title: Lake City, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the city was $28,533, and the median income for a family was $39,133. Males had a median income of $31,261 versus $27,656 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,083. 20.5% of the population and 17.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.9% of those under the age of 18 and 14.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Around 40% of the people of Lake City are affiliated with a religion. Evangelicalism is the largest religious affiliation with 27.9% followed by Protestant (4.7%), African Protestant (3.5%), Catholicism (2.4%) and other religions (1.6%). 59.8% are not affiliated with a religion.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Mountaintop Ministries Worldwide, formerly End Time Ministries and commonly called End Timers, was established near Lake City by Charles Meade in 1984. The basis of the ministry was that Lake City would be the only place to survive Armageddon and believers were to stay in an underground bunker on Meade's property.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Lake City and Columbia County are known as "The Gateway to Florida" because Interstate 75 runs through them, carrying a large percentage of Florida's tourist and commercial traffic. Lake City is the northernmost sizable town/city in Florida on Interstate 75 and the location where I-10 and I-75 intersect. Interstate 10 is the southernmost east-west major interstate highway and traverses the country from Jacksonville, Florida, to Santa Monica, California. U.S. 41 and U.S. 90 (the U.S. highway versions of I-75 and I-10) have intersected in Lake City since 1927, long before the Interstate highways were built. The city relies on travelers for a considerable part of its economy.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Since 2000, three companies have begun large operations in Lake City: Hunter Panels, New Millennium and United States Cold Storage. Target built their first company-owned and third-party-operated perishable food distribution center in Lake City in 2008.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Every February since 1976, Lake City has hosted the Olustee Battle Festival and reenactment of the Battle of Olustee spanning three days. The festival begins with a memorial service at Oak Lawn Cemetery in Lake City to honor those who died from both sides on day one and ends with a reenactment at the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park on day three. From day one to day three various activities from live entertainment to exhibits are on display in downtown Lake City and the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: The Alligator Warrior Festival is held each year on the weekend of the 3rd Saturday in October to recognize the early history of Columbia County prior to the Civil War. The first Alligator Festival was held in 1995 at Olustee Park in downtown Lake City. Starting in 2010 the annual festival has been held at O'Leno State Park south of Lake City where the appropriate facilities exist for a full-scale battle reenactment, historic camping and large crowds.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Lake City is governed by a council/city manager form of government. The city council consists of five members, with four representing four city districts, while the Mayor serves at-large throughout all of Lake City. The administration of Lake City consists of The City Manager's Office, The Assistant City Manager, Human Resources, Procurement, Finance and Technology.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: The Lake City Police Department was founded around 1861 during the Civil War. The first fire department was established in 1883 to complement the police department. Argatha Gilmore has been the Chief of Police since 2009 after serving 25 years with the Tallahassee Police Department.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: The Columbia County School District operates nine elementary schools, three middle schools, two high schools and an alternative school. Lake City also has one higher education institution, Florida Gateway College, that offers associate degrees and four-year bachelor's degrees.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: The Lake City Gateway Airport is a local center of business. The airport is classified as a general aviation facility, but two on-site operations are somewhat unusual. HAECO (formerly TIMCO) is an aircraft modification and rehabilitation operation for large (B-727, 737 and Airbus A-320 A-319) civilian and military aircraft. The U.S. Forest Service uses C-130 transport aircraft in support of its forest fire-fighting operations in the southeastern United States.


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Lake City was a scheduled stop for Amtrak's "Sunset Limited" between Los Angeles and Orlando from 1993 to 2005, when damage to railroad lines and bridges by Hurricane Katrina caused the curtailment of all service east of New Orleans,


title: Lake City, Florida

text: Freight service is provided by the Florida Gulf & Atlantic Railroad, which acquired most of the former CSX main line from Pensacola to Jacksonville on June 1, 2019.


title: Carlos Alcaraz career statistics

text: This is a list of main career statistics of Spanish professional tennis player Carlos Alcaraz. All statistics are according to the ATP World Tour and ITF websites.


title: Carlos Alcaraz career statistics

text: "Only main-draw results in ATP Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Davis Cup/ATP Cup/Laver Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records."


title: Carlos Alcaraz career statistics

text: Alcaraz is the first player born in the 2000s to win an ATP Masters 1000 title and also to win multiple Masters 1000 titles.


title: Carlos Alcaraz career statistics

text: He first ascended into the top-10 on 25 April 2022 when he moved up from No. 11 to No. 9. Since then, he's spent:


title: Carlos Alcaraz career statistics

text: Alcaraz's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who are active in boldface. Only ATP Tour main draw matches are considered:


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse is an action-adventure third-person shooter video game developed by Heavy Iron Studios and published by Activision. The game is based on the American animated television series "Family Guy", most notably the episode "Road to the Multiverse", and was also a continuation of the episode "The Big Bang Theory". It also featured the return of Stewie's evil half-brother Bertram, who was killed in the show. The game was released in North America on November 20, 2012, in Australia on November 21, 2012, and in Europe on November 23, 2012, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. It was the first "Family Guy" console game since "Family Guy Video Game!" in 2006.


