title: Golden Legend

text: In this time it happed that there was at Rome a dragon in a pit, which every day slew with his breath more than three hundred men. Then came the bishops of the idols unto the emperor and said unto him: O thou most holy emperor, sith the time that thou hast received Christian faith the dragon which is in yonder fosse or pit slayeth every day with his breath more than three hundred men. Then sent the emperor for S. Silvester and asked counsel of him of this matter. S. Silvester answered that by the might of God he promised to make him cease of his hurt and blessure of this people. Then S. Silvester put himself to prayer, and S. Peter appeared to him and said: "Go surely to the dragon and the two priests that be with thee take in thy company, and when thou shalt come to him thou shalt say to him in this manner: Our Lord Jesus Christ which was born of the Virgin Mary, crucified, buried and arose, and now sitteth on the right side of the Father, this is he that shall come to deem and judge the living and the dead, I commend thee Sathanas that thou abide him in this place till he come. Then thou shalt bind his mouth with a thread, and seal it with thy seal, wherein is the imprint of the cross. Then thou and the two priests shall come to me whole and safe, and such bread as I shall make ready for you ye shall eat.Thus as S. Peter had said, S. Silvester did. And when he came to the pit, he descended down one hundred and fifty steps, bearing with him two lanterns, and found the dragon, and said the words that S. Peter had said to him, and bound his mouth with the thread, and sealed it, and after returned, and as he came upward again he met with two enchanters which followed him for to see if he descended, which were almost dead of the stench of the dragon, whom he brought with him whole and sound, which anon were baptized, with a great multitude of people with them. Thus was the city of Rome delivered from double death, that was from the culture and worshiping of false idols, and from the venom of the dragon.


title: Golden Legend

text: Jacobus describes the story of Saint Margaret of Antioch surviving being swallowed by a dragon as "apocryphal and not to be taken seriously" (trans. Ryan, 1.369).


title: Golden Legend

text: The book was highly successful in its time, despite many other similar books that compiled legends of the saints. The reason it stood out against competing saint collections probably is that it offered the average reader the perfect balance of information. For example, compared to Jean de Mailly's work "Summary of the Deeds and Miracles of the Saints", which "The Golden Legend" largely borrowed from, Jacobus added chapters about the major feast days and removed some of the saints' chapters, which might have been more useful to the Medieval reader.


title: Golden Legend

text: Many different versions of the text exist, mostly due to copiers and printers adding additional content to it. Each time a new copy was made, it was common for that institution to add a chapter or two about their own local saints. Today more than 1000 original manuscripts have been found, the earliest of which dates back to 1265.


title: Golden Legend

text: "The Golden Legend" had a big influence on scholarship and literature of the Middle Ages. According to research by Manfred Görlach, it influenced the "South English Legendary", which was still being written when Jacobus' text came out. It was also a major source for John Mirk's "Festial", Osbern Bokenam's "Legends of Hooly Wummen", and the "Scottish Legendary".


title: Golden Legend

text: By the end of the Middle Ages, "The Golden Legend" had been translated into almost every major European language. The earliest surviving English translation is from 1438, and is cryptically signed by "a synfulle wrecche". In 1483, the work was re-translated and printed by William Caxton under the name "The Golden Legende", and subsequently reprinted many times due to the demand.


title: Golden Legend

text: The adverse reaction to "Legenda aurea" under critical scrutiny in the 16th century was led by scholars who reexamined the criteria for judging hagiographic sources and found "Legenda aurea" wanting; prominent among the humanists were two disciples of Erasmus, Georg Witzel, in the preface to his "Hagiologium", and Juan Luis Vives in "De disciplinis". Criticism among members of Jacobus' Dominican order were muted by the increased reverence towards the archbishop, which culminated in his beatification in 1815. The rehabilitation of "Legenda aurea" in the 20th century, now interpreted as a mirror of the heartfelt pieties of the 13th century, is attributed to Téodor de Wyzewa, whose retranslation into French, and its preface, have been often reprinted.


title: Golden Legend

text: The critical edition of the Latin text has been edited by Giovanni Paolo Maggioni (Florence: SISMEL 1998). In 1900, the Caxton version was updated into more modern English by Frederick Startridge Ellis, and published in seven volumes. Jacobus de Voragine's original was translated into French around the same time by Téodor de Wyzewa. A modern English translation of the "Golden Legend" has been published by William Granger Ryan, and (2 volumes).


title: Golden Legend

text: A modern translation of the "Golden Legend" is available from Fordham University's Medieval Sourcebook.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentinoids, also known as αδ ligands, are a class of drugs that are derivatives of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (i.e., GABA analogues) which block αδ subunit-containing voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). This site has been referred to as the "gabapentin receptor" (αδ subunit), as it is the target of the drugs gabapentin and pregabalin.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Clinically used gabapentinoids include gabapentin, pregabalin, and mirogabalin, as well as a gabapentin prodrug, gabapentin enacarbil. Additionally, phenibut has been found to act as a gabapentinoid in addition to its action of functioning as a GABA receptor agonist. Further analogues like imagabalin are in clinical trials but have not yet been approved. Other gabapentinoids which are used in scientific research but have not been approved for medical use include atagabalin, 4-methylpregabalin and PD-217,014.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentinoids are approved for the treatment of epilepsy, postherpetic neuralgia, neuropathic pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, generalized anxiety disorder, and restless legs syndrome. Some off-label uses of gabapentinoids include the treatment of insomnia, migraine, social phobia, panic disorder, mania, bipolar disorder, and alcohol withdrawal. Existing evidence on the use of gabapentinoids in chronic lower back pain is limited, and demonstrates significant risk of adverse effects, without any demonstrated benefit. The main side-effects include: a feeling of sleepiness and tiredness, decreased blood pressure, nausea, vomiting and also glaucomatous visual hallucinations.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentinoids are ligands of the auxiliary αδ subunit site of certain , and thereby act as inhibitors of αδ subunit-containing VDCCs. There are two drug-binding αδ subunits, αδ-1 and αδ-2, and the gabapentinoids show similar affinity for (and hence lack of selectivity between) these two sites. The gabapentinoids are selective in their binding to the αδ VDCC subunit. However, phenibut uniquely also binds to and acts as an agonist of the GABA receptor with lower affinity (~5- to 10-fold in one study). Despite the fact that gabapentinoids are GABA analogues, gabapentin and pregabalin do not bind to the GABA receptors, do not convert into or GABA receptor agonists "in vivo", and do not modulate GABA transport or metabolism. There is currently no evidence that the relevant actions of gabapentin and pregabalin are mediated by any mechanism other than inhibition of αδ-containing VDCCs. Although, gabapentinoids such as gabapentin, but not pregabalin, have been found to activate K voltage-gated potassium channels (KCNQ).


title: Gabapentinoid

text: The endogenous α-amino acids -leucine and -isoleucine, which closely resemble the gabapentinoids in chemical structure, are apparent ligands of the αδ VDCC subunit with similar affinity as gabapentin and pregabalin (e.g., IC = 71 nM for -isoleucine), and are present in human cerebrospinal fluid at micromolar concentrations (e.g., 12.9 μM for -leucine, 4.8 μM for -isoleucine). It has been hypothesized that they may be the endogenous ligands of the subunit and that they may competitively antagonize the effects of gabapentinoids. In accordance, while gabapentin and pregabalin have nanomolar affinities for the αδ subunit, their potencies "in vivo" are in the low micromolar range, and competition for binding by endogenous -amino acids has been said to likely be responsible for this discrepancy.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: In one study, the affinity (K) values of gabapentinoids for the αδ subunit expressed in rat brain were found to be 0.05 μM for gabapentin, 23 μM for ("R")-phenibut, 39 μM for ("S")-phenibut, and 156 μM for baclofen. Their affinities (K) for the GABA receptor were >1 mM for gabapentin, 92 μM for ("R")-phenibut, >1 mM for ("S")-phenibut, and 6 μM for baclofen. Based on the low affinity of baclofen for the αδ subunit relative to the GABA (26-fold difference), its affinity for the αδ subunit is unlikely to be of pharmacological importance.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Pregabalin has demonstrated significantly greater potency (about 2.5-fold) than gabapentin in clinical studies.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin and pregabalin are absorbed from the intestines by an active transport process mediated via the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5), a transporter for amino acids such as -leucine and -phenylalanine. Very few (less than 10 drugs) are known to be transported by this transporter. Unlike gabapentin, which is transported solely by the LAT1, pregabalin seems to be transported not only by the LAT1 but also by other carriers. The LAT1 is easily saturable, so the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin are dose-dependent, with diminished bioavailability and delayed peak levels at higher doses. Conversely, this is not the case for pregabalin, which shows linear pharmacokinetics and no saturation of absorption. Similarly, gabapentin enacarbil is transported not by the LAT1 but by the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT), and no saturation of bioavailability has been observed with the drug up to a dose of 2,800 mg. Similarly to gabapentin and pregabalin, baclofen, a close analogue of phenibut (baclofen specifically being 4-chlorophenibut), is transported by the LAT1, although it is a relatively weak substrate for the transporter.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: The oral bioavailability of gabapentin is approximately 80% at 100 mg administered three times daily once every 8 hours, but decreases to 60% at 300 mg, 47% at 400 mg, 34% at 800 mg, 33% at 1,200 mg, and 27% at 1,600 mg, all with the same dosing schedule. Conversely, the oral bioavailability of pregabalin is greater than or equal to 90% across and beyond its entire clinical dose range (75 to 900 mg/day). Food does not significantly influence the oral bioavailability of pregabalin. Conversely, food increases the area-under-curve levels of gabapentin by about 10%. Drugs that increase the transit time of gabapentin in the small intestine can increase its oral bioavailability; when gabapentin was co-administered with oral morphine (which slows intestinal peristalsis), the oral bioavailability of a 600 mg dose of gabapentin increased by 50%. The oral bioavailability of gabapentin enacarbil (as gabapentin) is greater than or equal to 68%, across all doses assessed (up to 2,800 mg), with a mean of approximately 75%. In contrast to the other gabapentinoids, the pharmacokinetics of phenibut have been little-studied, and its oral bioavailability is unknown. However, it would appear to be at least 63% at a single dose of 250 mg, based on the fact that this fraction of phenibut was recovered from the urine unchanged in healthy volunteers administered this dose.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin at a low dose of 100 mg has a T (time to peak levels) of approximately 1.7 hours, while the T increases to 3 to 4 hours at higher doses. The T of pregabalin is generally less than or equal to 1 hour at doses of 300 mg or less. However, food has been found to substantially delay the absorption of pregabalin and to significantly reduce peak levels without affecting the bioavailability of the drug; T values for pregabalin of 0.6 hours in a fasted state and 3.2 hours in a fed state (5-fold difference), and the C is reduced by 25–31% in a fed versus fasted state. In contrast to pregabalin, food does not significantly affect the T of gabapentin and increases the C of gabapentin by approximately 10%. The T of the instant-release (IR) formulation of gabapentin enacarbil (as active gabapentin) is about 2.1 to 2.6 hours across all doses (350–2,800 mg) with single administration and 1.6 to 1.9 hours across all doses (350–2,100 mg) with repeated administration. Conversely, the T of the extended-release (XR) formulation of gabapentin enacarbil is about 5.1 hours at a single dose of 1,200 mg in a fasted state and 8.4 hours at a single dose of 1,200 mg in a fed state. The T of phenibut has not been reported, but the onset of action and peak effects have been described as occurring at 2 to 4 hours and 5 to 6 hours, respectively, after oral ingestion in recreational users taking high doses (1–3 g).


