text: The development team felt that with previous "Ace Attorney" games, players could identify with Phoenix Wright and Apollo Justice; for "Ace Attorney Investigations", they wanted players to be immersed in the game and feel like they are Edgeworth. He said that they think players will feel a connection with Edgeworth and understand his character. As examples of this, Eshiro cited the ability to directly control Edgeworth, and the possibility to see inside his head: the game's logic system was created because the development team wanted to show how Edgeworth thinks. It represents what is happening inside his mind, which Eshiro describes as a "very cool, calm and collected way of thinking". For the rebuttal phases in the game, Eshiro wanted to try out new things that could not be done in courtroom battles: during rebuttals, several characters come in and out during each scene at a rapid pace, providing the player with evidence, to create drama with tension. "Ace Attorney Investigations" has a larger focus on the environment than previous "Ace Attorney" titles had; previous titles featured gameplay elements in which the player finds contradictions in suspects' statements, whereas the goal of "Ace Attorney Investigations" is to find things at the crime scene that contradict the evidence the player has. The game's third person perspective was specifically chosen to be different from the main series' first person perspective, and to show the environment so that players can walk around inside it. The game system was designed specifically for "Ace Attorney Investigations", with the aim of being different from the main series; therefore, Eshiro felt that a lot of its features should stay within the "Investigations" series, and not be used in other "Ace Attorney" titles.


title: Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth

text: The development team put effort into trying to make Edgeworth look right; Eshiro described Edgeworth's running animation as "graceful, while exerting effort", while Iwamoto was not entirely convinced and thought it looked like he is "walking really fast accidentally". Eshiro and Yamazaki wanted to add a lot of features to the Little Thief system, but due to time constraints it ended up more simplistic than they had originally envisioned. Eshiro used his experience with producing action games such as "Shadow of Rome" and laying out scenes to get backgrounds to move smoothly without scrolling issues when Edgeworth moves. The programmers faced big technical challenges and had to make significant modifications to the game when implementing the graphics: in the game, two animated characters - whose graphics each are larger than those in previous "Ace Attorney" games - appear simultaneously and on top of smaller "mini-avatar" graphics. Eshiro said that he thinks they pushed the graphic processing ability of the Nintendo DS system to its limits for this. Eshiro said that they would consider making DSiWare episodes if demand was high enough, but that they did not have any plans at the time. He said that there were many technical aspects to consider, such as memory limitations for DSiWare.


text: The game was announced in "Famitsu" in April 2008. A demo of the game was made available at Tokyo Game Show 2008. It was also shown at San Diego Comic-Con International 2009, and appeared once more at Tokyo Game Show in 2009.


text: The game was published by Capcom for the Nintendo DS on May 28, 2009, in Japan, on February 16, 2010, in North America, on February 18, 2010, in Australia, and on February 19, 2010, in Europe. A limited edition version of the game was made available in Japan, containing a business card holder, promotional videos, a CD with five tracks from an "Ace Attorney" concert performed by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, a pamphlet from the concert, a game box, and a copy of the game itself. A bundle containing an "Ace Attorney Investigations" themed Nintendo DSi and a copy of the game was also made available in Japan. An iOS and Android version was released worldwide on December 8, 2017. The soundtrack album "Gyakuten Kenji Original Soundtrack" was released on June 24, 2009, by Suleputer.


text: For the game's localization, the main focus was to keep the dialogue natural and accessible to Western players, while also staying true to the Japanese version. The Japanese version had several instances of puns or cultural jokes, which would not have worked if they had been translated literally. There were also places in the script where the development team would have liked to insert jokes in the localization, but thought that it may be inappropriate to do so since the joke was not in the Japanese version. The team found difficulties in getting the Western version's tone right, as they wanted to keep the localized text interesting, and at the same time avoid inconsistencies with the original version's tone.


text: "Ace Attorney Investigations" was well received by critics. The game sold 172,000 units in the week of its release in Japan, and 42,000 the following week; by the end of 2009, it was the 33rd best selling game of the year in Japan, with 303,445 copies sold. On the other hand, Capcom USA's vice president described Western sales as "poor at best". The game won an Aggie Award for Best Character of 2010, for Miles Edgeworth, and was awarded for Best Adventure Title of 2010 on Nintendo DS by Nintendo World Report. Following the game's appearance at Tokyo Game Show in 2008, it was awarded a "Japan Game Award" in the "future" category.


text: Austin Boosinger at Adventure Gamers said that the gameplay changes compared to the main series were mostly superficial, resulting in a game that is similar to but worse than the main series. Neal Ronaghan at Nintendo World Report did on the other hand feel that there had been enough changes for the game to feel fresh, and said that it was possibly the best entry in the "Ace Attorney" series. Hilary Goldstein at IGN said that the new gameplay elements were strong additions that add variety to the game, but felt that the series was running out of steam. Steven Hopper at GameZone said that the game was very similar to previous "Ace Attorney" games, on good and bad, and that the "Ace Attorney" series was starting to show its age. Laura Parker at GameSpot said that the game was a "successful twist" on the gameplay of the previous games in the series, and that it "lacked none of the magic" of them.


text: Boosinger called the game too easy and streamlined, and found the Logic system to be too simple. He did however feel that finding contradictions in testimonies was "fantastic as always", while too reliant on trial and error. Ronaghan said that many solutions in the Rebuttal phases are "binary" - while it makes sense to present a piece of evidence at several points, the game accepts only one of them. He found the controls to be fine, but called the touch screen-based walking controls "awkward and imprecise". Goldstein similarly found problems with multiple pieces of evidence that all could point to the same contradiction, but where the game would only allow a specific one. At other times, she said that no reasonable solution could be found, forcing her to guess. John Walker at Eurogamer also complained about how reasonable solutions sometimes are not accepted. Hopper said that solving cases isn't intuitive enough, and involves a lot of trial and error. While some puzzles made sense to him, others were frustrating. Parker called the gameplay exciting, and said that the game has depth and variety, but that it is too easy at times.


text: Boosinger said that while the game retains the comedy of the "Ace Attorney" series and has great character writing, he found the story to be dull, slow, and too long. Ronaghan called the dialogue funny, and said that the game was well-paced, long, and enjoyable. Goldstein called the story interesting, but said that it at times plays out "like a bad soap opera". Walker appreciated the choice to make Edgeworth the game's lead character, and called Kay a fantastic addition. He found the translation of the game to be incredible, despite a number of spelling mistakes. Hopper appreciated that the game has a new protagonist and setting, and called the dialogue "cheesy but charming". On the other hand, he said that there is a lot of superfluous text in the game, making the cases longer than they need to be. Parker said that it takes some time to get used to playing as Edgeworth, saying that he is not as immediately engaging as Phoenix and Apollo. She called the story deep and intricate, and slow but solid. "NGamer" praised dialogue as charming, and liked the characters, but thought the game lacked the "hard-hitting melodrama" of previous "Ace Attorney" games, and that Edgeworth had been made "too nice" compared to previous appearances. Ronaghan called the art style and presentation wonderful, and said that each character "oozes with personality", but that the animation, while better than that in previous titles, was limited to only a few frames at a time. Goldstein called the characters colorful, but found the locations to be uninteresting. Hopper called the game's aesthetic "anime-esque" and clean, and said that the static images were decent. Parker liked the game's presentation, and called the environments "beautifully drawn". "NGamer" praised the art style.


text: A manga based on the game, written by Kenji Kuroda and drawn by Kazuo Maekawa, premiered in 2009 in Kodansha's "Weekly Young Magazine". Kodansha also released the manga in North America in four volumes between July 31, 2012, and January 29, 2013. The second and third volume ranked 7th and 8th, respectively, on "The New York Times" Manga Best Seller List for one week each in 2012. In 2011, an attraction based on the game was opened in the amusement park Joypolis in Tokyo. A stage play based on the game ran in July 2016 in Tokyo.


text: A sequel to the game, "Ace Attorney Investigations 2", was released in Japan on February 3, 2011. There are currently no plans for Capcom to release it internationally, but a fan translation has been made and released on the internet. In July 2013, Eshiro said that he and Yamazaki would like to make a third "Investigations" game, and that he intended to secure the needed Capcom personnel and plan everything out in the future, but that he could not make any promises.


title: The Master Key System

text: The Master Key System is a personal development book by Charles F. Haanel (1866–1949) that was originally published as a 24-week correspondence course in 1912, and then in book form in 1916. The ideas it describes and explains come mostly from New Thought philosophy. It was one of the main sources of inspiration for Rhonda Byrne's film and book "The Secret" (2006).


title: The Master Key System

text: The book describes many New Thought beliefs such as the law of attraction, creative visualization and man's unity with God, and teaches the importance of truth, harmonious thinking and the ability to concentrate. Each of the 24 chapters contains an introduction, followed by a sequentially numbered section which includes an exercise towards the end, followed by a section with questions and answers. At the beginning of the book is a "Psychological Chart" which readers are encouraged to complete, providing a self-evaluation of their creative power, time efficiency, health, mental ability and capacity to concentrate. The book ends with a glossary and general question-and-answers section. Every chapter includes a quotation from people such as Jonathan Edwards, Lilian Whiting and Amos Bronson Alcott.


title: The Master Key System

text: Each chapter ends with an exercise which the reader is encouraged to undertake every day for the following 4–7 days. The exercises are meditations that require the reader to first sit comfortably in a chair.


title: The Master Key System

text: The ideas behind the book mainly come from New Thought philosophy, but there are influences from other sources such as Hinduism, Masonism and Rosicrucian teachings, Theosophy, and the Bible.


title: The Master Key System

text: Along with "The Science of Getting Rich", by Wallace D. Wattles, "The Master Key System" inspired much of the content of Rhonda Byrne's film "The Secret" (2006), which was later followed by a book of the same name.


