title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: As of 2016, the world's largest automated port, PSA TUAS, started to use the Microvast LpTO for 22 electric AGVs as a first phase of a project for horizontal container transportation.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: The Bluetooth-enabled S-Pen in the Samsung Galaxy Note 10 and 10+ contains a lithium-titanate battery which has a stand-by time of 10 hours.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: Seiko uses lithium-titanate batteries in its Kinetic (automatic quartz) wristwatches. Earlier Kinetic watches used a capacitor to store energy, but the battery provides a larger capacity and a longer service life. A technician can easily replace the battery when its capacity eventually deteriorates to an unacceptable level.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: Toshiba released a lithium-titanate battery, dubbed "Super Charge Ion Battery" (SCiB). The battery is designed to offer 90% charge capacity in just 10 minutes.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: SCiB batteries are used in the Schwinn Tailwind electric bike. Toshiba has also demonstrated its use as a prototype laptop battery. Toshiba SCiB batteries are used in a Japan-only version of Mitsubishi's i-MiEV and Minicab MiEV electric vehicles, and Honda uses them in its EV-neo electric bike and Fit EV, which launched in the summer of 2012.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: JR Central's N700S Shinkansen uses SCiB batteries to operate at low speed in the event of a disruption to overhead power.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: Their lithium-titanate battery is low voltage (2.3 nominal voltage), with low energy density (between the lead-acid and lithium ion phosphate), but has extreme longevity, charge/discharge capabilities and a wide amount of operating temperatures.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: YABO Power Technology released a lithium-titanate battery in 2012. The standard model YB-LITE2344 2.4V/15Ah battery cell has been used in electric vehicle and energy storage systems.


title: Lithium-titanate battery

text: Gree introduced its Yinlong Battery Technology, a type of fast-charging LTO (lithium-titanate) battery, which can operate in extreme temperature conditions. The batteries have an operational life-span that goes up to 30 years. Yinlong Energy is committed to supporting the global energy reforms with emphasis on innovation in the fields of new materials, batteries, automobiles and energy storage.


title: Gary Harris

text: Gary Harris (born September 14, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the Orlando Magic of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Michigan State Spartans.


title: Gary Harris

text: Harris attended Hamilton Southeastern High School in Fishers, Indiana. As a sophomore in 2009–10, he averaged 14 points, four rebounds, two assists and three steals per game as he led Hamilton SE to a 17–4 record. As a junior in 2010–11, he averaged 18.6 points, 5.0 rebounds, 3.0 assists and 2.7 steals per game as he led the Royals to a 20–4 record and a trip to the Class 4A regional finals, capturing just the second sectional championship in school history.


title: Gary Harris

text: In November 2011, Harris signed a National Letter of Intent to play college basketball for Michigan State University.


title: Gary Harris

text: As a senior in 2011–12, Harris averaged 25.4 points, 7.4 rebounds, 3.1 assists and 4.0 steals per game as he led the Royals to a 22–3 record, advancing to the Class 4A sectional final. He finished his high school career with a school-record 1540 points (16.7 ppg), 467 rebounds (5.1 rpg), 232 assists (2.5 apg) and 232 steals (2.5 spg).


title: Gary Harris

text: Harris was rated among the top players in the nation by ESPNU100 (No. 11), Scout.com (No. 16) and Rivals.com (No. 25). He was also ranked among the nation's top shooting guards by ESPNU100 (No. 2), Scout.com (No. 4) and Rivals.com (No. 7).


title: Gary Harris

text: Harris was also an outstanding football player at Hamilton SE, playing wide receiver in his sophomore, junior and senior years. He won three league championships, while also adding a sectional championship as a senior.


title: Gary Harris

text: As a freshman at Michigan State University in 2012–13, Harris was named the Big Ten Freshman of the Year, becoming the first Spartan to win the award since 1986. He was also a second-team All-Big Ten selection and a Big Ten All-Freshman Team honoree. In 34 games (33 starts), he averaged 12.9 points, 2.5 rebounds, 1.4 assists and 1.2 steals in 29.7 minutes per game.


title: Gary Harris

text: As a sophomore in 2013–14, Harris earned first-team All-Big Ten, All-Big Ten Defensive Team, USBWA All-District selection, first-team NABC All-District, and an honorable mention Associated Press All-American honors. In the season opener against McNeese State, he recorded his first career double-double with 20 points and 10 rebounds. On January 25, 2014, he recorded a career-high 27 points against Michigan. In 35 games, he averaged 16.7 points, 4.0 rebounds, 2.7 assists and 1.8 steals in 32.3 minutes per game.


title: Gary Harris

text: On April 14, 2014, Harris declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final two years of college eligibility.


title: Gary Harris

text: On June 26, 2014, Harris was selected with the 19th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls. He was later traded to the Denver Nuggets on draft night along with Jusuf Nurkić (16th pick) and a second round pick for Doug McDermott (11th pick) and Anthony Randolph. On July 31, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Nuggets after averaging 18.6 points, 4.2 rebounds, 2.6 steals and 2.0 assists in five Summer League games for the team. After missing the first seven games of the 2014–15 season due to a back injury, Harris made his NBA debut on November 14 against the Indiana Pacers. In 18 minutes of action, he recorded 13 points, 3 rebounds, 2 assists, 2 steals and 1 block in a 108–87 win. He did not manage to eclipse that scoring total for the rest of the season, tying his season high of 13 points in the second last game of the season against the Los Angeles Clippers.


title: Gary Harris

text: In July 2015, Harris re-joined the Nuggets for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On October 11, the Nuggets exercised their third-year team option on Harris' rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2016–17 season. He earned the Nuggets' starting shooting guard spot for the 2015–16 season, going on to score a then career-high 20 points on November 20 in a loss to the Phoenix Suns. Harris missed a string of six games between November 28 and December 8 due to a concussion he suffered against the San Antonio Spurs on November 27. He returned to action on December 11 against the Minnesota Timberwolves, starting in his 17th game of the season and scoring 12 points in a 111–108 win. In the following game on December 14, Harris scored a career-high 21 points in a 114–108 win over the Houston Rockets. He tied that career high on December 22, scoring 21 points in a loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. Harris had another 21-point effort on March 4, 2016 in an overtime loss to the Brooklyn Nets. In 2015–16, Harris was just one of seven players to average 12+ points, shoot 47% from the field, 35% from three, and 81% from the free throw line. During the 2016 off-season, he was part of the USA Men's Select Team, a team selected to train with the USA Basketball Men's National Team in preparation for the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics.


title: Gary Harris

text: In July 2016, Harris re-joined the Nuggets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On October 5, 2016, he was ruled out for four to six weeks with a partially torn right groin. On October 21, the Nuggets exercised their fourth-year team option on Harris' rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2017–18 season. He missed the first four games of the 2016–17 season with the groin injury, but upon returning to action in early November, he sustained a foot injury after just five games. He was subsequently sidelined for up to four weeks. In his first game back on December 15 after missing 16 straight, Harris scored 18 points in a 132–120 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. Four days later, he scored a career-high 24 points in a 117–107 win over the Dallas Mavericks. On February 24, 2017, he set a new career high with 25 points in a 129–109 win over the Brooklyn Nets. He bested that mark on March 8, 2017, scoring 26 points in a 123–113 loss to the Washington Wizards. On March 20, 2017, he set a new career high with 28 points in a 125–124 loss to the Houston Rockets.


title: Gary Harris

text: On October 12, 2017, Harris signed a four-year, $84 million contract extension with the Nuggets. On December 13, 2017, he scored a career-high 36 points in a 124–118 loss to the Boston Celtics. On January 3, 2018, he scored 28 of his 36 points in the first half of the Nuggets' 134–111 win over the Phoenix Suns. On February 1, 2018, he made the winning 3-pointer at the buzzer and finished with 25 points to lift the Nuggets to a 127–124 victory over the Oklahoma City Thunder. On April 9, 2018, Harris returned from an 11-game absence to score 12 points off the bench in an 88–82 win over the Portland Trail Blazers.


title: Gary Harris

text: Harris missed 11 games in December due to a right hip injury, and five games in January with hamstring tightness. He later missed seven games with a right adductor strain.


title: Gary Harris

text: On March 25, 2021, Harris, R. J. Hampton and a future first round pick were traded to the Orlando Magic in exchange for Aaron Gordon and Gary Clark.


title: Gary Harris

text: Harris is the son of Gary and Joy Harris (née Holmes). Joy was a four-year letterwinner at Purdue from 1987 to 1991, and currently ranks seventh in school history with 1,747 points; a 1991 first-team Kodak/WBCA All-American, she went on to play in the WNBA for the Detroit Shock in 2000. On January 28, 2020, Harris welcomed his first child.


title: Danny Gatton

text: Daniel Wood Gatton Jr. (September 4, 1945 – October 4, 1994) was an American virtuoso guitarist who combined blues, rockabilly, jazz, and country to create a musical style he called "redneck jazz".


title: Danny Gatton

text: Daniel Wood Gatton Jr. was born in Washington, D.C., in 1945. The son of a rhythm guitarist, Gatton started playing at the age of nine. From 1960–1964 he played jazz guitar with the Offbeats, then worked as a session musician in Nashville. When he returned to Washington, he drew attention in the 1970s as a member of Liz Meyer & Friends and other local bands. He recorded his debut album, "American Music" (1975), followed by "Redneck Jazz" (1978) with pedal steel guitarist Buddy Emmons appearing as a guest. He founded the band the Redneck Jazz Explosion.


title: Danny Gatton

text: Although Gatton could play most genres of music, including jazz, blues, bluegrass, and rock, he was known as a country and rockabilly guitarist. He toured with singers Roger Miller and Robert Gordon. He was sometimes called "The Telemaster" and "the world's greatest unknown guitarist". Guitarist Amos Garrett called him "The Humbler" for his ability to defeat other guitarists in "head-cutting" jam sessions. On this point, however, Gatton declared: “The biggest humbler to me, of all time, would be Lenny Breau. He was the best I have ever seen."