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin, pregabalin, and phenibut all cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the central nervous system. However, due to their low lipophilicity, the gabapentinoids require active transport across the blood–brain barrier. The LAT1 is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier and transports the gabapentinoids that bind to it across into the brain. As with intestinal absorption of gabapentin mediated by LAT1, transport of gabapentin across the blood–brain barrier by LAT1 is saturable. Gabapentin does not bind to other drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) or OCTN2 (SLC22A5).


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin and pregabalin are not significantly bound to plasma proteins (<1%). The phenibut analogue baclofen shows low plasma protein binding of 30%.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin, pregabalin, and phenibut all undergo little or no metabolism. Conversely, gabapentin enacarbil, which acts as a prodrug of gabapentin, must undergo enzymatic hydrolysis to become active. This is done via non-specific esterases in the intestines and to a lesser extent in the liver.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin, pregabalin, and phenibut are all eliminated renally in the urine. They all have relatively short elimination half-lives, with reported values of 5.0 to 7.0 hours, 6.3 hours, and 5.3 hours, respectively. Similarly, the terminal half-life of gabapentin enacarbil IR (as active gabapentin) is short at approximately 4.5 to 6.5 hours. The elimination half-life of gabapentin has been found to be extended with increasing doses; in one series of studies, it was 5.4 hours for 200 mg, 6.7 hours for 400 mg, 7.3 hours for 800 mg, 9.3 hours for 1,200 mg, and 8.3 hours for 1,400 mg, all given in single doses. Because of its short elimination half-life, gabapentin must be administered 3 to 4 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels. Similarly, pregabalin has been given 2 to 3 times per day in clinical studies. Phenibut, also, is taken 3 times per day. Conversely, gabapentin enacarbil is taken twice a day and gabapentin XR (brand name Gralise) is taken once a day.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: The gabapentinoids are 3-substituted derivatives of GABA; hence, they are GABA analogues, as well as γ-amino acids. Specifically, pregabalin is ("S")-(+)-3-isobutyl-GABA, phenibut is 3-phenyl-GABA, and gabapentin is a derivative of GABA with a cyclohexane ring at the 3 position (or, somewhat inappropriately named, 3-cyclohexyl-GABA). The gabapentinoids also closely resemble the α-amino acids -leucine and -isoleucine, and this may be of greater relevance in relation to their pharmacodynamics than their structural similarity to GABA.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin, under the brand name Neurontin, was first approved in May 1993 for the treatment of epilepsy in the United Kingdom, and was marketed in the United States in 1994. Subsequently, gabapentin was approved in the United States for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia in May 2002. A generic version of gabapentin first became available in the United States in 2004. An extended-release formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration, under the brand name Gralise, was approved in the United States for the treatment postherpetic neuralgia in January 2011.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Pregabalin, under the brand name Lyrica, was approved in Europe in 2004 and was introduced in the United States in September 2005 for the treatment of epilepsy, postherpetic neuralgia, and neuropathic pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. It was subsequently approved for the treatment of fibromyalgia in the United States in June 2007. Pregabalin was also approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in Europe in 2005, though it has not been approved for this indication in the United States.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentin enacarbil, under the brand name Horizant, was introduced in the United States for the treatment of restless legs syndrome in April 2011 and was approved for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia in June 2012.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Phenibut, marketed under the brand names Anvifen, Fenibut, and Noofen, was introduced in Russia in the 1960s for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and a variety of other conditions. It was not discovered to act as a gabapentinoid until 2015.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Mirogabalin, under the brand name Tarlige, was approved for the treatment of neuropathic pain and postherpetic neuralgia in Japan in January 2019.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Gabapentinoids produce euphoria at high doses, with effects similar to GABAergic central nervous system depressants such as alcohol, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and benzodiazepines, and are used as recreational drugs (at 3–20 times typical clinical doses). The overall abuse potential is considered to be low and notably lower than that of other drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, psychostimulants, and other illicit drugs. In any case, due to its recreational potential, pregabalin is a schedule V controlled substance in the United States. In April 2019, the United Kingdom scheduled gabapentin and pregabalin as Class C drugs under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and as Schedule 3 under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001. However, it is not a controlled substance in Canada, or Australia, and the other gabapentinoids, including phenibut, are not controlled substances either. As such, they are mostly legal intoxicants.


title: Gabapentinoid

text: Tolerance to gabapentinoids is reported to develop very rapidly with repeated use, although to also dissipate quickly upon discontinuation, and withdrawal symptoms such as insomnia, nausea, headache, and diarrhea have been reported. More severe withdrawal symptoms, such as severe rebound anxiety, have been reported with phenibut. Because of the rapid tolerance with gabapentinoids, users often escalate their doses, while other users may space out their doses and use sparingly to avoid tolerance.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: The cinema of South Korea refers to the film industry of South Korea from 1945 to present. South Korean films have been heavily influenced by such events and forces as the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Korean War, government censorship, the business sector, globalization, and the democratization of South Korea.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: The golden age of South Korean cinema in the mid-20th century produced what are considered two of the best South Korean films of all time, "The Housemaid" (1960) and "Obaltan" (1961), while the industry's revival with the Korean New Wave from the late 1990s to the present produced both of the country's highest-grossing films, "" (2014) and "Extreme Job" (2019), as well as prize winners on the festival circuit including Golden Lion recipient "Pietà" (2012) and Palme d'Or recipient and Academy Award winner "Parasite" (2019) and international cult classics including "Oldboy" (2003), "Snowpiercer" (2013), and "Train to Busan" (2016).


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: With the increasing global success and globalization of the Korean film industry, the past two decades have seen Korean actors like Lee Byung-hun and Bae Doona star in American films, Korean auteurs such as Park Chan-wook and Bong Joon-ho direct English-language works, Korean American actors crossover to star in Korean films as with Steven Yeun and Ma Dong-seok, and Korean films be remade in the United States, China, and other markets. The Busan International Film Festival has also grown to become Asia's largest and most important film festival.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: American film studios have also set up local subsidiaries like Warner Bros. Korea and 20th Century Fox Korea to finance Korean films like "The Age of Shadows" (2016) and "The Wailing" (2016), putting them in direct competition with Korea's Big Four vertically-integrated domestic film production and distribution companies: Lotte Cultureworks (formerly Lotte Entertainment), CJ Entertainment, Next Entertainment World (NEW), and Showbox. Netflix has also entered Korea as a film producer and distributor as part of both its international growth strategy in search of new markets and its drive to find new content for consumers in the U.S. market amid the "streaming wars" with Disney, which has a Korean subsidiary, and other competitors.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: With the surrender of Japan in 1945 and the subsequent liberation of Korea, freedom became the predominant theme in South Korean cinema in the late 1940s and early 1950s. One of the most significant films from this era is director Choi In-gyu's "Viva Freedom!" (1946)"," which is notable for depicting the Korean independence movement. The film was a major commercial success because it tapped into the public's excitement about the country's recent liberation.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: However, during the Korean War, the South Korean film industry stagnated, and only 14 films were produced from 1950 to 1953. All of the films from that era have since been lost. Following the Korean War armistice in 1953, South Korean president Syngman Rhee attempted to rejuvenate the film industry by exempting it from taxation. Additionally foreign aid arrived in the country after the war that provided South Korean filmmakers with equipment and technology to begin producing more films.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Though filmmakers were still subject to government censorship, South Korea experienced a golden age of cinema, mostly consisting of melodramas, starting in the mid-1950s. The number of films made in South Korea increased from only 15 in 1954 to 111 in 1959.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: One of the most popular films of the era, director Lee Kyu-hwan's now lost remake of "Chunhyang-jeon" (1955), drew 10 percent of Seoul's population to movie theaters However, while "Chunhyang-jeon" re-told a traditional Korean story, another popular film of the era, Han Hyung-mo's "Madame Freedom" (1956), told a modern story about female sexuality and Western values.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: South Korean filmmakers enjoyed a brief freedom from censorship in the early 1960s, between the administrations of Syngman Rhee and Park Chung-hee. Kim Ki-young's "The Housemaid" (1960) and Yu Hyun-mok's "Obaltan" (1960)"," now considered among the best South Korean films ever made, were produced during this time. Kang Dae-jin's "The Coachman" (1961) became the first South Korean film to win an award at an international film festival when it took home the Silver Bear Jury Prize at the 1961 Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: When Park Chung-hee became acting president in 1962, government control over the film industry increased substantially. Under the Motion Picture Law of 1962, a series of increasingly restrictive measures was enacted that limited imported films under a quota system. The new regulations also reduced the number of domestic film-production companies from 71 to 16 within a year. Government censorship targeted obscenity, communism, and unpatriotic themes in films.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Nonetheless, the Motion Picture Law's limit on imported films resulted in a boom of domestic films. South Korean filmmakers had to work quickly to meet public demand, and many films were shot in only a few weeks. During the 1960s, the most popular South Korean filmmakers released six to eight films per year. Notably, director Kim Soo-yong released ten films in 1967, including "Mist", which is considered to be his greatest work.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: In 1967, South Korea's first animated feature film, "Hong Kil-dong", was released. A handful of animated films followed including "Golden Iron Man" (1968), South Korea's first science-fiction animated film.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Government control of South Korea's film industry reached its height during the 1970s under President Park Chung-hee's authoritarian "Yusin System." The Korean Motion Picture Promotion Corporation was created in 1973, ostensibly to support and promote the South Korean film industry, but its primary purpose was to control the film industry and promote "politically correct" support for censorship and government ideals. According to the 1981 "International Film Guide", "No country has a stricter code of film censorship than South Korea – with the possible exception of the North Koreans and some other Communist bloc countries."