title: The Master Key System

text: It is claimed on the website haanel.com that Charles Haanel received a letter in 1919 from Napoleon Hill, who later went on to write one of the best-selling books of all time, "Think and Grow Rich", saying that his own success was due to the principles laid down in "The Master Key System".


title: The Master Key System

text: Terry Crews has described "The Master Key System" as his favorite book among hundreds of personal development books, saying that it showed him "how to visualize, contemplate, and focus on what I really wanted" and that he rereads it "probably once a month to keep my vision clear".


title: The Master Key System

text: There are many editions of the book. Modern editions mostly do not include the three-part introduction, the psychological chart, the question-and-answers section at the end of the book, or the glossary. Some modern editions also include 4 additional chapters which come from chapters 11-14 of another book Haanel wrote called "A book about you". The first British Empire edition, printed in 1933 by The Master Key Publishing Company, is called "The Master Key" with no mention of the word "system".


title: The Master Key System

text: The book contains many quotations. Some are printed at the end of chapters while others are in the main body of the text. This list shows all the people quoted in the 1919 edition, and the chapter or part of the book in which the quotes are found. Some editions arrange the quotations in slightly different orders and some have quotes that do not appear in the 1919 edition; for example, many have a quote by Benjamin Disraeli at the end of chapter 23.


title: The Master Key System

text: Note, Master Key System and Mental Chemistry, being published prior to 1923, are considered to be in public domain, but several of his other books, being currently in distribution, are still covered by copyright law timeframe.


title: The Last Don

text: The Last Don is a 1996 novel by American author Mario Puzo, best known as the author of the 1969 novel "The Godfather". The story follows an aging Mafia Don and his family as they try to retain power.


title: The Last Don

text: The story alternates between the film industry and the Las Vegas Strip casinos, and how the American Mafia is linked to both.


title: The Last Don

text: "The Last Don" was adapted into a television miniseries of the same name, which aired in 1997. A sequel to the miniseries, "The Last Don II", aired in 1998.


title: The Last Don

text: The last plan of Don Domenico Clericuzio, an aging Mafia boss, is to eventually have his family enter the legitimate world and assimilate into American society. Twenty-five years later, his grandson Dante and grandnephew Crocifisso "Cross" De Lena make their way through life, and the eighty-year-old Don is semi-retired. Cross, who holds a majority share in a Las Vegas casino, is supposed to become the strong arm of the family. However, when he refuses to take part in the murder of an old friend, Dante is left to be the sole tough guy. Dante's greed for power and blood lead him to plan the elimination of his relatives, who are an obstacle to the desire to become as powerful as the old Don himself. When Dante arranges a hit on Cross's father, strongman Pippi De Lena—who, in a subplot, once commanded the elimination of the rival Santadio Family whose scion, Jimmy, married Don Clericuzio's daughter Rose Marie and fathered Dante before his family's assassination, driving Dante's mother to insanity—Cross, who is aware of being on the blacklist, catches Dante in a trap. Having acted against the family, he waits for the Don's vendetta, but, to his own surprise, his life is spared and he is only condemned to exile. Cross then resumes his romance with actress Athena Aquitane. The story ends with the revelation that Don Clericuzio planned this outcome, even anticipating his grandson's death, all along, for the long-term survival of his family.


title: The Last Don

text: "The Last Don" is the basis for the 1997 CBS television miniseries of the same name written by Joyce Eliason and starring Joe Mantegna, Danny Aiello, and Daryl Hannah. In 1998, this was followed by "The Last Don II", in which Cross is restored from exile to take reluctant command of the Clericuzio Family upon the Don's death.


title: Civil law (common law)

text: Civil law is a major branch of the law. In common law legal systems such as England and Wales and the United States, the term refers to non-criminal law. The law relating to civil wrongs and quasi-contracts is part of the civil law, as is law of property (other than property-related crimes, such as theft or vandalism). Civil law may, like criminal law, be divided into substantive law and procedural law. The rights and duties of persons (natural persons and legal persons) amongst themselves is the primary concern of civil law.


title: Civil law (common law)

text: It is often suggested that civil proceedings are taken for the purpose of obtaining compensation for injury, and may thus be distinguished from criminal proceedings, whose purpose is to inflict punishment. However, exemplary damages or punitive damages may be awarded in civil proceedings. It was also formerly possible for common informers to sue for a penalty in civil proceedings.


title: Civil law (common law)

text: Because some courts have both civil and criminal jurisdiction, civil proceedings cannot be defined as those taken in civil courts. In the United States, the expression "civil courts" is used as a shorthand for "trial courts in civil cases".


title: Civil law (common law)

text: In England and other common-law countries, the burden of proof in civil proceedings is, in general—with a number of exceptions such as committal proceedings for civil contempt—proof on a balance of probabilities. In civil cases in the law of the Maldives, the burden of proof requires the plaintiff to convince the court of the plaintiff's entitlement to the relief sought. This means that the plaintiff must prove each element of the claim, or cause of action in order to recover.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: Sunshine on Leith is a 2013 Scottish romantic musical film directed by Dexter Fletcher. It is an adaptation of the stage musical of the same name, a jukebox musical featuring songs by The Proclaimers. It was screened in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: The songs, arranged by musical director Paul Englishby, are performed by the cast. The Proclaimers themselves appear in a brief cameo.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: The film starts in Afghanistan where an APC is on patrol while the passengers including Davy Henshaw (George MacKay) and Ally (Kevin Guthrie) are nervous as to their survival ("Sky Takes the Soul"), before an ambush happens.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: Some time later Davy and Ally, recently discharged, return to their homes and families in Edinburgh after their Afghanistan tour ("I'm on my Way"). Ally returns to his girlfriend Liz (Freya Mavor), a nurse who is Davy's sister. On the boys' first night home Liz introduces Davy to her English friend and colleague Yvonne (Antonia Thomas) at a pub. Liz and Yvonne take part in some drunken story telling, a Scottish tradition ("Over and Done With"). Following from their blind date Davy and Yvonne strike up a romantic relationship ("Misty Blue") as Ally and Liz consider their future as a potential married couple ("Make my Heart Fly").


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: Davy's Dad Robert "Rab" Henshaw (Peter Mullan) receives a letter from, and later meets, Eilidh, a daughter he didn't know he had; the product of an affair early in his marriage. Eilidh's mother has just died and Rab secretly attends the funeral.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: As Ally explains to Davy that he intends to propose to Liz during the 25th wedding anniversary party for Davy's parents Rab and Jean (Jane Horrocks), a bartender, who overhears the conversation offers Ally advice on how to propose ("Let's Get Married"). At the anniversary party Rab serenades Jean ("Oh Jean"). During the party, Jean discovers the letter still in Rab's jacket and is outraged at his infidelity. Ally then proposes to Liz, who turns him down. A mass brawl develops and Yvonne is horrified at Davy's aggression.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: Jean is horrified to hear from Rab that he intends to keep seeing his newly found daughter. She stops speaking to him and he is seen sleeping on the sofa. Eventually, Jean feels guilty and blames herself for the deconstruction of her family but her colleagues at the Scottish National Gallery reassure her that none of these events were her fault ("Should Have Been Loved").


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: Meanwhile, Rab is out buying the ingredients for a special meal he intends to cook in the hopes of reconciliation with Jean. As he returns home, he suffers a heart attack on the doorstep and is admitted to hospital. Rab recovers, and he and Jean reconcile ("Sunshine on Leith"). She agrees to let Rab see his daughter and has brought her to the hospital to see him.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: Yvonne and Davy have reconciled ("Then I Met You"). However, Liz and Ally's relationship has dissolved. Ally re-enlists, while Liz accepts an offer of a job nursing in Florida ("Letter from America").


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: After an argument with Davy, Yvonne prepares to leave Edinburgh. However, before she can reach Waverley railway station, Davy catches her and declares his commitment to her in Princes Street Gardens where they reconcile for a second time ("I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)"). The scene cuts to Jean & Rab singing verses of the song to each other; Ally on patrol with the army, presumably sings to Liz who is shown at work in America opening a letter from him.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: The film had grossed US$8,780,874 in its run . On its first week it debuted at number three on the UK box office with £770,000. The following week it rose to number two with a weekly take of £732,296.


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: The film received positive reviews. It holds a 90% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: Writing a four star review in "The Observer", Mark Kermode said "I shed a tear within the first 10 minutes, and spent the rest of the movie beaming like a gibbering, love-struck fool". Tara Brand writing in "The Irish Times" likened it to "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg" and Cath Clarke writing in "Time Out" described it as "a wet, sloppy dog-kiss of a film".


title: Sunshine on Leith (film)

text: The soundtrack album features the cast recordings of these songs, plus additional music composed for the film.


title: The Blockheads

text: The Blockheads are an English rock band formed in London in 1977. Originally fronted by lead singer Ian Dury as Ian Dury and the Blockheads or Ian and the Blockheads, the band has continued to perform since Dury's death in 2000. Current members include Chaz Jankel (guitar and keyboards), Norman Watt-Roy (bass), Mick Gallagher (keyboards and piano), John Turnbull (vocals and guitar) John Roberts (drums). If Watt-Roy is unavailable, bass is often played by Nathan King. There is a rolling line-up of saxophonists that includes Gilad Atzmon, Terry Edwards or Dave Lewis and from time to time, the original sax player, Davey Payne. Between 2000 and 2022, the band's lead vocalist and main lyricist was Derek Hussey.


title: The Blockheads

text: The band are best known for their hit singles, recorded with Dury, "What a Waste", "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick", "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3", and "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll".


title: The Blockheads

text: In 1974, Radio Caroline's Ronan O'Rahilly set up the pop group The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull (guitar) and Mick Gallagher (keyboards), both formerly of 1960s psychedelic rock band Skip Bifferty, with the session musicians Norman Watt-Roy (bass) and Charley Charles (born Hugh Glenn Mortimer Charles, Guyana 1945) (drums). In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, "Loving Awareness" (ML001), on O'Rahilly's label More Love Records. The album has appeared on CD more than once, although these reissues have been sourced from a mint vinyl pressing rather than from the original master tapes.


