title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The vast majority of the population speaks language varieties closely related to Nepali, if not mutually intelligible. Eastern dialects such as Bajauri and Achhami are closer to the Khas Bhasha spoken in Karnali province. The main dialect in the province is Doteli, spoken in the central part of the province, which gradually gets closer to Kumaoni spoken on the Indian side of the border. Nearly the entire Terai population spoke Tharu until the 1950s, when many Doteli and Nepali speakers from the hills migrated to the Terai. The local Tharu variant has influence from Nepali and the Hindi dialects spoken in the plains to the south across the border. The largest Sino-Tibetan language is Magar, although there are still some speakers of Byangsi in the higher mountain regions near Tibet.


title: Sudurpashchim Province

text: The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Dotyali and Tharu as official language in the province. The commission has also recommended Baitadeli, Achhami, and Bajhangi to be additional official languages, for specific regions and purposes in the province.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The armored cruiser was a type of warship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was designed like other types of cruisers to operate as a long-range, independent warship, capable of defeating any ship apart from a battleship and fast enough to outrun any battleship it encountered.


title: Armored cruiser

text: For many decades, naval technology had not advanced far enough for designers to produce a cruiser which combined an armored belt with the long range and high speed required to fulfill its mission. For this reason, beginning in the 1880s and 1890s, many navies preferred to build protected cruisers, which only relied on a light armored deck to protect the vital parts of the ship. However, by the late 1880s, the development of modern rapid-fire breech-loading cannon and high-explosive shells made the reintroduction of side armor a necessity. The invention of face-hardened armor in the mid-1890s offered effective protection with less weight than previously.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Varying in size, the armored cruiser was distinguished from other types of cruiser by its belt armor—thick iron (or later steel) plating on much of the hull to protect the ship from shellfire much like that on battleships. The first armored cruiser, the Imperial Russian Navy's , was launched in 1873 and combined sail and steam propulsion. By the 1890s, cruisers had abandoned sail and took on a modern appearance.


title: Armored cruiser

text: In 1908, the armored cruiser was supplanted by the battlecruiser, which, with armament equivalent to that of a dreadnought battleship and speed equivalent to that of a cruiser, was faster and more powerful than an armored cruiser. At around the same time, the term "light cruiser" came into use for small cruisers with armored belts. Although they were now considered second-rate ships, armored cruisers were widely used in World War I. Most surviving armored cruisers from this conflict were scrapped under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which imposed limits on warships and defined a cruiser as a ship of 10,000 tons or less carrying guns of 8-inch caliber or less—rather smaller than many of the large armored cruisers. A handful survived in one form or another until World War II. Only one, the Greek Navy's "Georgios Averof", has survived to the modern day as a museum ship.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The armored cruiser was developed in the 1870s as an attempt to combine the virtues of the armored ironclad warship and the fast and long-ranged, but unarmored, cruisers of the time. Such a ship was desirable to protect overseas trade and, especially for the French and British, to police their vast overseas empires. The concern within higher naval circles was that without ships that could fulfill these requirements and incorporate new technology, their fleet would become obsolete and ineffective should a war at sea arise. Concern over obsolescence in official circles was further fueled by the race between the increasing size of naval guns and of armor strong enough to withstand such fire. In 1860, one of the largest naval cannons in standard use had a bore of and fired a solid shot or approximately spherical shell. By 1884, guns with as wide a bore as , firing an exploding shell, were being mounted on naval vessels. This gun could penetrate up to 34 inches of wrought iron, the earliest form of naval armor. These were muzzle-loading guns, as had been used on ships from the 1500s. Breech-loading cannon, which were readopted into naval use in the 1870s, were more destructive than muzzle loaders due to their higher rate of fire. The development of rifled cannon, which improved accuracy, and advancements in shells were other factors. Although a cruiser would not likely face the largest-caliber guns of a battleship and many navies commonly used smaller weapons as they did not wear out as fast as larger ones did, cruisers still needed some form of protection to preclude being shot to pieces.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The adoption of rolled iron armor in 1865 and sandwich armor in 1870 gave ships a chance to withstand fire from larger guns. Both these protective schemes used wood as an important component, which made them extremely heavy and limited speed, the key factor in a cruiser's ability to perform its duties satisfactorily. While the first ocean-going ironclads had been launched around 1860, the "station ironclads" built for long-range colonial service such as the British and French were too slow, at 13 and 11 knots respectively, to raid enemy commerce or hunt down enemy commerce raiders, tasks usually assigned to frigates or corvettes. Powered by both sail and steam but without the additional weight of armor, these ships could reach speeds of up to 16 or 17 knots. The most powerful among them were the British , the U.S. Navy's and the French . The British especially had hoped to rely on these vessels to serve the more distant reaches of its empire. In the aftermath of the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, where United States wooden warships were defeated by the Confederate ironclad , the Admiralty realized that its ships could theoretically encounter an ironclad in any theater of operation.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Ship propulsion was improving but was also taking time to develop. Naval engines in the 1860s were single-expansion types, in which steam was expanded into a cylinder, pushed a piston and was released. Compounding, where steam is passed through a series of cylinders of increasing size before being released, was a more efficient process; it allowed the steam to generate more energy and use less coal to go the same distance. With greater efficiency came increasingly complex machinery and the larger potential for breakdown. However, advances in metallurgy and engineering, the potential for smaller bunkerage and the successful use of compounding in commercial engines made it an attractive option for naval engines, as well. By the 1870s, compound engines had become standard for warships. Compounding by itself did not increase power or speed significantly, although it allowed for a much greater operating range. Forced-draught systems would help increase power and speed but would not come into use until the early 1890s.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The Russian navy became the first to produce an armored warship intended for commerce raiding, with , begun in 1870 and launched in 1873, often referred to as the first armored cruiser. Armed with six and two guns, she and her sister were not fully armored but protected only by a narrow belt along the waterline. This belt, moreover, was so heavy that it sat below the ships' waterlines, which limited its benefit still further. Since they were iron-hulled, however, they were more durable than their wooden counterparts. With a top speed of only and a high coal consumption, which necessitated a full sailing rig, they were not really suited for the role of cruiser. Nevertheless, these ships were considered a new threat to British commerce in the event of war, the rationale being that any vessel, regardless of its speed, could technically be a threat to overseas commerce.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The British responded with , begun in 1873, launched in 1875 and armed with two and seven rifled guns. Two ships of the followed, armed with four 10-inch and eight 9-inch guns. These early armored cruisers were essentially scaled-down versions of the first-rate ironclad warships of the time and, like their Russian counterparts, were essentially belted cruisers. Their 9-inch belts were thicker than that of the Russians but did not extend the full length of the hull due to weight but tapered off at both ends. Past this belt, the designers placed a armored deck, situated deepest in the ships, to guard magazines and machinery against plunging fire. Above this deck, space was allocated for coal bunkers and storerooms. These areas served a two-fold purpose. The bunkers served as added protection, since two feet of coal was considered the equivalent of one foot of steel. Also, if either of the ships became flooded from battle damage, it was hoped the contents of the bunkers and storerooms would aid in their continued buoyancy. Because of this unarmored protection, these ships could be considered the first protected cruisers. However, these ships also shared the liabilities of the Russian ones and because of this, the British navy was never happy with them. "Shannon"s top speed of and "Nelson"s of made them too slow to deal with fast cruisers and they were not armored well enough to take on a first-class battleship. Their armor belts also sat below the ships' waterlines, which made them of limited benefit.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The underlying problem with these early warships was that technology had not caught up to the demands being made of them; therefore, they represented a series of compromises and could not be fully effective. They were typically powered by double-expansion steam engines fed by boilers which generated steam at perhaps 60 or 70 psi pressure, which gave relatively poor efficiency and short range. Even with improved engines, the dearth of overseas refueling stations made a full sailing rig a necessity. As sailing ships required a high freeboard and a large degree of stability, the use of armored turrets as used on monitors and some battleships was ruled out, because a turret was a very heavy weight high in the ship and its placement necessitated a lower freeboard than was warranted for an oceangoing vessel. (The loss of in 1870 with nearly all of her 500-man crew illustrated graphically what could happen in a heavy sea with a steam-and-sail turret ship.) Consequently, armored cruisers retained a more traditional broadside arrangement. Their armor was distributed in a thick belt around the waterline along most of their length; the gun positions on deck were not necessarily armored at all. The limitations of these ships would not be rectified fully until decades after their construction.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Meanwhile, a battle in May 1877 between the British unarmored cruiser and the Peruvian monitor demonstrated the need for more and better-protected cruisers. "Shah" and the smaller wooden corvette hit "Huáscar" more than 50 times without causing significant damage. The Peruvian ship had an inexperienced crew unused to its cumbersome machinery, and managed to fire only six rounds, all of which missed. The engagement demonstrated the value of cruisers with armor protection.


title: Armored cruiser

text: During the 1870s, the rapid increase in the size and power of armor-piercing guns caused problems for the designers of battleships and cruisers alike. Even a ship designed with adequate armor protection from the current generation of guns might be vulnerable to new guns powerful enough to penetrate its armor. Consequently, naval designers tried a novel method of armoring their ships. The vital parts—engines, boilers, magazines and enough hull structure to keep the ship stable in the event of damage—could be positioned underneath an armored deck just below the waterline. This deck, which would only be struck very obliquely by shells, could be thinner and lighter than belt armor. The sides of the ship would be entirely unarmored but would be as effective as an armored belt which would not stop shellfire. Cruisers designed along these guidelines, known as protected cruisers, superseded armored cruisers in the 1880s and early 1890s.