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Only filmmakers who had previously produced "ideologically sound" films and who were considered to be loyal to the government were allowed to release new films. Members of the film industry who tried to bypass censorship laws were blacklisted and sometimes imprisoned. One such blacklisted filmmaker, the prolific director Shin Sang-ok, was kidnapped by the North Korean government in 1978 after the South Korean government revoked his film-making license in 1975.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: The propaganda-laden movies (or "policy films") produced in the 1970s were unpopular with audiences who had become accustomed to seeing real-life social issues onscreen during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to government interference, South Korean filmmakers began losing their audience to television, and movie-theater attendance dropped by over 60 percent from 1969 to 1979.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Films that were popular among audiences during this era include "Yeong-ja's Heydays" (1975) and "Winter Woman" (1977), both box office hits directed by Kim Ho-sun. "Yeong-ja's Heydays" and "Winter Women" are classified as "hostess films," which are movies about prostitutes and bargirls. Despite their overt sexual content, the government allowed the films to be released, and the genre was extremely popular during the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: In the 1980s, the South Korean government began to relax its censorship and control of the film industry. The Motion Picture Law of 1984 allowed independent filmmakers to begin producing films, and the 1986 revision of the law allowed more films to be imported into South Korea.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Meanwhile, South Korean films began reaching international audiences for the first time in a significant way. Director Im Kwon-taek's "Mandala" (1981) won the Grand Prix at the 1981 Hawaii Film Festival, and he soon became the first Korean director in years to have his films screened at European film festivals. His film "Gilsoddeum" (1986) was shown at the 36th Berlin International Film Festival, and actress Kang Soo-yeon won Best Actress at the 1987 Venice International Film Festival for her role in Im's film, "The Surrogate Woman".


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: In 1988, the South Korean government lifted all restrictions on foreign films, and American film companies began to set up offices in South Korea. In order for domestic films to compete, the government once again enforced a screen quota that required movie theaters to show domestic films for at least 146 days per year. However, despite the quota, the market share of domestic films was only 16 percent by 1993.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: The South Korean film industry was once again changed in 1992 with Kim Ui-seok's hit film "Marriage Story", released by Samsung. It was the first South Korean movie to be released by business conglomerate known as a "chaebol", and it paved the way for other "chaebols" to enter the film industry, using an integrated system of financing, producing, and distributing films.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: As a result of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, many "chaebols" began to scale back their involvement in the film industry. However, they had already laid the groundwork for a renaissance in South Korean film-making by supporting young directors and introducing good business practices into the industry. "New Korean Cinema," including glossy blockbusters and creative genre films, began to emerge in the late 1990s and 2000s.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: South Korean cinema saw domestic box-office success exceeding that of Hollywood films in the late 1990s largely due to screen quota laws that limited the public showing foreign films. First enacted in 1967, South Korea's screen quota placed restrictions on the number of days per year that foreign films could be shown at any given theater—garnering criticism from film distributors outside South Korea as unfair. As a prerequisite for negotiations with the United States for a free-trade agreement, the Korean government cut its annual screen quota for domestic films from 146 days to 73 (allowing more foreign films to enter the market). In February 2006, South Korean movie workers responded to the reduction by staging mass rallies in protest. According to Kim Hyun, "South Korea's movie industry, like that of most countries, is grossly overshadowed by Hollywood. The nation exported US$2 million-worth of movies to the United States last year and imported $35.9 million-worth".


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: One of the first blockbusters was Kang Je-gyu's "Shiri" (1999), a film about a North Korean spy in Seoul. It was the first film in South Korean history to sell more than two million tickets in Seoul alone. "Shiri" was followed by other blockbusters including Park Chan-wook's "Joint Security Area" (2000), Kwak Jae-yong's "My Sassy Girl" (2001), Kwak Kyung-taek's "Friend" (2001), Kang Woo-suk's "Silmido" (2003), and Kang Je-gyu's "Taegukgi" (2004). In fact, both "Silmido" and "Taegukgi" were seen by 10 million people domestically—about one-quarter of South Korea's entire population.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: South Korean films began attracting significant international attention in the 2000s, due in part to filmmaker Park Chan-wook, whose movie "Oldboy" (2003) won the Grand Prix at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival and was praised by American directors including Quentin Tarantino and Spike Lee, the latter of whom directed the remake "Oldboy" (2013).


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Director Bong Joon-ho's "The Host" (2006) and later the English-language film "Snowpiercer" (2013), are among the highest-grossing films of all time in South Korea and were praised by foreign film critics. Yeon Sang-ho's "Train to Busan" (2016), also one of the highest-grossing films of all time in South Korea, became the second highest-grossing film in Hong Kong in 2016.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: In 2019, Bong Joon-ho's "Parasite" became the first film from South Korea to win the prestigious Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. At the 92nd Academy Awards, "Parasite" became the first South Korean film to receive any sort of Academy Awards recognition, receiving six nominations. It won Best Picture, Best Director, Best International Feature Film and Best Original Screenplay, becoming the first film produced entirely by an Asian country to receive a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture since "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon", as well as the first film not in English ever to win the Oscar for Best Picture.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: LGBTQ films and representations of LGBTQ characters in South Korean cinema can be seen since the beginning of South Korean cinema despite public perceptions of South Korea as being largely anti-LGBT. Defining "queer cinema" has been up for debate by critics of cinema because of the difficulties in defining "queer" in film contexts. The term "queer" has its roots in the English language and although its origins held negative connotations, reclamation of the term began in the 1980s in the U.S. and has come to encompass non-heteronormative sexualities even outside of the U.S. Thus, queer cinema in South Korea can be thought of as encompassing depictions of non-heteronormative sexualities. On this note, LGBTQ and queer have been used interchangeably by critics of South Korean cinema. While the characteristics that constitute a film as LGBTQ can be subjective due to defining the term "queer" as well as how explicit or implicit LGBTQ representation is in a film, there are a number of films that have been considered as such in Korean cinema.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: According to Pil Ho Kim, Korean queer cinema can be categorized into three different categories regarding visibility and public reception. There is the Invisible Age (1945-1997), where films with queer themes have received limited attention as well as discrete representations due to societal pressures, the Camouflage Age (1998-2004) characterized by a more liberal political and social sphere that encouraged filmmakers to increase production of LGBTQ films and experiment more with their overt depictions but still remaining hesitant, and finally, the Blockbuster Age (2005–present) where LGBTQ themed films began to enter the mainstream following the push against censorship by independent films prior.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Though queer Korean cinema has mainly been represented through independent films and short films, there exists a push for the inclusion of LGBTQ representation in the cinema as well as a call for attention to these films. Turning points include the dismantling of the much stricter Korean Performing Arts Ethics Committee and the emergence of the Korean Council for Performing Arts Promotions and the "Seoul Queer Film and Video Festival" in 1998 after the original gay and lesbian film festival was shut down by Korean authorities. The Korea Queer Film Festival, part of the Korea Queer Culture Festival, has also pushed for visibility of queer Korean films.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: LGBTQ films by openly LGBTQ identifying directors have historically been released independently, with a majority of them being short films. The films listed reflect such films and reveal how diverse the representations can be.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: The Korean Film Council has published box office data on South Korean films since 2004. As of March 2021, the top ten highest-grossing domestic films in South Korea since 2004 are as follows.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: South Korea's first film awards ceremonies were established in the 1950s, but have since been discontinued. The longest-running and most popular film awards ceremonies are the Grand Bell Awards, which were established in 1962, and the Blue Dragon Film Awards, which were established in 1963. Other awards ceremonies include the Baeksang Arts Awards, the Korean Association of Film Critics Awards, and the Busan Film Critics Awards.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: Founded in 1996, the Busan International Film Festival is South Korea's major film festival and has grown to become one of the largest and most prestigious film events in Asia.