title: Danny Gatton

text: In 1987, nine years after his previous album, he released "Unfinished Business", an eclectic collection of pop, rock, and country music that "Guitar World" magazine named the tenth best album of the 1980s. He got a contract with his first major record label and released another eclectic album, "88 Elmira Street" (Elektra, 1991), which contained a cover version of the theme song from the animated TV series "The Simpsons".


title: Danny Gatton

text: Gatton turned toward jazz for the albums "New York Stories" (Blue Note, 1992) and "Relentless" (1994) with Joey DeFrancesco.


title: Danny Gatton

text: On October 4, 1994, Gatton locked himself in the garage on his farm in Newburg, Maryland, and committed suicide by gunshot. Although he left no note nor explanation, family members and close friends believe he suffered from depression for many years. Friend and drummer Dave Elliott said that he thought Gatton had suffered from depression since they met more than twenty years earlier.


title: Danny Gatton

text: When "Rolling Stone" magazine selected the 100 Greatest Guitarists of all Time in 2003, senior editor David Fricke ranked Gatton 63rd on his ballot. On May 26, 2010, Gibson.com ranked Gatton as the 27th best guitarist of all time.


title: Danny Gatton

text: Among his admirers are Buckethead, Joe Bonamassa, Lenny Breau, James Burton, Chris Cheney, Vince Gill, Johnny Hiland, Evan Johns, Bill Kirchen, Albert Lee, Les Paul, Arlen Roth, Roy Buchanan, Darren Thiboutot Jr., Richie Sambora, Ricky Skaggs, Slash, Trey Anastasio, and Steve Vai.


title: Danny Gatton

text: Gatton has been described as possessing an extraordinary proficiency on his instrument, "a living treasury of American musical styles." In 2009, John Previti, who played bass guitar with Danny for eighteen years, stated, "You know, when he played country music, it sounded like all he played was country music. When he played jazz, it sounded like that's all he played, rockabilly, old rock and roll, soul music. You know, he called himself a Whitman sampler of music." Guitarist Steve Vai reckons Danny "comes closer than anyone else to being the best guitar player that ever lived." Guitarist Albert Lee said of Gatton, "Here's a guy who's got it all."


title: Danny Gatton

text: On January 10–12, 1995, Tramps nightclub in New York organized a three-night tribute to Gatton featuring dozens of Gatton's musical admirers, the highlight of which was a twenty-minute performance by Les Paul, James Burton, Arlen Roth, and Albert Lee. Those shows (with all musicians performing for free) raised $25,000 for Gatton's wife and daughter.


title: Danny Gatton

text: "Blue Skies Calling" (2011), an album by Boy Wells, includes nearly an hour of Gatton and Wells playing in his living room. "Danny called me before he died and asked me to put a vocal tape together for his label at the time. He needed a singer after his singer, Billy Windsor, had passed. He remained a friend, a good one all those years. This lesson was in the late '70s; it's me and Danny in the living room of his house on Holly Lane in Indian Head, Maryland. It's killer stuff."


title: Danny Gatton

text: Gatton was given nicknames such as "The Humbler", "The Telemaster", and "the world's greatest unknown guitarist".


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: The 2021 Turkish Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Rolex Turkish Grand Prix 2021) was a Formula One motor race, held on 10 October 2021 at Istanbul Park in Tuzla, Istanbul. It was the sixteenth of twenty-two rounds of the 2021 Formula One World Championship. This was also the last Turkish Grand Prix, as the race had not been contracted for the season and beyond.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: Lewis Hamilton, driving for Mercedes set the fastest lap time in qualifying but started 11th after the application of grid penalties. This promoted team-mate Valtteri Bottas to pole position. Bottas won the race, with the fastest lap, with Red Bull drivers Max Verstappen and Sergio Pérez finishing second and third.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: The event took place from 8–10 October at Istanbul Park in Tuzla, Istanbul, with the race covering fifty-eight laps of the fourteen-turn circuit. It was the ninth running of the Turkish Grand Prix, all of which have taken place at the same venue. It had previously been scheduled for 11–13 June (replacing the cancelled Canadian Grand Prix), but was postponed due to unfavourable quarantine requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and the travel restrictions from Turkey imposed by the British government. On 25 June, the event was readded to the schedule following the cancellation of the Singapore Grand Prix, which was scheduled for 1–3 October. On 28 August, it was pushed back one week to 8–10 October due to the reduction of the number of Grands Prix into the calendar. This was the second consecutive year in which the Turkish Grand Prix had appeared on the calendar as a replacement round.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: While the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix had been held behind closed doors, the 2021 edition was to have spectators in attendance. The track surface was water-blasted after the smooth tarmac provided little grip at the previous year's event. Charles Leclerc said he hoped the track surface would still be slippery to boost Ferrari's hopes of a good result at this race. Three previous Turkish Grand Prix winners entered this event in the form of Lewis Hamilton (who won the event twice previously in 2010 and 2020), Sebastian Vettel (who won the 2011 event), and Kimi Räikkönen (who won the inaugural Turkish Grand Prix in 2005).


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: Ten constructors entered two drivers each for the race, with no changes from the regular season entry list. The title sponsor of the Ferrari Team, Mission Winnow, was banned for this race. The name and sponsor logos were not used in any races from the to the Italian Grand Prix for legal reasons, but were used at the Bahrain, Emilia Romagna, Portuguese, Spanish, Monaco, Azerbaijan, and Russian Grands Prix. Red Bull and AlphaTauri both ran tribute liveries to Honda, their engine supplier, on what was due to be Honda's home race, the Japanese Grand Prix. The Red Bull cars ran with a predominantly white livery, inspired by the livery with which Honda won their first Formula One World Championship race, the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix. The AlphaTauri cars featured "arigato", a Japanese word for "Thank you".


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: Sole Formula One tyre-supplier Pirelli supplied their middle range of compounds in terms of hardness (the C2, C3, and C4). Following the first two practice sessions, Pirelli's Formula One boss Mario Isola stated that their tyre selection was "too aggressive". Isola stated that this was because Pirelli had only learned that the track was to be water-blasted after they had made their tyre choices.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: Going into the event, Hamilton held a two-point lead over Max Verstappen in the Drivers' Championship standings, with third-placed Valtteri Bottas twelve points ahead of fourth-placed Lando Norris and thirty-one ahead of fifth-placed Sergio Pérez. Mercedes led Red Bull Racing by thirty-three points in the Constructors' Championship standings. Five drivers including Hamilton also tried out a prototype glove design in the first practice session, designed to improve safety by preventing burns similar to those suffered by Romain Grosjean at the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: A trio of free practice sessions took place on Friday and Saturday, each an hour in length. Lewis Hamilton set the fastest time of the first free practice session for Mercedes ahead of Red Bull driver Max Verstappen and Ferrari's Charles Leclerc. Hamilton was fastest for the second praction session ahead of Leclerc and Hamilton's team-mate Valtteri Bottas. Whilst the first two practice sessions were held in dry conditions, the third one was held in the wet and ended with AlphaTauri Pierre Gasly fastest ahead of Verstappen and Verstappen's team-mate Sergio Pérez. The first two practice sessions ran without major incident, whilst the third one was briefly red flagged after Williams driver George Russell beached his car in the gravel.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: The qualifying practice session started at 15:00 local time () on the Saturday. Hamilton set the fastest time, with Bottas second, Verstappen set the third fastest time, with Leclerc fourth fastest in the session for Ferrari. Hamilton was penalised 10 places for a new ICE unit, which meant that Bottas would take pole position. Sainz had extra power unit components installed which meant that he would start the race in last position no matter where he qualified.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: Schumacher qualified in to the second part of qualifying for the second time in his Formula One career and Tsunoda reached the third part for the first time since the 2021 Austrian Grand Prix. This pole was Bottas's 18th in Formula One, with his last one being at the Portuguese Grand Prix in May.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: The race started at 15:00 local time (UTC+03:00) on the Sunday. Ferrari and McLaren replaced the hybrid systems on Sainz's and Ricciardo's cars, respectively, which resulted in them starting from the back of the grid. Hamilton also received a ten-place grid penalty for exceeding his number of permitted internal combustion engines.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: On the first lap, Fernando Alonso and Pierre Gasly made contact at the first corner, with Gasly receiving a five-second penalty. Alonso later made contact with Mick Schumacher, with Alonso receiving the same penalty. After passing Vettel, Hamilton got past Yuki Tsunoda after the latter defended the position until Hamilton passed on the eighth lap. On the fourteenth lap, Carlos Sainz Jr. dived down the inside of Vettel at the eleventh turn, but he had to go on the inside kerb to stay on the race track in the damp conditions. This upset the car and Sainz hit Vettel's front left tyre. Sainz made multiple overtakes in the opening phase of the race, progressing from his nineteenth-place starting position to ninth by lap eighteen.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: Bottas won the race ahead of Verstappen. Verstappen retook the lead in the standings from Hamilton, who finished fifth after a late pit stop. Ocon finished the race in tenth place after not making any pit stops, losing forty-eight seconds to Sainz over the last ten laps. Ocon was the first driver to complete a full race distance without making a pit stop in twenty-four years since Mika Salo at the 1997 Monaco Grand Prix. There were no retirements.


title: 2021 Turkish Grand Prix

text: Martin Brundle believed that Hamilton should take responsibility for his initial pit strategy saying he should have respected the initial instructions to pit. 2009 World Champion Jenson Button, who was commentating on the race, also stated he felt Hamilton only pitted at all because he was unaware he would lose track positions after his stop. Gasly said following the race the drivers would intend to speak with race director following controversy over recent stewards decisions, with Gasly penalised in the race for his first lap contact with Alonso and the decision not to penalise Alonso for improving his laptime in Saturday qualifying under double waved yellows. In light of the Alonso qualifying incident, Masi said the sport would "quite possibly" adopt a system from the following race onwards whereby any lap completed under double waved yellows would automatically be deleted. Alonso apologised to Schumacher over the collision on the opening lap of the race. Verstappen felt Mercedes had stepped up their performance significantly compared to previous races during the weekend. Christian Horner was surprised by Mercedes's recent improvement in straightline speed. Both Lando Norris and Yuki Tsunoda complained of having their visibibility hindered by "dirty spray" (surface water mixed with oil, dust, and dirt), with the latter feeling it contributed to a spin which he believed lost him a points-scoring position. Masi said he had not heard complaints from other drivers and never believed the conditions in Turkey were bad enough to warrant suspending the race.


