title: The One and Only Ivan

text: When Julia, the custodian George's daughter, gives Ivan some finger paints, he begins to get an idea of how to help Ruby. He also changes his opinion of the Big Top Mall. He no longer thinks of his area as his domain but as a cage.


title: The One and Only Ivan

text: Ivan uses his art to make a large picture of a zoo. George and Julia help him by putting it on the billboard outside of the Big Top Mall. When people see the new signs, they begin to protest the treatment of the animals. Investigators are sent to the Big Top Mall and eventually, it is closed down. Ivan, Ruby, and the other animals are taken away to a zoo. Ivan and Ruby are both adopted by the same zoo, where they begin adapting to their new habitats and the other animals they now live with.


title: The One and Only Ivan

text: Although "The One and Only Ivan" is an entirely fictional story, it is inspired by the true story of Ivan, who lived in a similar situation for 27 years. Eventually Ivan was adopted by Zoo Atlanta in 1994.


title: The One and Only Ivan

text: The book had a positive response with a 4.25 review on Goodreads. According to "Kirkus Reviews", "Fittingly, Ivan narrates his tale in short, image-rich sentences and acute, sometimes humorous observations that are all the more heartbreaking for their simple delivery... Utterly believable, this bittersweet story... will inspire a new generation of advocates." Jonathan Hunt wrote in "The Horn Book Magazine", "The choice to tell this story in the first person and to personify the gorilla with an entire range of human thoughts, feelings, and emotions poses important questions to the reader, not only about what it means to be human but also about what it means to be a living creature, and what kind of kinship we all share." Carolyn Phelan wrote in "Booklist" that "The text, written in first person from Ivan's point of view, does a good job of vividly conveying his personality, emotions, and intelligence as well as creating a sense of otherness in his point of view." Writing for "School Library Journal", Elizabeth Bird said, "There's nothing twee or precious about it. Just good crisp writing, complex characters, and a story that will make animal rights activists out of the most lethargic of readers. Applegate has penned a real doozy of a book that speaks to the best and worst in all of us."


title: The One and Only Ivan

text: On April 9, 2014, it was announced that Disney may adapt the book with Allison Shearmur to produce. On May 6, 2016, it was announced that Mike Newell would direct the film, but on March 1, 2018 he was replaced by Thea Sharrock. The screenplay was written by Mike White. The cast for the film include Sam Rockwell as Ivan, Angelina Jolie as Stella, Bryan Cranston as Mack, Ariana Greenblatt as Julia, and Ramón Rodríguez as Mack's assistant, Brooklynn Prince as Ruby, Helen Mirren as Snickers, Danny DeVito as Bob, with Indira Varma and Eleanor Matsuura in undisclosed roles. Shearmur, who died on January 19, 2018, would still have a producing credit along with Jolie and Brigham Taylor. The movie entered production on the week of May 1, 2018. It was originally planned for a theatrical release on August 21, 2020; however, due to the theater closures impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, it was changed into a Disney+ Original as a video on demand release.


title: Point and click

text: Point and click are the actions of a computer user moving a pointer to a certain location on a screen ("pointing") and then pressing a button on a mouse, usually the left button ("click"), or other pointing device. An example of point and click is in hypermedia, where users click on hyperlinks to navigate from document to document.


title: Point and click

text: Point and click can be used with any number of input devices varying from mouses, touch pads, trackpoint, joysticks, scroll buttons, and roller balls.


title: Point and click

text: User interfaces, for example graphical user interfaces, are sometimes described as "point-and-click interfaces", often to suggest that they are very easy to use, requiring that the user simply point to indicate their wishes. These interfaces are sometimes referred to condescendingly (e.g., by Unix users) as "click-and-drool" or "point-and-drool" interfaces.


title: Point and click

text: The use of this phrase to describe software implies that the interface can be controlled solely through the mouse (or some other means such as a stylus), with little or no input from the keyboard, as with many graphical user interfaces.


title: Point and click

text: In some systems, such as Internet Explorer, moving the pointer over a link (or other GUI control) and waiting for a split-second (that can range from 0.004 to 0.7 s) can cause a tooltip to be displayed.


title: Point and click

text: A single click or "click" is the act of pressing a computer mouse button once without moving the mouse. Single clicking is usually a primary action of the mouse. Single clicking, by default in many operating systems, selects (or highlights) an object while double-clicking executes or opens the object. The single-click has many advantages over double click due to the reduced time needed to complete the action. The single-click or one-click phrase has also been used to apply to the commercial field as a competitive advantage. The slogan "single click" or "one-click" has become very common to show clients the ease of use of their services.


title: Point and click

text: By default on most computer systems, for a person to select a certain software function, they will have to click on the left button. An example of this can be a person clicking on an icon. Similarly, clicking on the right button will present the user with a text menu to select more actions. These actions can range from open, explore, properties, etc. In terms of entertainment software, point-and-click interfaces are common input methods, usually offering a 'menu' or 'icon bar' interface that functions expectedly. In other games, the character explores different areas within the game world. To move to another area, the player will move the cursor to one point of the screen, where the cursor will turn into an arrow. Clicking will then move the player to that area.


title: Point and click

text: In many text processing programs, such as web browsers or word processors, clicking on text moves the cursor to that location. Clicking and holding the left button will allow users to highlight the selected text enabling the user with more options to edit or use the text.


title: Point and click

text: A double click is most commonly used with a computer mouse when the pointer is placed over an icon or object and the button is quickly pressed twice. This action, when performed without moving the location of the mouse, will produce a double click.


title: Hail Satin

text: Hail Satin is an album by the Dee Gees, a side project of American rock band Foo Fighters. It was released on July 17, 2021, for Record Store Day. The album consists of five cover versions of songs originally written and recorded by members of the Gibb family (four from the Bee Gees and one Andy Gibb solo record) and five live versions of songs from the Foo Fighters' 2021 album "Medicine at Midnight" on its B-side. The name "Dee Gees" is a play on both the Bee Gees and Dave Grohl's initials; the album title is a play on satin (a common fabric of the disco era) and the phrase "hail Satan." It is the last album to feature drummer Taylor Hawkins before his death on March 25, 2022.


title: Hail Satin

text: Foo Fighters previously performed Andy Gibb's 1978 song "Shadow Dancing" during Linda Perry's Rock 'n' Relief livestream and the Bee Gees' "You Should Be Dancing" on Jo Whiley's Sofa Session show on BBC Radio 2. Dave Grohl said about the recording of "You Should Be Dancing": "I have never, ever in my life sung like that, but it was the easiest song I have ever sung in my entire life! I sang the song, and it was like six minutes and I was done. I should have been singing like this for the last 25 years!"


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: The Movement for Rights and Freedoms ( "Dvizhenie za prava i svobodi", ДПС, DPS; , HÖH) is a centrist political party in Bulgaria with a support base among ethnic minority communities.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: It is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). While representing the interests of Muslims, especially Turks and to a lesser extent Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarians); the party also receives the largest share of Romani votes. The party has a long-standing association with corruption: its MP and oligarch Delyan Peevski was placed under US sanctions through the Magnitsky Act mechanism in May 2021.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: The party was officially established in 1990, with its founder Ahmed Dogan serving as its leader until 2013. On 19 January 2013, Lyutfi Mestan was elected as the second chairman of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms. Mestan was removed from power by the insistence of the founder Dogan because he had declared support for Turkey for the shot Russian airplane in 2015, then Erdoğan blacklisted Ahmed Dogan, banning him from entering Turkey. Mestan formed his own party, named Democrats for Responsibility, Solidarity and Tolerance.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: Starting in 1990 as the first political party of the Turkish minority participating in the parliamentary elections, in the first elections in 1990 after the end of the communist regime, which the Turks of the country had boycotted, the party won 6.0% of the popular vote and 24 out of 400 seats and became the fourth largest party in the parliament. In the parliamentary elections in 1991 it won 7.6% of the vote and remained with 24 seats in а 240-seater parliament. In the elections in 1994 it won 5.4% of the vote and its seats decreased to 15. In the elections in 1997 it won 7.6% of the vote and 19 out of 240 seats. From 2001 to 2009, the party was part of the government, first in a coalition with the National Movement Simeon II (NDSV) party and then with the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP). The party had ministers in the Sakskoburggotski Government, Stanishev Government and Oresharski Government (2013-2014).


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: It won in the elections in 2001 7.5% of the vote and 21 out of 240 seats. Subsequently, for the first time the party joined a coalition government, which was led by the winner of the elections (NDSV). Under the control of the party were two out of the 17 Bulgarian ministries – the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests and the Minister without portfolio, the other 15 remained under the control of senior coalition partner NDSV. At the 2005 elections it increased to 12.8% of vote and 34 out of 240 seats and was kept in power as a part of the coalition led by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) and National Movement Simeon II (NDSV) party. The ministries under the control of the Movement of Rights and Freedoms increased to three out of 18.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: At the 2009 elections it increased to 14.0% of vote and 38 out of 240 seats. Following the election, the government was totally occupied by the decisive winner, the Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB) party and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms was еxcluded from the government and remained in opposition after having been part of coalition governments for the two consecutive preceding terms between 2001 and 2009. At the 2009 European Parliament elections the party won 14.1% of the vote and three MEPs out of Bulgaria's total representation of 18. Two of the MEPs are ethnic Turks (Filiz Husmenova and Metin Kazak) and one (Vladko Panayotov) is ethnic Bulgarian.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: In the Bulgarian parliamentary election in 2013, the Movement for Rights and Freedoms decreased to 11.3% of the vote; it took 36 seats and remained the third biggest party. The DPS won the elections abroad with 41.3% and the most polling stations and voters in a foreign country were in Turkey.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: On 8 October 1991, ninety-three members of Bulgaria's National Assembly — virtually all of them affiliated with the former Communist Party — asked the constitutional court to declare the DPS unconstitutional citing article 11.4 of the constitution which explicitly bans political parties "formed on ethnic, racial, and religious basis". On 21 April 1992, the court rejected the petition and affirmed the constitutionality of the DPS.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: Even though the DPS has been legally a part of Bulgarian political life since then, some Bulgarian nationalists, particularly the far-right National Union Attack, continue to assert that it is anti-constitutional because it consists mainly of ethnic Turks. However, the statute of the DPS states that it "is an independent public and political organization, founded with the purpose of contributing to the unity of all Bulgarian citizens".