title: Armored cruiser

text: As mentioned earlier, the armored cruiser "Shannon" was the first ship to make use of an armored deck. However, by the end of the 1870s, ships could be found with full–length armored decks and little or no side armor. The Italian of very fast battleships had armored decks and guns but no side armor. The British used a full-length armored deck in their of corvettes started in 1878; however the "Comus" class were designed for colonial service and were only capable of speed, not fast enough for commerce protection or fleet duties.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The breakthrough for the protected cruiser design came with the Chilean , designed and built by the British firm Armstrong at their Elswick yard. "Esmeralda", with a high speed of , dispensed entirely with sails and carried an armament of two 10-inch and six 6-inch guns, considered very powerful for a ship her size. Her protection scheme, inspired by the "Italia" class, included a full–length protected deck up to thick, and a cork-filled cofferdam along her sides. "Esmeralda" set the tone for cruiser construction for the years to come, with "Elswick cruisers" on a similar design being constructed for Italy, China, Japan, Argentina, Austria and the United States. Protected cruisers became attractive for two reasons. First, the concept of the armored cruiser was not embraced wholeheartedly in naval circles. Second, several navies were caught in a race between armor thickness and the size of main guns and did not have the money to spend on battleships and armored cruisers. The use of smaller, cheaper cruisers was a better alternative.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The French navy adopted the protected cruiser wholeheartedly in the 1880s. The "Jeune Ecole" school of thought, which proposed a navy composed of fast cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo-boats for coast defense, was particularly influential in France. The first French protected cruiser was , laid down in 1882, and followed by six classes of protected cruiser – and no armored cruisers until , laid down in 1888 but not finished until 1895. "Dupuy de Lôme" was a revolutionary ship, being the first French armored cruiser to dispose entirely of masts, and sheathed in steel armor. However, she and two others were not sufficiently seaworthy, and their armor could be penetrated by modern quick-firing guns. Thus from 1891–1897 the French reverted to the construction of protected cruisers.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The British Royal Navy was equivocal about which protection scheme to use until 1887. The large , begun in 1881 and finished in 1886, were built as armored cruisers but were often referred to as protected cruisers. While they carried an armored belt some 10 in thick, the belt only covered of the length of the ship, and was submerged below the waterline at full load. The real protection of the class came from the armored deck thick, and the arrangement of coal bunkers to prevent flooding. These ships were also the last armored cruisers to be designed with sails. However, on trials it became clear that the masts and sails did more harm than good; they were removed and replaced by a single military mast with machine guns.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The next class of small cruisers in the Royal Navy, the , were protected cruisers, but the Royal Navy then returned to the armored cruiser with the , begun in 1885 and completed in 1889. The navy judged the "Orlando"s inferior to protected cruisers and built exclusively protected cruisers immediately afterwards, including some very large, fast ships like the 14,000-ton . However, the "Orlando"s were the first class of cruiser to use the triple-expansion engine. Because this type of reciprocating engine used the steam in three stages, it was more fuel-efficient than earlier compound engines. It also used steam of higher pressure, 60 poundforce per square inch, as compared to the 25 to 30 poundforce in earlier engines. With these engineering developments, warships could now dispense with sails and be entirely steam-driven.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The only major naval power to retain a preference for armored cruisers during the 1880s was Russia. The Russian Navy laid down four armored cruisers and one protected cruiser during the decade, all being large ships with sails.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The development of rapid–fire cannons in the late 1880s forced a change in cruiser design. Since a large number of hits at or near the waterline could negate the effect of water–excluding material used in protected cruisers, side armor again became a priority. Four inches (c. 10 cm) was considered adequate. However, it had to cover not just guns and the waterline but also much of the hull structure in–between; otherwise, the equally new high–explosive shells could penetrate and destroy much of the unarmored portion of the ship. Another development was the publication in 1890 of American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan's book "The Influence of Sea Power upon History". While Mahan emphasized the importance of battleships above all other types of warships in obtaining command of the sea, armored cruisers and large protected cruisers could still be used as second-class battleships to maintain control of the sea lanes and potentially as fighting units of a battle fleet.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The armored cruisers built in the mid– to late–1890s were often as large and expensive as pre-dreadnought battleships. They combined long range, high speed and an armament approaching that of battleship with enough armor to protect them against quick-firing guns, considered the most important weapons afloat at the time. Their speed was made possible due to another development, case-hardened steel armor—first Harvey armor and then crucially Krupp armor. The higher tensile strength of these armors compared to nickel steel and mild steel made it feasible to put a light yet useful armor belt on a large cruiser. They saved further weight by not requiring a heavy timber backing, as previous armor plating had, to soften and spread the force of the impact from oncoming shells; of teak to give a fair surface upon which to attach them was all that was needed. Moreover, this belt could also be much wider than previously, covering the center of the hull, where the ammunition and engines were located, from the main deck to five feet below the waterline. Steel bulkheads added strength to the hull, while armor as thick as the belt covered the guns and heavier protection surrounded the conning tower. With these improvements, the ships became more fully protected than was possible previously. They were also expensive to maintain at fighting strength as they required a greater number of stokers to feed the boilers than a battleship when steaming at flank speed.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The ideas presented by Mahan prompted French Admiral Ernest François Fournier to write his book "La flotte necessaire" in 1896. Fournier argued that a fleet of technologically advanced armored cruisers and torpedo craft would be powerful and flexible enough to engage in a wide range of activity and overwhelm potential enemies. French naval and government circles embraced this ideal mutually and even advocates of battleships over cruisers admitted the latter's potential usefulness in scouting and commercial warfare. The result was the building of increasingly large armored cruisers. , laid down in 1896, displaced 11,000 tons, carried a mixed armament of and guns, and had a belt of Harvey armor over her machinery spaces. The 12,300-ton and 14,000-ton followed. With a speed of 22.5 knots, the "Léon Gambetta"s were armed with four guns in twin turrets and 16 in four single and six twin turrets and were protected by up to of Krupp belt armor and nearly on their conning towers and turrets. The "Edgar Quinet"s, slightly faster at 23 knots, were armed with 14 guns and carried up to of armor on their belts, almost on their decks and on their turrets.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Britain, which had concluded as early as 1892 that it needed twice as many cruisers as any potential enemy to adequately protect its empire's sea lanes, responded to the perceived threat from France, Russia and, increasingly, Germany with a resumption of armored cruiser construction in 1898 with the . At 21 knots, the "Cressy"s were slower than the newer French cruisers. However, their belt of Krupp steel was expected to keep out armor-piercing shells from a quick-firing gun at likely battle ranges, while their two 9.2-inch (233.7 mm) and 12 6-inch (152 mm) guns offered comparable firepower. The 2,500-ton weight of their belt armor was an improvement over the 1809 tons of the otherwise similar and very similar to that of the of battleships. The "Cressy"s were the beginning of a rapid expansion in British cruiser construction. Between 1899 and 1905, seven classes of armored cruisers were either completed or laid down, a total of 35 ships.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Japan, which now received British technical assistance in naval matters and purchased larger vessels from France and Britain, began an armored cruiser program of its own. With the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and the return under pressure from Russia (in what became known as the "Triple Intervention") of the Liaotung peninsula to China, Japan began a 10-year naval build-up program, under the slogan "Perseverance and determination" (, Gashinshōtan) in preparation for further confrontations. The core of this 109-ship build-up was the "Six-Six Program" of six battleships and six (eventually eight) armored cruisers comparable to the British "Cressy" class. followed the basic pattern for these cruisers—on a displacement, she carried four and twelve guns, was protected by a main belt, armored deck and turret armor and steamed at . They were considered a compromise between cruiser and battleship and were intended to augment capital ship strength in battle squadrons. This practice would persist until World War I.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The first United States armored cruiser, , was launched in 1889 but not completed until 1895 due to a three-year delay in the delivery of her armor plate. Armed with four guns, mounted en echelon (with the fore turret sponsoned to starboard and the aft turret to port) to allow end-on fire for both turrets, and six guns on broadside, she carried between 7 and 12 inches (178 to 305 mm) of belt armor and between 1 and 4 inches (25 to 102 mm) on her decks. However, "Maine" was laid down before Harvey or Krupp armor was available and could not benefit from the advantage in weight these much lighter armors offered. She was redesignated a "second-class battleship" in 1894, an awkward compromise reflecting that, at 16.45 knots, she was considerably slower than other cruisers and weaker than first-line battleships. Her destruction in Havana harbor in 1898 was a catalyst in starting the Spanish–American War.


title: Armored cruiser

text: "Maines" immediate successors, and , launched in 1895 and 1896 respectively, carried thinner but newer armor than "Maine", with on her belt and 3 to 6 inches (76 to 152 mm) on her deck but better protected overall against rapid-fire weaponry. Their armor was comparable in thickness to that of "Dupuy de Lôme" but the French ship's armor covered a much greater area of the hull. The hull protection of both ships was superior to their main rival, the British , which were the largest cruisers at the time but had no side armor. Armed with six guns, "New York" carried more heavy weapons than the French ship. Moreover, "New York"s builder diverged from the Navy blueprint by rearranging her boilers during construction; this allowed the installation of additional transverse and longitudinal bulkheads, which increased her underwater protection. "Brooklyn" was an improved version of the "New York" and designs, more heavily armed (with eight and 12 guns) and with better sea-keeping abilities through the addition of a forecastle. After these two ships, the Navy concentrated on battleship construction until the Spanish–American War showed how cruisers could be "useful," in the words of General J. B. Crabtree, "and [showed] how desirable others would be."