title: Here's to You (song)

text: "Here's to You" is a song by Ennio Morricone and Joan Baez, released in 1971 as part of the soundtrack of the film "Sacco & Vanzetti", directed by Giuliano Montaldo. The song was written by Baez and Morricone themselves. The lyrics are only four lines of text, sung over and over. In the United States and internationally, the song became a veritable symbol for the human rights movement of the 1970s.


title: Here's to You (song)

text: The song is a tribute to two anarchists of Italian origin, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti who were sentenced to death by a United States court in the 1920s. Mainstream opinion has concluded since that the ruling was based on abhorrence to their anarchist political beliefs rather than on any proof that they committed the robbery and murders of which they were accused.


title: Here's to You (song)

text: Despite the weaknesses of the jury's decision, correspondence by the novelist Upton Sinclair to his lawyer John Beardsley (penned in 1929 and unearthed in 2005) corroborated the guilty verdict against Sacco and Vanzetti for the murder of a payroll clerk and his guard. Sinclair told Beardsley that he had met with Sacco and Vanzetti's defense attorney, Fred Moore, and Moore informed the famous author that his clients were guilty as charged. Moreover, several forensic experts agreed that Sacco fired a shot from his Colt pistol at the scene of the crime.


title: Here's to You (song)

text: Thus, "Here's to You" contributes to the notion of the pair's innocence in the face of a supposedly bigoted American public. The case is known as the Sacco and Vanzetti Affair.


title: Here's to You (song)

text: The lyrics for "Here's to You" make use of a statement attributed to Vanzetti by Philip D. Strong, a reporter for the North American Newspaper Alliance, who visited Vanzetti in prison in May 1927, three months before his execution.


title: Here's to You (song)

text: Besides the film "Sacco e Vanzetti", the song also appears in the 1977 quasi-documentary film "Deutschland im Herbst", accompanying footage of the 1977 funeral march for Red Army Faction members Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe, who had purportedly committed suicide in prison (see German Autumn).


title: Here's to You (song)

text: The song also appears in the opening sequence, as well as credits of the 2014 video game "" produced by Hideo Kojima; a cover version also used as the end theme for its predecessor "" (2008), which was also produced by Kojima.


title: Here's to You (song)

text: In 1972 the German songwriter Franz Josef Degenhardt sang the song under the title "Sacco und Vanzetti," with five verses. The Israeli singer Daliah Lavi sang it in English, French and German. Swedish singer-songwriter Agnetha Fältskog recorded the song in German and released it as a single in 1972, entitled "Geh' mit Gott". In 1974 Mireille Mathieu covered the song as "La Marche de Sacco et Vanzetti" on her album "Mireille Mathieu Chante Ennio Morricone".


title: Here's to You (song)

text: In 1997, Nana Mouskouri interpreted it with Les Enfoirés, starting with a classical rendering that develops into a blues song, intermittent with versions of Georges Moustaki in French and finally in English..


title: Here's to You (song)

text: British composer Harry Gregson-Williams orchestrated a cover of "Here's to You," featuring vocals by Lisbeth Scott. This version is heard during the end credits of the 2008 game "". In 2011, Bandista covered the song with the name "Selam size" on their album "Daima!". Hayley Westenra and Ennio Morricone performed "Here's To You" on the album "Paradiso", released in 2011 and nominated for a 2012 Classic Brit Award. Corsica-based band L'Arcusgi used "Here's to You" music in their 2011 song "Alba Nova" (in Corsican "A New Dawn").


title: Zeus Network

text: Zeus is a subscription-based video streaming service launched on July 13, 2018. It was founded by social media personalities DeStorm Power, Amanda Cerny, King Bach, and television producer Lemuel Plummer, who serves as president and CEO. The service features original scripted and unscripted influencer-driven programming.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Junaid Khan (born as Junaid Khan Niazi 2 November 1981) is a Pakistani actor, producer and singer-songwriter.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Since the early 2000s he's the lead vocalist of the Lahore-based rock band Call, which has released two commercially successful albums, "Jilawatan" and "Dhoom".


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: As an actor he's best known for his roles in serials "Sun Yaara" (2017), "Ishq Tamasha" (2018) and "Yaariyan" (2019), . He rose to fame by portraying the sophisticated and sober character of Dr. Talal Sikandar in the 2017 hit drama "Sun Yaara" on Ary Digital.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: In 2012 Khan was nominated at the Lux Style Awards in two different categories Best TV Actor for the serial "Dil Ki Lagi" and Best Album of the Year for the album "Dhoom".


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: In 2022 he turned producer with "Jeem Films", a production house and company he considers to be a platform to promote new talent.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Junaid Khan Niazi was born on 2 November 1981 to a Muslim family of Pashtun descent in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Khan completed his early education (grades 1 to 5) from Divisional Public School and from Ibne Sina College Defence (Matric). After completing Matric, he joined FC College and later joined Mining Engineering Department of UET Lahore to pursue a degree in Engineering. During his third year at UET, while still being a student, Khan started his musical career. He was auditioned by former Call members and was chosen to be part of the band. Later Khan earned his Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree from Imperial College in Lahore.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: He, along with Khurram Jabbar Khan and Sultan Raja, were Call band members at that time. Later on Khan brought in two guitarists, Farooq Nasir and Usman Nasir, in the band. Soon the band released their first track, "Nishaan", which went viral on the internet and soon Call was amongst the mainstream artists of the country. Soon after, the band released their first music video of the song "Pukaar".


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Soon the band started performing live at various event throughout Pakistan and also internationally. Khan and Farooq Nasir composed the album "Jilawatan" and were recording at Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan's (member of the band Entity Paradigm at time) audio studio in Lahore. Later on Farooq and Usman Nasir left the band due to their personal commitments and Khan asked Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan to enter the band as the lead guitarist. The band completed the production of the album and "Jilawatan" was completed around 2005.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Explaining his transition to acting which happened later in his career, he says that having an artist mother who's a gold medallist in Fine Arts, he himself indulged in artistic activities during his student days, namely drawing and theatre, the latter serving as base for his future as actor.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Khan wrote his first rock ballad, "Sab Bhulla Kay", in 2005. The band released the album "Jilawatan" with the song during the same year.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: The band released the album with the video of the punk rock track "Main Esa Hi Hoon". Khan released another song, "Badal do Zamana", with Pepsi for the T20 World Cup in 2010. Later, he appeared in the play titled "Kabhi Na Kabhi", the soundtrack of which was also composed by Khan. He played the lead in another serial from the same production house, and he was later cast by Moomal Productions as the lead in "Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu", "Sanam Saeed", "Sarwat Gillani", "Yahan Pyar Nahi Hai", "Saba Qamar", and "Mawra Hussain" in early 2012. For his work in "Dil Ki Lagi", he was nominated for the Best TV Actor (Terrestrial) in Lux Style Award, which took place in late 2012.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: Khan signed two more serials with Moomal Productions, "Madiha Maliha" and "Qadoorat". The first is currently on air and the second is under production. He started working on a solo album and released his first solo track, "So Close So Distant". At the end of 2012, Khan decided to depart from Call to seek a solo career in music.


title: Junaid Khan (actor)

text: In 2011, while he was about to go to New York for the shoot of Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Khan collaborated with American singer Jennifer Jandris. Khan composed and produced the track, and shot the video with Jandris in Washington DC around late 2011. The track was released on Valentine's Day in 2012. In 2021, he released his new solo track "Taqdeer". The lyrics and composition of the song is Khan himself.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: Royce Khalil O'Neale (born June 5, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Denver Pioneers and the Baylor Bears.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: O'Neale, a small forward from Killeen, Texas, was recruited to the University of Denver out of Harker Heights High School. He played two seasons for the Pioneers, including an all-Western Athletic Conference (WAC) season in 2012-13, before transferring to Baylor University in 2013. Because he transferred to be closer to his family and ailing grandfather, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) granted him a waiver to transfer rules, making him immediately eligible to play for the Bears instead of sitting out the customary year.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: Following the close of his college career, O'Neale was not selected in the 2015 NBA draft. He played his first professional season in Germany for MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg, where he averaged 8.1 points and 4.5 rebounds per game.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: After playing for the Golden State Warriors' Summer League team in 2016, he signed with Spanish club Herbalife Gran Canaria for the 2016–17 season.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: On June 25, 2017, O'Neale signed with Lithuanian club Žalgiris Kaunas. However, he never played a game for the team.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: After playing for the Utah Jazz in the 2017 NBA Summer League, he was signed to the team for the 2017–18 season due to the exception left in the contract with Žalgiris Kaunas. O'Neale made his NBA debut on October 21, 2017, playing a single minute in their 96–87 win against the Oklahoma City Thunder. On February 14, 2018, he scored 19 points in a home game against the Phoenix Suns.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: After the game on November 12, 2019 against the Brooklyn Nets, O’Neale traded jerseys with former Baylor Bears teammate Taurean Prince.


title: Royce O'Neale

text: On June 30, 2022, O'Neale was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for a 2023 first-round draft pick. On November 17, O'Neale put up 11 points, alongside a game-winning tip, with 10 rebounds, and 11 assists for his first career triple-double in a 109–107 win over the Portland Trail Blazers.


title: Ectoderm

text: The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers formed in early embryonic development. It is the outermost layer, and is superficial to the mesoderm (the middle layer) and endoderm (the innermost layer). It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells. The word ectoderm comes from the Greek "ektos" meaning "outside", and "derma" meaning "skin".