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: Upon release, "Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse" received negative reviews. While praise fell towards its humor, characters, and return of the original cast, the game was criticized for its gameplay, graphics, and story. When the game was available for pre-order, people who pre-ordered the game received a special level, based on "", another video game based on the "Aliens" trademark also owned by 20th Century Fox, which was released the next February to similar negative reception.


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: Players control Stewie Griffin and Brian Griffin in an adventure that pitted them against Stewie's evil half-brother, Bertram. "Back to the Multiverse" featured both co-operative and competitive multiplayer modes built around the characters. Extra challenge levels, multiplayer maps, costumes, and playable "Family Guy" characters were unlocked through gameplay.


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: Brian and Stewie are spending time at home when Bertram appears out of nowhere in a flash of light. Stewie is appalled by this, as he had killed Bertram in the past. Bertram responds by explaining that he is from another reality where Stewie never killed him, and expresses his disgust that there exists a universe without him in it. Bertram then exclaims that because of this, he will build an army from all the depths of the Multiverse, and use it destroy Stewie's universe entirely. After Bertram uses his remote to travel out of their realm, Stewie takes out his own Multiverse remote and declares that he and Brian will stop Bertram at all costs. They then travel out of their world and try to track Bertram down, but are forced to encounter his army along the way. Some members of this army are characters from the TV series, such as Ernie the Giant Chicken, Long John Peter, Evil Stewie from "The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair", Crippletron from "No Meals on Wheels", and Santa Claus's work-overwhelmed disfigured Christmas elves from "Road to the North Pole". Stewie and Brian follow Bertram through seven different universes:


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: When Stewie and Brian return to their universe in an airport, Peter (who was on the chicken ship held captive) came back with Ernie, the giant chicken, Peter's arch enemy, while Stewie and Brian went to stop Bertram, Peter and The giant chicken engage in a furious battle, when the showdown was taken outside Peter threw the giant chicken in an airplane engine, shredding him to pieces and presumably killing him. After the showdown, Peter then walks away, without knowing the giant chicken's eyes open, meaning that he's still alive.


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: After Stewie and Brian make it to the town square, they are shocked to discover that even though they had dismantled all the army forces Bertram had constructed throughout the Multiverse, their town had been purged into chaos. After a few more seconds, Bertram appears with a weaponized Tyrannosaurus, and welcomes Stewie back home. It is then revealed that Bertram had not actually been assembling armies within the universes Brian and Stewie had traveled to, but rather was simply trying to lure the two into dangerous environments to get rid of them, while his assistant, Gus, was assembling an army of alternate reality versions of Bertram himself, which appear along with the T-Rex. Bertram then exclaims that he had finally created a bomb that can exponentially tear a universe apart. Due to the fact that traveling through universes creates tears in reality, Bertram's bomb can expand these tears and start a chain reaction that will suck Stewie's entire universe into oblivion. The most tears in Stewie's world are near his house, as that is where Brian, Stewie, and Bertram all traveled out of. This is where Bertram is headed for the bomb to activate. After the Tyrannosaurus ruthlessly devours an innocent bystander, Stewie and Brian arm themselves and battle both the Tyrannosaurus and Bertram's army. The fight continues all the way to Stewie's house, where two possible endings are present:


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: According to Unseen64, ports for Wii and Nintendo 3DS were planned, but both were cancelled in August 2011 according to a former employee of Heavy Iron Studios, due to the focus "on making one version of the game and growing concerns about how [the game] would perform on those platforms." As a result, it was not released on any Nintendo systems.


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: "Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse" received "generally unfavorable" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: Andrew Reiner of "Game Informer" said that half of the Xbox 360 version is done exceptionally well, while the other half is the polar opposite. He also stated, "The gameplay could fuel any generic shooter, and doesn't feel like it belongs with this property." The game received a mixed review from IGN who said of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions, "There's a lot to enjoy, but none of it will knock your socks off." "Official Xbox Magazine UK"s review was a questionnaire in which the reader could score the game themselves, with the final score out of ten being decided by how many boxes they ticked, the final box being "I'm a frothing imbecile who deserves nothing of value in my life." The review concluded that the game was for "no-one. Not even people who like the TV show" and "These writers hate humanity." The only positive mention given of the game was "It certainly looks the part."


title: Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse

text: Edd Harwood of "The Digital Fix" gave the PS3 version three out of ten, saying that it was "a really bad game. It is not the worst game though because some games I play do not work sometimes or are even more stupid. Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse is at least a game that I can play and shoot things, and maybe laugh at something that reminds me of the show. But the shooting is really bad. The multiplayer is also not so bad. But I would much rather watch the show. Or play something else." "Digital Spy" gave the Xbox 360 version one star out of five and stated, "There is surely scope to make a decent "Family Guy" game - just imagine an adventure or puzzle title littered with acerbic humor and smart observations. But as a shooter, "Back to the Multiverse" is a hopelessly moronic, completely pointless experience that will please neither "Family Guy" fans nor people who enjoy games. In this case, the joke is most definitely on us." "Metro GameCentral" gave said console version a similar score of a two out of ten and called it "a return to the very worst standards of video game tie-ins, with terrible gameplay and an equally incompetent attempt to mimic the show's humour."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Hans Urs von Balthasar (12 August 1905 – 26 June 1988) was a Swiss theologian and Catholic priest who is considered an important Catholic theologian of the 20th century. He was announced as his choice to become a cardinal by Pope John Paul II, but died shortly before the consistory. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) said in his funeral oration for von Balthasar that "he is right in what he teaches of the faith" and that he "points the way to the sources of living water".