title: Cinema of South Korea

text: The first South Korean film to win an award at an international film festival was Kang Dae-jin's "The Coachman" (1961), which was awarded the Silver Bear Jury Prize at the 1961 Berlin International Film Festival. The tables below list South Korean films that have since won major international film festival prizes.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: Paris-Saclay University () is a public research university based in Paris, France. It is one of the 13 prestigious universities that emerged from the division of the University of Paris, also known as the Sorbonne. Paris-Saclay is ranked 1st in France and 13th in the world in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranking. In subject rankings, it is placed 1st in the world for Mathematics and 9th in the world for Physics, as well as being in the top 15 for Medicine and Agriculture.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: It is part of the Paris-Saclay project, which is a research-intensive academic campus, and is the main center for training and research within the technology cluster of Paris-Saclay. The University integrates several leading "grandes écoles", faculties, colleges and research centers that are part of the world's top research organizations in various fields.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: Paris-Saclay has achieved particular renown in mathematics. As of 2021, 11 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with the university and its associated research institutes, which include the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques – generally regarded as the birthplace of modern algebraic geometry and catastrophe theory.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: In 2019, the Paris-Saclay University succeeded to University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) founded in 1971, which itself succeeded to University of Paris founded c. 1150.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: After World War II, the rapid growth of nuclear physics and chemistry meant that research needed more and more powerful accelerators, which required large areas. The University of Paris, the École Normale Supérieure and the Collège de France looked for space in the south of Paris near Orsay. Later some of the teaching activity of the Faculty of Sciences in Paris was transferred to Orsay in 1956 at the request of Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. The rapid increase of students led to the independence of the Orsay Center on March 1, 1965. It became the University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) in 1971.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: Now it hosts a great number of laboratories on its large (236 ha) campus in Paris-Saclay. Many of the top French laboratories are among them especially in particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, atomic physics and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, electronics, nanoscience and nanotechnology.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: The Paris-Saclay University was established in 2015 as a universities community (ComUE) and in 2019 as a university, with the aim to become a top-ranking, research-focused French university. In order to be recognized as an entity of sufficient size and quality, the university regroups some of the top grandes écoles in France with public universities under a single campus on the Saclay plateau. Each member institution will remain independent but share a significant portion of existing and newly invested resources. This follows a model similar to the one adopted by University of Oxford and Cambridge, where each constituent college keeps its independence while being grouped under a 'university'.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: According to Dominique Vernay, chairman of the foundation developing Paris-Saclay, the university aims at a top-ten position in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), but "the first goal is to be the top university in continental Europe".


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: Furthermore, the university aims to contribute to maximizing the economic and business potential of the Paris-Saclay project through research, via university and research spin-offs, as well as industrial research collaboration with established companies.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: In January 2020, it replaced University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) and in 2025, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) and Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE) will merge with it as well.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: In June 2020, Paris-Saclay University ranked 14th in Shanghai Ranking's top 1000 universities in the world, and first worldwide for Mathematics by "Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)" and 9th worldwide for Physics (1st in Europe).


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: The Paris-Saclay University consists of five faculties in Sciences, Medicine, Pharmacy, Law-Economics-Management, and Sports Sciences; an Engineering school; three technical institutes specialised in scientific and technical subjects in Cachan, Orsay, and Sceaux; and an undergraduate university school.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: The University also brings together four "grandes écoles": CentraleSupélec, AgroParisTech, ENS Paris-Saclay and the Institut d'Optique Graduate School, with two associate institutions: Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (UVSQ) and University of Évry Val d'Essonne (UEVE).


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: It combines resources from the following French universities and "grandes écoles", as well as partial resources from various research organizations and the Systematic Paris-Region cluster:


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: Initially, the community of universities also included five other "grandes écoles:" École Polytechnique, Télécom Paris, Telecom SudParis, ENSTA Paris and ENSAE Paris. However, due to differences in University set-up, these five "grandes écoles" created their own separate university Polytechnic Institute of Paris. This was announced by French President Emmanuel Macron during a speech in Paris-Saclay. Both of these clusters plan to co-operate and they engage in organization of several master's degrees with the Paris-Saclay University.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: The following research organizations have established research centers within the Paris-Saclay University. The resources contributed by these organizations will remain largely independent from other member institutions. Once the University of Paris-Saclay is fully integrated, its research centers are expected to achieve a profile similar to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Caltech:


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: Each member school of the Paris-Saclay University organizes training in a given scientific field. Depending on the needs of their registered program, a student enrolled in a particular graduate school will have access to academic resources from other schools.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: The various fields of study available at Paris-Saclay University are broadly categorized into the following:


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: The Paris-Saclay University gathers together more than 300 research units, organized into 10 doctoral schools:


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: The Paris-Saclay University has been awarded the 13th world rank in the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranking. It replaces University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) in January 2020 which ranked 37 globally in 2019. The same year it also has been awarded the 32nd world rank in the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR).


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: University Paris-Saclay was included in the 2019 edition of U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. University Paris-Saclay was ranked 30 globally, 7th in Europe and 1st in France. It was ranked 1st in Europe for physics (5th internationally) and 1st internationally for mathematics.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: In the future, the Paris-Saclay cluster is hoped to help France secure a place among the world's top ten universities, and bring French education and research into the limelight.


title: Paris-Saclay University

text: Paris-Saclay University formally replaced several pre-existing Parisian universities, grande écoles and research institutes. These continue to exist as departments within the broader structure of Paris-Saclay. The list below therefore includes those pre-2019 laureates whose institutions were later subsumed by the university. We list their institutional affiliation at the time too.


title: 1986–87 European Cup

text: The 1986–87 season was the 32nd season of the European Cup, Europe's premier club football competition. The tournament was won by Porto, who came from behind in the final against Bayern Munich to give a Portuguese club its first title since 1962.


title: 1986–87 European Cup

text: Steaua București, the defending champions, were eliminated by Anderlecht in the second round, having received a bye to reach that stage of the tournament due to the absence of the English champions (Liverpool), as the ban on English clubs in European competitions was now in its second season.


title: 1986–87 European Cup

text: "As per the decision by referee Michel Vautrot, the match was interrupted only a few minutes in with the score still tied at 0–0 due to Real Madrid fans throwing objects, including golf balls, onto the pitch. Play resumed 10 minutes later and completed without interruption. At a disciplinary hearing a few days later, UEFA punished Real Madrid with one match behind closed doors and an additional one-match stadium ban, both enforced during Real Madrid's 1987–88 European Cup participation.<br>Bayern Munich won 4–2 on aggregate."


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: The Pakistan Democratic Movement (), or PDM, is a coalition of political parties in Pakistan. It was founded in September 2020 as a movement against then prime minister Imran Khan, accusing his regime of poor governance, political victimisation of opponents, and mismanaging the economy and foreign policy. The struggle was also joined by several dissident members of Khan's own party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). On 10 April 2022, the coalition succeeded to oust Khan through a no-confidence motion, after which the PDM formed its own government, choosing the opposition leader Shehbaz Sharif as the country's prime minister.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: The president of PDM is Fazal-ur-Rehman and the spokesperson is Hafiz Hamdullah, both from Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUIF). Shahid Khaqan Abbasi of the Pakistan Muslim League (PMLN) is the Secretary-General, Mahmood Khan Achakzai of the Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party (PMAP) is the Vice President, and Aftab Sherpao of the Qaumi Watan Party (QWP) is the Senior Vice President of the alliance. PDM's former Senior Vice President was Raja Pervaiz Ashraf of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), while the former spokesperson was Mian Iftikhar Hussain of the Awami National Party (ANP).


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: The PDM is political movement which was based on the allegations of rigging in the 2018 Pakistani general election, which Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf won. The major agenda of PDM was the narrative that Imran Khan had mismanaged the economy, which resulted in increased inflation in the country, and that the price hike affected the lives of common Pakistanis. PDM leaders claimed that Qamar Javed Bajwa, the Pakistan Army Chief, and Faiz Hameed, head of the intelligence services (ISI), were responsible for "selecting" Imran Khan to office.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: However, Imran Khan's government maintained that the movement was motivated by a series of corruption cases against the leaders of the political parties that had previously governed Pakistan, namely the Pakistan Muslim League (PMLN) and the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). Moreover, according to Imran Khan, the opposition never appealed to the legal bodies to contest the elections, as his party PTI had in the 2013 general elections. He repeatedly claimed that the opposition was demanding amnesty under the National Reconcialiance Ordinance (NRO), despite the opposition's statements that they did not desire NROs.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: On 20 September 2020, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, chairman of the center-left Pakistan Peoples Party, hosted an “all parties conference” at the Islamabad Marriott Hotel to form a grand political alliance and plan strategy for replacing the PTI government. Fazal-ur-Rehman, a harsh critic of military establishment, read out the 26-point resolution adopted by the attendees.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: On 16 October 2020, PDM held its first political gathering in Gujranwala. Protests organised by the PDM in October 2020 drew over 50,000 people. The government has remained critical and dismissive of the rallies. The PDM planned to hold a "long march" in June 2021, despite objections of large gatherings by health experts, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: In December 2020, due to disagreements with Fazl-ur-Rehman's leadership, Muhammad Khan Sherani and other senior members of the JUI broke away and formed their own political party called the Jamiat-Ulema-i-Islam Pakistan, claiming that Fazl had personalized the party and used it for his own needs, dismissing the needs of the party itself.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: In April 2021, the Pakistan Democratic Movement issued show-cause notices to the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and the Awami National Party (ANP). Later on, the ANP withdrew from the PDM, saying that the movement was "hijacked" by some parties. After a show-cause notice was issued to the PPP, it resigned from the Pakistan Democratic Movement and gave up all offices in the movement along with the ANP.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: The major success of PDM came after reportedly 20 plus members of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf appeared on the surface in Sindh house on March 17, 2022. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf claimed that these MNAs are bribed and have violated article. However, PDM refused these claimed and termed decision of dissent members as their own choice. Nevertheless, dissent members allowed PDM to negotiate with government-allied parties Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan and Balochistan Awami Party proving to them that the government has gone weak and PDM already has a reasonable number to win the no-confidence motion. Ahead of the vote motion Balochistan Awami Party and Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan joined the opposition alliance on 29 and 30 March respectively. As a result of opposition alliance won the vote of no confidence with 174 votes without using dissent members and saving article 63(A) against them.