title: Ectoderm

text: Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form epithelial and neural tissues (spinal cord, peripheral nerves and brain). This includes the skin, linings of the mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands, hair and nails, and tooth enamel. Other types of epithelium are derived from the endoderm.


title: Ectoderm

text: In vertebrate embryos, the ectoderm can be divided into two parts: the dorsal surface ectoderm also known as the external ectoderm, and the neural plate, which invaginates to form the neural tube and neural crest. The surface ectoderm gives rise to most epithelial tissues, and the neural plate gives rise to most neural tissues. For this reason, the neural plate and neural crest are also referred to as the neuroectoderm.


title: Ectoderm

text: Heinz Christian Pander, a Baltic German–Russian biologist, has been credited for the discovery of the three germ layers that form during embryogenesis. Pander received his doctorate in zoology from the University of Würzburg in 1817. He began his studies in embryology using chicken eggs, which allowed for his discovery of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Due to his findings, Pander is sometimes referred to as the "founder of embryology".


title: Ectoderm

text: Pander's work of the early embryo was continued by a Prussian–Estonian biologist named Karl Ernst von Baer. Baer took Pander's concept of the germ layers and through extensive research of many different types of species, he was able to extend this principle to all vertebrates. Baer also received credit for the discovery of the blastula. Baer published his findings, including his germ layer theory, in a textbook which translates to "On the Development of Animals" which he released in 1828.


title: Ectoderm

text: The ectoderm can first be observed in amphibians and fish during the later stages of gastrulation. At the start of this process, the developing embryo has divided into many cells, forming a hollow ball called the blastula. The blastula is polar, and its two halves are called the animal hemisphere and vegetal hemisphere. It is the animal hemisphere will eventually become the ectoderm.


title: Ectoderm

text: Like the other two germ layers – i.e., the mesoderm and endoderm – the ectoderm forms shortly after fertilization, after which rapid cell division begins. The position of the ectoderm relative to the other germ layers of the embryo is governed by "selective affinity", meaning that the inner surface of the ectoderm has a strong (positive) affinity for the mesoderm, and a weak (negative) affinity for the endoderm layer. This selective affinity changes during different stages of development. The strength of the attraction between two surfaces of two germ layers is determined by the amount and type of cadherin molecules present on the cells' surface. For example, the expression of N-cadherin is crucial to maintaining separation of precursor neural cells from precursor epithelial cells. Likewise, while the surface ectoderm becomes the epidermis, the neuroectoderm is induced along the neural pathway by the notochord, which is typically positioned above it.


title: Ectoderm

text: During the process of gastrulation, bottle cells invaginate on the dorsal surface of the blastula to form the blastopore. The cells continue to extend inward and migrate along the inner wall of the blastula to form a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The once superficial cells of the animal pole are destined to become the cells of the middle germ layer called the mesoderm. Through the process of radial extension, cells of the animal pole that were once several layers thick divide to form a thin layer. At the same time, when this thin layer of dividing cells reaches the dorsal lip of the blastopore, another process occurs termed convergent extension. During convergent extension, cells that approach the lip intercalate mediolaterally, in such a way that cells are pulled over the lip and inside the embryo. These two processes allow for the prospective mesoderm cells to be placed between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Once convergent extension and radial intercalation are underway, the rest of the vegetal pole, which will become endoderm cells, is completely engulfed by the prospective ectoderm, as these top cells undergo epiboly, where the ectoderm cells divide in a way to form one layer. This creates a uniform embryo composed of the three germ layers in their respective positions.


title: Ectoderm

text: Once the three germ layers have been established, cellular differentiation can occur. The first major process here is neurulation, wherein the ectoderm differentiates to form the neural tube, neural crest cells and the epidermis. Each of these three components will give rise to a particular compliment of cells. The neural tube cells give rise to the central nervous system, neural crest cells give rise to the peripheral and enteric nervous system, melanocytes, and facial cartilage, and the epidermal region will give rise to the epidermis, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, olfactory and oral epithelium, and eyes.


title: Ectoderm

text: Neurulation occurs in two parts, primary and secondary neurulation. Both processes position neural crest cells between a superficial epidermal layer and the deep neural tube. During primary neurulation, the notochord cells of the mesoderm signal the adjacent, superficial ectoderm cells to reposition themselves into a columnar pattern to form cells of the ectodermal neural plate. As the cells continue to elongate, a group of cells immediately above the notochord change their shape, forming a wedge in the ectodermal region. These special cells are called medial hinge cells (MHPs). As the ectoderm continues to elongate, the ectodermal cells of the neural plate fold inward. The inward folding of the ectoderm by virtue of mainly cell division continues until another group of cells forms within the neural plate. These cells are termed dorsolateral hinge cells (DLHPs), and, once formed, the inward folding of the ectoderm stops. The DLHP cells function in a similar fashion as MHP cells regarding their wedge like shape, however, the DLHP cells result in the ectoderm converging. This convergence is led by ectodermal cells above the DLHP cells known as the neural crest. The neural crest cells eventually pull the adjacent ectodermal cells together, which leaves neural crest cells between the prospective epidermis and hollow, neural tube.


title: Ectoderm

text: All of the organs that rise from the ectoderm such as the nervous system, teeth, hair and many exocrine glands, originate from two adjacent tissue layers: the epithelium and the mesenchyme. Several signals mediate the organogenesis of the ectoderm such as: FGF, TGFβ, Wnt, and regulators from the hedgehog family. The specific timing and manner that the ectodermal organs form is dependent on the invagination of the epithelial cells. FGF-9 is an important factor during the initiation of tooth germ development. The rate of epithelial invagination in significantly increased by action of FGF-9, which is only expressed in the epithelium, and not in the mesenchyme. FGF-10 helps to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation, in order make larger tooth germs. Mammalian teeth develop from ectoderm derived from the mesenchyme: oral ectoderm and neural crest. The epithelial components of the stem cells for continuously growing teeth form from tissue layers called the stellate reticulum and the suprabasal layer of the surface ectoderm.


title: Ectoderm

text: Ectodermal dysplasia is a rare but severe condition where the tissue groups (specifically teeth, skin, hair, nails and sweat glands) derived from the ectoderm undergo abnormal development. This is a diffuse term, as there are over 170 subtypes of ectodermal dysplasia. It has been accepted that the disease is caused by a mutation or a combination of mutations in certain genes. Research of the disease is ongoing, as only a fraction of the mutations involved with an ectodermal dysplasia subtype have been identified.


title: Ectoderm

text: Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is the most common subtype of the disease. Clinical cases of patients with this condition display a range of symptoms. The most relevant abnormality of HED is hypohidrosis, the inability to produce sufficient amounts of sweat, which is attributed to missing or dysfunctional sweat glands. This aspect represents a major handicap particularly in the summer, limits the patient's ability to participate in sports as well as his working capacity, and can be especially dangerous in warm climates where affected individuals are at risk of life-threatening hyperthermia. Facial malformations are also related to HED, such as pointed or absent teeth, wrinkled skin around the eyes, a misshaped nose along with scarce and thin hair. Skin problems like eczema are also observed in a number of cases. Most patients carry variants of the X-chromosomal EDA gene. This disease typically affects males more severely because they have only one X chromosome, while in females the second, usually unaffected X chromosome may be sufficient to prevent most symptoms.


title: Carl Hart

text: Carl L. Hart (born October 30, 1966) is an American psychologist and neuroscientist, working as the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) at Columbia University. Hart is known for his research on drug abuse and drug addiction, his advocacy for the decriminalization of recreational drugs, and his recreational use of drugs. Hart is one of the first tenured African American professors of sciences at Columbia University.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart grew up in the Carol City neighborhood of Miami Gardens, a suburb of Miami considered one of the most dangerous in the US. As a youth, he engaged in petty crime and the use and sale of drugs, and at times carried a gun. He was also a skilled athlete involved in high school sports. He was raised by a single mother, who separated from an abusive father when Hart was six. After high school, he served in the United States Air Force (1984–1988), which became his path to higher education.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart earned a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from the University of Maryland. He earned a Master of Science (1994) and PhD (1996), both in psychology/neuroscience, from the University of Wyoming. Hart attended University of North Carolina Wilmington, where he worked with his undergraduate neuroscience professor, Robert Hakan, before attending the University of Wyoming. He pursued postdoctoral research at the University of California, San Francisco and Yale University, and completed an Intramural Training Award fellowship at the National Institutes of Health.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart is the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) and former chair of the psychology department at Columbia University. Hart arrived at Columbia in 1998; in 2009, he became one of the first tenured African American professors of sciences at Columbia University. His area of expertise is neuropsychopharmacology. His general research focus is in the behavioral and neuropharmacological effects of psychoactive drugs in humans. He has a particular interest in the social and psychological factors that influence self-administration of drugs. He is the Principal Investigator at Columbia University's Neuropsychopharmacology Lab.


title: Carl Hart

text: In 1999, Hart began investigating the effects of crack cocaine on behavior. Through 2009, he received research grants totaling over $6 million, from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart's research is centered around human subject experiments conducted in his research lab at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (a hospital located in the Columbia University Irving Medical Center). Informally called the ResLab (residential laboratory), the facility accommodated subjects for extended periods; a typical experiment ran for two weeks. The subjects, habitual drug users, were given precisely metered doses of drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine, while being continuously monitored and tested.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart opposes the brain disease model of addiction dominant in the field, which holds that addiction is a brain disorder. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, states that visible differences in the brains of addicts helps explain the nature of compulsive drug usage. Hart states that most studies show that drug users' cognitive abilities and functions are within the normal range. Commenting on Hart's argument, Anna Lembke, head of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic, said that "intelligent, informed people can disagree on the disease model of addiction", and noted that there is evidence that long-term drug use can alter the brain in a different way than learning a new language or a musical instrument. Hart indicates that the absence of positive outlets and activities is one reason drug use can occur in communities. He argues that drug laws intended to make a society safer should be based on empirical evidence.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart is also a Research Fellow and former co-director at Columbia's Institute for Research in African-American Studies.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart has written two books for the general public, "High Price" and "Drug Use for Grown-Ups", and co-authored, with Charles Ksir, recent editions of the introductory textbook, "Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior".