title: The Blockheads

text: The Loving Awareness Band broke up in 1977 and Watt-Roy and Charles joined a new band being formed by Ian Dury, who had begun writing songs with pianist and guitarist Chaz Jankel (the brother of noted music video, TV, commercial and film director Annabel Jankel). With Jankel fashioning Dury's lyrics into number of songs, the two began recording with Charles, Watt-Roy, Gallagher, Turnbull and former Kilburn and the High Roads saxophonist Davey Payne. An album was recorded, but was of no interest to major record labels. Next door to Dury's manager's office, however, was the newly formed Stiff Records, a perfect home for Dury's maverick style.


title: The Blockheads

text: The band was invited by Stiff to join the "Live Stiffs Tour", and the band Ian Dury and the Blockheads was born, with the name ostensibly taken from the song of the same name which portrayed a drunken Essex Untermensch stereotype:


title: The Blockheads

text: The tour, which also featured Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis, was a great success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign.


title: The Blockheads

text: Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner (the original managers of Pink Floyd) Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live new wave music acts. Their first single, "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll", marked Dury's Stiff debut and although it was banned by the BBC it was named Single of the Week by "NME" on its release. It was soon followed by the album "New Boots and Panties!!", which was eventually to achieve platinum status. (Although it has been claimed that Dury coined the phrase "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll", there is evidence that it was already in common use and a very similar phrase had been used by Australian band Daddy Cool for the title of their 1972 second album "Sex, Dope & Rock'n'Roll: Teenage Heaven".) An parallel precursor is the longstanding and widely used phrase, wine, women and song. The tune is based on part of Charlie Haden's bass solo on "Ramblin'" on Ornette Coleman's 1959 album "Change of the Century".


title: The Blockheads

text: Dury and the band built up a dedicated following in the UK and other countries and scored several hit singles, including "What a Waste", "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" (which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies) and "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3" (number three in the UK in 1979).


title: The Blockheads

text: The band's second album, "Do It Yourself", was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based on samples from the Crown wallpaper catalogue. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim and which continues to be used by the band as, for example, on their "Live in Colchester 2004" DVD.


title: The Blockheads

text: The hit single "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick" was notably not included, however, on the original release of the album. The single and its accompanying music video featured a Davey Payne sax solo with dual saxophones, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, who had made this his trademark technique.


title: The Blockheads

text: Dury's lyrics are a distinctive combination of lyrical poetry, word play, observation of British everyday (working-class) life, acute character sketches, and vivid, earthy sexual humour. ""This is what we find ... [H]ome improvement expert Harold Hill of Harold Hill, Of do-it-yourself dexterity and double-glazing skill, Came home to find another gentleman's kippers in the grill, So he sanded off his winkle with his Black & Decker drill."" The song "Billericay Dickie" continues this sexual content, rhyming ""I had a love affair with Nina, In the back of my Cortina"" with ""A seasoned-up hyena, Could not have been more obscener"."


title: The Blockheads

text: The Blockheads' sound drew from its members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, and reggae, and Dury's love of music hall.


title: The Blockheads

text: Jankel left the band temporarily and relocated to the U.S. after the release of "What A Waste" (his organ part on that single was overdubbed later) but he subsequently returned to the UK and began touring sporadically with the Blockheads, eventually returning to the group full-time for the recording of "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick"; according to Mick Gallagher, the band recorded 28 takes of the song but eventually settled on the second take for the single release. Partly due to personality clashes with Dury, Jankel quit the group again in 1980, after the recording of the "Do It Yourself" LP, and he returned to the U.S. to concentrate on his solo career. The group worked solidly over the 18 months between the release of "Rhythm Stick" and their next single, "Reasons to Be Cheerful", which returned them to the charts, making the UK Top 10. Jankel was replaced by former Dr. Feelgood guitarist Wilko Johnson, who also contributed to the next album "Laughter" and its two minor hit singles, although Gallagher recalls that the recording of the "Laughter" album was difficult and that Dury was drinking heavily in this period. In 1980-81, Dury and Jankel teamed up again with Sly and Robbie and the Compass Point All Stars to record "Lord Upminster". The Blockheads toured the U.K. and Europe throughout 1981, sometimes augmented by Don Cherry on trumpet, ending the year with their only tour of Australia.


title: The Blockheads

text: The Blockheads disbanded in early 1982 after Dury secured a new recording deal with Polydor Records through A&R man Frank Neilson. Choosing to work with a new group of young musicians which he named The Music Students, he recorded the album "Four Thousand Weeks' Holiday". This album marked a departure from his usual style and was not as well received by existing fans for its dance music influence.


title: The Blockheads

text: The Blockheads briefly reformed in June 1987 to play a short tour of Japan and then disbanded again. In September 1990, following the death from cancer of drummer Charlie Charles, they reunited for two benefit concerts in aid of Charles' family, held at The Forum, Kentish Town, with Steven Monti on drums. In December 1990, augmented by Merlin Rhys-Jones on guitar and Will Parnell on percussion, they recorded the live album "Warts & Audience" at the Brixton Academy.


title: The Blockheads

text: The Blockheads (without Jankel, who returned to California) toured Spain in January 1991, then disbanded again until August 1994 when, following Jankel's return to England, they were invited to reform for the Madstock Festival in Finsbury Park; this was followed by sporadic gigs in Europe, Ireland, the UK and Japan through late 1994 and 1995. In the early 1990s, Dury appeared with English band Curve on the benefit compilation album "Peace Together". Dury and Curve singer Toni Halliday shared vocals on a cover of the Blockheads' track "What a Waste".


title: The Blockheads

text: In March 1996, Dury was diagnosed with cancer. After his recovery from surgery, he set about writing another album. In late 1996 he reunited with the Blockheads to record the well-received "Mr. Love Pants". Ian Dury and the Blockheads toured again, with Dylan Howe replacing Steven Monti on drums. Davey Payne left the group in August and was replaced by Gilad Atzmon. This amended line-up gigged throughout 1999 and performances culminated in their last performance with Dury on 6 February 2000 at the London Palladium. Dury died six weeks later on 27 March 2000.


title: The Blockheads

text: The Blockheads have continued after Dury's death, contributing to the 2001 tribute album "Brand New Boots and Panties", then releasing "Where's the Party" (2004), "Staring Down the Barrel" (2009), and the live album "30 Live At the Electric Ballroom" (2008) to mark the 30th anniversary of "New Boots and Panties!!".


title: The Blockheads

text: The Blockheads still tour and currently consist of Jankel, Watt-Roy, Gallagher, Turnbull with John Roberts on drums, Gilad Atzmon or Dave Lewis on sax. Derek Hussey, aka "Derek The Draw", who was Dury's friend and minder, joined the band in 2000 and became the main lyricist and Blockhead storyteller. He wrote songs with Jankel and sang lead vocals; he died in February 2022.


title: The Blockheads

text: On 23 November 2013, the band released the studio album "Same Horse Different Jockey", 35 years to the day from when the band's only number one "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" was released. The promotional video for the album, featuring the song "Greed", was directed and photographed by cinematographer Stuart Harris and included cameo appearances by Martin Freeman, Toby Jones and Rowland Rivron.


title: The Blockheads

text: In December 2014, the band performed a parody of "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3" at the conclusion of Charlie Brooker's "Charlie Brooker's 2014 Wipe" on BBC Two.


title: The Blockheads

text: Currently there is a definitive documentary, "Beyond the Call of Dury", in production by Free Seed Films focusing on the band members' individual careers as well as their involvement with Ian Dury. The documentary will highlight the countless number of studio sessions that each member has contributed to such as The Clash's "London Calling", Roy Budd's "Get Carter" Soundtrack, Roger Daltrey's solo career, Nick Cave's "Nocturama" and Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "Relax".


title: The Blockheads

text: The song was written by Dury and Jankel in Dury's flat in Oval Mansions, London (nicknamed "Catshit mansions" by Dury) that overlooked The Oval cricket-ground. Dury typically presented Jankel with his hand-typed lyric sheets. According to Chas in "Sex And Drugs And Rock And Roll: The Life of Ian Dury", he would be repeatedly given the lyric for "Sex And Drugs And Rock And Roll" but kept rejecting the song only for it to be at the top of the pile in the next batch of songs, only to be rejected again. This went on until Dury sang the song's title in time with the intended guitar riff. Sometime later Jankel heard "Ramblin", a tune by Ornette Coleman (from the album "Change of the Century", which also featured Charlie Haden and Don Cherry), and heard exactly the same bass riff being played by Haden.


title: The Blockheads

text: Dury once apologised to Coleman for lifting the riff but, as Coleman explained, he (or possibly Haden) had lifted it himself from a Kentucky folk tune called "Old Joe Clark". An alternative version to this story exists: as Dury explained when he guested on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs", he had apologised to Haden at Ronnie Scott's Club for the riff lift, who responded by saying there was no need for an apology as he himself had lifted it from an old Cajun tune.


title: The Blockheads

text: The single did not chart, selling only around 19,000 copies (a small number for a single in 1977) but won critical acclaim. One factor of the poor sales performance may have been Stiff Records' singles deletion policy designed to promote initial sales and as such, chart success - the single was deleted after only two months.


title: The Blockheads

text: Released, as it was, at the height of the popularity of punk rock, the song was misinterpreted (and often is to this day) as a song about excess, as its title and chorus might suggest. Although the single was banned by the BBC, a number of Radio 1 disc jockeys, including Annie Nightingale and John Peel, continued to promote the record by playing the mildly salacious B-side "Razzle In My Pocket". Dury himself maintained, however, that the song was not a punk anthem and said he was trying to suggest that there was more to life than a 9-to-5 existence (as in, for example, his track-by-track comments for the sleeve-notes of Repertoire Records' "Reasons To Be Cheerful: The Best Of Ian Dury & The Blockheads" compilation). The verse lyrics are at times somewhat inscrutable, although always suggestive of an alternative lifestyle:


title: The Blockheads

text: The title of the song became part of the English language and was later used in many other song lyrics.


