Minsk II. A followup meeting was planned to take place in Berlin a fortnight later. No joint declaration was agreed upon at the conclusion of the nine-hour-long Normandy Format meeting held on 10 February, but the representatives planned to meet again in March. This meeting never occurred following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Zelenskyy later announced that the Normandy Format was "destroyed" due to Russia's actions. France and Germany continue to be involved in peace-talks between the two countries, while also providing support to Ukraine while denouncing Russia.


title: Admission (film)

text: Admission is a 2013 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Paul Weitz and starring Tina Fey and Paul Rudd. The film was released in the United States and Canada on March 22, 2013. It is an adaptation of Jean Hanff Korelitz's 2009 novel of the same name.


title: Admission (film)

text: Straight-laced Princeton University Admissions Officer Portia Nathan is caught off guard while making a recruiting visit to an alternative high school overseen by a former college classmate, the free-wheeling John Pressman. With vast experience in the coaching, consoling, and criticism involving Princeton's admission, she pays a visit to the Quest School, where John teaches while raising an adopted son. After exposing Portia to outspoken Quest students' impressions of college, he takes her to meet the rather unconventional Jeremiah Balakian, a child prodigy.


title: Admission (film)

text: Back on campus, Portia's longtime boyfriend Mark breaks up with her after impregnating a "Virginia Woolf scholar" named Helen. After an awkward romantic attraction to Pressman, she arranges for Jeremiah to visit Princeton, where she and a colleague, Corinne, are rivals to succeed the soon-to-retire Dean of Admissions.


title: Admission (film)

text: Portia long ago had a secret pregnancy, putting the baby up for adoption, and is shown apparent proof by Pressman that Jeremiah is hers. Although he is brilliant, Jeremiah's miserable transcript results in his being deemed unfit to attend the University. Portia, in an act that greatly endangers her position, schemes to gain Jeremiah entrance into the school, knowing that Princeton cannot reveal such a scandal.


title: Admission (film)

text: Her resignation is demanded. Later, when revealing to Jeremiah that she is his biological mother, she finds out that there was a photocopy mistake on his birth certificate and that the boy has already located his actual biological mother. Portia appears at the Adoption Agency, trying to locate her son, where she describes her life with a different perspective. When asked how would she feel to meet her actual child, she replies that she would feel "nervous, but lucky."


title: Admission (film)

text: In the end, now dating Pressman, she receives a letter about her son, which says he is not ready to meet her yet. Pressman points out to her that she is on the waitlist "... and that's not so bad."


title: Admission (film)

text: The film was directed by Paul Weitz, known for his work on "About a Boy", and was based on the novel of the same name by Jean Hanff Korelitz. The film was shot both at the Princeton University campus and at Manhattanville College in Purchase, New York. A trailer for the film was released on November 20, 2012. The film was released on March 22, 2013. Admission was the first major motion picture to use RushTera for post-production collaboration.


title: Admission (film)

text: "Admission" received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 39% based on 158 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.50/10. The site's consensus reads: ""Admission" has a pair of immensely likable leads in Tina Fey and Paul Rudd, but it wastes them on a contrived (and clumsily directed) screenplay". Metacritic gives an average score of 48% based on 39 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: Didactic method

text: A didactic method ( "didáskein", "to teach") is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer to a specific didactic method, as for instance constructivist didactics.


title: Didactic method

text: Didactics is a theory of teaching, and in a wider sense, a theory and practical application of teaching and learning. In demarcation from "mathetics" (the science of learning), didactics refers only to the science of teaching.


title: Didactic method

text: This theory might be contrasted with open learning, also known as experiential learning, in which people can learn by themselves, in an unstructured manner (or in an unusually structured manner) as in experiential education, on topics of interest. It can also be contrasted with autodidactic learning, in which one instructs oneself, often from existing books or curricula.