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: Additionally, supporters of DPS argue that banning parties on the basis of their ethnic composition constitutes an instance of ethnic discrimination and is in contravention to European law, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in particular to which Bulgaria is a signatory. Furthermore, despite a similar constitutional ban, religious parties, such as the Bulgarian Christian Coalition have competed for parliamentary elections since 1997, and again in 2005, without any political upheaval.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: More recently, Antonina Zheliazkova, head of the Centre for Interethnic Relations in Sofia, praised Ahmed Dogan by stating that "He has been working hard to open up the party to all citizens and has encouraged the DPS's supporters to be free to vote for non-ethnic parties".


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: At present there are three other tiny Turkish political factions that oppose the DPS's politics. These groups — which united to form the Balkan Democratic League — are the Movement of the Democratic Wing (DDK), led by Osman Oktay; the Party for Democracy and Justice (PDS), led by Nedim Gencev; and the Union of the Bulgarian Turks (SBT), led by Seyhan Türkkan.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: However, these movements, as well as the National Movement for Rights and Freedoms, member of a Social-Democratic coalition ('Rose coalition') failed to secure any elected representative in the parliament. A party founded in 2011 by members who left the party and headed by Korman Ismailov—People's Party Freedom and Dignity, gained 1.5% of the vote in a coalition with National Movement Simeon II (NDSV) and therefore did not cross the 4% threshold to enter the parliament. This party was part of the Reformist Bloc and crossed the threshold and entered the parliament and the government in 2014, but only with one Deputy Minister that was removed. Another political fraction DOST founded by the former leader Mestan, had 17,000 registered members in 2016, which were obtained only for about one year. If so, the members of the Movement of Rights and Freedoms must have dropped in numbers.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: The DPS was severely criticized by the Bulgarian ultra-nationalist party Attack as well as mainstream right-wing political parties such as Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria (DSB) and the Union of Democratic Forces (SDS) and even by DPS coalition partners of the National Movement Simeon II for allegedly manipulating the vote in the June 2005 elections in some places by bringing Bulgarian citizens of Turkish origin living in Turkey to vote in the elections. However, allegations of ethnic Turks coming to vote in Bulgaria at their permanent address and then returning to Turkey to vote with their passports, could not be "verified or confirmed" by international observers, whose assessment on the election was that it was free and fair.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: In February 2005, the DPS opposed the privatisation of Bulgaria's largest tobacco company, Bulgartabac, which was backed by the government and the European Union, on the grounds that the industry traditionally employs ethnic Turks. The resulting crisis led to the resignation of vice premier Lydia Shouleva.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: Delyan Peevski Is "a highly controversial figure in Bulgarian politics, business and media." He has served several terms of office in Bulgaria's Parliament as a DPS MP. He even served as head of the Bulgarian FBI equivalent (the State Agency for National Security) for one day, "but after mass protests broke out in the streets was forced to hand in his resignation."


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: In the European Parliament, Movement for Rights and Freedoms sits in the Renew Europe group with three MEPs.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

text: In the European Committee of the Regions, Movement for Rights and Freedoms sits in the Renew Europe CoR group with two full and two alternate members for the 2020-2025 mandate. Nedzhmi Ali is member of the Renew Europe CoR Bureau.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: William Mills Wrigley Jr. (September 30, 1861 – January 26, 1932) was an American chewing gum industrialist. He was founder of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company in 1891.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: William Mills Wrigley Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 30, 1861, the son of Mary Ann (née Ladley) and William Mills Wrigley Sr. His family were Quakers of English descent.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: In 1891, Wrigley moved from Philadelphia to Chicago to go into business for himself. He had $32 to his name ($931 in 2021 money) and with it he formed a business to sell Wrigley's Scouring Soap. He offered customers small premiums, particularly baking powder, as an incentive to buy his soap. Finding the baking powder was more popular than his soap, Wrigley switched to selling baking powder, and giving his customers two packages of chewing gum for each can of baking powder they purchased. Again, Wrigley found that the premium he offered was more popular than his base product, and his company began to concentrate on the manufacture and sale of chewing gum. In this business, Wrigley made his name and fortune.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: Wrigley played an instrumental role in the development of Santa Catalina Island, California, off the shore of Long Beach, California. He bought a controlling interest in the Santa Catalina Island Company in 1919 and with the company received the island. Wrigley improved the island with public utilities, new steamships, a hotel, the Casino building, and extensive plantings of trees, shrubs, and flowers. He also sought to create an enterprise that would help employ local residents. By making use of clay and minerals found on the island at a beach near Avalon, in 1927 William Wrigley Jr. created the Pebbly Beach quarry and tile plant. Along with creating jobs for Avalon residents, the plant also supplied material for Wrigley's numerous building projects on the island. After building the Avalon Casino in 1929, the Catalina Clay Products Tile and Pottery Plant began producing glazed tiles, dinnerware and other household items such as bookends.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: Another of Wrigley's legacies was his plan for the future of Catalina Island—that it be protected for future generations to enjoy. In 1972, his son, Philip K. Wrigley, established the Catalina Island Conservancy for this purpose and transferred all family ownership to it. Wrigley is honored by the Wrigley Memorial in the Wrigley Botanical Gardens on the island.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: In 1916, Wrigley bought a minority stake in the Chicago Cubs baseball team as part of a group headed by Charles Weeghman, former owner of the Federal League's Chicago Whales. Over the next four years, as Weeghman's lunch-counter business declined, he was forced to sell much of his stock in the ball club to Wrigley. By 1918, Weeghman had sold all of his stock to Wrigley, making Wrigley the largest shareholder and principal owner, and by 1921, Wrigley was majority owner. Wrigley Field, the Cubs' ballpark in Chicago, was renamed for him in 1926, and has continued to bear the name to this day. The now-demolished former home of the Los Angeles Angels of the Pacific Coast League, at that time the Cubs' top farm team, was also called Wrigley Field. Wrigley purchased the Chicago Cubs from Albert Lasker in 1925.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: In 1930, Wrigley gave the Salvation Army use of a six-story factory building he owned in Chicago to use as a lodging house for the unemployed. He donated the building, then called New Start Lodge, to the Salvation Army outright the following year. It was renamed Wrigley Lodge later that year.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: The Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix, Arizona was partially financed and wholly owned by Wrigley, who finished the nearby Wrigley Mansion as a winter cottage in 1931. At , it was the smallest of his five residences.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: William Wrigley Jr. died on January 26, 1932, at his Phoenix mansion, at age 70. He was stricken by acute indigestion, complicated by a heart attack and apoplexy. He was interred in his custom-designed sarcophagus located in the tower of the Wrigley Memorial & Botanical Gardens near his beloved home on California's Catalina Island. In 1947, Wrigley's remains were moved to allow the gardens to be made public. There is a rumor that the remains were moved during World War II due to "wartime security concerns". His original grave memorial marker still adorns the tower site. Wrigley was reinterred in the corridor alcove end of the Sanctuary of Gratitude, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. He left his fortune to daughter Dorothy Wrigley Offield and son Philip K. Wrigley. The son continued to run the company until his death in 1977. His ashes were interred near his father, in the same Sanctuary of Gratitude alcove.


title: William Wrigley Jr.

text: His great-grandson, William Wrigley Jr. II, is the executive chairman and former CEO of the Wrigley Company. Wrigley was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2000.


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: "Don't Tread on Me" is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica from their self-titled fifth album. The title is connected with the American Revolutionary War. The words "Don't Tread on Me" constitute the motto of the Gadsden flag, and the snake image on the flag is pictured on the cover of the album.


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: The instrumental introduction uses an eight-bar phrase from "America", a popular song from the musical "West Side Story". It is in a moderate tempo of 104 bpm in


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: The lyrics reference American Revolutionary Patrick Henry's quote "give me liberty or give me death" with the line "liberty or death, what we so proudly hail". The lyric, "To secure peace, is to prepare for war" refers to the Latin adage "Si vis pacem, para bellum" ("If you want peace, prepare [for] a war"). The lyrics containing rattlesnake imagery are inspired by Benjamin Franklin's essay suggesting the rattlesnake is a good symbol for the American Spirit.


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: Hetfield said the song was a reaction to the anti-establishment tone of their album "...And Justice for All": "This is the other side of that. America is a fucking good place. I definitely think that. And that feeling came about from touring a lot. You find out what you like about certain places and you find out why you live in America, even with all the bad fucked-up shit. It's still the most happening place to hang out."


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: Hetfield also said "Don't Tread on Me, I love the song, but it shocked a lot of people, because everyone thought it was pro-war when they thought we were anti-war, and alls we're doing is writing songs, we're not standing politically on any side. Don't Tread on Me was just one of those 'don't fuck with us' songs, and obviously referencing the flag and the snake and what it meant, that all tied into the black album and the snake icon on the album cover, and I think it's great to play that song live. We're over here in Europe playing it, and people aren't appalled by the songs. We haven't played it in Iraq or Iran yet, though."


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: The main guitar riff has been sampled on the song "Surface Patterns" by Canadian industrial band Front Line Assembly, from their 1994 album "Millennium".


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: The song was never performed live until the European 2012 tour celebrating the 20th anniversary of the Black Album, starting at the tour's first show in Prague. At the end of the concert, Hetfield mentioned that the band liked the live sound of songs ("Don't Tread on Me" and "My Friend of Misery") that they played live for the first time. Previously, Hetfield was said to have disliked the song, as revealed in an April 2001 interview with "Playboy" magazine, in which he stated: "There are some songs on there I don't like. 'Don't Tread on Me', probably not one of my favorite songs musically."