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: With Ratzinger and Henri de Lubac, he founded the theological journal "Communio". Over the course of his life, he authored 85 books, over 500 articles and essays, and almost 100 translations. He is known for his 15-volume trilogy on beauty ("The Glory of the Lord"), goodness ("Theo-Drama"), and truth ("Theo-Logic").


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Balthasar was born in Lucerne, Switzerland, on 12 August 1905, to a noble family. His father, Oscar Ludwig Carl von Balthasar (1872–1946), was a church architect, and his mother, Gabrielle Pietzcker (d. 1929), helped found the "" (Swiss League of Catholic Women). Pietzcker was related to the beatified Hungarian bishop Blessed Vilmos Apor, who was shot by Soviet troops in 1945 while trying to protect women from drunken Soviet soldiers. Oscar and Gabrielle had three children. Hans Urs was the eldest. Their son Dieter would join the Swiss Guard. Their daughter Renée (1908–1986) became the superior general of the . Hans Urs would later describe his family as "straightforwardly Catholic ... I grew up with a faith that was equally straightforward, untroubled by doubt. I can still remember the silent and very moving early Masses on my own in the choir of the Franciscan church in Lucerne and the ten-o'clock Mass in the Jesuit church, which I thought was stunningly beautiful."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: As a child, Hans and his family spent much time at the hotel Pension Felsberg, which his grandmother managed. Here, he was regularly exposed to a "cosmopolitan" atmosphere where "trilingualism (German, French, English) [was] taken for granted," as biographer Peter Henrici notes. Hans, who had absolute pitch, was immersed in classical music, particularly Schubert, Tchaikovsky, and Mahler, and this interest would continue through early adulthood. By his own account, he "spent endless hours on the piano". While doing university studies in Vienna, he reportedly would play the piano four hands almost nightly with his roommate Rudolf Allers. Later, as a Jesuit chaplain, he would perform a transcription of Mozart's "Don Giovanni" from memory.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Educated first by Benedictine monks at the abbey school of Engelberg in central Switzerland—during the time of the First World War—von Balthasar transferred to the more academically rigorous Stella Matutina, a preparatory school run by the Society of Jesus in Feldkirch, Austria, whose alumni include Arthur Conan Doyle and the Thomist cardinal Franz Ehrle. Aside from music, von Balthasar also took a strong interest in literature, later citing Dante and Goethe as key early influences.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: A year before graduation from Stella Matutina, he enrolled early at the University of Zurich to study German literature. After stints researching in Vienna and Berlin, he obtained his doctorate in 1928, with a dissertation on the theme of Eschatology in German and Germanophone thought, drawing heavily from Catholic theology. Writing in the 1980s, he said of this latter work that "its fundamental impulse was the desire to reveal ... the ultimate religious attitude, often hidden, of the great figures of modern German literature. I wanted to let them, so to speak, 'make their confession'. The work was of insufficient maturity—most of the chapters ought to be rewritten—and yet some of it may still be valid." According to Henrici, submitting a dissertation of this nature to the "Liberal Protestant" University of Zurich was academically risky for a student at that time, but the faculty awarded von Balthasar his doctorate "summa cum laude."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Though a practicing Catholic, with "untroubled faith" and "devotion to our Lady," von Balthasar had remained largely uninterested in theology and spirituality until his university years. At the University of Vienna—where atheism was prevalent—he was influenced in his religious thinking by Professor Hans Eibl and, more decisively, his friend Rudolf Allers, a convert to Catholicism. While studying in Berlin, too, he heard lectures by the theologian Romano Guardini.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: In 1929, von Balthasar attended a retreat for students in Wyhlen, Germany, and sensed what he believed to be a sudden call to follow Jesus Christ:Even today [in 1959], after thirty years, I could still find again the tree on the lost path in the Black Forest, not far from Basel, under which I was struck as if by lightning... [I]t was neither theology nor the priesthood that, at that moment, appeared in a flash before my mind; it was this alone: You have nothing to choose; you are called. You will not serve; another will use you. You have no plans to make; you are only a small little tile in a mosaic that has long been ready. I needed only to "leave everything and follow," without making plans, without wishes or ideas: I needed only to stand there and wait and see what I would be used for—and so it happened.He understood this experience as having been mediated by the figure of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Von Balthasar would later write of Loyola, "I did not choose him; he set me ablaze like a bolt of lightning." On November 18, 1929, von Balthasar entered the Society of Jesus in south Germany, not long after the death of his mother. At that time, Jesuit work and ministry was prohibited in Switzerland by constitutional law.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: After two years as a Jesuit novice, he studied philosophy at Pullach, near Munich, where he came into contact with Erich Przywara, who formed him in Scholasticism and whose work on the "analogia entis" impacted him, though he would later express some hesitation about certain aspects of his thought. In 1932, von Balthasar moved to Fourvière, the Jesuit school in Lyon, France, for four years of theological study. Here he encountered fellow Jesuits Henri Bouillard, Jean Daniélou, Gaston Fessard, and Henri de Lubac, figures later associated with the "nouvelle théologie." De Lubac kindled the young student's interest in the Church Fathers, especially Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and Maximus the Confessor. In Lyon, von Balthasar also encountered the work of French writers Charles Péguy, Georges Bernanos, and Paul Claudel.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Von Balthasar was ordained a priest on 26 July 1936. As a motto on his ordination card, he used the phrase ""Benedixit, fregit, deditque"" ("He blessed it, broke it, and gave"), taken from the words of the institution of the Eucharist in the Gospel of Luke. After finishing his theological studies in 1937, he was sent to Munich to work at the journal "Stimmen der Zeit", where he remained until 1939. He completed his tertianship with Father Albert Steger in 1940.