title: Didactic method

text: The theory of didactic learning methods focuses on the baseline knowledge students possess and seeks to improve upon and convey this information. It also refers to the foundation or starting point in a lesson plan, where the overall goal is knowledge. A teacher or educator functions in this role as an authoritative figure, but also as both a guide and a resource for students.


title: Didactic method

text: Didactics or the didactic method have different connotations in continental Europe and English-speaking countries. Didacticism was indeed the cultural origin of the didactic method but refers within its narrow context usually pejoratively to the use of language to a doctrinal end. The interpretation of these opposing views are theorised to be the result of a differential cultural development in the 19th century when Great Britain and its former colonies went through a renewal and increased cultural distancing from continental Europe. It was particularly the later appearance of Romanticism and Aestheticism in the Anglo-Saxon world which offered these negative and limiting views of the didactic method. On the other hand, in continental Europe those moralising aspects of didactics were removed earlier by cultural representatives of the age of enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and later specifically related to teaching by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.


title: Didactic method

text: The consequences of these cultural differences then created two main didactic traditions: The Anglo-Saxon tradition of curriculum studies on one side and the Continental and North European tradition of didactics on the other. Still today, the science of didactics carries much less weight in much of the English-speaking world..


title: Didactic method

text: With the advent of globalisation at the beginning of the 20th century, however, the arguments for such relative philosophical aspects in the methods of teaching started to diminish somewhat. It is therefore possible to categorise didactics and pedagogy as a general analytic theory on three levels:


title: Didactic method

text: The discipline of didactics is interested in both theoretical knowledge and practical activities related to teaching, learning and their conditions. It is concerned with the content of teaching (the "what"), the method of teaching (the "how") and the historical, cultural and social justifications of curricular choices (the "why"). It focuses on the individual learner, their cognitive characteristics and functioning when they learn a given content and become a knowing subject. The perspective of educational reality in didactics is drawn extensively from cognitive psychology and the theory of teaching, and sometimes from social psychology. Didactics is descriptive and diachronic ("what is" and "what was"), as opposed to pedagogy, the other discipline related to educational theorizing, which is normative or prescriptive and synchronic ("what should or ought to be") in nature. Didactics can be said to provide the descriptive foundation for pedagogy, which is more concerned with educational goal-setting and with the learner’s becoming a social subject and their future role in society.


title: Didactic method

text: In continental Europe, as opposed to English-speaking research cultures, pedagogy and didactics are distinct areas of study. Didactics is a knowledge-based discipline concerned with the descriptive and rational study of all teaching-related activities before, during and after the teaching of content in the classroom, which includes the "planning, control and regulation of the teaching context" and its objective is to analyze how teaching leads to learning. On the other hand, pedagogy is a practice-oriented discipline concerned with the normative study of the applied aspects of teaching in real teaching contexts, i.e., inside the classroom. Pedagogy draws from didactic research and can be seen as an applied component of didactics.


title: Didactic method

text: In France, didactics refers to the science that takes the teaching of disciplined knowledge as its object of study. In other words, didactics is concerned with the teaching of specific disciplines to students. One of the central concepts studied in didactics of a specific discipline in France is the concept of "didactic transposition" ("La transposition didactique" in French). French philosopher and sociologist Michel Verret introduced this concept in 1975, which was borrowed and elaborated further in the 1980s by the French didactician of Mathematics Yves Chevallard. Although Chevallard initially presented this concept regarding the didactics of mathematics, it has since been generalized for other disciplines as well.


title: Didactic method

text: Didactic transposition is composed of multiple steps. The first step, called the "external transposition" ("transposition externe"), is about how the "scholarly knowledge" ("savoir savant") produced by the scholars, scientists or specialists of a certain discipline in a research context, i.e., at universities and other academic institutions is transformed into "knowledge to teach" ("savoir à enseigner") by precisely selecting, rearranging and defining the knowledge which will be taught (the official curriculum for each discipline) and how it will be taught, so that it becomes an object of learning accessible to the learner. This external didactic transposition is a socio-political construction made possible by different actors working within various educational institutions: education specialists, political authorities, teachers and their associations define the issues of teaching and choose what should be taught under which form. Chevallard called this socio-political context of institutional organization the “noosphere”, which defines the limits, redefines and reorganizes the knowledge in socially, historically or culturally determined contexts.