title: The Blockheads

text: Narrated by a bragging bricklayer from Billericay, the song is filled with name-checks for places in Essex and features a number of suggestive rhymes:


title: The Blockheads

text: Each verse tells a different short story, relating one of Dickie's sexual conquests in southeastern England, while the choruses see him insisting he is a caring, conscientious lover and "not a thickie", even giving the names of two girls ("a pair of squeaky chickies") as referees who would attest to this. Dickie is a character most commonly referred to in the media as an "Essex lad". The song, perhaps the best example of Dury's "Englishness" or "Essexness", was given its fairground-like arrangement by American Steve Nugent.


title: The Blockheads

text: Dury frequently stated (as, for example, in both his biographies "Sex And Drugs And Rock And Roll: The Life Of Ian Dury" and "Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song By Song") that he saw Dickie as a pathetic figure. He would reflect this on-stage by breaking down in the final part of the song, as if about to cry, before returning to shout the final lines. The song was rarely used as an opener for live sets ("Wake Up And Make Love With Me" commonly being used instead), but it does open the 1985 set recorded live at the Hammersmith Odeon that was released as the "Hold Onto Your Structure" VHS/DVD. Live versions can also be found on the two live albums "Warts 'n' Audience" and "Straight from the Desk".


title: The Blockheads

text: Essentially the song is about being in a job that makes you happy. Dury claimed, in a 1984 interview with "Penthouse" magazine that, while not condemning 9-to-5 jobs, he had written the song to make people question their lives, echoing the sentiments of his earlier single "Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll". The song's verses list a number of occupations that the narrator could have taken, including driver, poet, teacher and soldier, even an inmate in a long-term institution and the ticket man at Fulham Broadway tube station. The chorus reveals that instead he chose to "play the fool in a six-piece band", highlighting some of its disadvantages, particularly loneliness, before deciding that "rock 'n' roll don't mind".


title: The Blockheads

text: The song was written with Rod Melvin in mid-1975, two years before its eventual release. It was written following the break-up of Kilburn and the Highroads, and in a lull between the formation of Ian Dury & the Kilburns. Originally a third writing credit was given to Jankel, Dury's long-term songwriting companion, but this credit has gradually been phased out and the 2004 Edsel Records re-issue of "Do it Yourself" credits the song solely to Dury/Melvin. In the 2004 book "Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song By Song" by Jim Drury and Phill Jupitus, however, guitarist John Turnbull claims that the middle instrumental section was brought over from one of the songs which four Blockhead members had written between them while in their previous band Loving Awareness.


title: The Blockheads

text: The song, Dury's first hit, was released in April 1978, just before the start of a headlining tour, entering the Top 75 on 29 April and spending 12 weeks there. It peaked at No. 9 in the UK Single Charts, becoming Stiff Records' biggest-selling single. A very limited 12" pressing was also released. Although the song is seen as specifically a Blockheads song, the B-side, "Wake Up and Make Love with Me", was taken from Dury's "New Boots and Panties!!" album.


title: The Blockheads

text: First released as the Stiff Records 7" single BUY 38, "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick"/"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards" was Number One in the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 and is the band's most successful single. It also was named the best single of 1979 in the Pazz & Jop poll.


title: The Blockheads

text: Its lyrics mix various locations across the world and a number of phrases in non-English languages (including French and German). According to Dury the song has an anti-violence message.


title: The Blockheads

text: Released on 20 July 1979, the single "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3"/"Common as Muck" reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart the following month. It was the last single to be released by the band with their original line-up.


title: Floss (dance)

text: The floss is a popular dance move in which a person repeatedly swings their arms, with clenched fists, from the back of their body to the front, on each side.


title: Floss (dance)

text: The name comes from the moves themselves, which involve "a lot of fast arms and hip swings as though using a huge, invisible piece of dental floss".


title: Floss (dance)

text: Exact origins of the dance are unclear; however, there is documentation of students at International School of Beijing performing the dance as early as 2013, the same year that Matthew Bisping did it dancing in the crowd at Austin City Limits.


title: Floss (dance)

text: The earliest instance of the dance being promoted on the internet was in a 2014 clip uploaded by the YouTube channel JStuStudios, run by content creators Justin Stewart and Andrew Scites. Stewart and Scites have performed the dance in televised appearances, such as "The Meredith Vieira Show". Videos of the dance on social media achieved viral popularity after 14-year-old Russell Horning, known as "the backpack kid", performed the dance in a August 2016 video. Horning was invited to participate in a live "Saturday Night Live" performance of Katy Perry's song "Swish Swish" in May 2017. It has since become a trend among children and younger teens, and has been performed by celebrities in videos. The floss has been featured in "The Simpsons", and in television shows airing on Universal Kids, Disney XD, and Disney Channel.


title: Floss (dance)

text: Flossing is featured in the 2017 video game "Fortnite Battle Royale", developed and published by Epic Games, as a limited-time dance "emote" as a reward from the Battle Pass Season 2 that can be performed by the characters while playing. Flossing has become popular in schools due to the popularity of "Fortnite" and because of support from parents and administrators, as flossing can be seen as lacking the relative eroticism seen in other dance moves popular with young people. In December 2018, Horning's mother filed a lawsuit against Epic Games for copyright infringement of the dance emote, the third such similar that Epic had seen. Horning's suit against Epic resulted in Playground Games removing the dance emote in their 2018 racing video game "Forza Horizon 4" via an update to avoid possible litigation against them.


title: Visegrád

text: Visegrád (; ; or ; ) is a castle town in Pest County, Hungary. It is north of Budapest on the right bank of the Danube in the Danube Bend. It had a population of 1,864 in 2010. The town is the site of the remains of the Early Renaissance summer palace of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and a medieval citadel.


title: Visegrád

text: The name "Visegrád" ("Vyšehrad") is of Slavic origin, meaning acropolis, literary "the upper castle" (the castle with a privileged position) or "the upper settlement". In modern Slovak and Czech, the form is "Vyšehrad".


title: Visegrád

text: The castle of Visegrád is called "Fellegvár" (Citadel) in Hungarian, In German, the town is called "Plintenburg". The German name "Plintenburg" or "Blendenburg" is said to come from the beautiful view that one has from the castle and is "blinded"/"dazzled" by this view.


title: Visegrád

text: Visegrád was first mentioned in 1009 as a county town and the chief town of an archdeaconry. After the destructive Mongol invasion of Europe in 1242, the town was rebuilt in a slightly different location to the south. King Charles I of Hungary made Visegrád the royal seat of Hungary in 1325. At the same time, his diplomat Stephen Sáfár was appointed castellan.


title: Visegrád

text: In 1335, Charles hosted at Visegrád a two-month congress with the Bohemian king, John of Luxembourg, and the Polish king, Casimir III. It was crucial in creating a peace between the three kingdoms and securing an alliance between Poland and Hungary against Habsburg Austria. Another congress followed in 1339.


title: Visegrád

text: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Croatia in personal union with Hungary, moved the royal seat to Buda between 1405 and 1408. King Matthias Corvinus (1443–1490), King of Hungary, used Visegrád as a country residence.


title: Visegrád

text: Visegrád lost importance after the partition of the Kingdom of Hungary following the Battle of Mohács in 1526.


title: Visegrád

text: In February 1991, the leading politicians of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland met here to form a periodical forum, the Visegrád Group, with an intentional allusion to the meeting centuries earlier in 1335.


title: Visegrád

text: After the Mongol invasion, King Béla IV of Hungary and his wife had a new fortification system constructed in the 1240s and 1250s near the one destroyed earlier. The first part of the new system was the Upper Castle on top of a high hill. The castle was laid out on a triangular ground plan and had three towers at its corners. In the 14th century, at the time of the Angevin kings of Hungary, the castle became a royal residence and was enlarged with a new curtain wall and palace buildings.


title: Visegrád

text: Around 1400 King Sigismund had a third curtain wall constructed and enlarged the palace buildings. At the end of the 15th century, King Matthias Corvinus had the interior renovated. The Upper Castle also served for the safekeeping of the Hungarian royal insignia between the 14th century and 1526. In 1544 Visegrád was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, and, apart from a short period in 1595–1605, it remained in Turkish hands until 1685. The castle was seriously damaged by the Turks and was never used afterwards.


title: Visegrád

text: The Lower Castle is the part of the fortification system that connects the Upper Castle with the Danube. In its centre rises the Solomon Tower, a large, hexagonal residential tower dating from the 13th century. In the 14th century, new curtain walls were built around the tower. During a Turkish raid in 1544, the southern part of the tower collapsed. Its renovation began only in the 1870s and was finished in the 1960s.


title: Visegrád

text: At present, the Tower houses exhibitions installed by the King Matthias Museum (Mátyás Király Múzeum) of Visegrád. The exhibitions present the reconstructed Gothic fountains from the Royal Palace, Renaissance sculpture in Visegrád, and the history of Visegrád.


title: Visegrád

text: The first royal house on this site was built by King Charles I of Hungary after 1325. In the second half of the 14th century, this was enlarged into a palace by his son, King Louis I of Hungary.


title: Visegrád

text: In the last third of the 14th century, King Louis and his successor Sigismund of Luxembourg had the majority of the earlier buildings dismantled and created a new, sumptuous palace complex, the extensive ruins of which are still visible today. The palace complex was laid out on a square ground plan measuring 123 x 123 m. A garden adjoined to it from the north and a Franciscan friary, founded by King Sigismund in 1424, from the south. In the time of Louis I and Sigismund, the palace was the official residence of the kings of Hungary until about 1405–08.