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: When given the choice between a professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome and a role as student chaplain in Basel, Switzerland, he chose the chaplaincy, preferring pastoral work to academia. Moving to Basel in 1940, von Balthasar edited the "Europaische Reihe" literary series for the Sammlung Klosterberg, translated French Resistance poetry, helped to produce plays (including a staging of his own translations of Bernanos' "Dialogues of the Carmelites" and Claudel's "The Satin Slipper"), published book-length studies on Maximus the Confessor and Saint Gregory of Nyssa, and regularly lectured to students. He established the "Studentische Schulungsgemeinschaft" in 1941, an institute for student formation that featured courses and conferences by Hugo Rahner, Martin Buber, Yves Congar, , Henri de Lubac, and others. To the students, von Balthasar offered liturgies, sermons, retreats, and spiritual direction, with a particular emphasis on the "Spiritual Exercises" of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. According to Jacques Servais, "A good number of the young men eventually entered the Society of Jesus, while others decided to remain in the lay state, hoping to find a form of consecration to God in the world."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: During his first months in Basel, he met the physician Adrienne von Speyr through a mutual friend. A mother in her late thirties, and a somewhat prominent figure in Basel society, she was married to the historian Werner Kaegi, with two children from her first marriage to , who had died suddenly in 1934. She was a Protestant, but interested in becoming Catholic. Von Balthasar began to offer her catechetical instruction and later said of this process, "In the instructions she understood everything immediately, as though she had only—and for how long!—waited to hear exactly what I was saying in order to affirm it."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Shortly following her reception into the Catholic Church on 1 November 1940—at a liturgy celebrated by von Balthasar—von Speyr began reporting intense experiences in prayer, including visions of Christ's Passion and encounters with various saints. In von Balthasar's words, "A veritable cataract of mystical graces poured over Adrienne in a seemingly chaotic storm that whirled her in all directions at once." He began to accompany her as a spiritual director, in order to help evaluate the experiences. After he became convinced of the authenticity of von Speyr's mysticism, von Balthasar and von Speyr both began to believe that they had a shared theological mission.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Between 1944 and 1960, von Speyr dictated to von Balthasar some 60 books of spiritual and Scriptural commentary. Given von Speyr's responsibilities as a mother and a practicing doctor, von Balthasar alone worked to arrange, edit, and publish the texts. In 1947, he founded a publishing house, Johannes Verlag, in Einsiedeln, Switzerland, where he began to print and distribute her works with ecclesiastical "imprimatur". Some of von Speyr's works, namely those of a more explicitly mystical character, were not released until Pope John Paul II organized a Vatican symposium on her thought in 1985, almost 20 years after her death. In an interview with Angelo Scola in 1986, von Balthasar gave a portrait of his relationship with the "extensive theology" of von Speyr:All I attempted to do was gather it up and embed it in a space, such as the theology of the Fathers, that of the Middle Ages and the modern age, with which I was fairly familiar. My contribution consisted in providing a comprehensive theological horizon, so that all that was new and valid in her thought would not be watered down or falsified, but be given space to unfold. With a mere textbook-theology one could not have captured Adrienne's work; it required a knowledge of the great tradition to realize that her original propositions in no way contradicted it.Von Speyr and von Balthasar also collaborated closely in the founding of the "Johannesgemeinschaft" (Community of Saint John), a Catholic institute of consecrated laypeople established in 1945, with a mission to work for the sanctification of the world from within the world. It became more widely known three years later when Balthasar produced a theology for secular institutes in his work "Der Laie und der Ordenstand", the first book to be published by Johannes Verlag. After a long discernment, von Balthasar would eventually leave the Society of Jesus to found this community, since his superiors did not believe it would be compatible with Jesuit life. He saw it as a "personal, special, and non-delegable task." Von Speyr referred to the "Johannesgemeinschaft" metaphorically as a “Child” she shared with the priest—an analogy that has drawn some criticism but been defended by others. Von Speyr served as the superior of the women's branch of the community until her death.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Beginning in 1945, the year in which he published "Das" "Herz der Welt" ("Heart of the World"), von Balthasar met a series of difficulties. He was scheduled to give a Christmas sermon on Swiss public radio, but this was cancelled at the last moment because of the ongoing national constitutional ban on Jesuit activity. The event caused some controversy. In June 1946, his father passed away, followed not long after by his godmother. In May 1946, Robert Rast, a Jesuit novice who had been his friend and collaborator in the Schulungsgemeinschaft, died of tuberculosis.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: That same year, his Jesuit superiors informed him that the Society of Jesus could not be answerable for the Community of Saint John, the secular institute he had begun to organize with Adrienne von Speyr. Feeling that he "was being called by God to certain definite tasks in the Church", he made a 30-day retreat at the request of Father General Jean-Baptiste Janssens, where the director confirmed that von Balthasar, while remaining a priest, should leave the Jesuit order to work with the Community of Saint John. Von Balthasar considered this a "very grave" step, but in 1950, he officially left the Society of Jesus. He renewed his religious vows a few months later. Shortly before his exit from the society, the University of Munich offered him a professorship, as a successor to Romano Guardini, but he declined. He remained without a ministerial role in the church until, in 1956, he was incardinated into the Diocese of Chur as a diocesan priest.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Von Balthasar's exit from the Jesuits left him "literally on the street", as biographer Peter Henrici notes, and he took up lecture tours across Germany, which helped him provide for himself and fund the Johannes Verlag publishing house. He also continued giving retreats to young people. Between 1950 and 1956, he authored a number of books and articles, including "Therese von Lisieux" ("Thérèse of Lisieux") (1950), "Schleifung der Bastionen" ("Razing the Bastions") (1952), "Das betrachtende Gebet" ("Prayer") (1955), and "Die Gottesfrage des heutigen Menschen" ("The God Question and Modern Man") (1956), as well as monograph studies of Georges Bernanos, Karl Barth, and Reinhold Schneider. Much of his work during this period—written after the release of Pope Pius XII's apostolic constitution Provida Mater Ecclesia, which gave an ecclesiastical blessing to secular institutes—confronts the question of how Christian discipleship might be lived from within the world.