title: Armored cruiser

text: Shortly after the war ended, the Navy laid down six armored cruisers to take advantage of lessons learned and better control the large sea areas the nation had just gained. Much larger than their predecessors (displacing 14,500 tons as compared to 8150 for "New York"), the "Pennsylvania"s "were closer to light battleships than to cruisers," according to naval historian William Friedman. They carried four and 14 guns, of armor on their belts, on their turrets and on their conning towers. Their deck armor was light at for flat surfaces and for sloped, a compromise made for faster speed (22 knots, compared with 20 knots for "Brooklyn"). Improved ammunition made their main guns as powerful as the guns of the battleship and their use of state instead of city names, usually reserved for capital ships, emphasized their kinship.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The Spanish-American and First Sino-Japanese wars proved instrumental in spurring cruiser growth among all the major naval powers, according to naval historian Eric Osborne, "as they showcased the abilities of the modern ships in warfare." The only time cruisers were seen in any of their traditional role, he continues, was as blockade ships during the Spanish–American War. More often, they were seen fighting in a battle line. They would not been seen in their designed role until World War I.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Even with all their improvements and apparent performance, opinion on the armored cruiser was mixed. The 1904 edition of the "Encyclopedia Americana" quotes an otherwise unidentified Captain Walker, USN, in describing the role of the armored cruiser as "that of a vessel possessing in a high degree offensive and defensive qualities, with the capacity of delivering her attack at points far distant from her base in the least space of time." The same source defines an armored cruiser as "a battleship in which the qualities of offense and defense have been much reduced to gain high speed and great coal capacity" and adds, "... there are many who hold that the armored cruiser is an anomaly, something less than a battleship and more than a protected cruiser, performing satisfactorily the duties of neither, with no special function of her own and lacking the great desideratum in warships, ability to fight in proportion to her great size and cost." By 1914 the U.S. Navy in hearings before the House or Representatives gave testimony to the effect that no armored cruisers were further planned nor to it knowledge were armored cruisers being built by any major naval power worldwide.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Armored cruisers were used with success in the line of battle by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. Of the battle damage received by the Japanese, the armored cruiser received eight hits, which destroyed three of her guns, killed five crew members and injured 90 more (one of the wounded being Isoroku Yamamoto, who would later plan the attack on Pearl Harbor). None of the other Japanese armored cruisers suffered serious damage or large loss of life. was hit 16 times but no one onboard was killed and only 15 were wounded. Except for , all the cruisers present at Tsushima that morning were still battle-ready in the evening.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The performance of the Japanese armored cruisers led to a boom in the construction of armored cruisers in the world's navies as some naval authorities concluded that the armored cruiser's superior speed could ensure survivability in a naval action against battleships; they did not take into account the Russian Baltic Fleet's inefficiency and tactical ineptitude during the battle. First Sea Lord "Jacky" Fisher, an advocate of armored cruisers as more useful than battleships to safeguard British trade and territorial interests, saw his efforts justified; his belief that "speed is armor" would lead him to create the battlecruiser. Danish Navy Commander William Hovgaard, who would later become president of New York Shipbuilding and serve on the U.S. Navy's Battleship Design Advisory Board, a group which would help plan the fast battleships in the 1930s, said, "The fighting capacity of the armored cruiser has reached a point which renders its participation in future fleet actions almost a certainty" and called for a "battleship-cruiser" which would possess the speed of a cruiser and the firepower of a capital ship Other naval authorities remained skeptical. Mahan called the interest in armored cruisers "a fad," then explained:


title: Armored cruiser

text: She is armored, and she is a cruiser; and what have you got? A ship to "lie in the line"? as our ancestors used to say. No, and Yes; that is to say, she may at a pinch, and at a risk that exceeds her powers. A cruiser? Yes, and No; for, order to give her armor and armament which do not fit the line, you have given tonnage beyond what is needed for the speed and coal endurance proper for a cruiser. By giving this tonnage to armor and armament you have taken it from other uses; either from increasing her own speed and endurance, or from providing another cruiser. You have in her more cruiser than she ought to have and less armored vessel, or less cruiser and more armored ship. I do not call this a combination, though I do call it a compromise... I do not say you have a useless ship. I do say that you have not as useful a ship as, for the tonnage, you ought to have.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Buoyed with their success at Tsushima, Japan laid down the four s between 1905 and 1908. At a speed of 20.5 knots, they carried an extremely heavy main armament of four guns, of belt and turret armor and of deck armor. The "Tsukuba"s were intended to take the place of aging battleships and thus showed Japan's intention of continuing to use armored cruisers in fleet engagements. The U.S. Navy raised the main gun caliber of its cruisers with its , laid down between 1902 and 1904. These mounted four and 16 guns, the former a size previously allocated to battleships. While they had thinner armor than the "Pennsylvania"s ( on their belts and on their decks) due to newly imposed congressional restraints on tonnage, they could still steam at 22 knots. They were built as a fast, powerful response in the eventuality of a Pacific war and were the largest and last American armored cruisers built.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The British also considered and guns for its cruisers, the culmination of its armored cruiser building program. They displaced 14,600 tons, were capable of 23 knots and were armed with four and 10 guns. By the time these ships were commissioned, Britain possessed the largest armored cruiser force in the world. Undaunted and fully engaged in a naval arms race with the British, the Germans also continued to build armored cruisers, partly from their faith in them as fighting units and commerce raiders, partly from Japan's success. Between 1897 and 1906 they laid down eight of them for use on overseas stations. The initial two, and , were armed with guns; the six that followed had guns of a more modern design. The final pair, and , displaced 12,781 tons, steamed at 23.5 knots, carried of belt and of deck armor and were armed with eight guns.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Another powerful armored cruiser was the Russian , completed in 1908. Armed with four in two twin turrets fore and aft and eight in turrets along the ship's sides, she displaced 15,190 tons and carried a belt, two armored decks and armor on her turrets and conning tower. Her top speed was 21 knots. "Rurik" was unusual in that she was Russian designed but British built; the Russian Navy was not usually a customer of British shipyards. She was reportedly one of the best armored cruisers built, with an advanced sprinkler protection for the magazines. Intended as the first of a three-ship class, "Rurik"s sisters were cancelled with the advent of the battlecruiser .


title: Armored cruiser

text: "The supreme embodiment of the armored cruiser," in historian Robert K. Massie's words, was the German ship . An enlarged version of the "Scharnhorst" class with a speed of 24.25 knots, armed with 12 and eight guns, "Blücher" was planned as an armored cruiser in part because the British had misled the Germans on the "Invincible"s then being constructed. The Germans expected these new British ships to be armed with six or eight guns. One week after the final decision to construct "Blücher", the German naval attache learned they would carry eight guns, the same type mounted on battleships. With no funds available to redesign "Blücher", work was ordered to proceed as scheduled. Although much more powerful than a typical armored cruiser, she was significantly weaker than the new British battlecruisers.


title: Armored cruiser

text: By the time these ships were entering service, the armored cruiser as it was then known had reached the end of its development. Tactics and technology favored fighting power over long to medium ranges, which demanded an armament of primarily large caliber guns and a speed higher than that of battleships, preferably by at least 30 percent, to fulfill its traditional role as scout for the fleet and the newly acquired one of participating with battleships in a naval encounter. Thirty percent was the ratio by which frigates had been faster than ships of the line in the days of sail. If a battleship sailed at 20 knots, this would mean that an armored cruiser would have to steam at least 26 or 27 knots. To fulfill these criteria, however, armored cruisers would have to be built much larger and take on a different form than they had in the past. The battlecruiser HMS "Invincible" and her two sister ships were designed specifically to fulfill these requirements. In a sense they were an extension of the armored cruiser as a fast, heavily armed scout, commerce protector and cruiser-destroyer, reflected in the term originally ascribed to them, "large armored cruiser." However, the battlecruisers were much larger than armored cruisers, allowing them to be faster, more heavily armed, and better-protected, so battlecruisers were able to outpace armored cruisers, stay out of range of their weapons and destroy them with relative impunity. Because they carried the heavy guns normally ascribed to battleships, they could also theoretically hold their place in a battle line more readily than armored cruisers and serve as the "battleship-cruiser" for which Hovgaard had argued after Tsushima. All these factors made battlecruisers attractive fighting units, although Britain, Germany and Japan would be the only powers to build them. They also meant that the armored cruiser as it had been known was now outmoded and no more were built after 1910. The United States Naval Institute put the matter bluntly in its 1908 written proceedings:


title: Armored cruiser

text: It is very doubtful if an armored cruiser of the "Colorado" class would dare even tackle a monitor, for fear that one of the latter's shot "might" hit a vital spot, and if it did she would lose her only raison d'etre, for a crippled cruiser would be useless as a cruiser, and still not fit to "lie in the line."... It may be urged that an armored cruiser was never intended to fight a battleship. Then what "is" she intended for? Surely not as a scout or a commerce destroyer, for vessels a fifth the displacement could do this work as well, and numbers are required here, not strength... If she is to overtake a weaker enemy, you must first assume a smaller enemy, otherwise she could not have superiority in both speed and strength. By escaping from a stronger enemy she will never win wars.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Later in the same address is this: "Every argument used against [armored cruisers] holds true for battle-cruisers of the "Invincible" type, except that the latter, if wounded, would be fit to lie in the line, owing to her great armament. If it is hoped to fight at such great ranges that her 7-inch belt and 5-inch side will be of value, then the armor of battleships is wrong, not in principle, but in distribution."


title: Armored cruiser

text: Although pre-dreadnought battleships and armored cruisers were outclassed by modern battleship and battlecruiser designs, respectively, armored cruisers still played an active role in World War I. Their armor and firepower was sufficient to defeat other cruiser types and armed merchant vessels, while their speed and range made them particularly useful for extended operations out in the high seas. Some German and Royal Navy vessels, like , were allocated to remote naval squadrons. Many other vessels however, were formed into independent squadrons for patrolling European waters and accompanied capital ships every time the latter made forays out of port.


title: Armored cruiser

text: At the Battle of Coronel, the German armored cruisers and scored a resounding victory over British naval forces from the West Indies Station. With newer ships, superior gunnery and optimal logistics, the Germans sank the Royal Navy armored cruisers and , with the loss of over 1,500 British sailors and officers (including Rear-Admiral Christopher Cradock). This was one of the last battles involving armored cruisers as the chief adversaries; all subsequent engagements were dominated by battlecruisers and dreadnought battleships. Moreover, the timing could not have been worse for British morale. Six weeks earlier, the armored cruisers , and had all been sunk on the same day by the German submarine U-9.