title: Pakistan Democratic Movement

text: A vote of no-confidence against Imran Khan was held on 9 April 2022 where 174 members voted against him and removed him as prime minister. Consequently Shehbaz Sharif was elected as prime minister of Pakistan.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Suzi Perry (born 3 May 1970) is a British television presenter, currently covering MotoGP for BT Sport. She is best known for covering MotoGP for the BBC for 13 years, "The Gadget Show" on Channel 5 for 8 years and the BBC's Formula One coverage from 2013 to 2015.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Perry was born in an RAF hospital in Cosford, Shropshire, the daughter of a music promoter, and her godfather was guitarist Mel Galley.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Brought up in Finchfield, she attended Smestow School in Wolverhampton, and had a school job as a lighting technician at the Wolverhampton Grand Theatre. Perry went on to study business studies and finance at Wolverhampton Polytechnic, now the University of Wolverhampton.


title: Suzi Perry

text: After graduation, Perry spent 12 months in Japan working as a model, then as an advertising model following her return to Britain.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Perry is mainly known as a motor sports correspondent, reporting on motorbike racing for BBC News as well as presenting other sports-related programmes, including Wimbledon, the Boat Race, the London Marathon, Royal Ascot and the Great North Run. She helped to present the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.


title: Suzi Perry

text: From 1997, Perry presented coverage of BBC Sport's MotoGP for 13 years. In February 2010, following a year in which she suffered a number of health issues including viral meningitis and an ectopic pregnancy, it was announced that she was stepping down from presenting MotoGP coverage. She stated that the extensive travelling involved combined with her other TV commitments was having a detrimental effect on her work-life balance.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Following her departure from MotoGP, Perry was part of the BBC presenting team at the 2010 Epsom Derby and Royal Ascot. She was due to be part of the 2011 Grand National coverage but was replaced at the last moment—without any explanation—by Dan Walker, who happened to be at Aintree presenting "Football Focus" on the same day.


title: Suzi Perry

text: On 21 December 2012, the BBC announced that Perry would replace Jake Humphrey as presenter of the BBC's Grand Prix coverage from the 2013 season, covering 10 live races and 10 highlight shows. She also wrote regular blogs for BBC Sport to give a behind-the-scenes look at F1. This was the first time a woman had taken on the full-time main anchor role in Formula One on British TV.


title: Suzi Perry

text: In 2015, it was announced Perry would present a new F1 show for BBC Two with Murray Walker. The show, called "Formula 1 Rewind", involves Walker looking back at some of the BBC's archives.


title: Suzi Perry

text: In March 2016 it was announced that Perry would join BT Sport, presenting the channel's motorsport content, including the MotoGP World Championship, FIM Speedway and the World Rally Championship. The announcement coincided with the news that UK terrestrial TV coverage of Formula 1 was moving from the BBC to Channel 4.


title: Suzi Perry

text: The BT Sport MotoGP team currently includes, Perry hosting the coverage alongside former bike racers and pundits Sylvain Guintoli, Michael Laverty, and Natalie Quirk. Commentary and reporting is provided by Neil Hodgson and Gavin Emmett.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Perry was the original presenter of "Live Elite League Speedway" on Sky Sports. She appeared on the 2002–03 revival of "Treasure Hunt", where she took the "skyrunner" role made famous by Anneka Rice.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Since 2004, Perry had been a co-presenter for Channel 5's "The Gadget Show", a hi-tech weekly programme, alongside Jason Bradbury, Jon Bentley, Ortis Deley and Pollyanna Woodward. She was temporarily replaced by Gail Porter while recovering from an ectopic pregnancy, and returned in August 2009. Perry created the current theme music for the "Gadget Show" in 2011, as part of one of the show's challenges. In February 2012, it was announced that the show's format was going to change and be renamed "", featuring only two of the previous team of presenters: Jason Bradbury and Pollyanna Woodward.


title: Suzi Perry

text: On 15 May 2008, Perry appeared on "Through the Keyhole" on BBC Two, allowing Lisa Snowdon to look around her property before being identified by the panel. In 2010 Perry appeared on ITV's "All Star Mr & Mrs" with husband Bastien.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Her other shows include "Housecall", "Superstars", "City Hospital", "How to take Stunning Pictures" and "Holiday".


title: Suzi Perry

text: On 10 March 2012, Perry danced to "Livin' the Vida Loca" with ex-"Gadget Show" fellow presenter Ortis Deley for the BBC's "Let's Dance for Comic Relief". Perry was a guest panellist on the Channel 5 magazine show "The Wright Stuff", alongside comedian Lee Hurst, for the week of 19–23 March 2012. Her appearance as a guest in the third series of BBC Two's "The Sarah Millican Television Programme" was shown on 2 November 2013. On 14 June 2014, she co-presented the BBC's coverage of Trooping the Colour with Huw Edwards.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Perry presented "Suzi Perry's Formula 1 Anthems" on BBC Radio 2 during her time with BBC's Formula 1 commentary team.


title: Suzi Perry

text: During the coronavirus lockdown of spring 2020, Suzi began a series of live Instagram broadcasts, called 'Suzi’s Breakfast Club', that incorporated interviews with people from the worlds of sport, music and entertainment. These included motorsport stars Carl Fogarty, James Toseland, Colin Edwards, Max Biaggi, Steve Parrish, Mark Blundell, David Coulthard, and Jason Plato. Also Jack Savoretti, Carol Vorderman, and Mark King of Level 42. The majority of broadcasts were also uploaded to YouTube.


title: Suzi Perry

text: In September 2016, Perry was made an honorary Doctor of Engineering by the University of Wolverhampton for services to science, technology, and work encouraging young entrepreneurs.


title: Suzi Perry

text: In 1997 Perry married Steve Bullock; their marriage lasted four years. In September 2008, she was engaged to her Dutch boyfriend, Bastien Boosten, whom she met while filming "The Gadget Show" She suffered a ruptured ectopic pregnancy on 17 February 2009, and was taken to West Middlesex Hospital from her home in Chiswick, where she underwent surgery after losing four pints of blood. They married on 6 August 2009, with an Elvis impersonator conducting the 30-minute ceremony. She was the first celebrity bride to post her wedding pictures on Twitter. From April 2010, Perry lived in London, but shared a house in the south of France with Boosten. Perry gained a stepdaughter through her second marriage.


title: Suzi Perry

text: In 2006, Perry appeared as a celebrity showjumper in the BBC's Sport Relief event "Only Fools on Horses". On 12 July, after being voted off the show, she revealed that she had fallen off her horse 12 times.


title: Suzi Perry

text: Perry is a patron of Promise Dreams, a charity launched in 2001 and based in her home town of Wolverhampton. Promise Dreams raise money for seriously or terminally ill children, to provide treatment, help and support for them and their families.


title: Tomalley

text: Tomalley (from the Carib word ', meaning a sauce of lobster liver), crab fat, or lobster paste is the soft, green substance found in the body cavity of lobsters, that fulfills the functions of both the liver and the pancreas. Tomalley corresponds to the hepatopancreas in other arthropods. It is considered a delicacy, and may be eaten alone but is often added to sauces for flavour and as a thickening agent. The term lobster paste or lobster pâté can also be used to indicate a mixture of tomalley and lobster roe. Lobster bisque, lobster stock, and lobster consommé are made using lobster bodies (heads), often including tomalley.


title: Tomalley

text: The hepatopancreas of a crab is also called tomalley, or crab "fat"; in crabs the tomalley is yellow or yellow-green in color. In Maryland and on the Delmarva Peninsula, the hepatopancreas of the blue crab is called the "muster" or "mustard", probably because of the yellow color, which is not the bright yellow of regular prepared yellow mustard, but closer to one of the brown mustards, such as Dijon mustard. Particularly when eating steamed or boiled crabs, it is considered a delicacy.


title: Tomalley

text: The tomalley in general can be consumed in moderation (as with the livers of other animals). It can, however, contain high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which can give a number of negative health effects in large concentrations. It may also contain toxins that are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (saxitoxin and gonyautoxin). Those toxins do not leach out when the lobster is cooked in boiling water. The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings are heat- and acid-stable, and thus are not diminished by cooking.


title: Tomalley

text: A report from the Maine Department of Marine Resources in July 2008 indicated the presence of high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in some tomalley from lobsters in that state. Around the same time, The Massachusetts Department of Public Health reminded consumers not to eat lobster tomalley, because this part of the lobster can build up high levels of toxins and other pollutants. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration then issued an advisory against consuming tomalley from American lobster found anywhere in the Atlantic Ocean. But in the same advisory the FDA stated that lobster tomalley "normally does not contain dangerous levels of PSP toxins" and that the current high toxin levels were probably "associated with an ongoing red tide episode in northern New England and eastern Canada".


title: WWE European Championship

text: The WWE European Championship was a professional wrestling championship competed for in World Wrestling Entertainment. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, multiple wrestlers held the European and WWF Intercontinental Championships within short spans of each other, and four held both simultaneously, becoming "Eurocontinental champions".


title: WWE European Championship

text: Established in 1997 as the "WWF European Championship", the title incurred a brief hiatus in 1999 due to then-champion Shane McMahon's desire to retire as an "undefeated champion". It was renamed in May 2002 when the WWF became the WWE before finally being unified with the WWE Intercontinental Championship in July that year. Despite its name, only two holders were actually from Europe: the British Bulldog, who was the inaugural and longest-reigning champion, and William Regal. It became a prominent singles title of the Attitude Era, held by then-former world champions Shawn Michaels and Diamond Dallas Page, along with Triple H, Kurt Angle, Chris Jericho, and Eddie Guerrero, among others.


title: WWE European Championship

text: In 1997, the British Bulldog was crowned the first WWF European Champion by winning a tournament that was held over several shows in Germany, culminating in a finals victory over Owen Hart. Upon winning the title, Shawn Michaels became the first Grand Slam Champion in WWE. Michaels is the only wrestler to have held both the WWF World Heavyweight Championship and the European title at the same time.