title: Carl Hart

text: In 2013, Hart published "High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society", described as "combining memoir, popular science, and public policy." In it, Hart discusses misconceptions about illegal drugs, speaking from the combined perspectives of growing up in a poor, crime-ridden African American neighborhood, and his career as a research neuroscientist. He describes his upbringing, time in the military, years in college and grad school, and his journey to a PhD and tenured professorship at Columbia. He discusses the challenge of learning white cultural norms and language as an aspect of succeeding in academia, and then returning to his family and feeling alienated and unable to connect. Using drug crime statistics and details from his lab research, he argues that drugs are a symptom, not the cause, of crime and poverty, and that they mask issues of lack of education, racism, unemployment, and despair. He ends the book with an argument for the decriminalization of drugs, stating that his research has shown that the dangers associated with drugs are largely misunderstood, and that a decrease in stigma and increase in conversation would likely decrease the number of drug related deaths. He advocates for a move to drug policies based on scientific evidence and human rights, not irrational fear and sensationalism.


title: Carl Hart

text: In 2021, Hart published "Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear". In the book, and in media interviews around its publication, Hart revealed that he is a recreational heroin user. Hart also indicated that he uses a number of other drugs. He argued that he is not an addict, but that he uses drugs responsibly in the "pursuit of happiness". Hart further argued that for the majority of individuals, recreational use of drugs has a positive effect, and that journalists and researchers overstate the harms of such drug use.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart states that drug policy in the US and most of the rest of the world "is based on assumption and anecdote, but rarely on scientific evidence". He advocates decriminalizing drug use through policies that are scientifically based rather than heavily influenced by social determinants such as race and class. As an example, he discusses the criminalization of crack cocaine (typically associated with poor communities) and lack of similar criminalization of powder cocaine (traditionally associated with wealthier communities) as an example of how drug criminalization has been based on social problems rather than scientific fact.


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart states that the poor, crime-ridden environment he grew up in influenced his world view, and he believed that drugs were the reason for poverty and crime in most neighborhoods. Only later, through his research, did he come to believe that "crime and poverty were mostly independent of drug use".


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart has lectured and testified around the world as an expert on psychoactive drugs. He testified before the United States Congress' Committee On Oversight and Government Reform. He has testified, on the stand and in written submissions, in family courts in New York City, advocating for children to stay with parents who have tested positive for marijuana use, arguing that there is no scientific basis for casual marijuana use having an effect on parenting. In one case, a mother had tested positive while giving birth at a city hospital, and been charged with negligence (the case was later dropped).


title: Carl Hart

text: In a 2013 "New York Times" editorial, he commented on the toxicology report presented in the case of Trayvon Martin, where the indication of marijuana in Martin's blood was used as evidence that he might have been paranoid the night of his shooting, causing him to attack Zimmerman. Hart stated that the assertion subscribed to outdated notions of marijuana use, such as those implied in "Reefer Madness", and failed to recognize the seven decades of research on marijuana that show the levels of marijuana present in Martin's blood were insufficient to cause the aforementioned side effects, and that the side effects mentioned are extremely uncommon in marijuana users.


title: Carl Hart

text: In May 2017, speaking at a drug policy conference at the University of the Philippines Diliman, Hart addressed the misconceptions about methamphetamine in the Philippines amidst President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs. Citing lab tests on animals, Hart refuted Duterte's claim that methamphetamine shrinks people's brains and causes them to become violent. In the aftermath of his speech, Hart began to receive online death threats which forced him to leave the Philippines shortly thereafter. Duterte commented on Hart's claims, saying: "That's all bullshit to me", and called Hart a "son of a bitch who has gone crazy". In an interview with Public Radio International, Hart described Duterte as "a president making such ignorant comments about drugs — like he's a pharmacologist" and added that Duterte was "out of his league when he talks about drugs".


title: Carl Hart

text: Hart has been a speaker at Talks at Google, The Reason Foundation, and The Nobel Conference. He has been interviewed or otherwise featured on CNN, "Stossel" and "The Independents" on Fox Business, "All In with Chris Hayes" on MSNBC, Reason TV, "The O'Reilly Factor" on Fox News, "Democracy Now!", and "The Joe Rogan Experience". He spoke at TEDMED 2014, discussing his evidence-based view of drug addiction, and how that should impact public policy. Hart is featured in the 2012 documentary, "The House I Live In", and in the 2021 Netflix documentary, "Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy," where he discusses what was missing from the sensationalized portrayal of crack in the 1980s.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: Jean-Kévin Augustin (born 16 June 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker for Swiss Super League club Basel.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: An academy graduate of French club Paris Saint-Germain, Augustin made his senior debut in 2015 and made 31 appearances for the club, scoring two goals, and won eight national honours. In 2017, he joined RB Leipzig for a €13 million fee.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: Augustin has also represented France at various youth levels and was part of the France U19 which won the 2016 European U19 Championship. His performances throughout the tournament earned him the Golden Boot and Player of the Tournament awards.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: Augustin was first called up for a professional match for Paris Saint-Germain on 5 October 2014, remaining unused in a 1–1 home draw with Monaco. He made his professional debut on 8 April 2015 in the 2014–15 Coupe de France semi-finals against Saint-Étienne at the Parc des Princes, replacing Javier Pastore after 88 minutes in a 4–1 home win.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: He played in PSG's 2–0 victory over Lyon on 1 August in the 2015 Trophée des Champions at the Stade Saputo in Montreal, replacing Edinson Cavani after 63 minutes. Six days later he made his Ligue 1 debut, replacing Lucas Moura for the final minute of a 1–0 win at Lille. On 16 August, he was given a first start, in a 2–0 win over Gazélec Ajaccio at the Parc des Princes. In all competitions, Augustin made 17 appearances across the season, scoring once in a 4–1 home win over Troyes four minutes after coming on for Edinson Cavani on 28 November.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: On 19 November 2016, Augustin made his first start of the season, providing the assist for Ángel Di María in the 13th minute in a 2–0 Ligue 1 home win against Nantes. He made 13 official appearances over the campaign, and scored the last goal of a 6–0 win at Caen on 16 September. At PSG, Augustin scored 2 goals in 23 league games and was mainly used as back up to main Strikers Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Edinson Cavani.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: On 6 July 2017, RB Leipzig completed the €13 million signing of Augustin on a five-year deal, after being signed by Head Coach Ralph Hasenhüttl He made his Bundesliga debut on 19 August, replacing Konrad Laimer for the final 14 minutes of a 2–0 loss at Schalke. On 16 September, he scored his first goal for his new team, in a 2–2 draw with Borussia Mönchengladbach at the Red Bull Arena.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: Augustin scored a match-winning penalty away to Borussia Dortmund on 14 October, becoming the first team of the season to win at the Westfalenstadion. Three days later, he scored his first Champions League goal in a 3–2 home win over Porto in the group stage, Leipzig's first win in the competition. He scored against Borussia Dortmund on 3 March 2018 to help earn Leipzig a 1–1 draw. On 12 April 2018, Augustin scored in the Europa League quarter final defeat to Marseille in a 5–2 defeat, which saw Leipzig eliminated 5–3 on aggregate.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: He scored 12 goals in all competitions and gained 6 assists in 37 appearances during the 2017–18 RB Leipzig season, with Augustin competing with the likes of Timo Werner and Yussuf Poulsen for starting places.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: In September 2018, Augustin was disciplined by the club for using his mobile phone in the pre-match build up against RB Salzburg in a 3–2 defeat in the Europa League. In November 2018, he scored in the Europa League in a 2–1 defeat against Celtic. He was linked with a £37 million transfer to Premier League side Everton in December 2018, however remained at Leipzig. He scored 8 goals in 30 appearances during the 2018–19 RB Leipzig season helping RB Leipzig finish 3rd in Bundesliga under Head Coach Ralf Rangnick.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: On 1 September 2019, Augustin joined Monaco on a season-long loan deal including an optional buyout clause. He made his debut for the club on 15 September in a 3–4 loss against Marseille in Ligue 1.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: He scored his first goal for the club on 30 October 2019, scoring a powerful right footed volley against Marseille in a 2–1 victory in the Coupe de la Ligue. However, Augustin found himself competing for limited striking places with Wissam Ben Yedder, Islam Slimani, Stevan Jovetić and Keita Baldé. On 27 January 2020, RB Leipzig and Augustin agreed to cut his loan spell at Monaco short in order to secure his move to Leeds United on the same day.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: On 27 January 2020, Augustin joined EFL Championship side Leeds United on loan until the end of the season, with the club reportedly having the option to sign him permanently for £17.7 million. It was revealed that Augustin turned down a late offer from Premier League side Manchester United to sign for Leeds. Augustin revealed that working with Leeds' head coach Marcelo Bielsa was a big factor in his decision to sign for the club. Augustin made his debut for Leeds on 8 February 2020, coming on as a 71st minute substitute for Patrick Bamford in a 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest. After three substitute appearances for Leeds, each one replacing Bamford with 15–20 minutes to play, Augustin suffered a muscular injury in late February, which ruled him out for the next three games. He eventually left Leeds at the end of his loan deal, having only played 48 minutes of football for Leeds. Ex-Leeds striker Jermaine Beckford revealed that the lack of playing time, and the reason for not extending the loan deal in light of the delayed season end, was down to Augustin not following instructions from management, and not putting in the required work.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: It was later reported that Leeds had the obligation to complete a permanent transfer of Augustin due to a clause on Leeds achieving promotion to the Premier League at the end of the 2019-20 season, however Leeds claimed "extenuating circumstances" surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic "nullify the deal". RB Leipzig threatened legal action over failure to complete the deal, claiming "the legal situation is clear". Leeds boss Marcelo Bielsa however was quoted as saying it was "convenient" for Augustin to return to RB Leipzig. The disagreement lay with the date specified in the contract which stated that should Leeds have been promoted by 30 June, the clause would have been legally activated, however with Leeds still having 6 games to play by this date, Augustin's loan period ended and he was released by the club, with Leeds securing promotion on 17 July. Leipzig however argued that under the "spirit of the rules", the transfer should have taken place, as football contracts specify 30 June as the "end of a season", thus the circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic should be taken into account. FIFA confirmed on 8 December 2020 that Leipzig had officially filed a claim against Leeds over the aborted transfer. On 8 June 2021, a FIFA court sided with Leipzig and against Leeds, however Leeds appealed this decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport providing details on communications between the clubs showing that they had tried to extend the loan deal, which included the dates for the transfer to become a requirement, but an agreement with Leipzig couldn't be reached.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: On 4 November 2022, Court of Arbitration for Sport dismissed Leeds' appeal upholding FIFA's decision "in its entirety" and ordered Leeds to pay Leipzig a fee of €21m (£18.4m). However, Leeds released a statement confirming that they would review their "legal options with a view to an immediate appeal."