title: Armored cruiser

text: Five weeks later, the Battle of the Falkland Islands showed graphically how much technology and tactics had changed. SMS "Scharnhorst" and SMS "Gneisenau" were sunk by a British force of the battlecruisers HMS "Invincible" and , three armoured cruisers and two light cruisers. The German armored cruisers were too slow to outrun their pursuers, and their initially accurate gunnery failed to inflict serious damage on the British battlecruisers. The British 12-inch guns turned the tide of battle once they started scoring hits on the Germans, and the German armored cruisers were fatally crippled before they had a chance to close the range and use their superior secondary armament. This victory seemed to validate Lord "Jacky" Fisher's justification in building battlecruisers—to track down and destroy armored cruisers with vessels possessing superior speed and firepower. The German force commander Admiral Maximilian von Spee had been wary of the Allies' battlecruisers, especially the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Royal Australian Navy—in fact he described the latter's flagship, the battlecruiser , as being superior to his entire force by itself. At the Falklands, he had already deduced the battle was lost when he missed the chance to attack the British battlecruisers in port.


title: Armored cruiser

text: During the Battle of Dogger Bank, "Blücher" was crippled by a shell from a British battlecruiser, which slowed "Blücher" to 17 knots and eventually sealed her fate. Admiral Franz von Hipper chose to let "Blücher" go down so his more valuable battlecruisers could escape.


title: Armored cruiser

text: , and were lost at the Battle of Jutland when they inadvertently came into sight and range of the German Navy's battle line, which included several battlecruisers and dreadnought battleships. The armor belt was shown to be far less than required to survive the 280mm (11 inch) and 300 mm (12 inch) shells of more modern dreadnoughts and battlecruisers and the cruisers were too slow to get away from them. The final nail in the coffin for the armored cruiser type was in the development of capped armor-piercing shells. The Harvey and Krupp Cemented armor that had looked to offer protection failed when hit with soft capped AP shells of large enough size. Later hard capped AP shell would only make the matter worse.


title: Armored cruiser

text: After the end of World War I, many of the surviving armored cruisers were sold for scrap. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 placed strict limits on the numbers of "capital ships" possessed by the navies of the great powers. A "capital ship" was defined as any vessel of over 10,000 tons displacement or with guns over 8-in caliber, and several more armored cruisers were decommissioned to comply with the terms of the treaty. The London Naval Treaty of 1930 introduced further limits on cruiser tonnage, and the former role of the armored cruiser was occupied by more modern light cruisers and heavy cruisers (and, in the case of the German navy, panzerschiffe).


title: Armored cruiser

text: Only a small number of armored cruisers survived these limitations, though a handful saw action in World War II in marginal roles;


title: Armored cruiser

text: The Hellenic Navy's , constructed in 1909, served with the British Navy as a convoy escort in the Indian Ocean after the fall of Greece, while a number of Japanese armored cruisers were still active as minelayers or training vessels.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The Imperial Japanese Navy armored cruisers "Asama", "Izumo", "Tokiwa", "Iwate", "Yakumo", "Azuma", & "Kasuga" were used as training, support, and anti-aircraft ships during the war near the Japanese home islands. Most were sunk by Allied bombings in Japanese harbors.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The Regia Marina's "San Giorgio" was deployed to Spain to protected Italian interests during the Spanish Civil War. During World War II, she was heavily utilized at the Siege of Tobruk. There she provided anti-aircraft cover and naval gunfire support to Italian units. She was heavily damaged by British aircraft and was scuttled to prevent her capture. Her sister ship, "San Marco" was decommissioned in 1931 and used as a radio controlled target ship. In 1943, she was scuttled to prevent her capture by the Germans.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The United States Navy's USS "Rochester", decommissioned since 1933, was moored in Subic Bay and used as a receiving ship and anti-aircraft platform. She was later scuttled to prevent her capture by the Japanese during the Invasion of The Philippines.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The Argentine Navy's ARA "General Belgrano" and ARA "Pueyrredón" served until 1947 and 1954 respectfully.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The Swedish Navy's HSwMS "Fylgia" underwent an extensive modernization from 1939-1940 and conducted neutrality patrols in the Baltic Sea during World War II. She continued service until 1953.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The only armored cruiser still considered to be in existence, as well as in active duty, is the aforementioned "Georgios Averof", preserved as a museum in Palaio Faliro, Greece.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The armored cruiser was not a close ancestor of heavy cruisers, even though the name might suggest this. The armored cruiser type had come about in a time of transition as one technology after another presented itself. Boilers had become better (though still in need of improvement), and Krupp cemented armor and compound steam engines had arrived. The rate of change was nothing less than staggering and any ship more than 20 years old was found to be completely obsolete. The Italian Navy, unable to afford battleships, produced the "Garibaldi"-class cruiser of 7,500 tons displacement which was an international success. William H. White DNC of the British Royal Navy was taken by the design and presented the design for the "Cressy"-class cruiser of 12,000 tons displacement designed from the onset as an adjunct to the pre-dreadnought battle line, on 3 May 1897. As such the armored cruiser is the direct predecessor of and inspiration for the battlecruiser.


title: Armored cruiser

text: The heavy cruiser was a direct product of the First London Naval Treaty of 1930, which divided cruisers into 2 classes between those with larger than 6.1" main guns and those with smaller main guns with both remaining within the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty which limited cruisers to a standard displacement of no more than 10,000 tons, with main guns not exceeding 8 inches (203 mm) caliber. There were also important technical differences between the heavy cruiser and the armored cruiser, some of which reflected the generational gap between them. Heavy cruisers were typically powered by oil-fired superheated steam boilers and steam turbine engines, and were capable of far faster speeds than armored cruisers (propelled by coal-fired reciprocating steam engines of their era) ever had been. Countries withdrawing from the Washington Treaty and the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and Second London Naval Treaty 1936 eventually rendered all limitations on heavy cruisers moot, although the only supersized or large cruisers actually built were the two members of the "Alaska" class.


title: Annie Golden

text: Annie Golden (born October 19, 1951) is an American actress and singer. She first came to prominence as the lead singer of the punk band the Shirts from 1975 to 1981 with whom she recorded three albums. She began her acting career as Mother in the 1977 Broadway revival of "Hair"; later taking on the role of Jeannie Ryan in the 1979 film version of the musical. Other notable film credits include "Desperately Seeking Susan" (1985), "Baby Boom" (1987), "Longtime Companion" (1989), "Strictly Business" (1991), "Prelude to a Kiss" (1992), "12 Monkeys" (1995), "The American Astronaut" (2001), "It Runs in the Family" (2003), "Adventures of Power" (2008), and "I Love You Phillip Morris" (2009).


title: Annie Golden

text: Golden is best known for portraying mute Norma Romano in the Netflix comedy-drama streaming television series "Orange Is the New Black" from 2013 to 2019. In 1985–1986 she appeared as the recurring character Tommy in "Miami Vice", and from 1989 to 1992 she portrayed the recurring role of Margaret O'Keefe on the sitcom "Cheers". She has appeared as a guest star on several television programs, including "American Playhouse", "Dear John", "Father Dowling Mysteries", "High Maintenance", "Law & Order", and "True Blue" among others.


title: Annie Golden

text: She currently stars as Cinderella's Mother, Grandmother, and the Giant's Wife in the 2022 Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's "Into the Woods ".


title: Annie Golden

text: Golden was born in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. She sang in school and church choirs as a child. Her father, a Teamster, died at age 52 and her mother died in 1974, at the age of 42. Golden on her family: "My mom never saw me do anything." She said that she "had no training." When she met Art LaMonica in 1971, he invited her to join his group called Lackeys & Schemers.


title: Annie Golden

text: Golden began her career as the lead singer of the Shirts. The band headlined CBGB in the late 1970s and recorded 3 albums for Capitol Records, "The Shirts" (1978), "Street Light Shine" (1979) and "Inner Sleeve" (1980). During the early 1990s she performed as part of the duo Golden Carillo with Frank Carillo. They released three albums, "Fire in Newtown" (1992), "Toxic Emotion" (1994), and "Back for More" (1997). She returned to the Shirts, but she has also performed solo and with a band. In 1984, her song "Hang Up the Phone" was featured on the soundtrack of the film "Sixteen Candles". She performs a revue of songs from her stage career along with originals called "Annie Golden's Velvet Prison".


title: Annie Golden

text: While with the Shirts, Golden was discovered by Miloš Forman, who gave her a part in "Hair". She had featured roles on the television series "Cheers" and "Miami Vice". Golden was the voice of Marina in the Don Bluth animated feature film "The Pebble and the Penguin". She played a taxi driver in Terry Gilliam's "12 Monkeys" (1995), wherein she had a scene with Bruce Willis and Madeline Stowe.


title: Annie Golden

text: In recent years, she has been seen in commercials for Coinstar, in which she portrays the Tooth Fairy. She appears in the musical film "Temptation" with actor Adam Pascal, Tony Award winners Alice Ripley and Anika Noni Rose, and film actress Zoe Saldana and in 2009 had a small role in "I Love You Phillip Morris" with actors Ewan McGregor and Jim Carrey, playing a simple woman requiring legal assistance.


title: Annie Golden

text: In 2013, she began playing the role of the nearly mute Norma Romano in the Netflix comedy-drama series "Orange Is the New Black", for which she won a 2015 Screen Actors Guild Award (along with the rest of the ensemble cast).