title: Didactic method

text: The second step, called the "internal transposition" ("transposition interne") is about how the knowledge to teach is transformed into "taught knowledge" ("savoir enseigné"), which is the knowledge actually taught through the day-to-day concrete practices of a teacher in a teaching context, e.g. in a classroom, and which depends on their students and the constraints imposed on them (time, exams, conformity to prevailing school rules, etc.).


title: Didactic method

text: In the third and final step, the taught knowledge is transformed into "learnt knowledge" ("savoir appris"), which is the knowledge as it is actually learnt by students in a learning context. The learned knowledge can be used as a feedback to the didactic system. Didactic research has to account for all the aforementioned steps of didactic transposition.


title: Didactic method

text: The teacher is given the knowledge or content to be taught to students in what is called a teaching situation. The teaching or didactic situation is represented by a triangle with three vertices: the knowledge or content to be taught, the teacher, and the student. This is called the "didactic triangle". In this triangle, the teacher-content side is concerned with didactic elaboration, the student-content side is about didactic appropriation, and the teacher-student side is about didactic interaction.


title: Didactic method

text: Didactic method provides students with the required theoretical knowledge. It is an effective method used to teach students who are unable to organize their work and depend on the teachers for instructions. It is also used to teach basic skills of reading and writing. The teacher or the literate is the source of knowledge and the knowledge is transmitted to the students through didactic method.


title: Didactic method

text: The Montessori school had preplanned teaching (Didactic) materials designed, to develop practical, sensory, and formal skills. Lacing and buttoning frames, weights, and packet to be identified by their sound or smell. Because they direct learning in the prepared environment, Montessori educators are called directress rather than teachers.


title: Didactic method

text: In Brazil, there has been for more than 80 years the government program called PNLD (National Program of Didactic Book). This program seeks to provide basic education schools with didactic and pedagogical records, expanding access to the book and democratizing access to sources of information and culture. Textbooks, in many cases, are the only sources of information that poor children and young people have access to in a poor country like Brazil. These books are also valuable support to teachers, offering modern learning methodologies and updated concepts and content in the most diverse disciplines


title: Didactic method

text: In didactic method of teaching, the teacher gives instructions to the students and the students are mostly passive listeners . It is a teacher-centered method of teaching and is content-oriented. Neither the content nor the knowledge of the teacher are questioned.


title: Didactic method

text: The process of teaching involves the teacher who gives instructions, commands, delivers content, and provides necessary information. The pupil activity involves listening and memorization of the content. In the modern education system, lecture method which is one of the most commonly used methods is a form of didactic teaching.


title: Didactic method

text: Though the didactic method has been given importance in several schools, it does not satisfy the needs and interests of all students. It can be tedious for students to listen to the possible lectures. There is minimum interaction between the students and the teachers. Learning which also involves motivating the students to develop an interest towards the subject may not be satisfied through this teaching method.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: 24 is an Indian Hindi-language action thriller television series which aired on Colors TV, based on the American series of the same name. It aired from 4 October 2013 through 21 December 2013. It was written by Rensil D'Silva, Bhavani Iyer, directed by Abhinay Deo and produced by Ramesh Deo Productions. Season 2 aired from 23 July 2016 and completed its run on 9 October 2016.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: The Hindi version of "24" is the first adaptation of the show; the India rights were acquired from Fox and "24" producer Howard Gordon by the production company of Anil Kapoor, who also plays the lead role in the adaptation. In November 2011, Kapoor's production house signed a 100 crore ($20 million at the time) deal to adapt the series. The show is set in Mumbai with the main set of the Anti-Terrorist Unit (ATU) being a replica of the one in the original series. Bollywood actors Anupam Kher and Shabana Azmi both have cameo performances in the show.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: The season is directed by Abhinay Deo and Rensil D'Silva, written by Rensil D'Silva and Bhavani Iyer and is supervised by Manisha Sharma. The second season aired in July 2016 to October 2016.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: The season focuses on ATU Chief Jai Singh Rathore (Anil Kapoor), who is torn between saving his family and the entire nation from a major terrorist attack. With assassins and attackers on the loose, it is upto Jai to save the country's Prime Minister-elect candidate Aditya Singhania (Neil Bhoopalam).