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: On 6 October 2020, Nantes announced the signing of Augustin on a two-year deal, being signed as a free-agent, with both RB Leipzig and Leeds providing written permission, and relinquishing any claim to Augustin's registration. On 4 March 2021, Nantes announced that Augustin was suffering from Long COVID.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: On 18 June 2022 it was announced that Augustin would join FC Basel on a free transfer with a three-year deal.<ref name="fcb-aktuell-2022/23-Jean-Kévin Augustin"></ref> He joined Basel's first team for their 2022–23 season under head coach Alexander Frei. After playing in one test game, Augustin played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game in the Letzigrund on 28 August as Basel won 4–2 against Zürich.<ref name="fcb-matchcenter-2022/23-FCZ-FCB"></ref> He scored his first goal for his new club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 11 September, in fact he scored two goals as Basel won 5–1 against Grasshopper Club.<ref name="fcb-matchcenter-2022/23-FCB-GC"></ref>


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: Augustin is eligible for selection in both the France and Haiti national football teams. He played for the France under-19s in qualification for the 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. There he scored five goals in six games, including a first-half hat-trick in a 9–0 win over Gibraltar in Dax on 9 October 2015.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: He was the top scorer with six goals and Player of the Tournament at the finals in Germany in July 2016. He scored in all three group matches, including a hat-trick in a 5–1 win over the Netherlands. In the final at the Rhein-Neckar-Arena, he opened a 4–0 win over Italy. He finished top scorer for France in the tournament ahead of strike partner Kylian Mbappe.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: Augustin was chosen for the under-20 team at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup in South Korea. He scored four goals in as many games, including a penalty in the 2–1 quarter-final elimination by Italy on 1 June. In a group game against Vietnam, he scored twice in a 4–0 victory after missing a penalty by attempting a Panenka.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: In September 2018, France national under-21 football team Head Coach Sylvain Ripoll proclaimed that Augustin rejected a call up to the under-21 team due to muscle fatigue, the dispute with the Head Coach led to his 'non selection' for the national team, Augustin revealed in December 2019 that he had spoken to Ripoll and was available for selection for the national team and was hoping to make the France national football team for the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: Augustin plays as a striker capable of playing anywhere across the forward line, with Bundesliga describing Augustin as 'powerful, quick, direct and capable of making things happen outside, as well as inside, the box.'


title: Jean-Kévin Augustin

text: His former RB Leipzig Head Coach Ralph Hasenhüttl said of Augustin, 'He's the full package. He's going to be a really important player'. in 2016, Augustin was listed by Barcelona forward Lionel Messi as a wonderkid in a list of his top 9 future prospects in football.


title: Avīci

text: Avīci or Avici (Sanskrit and Pali for "without waves"; or ; or ; ) is one of the hells ("naraka") in Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, it is one of the twenty-eight hells located in the kingdom of Yama, where individuals are reborn for bearing false witness and outright lying while transacting business or giving charity. In Buddhism, it is the lowest level of the Naraka or "hell" realm, with the most suffering, into which the dead who have committed grave misdeeds may be reborn. It is said to be a cube 20,000 "yojanas" (240,000 to 300,000 kilometers) on each side, buried deep underneath the divine (nonvisible) earth. "Avīci" is often translated into English as "interminable" or "incessant", referring to suffering without periods of respite, although it is believed to be ultimately impermanent.


title: Avīci

text: There are various evil acts which can lead one to being committed to the torments of . People reborn in have generally committed one or more of the Five Anantarika-karma ("Grave Offenses"):


title: Avīci

text: Buddhism teaches that going to Naraka is temporary, allowing the offenders to work off the karma they garnered in life. is sometimes cited as lasting 3.39738624×10 or 339,738,624×10 years, about 3.4 quintillion years.


title: Avīci

text: The Lotus Sutra provides an example of humans who have to endure long-term suffering in . Some sutras state that rebirth in will be for innumerable "kalpas" (aeons). When the offending soul passes away after one "kalpa", it is reborn in the same place, suffering for another "kalpa", and on and on until it has exhausted its bad karma. For this reason, the hell is also known as the "nonstop way" ().


title: Avīci

text: Nichiren famously wrote that Buddhist monks who ignored the passages in the Lotus Sutra, which claimed superiority over other sutras, would fall into . Outside of Nichiren, it is extremely rare for a Buddhist monk to condemn anyone to , although the Lotus Sutra itself states of anyone who slanders it: "when his life comes to an end, he will enter the Avichi Hell."


title: Avīci

text: Some believe rebirth in (or any lower realm, for that matter) should be seen as a process of purification. If anyone correctly follows the teachings of Buddha, they will be able to attain enlightenment without going to any hell even if they have accumulated a vast amount of negative karma (excluding Anantarika-karma).


title: Avīci

text: There are many stories of people who have accumulated negative karma but avoided all the levels of Naraka because they attained enlightenment before their karma ripened. If one has Anantarika-karma, he will not be able to attain enlightenment in this life because this negative karma will ripen immediately.


title: Avīci

text: Buddhism accepts the principle of "anattā", according to which there is no concept of self. Consequences are results of actions that are brought by in an impersonal manner described with the concept of karma. There is no supernatural being applying its own will to determine someone's fate: "[...] beings are owners of kamma, heir to kamma, born of kamma, related through kamma, and have kamma as their arbitrator. "Kamma" is what creates distinctions among beings in terms of coarseness & refinement."


title: Crom Cruach

text: Crom Cruach ( ) was a pagan god of pre-Christian Ireland. According to Christian writers, he was propitiated with human sacrifice and his worship was ended by Saint Patrick.


title: Crom Cruach

text: He is also referred to as "Crom Cróich", "Cenn Cruach"/"Cróich" () and "Cenncroithi" (). He is related to the later mythological and folkloric figure Crom Dubh.


title: Crom Cruach

text: The references in a "dinsenchas" ("place-lore") poem in the 12th century to sacrifice in exchange for milk and grain suggest that Crom had a function as fertility god. The description of his image as a gold figure surrounded by twelve stone or bronze figures has been interpreted by some as representing the sun surrounded by the signs of the zodiac, suggesting a function as solar deity.


title: Crom Cruach

text: Crom Cruach's name takes several forms. "Crom" (or "cromm") means "bent, crooked, stooped" or according to O'Reilly is perhaps related to "cruim" meaning "thunder". "Cenn" means "head", and by extension "head, chief". "Cruach" (or "crúach") is a noun meaning "pile, heap, mound, stack", generally of grain, hay, peat or other gathered goods, booty, and so on, including slaughtered fighters. A common extension is its reference to hills or mountains that look like stacks or piles.


title: Crom Cruach

text: Crom Cruach is called the chief Celtic idol of Ireland by Michael J. O'Kelly, and was located on Magh Slécht (The "Plain of Prostrations") in County Cavan, surrounded by twelve other idols.


title: Crom Cruach

text: According to an Irish "dinsenchas" ("place-lore") poem in the 12th century Book of Leinster, Crom Cruach's cult image, consisting of a gold figure surrounded by twelve stone figures, stood on Magh Slécht ("the plain of prostration") (pronounced Moy Shlokht) in County Cavan, and was propitiated with first-born sacrifice in exchange for good yields of milk and grain. Crom Cruach is described as a wizened god, hidden by mists, and is said to have been worshipped since the time of Érimón. An early High King, Tigernmas, along with three quarters of his army, is said to have died while worshipping Crom on Samhain eve, but worship continued until the cult image was destroyed by St. Patrick with a sledgehammer.


title: Crom Cruach

text: This incident figures prominently in medieval legends about St. Patrick, although it does not appear in his own writings, nor in the two 7th century biographies by Muirchu and Tírechán. However J.B. Bury, infers that there is a missing passage in Tírechán about Crom Cruaich; L. Bieler, who edited the two biographies, is non-committal on the point.


title: Crom Cruach

text: In the 9th century "Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick" the deity is called Cenn Cruach, and his cult image consists of a central figure covered with gold and silver, surrounded by twelve bronze figures. When Patrick approaches it he raises his crozier, the central figure falls face-down, with the imprint of the crozier left in it, and the surrounding figures sink into the earth. The "demon" who inhabits the image appears, but Patrick curses him and casts him to hell. Jocelin's 12th century "Life and Acts of St. Patrick" tells much the same story. Here the god is called Cenncroithi, interpreted as "the head of all gods", and when his image falls the silver and gold covering it crumble to dust, with the imprint of the crozier left on bare stone.


title: Crom Cruach

text: A decorated stone known as the Killycluggin Stone (, meaning 'the Wood of the Bell-Shaped Stone') has been interpreted by some as the cult image of Crom Cruach. It was found at Killycluggin, County Cavan. It was discovered broken in several pieces and partly buried close to a Bronze Age stone circle (54.090773, -7.634122), inside which it probably once stood.