title: Annie Golden

text: On Broadway, she has appeared in the 1977 revival of "Hair", "Leader of the Pack" (1985), "Ah, Wilderness!" (1988), "On the Town" (1998), and "The Full Monty" (2000). She had the title role in the workshop of the short-lived adaptation of Stephen King's novel "Carrie". She also played the role of Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme in Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman's musical "Assassins" during its world premiere at Playwrights Horizons in New York City in 1990–1991, and is featured on the cast recording of it, on the RCA label. In 2003 she joined other original off-Broadway cast members in a "Reprise!" (Los Angeles) concert production of "Assassins". In 2007, she was stand-by for the two comic villain roles in the musical "Xanadu" on Broadway.


title: Annie Golden

text: She played Lucy Schmeeler, the whiny friend with the chronic cold, in the off-Broadway Public Theater production at the Delacorte Theater of "On the Town" in August 1997. She also appeared in the lab production of the musical "Hit the Lights!" in 1993 at the Vineyard Theatre.


title: Annie Golden

text: Golden has appeared in three separate versions of "Hair": a Broadway revival in 1977, the motion picture in 1979 and a special benefit performance concert in 2004. Golden starred with Peter Scolari in the world premiere of "The Nutcracker and I" from November 29 to December 31, 2011, at the George Street Playhouse, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Comically playing the Sugar Rush Fairy (and three other roles) in this musical comedy featuring the music of Tchaikovsky and lyrics by Gerard Alessandrini, she and Scolari were compared in one review to the team of Imogene Coca and Sid Caesar.


title: Annie Golden

text: From May 4-15, 2022, Golden appeared as Cinderella's Mother/Grandmother/Giant's Wife in the Encores! production of Into the Woods at the New York City Center. The show transferred to the St. James Theatre on June 28, 2022 with several cast changes along the way. Golden was scheduled to appear until the extended run concluded on January 8, 2023.


title: Annie Golden

text: Since 2005, Golden has frequently appeared in stage concerts for composer Joe Iconis. She starred in the Barrington Stage Company production of his "Broadway Bounty Hunter", with the book by Iconis, Lance Rubin and Jason "Sweettooth" Williams, directed by Julianne Boyd, which opened on August 13, 2016. This role was written by Iconis for Golden; he said of Golden: "She's essentially playing a fictionalized version of herself, so she's been so helpful... Her personality has imbued the whole spirit of the show." The "Variety" reviewer wrote: "Golden does woebegone really well...Surprisingly, however, the show underserves its star... except for a rousing, climactic paean to “the blood... back in my veins,” the material isn't there... There's only limited chance to see her take full command of stage and story." The "Boston Globe" called the musical "rowdy, funny, cheerfully cockeyed." A concert version of "Broadway Bounty Hunter", starring Golden, was presented at Joe's Pub in New York City on September 26, 2016. She starred in "Broadway Bounty Hunter" at the off-Broadway Greenwich House Theater in July 2019.


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey () is an Indian Hindi-language historical action-adventure film directed by Ashutosh Gowariker and released on 3 December 2010. Starring Abhishek Bachchan, Deepika Padukone and Sikandar Kher, it was based on Manini Chatterjee's "Do and Die", an account of the 1930 Chittagong armoury raid.


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: Although the film was set in Chittagong (in present-day Bangladesh), it was primarily shot in Goa; portions were filmed in Mumbai. Its first promo was posted on 12 October 2010 on the film's Facebook page. The film depicts the Chittagong Uprising from its beginning to its aftermath, an 18 April 1930 attempt to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces in Chittagong (then part of the British Raj's Bengal Presidency) by armed Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen.


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: Sixteen young people are playing football in an open field when an army convoy arrives, ordering them to leave the field because they are setting up a base. When the young people object, the soldiers threaten them and then leave in anticipation of a meeting with "Master Da" (Surya Sen).


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: Surya Sen is a village schoolteacher and an activist for Indian independence. He has connections with other revolutionaries, who see him as their leader: Ganesh Ghosh (Samrat Mukerji), Lokenath Bal, Ambika Chakraborty, Nirmal Sen (Sikander Kher) and Ananta Singh (Maninder Singh). After his release from prison, Nirmal Sen (Sikandar Kher) meets "Master Da" and asks him what to do next. "Master Da" tells him and Nirmal meets Pritilata Waddedar (Vishakha Singh), who expresses the eagerness of her and her friend Kalpana Datta (Deepika Padukone) to join the Indian Republican Army. Pritilata and Kalpana meet "Master Da", who has demonstrated their skills by asking them to collect information. Disguised as cleaners, they draw sketches of the cantonment.


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: "Master Da" divides the group into four, and asks them to separate. While he is staying with his sister in Patiya, police commanded by Major Cameron surround him; the major is shot dead by Nirmal Sen. The wounded Nirmal Sen tells "Master Da" to escape, sacrificing his own life.


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: Eight young rebels, led by Pritilata, later attack the European Club. After killing the officials there, the rebels flee and Pritilata commits suicide by ingesting cyanide. "Master Da" escapes and retreats to another house with Kalpana and the other rebels. The Chittagong superintendent of police (SP) cracks down on the rebels and begins a manhunt for "Master Da". Although he escapes, other members are arrested, killed, or shoot themselves to death to avoid police torture.


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: Several months later, during an army football match, the young rebel Haripada assassinates the SP who led the crackdown. "Master Da" is arrested, tried, and sentenced to death by hanging; Surya Sen happily accepts the verdict. Before the sentence is carried out, however, his British executioners break his teeth, limbs, and joints with a hammer. Unconscious, he is dragged to the scaffold and hanged.


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: "Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey" opened to generally-positive reviews. Critics appreciated the film, although some said that (at almost three hours) it was excessively long. According to Nikhat Kazmi of "The Times of India", the filmmaker was able to "combine high-octane drama with a high degree of restraint ... The film unfolds like a relentless thriller with loads of action involving the band of revolutionaries as they go about their bloody business."


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: An NDTV reviewer rated the film 2.5 out of 5: "Ashutosh Gowariker is Bollywood's most earnest historian and "Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey" is a noble attempt at restoring glory to long-forgotten heroes". Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated the film four out of five, calling the bygone era's recreation "demanding, laborious and strenuous. It's a challenge to present the era convincingly. Besides extensive detailing to lend authenticity, the director carries the responsibility of making the characters come alive to the present-day generation. Gowariker has successfully done that in the past and does it successfully yet again in "Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey". The expectations from "Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey" are minimal, but you can't overlook the fact that it's a genuinely honest effort that needs to be encouraged and appreciated."


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: Sify, which also gave it a two-and-a half-rating, recommended the film. Rajeev Masand of CNN IBN gave it two stars: "It's a noble effort that gives you a glimpse of forgotten history".


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: A Reuters reviewer wrote, "Gowariker's biggest strength is that he chooses a story worth telling. For that reason alone, and to get a glimpse into a much-ignored part of our history, this film is worth a watch." For the newspaper "Daily News and Analysis", Aniruddha Guha wrote that the film's plot made it watchable: "The strong points of the film are the novel storyline – that of kids fighting for independence – and the performances of most actors, especially the children. Also, Gowariker manages to recreate the era well (with art director Nitin Chandrakant Desai), and draws you in the plot slowly and steadily".


title: Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

text: The film's songs and score were composed by Sohail Sen, who had worked on Ashutosh's previous film "What's Your Raashee?". The lyrics were written by Javed Akhtar. The music was launched on 27 October 2010. Its track listing was posted on the film's Facebook page the day it was released. Malayalam playback singer Ranjini Jose made her Bollywood debut on "Naiyn Tere".