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: Jai gets a terror mastermind Roshan Sherchan (Ashish Vidyarthi) arrested along with accomplice Shivani Malik (Sakshi Tanwar). But Roshan's brother Haroon Sherchan (Sikander Kher) threatens to infect Mumbai with a virus that can put everyone's life at risk. While members of the Anti Terrorism Unit (including Shivani Malik) are trying their best to solve the case, Jai Rathod, unbeknownst to them, is hatching a plan to free Roshan. Jai has drawn further ire from his son for being romantically involved with a new woman Maya (Surveen Chawla). Maya also has a connection to the terrorist brothers and is in a relationship with Haroon.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: Kapoor, who had previously featured in the American version of the "24" series playing President Omar Hassan, bought the official rights of "24" in November 2011. The show aired in Hindi and was also dubbed in various regional languages. India is the first country outside of the US to get rights to adapt the show. "We hope this will pave the way for many more local versions of this brilliant series in other international territories," Fox International Television president Marion Edwards said in an email reply to ET. Kiefer Sutherland, who starred in the original show has shown interest in acting in the Hindi version.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: Colors channel bought the broadcast rights in a deal estimated at Rs 150 crore. Kapoor holds the rights of the 192 episodes for a period of four years extendable to another ten.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: The first season featured the Tata Safari Storme as presenting sponsor, whereas the second season featured the Maruti Suzuki S-Cross. Both cars were advertised prominently in the show.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: On 21 October 2013, Kapoor launched "Tata Safari Storm presents 24 – The Game", a 3D game in which players participate as ATU Chief Jai Singh Rathod, portrayed on-screen by Kapoor.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: The second season of the series also known as Day 2, commenced airing on 23 July 2016. The show is written by Rensil D'Silva, Niranjan Iyengar and Priya Pinto, directed by Abhinay Deo. began shooting in February 2016. Sakshi Tanwar, Surveen Chawla, Sikander Kher, Madhurima Tuli and Ashish Vidyarthi were announced as new main cast members. As with the original show, the plot concerns a mission to save the country from a tragedy, and later an attempt to implicate the conspirators responsible for it. Season 2 of "24" is loosely based on the third season of the original series, while borrowing some story elements from the second season.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: An article in the UK newspaper "The Independent" stated that it was one of the most expensive TV shows ever produced in India and the first to have a major Bollywood star in the lead.


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: "Rediff" awarded the show 3.5/5 stars and stated that "The plotting: Two sisters, a man who's had a plastic surgery, a vicious boss, an airplane bombing, the sinister face of "24". What doesn't work? The dialogues. They're clunky, contrived, filmi and, at times, little more than a tacky translation. And this shortcoming ruins some potentially strong scenes or disconnects from the steadily brewing tension. While somewhat underwhelmed by the debut episode, I was hooked to the fast-paced, unflinchingly fierce (chopped finger, et al.), action-packed momentum of the second. "24"'s premise is such, every episode inches closer to a disclosure. It may not have the finish of the original but when you look at the bigger picture, Anil Kapoor's new show is a step in a desperately needed direction."