title: Visegrád

text: Between 1477 and 1484 Matthias Corvinus had the palace complex reconstructed in late Gothic style. The Italian Renaissance architectural style was used for decoration, the first time the style appeared in Europe outside Italy. After the Ottoman Turks' siege in 1544, the palace fell into ruins. By the 18th century it was completely covered by earth. Its excavation began in 1934 and continues today.


title: Visegrád

text: The reconstructed royal residence building is open to the public and houses exhibitions on the history of the palace and reconstructed historical interiors.


title: Visegrád

text: The ruins of this military camp can be seen outside Visegrád, to the north, on a hill that overlooks the Danube. The camp has a triangular ground plan. It was built in the first half of the 4th century as one of the important fortifications along the limes, the frontier of the Roman Empire. Its praetorium (the commander's building) was constructed at the end of the 4th century. In the early 5th century, the Roman army abandoned the military camp.


title: Visegrád

text: In the 10th and 11th centuries, the fortification, rebuilt as a castle, became a regional centre of the recently formed Hungarian state. "Visegrád" appears for the first time as the name of this regional centre (1009). The fortification was finally destroyed in 1242 by the Mongol invasion of Europe.


title: Tri-Ace

text: The company exclusively makes role-playing video games, and is known for giving their games' action-packed battle systems and deep skill systems. This trademark style began when the founders of tri-Ace originally worked for Telenet Japan's Wolfteam, and had created "Tales of Phantasia". This game, published by Namco, is a precursor to tri-Ace's own "Star Ocean" games in several ways; e.g., an action battle system where the player controls one character and AI controls others in the party and special battle skills that the player can assign to different buttons. Besides the "Star Ocean" series, they also released "Valkyrie Profile" in 1999. Their 2010 release of "Resonance of Fate", was taken to Sega publishing.


title: Tri-Ace

text: tri-Ace games have sold over 3.8 million copies worldwide as of September 2005. The company's sound programmer Hiroya Hatsushiba formed tri-Crescendo in 1999 which has since developed several games independently of tri-Ace.


title: Tri-Ace

text: Japanese mobile company Nepro Japan acquired tri-Ace in February 2015. Despite being acquired by a company focusing on mobile gaming, tri-Ace will continue developing video games for consoles.


title: Vestment

text: Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religion, especially by Eastern Churches, Catholics (of all rites), Anglicans, and Lutherans. Many other groups also make use of liturgical garments; this was a point of controversy in the Protestant Reformation and sometimes since, in particular during the ritualist controversies in England in the 19th century.


title: Vestment

text: In the early Christian churches, officers and leaders, like their congregations, wore the normal dress of civil life in the Greco-Roman world, although with an expectation that the clothing should be clean and pure during holy observances. From the 4th century onward, however, modifications began to be made to the form of the garments, and as secular fashions changed from the 6th century the church retained the original forms of their garments, although with separate development and with regional variations. Having separate, consecrated clothing for the ceremonies and rites in the churches emphasized the sacred nature of the functions the priest and ministers carried out at the altar. The Catholic Church's vestments had essentially established their final forms by the 13th century.


title: Vestment

text: The Reformation brought about a new approach towards simplicity, especially under the influence of Calvinism. The Church of England experienced its own controversies over the proper use of vestments. The resulting varieties of liturgical dress are described below.


title: Vestment

text: The rubrics (regulations) for the type of vestments to be worn vary between the various communions and denominations. In some, clergy are directed to wear special clerical clothing in public at all, most, or some times. This generally consists of a clerical collar, clergy shirt, and (on certain occasions) a cassock. In the case of members of religious orders, non-liturgical wear includes a religious habit. This ordinary wear does not constitute liturgical vestment, but simply acts as a means of identifying the wearer as a member of the clergy or a religious order.


title: Vestment

text: A distinction is often made between the type of vestment worn for Holy Eucharist or Holy Communion and that worn for other services. Non-Eucharistic vestments are typically referred to as "choir dress" or "choir habit" in the Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, because they are worn for the chanting of the Daily Office, which, in the West, takes place in the choir rather than the sanctuary. In other traditions, there is no specific name for this attire, although it often takes the form of a Geneva gown worn with or without preaching bands and a stole or preaching scarf.


title: Vestment

text: In the more ancient traditions, each vestment—or at least the stole—will have a cross on it, which the clergy kiss before putting it on. A number of churches also have special vesting prayers which are recited before putting each vestment on, especially the Eucharistic vestments.


title: Vestment

text: For the Eucharist, each vestment symbolizes a spiritual dimension of the priesthood, with roots in the very origins of the Church. In some measure these vestments harken to the Roman roots of the Western Church.


title: Vestment

text: Use of the following vestments varies. Some are used by all Western Christians in liturgical traditions. Many are used only in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, and there is much variation within each of those churches.


title: Vestment

text: Among the Paleo-Orthodoxy and Emerging Church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, which includes many Methodists and Presbyterians, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown and reclaiming not only the more ancient Eucharist vestments of alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite).


title: Vestment

text: In the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches, any member of the clergy of whatever rank is vested when serving his particular function during the Divine Liturgy or other service. As in the Latin Church, the use of vestments is rooted in the early history of the church. The various vestments serve several different functions. The three forms of stole ("Orarion", "Epitrachelion", and "Omophorion") are marks of rank. The three outer garments ("Sticharion", "Phelonion", and "Sakkos") serve to distinguish the clergy from the laity. Some are practical ("Zone" and "Epimanikia"), holding the other vestments in place. Some ("Nabedrennik" and "Epigonation") are awards of distinction.


title: Vestment

text: In addition to these functions, most vestments carry a symbolic meaning as well. These symbolic meanings are often indicated by the prayer that the priest says as he puts each item on. These prayers are verses taken directly from the Old Testament, usually the Psalms. For example, the prayer for the Sticharion is from Isaiah 61:10:


title: Vestment

text: Despite their often elaborate design, the vestments are generally intended to focus attention on God, and the office of the person wearing them, rather than on the person himself. It is partly for this reason that a Russian phelonion is designed with a very high back, so that when the priest is standing facing the altar his head is almost completely hidden. Other items, such as the epimanikia or cuffs, represent manacles or chains, reminding the wearer and others that their office is a position of service.


title: Vestment

text: Syro Malabar Catholic church follows east syriac rite and the vestments used in holy mass are in te basis of east syriac tradition.


title: Vestment

text: Within the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the corresponding Eastern Catholic Churches there is much variance as to what vestments are used.


title: Vestment

text: In these Churches, generally only a white robe will be used for the Eucharistic service. On more solemn occasions, an epitrachelion-like vestment is worn, and sometimes a vestment resembling a cope is worn. Priests and bishops always carry a Hand Cross during services. Deacons wear either an orarion crossed over the left shoulder, or brought around the back (where the two pieces form a cross) and then hanging down in front (not crossed), secured by the cross piece.


title: Vestment

text: In these Churches, a more full set of vestments is used. Apart from the usual Sticharion (called "Kutino" in Syriac), Epitrachelion (called "Hamnikho"), Zone (called "Zenoro"), and Epimanikia (called "Zende"), a priest will wear a Cope-like vestment called a "Phanyo". Prelates will in addition wear a hood-like head-covering called a "Masnaphto" over the "Kutino" and under the "Phanyo". Prelates will also wear a "Batrashil" or Pallium (similar to an Epitrachelion but reaching down in both front and back) as well as Pectoral Icons. In addition, they will have a vestment similar to the "Epigonation" worn attached the "Zenoro" on the right side (called a "Sakro") and will carry a crosier and hand cross. Deacons wear the "Kutino" and an Orarion (called an "Uroro") in different ways depending on their order:


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The SsangYong Musso (Korean: 쌍용 무쏘) is a mid-sized SUV or pickup truck manufactured by the South Korean automaker SsangYong from 1993.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The Musso SUV was a result of collaboration between SsangYong and Daimler-Benz. The car's design was styled by Ken Greenley. The car has a double cab pick-up version named Musso Sports. The SUV produced from 1993 to 2005, and the pick-up produced from 2002 to 2005.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: In Geneva 2018, SsangYong's new pickup truck was revealed, with the Musso nameplate. It features SsangYong's new body-on-frame platform, which shares with the SsangYong Rexton.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: First produced in 1993, the Musso SUV was available with either a petrol 2.8 and 3.2-litre inline six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz M104 engine, a Mercedes-Benz M111 engine 2.3-litre inline four-cylinder petrol engine, or a 2.3-litre four-cylinder and 2.9-litre five-cylinder diesel engines (Mercedes-Benz OM601 and OM602) with natural aspiration or turbo intercooler (from 1997). The car was designed by Briton Ken Greenley and received the Auto Design Award from the Birmingham Auto Show hosted in 1994 and 1996. Also known for its off-road abilities, the vehicle won the Rallye des Pharaons for 4WD vehicles in October 1994. A facelifted version has been available since 1998.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The Musso seats five people, a folding trunk seat is available in rare models for a total of seven. The wheels are fit for off-road driving, similar to its smaller sibling, the Korando. The SsangYong Musso Sports, a Musso variant with a truck bed, was released in later years.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The Musso is available in Iran as Musso, produced by Morattab Khodro Co. (since 2003). It was sold in Vietnam by Mekong Auto Corporation from 1997 to 2005.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: Russian automotive assembly TagAZ plant in Taganrog produced the Musso from 2008 to 2011 as TagAZ Road Partner. The car was facelifted in 2009.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The Musso had also been produced for the UK market by Ssangyong from 1995 until 1999, when Daewoo Motors took over. The car was rebranded as the Daewoo Musso, keeping most of Greenley's body style with a notable change being the new front grille, more suited to Daewoo's styling. The Daewoo Musso was also sold in Germany.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: Production for the Daewoo Musso ended in the latter half of 2002, 2 years before Daewoo was rebadged by General Motors.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The P100 series Musso Sports is a dual cab pickup version of the Musso SUV produced from 2002 to 2006. It features a Mercedes-Benz-designed engine, gearbox and five seats. Later models also had a turbo diesel option as well as others like a canopy, 'fins', extra tail lights, a chrome trim and an extra row of wheels to hold more weight.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The Q200 series Musso is a Pickup Truck which debuted to Korean market and global market from Geneva Motor Show 2018. The car features SsangYong's new body-on-frame platform using Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS), which shares with second generation of SsangYong Rexton.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The Musso is offered with a choice of a 225-horsepower 2.0 L e-XGDI 200T petrol turbo engine or 181 horsepower 2.2 L e-XDI 220 diesel engine which shares with the Rexton and available in two-wheel or part-time four-wheel drive. It is equipped with AISIN 6-speed automatic transmission or 6-speed manual transmission. The Musso pickup also provide Five-link suspension with optional Locking differential (LD). In Australia, the long wheelbase model XLV is also offered with rear leaf suspension in the base ELX model as standard and as an option in the mid spec Ultimate. In the United Kingdom, the long wheelbase model is known as the Musso Rhino, using the New Zealand market model name as a top of the range trim level.