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: The murder of Reagan Tokes occurred on the night of February 8, 2017, in the Scioto Grove Metro Park in Grove City, Ohio. Tokes, a twenty-one-year-old student at Ohio State University, was abducted while leaving her job in Columbus’s downtown by Brian Golsby. Golsby robbed and raped Tokes, and forced her to drive to the Scioto Grove Metro Park. There, he forced her to strip naked and marched her into a field where he shot her twice in the head just shortly before midnight. Her body was found the following morning.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby had recently been released from prison where he had served a six-year sentence for kidnapping a pregnant woman and her child and raping the woman. He had pled down to robbery and attempted rape.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: He was staying at a temporary housing program. The officials at the housing program and his parole officer did not monitor him, and he violated probation and committed six robberies without being arrested before murdering Tokes.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby was convicted in March 2018 and sentenced to life in prison though prosecutors filed a cross-appeal, arguing that a legal error prevented him from getting the death penalty. In 2019 prosecutors were granted the authority to appeal. Oral arguments in front of Ohio's Tenth District Court of Appeals were held on July 30, 2020. In September, the appeals court ruled that prosecutors could not continue to pursue the death penalty. Under former Franklin County District Attorney Ron O'Brien, the state appealed the decision and the Supreme Court of Ohio accepted the case. However, under newly elected District Attorney Gary Tyack, the state's appeal was withdrawn.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: The murder of Tokes received extensive media coverage in Central Ohio and was listed as one of region's top ten news stories in 2017 by "The Columbus Dispatch". The case has received national attention as well, being featured on programs such as "Dateline NBC" and "On the Case with Paula Zahn". Tokes's murder has also led to calls for changes in Ohio’s criminal justice system. In 2018 Governor John Kasich signed part of the Reagan Tokes Act into law. Tokes's family sued the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC) and NIRSE Inc., the company whose program housed Golsby, arguing that their negligence and failure to monitor him led to Tokes's murder. Several courts dismissed the lawsuit against the ODRC and the Supreme Court of Ohio declined to hear the Tokes' case against the department. The lawsuit against NIRSE Inc. remained pending, and a trial was set to begin in 2020. The lawsuit was later settled.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Reagan Delaney Tokes was born on March 13, 1995, in Edgewood, Kentucky, United States, to parents Toby Tokes and Lisa McCrary-Tokes. She had a younger sister, Makenzie. She was raised in Maumee, Ohio in Monclova Township and graduated from Anthony Wayne High School where she had a 4.5 GPA and played on the varsity lacrosse and tennis teams. The year she began college her parents and sister moved to Florida, leaving Tokes in Ohio to begin attending The Ohio State University. Tokes had wanted to attend OSU since she was a child. She originally majored in pre-med but changed her major to psychology. She planned on graduating in May 2017 and moving to Cleveland, where she had hoped to work at the Cleveland Clinic. Tokes also planned to attend graduate school, get another degree in psychology and open up her own psychology practice. Days before being murdered, she posted on social media about picking out a frame for her diploma. Tokes worked at Bodega, a restaurant and bar in Columbus's Short North neighborhood.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Brian Lee Golsby was born on January 26, 1988. He says that he had an abusive mother and was affected by drug and alcohol abuse. He also claims to have experienced a rape in his youth, although prosecutors dispute this as the stories he gave were inconsistent.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby started committing crimes as a juvenile. These crimes include criminal trespassing, receiving stolen property, theft, shoplifting, criminal damaging, and threatening his mother with a knife. According to a juvenile sex offender assessment filed by the Ohio Department of Youth Services, Golsby raped five-year-old girls and six-year-old boys, and was a member of the Crips gang during his youth.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: In November 2010, Golsby abducted a woman who was eight months pregnant, together with her two-year-old son. As the adult victim was getting her child out of her car, he came up behind her and put a knife to her throat. Police say he also threatened the child's life. Golsby orally raped the woman in front of the child and forced her to drive him to several ATMs to withdraw money. He then forced her to drive him to her home where he again orally raped her and stole her DVD-player. The victim refused to testify, fearing for her and her children's lives, so Golsby pleaded down to robbery and attempted rape in May 2011. He was sentenced to six years in prison for the robbery charge and six years for the attempted rape charge. The sentences ran concurrently, meaning that he would be incarcerated for a total of six years rather than twelve years. The six months he had spent in jail prior to the plea bargain counted as a part of his six-year sentence, so instead of being released six years after the plea, in May 2017, he was released five and a half years afterward, in November 2016.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: While in prison, Golsby committed fifty-two infractions, including possessing contraband, refusing to obey orders, stealing, fighting, and creating disturbances. His behavior was so problematic that he was shifted to different penitentiaries several times. He ended up serving his sentence in five different prisons.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Upon release, Golsby was given a GPS tracking device by a re-entry program for ex-offenders, called "Alvis". Alvis did not actively monitor him. Golsby could not be placed in Alvis's re-entry program due to his criminal history and his history of violence while in prison. He was placed at a temporary housing center that was run by the EXIT Program. Like Alvis, officials working for the EXIT Program did not monitor him. They allowed him to come and go as he wanted and did not check his whereabouts. His only limitation was to be at the housing center between 10:00 pm and 6:00 am. According to the EXIT Program's founder, Golsby had a pass to leave the house during what he claimed were his work hours. Golsby's parole officer did not monitor him either.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby violated parole several times and committed six robberies without being sent to jail or prison. The parole violations, which included letting the battery on his GPS bracelet die as well as spending several nights away from the Exit Program's housing center, were considered "non-severe" and did not warrant immediate sanctions.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: After his third violation, a hearing was scheduled for February 23, which could have resulted in him being sent back to prison.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: On the evening of February 8, 2017, Tokes went to work at Bodega in downtown Columbus, Ohio. Golsby spent the evening roaming Columbus looking for a victim. GPS data shows that he walked around OSU's campus and to North High Street. At North High Street, he got on a COTA bus and traveled to the downtown. He then spent about an hour walking around in circles near Bodega.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: At about 9:45 PM Tokes left Bodega and walked to her car. She ran into Golsby, who forced her into her car at gunpoint and abducted her. During his interrogation, Golsby said he told Tokes that all he wanted was money and that everything would be all right. Golsby forced Tokes to drive him to two ATMs to withdraw money, but the transactions were declined. They stopped at the first ATM, a Chase Bank, at 10:02, and tried to withdraw $500. Twelve minutes later, at 10:14, they stopped at a Huntington Bank.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: At 10:18 Tokes and Golsby arrived in an alley, and stayed there for twelve minutes. This is where Golsby is believed to have raped Tokes. A rape kit performed on Tokes's body would later show that Golsby had raped her. After the rape, Golsby made Tokes drive back to the first ATM, and forced her to withdraw $60. Tokes and Golsby also stopped at two gas stations, a Sunoco station at 11:12 and a Turkey Hill station at 11:41.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby decided to murder Tokes to prevent her from reporting the crimes he had committed against her. In his interrogation, he admitted that she begged for her life, telling him “all I want to do is live.” Prosecutors believe that Tokes complied with her kidnapper's commands in order to survive. Golsby made her drive to the Scioto Grove Metro Park. There, he had her park the car and take off all of her clothing, including her shoes. He then marched Tokes into a field and shot her twice in the head. One shot was to the back of her head, and the other through the left side of her face. Golsby shot her at close range, killing her execution-style.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: After murdering Tokes, Golsby took her silver Acura TL to his girlfriend’s home. Golsby and his girlfriend went to McDonald's together at 1:45 AM. Golsby gave her Tokes’s black Kate Spade purse and white wallet as a gift. He later disposed of the gun and shell casings in a sewer, and unsuccessfully tried to set Tokes's car on fire in order to destroy evidence.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Before being kidnapped, while Tokes was at Bodega, she texted her father saying that she would call him after she left work. When Tokes didn't call, her parents became worried. They spent the night trying to call and text her but got no answer. At around 2:00 AM Tokes's phone went dead. On February 9, her parents learned that she had not attended her classes. A missing person report was filed and news of her disappearance was spread via social media.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: The day after Tokes's murder, a park-goer discovered her naked body and called the police. A tattoo and a necklace helped detectives identify the victim. Tokes's body was later officially identified by her uncle who lived nearby. A forensic pathologist later testified at trial that two bullets were recovered from Tokes's head during an autopsy. The pathologist also said that one of the gunshot wounds Tokes suffered was fired at close range, which is supported by another forensic pathologist's testimony that her DNA was inside the barrel of the gun.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: A digital reader that was likely attached to a commercial vehicle captured the front license plate of Tokes's car after Golsby abandoned it. The information gathered was put into a database that police later accessed. Investigators then found the car in southeast Columbus. In the back of the car and on the ground next to it were cigarette butts with Golsby’s DNA. Also inside the car was a gas can. Detectives found that a similar one had been purchased the night of Tokes’s murder; they later obtained a photograph of Golsby buying it. Golsby’s GPS bracelet placed him in the locations Tokes had been – in the street where she parked her car, at the ATMs, and at the park. Along with the cigarette butts, more DNA evidence against Golsby came from the rape kit performed on Tokes’s body. Gunshot residue was also found on Golsby's clothing.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby was arrested on February 11 at around 4:00 AM by SWAT officers; at the precinct, he was interrogated by Detective Rick Forney. Golsby confessed to forcing Tokes to drive to ATMs to make withdrawals as well as forcing her to drive to the park. He told detectives that once they were at the park he ordered Tokes to get out of the car and undress, and then left her there. He initially denied both having had sexual contact with her as well as having had a gun. Detectives then devised a new strategy. They suggested to Golsby that he must have had an accomplice. Golsby then made up a story where a man named "T.J." demanded money from him and told him he would harm his children if he didn’t give him any. He said that T.J. forced him to rape Tokes at gunpoint. "I wanted to just run and call the cops, for real. I could have, but at the same time, I didn't want to put my babies in jeopardy," Golsby told detectives. At the park, "T.J." forced Tokes to undress and shot her in the head. Though detectives knew Golsby was lying about the accomplice, they pretended to believe him. While in jail, Golsby confessed to a friend and to the mother of his child that he murdered Tokes.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Jury selection for the trial began on February 23, 2018. Defense attorneys had requested a change of venue due to the extensive media coverage surrounding the case, but Judge Mark Serrott denied it. The trial began on March 5, 2018. Franklin County District Attorney Ron O’Brien told jurors in his opening statement that Tokes experienced a “night of terror” and that she was “a psychology major who never made it to graduation because she was executed at point-blank range by a handgun.” On the second day, jurors were given a tour of where Tokes went the night of her murder, including Bodega and the Scioto Grove Metro Park. They viewed crime scene photos and heard from the witness who discovered Tokes’s body, and from a detective as well. They also heard from three of Tokes’s roommates, who testified about the night she went missing; they also identified the Kate Spade purse Golsby had stolen from her. On March 7, jurors heard from the ex-girlfriend to whom Golsby had given Tokes’s purse, along with an Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation agent and an Adult Parole Authority employee. On March 8, prosecutors showed a video of Golsby’s interrogation by Detective Forney. In addition to the video, Detective Forney took the stand as a witness.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: On the final day of trial, forensic scientists testified that Golsby’s sperm was found in Tokes's body and that Tokes’s DNA was inside the gun barrel. Both Golsby’s friend and the mother of his child also testified about his confessions to them. Franklin County deputy coroner Dr. Donald Pojman described the two gunshot wounds Tokes suffered, one of which was the result of a pistol being pressed to her temple. During closing arguments, prosecutors argued that Golsby murdered Tokes to avoid being caught. Defense counsel argued in their closing arguments that Golsby was not smart enough to plan Tokes's murder and instead killed her as a result of panic.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby was convicted on all counts on March 13, which would have been Tokes's twenty-third birthday. When it came to determining the penalty, the jury could not agree. Four voted for life in prison and eight voted for death. Judge Mark Serrott sentenced Golsby to life in prison on March 21. During the sentencing, Serrott told Golsby that his life was spared because of his upbringing yet Tokes's life wasn't. "Reagan did nothing wrong, whatsoever, and yet she forfeited her life because of your background. You get spared because of your background, and yet she forfeited her life." After being sentenced to life in prison, he pleaded guilty to six robberies that occurred before Tokes’s murder. Golsby is currently incarcerated at the Ohio State Penitentiary, a supermax prison in Youngstown.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Golsby's appellate lawyers requested an appeal in 2018 soon after his conviction but decided to drop it. Franklin County District Attorney Ron O'Brien continued to seek the death penalty for Golsby. In 2018 O'Brien filed a fifty-three-page motion, along with over one-hundred pages of exhibits, requesting a cross-appeal. O’Brien and other prosecutors argued that a legal error allowed Golsby to escape the death penalty. They claimed that during the penalty phase of Golsby's trial, Judge Serrott erred in his instructions to the jury by telling them that the defense had no burden of proof when introducing mitigating factors. According to prosecutors, this error meant that jurors considered mitigating factors presented by the defense that had never in fact happened. For example, prosecutors disputed Golsby's claim that he had experienced a rape as a child because he changed his story several times. At some points, he claimed he was ten years old when the rape occurred; other times, he claimed he was twelve years old at the time, on other occasions, he claimed to be age thirteen. Prosecutors said that he also gave inconsistent information about the location of the rape, saying that it happened in a store, behind a store, and on the street. O’Brien and Steven Taylor, the chief of his appellate division, wrote in their request that “there were ample reasons to pursue the death penalty” and that Golsby is a "remorseless recidivist violent offender prone to rape and robbery and now aggravated murder.” They said that “given the many crimes committed by the defendant (Golsby), the life-without-parole sentence for the aggravated murder can be viewed as a failure of justice that warrants correction upon showing of legal error." In January 2019, O'Brien and Taylor asked the appeals court to expedite the appeal. In February 2019, during a pre-trial hearing for another capital murder defendant, O'Brien mentioned the appeals court delay, saying the court “has done zero on it.” On April 30, 2019, Ohio's Tenth District Court of Appeals granted the State's authority to appeal. On July 30, 2020, oral arguments were made in front of Ohio's Tenth District Court of Appeals. On September 29, the appeals court ruled that Judge Serrott's instructions had been proper. Prosecutors appealed the decision. In January 2021, the Ohio Supreme Court announced that it had accepted the case. However, under newly elected District Attorney Gary Tyack, the state's appeal was withdrawn and the Ohio Supreme Court dismissed the case.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Tokes's funeral was held on February 15, 2017, at the Maumee United Methodist Church. She was buried at Fort Meigs Cemetery in Perrysburg, Ohio.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Tokes's family started the Reagan Tokes Memorial Foundation after her death. The foundation works to reward students with scholarships, teach self-defense, and promote legislation aimed at reducing crime.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Tokes, who would have graduated from The Ohio State University with a degree in psychology in May 2017, was awarded a posthumous degree. On May 7, during OSU’s graduation ceremony, Tokes’s parents and sister accepted the award from then-president Michael V. Drake.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Shortly after Tokes’s murder, a rock garden memorial was created for her in the Scioto Grove Metro Park. It was dismantled by Columbus Metro Parks authority in May 2018. A new tranquility garden in Tokes’s memory was created by the park and was officially dedicated to her on June 5, 2019. It includes two large swings, paved paths, and over one-thousand plants including beebalm, boxwood, and five Buckeye trees to celebrate Tokes’s connection to The Ohio State University. The garden also has a Celtic symbol for love and a pond with birds and frogs.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: The plaque for the park has Tiffany Blue, Tokes’s favorite color, and says "In memory of a life so beautifully lived and a heart so deeply loved."