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: "The Telegraph" stated "... a big thumbs up to its well-chosen cast. Every actor fits perfectly into his or her role, with a special mention for Mandira Bedi's Nikita, Neil Bhoopalam's Aditya and Tisca Chopra's Trisha."


title: 24 (Indian TV series)

text: Anil Kapoor, who was back with Season 2 of 24, received positive feedback from the viewers for his fresh outing. The actor was grateful for the critical acclaim he has been getting and makes sure he replies to every tweet that mentions him or 24. Critics praised Anil Kapoor, Sikander Kher and Ashish Vidyarthi for their acting skills. Parmita Uniyal of India Today stated "It's dark, it's uncomfortable, it will leave you asking for more".


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr. (August 15, 1897 – November 20, 1976) was an American stockbroker and lawyer who became the second husband of Nina S. Gore, mother of Gore Vidal, and also the second husband of Janet Lee Bouvier, the mother of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (wife of President John F. Kennedy) and Caroline Lee Bouvier.


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: Auchincloss was born at Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island in 1897. He was the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss (1858–1913), a merchant and financier, and Emma Brewster Jennings. His maternal grandparents were Oliver Burr Jennings and Esther Judson Goodsell. His uncles included Edgar Stirling Auchincloss, the father of U.S. Representative James C. Auchincloss, and John Winthrop Auchincloss, the grandfather of Louis Auchincloss, an attorney and author. He had two older sisters, Esther Judson Auchincloss and Ann Burr Auchincloss.


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: Auchincloss graduated from Groton School in Massachusetts and then from Yale University in 1920, where he was elected to the Elihu Senior Society. He earned a law degree from Columbia University in 1924.


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: From 1924 to 1926, Auchincloss practiced law in New York City, before joining the Commerce Department as a special agent in aeronautics. In 1927, he was appointed an aviation expert in the State Department. Four years later in 1931, he resigned government service to form a brokerage firm.


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: In 1931, he bought his seat on the New York Stock Exchange for $235,000 (). It was reported that he used some of the large inheritance received from his mother to found the Washington, DC brokerage firm of "Auchincloss, Parker & Redpath" with Chauncey B. Parker and Albert G. Redpath. The firm eventually had 16 offices with two in New York City and the rest spread along the East Coast. In 1970, the firm merged with Thomson & McKinnon, a brokerage house based in New York. At the time of the merger, the new firm, known as Thomson & McKinnon Auchincloss, had assets of $160 million () and 58 offices. By the time of his Auchincloss' death in 1976, the firm was known as Thomson & McKinnon Auchincloss Kohlmeyer.


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: During World War II Auchincloss worked for the Office of Naval Intelligence and the War Department and was commissioned with the rank of Lieutenant in the Naval Reserve on May 26, 1942, serving in the United States Navy during World War II.


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: Auchincloss was married three times and had five children. His first marriage was on June 4, 1925 to Maya de Chrapovitsky (1899–1990), a Russian noblewoman. Before their divorce in 1932, they had one child together:


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: In 1935, he married Nina S. Vidal, the only daughter of Senator Thomas Gore. Nina had previously been married to Eugene Vidal, a Roosevelt appointee, and with him had Gore Vidal, the author. Before their divorce in 1941, they had two children:


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: On June 21, 1942, he married for the third and final time to Janet Lee Bouvier, mother of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Lee Radziwill. They remained married until his death in 1976 and had two children together:


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: Auchincloss was responsible for getting Jacqueline Bouvier her first job in journalism at the "Washington Times-Herald". He gave her away at her wedding to future president John F. Kennedy, the reception of which was held at Hammersmith Farm on September 12, 1953. A long-time financial contributor to the Republican Party, he contributed to the campaign of his Democratic stepson-in-law, saying "I want to live in harmony with Mrs. Auchincloss and all the other members of the family."