title: WWE European Championship

text: After winning the European title, both D'Lo Brown and Al Snow were billed from different parts of Europe each week while champion. During Snow's reign, he and "Head" dressed up as various ethnic stereotypes corresponding to the European location they were billed from, though not always in a politically or geographically correct manner. The title was retired briefly in April 1999 by then-champion Shane McMahon, who wanted to retire as an "undefeated champion". McMahon reintroduced the championship two months later and gave it to Mideon, who saw the title belt in Shane's travel bag and asked if he could have it.


title: WWE European Championship

text: The term "Eurocontinenental Champion" is a portmanteau of European and Intercontinental, used to describe wrestlers who held both titles simultaneously. Three wrestlers accomplished this feat. The first was D'Lo Brown, who defeated Mideon for the European title at Fully Loaded in 1999 and two nights later at a "Monday Night Raw" taping, defeated Jeff Jarrett to win the Intercontinental Championship. A month later at SummerSlam Jarrett defeated Brown to win both titles but awarded the European Championship to Mark Henry the following day.


title: WWE European Championship

text: On the February 10, 2000 edition of "SmackDown!" Kurt Angle defeated Val Venis for the European Championship. Seventeen days later, at No Way Out, Angle defeated Chris Jericho for the Intercontinental Championship and became the third Eurocontinental Champion. Angle held the titles until WrestleMania 2000, when he faced Jericho and Chris Benoit in a three-way dance for both titles. In a rarity, Angle lost both of his championships without being pinned or forced to submit; Benoit defeated Jericho in the first fall for the Intercontinental Championship and Jericho defeated Benoit in the second fall to take the European Championship.


title: WWE European Championship

text: In May 2002, the WWF was renamed to WWE and the title was renamed accordingly, though the physical belt was not updated to reflect the name change. The title was then unified with the WWE Intercontinental Championship in a ladder match on the July 22, 2002 episode of "Raw", when Intercontinental Champion Rob Van Dam defeated European Champion Jeff Hardy.


title: WWE European Championship

text: The British Bulldog was the inaugural champion, and had the longest title reign at 206 days. William Regal and D'Lo Brown both had the most title reigns, each holding it four times. Jeff Hardy was the youngest champion at 24, while Diamond Dallas Page was the oldest champion at 46. Jeff Hardy was the final champion. The title was retired on the July 22, 2002 episode of Monday Night Raw when WWE Intercontinental Champion Rob Van Dam defeated European Champion Jeff Hardy in a ladder match to unify the European title into the Intercontinental title.


title: WWE European Championship

text: The title appears in the video games "WWF No Mercy", "", "WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It", "WWE WrestleMania X8", "WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth", "WWE '12", "WWE '13", "WWE 2K14", "WWE 2K15", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18," "WWE 2K19", "WWE 2K20 and WWE 2K22."


title: Clarinet family

text: The clarinet family is a musical instrument family of various sizes and types of clarinets, including the well-known B clarinet, the bass clarinet, and the slightly less familiar E and A clarinets among others.


title: Clarinet family

text: Clarinets other than the standard B and A clarinets are sometimes known as harmony clarinets. There are many differently-pitched clarinet types, some of which are very rare. They may be grouped into sub-families, but grouping and terminology vary; the list below reflects popular usage and compares it with systems advocated by a few influential authors.


title: Clarinet family

text: Except for the A clarinet and the uncommon A sopranino instrument, the clarinets in standard repertoire are pitched in B or the related E. The following is a list of the most commonly used clarinets.


title: Acetal

text: In organic chemistry, an acetal is a functional group with the connectivity . Here, the R groups can be organic fragments (a carbon atom, with arbitrary other atoms attached to that) or hydrogen, while the R' groups must be organic fragments not hydrogen. The two R' groups can be equivalent to each other (a "symmetric acetal") or not (a "mixed acetal"). Acetals are formed from and convertible to aldehydes or ketones and have the same oxidation state at the central carbon, but have substantially different chemical stability and reactivity as compared to the analogous carbonyl compounds. The central carbon atom has four bonds to it, and is therefore saturated and has tetrahedral geometry.


title: Acetal

text: The term ketal is sometimes used to identify structures associated with ketones (both R groups organic fragments rather than hydrogen) rather than aldehydes and, historically, the term acetal was used specifically for the aldehyde-related cases (having at least one hydrogen in place of an R on the central carbon). The IUPAC originally deprecated the usage of the word ketal altogether, but has since reversed its decision. However, in contrast to historical usage, ketals are now a subset of acetals, a term that now encompasses both aldehyde- and ketone-derived structures.


title: Acetal

text: If one of the R groups has an oxygen as the first atom (that is, there are more than two oxygens single-bonded to the central carbon), the functional group is instead an orthoester. In contrast to variations of R, both R' groups are organic fragments. If one R' is a hydrogen, the functional group is instead a hemiacetal, while if both are H, the functional group is a ketone hydrate or aldehyde hydrate.


title: Acetal

text: Formation of an acetal occurs when the hydroxyl group of a hemiacetal becomes protonated and is lost as water. The carbocation that is produced is then rapidly attacked by a molecule of alcohol. Loss of the proton from the attached alcohol gives the acetal.


title: Acetal

text: Acetals are stable compared to hemiacetals but their formation is a reversible equilibrium as with esters. As a reaction to create an acetal proceeds, water must be removed from the reaction mixture, for example, with a Dean–Stark apparatus, lest it hydrolyse the product back to the hemiacetal. The formation of acetals reduces the total number of molecules present (carbonyl + 2 alcohol → acetal + water) and therefore is generally not favourable with regards to entropy. One situation where it is not entropically unfavourable is when a single diol molecule is used rather than two separate alcohol molecules (carbonyl + diol → acetal + water). Another way to avoid the entropic cost is to perform the synthesis by acetal exchange, using a pre-existing acetal-type reagent as the OR'-group donor rather than simple addition of alcohols themselves. One type of reagent used for this method is an orthoester. In this case, water produced along with the acetal product is destroyed when it hydrolyses residual orthoester molecules, and this side reaction also produces more alcohol to be used in the main reaction.


title: Acetal

text: Acetals are used as protecting groups for carbonyl groups in organic synthesis because they are stable with respect to hydrolysis by bases and with respect to many oxidizing and reducing agents. They can either protect the carbonyl in a molecule (by temporarily reacting it with an alcohol) or a diol (by temporarily reacting it with a carbonyl). That is, either the carbonyl, or the alcohols, or both could be part of the molecule whose reactivity is to be controlled.


title: Acetal

text: Various specific carbonyl compounds have special names for their acetal forms. For example, an acetal formed from formaldehyde (two hydrogens attached to the central carbon) is sometimes called a "formal" or the methylenedioxy group. The acetal formed from acetone is sometimes called an acetonide.


title: Acetal

text: Used in a more general sense, the term X,Y-"acetal" also refers to any functional group that consists of a carbon bearing two heteroatoms X and Y. For example, "N","O"-acetal refers to compounds of type RRC(OR)(NR') (R,R' ≠ H) also known as a "hemiaminal ether") and "S","S"-acetal refers to compounds of type RRC(SR)(SR') (R,R' ≠ H, also known as a "thioacetal").


title: Acetal

text: Acetalisation is the organic reaction that involves the formation of an acetal (or ketals). One way of acetal formation is the nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to a ketone or an aldehyde. Acetalisation is often used in organic synthesis to create a protecting group because it is a reversible reaction.


title: Acetal

text: Acetalisation is acid catalysed with elimination of water; acetals do "not" form under basic conditions. The reaction can be driven to the acetal when water is removed from the reaction system either by azeotropic distillation or trapping water with molecular sieves or aluminium oxide.


title: Acetal

text: The carbonyl group in 1 takes a proton from hydronium. The protonated carbonyl group 2 is activated for nucleophilic addition of the alcohol. The structures 2a and 2b are mesomers. After deprotonation of 3 by water the hemiacetal or hemiketal 4 is formed. The hydroxyl group in 4 is protonated leading to the oxonium ion 6 which accepts a second alcohol group to 7 with a final deprotonation to the acetal 8. The reverse reaction takes place by adding water in the same acidic medium. Acetals are stable towards basic media. In a transacetalisation or crossacetalisation a diol reacts with an acetal or two different acetals react with each other. Again this is possible because all the reaction steps are equilibria.


title: Acetal

text: Although many compounds contain an acetal functional group, at least two acetal compounds are called "acetal" for short:


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: NXT TakeOver XXX (originally NXT TakeOver: Boston) was the 30th NXT TakeOver professional wrestling livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's NXT brand division. The event took place on August 22, 2020, at Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida as part of that year's SummerSlam weekend. It was also the final NXT TakeOver event to air exclusively on the WWE Network, as beginning with TakeOver 31 in October, the events also became available on traditional pay-per-view.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: The event was originally scheduled to take place at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the city's Mayor Marty Walsh announced the suspension of all large-scale gatherings and that no permit would be issued for an event that could draw a large crowd before September 7. As such, the event was moved to NXT's home base of Full Sail University. It was the final NXT TakeOver event to be held at Full Sail, as beginning with TakeOver 31 in October, NXT's events were moved to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida and broadcast from a new setup dubbed the Capitol Wrestling Center.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: Six matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In the main event, Karrion Kross defeated Keith Lee to win the NXT Championship. In the penultimate match, Io Shirai defeated Dakota Kai to retain the NXT Women's Championship. Other prominent matches included Damian Priest winning the vacant NXT North American Championship in a ladder match and Adam Cole defeating Pat McAfee which was McAfee's WWE in-ring debut.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: TakeOver was a series of professional wrestling shows that began in May 2014, as WWE's NXT brand held their second WWE Network-exclusive event, billed as TakeOver. In subsequent months, the "TakeOver" moniker became the brand used by WWE for all of their NXT live specials. Titled for being the 30th NXT TakeOver event, TakeOver XXX was held on August 22, 2020, as a support show for that year's SummerSlam pay-per-view.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic that began affecting the industry in mid-March, WWE had to present the majority of its programming from a behind closed doors set. NXT's programming was held at NXT's home base of Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida. This TakeOver event, as well as the following night's SummerSlam, were originally scheduled to take place at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. However, on May 8, 2020, Boston mayor Marty Walsh suspended all large-scale gatherings until September 7, effectively canceling WWE's planned events in the city. As a result, this TakeOver, which was originally titled "TakeOver: Boston", was also moved to Full Sail University and subsequently renamed to "TakeOver XXX" due to it being the 30th NXT TakeOver event.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: The card comprised six matches, including one on the Pre-Show, that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains or less distinguishable characters to build tension and culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches, with results predetermined by WWE's writers on the "NXT" brand, while storylines were produced on their weekly television program, "NXT."