title: Crom Cruach

text: The 14th century "Book of McGovern", written in Magh Slécht, contains a poem which states that Crom was situated at Kilnavert beside the road and that the local women used to tremble in fear as they passed by. There is still a local tradition in the area that the Killycluggin Stone is the Crom stone.


title: Crom Cruach

text: There is another standing stone identified with Crom Crúaich in Drumcoo townland, County Fermanagh. It has the figure of a man walking engraved on it, representing either Saint Patrick or a druid, depending on when it was engraved. A nearby street is named Crom Crúaich Way after it.


title: Crom Cruach

text: A large wooden idol from the 4th century AD has recently been discovered in Gortnacrannagh, County Roscommon.


title: Qibla compass

text: A Qibla compass or qiblah compass (sometimes also called qibla/qiblah indicator or "qiblanuma") is a modified compass used by Muslims to indicate the direction to face to perform prayers. In Islam, this direction is called qibla, and points towards the city of Mecca and specifically to the Ka'abah. While the compass, like any other compass, points north, the direction of prayer is indicated by marks on the perimeter of the dial, corresponding to different cities, or by a second pointer set by the user according to their own location. To determine the proper direction, one has to know with some precision both the longitude and latitude of one's own location and those of Mecca, the city toward which one must face. Once that is determined, the values are applied to a spherical triangle, and the angle from the local meridian to the required direction of Mecca can be determined.


title: Qibla compass

text: The indicator usually consists of a round brass box with a hinged lid and an inset magnetic compass. A list of important Islamic places with their longitudes, latitudes, is inscribed in Arabic on all sides of the box. The compass has a blued steel needle with an open circle to indicate North. It is surmounted by a brass pyramidal pivot and a glass plate covers all. A brass ring over the rim of the compass carries a degree circle numbered in 'abjad' numerals and the cardinal points are marked. The folding triangular gnomon is supported by a decorative open-work motif. The lid of the box is secured by a hook fastener. The instrument serves the user to determine the correct 'qibla' - the direction to which Muslims turn in prayer to face the Ka'ba in Mecca.


title: Qibla compass

text: Ornate qibla compasses date back at least to the 18th century. Some recent versions use digital readout instead of a magnetic pointer.


title: Qibla compass

text: Some qibla compasses also include a tally counter, used to count the repetition of various du'a said after prayer.


title: Qibla compass

text: al-Ashraf Umar II (d. 1296), sultan of the Sunni Rasulid Yemeni Caliphate, described the use of the compass as a qibla indicator in the 13th century. In a treatise about astrolabes and sundials, al-Ashraf includes several paragraphs on the construction of a compass bowl ("ṭāsa"). He then uses the compass to determine the north point, the meridian ("khaṭṭ niṣf al-nahār"), and qibla. This is the first mention of a compass in a medieval Islamic scientific text and its earliest known use as a qibla indicator, although al-Ashraf did not claim to be the first to use it for this purpose.


title: Fissile material

text: In nuclear engineering, fissile material is material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction. By definition, fissile material can sustain a chain reaction with neutrons of thermal energy. The predominant neutron energy may be typified by either slow neutrons (i.e., a thermal system) or fast neutrons. Fissile material can be used to fuel thermal-neutron reactors, fast-neutron reactors and nuclear explosives.


title: Fissile material

text: According to the Ronen fissile rule, for a heavy element with 90 ≤ "Z" ≤ 100, its isotopes with , with few exceptions, are fissile (where "N" = number of neutrons and "Z" = number of protons).


title: Fissile material

text: The term "fissile" is distinct from "fissionable". A nuclide capable of undergoing fission (even with a low probability) after capturing a neutron of high or low energy is referred to as "fissionable". A fissionable nuclide that can be induced to fission with low-energy thermal neutrons with a high probability is referred to as "fissile". Fissionable materials include also those (such as uranium-238) for which fission can be induced only by high-energy neutrons. As a result, fissile materials (such as uranium-235) are a subset of fissionable materials.


title: Fissile material

text: Uranium-235 fissions with low-energy thermal neutrons because the binding energy resulting from the absorption of a neutron is greater than the critical energy required for fission; therefore uranium-235 is a fissile. By contrast, the binding energy released by uranium-238 absorbing a thermal neutron is less than the critical energy, so the neutron must possess additional energy for fission to be possible. Consequently, uranium-238 is fissionable but not fissile.


title: Fissile material

text: An alternative definition defines fissile nuclides as those nuclides that can be made to undergo nuclear fission (i.e., are fissionable) and also produce neutrons from such fission that can sustain a nuclear chain reaction in the correct setting. Under this definition, the only nuclides that are fissionable but not fissile are those nuclides that can be made to undergo nuclear fission but produce insufficient neutrons, in either energy or number, to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. As such, while all fissile isotopes are fissionable, not all fissionable isotopes are fissile. In the arms control context, particularly in proposals for a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty, the term "fissile" is often used to describe materials that can be used in the fission primary of a nuclear weapon. These are materials that sustain an explosive fast neutron nuclear fission chain reaction.


title: Fissile material

text: Under all definitions above, uranium-238 () is fissionable, but because it cannot sustain a neutron chain reaction, it is not fissile. Neutrons produced by fission of have lower energies than the original neutron (they behave as in an inelastic scattering), usually below 1 MeV (i.e., a speed of about 14,000 km/s), the fission threshold to cause subsequent fission of , so fission of does not sustain a nuclear chain reaction.


title: Fissile material

text: Fast fission of in the secondary stage of a thermonuclear weapon, due to the production of high-energy neutrons from nuclear fusion, contributes greatly to the yield and to fallout of such weapons. Fast fission of tampers has also been evident in pure fission weapons. The fast fission of also makes a significant contribution to the power output of some fast-neutron reactors.


title: Fissile material

text: In general, most actinide isotopes with an odd neutron number are fissile. Most nuclear fuels have an odd atomic mass number ( = the total number of nucleons), and an even atomic number "Z". This implies an odd number of neutrons. Isotopes with an odd number of neutrons gain an extra 1 to 2 MeV of energy from absorbing an extra neutron, from the pairing effect which favors even numbers of both neutrons and protons. This energy is enough to supply the needed extra energy for fission by slower neutrons, which is important for making fissionable isotopes also fissile.


title: Fissile material

text: More generally, nuclides with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons, and located near a well-known curve in nuclear physics of atomic number vs. atomic mass number are more stable than others; hence, they are less likely to undergo fission. They are more likely to "ignore" the neutron and let it go on its way, or else to absorb the neutron but without gaining enough energy from the process to deform the nucleus enough for it to fission. These "even-even" isotopes are also less likely to undergo spontaneous fission, and they also have relatively much longer partial half-lives for alpha or beta decay. Examples of these isotopes are uranium-238 and thorium-232. On the other hand, other than the lightest nuclides, nuclides with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons (odd "Z", odd "N") are usually short-lived (a notable exception is neptunium-236 with a half-life of 154,000 years) because they readily decay by beta-particle emission to their isobars with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons (even "Z", even "N") becoming much more stable. The physical basis for this phenomenon also comes from the pairing effect in nuclear binding energy, but this time from both proton–proton and neutron–neutron pairing. The relatively short half-life of such odd-odd heavy isotopes means that they are not available in quantity and are highly radioactive.


title: Fissile material

text: Fissile nuclides do not have a 100% chance of undergoing fission on absorption of a neutron. The chance is dependent on the nuclide as well as neutron energy. For low and medium-energy neutrons, the neutron capture cross sections for fission (σ), the cross section for neutron capture with emission of a gamma ray (σ), and the percentage of non-fissions are in the table at right.


title: Alec John Such

text: Alexander John Such (November 14, 1951 – June 4, 2022) was an American musician. He was best known as a founding member of the rock band Bon Jovi, and as their bass player from 1983 to 1994, played on their first five albums. He was replaced by Hugh McDonald, who had played on the original version of the Bon Jovi single “Runaway” and played uncredited on "Slippery When Wet", "New Jersey", and "Keep the Faith" before joining officially.


title: Alec John Such

text: Raised in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, Such was a longtime resident of Colts Neck Township, New Jersey, where he kept many music artifacts in his home there.


title: Alec John Such

text: On June 4, 2022, around 2:15 AM, Alec woke up at his South Carolina home to use the bathroom. On his way back to bed, Alec called out to a friend who was staying with him, the friend helped Alec get back into bed and then left the room, when the friend came back later to check on John, he was dead due to natural causes at the age of 70.


title: Voltage drop

text: Voltage drop is the decrease of electrical potential along the path of a current flowing in an electrical circuit. Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors are undesirable because some of the energy supplied is dissipated. The voltage drop across the electrical load is proportional to the power available to be converted in that load to some other useful form of energy.


title: Voltage drop

text: For example, an electric space heater may have a resistance of ten ohms, and the wires that supply it may have a resistance of 0.2 ohms, about 2% of the total circuit resistance. This means that approximately 2% of the supplied voltage is lost in the wire itself. An excessive voltage drop may result in the unsatisfactory performance of a space heater and overheating of the wires and connections.


title: Voltage drop

text: National and local electrical codes may set guidelines for the maximum voltage drop allowed in electrical wiring to ensure efficiency of distribution and proper operation of electrical equipment. The maximum permitted voltage drop varies from one country to another. In electronic design and power transmission, various techniques are employed to compensate for the effect of voltage drop on long circuits or where voltage levels must be accurately maintained. The simplest way to reduce voltage drop is to increase the diameter of the conductor between the source and the load, which lowers the overall resistance. In power distribution systems, a given amount of power can be transmitted with less voltage drop if a higher voltage is used. More sophisticated techniques use active elements to compensate for excessive voltage drop.