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: Auchincloss died at his home in Georgetown on November 20, 1976 and was later buried at Island Cemetery in Newport.


title: Hugh D. Auchincloss

text: Auchincloss was a member of the University Club, the New York Yacht Club, Grolier Club and Racquet and Tennis Club of New York. In Washington, he was a member of the Burning Tree Club and the Metropolitan Club.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: Lee Gi-kwang (; born March 30, 1990), known professionally as Gikwang or Kikwang, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actor. He originally debuted as solo singer with the stage name AJ (Ace Junior), releasing his first mini album "First Episode: A New Hero" on April 4, 2009. In October 2009, he debuted as the main dancer, visual and a lead vocalist of boy group BEAST, which was renamed Highlight in February 2017.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: He began his acting career with a supporting role in the popular television sitcom "High Kick Through the Roof" (2009–10) and had supporting roles in dramas "My Princess" (2011), "Me Too, Flower!" (2011), "Mrs. Cop" (2015), "Monster" (2016), "Circle" (2017), and "Lovely Horribly" (2018), He also became an MC for various shows such as "Hot Brothers" and "Inkigayo".


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: Lee Gi-kwang was born on March 30, 1990 in Naju, South Korea. Gi-kwang found interest in hip hop and had particular liking to many classic hip hop acts. At first he was backed by his family to pursue a musical career but eventually he passed an audition and became a trainee. He was trained under JYP Entertainment for four years before being eliminated. He was asked by the former president of Cube Entertainment to join the agency without auditioning, making him the company's first trainee.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: He was known as the solo singer AJ or Ace Junior when he debuted and released a mini-album "First Episode: A New Hero" on April 4, 2009. He made his debut on April 2, 2009 on Mnet "M!Countdown", and dubbed by Korean media as the next Rain. However he met controversies when his name created dispute among netizens for having a similar name with Paran's AJ (who later became a U-KISS member). He now goes with his original name when he re-debuted with Beast. On June 17, 2009, AJ opened for Lady Gaga's Korean showcase. Fellow Beast members Yoon Doo-joon, Yong Jun-hyung, Jang Hyun-seung and Yang Yo-seob participated as backup dancers for AJ before debuting in Beast. AJ also featured in reality show, "Diary of AJ", which was hosted by MTV. The show ran on two episodes on May 9, 2009 with a total of two episodes showcasing his journey on his debut as AJ.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: Six months after debuting as soloist, Gi-kwang was chosen to debut as member of Beast, originally known as B2ST, an acronym for "Boys 2 Search the Top". However, their name was changed to BEAST (acronym for "Boys of East Asia Standing Tall"). The group debuted in October 2009. Gi-kwang made his acting debut in the MBC sitcom "High Kick Through the Roof", which aired in 2009 and 2010.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: In 2010, Gi-kwang featured in K.Will's music video for the song, "Present". He was also selected as the MC for MBC's "Sunday Sunday Night" segment "Hot Brothers" and the KBS talk show "Win Win". In May, Gi-kwang was chosen as the model for the 'Ice Tea Tio' from DongSuh Foods. In August, Gi-kwang featured on Ahn Jinkyung's single "Love is Pathetic" from the mini album "Be the Voice" as a rapper. He, Yoon Doojoon and IU appeared as special hosts on "Music Core" on August 21, 2010. On December 29, Gi-kwang was awarded with Popularity Award from the 2010 MBC Entertainment Awards.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: Gi-kwang, together with IU, were selected to be new MCs of "Inkigayo" in replacement of CNBlue's Jung Yonghwa from March 20, 2011. The two were paired with the existing MCs, 2AM's Jo Kwon, and f(x)'s Sulli. He was also chosen as the leading man in A Pink's music video, "I Don't Know" Sunny Hill's music video for "Midnight Circus". In July, Gi-kwang was featured on Brave Brothers' song "Break Up" alongside Electroboyz, as a part of Brave Brother's sixth project album on July 12, 2011.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: Also in 2011, Gi-kwang was cast in the romantic comedy drama "My Princess" starring Song Seung-hun and Kim Tae-hee; and played Lee Ji-ah's patrol partner in the drama "Me Too, Flower!". Gi-kwang won the Best New Actor award at the SBS Drama Awards for his performance in "My Princess".