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: After he was welcomed into the Diocese of Chur, he settled in the city of Basel, hosted by his married friends Werner Kaegi and Adrienne von Speyr, in whose home he remained until 1967. During this period—although he was diagnosed with leukemia in 1958—von Balthasar wrote prolifically, most notably the seven-volume work "Herrlichkeit" (The Glory of the Lord) (1961–1967), which was to serve as the first part of a theological trilogy on the three classical transcendentals of beauty, goodness, and truth. He also translated and edited for Johannes Verlag, with an emphasis on the writing of his collaborator von Speyr. Balthasar was not invited to take part in the Second Vatican Council, which took place during this time, but after the release of "Herrlichkeit", his theological reputation would grow significantly.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Adrienne von Speyr, who had been seriously ill since the mid-1950s, died on September 17, 1967, and Balthasar assumed responsibility for the Community of Saint John.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: In 1969, Pope Paul VI appointed him to the International Theological Commission. He worked as a theological secretary at the Second Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 1971, penning the synod document on priestly spirituality, and he also received the from the Catholic Academy of Bavaria.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: With Joseph Ratzinger and Henri de Lubac, he founded the international theological journal "Communio" in 1971, with collaboration from members of the Italian Communion and Liberation movement, including Angelo Scola. The journal was conceived as a more traditionally minded alternative to the progressive "Concilium", and von Balthasar described its mission in terms of courage: "[T]his truth we believe in strips us bare. Like lambs among wolves. It is not a matter of bravado, but of Christian courage, to expose oneself to risk." Karol Wojtyła became the editor of the Polish edition of the review.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Later in the 1970s, he was given fellowships at the British Academy and the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, in addition to prizes for translation. In 1984 Pope John Paul II awarded him the first Paul VI International Prize for his contributions to theology. The following year saw an official Vatican symposium on the life and work of Adrienne von Speyr, which closed with a laudatory closing address by the pope.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: From the low point of being banned from teaching as a result of his leaving the Society of Jesus, von Balthasar's reputation had risen to the extent that Pope John Paul II announced plans to make him a cardinal on 29 May 1988. He died, however, in his home in Basel on 26 June 1988, two days before the ceremony which would have granted him that rank. He is buried in the cemetery of the Church of St. Leodegar im Hof (Hofkirche) in Lucerne.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Along with Karl Rahner and Bernard Lonergan, von Balthasar sought to offer a response to Western modernity, which posed a challenge to traditional Catholic thought. While Rahner offered a progressive, accommodating position on modernity and Lonergan worked out a philosophy of history that sought to critically appropriate modernity, Balthasar resisted the reductionism and human focus of modernity, wanting Christianity to be more challenging toward modern sensibilities.; Von Balthasar is very eclectic in his approach, sources, and interests and remains difficult to categorize. An example of his eclecticism was his long study and conversation with the influential Reformed Swiss theologian Karl Barth, on whose work he wrote the first Catholic analysis and response. Although von Balthasar's major points of analysis on Barth's work have been disputed, his book "The Theology of Karl Barth: Exposition and Interpretation" (1951) remains a classic work for its sensitivity and insight; Barth himself agreed with its analysis of his own theological enterprise, calling it the best book on his own theology. A distinctive thought in von Balthasar's work is that our first experience after birth is the face of love of our mothers, where the "I" encounters for the first time the "Thou", and the "Thou" smiles in a relationship of love and sustenance.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Von Balthasar was better known for his sixteen-volume systematic theological "trilogy", published between 1961 and 1987, with a concluding ""epilog"" ("epilogue"). It is called a trilogy because it is divided into three parts: "Herrlichkeit" ("The Glory of the Lord"), "Theodramatik" ("Theo-Drama"), and "Theologik" ("Theo-Logic"). They follow the threefold self-description of Jesus in the Gospel of John ("I am the way, the truth, and the life") and therefore the transcendentals "bonum", "verum", and "pulchrum" (the good, the true, and the beautiful), although the trilogy begins with "Herrlichkeit", a study of the "pulchrum", the beautiful.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: "Herrlichkeit" is a seven-volume work on theological aesthetics. One of the most often quoted passages from the trilogy comes from the first volume, "Schau der Gestalt" ("Seeing the Form"): "Before the beautiful—no, not really "before" but "within" the beautiful—the whole person quivers. He not only 'finds' the beautiful moving; rather, he experiences himself as being moved and possessed by it."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: According to Cyril O'Regan of the University of Notre Dame, "Aquinas is hardly absent from the three thousand pages of "Glory of God"" and "nowhere throughout the trilogy do we find a trace of Thomistic triumphalism in which Aquinas is considered to be "the" philosopher and theologian of the Catholic church."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: "Theodramatik" is a five-volume work of "theological dramatic theory", examining the ethics and goodness in the action of God and in man's response, especially in the events of Good Friday, Holy Saturday, and Easter Sunday. Balthasar's soteriology, christology, and eschatology are here developed.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: "Theologik" is a three-volume work on "theological logical theory" describing the truth about the relation of the nature of Jesus Christ (christology) to reality itself (ontology, or the study of being). Volume 1, "Wahrheit der Welt" ("Truth of the World"), originally appeared as a standalone book in 1947, but was released with some revision in 1985 as the first part of "Theologik".