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: "Knowing this (the park) is here, even though we live a long, long ways away in Florida, this is going to make us be a little bit more at peace with this place where... where Reagan just wanted to live," Tokes’s father said during the dedication ceremony. Tokes’s mother told the local news that she “used to have this crushing sensation where I almost couldn’t breathe when we would pull in (to the park) and I don’t feel that any longer." McCrary-Tokes also said that “the pain and the tragedy never goes away, and we carry that with us every day. But we need to keep moving forward and there is still an amazing, beautiful world out there, and we have to learn how to move forward. And we carry her with us in our hearts every day and that will never change.”


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Another memorial was created for Tokes on The Ohio State University campus in June 2018. A yellow magnolia tree and a bronze plaque bearing her name are on the north edge of Mirror Lake.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: In May 2018, the Tokes family filed a lawsuit against the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC) and NISRE Inc., which is the parent company of the EXIT Program that housed Golsby. The lawsuit argues that the ODRC and the EXIT Program were negligent and failed to adequately monitor Golsby, leading to Tokes’s murder. “For two hours prior to her death, Reagan Tokes was kidnapped and brutally raped. During this time she suffered conscious pain and suffering. The suffering of Reagan Tokes was the result of the negligence of NISRE/Exit program.” The lawsuit also states that the Tokes family has suffered “grave mental anguish.” The lawsuit against the ODRC was dismissed by Judge Patrick McGrath in September 2018, with McGrath saying that the ODRC had no duty to prevent Golsby from harming Tokes because they had no special relationship with her. The Tokeses then appealed McGrath's decision. The lawsuit was again dismissed by Ohio's Tenth District Court of Appeals.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: On May 21, 2019, the Tokes family appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio. The lawsuit says that the ODRC was "indeed aware Golsby posed a 'substantial risk of harm to others' and ignored it." It also says that a special relationship existed between the ODRC and Golsby because of their knowledge that he represented a substantial risk of harm to others and that the ODRC had the ability to control him. "DRC was literally tied to Golsby's ankle. DRC had the full mantle of control over Golsby with the ultimate power to arrest him or impose more restrictive terms of post-release control." Ohio’s Supreme Court announced on August 6, 2019, that they would not hear the Tokes family's case against the ODRC. The justices voted six to one not to accept it, with Justice Michael P. Donnelly dissenting.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: The Tokes family's lawsuit against NISRE Inc., however, remained pending in the Franklin County Common Pleas Court. The trial was set to begin in 2020.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Tokes’s parents began working with lawmakers to address what they see as the systemic failures that led to her murder. In 2018, the "Reagan Tokes Act" was introduced in the Ohio House and Senate. In December 2018, part of the Reagan Tokes Act was signed into law by Governor John Kasich.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: The portion of the Reagan Tokes Act that became law in 2018 requires judges to sentence offenders responsible for class one and two felonies (which are the most serious felonies in Ohio) to a range of years in prison consisting of a minimum term and a maximum term. If the offender is being sentenced for a single offense the maximum term is the minimum term plus fifty percent. For example, a judge imposes a minimum term of four years. The maximum term would be four years plus fifty percent, which is two years. The maximum term would, therefore, be six years. If the offender is given several terms to be served concurrently or consecutively the maximum sentence adds fifty percent of the longest minimum term for the most serious felony for which they are being sentenced.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Under the "Reagan Tokes Act", offenders are presumed to be released at the end of the minimum term. To extend the prison term, the ODRC must hold an administrative hearing and find that the inmate engaged in improper conduct and is a continued threat to society, was placed in extended restrictive housing, and/or was classified as a level three, four, five or higher security level. In a written statement, State Rep. Kristin Boggs said: “This legislation is the first step to make Ohio safer by ensuring that the most violent offenders who have demonstrated while in prison that they continue to pose a danger to society, are not automatically released back into our neighborhoods.”


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: The act also allows the ODRC to reduce an offender's sentence by five to fifteen percent for exceptional conduct or adjustment to incarceration with approval from a sentencing court. The ODRC can recommend that an inmate's sentence be reduced, whereupon a judge would be required to hold a hearing about that recommendation. The prosecuting attorney must be notified of the hearing. The prosecutor is to then notify the victim of the inmate, who has the right to participate in the hearing. The judge can overturn the ODRC's decision, and if the judge does grant the offender a reduced sentence, the victim and the prosecutor's office must be notified. Under the act, sex offenders cannot receive reduced sentences. The act also calls on the ODRC to write a feasibility study on ways to reduce the number of prisoners who are released homeless and improve GPS monitoring. The Reagan Tokes Act went into effect on March 21, 2019.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: After the first part of the Reagan Tokes Act passed, lawmakers were expected to re-introduce the other components of it in 2019. The next section of the Reagan Tokes Act, which addresses the monitoring of criminals, was re-introduced at the Ohio Statehouse. House Bill 166 would reduce the caseload burdens on parole officers and require the state to create a re-entry program for all offenders released from prison who it intends to have reside in, but who are not accepted by, a halfway house or similar facility. It also addressed the GPS monitoring of felons under post-release control. In February 2022, HB 166 passed the Ohio House.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: In November 2019, Hamilton County Common Pleas Judge Tom Heekin ruled that provisions of the Reagan Tokes Act that allow the state parole board to extend prison sentences without a judge’s input violate the separation of powers doctrine and deprive offenders of adequate due process. Parts of the Reagan Tokes Act have been challenged by defendants, leading to conflicting decisions by appellate courts. The Fifth District Court of Appeals and the Sixth District Court of Appeals ruled that the law's constitutionality could only be challenged if the ODRC imposes the longer sentence. The Second District Court of Appeals and the Twelfth District Court of Appeals, however, did consider the constitutionality of the law. In both cases, the courts upheld the Reagan Tokes Act. In January 2021, the Ohio Supreme Court announced that it had accepted appeals of the decisions made by the Fifth District Court of Appeals and the Sixth District Court of Appeals.


title: Murder of Reagan Tokes

text: Tokes's murder and the subsequent legal reforms garnered extensive media coverage in Central Ohio. "The Columbus Dispatch" listed the case as being one of the region's top ten news stories in 2017. The murder of Tokes also received national media coverage. "Dateline NBC" aired an episode about it in June 2019. The case was also featured on "On the Case with Paula Zahn" and "True Crime Daily".


title: SourceForge

text: SourceForge is a web service that offers software consumers a centralized online location to control and manage open-source software projects and research business software. It provides source code repository hosting, bug tracking, mirroring of downloads for load balancing, a wiki for documentation, developer and user mailing lists, user-support forums, user-written reviews and ratings, a news bulletin, micro-blog for publishing project updates, and other features.