title: SsangYong Musso

text: The Musso pickup equipped with six airbags, It also features smart safety driving system including Autonomous Emergency Brake System (AEBS), Blind Spot Detection (BSD) and Rear Cross-Traffic Alert (RCTA).


title: Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament

text: The men's football tournament at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held in Beijing and four other cities in the People's Republic of China from 7 to 23 August. Associations affiliated with FIFA were invited to enter their men's under-23 teams in regional qualifying competitions, from which 15 teams, plus the host nation, reached the final tournament. Men's teams were allowed to augment their squads with up to three players over the age of 23.


text: For these Games, the men competed in a 16-team tournament. Preliminary matches commenced on 7 August, the day before the Games' opening ceremony. The teams were grouped into four pools of four teams each for a round-robin preliminary round. The top two teams in each pool advanced to an eight-team single-elimination bracket.


text: The tournament was won by Argentina, who beat Nigeria 1–0 in the final, as part of a record streak of 12 consecutive wins in football competitions at the Summer Olympics (six wins in 2004, six wins in 2008).


text: Despite the absence of an official best player award, the FIFA website highlighted Lionel Messi's campaign by stating that he "posed defenders more problems than anyone else in the tournament". Juan Román Riquelme and Javier Mascherano also received special mentions.


text: For the men's tournament, each nation submitted a squad of 18 players, 15 of whom had to be born on or after 1 January 1985, and three of whom could be overage players, by 23 July 2008. A minimum of two goalkeepers (plus one optional alternate goalkeeper) had to be included in the squad.


text: With four goals, Giuseppe Rossi of Italy was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 75 goals were scored by 53 different players, with only one of them credited as own goal.


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a 1987 duet ballad by Michael Jackson and Siedah Garrett, and was the first single released from his seventh album, "Bad". The song was written by Jackson, and co-produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. The presence of Garrett on the track was a last-minute decision by Jackson and Jones, after Jackson's first two choices for the duet both decided against participating. Garrett, a protégé of Jones's who co-wrote another song on "Bad", "Man in the Mirror", did not know that she would be singing the song until the day of the recording session. It became her first hit since Dennis Edwards' 1984 song "Don't Look Any Further".


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, R&B Singles and Adult Contemporary charts, making it the first in a string of 5 number-one singles from "Bad". It was Jackson's second number-one song on the Adult Contemporary chart after "The Girl Is Mine" with Paul McCartney. "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" was released without an accompanying music video. Jackson and Garrett later recorded "Todo mi amor eres tú", a Spanish-language version of the song, with lyrics translated by Rubén Blades, and "Je ne veux pas la fin de nous", a French language version, with translation by Christine "Coco" Decroix. All three versions are featured on the 2012 reissue album "Bad 25". The original English-language version was re-released as a single in 2012, as part of the "Bad 25" release.


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: For the duet ballad "I Just Can't Stop Loving You," Michael Jackson wanted to share vocals with Barbra Streisand or Whitney Houston. Streisand took a pass on the invitation. Houston’s label, Arista Records, thought that, if she performed on the song, it might detract from the promotion of her sophomore album, "Whitney". Ultimately, a different singer duetted with Jackson on “I Just Can’t Stop Loving You:” Siedah Garrett. Interestingly, Garrett co-wrote another one of Jackson’s ballads called “Man in the Mirror” and performed backing vocals on it. Garrett remains known primarily for her work with Jackson to this day. The co-duet duties were given to Siedah Garrett who had previously dueted on former Temptations member Dennis Edwards' "Don't Look Any Further." Garrett first came to the attention of producer Quincy Jones after auditioning for and winning a spot in the group Deco. She later signed as a recording artist with Jones' Warner Bros.-distributed Qwest Records. The singer was constantly sent song demos including one for "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", though she didn't know that the demo was a song written and sung by Jackson. While reporting for a recording session, Garrett thought that she was summoned to do overdubs for a song she'd co-written titled "Man in the Mirror." Instead she was surprised to learn that she'd been chosen to sing a duet with Jackson. To some, the wispy ballad was reminiscent of Jackson's Motown classic "Got to Be There."


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: The original album version of the song opened with Jackson cooing a spoken intro backed by a longer version of the opening music. According to Jackson, he recorded that part of his song while lying in bed. The intro went, in part, "I just want to lay next to you for a while. You look so beautiful tonight... A lot of people misunderstand me. That's because they don't know me at all. I just want to touch you and hold you..." This intro was mixed out on the 7" single, on future releases of "Bad" and on most compilation albums. An alternate version of the single, featuring the original mastered album version mix with the spoken word intro for "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" backed by the album outtake "Don't Be Messin' 'Round", was released in select Walmart stores in 2012 to mark the release of "Bad 25".


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: Richard Cromelin from the "Los Angeles Times" was negative with the song, and particularly the spoken word opening, writing: "The soliloquy is meant to be revealing, tender and vulnerable, but with his quivering timbre and the haunting music behind, it comes off a little creepy, like Norman Bates gearing up for "'." Davitt Sigerson from "Rolling Stone" wrote a review about the song, commenting:


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: "Churls may bemoan 'I Just Can't Stop Loving You,' Jackson's duet with the often indistinguishable Siedah Garrett, as a second unworthy entry. Without descending to musical McCarthyism and questioning the honor of anyone who can fault a record with both finger snaps and timpani, it need only be asked, Who, having heard the song at least twice, can fail to remember that chorus?"


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" was the lead single from Jackson's much-anticipated "Bad" album. The single debuted on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart at #37, the week of August 8, 1987. The single was the highest debuting single of 1987, and quickly traveled to the top quarter of the Hot 100, advancing to #16 in its second week, and soaring to #1 in its seventh week on the tally, the week of September 19, 1987.


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: Despite the success, the duet had a relatively short chart run and fell out of the top 40 just five weeks after topping the chart, spending a total of 11 weeks in the top 40, out of a total of 14 weeks on the Hot 100. This was largely due to the quick release of the album title track as the second single (it debuted on the Hot 100 at #40 in the same week that "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" hit number one). "Billboard" ranked it as #43 on the year-end Hot 100 chart for 1987.


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: The track spent three weeks at number one on "Billboard"'s Adult Contemporary singles chart, becoming the second and last Michael Jackson single to top that chart.


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: In the United Kingdom, the song peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart on August 9, 1987 — for the week ending date August 15, 1987 — and remained at the top for two consecutive weeks until it was dethroned by "Never Gonna Give You Up" by Rick Astley. "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" became Britain's 30th best-selling song of 1987.


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: In his autobiography, "Moonwalk", Jackson stated the song was not written with someone in mind, but that he had been thinking of someone when singing the song live.


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: Jackson performed the song on his Bad World Tour (1987-1989) with background singer Sheryl Crow and on his Dangerous World Tour (1992-1993) with Siedah Garrett. He also performed the song at the Royal Concert in Brunei in July 1996 with Marva Hicks. Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs "Live at Wembley July 16, 1988" and "".


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: Jackson would have performed it on This Is It with Judith Hill, but the concert series was canceled due to his sudden death. However, this is a featured song in the movie "Michael Jackson's This Is It". As a tribute to Jackson, Hill recorded and released a "sequel" to the song, entitled "I Will Always Be Missing You".


title: I Just Can't Stop Loving You

text: On June 5, 2012, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Jackson's "Bad" album (on which "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" appears), the single was re-released to Walmart stores in the United States, but was denied a digital release. The single included the original 1987 edit of "I Just Can't Stop Loving You," which included the spoken word intro that was removed from current versions of the "Bad" album, as well as "Don't Be Messin' 'Round," an untouched demo that was recorded for the album in 1986. On "Billboard""s Hot Singles Sales Chart, which ranks the best-selling physical singles of the week, "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" debuted at no. 1 with 5,000 copies sold. This gave Jackson his first no. 1 single on a "Billboard" chart since 2003, when "One More Chance" spent three weeks atop the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Singles Sales Chart. The vinyl single was released in USA on June 26, 2012.


title: Major League Baseball All-Century Team

text: In 1999, the Major League Baseball All-Century Team was chosen by popular vote of fans. To select the team, a panel of experts first compiled a list of the 100 greatest Major League Baseball (MLB) players from the 20th century. Over two million fans then voted on the players using paper and online ballots.


title: Major League Baseball All-Century Team

text: The top two vote-getters from each position, except outfielders (nine), and the top six pitchers were placed on the team. A select panel then added five legends to create a thirty-man team:—Warren Spahn (who finished #10 among pitchers), Christy Mathewson (#14 among pitchers), Lefty Grove (#18 among pitchers), Honus Wagner (#4 among shortstops), and Stan Musial (#11 among outfielders).