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: On the July 22 episode of "NXT", then double champion Keith Lee reflected on his career and all of the opportunities he had gotten and stated that he now wanted to pay it forward, so he voluntarily relinquished the NXT North American Championship to allow other wrestlers a chance at the title, while he would focus solely on defending the NXT Championship. As a result, NXT General Manager William Regal announced that there would be a series of triple threat matches set up as qualifiers for a five-man ladder match to be held at TakeOver XXX to crown a new North American Champion. That same night, Bronson Reed defeated Johnny Gargano and Roderick Strong to become the first to qualify for the match. The following week, Dexter Lumis joined Reed as the second person to qualify by defeating Finn Bálor and Timothy Thatcher, but was later ruled out due to an ankle injury. On the August 5 episode, Damian Priest joined Reed as the third person to qualify by defeating Oney Lorcan and NXT UK's Ridge Holland. Due to Lumis' injury, Regal announced two singles matches that would take place to fill Lumis' spot and determine the final two competitors. The wrestlers in those matches will be the ones who were neither pinned nor submitted in the triple threats. On the August 12 episode of "NXT", Cameron Grimes joined Reed and Priest as the fourth person to qualify by defeating Kushida and the returning Velveteen Dream, the latter of whom turned heel after the match. The final two to qualify were Gargano and Dream by defeating Holland and Bálor, respectively.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: At TakeOver: In Your House, Shirai defeated Rhea Ripley and then-champion Charlotte Flair in a triple threat match to win the NXT Women's Championship. On the July 15 episode of "NXT," after Shirai successfully defended against Tegan Nox, Kai attacked Shirai. On the August 5 episode of "NXT," thanks to interference from The Robert Stone Brand's Mercedes Martinez, Kai defeated Ripley to earn an opportunity against Shirai at TakeOver XXX, after which Martinez attacked Ripley.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: On July 23 during McAfee's radio program on CBS Sports Radio, Cole got into an altercation with McAfee, due to McAfee accusing Cole of hiding behind The Undisputed Era during his record 403-day NXT Championship reign and mocking Cole for his smaller stature, resulting in Cole cussing out McAfee and shoving a producer. On July 27, "NXT" head Triple H offered McAfee the opportunity to work things out with Cole on the August 5 episode of "NXT". During the NXT Tag Team Championship match, which saw Imperium's Fabian Aichner and Marcel Barthel defend against Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly, McAfee mocked Cole while serving as guest commentator and got into another altercation, which ended with McAfee punting Cole in the head while Cole was being restrained, before being thrown out of Full Sail University. The following day, Triple H issued a challenge to McAfee on Cole's behalf for a match at TakeOver XXX on ESPN's "Get Up!," which McAfee later accepted in a video.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: On the TakeOver XXX Pre-Show, Breezango (Fandango and Tyler Breeze) defeated Oney Lorcan & Danny Burch and Legado del Fantasma (Joaquin Wilde and Raul Mendoza) in a Triple threat tag team match to determine the #1 contenders for the NXT Tag Team Championship.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: In the first match of the main show, Finn Bálor faced Timothy Thatcher. The match in itself was a highly technical matchup and Thatcher and Balor used a lot of submissions. Bálor won following a Coup de Grace and a 1916.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: Next, the vacant North American Championship was decided in a five-way ladder match featuring Bronson Reed, Damian Priest, Cameron Grimes, Johnny Gargano, and the Velveteen Dream. Midway through the match, Reed performed a suicide dive onto Grimes, Gargano, and Priest, prompting Gargano's wife, Candice LeRae, to come out and check on her husband. Grimes was taken out of the match when Gargano used a powerbomb on him from a ladder onto another ladder. Dream was thrown out into the audience on the concrete floor. LeRae would become more heavily involved in the match by preventing Grimes from grabbing the title. She also tried to stop Reed from grabbing the title as well, but suffered greatly once Reed jumped from the ladder with LeRae on his back, splashing Gargano. In the end, it was Damian Priest who walked away as the new champion.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: Following this was the grudge match between Adam Cole and Pat McAfee. Things started off intense after McAfee dove to the outside, taking out Cole and the rest of The Undisputed Era, his own posse of NFL teammates, and several WWE officials and security. McAfee's advantage would dissipate over time after Cole locked him in a Figure 4 Leglock. McAfee would escape and hit his signature punt on Cole for a near fall. McAfee would counter a superplex attempt by Cole by flipping out and landing on his feet. McAfee also did a suicide dive from the top turnbuckle onto the Undisputed Era and other officials on the outside. However, in the end, it would be Cole who would pick up the victory following a Panama Sunrise.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: In the penultimate match, Io Shirai defended the NXT Women's Championship against Dakota Kai. Kai started the match off strong with several kicks and lariats. Once Shirai started mounting offense, Kai escaped to the outside where her enforcer, Raquel Gonzalez, stopped Shirai in her tracks, long enough for Kai to attack her from behind. Kai continued her advantage by targeting the arm of Shirai and hitting her with the Kairopractor for a near fall. Kai would then accidentally kick the ref, knocking him unconscious. Shirai capitalized with her patented Over-the-Moonsault, but was attacked by Gonzalez, who laid Shirai out with a Pumphandle Uranage. Kai capitalized and covered Shirai as the ref came to and started the count, only for Shirai to kick out at a 2 count. Moments later, Shirai would do a Moonsault on both Gonzalez and Kai outside the ring. Shirai would win the match by hitting Kai with yet another Over-the-Moonsault to retain the title. Afterwards, Shirai was attacked by Gonzalez, but was rescued by Rhea Ripley.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: In the main event, Keith Lee defended the NXT Championship against Karrion Kross, who was accompanied by Scarlett. Soon after the bell rang, the fight was quickly taken to the outside, with Kross kicking Lee's arm in between the guard rail and plexiglass divider. Kross continued to wear Lee down with various submission holds, and even hit a Doomsday Saito for a near fall. Lee would eventually mount a comeback against Kross, countering an arm bar by lifting it into a powerbomb, and would nail Kross with the Spirit Bomb for a near fall. Kross would mount a comeback by trapping Lee in the Kross Jacket and nearly made the champion pass out, but Lee would stay conscious and fight out of the hold. Lee attempted to go for a top rope maneuver, but would be met by Kross, who performed a top rope Doomsday Saito to pin Lee and win the NXT Championship for the first time in his career.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: After the event ended, it was reported by WWE that Karrion Kross had suffered a separated shoulder during his main event match with Keith Lee. At SummerSlam, it was announced that Lee would be moving to Raw brand. On the following "NXT", Kross announced that due to suffering that shoulder injury, he would not be medically cleared to defend the NXT Championship and thus relinquished the belt. As a result, Regal announced later that night that four former champions—Johnny Gargano, Finn Bálor, Adam Cole, and the returning Tommaso Ciampa—would compete on the September 1, 2020 "Super Tuesday" edition of "NXT" in a four-way 60-minute Iron Man match for the vacant NXT Championship. Also on that episode, Breezango defeated Imperium to become the new NXT Tag Team Champions, their first titles in WWE, while Kai and González capitalized on Martinez's interference and defeated Ripley and Shirai in the main event.


title: NXT TakeOver XXX

text: TakeOver XXX would be the final NXT TakeOver to air exclusively on the WWE Network, as beginning with TakeOver 31 on October 4, 2020, TakeOvers also became available on traditional pay-per-view. Additionally, TakeOver XXX was the final TakeOver to broadcast from Full Sail University, as also beginning with TakeOver 31, the events were moved to the WWE Performance Center in a setup dubbed the Capitol Wrestling Center, which was similar to WWE's bio-secure bubble, the WWE ThunderDome, that was utilized for Raw and SmackDown's events.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: The Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo (formerly known as Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo, or LHT) is a standard anti-submarine warfare (ASW) torpedo used by the United States Navy.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: The Mark 54 was co-developed by Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems and the U.S. Navy under the U.S. Navy's Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo program in response to perceived problems with the extant Mark 50 and Mark 46 torpedoes. The Mk 50, having been developed to counter very high performance nuclear submarines such as the Soviet Alfa class, was seen as too expensive to use against relatively slow conventional submarines. The older Mk 46, designed for open-ocean use, performed poorly in the littoral areas, where the Navy envisioned itself likely to operate in the future.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: The Mk 54 was created by combining the homing portion of the Mk 50 and the warhead and propulsion sections of the Mk 46, improved for better performance in shallow water, and with the addition of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology to further reduce costs. It shares much of the software and computer hardware of the Mk 48 ADCAP heavy torpedo, based around a custom PowerPC 603e microprocessor.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: Developmental testing began in July 1999, and a successful critical design review was completed in November 1999.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: In April 2003, Raytheon was awarded a sole source contract for the production of the Mk 54. Full rate production began in October 2004. In March 2010 the Fifth Fleet requested improvements in the Mk 54's performance against diesel-electric submarines via an Urgent Operational Need Statement (UONS). This led to a software Block Upgrade (BUG) program which began testing in August 2011 and which continues, having been criticised by the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) for using unrealistic proxies for threat submarines.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: The Mk 54 can be fired from surface ships via the Mark 32 surface vessel torpedo tubes or the vertical launch anti-submarine rocket (ASROC) systems, and also from most ASW aircraft, although they are slightly different lengths and weights. The P-8 Poseidon uses the High-Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapons Capability (HAAWC) GPS-guided parachute kit to drop torpedoes from high altitude.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: The FY14 DOT&E report assessed the Mk 54 (BUG) torpedo as not operationally effective in its intended role: "During operationally challenging and realistic scenarios, the Mk 54 (BUG) demonstrated below threshold performance and exhibited many of the same failure mechanisms observed during the FY 2004 initial operational testing". Shortfalls were also identified with the employing platforms’ tactics and tactical documentation, and interoperability problems with some platform fire control systems.