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: The tune was named by journalist John J. Miller of the conservative news magazine "National Review" as one of the "50 Greatest Conservative Rock songs"; placed as No. 9 on the list, Miller praised it as a "tribute to the doctrine of peace through strength".


title: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)

text: In 2019, Dee Gallant of Duncan, British Columbia, Canada, was walking her dog on a logging road near the town when she realized a cougar was approaching them. After shouting did not make it go away, she selected "Don't Tread on Me" as the loudest song on her cellphone, and when she played it, the cougar left. The following week, after news of the event had spread, she received a friendly phone call from lead singer James Hetfield.


title: Mindoro

text: Mindoro is the seventh largest and eighth-most populous island in the Philippines. With a total land area of 10,571 km ( 4,082 sq.mi ) and has a population of 1,408,454 as of 2020 census. It is located off the southwestern coast of Luzon and northeast of Palawan. Mindoro is divided into two provinces: Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro. San Jose is the largest settlement on the island with a total population of 143,430 inhabitants as of 2015. The southern coast of Mindoro forms the northeastern extremum of the Sulu Sea. Mount Halcon is the highest point on the island, standing at above sea level located in Oriental Mindoro. Mount Baco is the island's second highest mountain with an elevation of , located in the province of Occidental Mindoro.


title: Mindoro

text: Mindoro is seventh (7th) largest island in the Philippines. It is divided by two provinces Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro. Mindoro Mountain Range is the largest and longest mountain range in the island with a total length of north-south and 58 km (36 miles) width east-west. Mount Halcon is a 8,484 feet (2,586 meters) is the island highest point located in Oriental Mindoro.


title: Mindoro

text: The name Mindoro was likely a corruption of the native name "Minolo". Domingo Navarette ('Tratados...', 1676) wrote "The island which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards..." (trans. by Blair and Robertson).


title: Mindoro

text: In past times, it has been called Ma-i or "Mait" by Han Chinese traders. Indigenous groups are called Mangyans. The Spaniards called the place as "Mina de Oro" (meaning "gold mine") from where the island got its current name. According to the late historian William Henry Scott, an entry in the official history of the Sung Dynasty for the year 972 mentions Ma-i as a state which traded with China. Other Chinese records referring to Ma-i or Mindoro appear in the years that follow.


title: Mindoro

text: The products that Mindoro traders exchanged with the Chinese included "beeswax, cotton, true pearls, tortoiseshell, medicinal betelnuts and "yu-ta" [jute?] cloth" for Chinese porcelain, trade gold, iron pots, lead, copper, colored glass beads and iron needles.


title: Mindoro

text: The island was invaded and conquered by the Sultanate of Brunei and housed Moro settlements before the Spanish invaded and Christianized the population. Afterward, the area was depopulated due to wars between the Spaniards and the Moros from Mindanao who sought to enslave the Hispanized people and to re-Islamize the island. Consequently, most of the population fled to nearby Batangas and the once rich towns of Mindoro fell to ruin. In the seventeenth century, Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri visited the island.


title: Mindoro

text: In 1898, Mindoro joined in the Philippine Revolution against Spain due to the influx of rebels settling into the island from Cavite and Bataan. Local patriotism died down however during the American occupation of the Philippines and the Japanese era.


title: Mindoro

text: Nevertheless, upon Philippine independence, the area recovered and from 1920 to 1950, the island was a single province with Calapan as the provincial capital. In 1950, it was partitioned into its two present-day provinces, Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro, following a referendum.


title: Mindoro

text: The economy of Mindoro is largely based on agriculture. Products consist of a wide variety of fruits, such as citrus, bananas, lanzones, rambutan and coconuts, grains (rice and corn), sugarcane, peanuts, fish (catfish, milkfish and tilapia), livestock and poultry. Logging and the mining of marble and copper also thrive. Only 5% of the original forest remains as a result of extensive logging, prevalent agricultural practices, and population growth.


title: Mindoro

text: Tourism is a lucrative business as well, with locations such as Apo Reef National Park, Lubang Island, Puerto Galera, Sabang Beach and Mount Halcon. Puerto Galera's beaches are the island's most known tourist attraction and are widely visited.


title: Mindoro

text: An important aspect of the economy in Mindoro is mining, mostly performed by outside companies owned by foreign countries. While the foreign countries make most of the money from these mines, the Philippine government still receives some economic and financial benefit from allowing them to mine on their lands. These companies include Pitkin Petroleum, a US-based company which is looking for nickel, oil, and gas in Mindoro, Crew Development Corporation, a Canada-based corporation mining nickel and other precious metals, and Intex, a Norwegian-based company operating the Mindoro Nickel Project. This project is supposed to last 15 years and should produce over 100 million tons of ore by the end of the project. Unfortunately, while the mines might be profitable for the national government, they have caused problems to the environment and the indigenous tribes living in Mindoro.


title: Mindoro

text: Mining in Mindoro poses a significant risk to the island's environment. Local and international mining interests have disregarded the island’s ecology to gain access to the rich tungsten veins that exist below the surface. Intex, a Norwegian Mining Company attempted to begin prospecting for tungsten deposits, but was halted by a regional environmental protection ordinance. Small scale, legal and illegal, environmentally degrading mining operations still persist throughout the island due to a lack of enforcement by the local police.


title: Mindoro

text: The principal language in Mindoro is Tagalog, although in some parts it has been greatly influenced by the native Mangyan and Visayan languages. Visayan and Mangyan languages, too, are spoken on the island, as are Ilocano, Bicolano, and some foreign languages – e.g., English, Hokkien (a national dialect of Chinese), and to a lesser extent, Spanish.


title: Mindoro

text: The following indigenous languages (all of them being part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages family, like also like Ilocano, Bicolano, and the nationally designated official Filipino dialect of Tagalog) are spoken in Mindoro:


title: Mindoro

text: Only the indigenous Mangyan language spoken in the southern part of the island is not part of the Philippine branch, but it is still a Malayo-Polynesian languages, historically developed separately from a common Proto-Malay substrate but under the influence of very ancient and more extensive contacts with Sino-Tibetan languages and cultures (from which a significant part of the native tribes seem to originate), and to a lesser extent with Indo-Aryan languages. Today, however, their local language is under strong influence of other Philippines languages (and notably with dominant Tagalog) and the more recent influence of English.


title: Mindoro

text: The common religions on the island fall under Christianity. The religion of the indigenous Mangyan population is animism. Though they are into animism as a principal religion, the Roman Catholic Church in some of Mindoro's parts is also active, so are a few independent subdivisions, like Iglesia ni Cristo and Philippine Independent Church, as well as the Baptist Church.


title: Mindoro

text: Mindoro is also home to the tamaraw or Mindoro dwarf buffalo ("Bubalus mindorensis"), which is endemic to the island. The tamaraw is a bovine related to the water buffalo (carabao) and is an endangered species.


title: Warm and Cozy

text: Warm and Cozy () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Kang So-ra and Yoo Yeon-seok. Written by the Hong sisters as a twist on the fable of "The Ant and the Grasshopper", it aired on MBC from May 13 to July 2, 2015 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00 for 16 episodes.


title: Warm and Cozy

text: Lee Jung-joo has struggled and worked hard all her life, but has never caught a break, leaving her perpetually grouchy. In her seven years as an administrative employee at a clothing company in Seoul, she has never missed a day of work. But that doesn't stop her from losing her job, her house and her boyfriend in quick succession, so she unwillingly sets off to start a new life in Jeju Island.


title: Warm and Cozy

text: There, she meets Baek Gun-woo, chef and owner of the restaurant "Warm and Cozy.". Jung-joo met Baek Gun-woo previously during their nineteenth birthday and mistaken that they are twin. Jung-joo first mistakes him for a con artist, because he can't seem to help himself from telling charming lies left and right. Gun-woo is a laidback romantic from a wealthy family who only does what he feels like doing, including opening a restaurant on Jeju simply because that's where he first met his first crush. Jung-joo and Gun-woo clash over their different personalities and priorities, then gradually fall in love with each other.


title: Brigitte Helm

text: Brigitte Helm (born Brigitte Gisela Eva Schittenhelm, 17 March 1906 – 11 June 1996) was a German actress, best remembered for her dual role as Maria and her double named Futura, in Fritz Lang's 1927 silent film, "Metropolis".


title: Brigitte Helm

text: Brigitte Gisela Eva Schittenhelm was born on 17 March 1906 in Berlin, the daughter of Gretchen Gertrud Martha Schittenhelm (née Tews) and Edwin Alexander Johannes Schittenhelm. Helm's first role was that of Maria in "Metropolis", which she began work on while only 18 years old. After "Metropolis", Helm made over 30 other films, including talking pictures, before retiring in 1935. Her other appearances include "The Love of Jeanne Ney" (1927), "Alraune" (1928), "L'Argent" (1928), "Gloria" (1931), "The Blue Danube" (1932), "L'Atlantide" (1932), and "Gold" (1934). Helm was considered for the title role in "Bride of Frankenstein" before Elsa Lanchester was given the role. She signed a ten-year contract with UFA in 1925.


title: Brigitte Helm

text: Helm was involved in several traffic accidents, and was briefly imprisoned. According to the Nazi Party's Press Chief Obergruppenführer Otto Dietrich's book, "The Hitler I Knew", Adolf Hitler saw that manslaughter charges against her from an automobile accident were dropped.


title: Brigitte Helm

text: Helm married her second husband, Dr. Hugo Kunheim, an industrialist, after her film contract expired in 1935. Helm stated that she retired from films because she was "...disgusted with the Nazi takeover of the film industry..." In 1935, she moved to Switzerland, where she had four children with Kunheim. In her later years, she refused to grant any interviews concerning her film career.