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Balthasar's first major work, the three-volume "Apokalypse der deutschen Seele" ("Apocalypse of the German Soul"), written from 1937 to 1939, was an expansion of his doctoral dissertation and a study in German literature, theology, and philosophy. Published in Germany and Austria during the Third Reich, one scholar has argued that the work contains anti-Semitism. Von Balthasar later remarked on the "Apokalypse", "The work was of insufficient maturity—most of the chapters ought to be rewritten—and yet some of it may still be valid."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Balthasar also wrote of the lives of saints and Church Fathers. Saints appear as an example of the lived Christian life throughout his writings. Instead of merely systematic analysis of theology, Balthasar described his theology as a "kneeling theology" deeply connected to contemplative prayer and as a "sitting theology" intensely connected to faith seeking understanding guided by the heart and mind of the Catholic Church.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Balthasar was very concerned that his writings address spiritual and practical issues. He insisted that his theology never be divorced from the mystical experiences of his long-time friend and convert, the physician Adrienne von Speyr.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Balthasar published varied works spanning many decades, fields of study (e.g., literature and literary analysis, lives of the saints, and the Church Fathers), and languages.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Balthasar used the expression "Casta Meretrix" to argue that the term Whore of Babylon was acceptable in a certain tradition of the Church, in the writings of Rabanus Maurus for instance.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: At Balthasar's funeral, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later to become Pope Benedict XVI, said, speaking of Balthasar's work in general: "What the pope intended to express by this mark of distinction [i.e., elevation to the cardinalate], and of honor, remains valid; no longer only private individuals but the Church itself, in its official responsibility, tells us that he is right in what he teaches of the faith."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: In light of the 1987 book "Was dürfen wir hoffen?" [English title: "Dare We Hope "That All Men Be Saved"?"], a number of critics have accused von Balthasar of implicitly advocating universalism or apocatastasis, the teaching that all people will inherit eternal life, often associated with Origen. Many, however, reject this criticism as a misreading of the theologian's work. Von Balthasar himself denounces the doctrine of definite universal salvation and affirms the concrete possibility of being damned, while insisting on the Christian duty to hope charitably that each person will be saved: "Thomas Aquinas taught that 'one can hope for eternal life for the other as long as one is united with him through love,' and from which of our brothers would it be permissible to withhold this love?" Ralph Martin and James O'Connor hold that von Balthasar's denial of universalism is incomplete, given his prominent use of a quote by Discalced Carmelite saint Edith Stein in his book-length essay "Kleiner Diskurs über die Hölle" ("A Short Discourse on Hell", included in the English translation of "Dare We Hope"), which references an "infinitely improbable" resistance to grace. Stein writes:All-merciful love can thus descend to everyone. We believe that it does so. And now, can we assume that there are souls that remain perpetually closed to such love? As a possibility in principle, this cannot be rejected. "In reality", it can become infinitely improbable—precisely through what preparatory grace is capable of effecting in the soul. It can do no more than knock at the door, and there are souls that already open themselves to it upon hearing this unobtrusive call. Others allow it to go unheeded. Then it can steal its way into souls and begin to spread itself out there more and more... If all the impulses opposed to the spirit have been expelled from the soul, then any free decision against this has become infinitely improbable.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: After witnessing the horrors of Nazism, St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross later appeared to have come around to this more pessimistic view, saying that "The possibility of some final loss appears more real and pressing than one which would seem infinitely improbable." Defending von Balthasar, Cardinal Avery Dulles interprets this passage as an "orthodox" expression of "hope" rather than a systematic soteriological doctrine. Other scholars have similarly recognized this distinction in the theologian's work more generally. Von Balthasar responded to allegations of heresy after the publication of "Was dürfen wir hoffen?" by asking, "How can anyone equate hoping with knowing? I hope that my friend will recover from his serious illness—do I therefore know this?" The position has been described as the result of a sort of conflict among the theological virtues: since "Love believes all things, [but also] hopes all things" (1 Corinthians ), what for "fides" must be rejected, for "spes" must be accepted, in order to recover with the theology of hope what in 553 the dogmatic theology had condemned with the anathema of the fifth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople against the possibility of apocatastasis or universal salvation. As Alyssa Pitstick phrases it, universal salvation, if it happens, would be the result of the "utter abandonment the Son undergoes". In "A Short Discourse on Hell", von Balthasar lists Erich Przywara, Henri de Lubac, Gaston Fessard, Maurice Blondel, Charles Péguy, Paul Claudel, Gabriel Marcel, Leon Bloy, Joseph Ratzinger, Walter Kasper, Romano Guardini, and Karl Rahner as Catholic thinkers who share his perspective on hope—""In" "summa:" a company in which one can feel quite comfortable".