title: Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo

text: In May 2019 Canada requested 425 Mk 54 lightweight torpedo conversion kits, plus ancillary training, exercise and maintenance spare parts. This procurement will allow Canada to upgrade its current inventory of Mk 46 torpedoes. The Mk 54 lightweight torpedoes are expected to be used on the Royal Canadian Navy's Halifax-class frigates, and the Royal Canadian Air Force's CP-140 Aurora aircraft. The torpedoes are also planned to be deployed from the CH-148 maritime helicopters. On 17 May 2019, the U.S. State Department approved the sale worth US$387 Million (C$514 Million in 2019.) Under Canada's Industrial and Technological Benefits Policy, Canada negotiated an Offset agreement with Raytheon before signing the final deal in order to leverage jobs and economic benefits in Canada.


title: Viola Beach

text: Viola Beach were an English indie rock group, formed in Warrington, Cheshire, in 2013. The band's final line-up consisted of Kris Leonard (guitar and vocals), River Reeves (guitar), Tomas Lowe (bass guitar), and Jack Dakin (drums). All four, along with their manager Craig Tarry, were killed when their car fell from a bridge in Södertälje, Sweden on 13 February 2016.


title: Viola Beach

text: In the week following the crash, their single "Boys That Sing" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 80 and their previous single "Swings & Waterslides" entered at number 11, following a public campaign to boost sales. In the same week, "Swings & Waterslides" also entered at number three on the sales-only chart (which excludes streaming data) and "Boys That Sing" entered at number 27 on the same chart. On 29 July 2016, the self-titled album was posthumously released. It reached number one on the UK Albums Chart on 5 August 2016.


title: Viola Beach

text: Viola Beach formed in Warrington, Cheshire, in May 2013, the original members being Kris Leonard (guitar and vocals), Frankie Coulson (guitar), Jonny Gibson (bass), and Jack Dakin (drums). The band's final line-up was formed when Coulson and Gibson opted to leave the band in 2015 in order to focus on their university studies, and were replaced by River Reeves (guitar) and Tomas Lowe (bass) respectively.


title: Viola Beach

text: By September of their formation year, their track "Daisies" was featured on Bandcamp's The Indie Cassette Player's (now known as The Mill Records) second compilation album, with "Love My Love" being featured on the website's third compilation album in October. The band's Twitter profile tweeted on 16 September 2013 "Daisies is being featured on @IndieCassPlayer compilation vol 2 this month which is dead lovely!"


title: Viola Beach

text: The band self-financed the recording of their first single, "Swings & Waterslides", releasing it on their own record label Fuller Beans. The track was produced by Ady Hall and Lee McCarthy of Sugar House and recorded at Catalyst Studios in St Helens. "Swings & Waterslides" was added to the BBC Radio 1 playlist in September 2015.


title: Viola Beach

text: The band were supported by "BBC Introducing", a platform for emerging musical talent, which described their songs as "infectious anthems" with "hints of slacker pop". They performed at the BBC Introducing Stage of the 2015 Reading and Leeds Festivals. In November 2015, the band recorded a live session for BBC Radio 1. They released their second single, "Boys That Sing"/"Like a Fool", on the Communion label on 22 January 2016.


title: Viola Beach

text: On 17 June 2016, the band's self-titled debut album "Viola Beach" was announced for release on 29 July, to consist of nine tracks including "Boys That Sing" and a BBC session, and released on the band's own Fuller Beans Records label. The announcement was accompanied by a statement from the members' families. It reached number one on the UK Albums Chart on 5 August.


title: Viola Beach

text: When asked about his musical influences, singer-guitarist Kris Leonard said, "I'm definitely not consciously influenced by anyone", but mentioned the Coral, the Zutons, the Beatles and Hooton Tennis Club as being among his favourite Liverpool bands. He also said the Kooks' debut studio album "Inside In/Inside Out" played a big part in him becoming a musician. "BBC Introducing" recommended the band to fans of Coasts and the Kooks, while other critics drew comparisons with 1990s Britpop.


title: Viola Beach

text: Leonard told "Wonderland" magazine that much of the band's lyrical content was inspired by their "very grey and industrial" hometown, where there was "nothing to do other than drink cider and smoke rollies on a park and chase after girls".


title: Viola Beach

text: In the early hours of 13 February 2016, all four band members together with manager Craig Tarry were killed in what remains a largely unexplained incident on a lift bridge along the E4 motorway at Södertälje, southwest of Stockholm, Sweden. At around 2:00 am, witnesses saw the band's car, a Nissan Qashqai, clipping a stationary vehicle, driving through closed barriers and falling through a gap in the bridge, whose middle section was being lifted to let an oil tanker pass underneath. The band had played the previous day at the "Where's the Music?" festival in Norrköping, and they were returning to the hotel at Arlanda Airport.


title: Viola Beach

text: The Swedish Police Authority opened an inquiry. Among their initial findings was that the driver, whose identity was not disclosed until an inquest was held, had no traces of alcohol nor drugs in his blood. It was also found that the car had braked before reaching the bridge, which, as the police stated, ruled out the possibility that the driver had fallen asleep. However, the incident ultimately remained "completely inexplicable".


title: Viola Beach

text: In the United Kingdom, inquests into the deaths were opened and adjourned on 3 March at Warrington Coroner's Court by Cheshire coroner Nicholas Rheinberg, who also released the bodies of the five men so their families could make funeral arrangements. In December 2016, the coroner recorded a verdict of "road traffic collision". It is believed Lowe initially survived the impact and eventually drowned; the others died of head injuries.


title: Viola Beach

text: Following analysis of video from a traffic camera, the police offered a description of the events. After the bridge barriers were lowered, two lorries were standing in the right-hand lane of the carriageway and two cars were standing in the left-hand lane, in front of the first set of barriers. The band's car arrived in the left lane, braked and then swerved left, narrowly passing the first car before continuing. The driver in the front stationary car estimated the speed of the band's vehicle at . He said their vehicle then drove through both sets of barriers without braking. It subsequently struck the middle section of the bridge, which had been lifted by , and fell into the canal. It was suggested that the initial impact against the bridge may have been violent enough to cause the death of the car's occupants. The police concluded that the driver acted intentionally. The inquest heard that the car's speed was and that manager Tarry was driving.


title: Viola Beach

text: On 14 February, the day the news was announced, there was a round of applause for the band at the Premier League match between Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur. Manager Craig Tarry was a Manchester City supporter. Tributes were made at The Lounge, the club where they began their careers, and Warrington Town Hall flew its flag at half-mast in the week following their deaths.


title: Viola Beach

text: The band had been scheduled to support Blossoms on a tour of the UK and Ireland during February and March 2016, and to play at the South by Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas, in March 2016. Other scheduled appearances in 2016 included The Great Escape Festival and T in the Park. Viola Beach had also been booked to play at their hometown's Pyramid and Parr Hall, in March and October respectively.


title: Viola Beach

text: A social media campaign was initiated by fans to get the band's single "Swings & Waterslides" to the top of the UK Singles Chart. The campaign later drew support from former Oasis singer Liam Gallagher, Ian Brown of The Stone Roses and rock band Kasabian. The single appeared at number 39 in the Official Chart Update published 15 February 2016, and climbed to number 11 by the end of the week. On 18 February it had briefly reached number one on the iTunes chart.


title: Viola Beach

text: Following news of the band members' deaths, it was announced that all proceeds from their latest single would be donated to the families of the band members and of their manager. On 18 February Blossoms, who had performed with the band in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, two days before their deaths, announced they would play a recording of the Leamington concert at a gig in Bournemouth that evening. They also planned to showcase the band's material on the tour where Viola Beach were scheduled to support them.


title: Viola Beach

text: On 2 April 2016, a tribute concert was staged at Warrington's Parr Hall, with performances by several of the band's friends and influences, including the Coral, the Courteeners, the Kooks, and Blossoms. The Zutons also made a "rare live appearance" at the event.


title: Viola Beach

text: The band had recorded songs for a five- or six-track EP, which was scheduled to be released in 2016. When asked about the possibility of further recordings being released, the band's agent was quoted as saying, "There's a lot of music, a lot of demos, a lot of amazing songs, and it'd be great if it got out, but at the moment, everybody's still grieving. We need to sit down and work out what we do with it."


title: Viola Beach

text: On 26 June 2016, Coldplay, led by Chris Martin, paid tribute to Viola Beach at Glastonbury Festival 2016 during their set by covering the band's song, "Boys That Sing" and, subsequently, encouraged fans to buy the single. A tribute was also scheduled into the first day of Leeds Festival 2016, with a short documentary originally heard on Radio 1 played on the TV screens of the main stage.


title: Viola Beach

text: On 13 February 2017, Arriva Buses launched five buses in the band's home town of Warrington, each vehicle bearing a picture of one of the band members and their manager. Arriva collaborated with the River Reeves Foundation, an organisation founded by Reeves' family, to produce the vehicles, one of which would be a mobile recording studio. In September 2017, Reeves' father, Ben Dunne, organised RivFest 17, a music event aimed at inspiring those with a talent for the arts to follow their dreams. The concert was held at Warrington's Priestley College on 2 September, and featured headline appearances by Maxïmo Park and Billy Bragg.