title: Major League Baseball All-Century Team

text: The nominees for the All-Century team were presented at the 1999 MLB All-Star Game at Fenway Park. Preceding Game 2 of the 1999 World Series, the members of the All-Century Team were revealed. Every living player named to the team attended.


title: Major League Baseball All-Century Team

text: There was controversy over the inclusion in the All-Century Team of Pete Rose, who had been banned from baseball for life 10 years earlier. Some questioned Rose's presence on a team officially endorsed by Major League Baseball, but fans at the stadium gave him a standing ovation. During the on-field ceremony, which was emceed by Hall of Fame broadcaster Vin Scully, NBC Sports' Jim Gray questioned Rose about his refusal to admit to gambling on baseball. Gray's interview became controversial, with some arguing that it was good journalism, while others objected that the occasion was an inappropriate setting for Gray's persistence. After initially refusing to do so, Gray apologized a few days later. On January 8, 2004, more than four years later, Rose admitted publicly to betting on baseball games in his 2004 autobiography "My Prison Without Bars".


title: Momus

text: Momus (; Ancient Greek: Μῶμος "Momos") in Greek mythology was the personification of satire and mockery, two stories about whom figure among Aesop's Fables. During the Renaissance, several literary works used him as a mouthpiece for their criticism of tyranny, while others later made him a critic of contemporary society. Onstage he finally became the figure of harmless fun.


title: Momus

text: As a sharp-tongued spirit of unfair criticism, Momus was eventually expelled from the company of the gods on Mount Olympus. His name is related to , meaning 'blame', 'reproach', or 'disgrace'. Hesiod said that Momus was a son of Night (Nyx), "though she lay with none", and the twin of the misery goddess Oizys. In the 8th century BCE epic "Cypria", Momus was credited with stirring up the Trojan War in order to reduce the human population. Sophocles wrote a later satyr play called "Momos", now almost entirely lost, which may have derived from this.


title: Momus

text: Two of Aesop's fables feature the god. The most widely reported of these in Classical times is numbered 100 in the Perry Index. There Momus is asked to judge the handiwork of three gods (who vary depending on the version): a man, a house and a bull. He found all at fault: the man because his heart was not on view to judge his thoughts; the house because it had no wheels so as to avoid troublesome neighbours; and the bull because it did not have eyes in its horns to guide it when charging. Because of it, Plutarch and Aristotle criticized Aesop's story-telling as deficient in understanding, while Lucian insisted that anyone with sense was able to sound out a man's thoughts.


title: Momus

text: As another result, Momus became a by-word for fault-finding, and the saying that if not even he could criticize something then that was the sign of its perfection. Thus a poem in the Greek Anthology remarks of statues by Praxiteles that "Momus himself will cry out, 'Father Zeus, this was perfect skill'." Looking the lovely Aphrodite over, according to a second fable of Aesop's, number 455 in the Perry Index, it was light-heartedly noted that he could not find anything about her to fault except that her sandals squeaked.


title: Momus

text: In Lucian's 2nd-century social comedy "The Gods in Council", Momus takes a leading role in a discussion on how to purge Olympus of foreign gods and barbarian demi-gods who are lowering its heavenly tone.


title: Momus

text: Renaissance author Leon Battista Alberti wrote the political work "Momus, or The Prince" (1446), which continued the god's story after his exile to earth. Since his continued criticism of the gods was destabilizing the divine establishment, Jupiter bound him to a rock and had him castrated. Later, however, missing his candor, Jupiter sought out a manuscript that Momus had left behind in which was described how a land could be ruled with strictly regulated justice.


title: Momus

text: At the start of the 16th century, Erasmus also presented Momus as a champion of the legitimate criticism of authorities. Allowing that the god was "not quite as popular as others, because few people freely admit criticism, yet I dare say of the whole crowd of gods celebrated by the poets, none was more useful." Giordano Bruno's philosophical treatise "The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast" (1584) also looks back to Lucian's example. Momus there plays an integral part in the series of dialogues conducted by the Olympian deities and Bruno's narrators as Jupiter seeks to purge the universe of evil.


title: Momus

text: 17th-century English writers introduced the figure of Momus in a gentler spirit of fun, as in Thomas Carew's masque "Coelum Britannicum" (1634), which was acted before King Charles I and his court. In "Coelum Britannicum", Momus and Mercury draw up a plan to reform the "Star Chamber" of Heaven. Two centuries later, "Coelum Britannicum" influenced Henry David Thoreau as he was preparing to write his "Walden".


title: Momus

text: John Dryden's short "Secular Masque" (1700) mocks contemporary society through the medium of the Classical divinities, with Momus playing a leading part in deflating with sarcastic wit the sports represented by Diana (hunting), Mars (war), and Venus (love), for "'Tis better to laugh than to cry." It is with similar wryness that Carl Sandburg's statue of "Momus" (1914) surveys the never-changing human scene, "On men who play in terrible earnest the old, known, solemn repetitions of history", as they continue to overpopulate the world and then bleed it.


title: Momus

text: Elsewhere in Europe, Momus was becoming softened into a figure of light-hearted and sentimental comedy, the equivalent of Harlequin in the French and Italian "Commedia dell'arte". A typical production has him competing for the amorous favours of a nymph in Henry Desmarets' opéra-ballet "Les amours de Momus" (1695).


title: Momus

text: By this period, Momus was the patron of humorous satire, partnering the figures of comedy and tragedy. As such he appeared flanked by these female figures on the frontispiece to "The Beauties of the English Stage" (1737), while in Leonard Defraine's "Figures of Fabled Gods" (1820), he partners Comus, god of Carnival, and Themis, patroness of assemblies. Because of the Harlequin connection, and as the character able to make home-truths palatable through the use of humour, Momus had now taken the place of the Fool on a French Minchiate card pack. He also lent his name to George Saville Carey's satirical poem, "Momus, or a critical examination into the merits of the performers and comic pieces at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market" (1767). The god himself plays no part there, only "Momus' sons," the comic actors.


title: Riluzole

text: Riluzole is a medication used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases. Riluzole delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in some people and may increase survival by two to three months. Riluzole is available in tablet and liquid form.


title: Riluzole

text: Riluzole was approved in the United States for the treatment of ALS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995. A Cochrane Library review states a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year.


title: Riluzole

text: Symptoms of overdose include: neurological and psychiatric symptoms, acute toxic encephalopathy with stupor, coma and methemoglobinemia. Severe methemoglobinemia may be rapidly reversible after treatment with methylene blue.


title: Riluzole

text: Contraindications for riluzole include: known prior hypersensitivity to riluzole or any of the excipients inside the preparations, liver disease, pregnancy or lactation.


title: Riluzole

text: CYP1A2 substrates, inhibitors and inducers would probably interact with riluzole, due its dependency on this cytochrome for metabolism.


title: Riluzole

text: Riluzole preferentially blocks TTX-sensitive sodium channels, which are associated with damaged neurons. Riluzole has also been reported to directly inhibit the kainate and NMDA receptors. The drug has also been shown to postsynaptically potentiate GABA receptors via an allosteric binding site. However, the action of riluzole on glutamate receptors has been controversial, as no binding of the drug to any known sites has been shown for them. In addition, as its antiglutamatergic action is still detectable in the presence of sodium channel blockers, it is also uncertain whether or not it acts via this way. Rather, its ability to stimulate glutamate uptake seems to mediate many of its effects. In addition to its role in accelerating glutamate clearance from the synapse, riluzole may also prevent glutamate release from presynaptic terminals. Since CK1δ plays a key role in TDP-43 proteinopathy, a pathological hallmark of ALS, this could help to better decipher drug mechanism of action.


title: Riluzole

text: Riluzole can be prepared beginning with the reaction of 4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline with potassium thiocyanate followed by reaction with bromine, forming the thiazole ring.


title: Riluzole

text: A reformulation of riluzole that originated at Yale University and is known by the code name BHV-0223 is under development for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and mood disorders by Biohaven Pharmaceuticals.


title: Riluzole

text: Riluzole, which is neuroprotective and a glutamate modulator could be used for psychiatric problems though it failed in trials of Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.


title: Two-way communication

text: Two-way communication is a form of transmission in which both parties involved transmit information. Two-way communication has also been referred to as interpersonal communication. Common forms of two-way communication are:


title: Two-way communication

text: A cycle of communication and two-way communication are actually two different things. If we examine closely the anatomy of communication – the actual structure and parts – we will discover that a cycle of communication is not a two-way communication in its entirety. Meaning, two way communication is not as simple as one may infer. One can improve two-way or interpersonal communication by focusing on the eyes of the person speaking, making eye contact, watching body language, responding appropriately with comments, questions, and paraphrasing, and summarizing to confirm main points and an accurate understanding.


title: Two-way communication

text: Two-way communication is different from one-way communication in that two-way communication occurs when the receiver provides feedback to the sender. One-way communication is when a message flows from sender to receiver only, thus providing no feedback. Some examples of one-way communication are radio or television programs and listening to policy statements from top executives. Two-way communication is especially significant in that it enables feedback to improve a situation.


title: Two-way communication

text: Two-way communication involves feedback from the receiver to the sender. This allows the sender to know the message was received accurately by the receiver. Communication is also negotiated which means that the sender and receiver listen to each other, the messages then gathers information to respond. One person is the sender, which means they send a message to another person via face to face, email, telephone, etc. The other person is the receiver, which means they are the one getting the senders message. Once receiving the message, the receiver sends a response back. For example, Person A sends an email to Person B --> Person B responds with their own email back to Person A. The cycle then continues.


title: Two-way communication

text: Two-way communication may occur horizontally or vertically in the organization. When information is exchanged between superior and subordinate, it is known as vertical two-way communication. On the other hand, when communication takes place between persons holding the same rank or position, it is called horizontal two-way communication. Two-way communication is represented in the following diagrams:


title: Two-way communication

text: There are many different types of two-way communication systems, and choosing which is best to use depends on things like the intended use, the location, the number of users, the frequency band, and the cost of the system. “Regardless of the type of system chosen, the one common feature is that all of the components must be compatible and work together to support a common purpose.”