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: The debate on von Balthasar's "Theology of Holy Saturday" and "Christ's descent into Hell", particularly as outlined in the last volume of the book "Theo-Drama", is still very heated. Following the magisterial principle expressed by the Fathers of the Church according to which "that what has not been taken up by Christ is not made whole" (Gregory of Nazianzus in Epistle 101: "For that which He has not assumed He has not healed", Latin: "quod non est assumptum non est sanatum" or "quod non assumpsit, non redemit"), then the redemption would be complete not with his death on the cross but only with the katabasis of his "descensio ad inferos". Joseph Ratzinger called "Theo-Drama" a "profound analysis of the essence of Christian hope" and a "foundational contribution" to the theological field of eschatology. This theme is also explored in von Balthasar's 1969 book "Theologie der drei Tage" ("Mysterium Paschale").


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Pope Benedict XVI has described von Balthasar and Henri de Lubac as the two theologians he appreciates the most. In a 2016 interview, he claimed he shared an "inward intention" and "vision" with Balthasar, remarking positively, "It is unbelievable what this person has written and done."


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Balthasar's major writings have been translated into English, and the journal he co-founded with Henri de Lubac, Karl Lehmann, and Joseph Ratzinger, "Communio", currently appears in 12 languages. In delivering his eulogy, Ratzinger, quoting de Lubac, called Balthasar "perhaps the most cultured man of our time". In March 2018, together with Adrienne von Speyr, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chur formally opened their cause towards canonisation.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: Von Balthasar has also been highly influential in the work of Bishop Robert Barron, who has been an ardent advocate of von Balthasar's soteriology.


title: Hans Urs von Balthasar

text: The most comprehensive printed bibliography (223 pages, including translations up to 2005) now available of all of von Balthasar's writings is


title: Eugene H. Peterson

text: Eugene Hoiland Peterson (November 6, 1932 – October 22, 2018) was an American Presbyterian minister, scholar, theologian, author, and poet. He wrote over 30 books, including the Gold Medallion Book Award–winner "The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language" (Navpress Publishing Group, 2002), an idiomatic paraphrasing commentary and translation of the Bible into modern American English using a dynamic equivalence translation approach.


title: Eugene H. Peterson

text: Peterson was born on November 6, 1932, in Stanwood, Washington, and grew up in Kalispell, Montana. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Seattle Pacific University, his Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree from New York Theological Seminary, and his Master of Arts degree in Semitic languages from Johns Hopkins University. He also held several honorary doctoral degrees. In 1962, Peterson was a founding pastor of Christ Our King Presbyterian Church (PCUSA) in Bel Air, Maryland, where he served for 29 years before retiring in 1991. He emphasized the message of Jesus as being communal rather than individual in its nature. He was the James M. Houston Professor of Spiritual Theology at Regent College in Vancouver, British Columbia, from 1992 to 1998.