title: James Agee

text: James Rufus Agee ( ; November 27, 1909 – May 16, 1955) was an American novelist, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, writing for "Time Magazine", he was one of the most influential film critics in the United States. His autobiographical novel, "A Death in the Family" (1957), won the author a posthumous 1958 Pulitzer Prize. Agee is also known as a co-writer of the book "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" and as the screenwriter of the film classics "The African Queen" and "The Night of the Hunter".


title: James Agee

text: Agee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, to Hugh James Agee and Laura Whitman Tyler, at Highland Avenue and 15th Street, which was renamed James Agee Street, in what is now the Fort Sanders neighborhood. When Agee was six, his father was killed in an automobile accident. From the age of seven, Agee and his younger sister, Emma, were educated in several boarding schools. The most prominent of these was located near his mother's summer cottage two miles from Sewanee, Tennessee. Saint Andrews School for Mountain Boys was run by the monastic Order of the Holy Cross affiliated with the Episcopal Church. It was there that Agee's lifelong friendship with Episcopal priest Father James Harold Flye, a history teacher at St. Andrew's, and his wife Grace Eleanor Houghton began in 1919. As Agee's close friend and mentor, Flye corresponded with him on literary and other topics through life and became a confidant of Agee's soul-wrestling. He published the letters after Agee's death. The New York Times Book Review pronounced "The Letters of James Agee to Father Flye" (1962 ) as "comparable in importance to Fitzgerald's 'The Crackup' and Thomas Wolfe's letters as a self-portrait of the artist in the modern American scene."


title: James Agee

text: Agee's mother married St. Andrew's bursar Father Erskine Wright in 1924, and the two moved to Rockland, Maine. Agee went to Knoxville High School for the 1924–1925 school year, then traveled with Father Flye to Europe in the summer, when Agee was sixteen. On their return, Agee transferred to a boarding school in New Hampshire, entering the class of 1928 at Phillips Exeter Academy. Soon after, he began a correspondence with Dwight Macdonald.


title: James Agee

text: At Phillips Exeter, Agee was president of The Lantern Club and editor of the "Monthly" where his first short stories, plays, poetry and articles were published. Despite barely passing many of his high school courses, Agee was admitted to Harvard College's class of 1932, where he lived in Thayer Hall and Eliot House. At Harvard, Agee took classes taught by Robert Hillyer and I. A. Richards; his classmate in those was the future poet and critic Robert Fitzgerald, with whom he would eventually work at "Time". Agee was editor-in-chief of the "Harvard Advocate" and delivered the class ode at his commencement.


title: James Agee

text: After graduation, Agee was hired by Time Inc. as a reporter, and moved to New York City, where he wrote for "Fortune" magazine from 1932 to 1937, although he is better known for his later film criticism in "Time" and "The Nation". In 1934, he published his only volume of poetry, "Permit Me Voyage", with a foreword by Archibald MacLeish.


title: James Agee

text: In the summer of 1936, during the Great Depression, Agee spent eight weeks on assignment for "Fortune" with photographer Walker Evans, living among sharecroppers in Alabama. While "Fortune" did not publish his article, Agee turned the material into a book titled "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" (1941). It sold only 600 copies before being remaindered. Another manuscript from the same assignment discovered in 2003, titled "Cotton Tenants," is believed to be the essay submitted to "Fortune" editors. The 30,000 word text, accompanied by photographs by Walker Evans, was published as a book in June 2013. John Jeremiah Sullivan writes in the Summer 2013 issue of BookForum that, "This is not merely an early, partial draft of Famous Men, in other words, not just a different book; it's a different Agee, an unknown Agee. Its excellence should enhance his reputation." A significant difference between the works is the use of original names in "Cotton Tenants"; Agee assigned fictional names to the subjects of "Famous Men" in order to protect their identity.


title: James Agee

text: Agee left "Fortune" in 1937 while working on a book, then, in 1939, he took a book reviewing job at "Time", sometimes reviewing up to six books per week; together, he and his friend Whittaker Chambers ran "the back of the book" for "Time". In 1941, he became "Time's" film critic. From 1942–1948, he worked as a film critic for "The Nation". Agee was an ardent champion of Charlie Chaplin's then unpopular film "Monsieur Verdoux" (1947), since recognized as a film classic. He was also a great admirer of Laurence Olivier's "Henry V" and "Hamlet", especially "Henry V". "Agee on Film" (1958) collected his writings of this period. Three writers listed it as one of the best film-related books ever written in a 2010 poll by the British Film Institute.


title: James Agee

text: In 1948, Agee quit his job to become a freelance writer. One of his assignments was a well-received article for "Life Magazine" about the silent movie comedians Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd and Harry Langdon. The article has been credited for reviving Keaton's career. As a freelancer in the 1950s, Agee continued to write magazine articles while working on movie scripts; he developed a friendship with photographer Helen Levitt.


title: James Agee

text: In 1947 and 1948, Agee wrote an untitled screenplay for Charlie Chaplin, in which the Tramp survives a nuclear holocaust; posthumously titled "The Tramp's New World", the text was published in 2005. The commentary Agee wrote for the 1948 documentary "The Quiet One" was his first contribution to a film that was completed and released.


title: James Agee

text: Agee's career as a movie scriptwriter was curtailed by his alcoholism. Nevertheless, he is one of the credited screenwriters on two of the most respected films of the 1950s: "The African Queen" (1951) and "The Night of the Hunter" (1955).


title: James Agee

text: His contribution to "Hunter" is shrouded in controversy. Some critics have claimed that the published script was written by the film's director, Charles Laughton. Reports that Agee's screenplay for "Hunter" was not used have been proved false by the 2004 discovery of his first draft, which although 293 pages in length, contains many scenes included in the film that Laughton directed. However, Laughton seemed to have edited great parts of the script because Agee's original script was too long. While not yet published, the first draft has been read by scholars, most notably Professor Jeffrey Couchman of Columbia University. He credited Agee in the essay, "Credit Where Credit Is Due." Also false were reports that Agee was fired from the film. Laughton renewed Agee's contract and directed him to cut the script in half, which Agee did. Later, apparently at Robert Mitchum's request, Agee visited the set to settle a dispute between the star and Laughton. Letters and documents located in the archive of Agee's agent Paul Kohner bear this out; they were documented by Laughton's biographer Simon Callow, whose BFI book about "The Night of the Hunter" set this part of the record straight. Jeffrey Couchman, the author of a 2009 book about "The Night of the Hunter", writes that Agee's screenplay would have been a film about six hours long, so Laughton had to cut and edit a considerable part of it.


title: James Agee

text: Soon after graduation from Harvard University, he married Olivia Saunders (aka "Via") on January 28, 1933; they divorced in 1938. Later that same year, he married Alma Mailman. They divorced in 1941, and Alma moved to Mexico with their year-old son Joel to live with Communist politician and writer Bodo Uhse. Agee began living in Greenwich Village with Mia Fritsch, whom he married in 1946. They had two daughters, Julia and Andrea, and a son John.


title: James Agee

text: In 1951 in Santa Barbara, Agee, a hard drinker and chain-smoker, suffered a heart attack; on May 16, 1955, Agee was in New York City when he suffered a fatal heart attack in a taxi cab en route to a doctor's appointment. He was buried on a farm he owned at Hillsdale, New York, property still held by Agee descendants.


title: James Agee

text: During his lifetime, Agee enjoyed only modest public recognition. Since his death, his literary reputation has grown. In 1957, his novel "A Death in the Family" (based on the events surrounding his father's death) was published posthumously and in 1958 won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. In 2007, Dr. Michael Lofaro published a restored edition of the novel using Agee's original manuscripts. Agee's work had been heavily edited before its original publication by publisher David McDowell.


title: James Agee

text: Agee's reviews and screenplays have been collected in two volumes of "Agee on Film". There is some dispute over the extent of his participation in the writing of "The Night of the Hunter".


title: James Agee

text: "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" has grown to be considered Agee's masterpiece. Ignored on its original publication in 1941, the book has since been placed among the greatest literary works of the 20th century by the New York School of Journalism and the New York Public Library. It was the inspiration for the Aaron Copland opera "The Tender Land". David Simon, journalist and creator of acclaimed television series "The Wire", credited the book with impacting him early in his career and influencing his practice of journalism.


title: James Agee

text: The composer Samuel Barber set sections of "Descriptions of Elysium" from "Permit Me Voyage" to music, composing a song based on "Sure On This Shining Night." In addition, he set prose from the "Knoxville" section of "A Death in the Family" in his work for soprano and orchestra titled "." "Sure On This Shining Night" has also been set to music by composers René Clausen, Z. Randall Stroope and Morten Lauridsen.


title: James Agee

text: In late 1979 the filmmaker Ross Spears premiered his film "AGEE: A Sovereign Prince of the English Language", which was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and was awarded a Blue Ribbon at the 1980 American Film Festival. "AGEE" featured James Agee's friends, Dwight Macdonald, Robert Fitzgerald, Robert Saudek, and John Huston, as well as the three women to whom James Agee had been married. In addition, Father James Harold Flye was a featured interviewee. President Jimmy Carter speaks about his favorite book, "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men".


title: James Agee

text: "The Man Who Lives Here Is Loony", a one-act play by Knoxville-based songwriter and playwright RB Morris, takes place in a New York apartment during one night in Agee's life. The play has been performed at venues around Knoxville, and at the Cornelia Street Cafe in Greenwich Village.


title: Iranian toman

text: The Iranian toman (, pronounced ; from Mongolian "tümen" "unit of ten thousand", see the unit called tumen) is a superunit of the official currency of Iran, the rial. One toman is equivalent to 10,000 rials. Although the rial is the official currency, Iranians use the toman in everyday life.