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: On February 8, 2012 Gi-kwang appeared in Ailee's debut music video, "Heaven". Gi-kwang also hosted SBS "K-Pop Super Concert in America" on November 10 alongside Tiffany Hwang and Jung Yong-hwa and "Melon Music Awards" with Infinite's Woohyun, Moon Hee-jun, and Danny Ahn.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: In 2013, Gi-kwang had a role as a terminally ill patient with leukemia on KBS Drama Special "My Friend is Still Alive". In 2014, he starred in the mobile drama "20's (Twenty Years Old)".


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: In 2015, Gi-kwang was cast in SBS's drama "Mrs. Cop" as the youngest detective on the team. He next starred as the younger version of Kang Ji-hwan's character in the 2016 MBC drama "Monster", and the web drama "Momin's Room".


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: In September 2017, Gi-kwang returned as a soloist with his first mini album "One". The lead single was a future R&B single titled "What You Like". Gi-kwang reportedly participated in 6 out of 8 tracks on the album. He held his first solo concert "Lee Gikwang Mini Live 2018 One" in January 2018.


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: Also in 2017, Gi-kwang was cast in tvN's science fiction drama "Circle". In 2018, Gi-kwang was cast in KBS' horror romance drama "Lovely Horribly".


title: Lee Gi-kwang

text: On April 18, 2019, Gi-kwang began his mandatory military service as a conscripted police officer. He was discharged on November 18, 2020.


title: Nicolino Locche

text: Nicolino Locche (September 2, 1939 – September 7, 2005) was an Argentine boxer from Tunuyán, Mendoza who held the World Junior Welterweight title from 1968 to 1972. Locche is often cited as one of the finest defensive boxers of all time and was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.


title: Nicolino Locche

text: Locche was known as ""El Intocable"" (""The Untouchable"") due to his defensive mastery, and became the Lineal and WBA Light Welterweight Champion in Tokyo, Japan on December 12, 1968, after defeating Paul Takeshi Fuji by technical knockout after Fuji refused to start the 10th round out of frustration because of exhaustion and his inability to connect punches on "The Untouchable," according to the Argentine boxing commentators' recount of the bout (Dotora, 2004).


title: Nicolino Locche

text: Locche became an idol in Argentina and routinely sold out the Luna Park, Buenos Aires every time he fought at the well known boxing arena. His boxing style made him a legend. He possessed uncanny reflexes, standing in front of his opponents with his hands lowered at his sides, behind his back or even resting on his knees as he slipped, bobbed and weaved to avoid his opponent's punches.


title: Nicolino Locche

text: Numerous Argentine sources also cite the fact that Locche's approach towards submitting himself to traditional boxing training and discipline was sometimes lackadaisical. For example, Locche was a known habitual cigarette smoker throughout most if not all of his boxing career and his adherence to the strict dietary requirements of his trade was often quite flexible. It was not unusual to see his seconds crowd around him during the 1 minute break between rounds where he would be puffing furiously on a cigarette.


title: Nicolino Locche

text: Locche defended his title six times, against Carlos Hernandez, João Henrique, Adolph Pruitt, Antonio Cervantes and Domingo Barrera Corpas, before losing it to Alfonso Frazier in Panama on March 10, 1972. Locche failed to regain the World Champion belt in a rematch with Cervantes (a.k.a., Kid Pambelé) and retired in 1975.


title: Nicolino Locche

text: He was champion of Mendoza, Argentina, and South American lightweight and Jr. welterweight. Locche turned professional at the age of 19 and amassed a record of 117-4-14 (14 draws). Therefore, holding an overall record of 234-9-14. He was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003. The Ring has retroactively certified him as lineal Junior Welterweight champion from 1968 to 1972.


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: "What Is Love?" (stylized as "What is Love?") is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Twice. It was released by JYP Entertainment on April 9, 2018, as the lead single from their fifth extended play of the same name.