title: Two-way communication

text: Amateur radio is used for entertainment and as a hobby by many groups of people. These individuals label themselves as “hams”. Amateur radios are also known to be a reliable means of communication when all other forms are not operating. In times of disaster, communication through Amateur radios has led to lives being saved.


title: Two-way communication

text: Citizens band radio (CB radio) can be used by anyone who is not a member of a foreign government. It is meant for short-range communication using devices that mimic walkie-talkies.


title: Two-way communication

text: Family Radio Service (FRS) is also meant for short-range communication using devices that mimic walkie-talkies. Like the CB radio, the FRS does not require a license and can be used by anyone who is not a member of a foreign government.


title: Two-way communication

text: Instant messaging became wildly popular around 1996 and spread even more with AOL in 1997. The concept behind IM is that it is a way of quick communication between two people due to tools such as knowing when messages are seen or knowing when others are online. Many social media sites have integrated IM into their sites as ways to spread communication. Many social media sites have direct message or Private message. Called either PM or DM, where you can privately text one another from your social media account. Much different from Chat rooms. Chat rooms are messages to a group of people. Chat rooms are often public, meaning that you are able to send a message and anyone can freely join the “room” and view the message as well as respond.


title: Two-way communication

text: As it relates to business, 75% of people believe in-person communication is critical. In-person interaction is useful for resolving problems more efficiently, generating long-term relationships, and resolving a problem or creating an opportunity quickly. 4 out of 6 of the most important attributes of building a relationship cannot be achieved without the power of in-person, which requires a rich communication environment. Business executives believe in-person collaboration is critical for more than 50 percent of key business strategic and tactical business processes when engaging with colleagues, customers, or partners.


title: Two-way communication

text: The telephone is a device that is relatively easy to understand and use. The technological advances that we have today has made it very easy to connect instantly with others from all over the world, making it simple to have a two-way conversation with a neighbor or with someone many miles away. Telephones have gone under many changes throughout the years. For example, today's telephones use electronic switches instead of operators. The switch uses a dial tone so that when one picks up the phone you are aware that both the switch and the phone are functioning properly.Land-line telephones are also not very common anymore. Another major change is that most people now use their mobile devices to make calls and communicate with others instead of landline telephones.


title: Two-way communication

text: Computer networks are used to have two-way communication by having computers exchange data. Ways that this is possible is wired interconnects and wireless interconnects. Types of wired interconnects are Ethernets and fiber optic cables. Ethernets connect local devices through Ethernet cables. Fiber runs underground for long distances and is the main source of Internet in most homes and businesses. Types of wireless interconnects include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The problem with these networks is that they don't have unlimited connection span. To expand the reach there are wide area interconnects such as satellite and cellular networks. Also, there are long-distance interconnects which need "backhaul" to move the data back and forth and "last mile" to connect the provider to the network.


title: Two-way communication

text: Argyle, Michael (2013-10-22). Communicating by Telephone. Elsevier. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4832-8628-0</nowiki>.


title: Lysis

text: Lysis ( ) is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" ) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a "lysate". In molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology laboratories, cell cultures may be subjected to lysis in the process of purifying their components, as in protein purification, DNA extraction, RNA extraction, or in purifying organelles.


title: Lysis

text: Many species of bacteria are subject to lysis by the enzyme lysozyme, found in animal saliva, egg white, and other secretions. Phage lytic enzymes (lysins) produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells. Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics cause the death of bacteria through enzyme-mediated lysis that occurs after the drug causes the bacterium to form a defective cell wall. If the cell wall is completely lost and the penicillin was used on gram-positive bacteria, then the bacterium is referred to as a protoplast, but if penicillin was used on gram-negative bacteria, then it is called a spheroplast.


title: Lysis

text: Cytolysis occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to move into the cell.


title: Lysis

text: Cytolysis can be prevented by several different mechanisms, including the contractile vacuole that exists in some paramecia, which rapidly pump water out of the cell. Cytolysis does not occur under normal conditions in plant cells because plant cells have a strong cell wall that contains the osmotic pressure, or turgor pressure, that would otherwise cause cytolysis to occur.


title: Lysis

text: Plasmolysis is the contraction of cells within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis. In a hypertonic environment, the cell membrane peels off of the cell wall and the vacuole collapses. These cells will eventually wilt and die unless the flow of water caused by osmosis can stop the contraction of the cell membrane.


title: Lysis

text: Erythrocytes' hemoglobin release free radicals in response to pathogens when lysed by them. This can damage the pathogens.


title: Lysis

text: Cell lysis is used in laboratories to break open cells and purify or further study their contents. Lysis in the laboratory may be affected by enzymes or detergents or other chaotropic agents. Mechanical disruption of cell membranes, as by repeated freezing and thawing, sonication, pressure, or filtration may also be referred to as lysis. Many laboratory experiments are sensitive to the choice of lysis mechanism; often it is desirable to avoid mechanical shear forces that would denature or degrade sensitive macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA, and different types of detergents can yield different results. The unprocessed solution immediately after lysis but before any further extraction steps is often referred to as a "crude lysate".


title: Lysis

text: For example, lysis is used in western and Southern blotting to analyze the composition of specific proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids individually or as complexes. Depending on the detergent used, either all or some membranes are lysed. For example, if only the cell membrane is lysed then gradient centrifugation can be used to collect certain organelles. Lysis is also used for protein purification, DNA extraction, and RNA extraction.


title: Lysis

text: This method uses chemical disruption. It is the most popular and simple approach. Chemical lysis chemically deteriorates/solubilizes the proteins and lipids present within the membrane of targeted cells.


title: Lysis

text: This method uses ultrasonic waves to generate areas of high and low pressure which causes cavitation and in turn, cell lysis. Though this method usually comes out clean, it fails to be cost effective and consistent.


title: Magic (Pilot song)

text: "Magic" is a 1974 song by Scottish pop rock band Pilot, and was the first hit single for the group. It was written by band members David Paton and Billy Lyall for their debut album, "From the Album of the Same Name".


title: Magic (Pilot song)

text: According to Paton, the song is inspired by the sunrise on Blackford Hill in Edinburgh. In a 2012 interview with Hotdisc Television, Paton also stated that at the time, his wife said she'd "never seen a daybreak," which also inspired the song.


title: Magic (Pilot song)

text: "Magic" charted most successfully in Canada, where it topped the "RPM" national singles chart on 19 July 1975, and received a gold certification. It climbed as far as number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and reached number five during the summer of 1975 in the US on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Magic (Pilot song)

text: Gomez's version was released as a single on 21 July 2009. It peaked at No. 61 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, at No. 80 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, at No. 5 on the Norwegian Singles Chart and at No. 90 on the UK Singles Chart. It has sold 563,000 copies in the United States. Selena Gomez covered "Magic" for the soundtrack of the Disney Channel television series "Wizards of Waverly Place"; it was marked with an asterisk (*) as "Magic*" due to two other songs on the album having identical names (the other two performed by Meaghan Martin and Honor Society). The song was featured in the television film "". Her music video premiered on Disney Channel on 24 July 2009. The video was directed by Roman Perez.


title: Magic (Pilot song)

text: The song was included in the films "Happy Gilmore" (1996), "" (2005), "The Magic Roundabout" (also 2005), and "" (2011), and the video game "Sleeping Dogs" (2012). Television series include "Fish Hooks", "Nutri Ventures". It was also heard in a humorous deleted scene from the film "Guardians of the Galaxy". It's also played on a regular basis at Tynecastle Park, when Heart of Midlothian win a game against their rivals. Novo Nordisk rolled out a direct-to-consumer campaign for Ozempic, its diabetes medication, set to the "Magic" tune beginning 30 July 2018. The song is also featured in commercials for Majic Window. The song was featured in Yamaha Mio J scooter TV commercial for Indonesian market. The song is used in the first episode of 2021's "Tiger King: The Doc Antle Story" when talking about Doc's use of tigers in his 70s magic shows.


title: Rocketeer

text: The Rocketeer is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books originally published by Pacific Comics. Created by writer/artist Dave Stevens, the character first appeared in 1982 and is an homage to the Saturday matinee serial heroes from the 1930s through the 1950s.


title: Rocketeer

text: The Rocketeer's secret identity is Cliff Secord, a stunt pilot who discovers a mysterious jetpack that allows him to fly. His adventures are set in Los Angeles and New York in 1938, and Stevens gave them a retro, nostalgic feel influenced by the "King of the Rocket Men" and "Commando Cody" movie serials (both from Republic Pictures), and pinup diva Bettie Page.


title: Rocketeer

text: The character was adapted into the 1991 Walt Disney Pictures film "The Rocketeer" by director Joe Johnston.


title: Rocketeer

text: In 1938 Los Angeles, Cliff Secord, a local racing pilot and barnstormer, discovers a rocket pack hidden by two gangsters fleeing the police. When he decides to take it for a spin, his life is turned upside down - in more ways than one.


title: Rocketeer

text: The Rocketeer's first adventure appeared in 1982 as a backup feature in issues #2 and #3 of Mike Grell's "Starslayer" series from Pacific Comics. Two more installments appeared in Pacific's showcase comic "Pacific Presents" #1 and 2. The fourth chapter ended in a cliffhanger that was later concluded in "The Rocketeer Special Edition" #1, released by Eclipse Comics in 1984. Eclipse then collected "all 5 action chapters" in volume seven of their Eclipse Graphic Album series, "The Rocketeer" (1985), featuring an introduction by Harlan Ellison.


title: Rocketeer

text: On February 28, 2009, IDW Publishing announced a hardcover collecting the entire series, intended to be published in October 2009. "Dave Stevens' The Rocketeer: The Complete Adventures" contained new coloring by Laura Martin, who had been chosen by Dave Stevens prior to his death.