title: Iranian toman

text: Originally, the toman consisted of 10,000 dinars. Between 1798 and 1825, the toman was also subdivided into eight rials, each of 1,250 dinars. In 1825, the qiran was introduced, worth 1,000 dinars or one-tenth of a toman.


title: Iranian toman

text: In 1932, the rial replaced the qiran at par, with one toman being equal to 10 rial. On 7 December 2016, the Iranian government approved a call by the Iranian central bank to replace the Iranian rial with the more colloquially and historically known toman denomination. In early 2019, following the hyperinflation of the rial, the central bank made a new proposal, suggesting the currency be redenominated by introducing a new toman with a value of 10 rials.


title: Iranian toman

text: In July 2019, the Iranian government approved a bill to change the national currency from the rial to the toman with one new toman equalling 10,000 rials, a process that would reportedly cost $160 million. The proposal would see the new toman divided into 100 qirans. This proposal was approved by the Iranian parliament in May 2020. The changeover was expected to be phased in for up to two years.


title: Iranian toman

text: Iranian gold coins were denominated in toman, with copper and silver coins denominated in dinar, rial or qiran. During the period of hammered coinage, gold toman coins were struck in denominations of , , 1, 2 and 10 toman, and later , 3 and 6 toman. With the introduction of milled coinage in AH1295, denominations included , , 1, 2, 5, 10, and 25 toman. The last gold toman were issued in 1965, well after the toman had ceased to be an official Iranian currency.


title: Iranian toman

text: In 1890, the Imperial Bank of Persia introduced notes in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 toman. These notes were issued until 1923. In 1924, a second series was introduced, consisting of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 toman notes which were issued until the rial was introduced in 1932. The higher-denomination notes were subject to frequent counterfeiting. Currently, since the value of the toman has fallen so much the standard banknotes are 1,000; 2,000; 5,000; 10,000; 50,000; and 100,000 Rial notes.


title: Iranian toman

text: During World War I, a group of German and Turkish soldiers occupied a small portion of Iran until 1918. They circulated five different denominations of German Imperial Treasury notes (printed around 1905) with a red overprint in Persian that were used locally at the rate of 4 marks to 1 toman. In addition to the 12 qiran 10 shahi (5 mark) and 25 qiran (10 mark) notes pictured, the rest of the issue included: 5 tomans (on a 20 mark-note), 25 tomans (on a 100 mark-note), and 250 tomans (on a 1,000 mark-note). Wilhelm Wassmuss appears to be given credit for the occupation and issue of currency.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: Serious Sam 4 is a 2020 first-person shooter developed by Croatian studio Croteam and published by Devolver Digital. It is part of the "Serious Sam" series and a prequel to "". The game was announced in April 2018, originally as Serious Sam 4: Planet Badass, was released in September 2020 for Microsoft Windows and Stadia, followed by PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S ports in December 2021. A standalone expansion, "", was released in January 2022.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: As in other entries in the series, Serious Sam 4 involves fighting against massive hordes of enemies in large areas. Enemies either attack close range or from a distance.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: The player does not have a weapon limit, and is able to carry an infinite amount, such as shotguns, a minigun, grenade launcher and sniper. Reloading returns from Serious Sam 3: BFE, but the weapons have been adjusted, making this less of a necessity. The knife from the Encounters returns, replacing the sledgehammer.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: Many new additions are present in Serious Sam 4, mainly a skill tree, side quests and gadgets. The skill tree, which is progressed by finding objects called Syrian Artefacts of Might (S.A.Ms), can enable multiple skills such as dual wielding any weapon, riding enemies or using signs as weapons. Only 10 S.A.Ms are present within the game, making it impossible to fill out the tree in a playthrough, and as such the player can unlearn a skill, restoring the point and losing the benefits of the skill. Side quests are optional objectives that reward the player with items and weapons. Gadgets are smaller items which range from support items that can induce temporary buffs to the player to offensive ones such as crystallised black holes that suck up all enemies nearby. Another addition are weapon mods, which unlock alternate fire modes for certain weapons.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: Vehicles play a larger part in the game than other entries, as multiple levels have the player use vehicles to traverse some environments. Players can also pilot multiple mechs that appear throughout the game, which are armed with machine guns and rocket launchers. Unlike other vehicles, mechs cannot be exited once entered.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: An unknown amount of time before the events of "Serious Sam 3: BFE", a massive portal opens in Tunguska, Russia which serves as a bridgehead for Mental's forces to invade Earth. As the whole planet scrambles to repel the alien invasion, a unit from the Earth Defense Force led by "Serious" Sam Stone is sent by General Brand to Rome to meet Father Mikhail, a priest who claims to have found some clues leading to the Holy Grail, which, according to him, is a powerful alien artefact hidden inside the Ark of the Covenant that may aid them against the invasion. However, the team is forced to abandon the city when it is overrun by the army of Lord Achriman, one of Mental's generals. In order to get back to the city, Sam and his companions retreat to Pompeii, where they remotely use the seismic capabilities of the HAARP complex to trigger an eruption on Mount Vesuvius that disrupts Achriman's air forces. Jones, one of Sam's companions, is killed by one of the alien monsters during the mission.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: Upon returning to Rome, Sam meets a gun-toting old lady called Nonna who provides him directions to the Vatican, which Father Mikhail believes contains the next clue to the Grail. There, Sam retrieves a book that reveals that the Grail is located in an abandoned church in Carcassonne, France. In Carcassonne, Sam is confronted by Achriman, who kills Kenny, another one of Sam's friends, in front of him before fleeing. With help from the local resistance, Sam and his friends arrive at the church and defeat Lord Achriman, whom Sam kills personally to avenge Kenny. Outside the church, Father Mikhail begins to express doubt that the Grail is really what is hidden inside the Ark of the Covenant. When Mikhail uncovers the Ark, he finds that it actually contains a golden sceptre with the figure of a snake wrapped around it (likely Aaron's Rod). General Brand then appears and reveals himself as a traitor, intending to offer the artefact to Mental to earn his favour. The artefact transforms Brand into a monster who kills Mikhail and captures Sam along the rest of his team.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: After awakening inside Brand's transport plane, Sam escapes by parachute to an abandoned oil platform in the Arctic where he obtains a boat and departs to Tunguska in pursuit of Brand. On reaching land, Sam is assisted by a version of himself from the future who provides him with a snowmobile before departing. At the site of the superportal in Tunguska, Sam finds that his friends have also escaped from Brand and joins them a large scale battle between the EDF and the alien forces. Brand recaptures Sam and offers both him and the artefact as a gift to Ugh-Zan VI, one of Mental's most powerful warriors, but the alien rejects him. With help from his friends, Sam kills Ugh-Zan VI with the artefact and straps Brand to an ICBM that the team then launches into the portal, destroying it.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: After the battle, Sam and his remaining friends celebrate while remembering their lost companions. Sam indicates that their next mission will be in Egypt, leading to the events of "Serious Sam 3: BFE". In a post-credits scene, the future Sam visits Nonna to tell her that he has a mission for her.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: Development of "Serious Sam 4" began in October 2012. The game was confirmed in June 2013, when the website Humble Bundle launched a "Humble Weekly Sale" containing several past games from the "Serious Sam" series to help fund the game. While playtesting the game's "jammer" feature—a movable device that could disable objects in a certain radius—the development team devised that this component and further prospective mechanics would better fit a different type of game, which was developed as "The Talos Principle" and released in 2014. In September 2015, "The Talos Principle" co-writer Jonas Kyratzes and his wife, Verena, were announced as the screenwriters for "Serious Sam 4".


title: Serious Sam 4

text: "Serious Sam 4" was announced under the name "Serious Sam 4: Planet Badass" in April 2018, during the opening of the Reboot Develop 2018 conference in Croatia, with a teaser trailer. One level was demonstrated behind closed doors at E3 2018 that June. At the time, the game was planned to launch in 2019. In May 2020, "Serious Sam 4" was re-announced without the "Planet Badass" subtitle and with a release window of August 2020 for Microsoft Windows and Stadia. According to developers, the "Planet Badass" title, which had borne out from the game's plot of a few Earthlings fighting against invading forces, was dropped as localizing this part of the title to other languages was impossible to do.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: The game was later delayed to 24 September. Devolver Digital stated that, due to an exclusivity deal with Stadia, versions for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One had been postponed to early 2021. However, according to Croteam's communications manager Daniel Lucic, the game was not set for release on those consoles and never had been. He attributed the error to a misunderstanding. The game was released for Xbox Series X/S (including via Xbox Game Pass) and PlayStation 5 on 7 December 2021.