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: "What Is Love?" was written and composed by Park Jin-young, who previously produced "Signal", and it was arranged by Lee Woo-min "collapsedone", who co-produced "Knock Knock" and "Candy Pop". According to JYP Entertainment, the song is about "the love girls would dream about or imagine after learning about it through books, movies or dramas" and it has a bright melody and uptempo dance beat incorporating trap. Tamar Herman of "Billboard" described the song as having "retro electro-pop styling" and an "addictive choral hook", with "digital quirks, sparkling chimes, and staccato'd percussion over the bubblegum melody".


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: Similar to the music video for "Cheer Up", the members of Twice portray characters from famous films in the "What Is Love" music video. Nayeon is Mia from "The Princess Diaries", Jeongyeon and Sana are Molly and Sam from "Ghost", Mina and Dahyun are Vic and Matthieu from "La Boum", Sana and Tzuyu are Mia and Vincent from "Pulp Fiction", Jeongyeon and Tzuyu are Romeo and Juliet from "Romeo + Juliet", Jihyo and Jeongyeon are Itsuki/Hiroko and male Itsuki from "Love Letter", Momo and Tzuyu are Mia and Sebastian from "La La Land", and Dahyun and Chaeyoung are Léon and Mathilda from "". The music video also has scenes showing the song's choreography, Twice at a sleepover watching the movies on TV, and Dahyun's "commercial break" that includes product placement for Acuvue contact lenses.


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: The music video was ranked fourth on the 2018 YouTube's Most Popular Music Videos list in South Korea. It also ranked at number 5 on the 2018 YouTube's Top Trend Music Videos in Japan.


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: The song debuted atop "Gaon"'s Digital Chart and "Billboard Korea"'s Kpop Hot 100. It also peaked at No. 3 and 6 on "Billboard" charts' World Digital Song Sales and "Billboard Japan" Hot 100, respectively. The song placed at number 29 at Billboard Japan Hot 100 year-end chart, and placed at number 14 in Top Streaming Songs.


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: "What Is Love?" surpassed 100 million streams in October 2019, becoming Twice's third consecutive Platinum certification single for streaming from the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA).


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: In April 2020, "What Is Love?" earned Silver streaming certification for surpassing 30 million streams on Oricon Streaming Singles Chart from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: As of July 2021, "What Is Love?" has received over 135 million streams on Spotify, and 517 million views and 4.7 million likes on YouTube.


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: In 2021, "What Is Love?" re-charted on several music streaming services after going viral on TikTok. Over 1 million videos on TikTok have used the song as their background music.


title: What Is Love? (Twice song)

text: Twice's second compilation album "#Twice2", released on March 6, 2019, includes both Korean and Japanese versions of the song. "What Is Love? (Japanese ver.)" was pre-released as a digital single on February 7, along with an accompanying music video. The Japanese lyrics were written by Risa Horie. It was first performed on "Music Station Super Live" on December 21, 2018.


title: Chillum (pipe)

text: A chillum, or chilam, is a straight conical smoking pipe traditionally made of clay or a soft stone (Steatite or Catlinite). Examples of chillum were found in Pre-Columbian America, and it would evolve eventually into what we now know as the "elbow-pipe". It was used popularly in India in the eighteenth century. A small stone is often used as a stopper in the stem. The style of pipe spread to Africa, and has been known in the Americas since the 1960s. A chillum pipe is used in Rastafari rituals.


title: Chillum (pipe)

text: When smoking a chillum a chillum stone is often inserted in the pipe to keep from directly inhaling debris much like a screen or filter is used in other pipes. They are generally tight-fitting, conical with a flat top and usually have a small hole drilled down through the centre and slits down the sides to allow smoke to pass freely. Before they were commercially available people would search for the right size of pebble or stone to fit their pipes, a practice still followed by some.


title: Chillum (pipe)

text: According to Alfred Dunhill, Africans have long employed chillum-style pipes for smoking cannabis and later tobacco. Gourds and various horns were often employed while conical bowls were common in Uganda. One of the more famous pipes is an ivory cone pipe once belonging to Buganda monarch King Mtesa.