title: Voltage drop

text: Consider a direct-current circuit with a nine-volt DC source; three resistors of 67 ohms, 100 ohms, and 470 ohms; and a light bulb—all connected in series. The DC source, the conductors (wires), the resistors, and the light bulb (the load) all have resistance; all use and dissipate supplied energy to some degree. Their physical characteristics determine how much energy. For example, the DC resistance of a conductor depends upon the conductor's length, cross-sectional area, type of material, and temperature.


title: Voltage drop

text: If the voltage between the DC source and the first resistor (67 ohms) is measured, the voltage potential at the first resistor will be slightly less than nine volts. The current passes through the conductor (wire) from the DC source to the first resistor; as this occurs, some of the supplied energy is "lost" (unavailable to the load), due to the resistance of the conductor. Voltage drop exists in both the supply and return wires of a circuit. If the voltage drop across each resistor is measured, the measurement will be a significant number. That represents the energy used by the resistor. The larger the resistor, the more energy used by that resistor, and the bigger the voltage drop across that resistor.


title: Voltage drop

text: Ohm's Law can be used to verify voltage drop. In a DC circuit, voltage equals current multiplied by resistance. . Also, Kirchhoff's circuit laws state that in any DC circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage.


title: Voltage drop

text: In alternating-current circuits, opposition to current flow occurs because of resistance, just as in direct-current circuits. However, alternating current circuits also include a second kind of opposition to current flow: reactance. The sum of oppositions to current flow from both resistance and reactance is called impedance.


title: Voltage drop

text: Electrical impedance is commonly represented by the variable "Z" and measured in ohms at a specific frequency. Electrical impedance is computed as the vector sum of electrical resistance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance.


title: Voltage drop

text: The amount of impedance in an alternating-current circuit depends on the frequency of the alternating current and the magnetic permeability of electrical conductors and electrically isolated elements (including surrounding elements), which varies with their size and spacing.


title: Voltage drop

text: Analogous to Ohm's law for direct-current circuits, electrical impedance may be expressed by the formula . So, the voltage drop in an AC circuit is the product of the current and the impedance of the circuit.


title: Defragmentation

text: In the maintenance of file systems, defragmentation is a process that reduces the degree of fragmentation. It does this by physically organizing the contents of the mass storage device used to store files into the smallest number of contiguous regions (fragments, "extents"). It also attempts to create larger regions of free space using compaction to impede the return of fragmentation. Some defragmentation utilities try to keep smaller files within a single directory together, as they are often accessed in sequence.


title: Defragmentation

text: Defragmentation is advantageous and relevant to file systems on electromechanical disk drives (hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disk media). The movement of the hard drive's read/write heads over different areas of the disk when accessing fragmented files is slower, compared to accessing the entire contents of a non-fragmented file sequentially without moving the read/write heads to seek other fragments.


title: Defragmentation

text: Fragmentation occurs when the file system cannot or will not allocate enough contiguous space to store a complete file as a unit, but instead puts parts of it in gaps between existing files (usually those gaps exist because they formerly held a file that the file system has subsequently deleted or because the file system allocated excess space for the file in the first place). Files that are often appended to (as with log files) as well as the frequent adding and deleting of files (as with emails and web browser cache), larger files (as with videos) and greater numbers of files contribute to fragmentation and consequent performance loss. Defragmentation attempts to alleviate these problems.


title: Defragmentation

text: An otherwise blank disk has five files, A through E, each using 10 blocks of space (for this section, a "block" is an allocation unit of the filesystem; the block size is set when the disk is formatted and can be any size supported by the filesystem). On a blank disk, all of these files would be allocated one after the other (see example 1 in the image). If file B were to be deleted, there would be two options: mark the space for file B as empty to be used again later, or move all the files after B so that the empty space is at the end. Since moving the files could be time-consuming if there were many files which needed to be moved, usually the empty space is simply left there, marked in a table as available for new files (see example 2 in the image). When a new file, F, is allocated requiring 6 blocks of space, it could be placed into the first 6 blocks of the space that formerly held file B, and the 4 blocks following it will remain available (see example 3 in the image). If another new file, G, is added and needs only 4 blocks, it could then occupy the space after F and before C (example 4 in the image).


title: Defragmentation

text: However, if file F then needs to be expanded, there are three options, since the space immediately following it is no longer available:


title: Defragmentation

text: Additionally, the concept of “fragmentation” is not only limited to individual files that have multiple extents on the disk. For instance, a group of files normally read in a particular sequence (like files accessed by a program when it is loading, which can include certain DLLs, various resource files, the audio/visual media files in a game) can be considered fragmented if they are not in sequential load-order on the disk, even if these individual files are "not" fragmented; the read/write heads will have to seek these (non-fragmented) files randomly to access them in sequence. Some groups of files may have been originally installed in the correct sequence, but drift apart with time as certain files within the group are deleted. Updates are a common cause of this, because in order to update a file, most updaters usually delete the old file first, and then write a new, updated one in its place. However, most filesystems do not write the new file in the same physical place on the disk. This allows unrelated files to fill in the empty spaces left behind.


title: Defragmentation

text: Defragmentation is the operation of moving file extents (physical allocation blocks) so they eventually merge, preferably into one. Doing so usually requires at least two copy operations: one to move the blocks into some free scratch space on the disk so more movement can happen, and another to finally move the blocks into their intended place. In such a paradigm, no data is ever removed from the disk, so that the operation can be safely stopped even in the event of a power loss. The article picture depicts an example.


title: Defragmentation

text: To defragment a disk, defragmentation software (also known as a "defragmenter") can only move files around within the free space available. This is an intensive operation and cannot be performed on a filesystem with little or no free space. During defragmentation, system performance will be degraded, and it is best to leave the computer alone during the process so that the defragmenter does not get confused by unexpected changes to the filesystem. Depending on the algorithm used it may or may not be advantageous to perform multiple passes. The reorganization involved in defragmentation does not change logical location of the files (defined as their location within the directory structure).


title: Defragmentation

text: Besides defragmenting program files, the defragmenting tool can also reduce the time it takes to load programs and open files. For example, the Windows 9x defragmenter included the Intel Application Launch Accelerator which optimized programs on the disk by placing the defragmented program files and their dependencies next to each other, in the order in which the program loads them, to load these programs faster. In Windows, a good defragmenter will read the Prefetch files to identify as many of these file groups as possible and place the files within them in access sequence.


title: Defragmentation

text: At the beginning of the hard drive, the outer tracks have a higher data transfer rate than the inner tracks. Placing frequently accessed files onto the outer tracks increases performance. Third party defragmenters, such as MyDefrag, will move frequently accessed files onto the outer tracks and defragment these files.


title: Defragmentation

text: Improvements in modern hard drives such as RAM cache, faster platter rotation speed, command queuing (SCSI/ATA TCQ or SATA NCQ), and greater data density reduce the negative impact of fragmentation on system performance to some degree, though increases in commonly used data quantities offset those benefits. However, modern systems profit enormously from the huge disk capacities currently available, since partially filled disks fragment much less than full disks, and on a high-capacity HDD, the same partition occupies a smaller range of cylinders, resulting in faster seeks. However, the average access time can never be lower than a half rotation of the platters, and platter rotation (measured in rpm) is the speed characteristic of HDDs which has experienced the slowest growth over the decades (compared to data transfer rate and seek time), so minimizing the number of seeks remains beneficial in most storage-heavy applications. Defragmentation is just that: ensuring that there is at most one seek per file, counting only the seeks to non-adjacent tracks.


title: Defragmentation

text: A common strategy to optimize defragmentation and to reduce the impact of fragmentation is to partition the hard disk(s) in a way that separates partitions of the file system that experience many more reads than writes from the more volatile zones where files are created and deleted frequently. The directories that contain the users' profiles are modified constantly (especially with the Temp directory and web browser cache creating thousands of files that are deleted in a few days). If files from user profiles are held on a dedicated partition (as is commonly done on UNIX recommended files systems, where it is typically stored in the /var partition), the defragmenter runs better since it does not need to deal with all the static files from other directories. (Alternatively, a defragmenter can be told to simply exclude certain file paths.) For partitions with relatively little write activity, defragmentation time greatly improves after the first defragmentation, since the defragmenter will need to defragment only a small number of new files in the future.


title: Defragmentation

text: The presence of immovable system files, especially a swap file, can impede defragmentation. These files can be safely moved when the operating system is not in use. For example, ntfsresize moves these files to resize an NTFS partition. The tool PageDefrag could defragment Windows system files such as the swap file and the files that store the Windows registry by running at boot time before the GUI is loaded. Since Windows Vista, the feature is not fully supported and has not been updated.


title: Defragmentation

text: In NTFS, as files are added to the disk, the Master File Table (MFT) must grow to store the information for the new files. Every time the MFT cannot be extended due to some file being in the way, the MFT will gain a fragment. In early versions of Windows, it could not be safely defragmented while the partition was mounted, and so Microsoft wrote a hardblock in the defragmenting API. However, since Windows XP, an increasing number of defragmenters are now able to defragment the MFT, because the Windows defragmentation API has been improved and now supports that move operation. Even with the improvements, the first four clusters of the MFT remain unmovable by the Windows defragmentation API, resulting in the fact that some defragmenters will store the MFT in two fragments: The first four clusters wherever they were placed when the disk was formatted, and then the rest of the MFT at the beginning of the disk (or wherever the defragmenter's strategy deems to be the best place).


title: Defragmentation

text: When reading data from a conventional electromechanical hard disk drive, the disk controller must first position the head, relatively slowly, to the track where a given fragment resides, and then wait while the disk platter rotates until the fragment reaches the head. A solid-state drive (SSD) is based on flash memory with no moving parts, so random access of a file fragment on flash memory does not suffer this delay, making defragmentation to optimize access speed unnecessary. Furthermore, since flash memory can be written to only a limited number of times before it fails, defragmentation is actually detrimental (except in the mitigation of catastrophic failure). However, Windows 7 and later defragments a SSD automatically but in a completely different way. Once the maximum fragmentation limit is reached, subsequent attempts to write to disk fail.