title: Serious Sam 4

text: "Serious Sam 4" received "mixed or average reviews", according to review aggregator website Metacritic. The site calculated normalised ratings of 68/100 for the Microsoft Windows version, 65/100 for the PlayStation 5 port, and 57/100 on Xbox Series X/S.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: Kanpur Metro is a rail-based mass transit system serving the city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, and extendable to the Kanpur metropolitan area. The feasibility study for the project was done by RITES in June 2015.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: Construction of the orange line begun on 15 November 2019 with the 8.98 km (5.3 mi) stretch from IIT Kanpur to Motijheel.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: The study was prepared to control traffic woes and congestion, which are hampering the growth, development, and prosperity of the city area. Two corridors were approved by the government as per Detailed Project Report (DPR). The tenders were floated for the priority section of corridor-1 between IIT Kanpur to Motijheel. AFCONS Infra has been awarded the tender.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: On 28 February 2019, the Central Government approved the metro project for Kanpur at an estimated cost of ₹ 11,076.48 crores and a five-year time limit.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: Construction work on the project began on 15 November 2019, with the first section opened in December 2021.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: In Phase 1, 21 metro stations will be built on Orange Line from IIT Kanpur to Naubasta and 8 metro stations will be built on Blue Line from Agriculture University to Barra-8.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: The trains operate at a frequency of five minutes between 06:00 am and 11:00 pm currently which will gradually reduce with ridership. The trains will operate with ATO over CBTC, with a design speed of 90 km/h and an operational speed of 80 km/h. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations will have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés, convenience stores and mobile recharge. Eating, drinking, smoking and chewing gum are prohibited in the entire system.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: Elevated viaduct work has begun, more than 400 out of 538 pillars have been constructed and all the 439 double T-girders have been erected for making the base of the 9 stations of priority corridor. The pier caps and U-girders are being erected and construction work is going in full swing. The priority section of corridor-1 became operational in December 2021.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: In July 2020, Bombardier Transportation (acquired by Alstom) won the Agra Metro and Kanpur Metro rolling stock and signalling contract and manufacturing started on 26 Feb 2021. UPMRC's Managing Director Shri Kumar Keshav inaugurated the manufacturing of the Rolling Stocks (Metro Trains) in Bombardier’s Savli Plant in Gujarat, located near Vadodara.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: Kanpur to get total 39 trains of 3 Metro coaches (which would total up to 117 compartments) each for both the corridors of the Kanpur Metro Project including Corridor-I i.e. From IIT to Naubasta and the Corridor-II i.e. From Agriculture University to Barra-8. These trains have been designed with assistance from Bombardier Germany and design experts at Bombardier’s Hyderabad office.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: These trains are equipped with Communication Based Train Control System (CBTC) for Automatic Train Operations. These ultramodern trains are having state of the art design for safe operation, energy efficiency and passenger comforts. These trains will also be equipped with CO2 sensor-based air-conditioning system to save energy during operations.


title: Kanpur Metro

text: Valued at approximately ₹2051 crore (245 Mn EUR), Alstom’s scope on the Agra-Kanpur metro project includes – design, build and delivery of total 201 metro cars (67 MOVIA metro three-car trainsets) and an advanced signalling solution (CITYFLO 650).


title: Max Aarons

text: Maximillian James Aarons (born 4 January 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for club Norwich City. He is primarily a right-back, but can also play as a left-back.


title: Max Aarons

text: Aarons began his career at Luton Town, and moved to join Norwich City's academy in 2016. He signed a three-year professional contract with the Canaries in June 2018, before making his debut in an EFL Cup game against Stevenage on 14 August. His first senior goal also came in the EFL Cup, as he concluded a 3–1 win over Cardiff City two weeks later. Aarons made his first league appearance on 2 September, starting in the East Anglian derby against Ipswich Town, a 1–1 draw. On 10 October, he extended his contract at the club until June 2023.


title: Max Aarons

text: In March 2019 he was selected to the 2018–19 Championship Team of the Season, and was also awarded the 2018–19 EFL Young Player of the Season award. He was promoted with Norwich to the Premier League after a 2–1 victory over Blackburn Rovers.


title: Max Aarons

text: In January 2022, Aarons made his 150th appearance for Norwich City in a Premier League match against West Ham United.


title: Max Aarons

text: After breaking into the Norwich City first team at the start of the 2018–19 season, Aarons earned a call-up to the England under-19 team in September 2018.


title: Max Aarons

text: On 30 August 2019, Aarons was included in the England U21 squad for the first time and made his debut during the 3–2 2021 U21 Euro qualifying win against Turkey on 6 September 2019.


title: Max Aarons

text: Despite his England caps, in March 2021 it was reported that Aarons would be called up to the Jamaica national team, as part of a plot by the Jamaican Football Federation to purposely target a number of English and English-born players for call ups in order to increase the nation's chances of qualifying for the 2022 World Cup. JFF president Michael Ricketts claimed that Aarons was going to apply for a Jamaican passport in order to play for the nation. However, Aarons subsequently revealed he had not been contacted by Jamaica, stating: "I am able to play for Jamaica but I never heard anything from them or whatever. I had people messaging me, a few family members from Jamaica, and I had to say that I hadn't heard anything". Aarons also revealed that he had no interest in playing for anyone other than his home nation, commenting: "my full focus is definitely on England".


title: Missile gap

text: In the United States, during the Cold War, the missile gap was the perceived superiority of the number and power of the USSR's missiles in comparison with those of the U.S. (a lack of military parity). The gap in the ballistic missile arsenals did not exist except in exaggerated estimates, made by the Gaither Committee in 1957 and in United States Air Force (USAF) figures. Even the contradictory CIA figures for the USSR's weaponry, which showed a clear advantage for the US, were far above the actual count. Like the bomber gap of only a few years earlier, it was soon demonstrated that the gap was entirely fictional.


title: Missile gap

text: John F. Kennedy is credited with inventing the term in 1958 as part of the ongoing election campaign in which a primary plank of his rhetoric was that the Eisenhower administration was weak on defense. It was later learned that Kennedy was apprised of the actual situation during the campaign, which has led scholars to question what Kennedy knew and when he knew it. There has been some speculation that he was aware of the illusory nature of the missile gap from the start and that he was using it solely as a political tool, an example of policy by press release.


title: Missile gap

text: The Soviet launch of Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, highlighted the technological achievements of the Soviets and sparked some worrying questions for the politicians and general public of the US. Although US military and civilian agencies were well aware of Soviet satellite plans, as they were publicly announced as part of the International Geophysical Year, US President Dwight Eisenhower's announcements that the event was unsurprising found little support among a US public that was still struggling with McCarthyism.


title: Missile gap

text: Political opponents seized on the event, helped by Eisenhower's ineffectual response, as further proof that the US was "fiddling as Rome burned." Senator John F. Kennedy stated "the nation was losing the satellite-missile race with the Soviet Union because of… complacent miscalculations, penny-pinching, budget cutbacks, incredibly confused mismanagement, and wasteful rivalries and jealousies." The Soviets capitalized on their strengthened position with false claims of Soviet missile capabilities, claiming on December 4, 1958, "Soviet ICBMs are at present in mass production." Five days later, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev boasted the successful testing of an ICBM with an impressive range. Coupled with the US's failed launch of the Titan ICBM (Inter Continental Ballistic Missile) that month, a sense of Soviet superiority in missile technology became prevalent.


title: Missile gap

text: National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) 11-10-57, issued in December 1957, predicted that the Soviets would "probably have a first operational capability with up to 10 prototype ICBMs" at "some time during the period from mid-1958 to mid-1959." The numbers started to inflate.


title: Missile gap

text: A similar report gathered only a few months later, NIE 11-5-58, released in August 1958, concluded that the USSR had "the technical and industrial capability... to have an operational capability with 100 ICBMs" some time in 1960 and perhaps 500 ICBMs "some time in 1961, or at the latest in 1962."


title: Missile gap

text: However, senior U.S. leadership knew these estimates of existing Soviet missile capabilities were completely inaccurate. Beginning with the collection of photo-intelligence by high-altitude U-2 overflights of the Soviet Union in 1956, the Eisenhower administration had increasingly-hard evidence that strategic weapons estimates favoring the Soviets were false. The CIA placed the number of ICBMs to be closer to a dozen. Continued sporadic flights failed to turn up any evidence of additional missiles. But the White House and the CIA wished to protect the secrecy of the source of the information--the photographs captured by the U-2 flying in illegal violation of Soviet airspace--and so they continued to hide the more accurate information that there were nearly zero Soviet ICBMs deployed. They kept the American public in the dark even though they knew from the start that the Soviets were monitoring the U-2 overflights. On the very day of the first U-2 overflight the Soviet ambassador to Washington protested the high-altitude violation of Soviet airspace, a fact denied by Washington and reported on by the press.


title: Missile gap

text: Curtis LeMay argued that the large stocks of missiles were in the areas not photographed by the U-2s, and arguments broke out over the Soviet factory capability, in an effort to estimate their production rate.


title: Missile gap

text: In a widely syndicated article in 1959, Joseph Alsop even went so far as to describe "classified intelligence" as placing the Soviet missile count as high as 1,500 by 1963, while the US would have only 130 at that time.


title: Missile gap

text: It is known today that even the CIA's estimate was too high; the actual number of ICBMs, even including interim-use "prototypes", was 4.


title: Missile gap

text: Although U2 intelligence programs provided unprecedented and reassuring evidence that there was a missile gap in favor of the United States, President Eisenhower’s administration was accused of allowing the Soviet Union to accumulate a missile gap against the United States. The false claims behind a Soviet Missile gap began after CIA Director Allen W. Dulles presented new estimates of the Soviet’s nuclear program to the National Security Council on January 7, 1960. The report presented by Dulles showed the Soviet Union did not have a crash program to build ICBMs and that they only had 50 ICBMs operational. Disagreements between the future capabilities of the Soviet Union to produce ICBMs by members of the National Security Council leaked to the public causing the false notion of a missile gap. As members of the National Security Council, representatives of the U.S. Air Force pessimistically estimated that the Soviet Union could possess more than 800 ICBMs by 1963. One week after the National Security Council meeting, Washington Post reporter, John G. Norris, published an article that selectively reported and misinterpreted highly classified information that claimed the National Security Council acknowledged a missile gap with the Soviets and that they would possess over 1000 ICBMs by 1963. Later that month, The New York Times would publish an article that claimed that there was “clear evidence that the Russians [had] superiority in intercontinental ballistic missiles.” The distortions and inconsistencies caused by the inaccurate articles in the media led the public to mistrust the Eisenhower administration. Senator Symington accused the administration of “deliberately manipulating the intelligence estimate to mislead the public.” Journalists, such as Joe Alsop, charged the Eisenhower administration with “gambling the nation’s future” on questionable intelligence. Alsop’s ideas would appeal to John F. Kennedy who incorporated them in his election campaigns that criticized the Eisenhower administration for allowing a missile gap to exist.


title: Missile gap

text: Hawkish members of Congress, such as Senator Stuart Symington, continued to beat the drums about the alleged missile gap in an effort to pressure the president to increase spending on military hardware. President Eisenhower resented being bullied based on inaccurate information and was beginning to formulate the term "military-industrial complex" to describe the close nexus between U.S. politicians and the defense industry.