title: SourceForge

text: SourceForge was one of the first to offer this service free of charge to open-source projects. Since 2012, the website has run on Apache Allura software. SourceForge offers free hosting and free access to tools for developers of free and open-source software.


title: SourceForge

text: , the SourceForge repository claimed to host more than 502,000 projects and had more than 3.7 million registered users.


title: SourceForge

text: SourceForge is a web-based source code repository. It acts as a centralized location for free and open-source software projects. It was the first to offer this service for free to open-source projects. Project developers have access to centralized storage and tools for managing projects, though it is best known for providing revision control systems such as CVS, SVN, Bazaar, Git and Mercurial. Major features (amongst others) include project wikis, metrics and analysis, access to a MySQL database, and unique sub-domain URLs (in the form codice_1).


title: SourceForge

text: The vast number of users at SourceForge.net (over 3 million as of 2013) exposes prominent projects to a variety of developers and can create a positive feedback loop. As a project's activity rises, SourceForge.net's internal ranking system makes it more visible to other developers through SourceForge directory and Enterprise Directory. Given that many open-source projects fail due to lack of developer support, exposure to such a large community of developers can continually breathe new life into a project.


title: SourceForge

text: SourceForge's traditional revenue model is through advertising banner sales on their site. In 2006 SourceForge Inc. reported quarterly takings of US$6.5 million. In 2009 SourceForge reported a gross quarterly income of US$23 million through media and e-commerce streams. In 2011 a revenue of US$20 million was reported for the combined value of the SourceForge, slashdot and freecode holdings, prior to SourceForge's acquisition.


title: SourceForge

text: Since 2013 additional revenue generation schemes, such as bundleware models, have been trialled, with the goal of increasing SourceForge's revenue. The result has in some cases been the appearance of malware bundled with SourceForge downloads. On February 9, 2016, SourceForge announced they had eliminated their DevShare program practice of bundling installers with project downloads.


title: SourceForge

text: Negative community reactions to the partnership program led to a review of the program, which was nonetheless opened up to all SourceForge projects on February 7, 2014. The program was canceled by new owners BIZX, LLC on February 9, 2016;


title: SourceForge

text: On May 17, 2016, they announced that it would scan all projects for malware and display warnings on downloads.


title: SourceForge

text: SourceForge, founded in 1999 by VA Software, was the first provider of a centralized location for free and open-source software developers to control and manage software development and offering this service without charge. The software running the SourceForge site was released as free software in January 2000 and was later named SourceForge Alexandria. The last release under a free license was made in November 2001; after the dot-com bubble, SourceForge was later powered by the proprietary SourceForge Enterprise Edition, a separate product re-written in Java which was marketed for offshore outsourcing.


title: SourceForge

text: SourceForge has been temporarily banned in China three times: in September 2002, in July 2008 (for about a month) and on August 6, 2012 (for several days).


title: SourceForge

text: In November 2008, SourceForge was sued by the French collection society Société civile des Producteurs de Phonogrammes en France (SPPF) for hosting downloads of the file sharing application Shareaza.


title: SourceForge

text: In 2009 SourceForge announced a new site platform known as Allura, which would be an extensible, open source platform licensed under the Apache License, utilizing components such as Python and MongoDB, and offering REST APIs. In June 2012 the Allura project was donated to the Apache Software Foundation as Apache Allura.


title: SourceForge

text: In September 2012 SourceForge, Slashdot, and Freecode were acquired from Geeknet by the online job site Dice.com for $20 million, and incorporated into a subsidiary known as Slashdot Media. In July 2015 Dice announced that it planned to sell SourceForge and Slashdot, and in January 2016 the two sites were sold to the San Diego-based BIZX, LLC for an undisclosed amount. In December 2019, BIZX rebranded as Slashdot Media.


title: SourceForge

text: On September 26, 2012, it was reported that attackers had compromised a SourceForge mirror, and modified a download of phpMyAdmin to add security exploits.


title: SourceForge

text: Some of SourceForge's monetization practices have been met with criticism by developers and end users.


title: SourceForge

text: In July 2013 SourceForge announced that it would provide project owners with an optional feature called "DevShare", which places closed-source ad-supported content into the binary installers and gives the project part of the ad revenue. Opinions of this new feature varied; some complained about users not being as aware of what they are getting or being able to trust the downloaded content, whereas others saw it as a reasonably harmless option that keeps individual projects and users in control.


title: SourceForge

text: In November 2013 GIMP, a free image manipulation program, removed its download from SourceForge, citing misleading download buttons that potentially confuse customers, as well as SourceForge's own Windows installer, which bundles potentially unwanted programs. In a statement, GIMP called SourceForge a "once useful and trustworthy place to develop and host FLOSS applications" that now faces "a problem with the ads they allow on their sites ..."


title: SourceForge

text: In response to the DevShare adware many users and projects migrated to GitHub, other software hosting facilities, or self-host their software. In May 2015, SourceForge took control of pages for five projects that had migrated to other hosting sites and replaced the project downloads with adware-laden downloads. Community concerns triggered a prompt review of SourceForge mirroring program, and third-party bundling of mirrored content was discontinued on May 27, 2015.


title: SourceForge

text: After SourceForge was sold to BizX in 2016, DevShare was discontinued. On May 17, 2016, SourceForge announced that they were now scanning all projects for malware, and displaying warnings on projects detected to have malware.


title: SourceForge

text: GIMP, who discontinued their use of SourceForge as a download mirror in November 2013, reported in May 2015 that SourceForge was hosting versions of their Windows binaries that "put other software apart from GIMP on our users' systems" on their Open Source Mirror directory, which SourceForge claims is a collection of abandoned projects. This came despite SourceForge's commitment in November 2013 to never bundle adware with project downloads without developers' consent. GIMP said "To us, this firmly places SourceForge among the dodgy crowd of download sites."


title: SourceForge

text: On June 1, 2015, SourceForge claimed that they had stopped coupling "third party offers" with unmaintained SourceForge projects. Since this announcement was made, a number of other developers have reported that their SourceForge projects had been taken over by SourceForge staff accounts (but have not had binaries edited), including nmap, and VLC media player.


title: SourceForge

text: On June 18, 2015, SourceForge announced that SourceForge-maintained mirrored projects were removed, and anticipated the formation of a Community Panel to review their mirroring practices. No such Community Panel ever materialized, but SourceForge ended the bundling of installers after new ownership took over in early 2016.


title: SourceForge

text: Since 2002, SourceForge has featured a pair of "Projects of the Month", one chosen by its community and the other by its staff, but these have not been updated since December 2020.


title: SourceForge

text: , the SourceForge repository hosted more than 300,000 projects and had more than 3 million registered users, although not all were active. The domain "sourceforge.net" attracted at least 33 million visitors by August 2009 according to a Compete.com survey.


title: SourceForge

text: In its terms of use, SourceForge states that its services are not available to users in countries on the sanction list of the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (including Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria). Since 2008 the secure server used for making contributions to the site has blocked access from those countries. In January 2010, the site had blocked all access from those countries, including downloads. Any IP address that appeared to belong to one of those countries could not use the site. By the following month, SourceForge relaxed the restrictions so that individual projects could indicate whether or not SourceForge should block their software from download to those countries. This, however, had been reversed by November 2020 for North Korea and other countries. Crimea has been blocked since February 1, 2015.


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: Mpenjani ‘Mpe’ Mwaruwari (born 13 August 1978), often known simply as Benjani, is a Zimbabwean retired professional footballer who played as a striker.


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: Having started his career with Jomo Cosmos, Benjani moved to Europe in 2001 to join Swiss side Grasshopper Club Zürich before moving to Auxerre a year later. He signed with Premier League club Portsmouth in 2006, then went on to play in England's top flight for Manchester City, Sunderland and Blackburn Rovers before returning to Portsmouth in 2011. The following year, he returned to South Africa with Chippa United and then Bidvest Wits.


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: Benjani played a total 31 times for the Zimbabwe national team and was its captain for many of those matches. A member of the squad at the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, he retired from international football in October 2010 to concentrate on his club career. He is the assistant coach of the Zimbabwe national football team and Head Coach of Ngezi Platinum FC.


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: Benjani began his career at Lulu Rovers, Highlanders FC Juniors, Zimba Africa Rivers, University of Zimbabwe teams in Zimbabwe's Division one and Air Zimbabwe Jets in the country's Premier League in 1999. He moved to South African club Jomo Cosmos in 1999 where he met his mentor Jomo Sono, after impressing in the friendly match between South Africa and Zimbabwe that was played to commemorate the inauguration of Thabo Mbeki as the president of South Africa..


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: In 2001, he was voted PSL Player of the Season and PSL Players' Player of the Season in South Africa.


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: Benjani moved to Swiss club Grasshopper Club Zürich on loan in 2001. In 2002, Guy Roux took him to Auxerre of France. Benjani had a good run at the start, capitalising from Djibril Cissé's absence, becoming top goalscorer in Ligue 1. Roux never played the two together, and eventually Benjani found himself surplus to requirements under Roux's successor, Jacques Santini, this time forced out of the 4–5–1 formation by Luigi Pieroni. While at Auxerre, Benjani scored the opening goal in the 2005 Coupe de France final as they defeated Paris St Germain. He also played as a substitute in the final as they won the tournament two years earlier in 2003. On 5 January 2006, English Premier League club Portsmouth signed him from Auxerre for £4.1 million after Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger recommended the player to Harry Redknapp.


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: This transfer from Auxerre to Portsmouth in January 2006 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns:


title: Benjani Mwaruwari

text: "Agent Willie McKay acted for the selling club, Auxerre, in the transfer of Benjani and, for the same reason as above"" (still awaiting clarification) ""the inquiry is not prepared to clear these transfers at this stage."