title: Missile gap

text: In 1958, Kennedy was gearing up for his Senate re-election campaign and seized the issue. The "Oxford English Dictionary" lists the first use of the term "missile gap" on 14 August 1958, when he stated, "Our Nation could have afforded, and can afford now, the steps necessary to close the missile gap." According to Robert McNamara, Kennedy was leaked the inflated US Air Force estimates by Senator Stuart Symington, the former Secretary of the Air Force. Unaware that the report was misleading, Kennedy used the numbers in the document and based some of his 1960 election campaign platform on the Republicans being "weak on defense." The missile gap was a common theme.


title: Missile gap

text: Eisenhower refused to refute the claims publicly for fear that public disclosure would jeopardize the secret U-2 flights. Consequently, Eisenhower was frustrated by what he conclusively knew to be Kennedy's erroneous claims that the United States was behind the USSR in its number of missiles.


title: Missile gap

text: In an attempt to defuse the situation, Eisenhower arranged for Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson to be apprised of the information, first with a meeting by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, then Strategic Air Command, and finally with the Director of the CIA, Allen Dulles, in July 1960. Still, Kennedy continued to use the same rhetoric, which modern historians have debated as likely being so useful to the campaign that he was willing to ignore the truth.


title: Missile gap

text: In January 1961, McNamara, the new secretary of defense, and Roswell Gilpatric, a new deputy secretary, who strongly believed in the existence of a missile gap, personally examined photographs taken by Corona satellites. Although the Soviet R-7 missile launchers were large and would be easy to spot in Corona photographs, they did not appear in any of them. In February, McNamara stated that there was no evidence of a large-scale Soviet effort to build ICBMs. More satellite overflights continued to find no evidence, and by September 1961, a National Intelligence Estimate concluded that the USSR had no more than 25 ICBMs and would not possess more in the near future.


title: Missile gap

text: The missile gap was greatly in the US's favor. Satellite photographs showed the Soviets had 10 operational ICBMs, the US 57. According to Budiansky, the SS-6 and SS-7 missiles "took hours to fuel and had to have their unstable liquid propellant drained every thirty days to prevent them from blowing up on the launch pad; the new U.S. Minuteman missile, entering final testing, was powered by solid propellant and could be launched in minutes."


title: Missile gap

text: During a transition briefing, Jerome Wiesner, "a member of Eisenhower's permanent Science Advisory Committee... explained that the missile gap was a fiction. The new president greeted the news with a single expletive "delivered more in anger than in relief"


title: Missile gap

text: Kennedy was later embarrassed by the whole issue; the 19 April 1962 issue of "The Listener" noted, "The passages on the 'missile gap' are a little dated, since Mr Kennedy has now told us that it scarcely ever existed."


title: Missile gap

text: During McNamara's first press conference, three weeks into his new role as Secretary of Defense, he was asked about the missile gap. According to Budiansky, McNamara replied, "Oh, I've learned there isn't any, or if there is, it's in our favor." The room promptly emptied as the Pentagon press corps rushed to break the news.


title: Missile gap

text: Warnings and calls to address imbalances between the fighting capabilities of two forces were not new, as a "bomber gap" had exercised political concerns only a few years earlier. What was different about the missile gap was the fear that a distant country could strike without warning from far away with little damage to themselves. Concerns about missile gaps and similar fears, such as nuclear proliferation, continue.


title: Missile gap

text: Promotion of the missile gap had several unintended consequences. The R-7 requires as much as 20 hours to be readied for launch so they could be easily attacked by bombers before they could strike. That demanded them be based in secret locations to prevent a pre-emptive strike on them. As Corona could find the sites no matter where they were located, the Soviets decided not to build large numbers of R-7s and preferred more-advanced missiles that could be launched more quickly.


title: Missile gap

text: Later evidence has emerged that one consequence of Kennedy pushing the false idea that America was behind the Soviets in a missile gap was that Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and senior Soviet military figures began to believe that Kennedy was a dangerous extremist, who worked with the American military to plant the idea of a Soviet first-strike capability to justify a pre-emptive American attack. That belief about Kennedy as a militarist was reinforced in Soviet minds by the Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961, which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis after the Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962.


title: Missile gap

text: A second claim of a missile gap appeared in 1974. Albert Wohlstetter, a professor at the University of Chicago, accused the CIA of systematically underestimating Soviet missile deployment in his 1974 foreign policy article, "Is There a Strategic Arms Race?" Wohlstetter concluded that the US was allowing the USSR to achieve military superiority by not closing a perceived missile gap. Many conservatives then began a concerted attack on the CIA's annual assessment of the Soviet threat.


title: Missile gap

text: That led to an exercise in competitive analysis, with a group called Team B being created with the production of a highly controversial report.


title: Missile gap

text: According to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the USA had a six-to-one advantage in the number of nuclear warheads over the USSR by 1976.


title: Missile gap

text: A 1979 briefing note on the National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) of the missile gap concluded that the NIE's record on estimating the Soviet missile force in the 1970s was mixed. The NIE estimates for initial operational capability (IOC) date for MIRVed ICBMs and SLBMs were generally accurate, as were the NIE predictions on the development of Soviet strategic air defenses. However, the NIE predictions also overestimated the scope of infrastructure upgrades in the Soviet system and underestimated the speed of Soviet improvement in accuracy and proliferation of re-entry vehicles.


title: Missile gap

text: NIE results were regarded as improving but still vague and showed broad fluctuations and had little long-term validity.


title: Missile gap

text: The whole idea of a missile gap was parodied in the 1964 film "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb" in which a doomsday device is built by the Soviets because they had read in "The New York Times" that the US was working along similar lines and wanted to avoid a "Doomsday Gap." As the weapon is set up to go off automatically if the USSR is attacked, which occurs as the movie progresses, the president is informed that all life on the surface will be killed off for a period of years. The only hope for survival is to select important people and place them deep underground in mine shafts until the radiation clears. The generals almost immediately begin to worry about a "mine shaft gap" between the US and Soviets. In reference to the alleged "missile gap" itself, General Turgidson mentions off-hand at one point that the United States actually has a five-to-one rate of missile superiority against the USSR. The Soviet ambassador himself also explains that one of the major reasons that the Soviets began work on the doomsday machine was that they realized that they simply could never match the rate of American military production (let alone outproduce American missile construction). The doomsday machine cost only a small fraction of what the Soviets normally spent on defense in a single year.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Government of the Republic of Kenya (GoK) is the national government of the republic of Kenya which is composed of 47 Counties, each county with its own semi-autonomous governments. The national government is composed of three arms: The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Each arm is independent of the other and their individual roles are set by the Constitution of Kenya.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The full name of the country is the "Republic of Kenya". Its official Swahili name is 'Jamhuri ya Kenya'. Other terms such as GoK, GK and Serikali are popularly used to refer to the Kenyan government.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The government was formed in 1963. However, Kenya didn't become a republic until 1964. Initially, the head of government was the Prime Minister who was Jomo Kenyatta. He later on became the first President of Kenya.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The current structure of government allows power to be held on two levels: The national level and the county level . This allows the Counties of Kenya a form of autonomy. Before the 2013 elections Kenya was under a central government with eight provinces:


title: Government of Kenya

text: The country is a representative democracy legislatively, and a direct democracy in the election of its president, who is leader of the Executive branch of government. The current president of the Republic of Kenya is William Samoei Ruto. Kenya's constitution states that it is a multi-party democratic state founded on the national values and principles of governance referred to in Article 10.


title: Government of Kenya

text: There are three arms of government, which operate independently and work to balance each other, based upon the "Separation of powers" principle. Before the 2013 general election the Judiciary wouldn't be considered as independent as it is today, and before the 1992 elections Kenya wasn't a multiparty state - all power was centered in the Executive with Daniel arap Moi as President.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Executive is charged with enforcing the law. The executive branch consists of the President, the Deputy President and the Cabinet. Cabinet meetings are held with the Attorney General present.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The President is the head of state and government, as in most republics. He is also the Commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The President has the power to appoint every leader within the executive including Cabinet Secretaries and the Attorney General.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The incumbent is William Ruto. Kenya has had 5 presidents. The longest serving president was Daniel arap Moi who served for 24 years.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The National Assembly with at least a third of all the members, may set in motion an act to impeach the President. The National Assembly may do so on the grounds of gross violation of the Constitution or any other law, where there is reasons to believing that the President has committed a crime under national or international law or for gross misconduct.


title: Government of Kenya

text: If the motion to impeach passes in the National Assembly the act to impeach moves to the Senate and if at least two-thirds of all the members of the Senate vote to uphold any impeachment charge, the President shall cease to hold office.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Deputy President is the second-highest executive office in the republic. The position before the 2013 general election was known as the Vice-President of Kenya. There have been 12 deputy presidents since independence.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The incumbent is Rigathi Gachagua who as William Ruto is part of the Kenya Kwanza. The first person to hold the position was Jaramogi Oginga Odinga. The 8th person to hold the office, Michael Kijana Wamalwa was the first and only person to pass away while in office. George Saitoti has held the position twice on separate occasions.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Deputy President's functions are to be the main assistant to the President and shall deputise for the President in the execution of the President's functions. He must be qualified to become president in order to take the office as he is first in line in the order of presidential succession.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Government is run by the Ministries of Kenya. The constitution limits the number of Ministries to a minimum of 14 and maximum of 22. The headings of the ministries are known as Cabinet Secretaries who are all nominated by the President. The President has power to assign and dismiss a Cabinet Secretary.


title: Government of Kenya

text: All civil servants e.g. teachers in public schools or diplomats fall under one of the ministries in the Cabinet.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Judiciary is charged with applying and upholding the law. This is done through a legal system consisting of courts.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Judiciary is led by the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice sits at the Supreme Court whose court decisions are binding to all courts. The current Chief Justice is Chief Justice Martha Koome who is the fifteenth person to hold the office.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The courts are divided into two levels: Superior Courts and Subordinate Courts. Superior Courts are the higher courts and are presided over by Judges. These are the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the High Court which hears almost every type of case., the Environment and Land Court and the Industrial Court.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The subordinate courts consist of the Magistrates courts, the Kadhi courts, the Courts Martial and any other court or local tribunal as may be established by an Act of Parliament, other than the currently established courts.


title: Government of Kenya

text: All Judges, including the Chief Justice and the Deputy Chief Justice, are selected by the Judicial Service Commission but are officially appointed by the President. However, the persons selected to be the Chief Justice and Deputy Chief Justice must first be vetted by Parliament before being appointed by the President. All other Judges do not need Parliamentary vetting and approval. Magistrates who preside over the subordinate courts are selected and appointed by the Judicial Service Commission without the involvement of the President or Parliament.


title: Government of Kenya

text: Elections in Kenya that predate 1992 were not multiparty elections. On independence, Kenya voted for Kenyatta as President. However, over the next few years Kenya slowly transitioned from being a democracy to being a one-party state. Kenyatta's regime greatly oversaw the gradual limitation of the democratic system. Kenyatta died in 1978; his vice President Moi took over and in 1982 the country was officially made a one-party state with every other party being outlawed. This was met by resistance over the next decade or so. In 1992 Kenya's first multiparty elections were held.


title: Government of Kenya

text: Ever since then elections have been held every 5 years. In 2013 the general election paved the way for semi-autonomy of the 47 counties of Kenya. Uhuru Kenyatta, the fourth president won and his coalition the Jubilee Alliance controlled the majority in both houses of Parliament, i.e. the National Assembly and the Senate.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The incumbent president William Ruto won the 2022 general elections and his coalition Kenya Kwanza now controls the majority in both houses of Parliament, i.e. the National Assembly and the Senate.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The state allows universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality. The only people not allowed to vote are people convicted of an election offence during the preceding five years. Elections in Kenya are overseen by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The Counties of Kenya have devolved functions of the former central government. Each county has its own Governor who is directly elected and thereafter becomes the highest elected official in the county. Each county has its own County Assembly with MCAs (Members of the County Assembly ) as representatives.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The powers of the County are provided in Articles 191 and 192, and in the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of Kenya and the County Governments Act of 2012.


title: Government of Kenya

text: Functions and duties not assigned by the Constitution automatically become the National governments responsibility.


title: Government of Kenya

text: As opposed to other devolved governments around the world, only the national government may impose income tax, value-added tax, customs duties and other duties on import and export goods and excise tax.


title: Government of Kenya

text: The counties are individually allowed to impose property rates, entertainment taxes and any other tax that it is authorised to impose by an Act of Parliament.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: The Classic of Poetry, also Shijing or Shih-ching, translated variously as the Book of Songs, Book of Odes, or simply known as the Odes or Poetry (; "Shī"), is the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 works dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BCE. It is one of the "Five Classics" traditionally said to have been compiled by Confucius, and has been studied and memorized by scholars in China and neighboring countries over two millennia. It is also a rich source of "chengyu" (four-character classical idioms) that are still a part of learned discourse and even everyday language in modern Chinese. Since the Qing dynasty, its rhyme patterns have also been analysed in the study of Old Chinese phonology.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: Early references refer to the anthology as the "300 Poems" ("shi"). "The Odes" first became known as a "jīng", or a "classic book", in the canonical sense, as part of the Han Dynasty official adoption of Confucianism as the guiding principles of Chinese society. The same word "shi" later became a generic term for poetry. In English, lacking an exact equivalent for the Chinese, the translation of the word "shi" in this regard is generally as "poem", "song", or "ode". Before its elevation as a canonical classic, the "Classic of Poetry" ("Shi jing") was known as the "Three Hundred Songs" or the "Songs".


title: Classic of Poetry

text: The "Classic of Poetry" contains the oldest chronologically authenticated Chinese poems. The majority of the "Odes" date to the Western Zhou period (1046–771 BCE), and were drawn from around provinces and cities in the Zhongyuan area. A final section of 5 "Eulogies of Shang" purports to be ritual songs of the Shang dynasty as handed down by their descendants in the state of Song, but is generally considered quite late in date. According to the Eastern Han scholar Zheng Xuan, the latest material in the "Shijing" was the song "Tree-Stump Grove" () in the "Odes of Chen", dated to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period ( 600 BCE).


title: Classic of Poetry

text: The content of the "Poetry" can be divided into two main sections: the "Airs of the States", and the "Eulogies" and "Hymns".


title: Classic of Poetry

text: The "Airs of the States" are shorter lyrics in simple language that are generally ancient folk songs which record the voice of the common people. They often speak of love and courtship, longing for an absent lover, soldiers on campaign, farming and housework, and political satire and protest. The first song of the "Airs of the States", "Fishhawk" ( ), is a well-known example of the category. Confucius commented on it, and it was traditionally given special interpretive weight.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: On the other hand, songs in the two "Hymns" sections and the "Eulogies" section tend to be longer ritual or sacrificial songs, usually in the forms of courtly panegyrics and dynastic hymns which praise the founders of the Zhou dynasty. They also include hymns used in sacrificial rites and songs used by the aristocracy in their sacrificial ceremonies or at banquets.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: "Court Hymns" contains "Lesser Court Hymns" and "Major Court Hymns". Most of the poems were used by the aristocrats to pray for good harvests each year, worship gods, and venerate their ancestors. The authors of "Major Court Hymns" are nobles who were dissatisfied with the political reality. Therefore, they wrote poems not only related to the feast, worship, and epic but also to reflect the public feelings.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: Whether the various "Shijing" poems were folk songs or not, they "all seem to have passed through the hands of men of letters at the royal Zhou court". In other words, they show an overall literary polish together with some general stylistic consistency. About 95% of lines in the "Poetry" are written in a four-syllable meter, with a slight caesura between the second and third syllables. Lines tend to occur in syntactically related couplets, with occasional parallelism, and longer poems are generally divided into similarly structured stanzas.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: All but six of the "Eulogies" consist of a single stanza, and the "Court Hymns" exhibit wide variation in the number of stanzas and their lengths. Almost all of the "Airs", however, consist of three stanzas, with four-line stanzas being most common. Although a few rhyming couplets occur, the standard pattern in such four-line stanzas required a rhyme between the second and fourth lines. Often the first or third lines would rhyme with these, or with each other. This style later became known as the ""shi"" style for much of Chinese history.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: One of the characteristics of the poems in the "Classic of Poetry" is that they tend to possess "elements of repetition and variation". This results in an "alteration of similarities and differences in the formal structure: in successive stanzas, some lines and phrases are repeated verbatim, while others vary from stanza to stanza". Characteristically, the parallel or syntactically matched lines within a specific poem share the same, identical words (or characters) to a large degree, as opposed to confining the parallelism between lines to using grammatical category matching of the words in one line with the other word in the same position in the corresponding line; but, not by using the same, identical word(s). Disallowing verbal repetition within a poem would by the time of Tang poetry be one of the rules to distinguish the old style poetry from the new, regulated style.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: The works in the "Classic of Poetry" vary in their lyrical qualities, which relates to the musical accompaniment with which they were in their early days performed. The songs from the "Hymns" and "Eulogies", which are the oldest material in the "Poetry", were performed to slow, heavy accompaniment from bells, drums, and stone chimes. However, these and the later actual musical scores or choreography which accompanied the "Shijing" poems have been lost.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: Nearly all of the songs in the "Poetry" are rhyming, with end rhyme, as well as frequent internal rhyming. While some of these verses still rhyme in modern varieties of Chinese, others had ceased to rhyme by the Middle Chinese period. For example, the eighth song ( "Fú Yǐ") has a tightly constrained structure implying rhymes between the penultimate words (here shown in bold) of each pair of lines:


title: Classic of Poetry

text: The second and third stanzas still rhyme in modern Standard Chinese, with the rhyme words even having the same tone, but the first stanza does not rhyme in Middle Chinese or any modern variety. Such cases were attributed to lax rhyming practice until the late-Ming dynasty scholar Chen Di argued that the original rhymes had been obscured by sound change.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: Since Chen, scholars have analyzed the rhyming patterns of the "Poetry" as crucial evidence for the reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: Traditional scholarship of the "Poetry" identified three major literary devices employed in the songs: straightforward narrative ("fù" ), explicit comparisons ("bǐ" ) and implied comparisons ("xìng" ). The poems of the "Classic of Poetry" tend to have certain typical patterns in both rhyme and rhythm, to make much use of imagery, often derived from nature.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: Although the "Shijing" does not specify the names of authors in association with the contained works, both traditional commentaries and modern scholarship have put forth hypotheses on authorship. The "Golden Coffer" chapter of the "Book of Documents" says that the poem "Owl" () in the "Odes of Bin" was written by the Duke of Zhou. Many of the songs appear to be folk songs and other compositions used in the court ceremonies of the aristocracy. Furthermore, many of the songs, based on internal evidence, appear to be written either by women, or from the perspective of a female persona. The repeated emphasis on female authorship of poetry in the "Shijing" was made much of in the process of attempting to give the poems of the women poets of the Ming-Qing period canonical status. Despite the impersonality of the poetic voice characteristic of the "Songs", many of the poems are written from the perspective of various generic personalities.


title: Classic of Poetry

text: According to tradition, the method of collection of the various "Shijing" poems involved the appointment of officials, whose duties included documenting verses current from the various states which constituted the empire. Out of these many collected pieces, also according to tradition, Confucius made a final editorial round of decisions for elimination or inclusion in the received version of the "Poetry". As with all great literary works of ancient China, the "Poetry" has been annotated and commented on numerous times throughout history, as well as in this case providing a model to inspire future poetic works.