title: Eugene H. Peterson

text: In 2017, a Religion News Service interviewer asked Peterson about same-sex marriage, which had been endorsed by his denomination, the Presbyterian Church (USA). Peterson spoke positively of gay and lesbian Christians he had come to know in the past twenty years, and he described homosexuality as “not a right thing or wrong thing.” Asked if he would be willing to perform a same-sex wedding ceremony, he replied, “Yes.” The interview caused an immediate uproar in conservative Christian circles. LifeWay Christian Books announced plans to stop selling Peterson’s works. The following day, however, Peterson published a statement affirming “a biblical view of marriage: one man to one woman” and retracting his affirmative answer to the question about officiating at a same-sex wedding. “I regret the confusion and bombast that this interview has fostered. It has never been my intention to participate in the kind of lightless heat that such abstract, hypothetical comments and conversations generate.”


title: Eugene H. Peterson

text: Peterson died the following year. Winn Collier, in his 2021 authorized biography, "A Burning in My Bones", reported that Peterson’s retraction statement had actually been written by Peterson’s editor and his publisher, and released after Peterson reviewed it. Peterson’s son Eric doubted that the statement accurately reflected his father’s convictions.


title: Eugene H. Peterson

text: Peterson was hospitalized on October 8, 2018, after his health took an abrupt and dramatic turn. "[It] was caused by infection", said his son Eric Peterson in an email. Peterson had retired from public life in 2017 after publishing his final book, "As Kingfishers Catch Fire". This was around the same time as the same-sex controversy around him surfaced. In the days leading up to Peterson's death, his family is quoted as saying, "During [his final] days, it was apparent that he was navigating the thin and sacred space between earth and heaven. We overheard him speaking to people we can only presume were welcoming him into paradise. There may have even been a time or two when he accessed his Pentecostal roots and spoke in tongues as well." Peterson remained "joyful and smiling" in his final days.


title: Eugene H. Peterson

text: Peterson died on October 22, 2018, at the age of 85, a week after entering hospice care for complications related to congestive heart failure.


title: Eugene H. Peterson

text: Peterson is probably best known for "The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language". The stated goal of "The Message" was to make the original meaning more understandable and accessible to the modern reader. Peterson said:


title: Geo Prizm

text: The Geo Prizm and Chevrolet Prizm were compact cars that were rebadged versions of the Toyota Sprinter, a vehicle that the Japanese automaker Toyota never directly sold in the North American market. The Sprinter itself was derived from the Toyota Corolla. The Prizm was marketed under the Geo nameplate until it was discontinued after the 1997 model year. After that, the vehicle was marketed under the Chevrolet nameplate. General Motors (GM) referred to this and other Toyota Corolla derived vehicles as the GM S platform. The cars were produced from 1988–2002 alongside the Corolla at NUMMI, an assembly plant operated as a joint venture of GM and Toyota. The Prizm was sold exclusively in the United States and succeeded the 1985–1988 Chevrolet Nova, which was also derived from the Sprinter and produced at NUMMI.


title: Geo Prizm

text: All Prizms were built at NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.), a joint venture company between Toyota and General Motors in Fremont, California. The NUMMI plant at Fremont had manufactured the Prizm's predecessor, the Chevrolet Nova, and would later manufacture the Pontiac Vibe, one of its replacements. The last Prizm was built on December 13, 2001, resulting in a brief 2002 model year.


title: Geo Prizm

text: The Prizm was introduced in February 1989 for GM's then-new Geo brand of import cars, for the 1990 model year. The hatchback version sold through 1991 was a rebadged version of the Toyota Sprinter Cielo, although unlike the Sprinter (and Corolla liftback) it received the same front clip as the sedan. The sporty GSi model of 1990–1992 was notable for its twin-cam engine, sport suspension, disc brakes, and 14-inch wheels, which made it as a spiritual successor to the 1988 Chevrolet Nova twin-cam but less of a limited edition, available in both body styles and a full array of colors in contrast to the earlier model's black color and sedan model only. They were the only four-door models offered with the 4A-GE engine in America, no other Toyota models ever offered that combination there. The regular engine offered . In addition to the base and the GSi, there was also a better equipped standard-engine LSi model. In addition to more equipment, the LSi also received body colored bumpers.


title: Geo Prizm

text: In 1991, the lettering of the car's name was changed, and the B-pillar and door frames on base models were body-colored instead of black. The Prizm was not sold In Canada, with GM offering a sedan version of the Geo Metro instead. The Geo Metro sedan was not available from Chevrolet dealers in the United States until 1995, although a Suzuki Swift-branded version was on sale from 1990. Design patents were filed by the Toyota Motor Corporation on December 6, 1985, using a final design 1:1 representation, under application number 1985-051078 and registered on July 13, 1988, under registration number 0718088-005.


title: Geo Prizm

text: The Prizm's second generation, and the last under the Geo brand name, debuted in 1992 for the 1993 model year. The Prizm gained more room (resulting in an upgrade to United States Environmental Protection Agency "compact" car status), a driver's-side airbag, and a new 1.8-liter four-cylinder engine optional on LSi trim. With the larger engine came a rear stabilizer bar, wider tires, and an optional automatic transmission with four speeds instead of three. A second airbag became standard in 1993 for the 1994 model year; leather seats were an option on the LSi of this generation. In contrast with the Sprinters sold in Japan, this generation Prizm lacked a front stabilizer bar in its suspension.


title: Geo Prizm

text: The Prizm's 1998 redesign coincided with the conversion of all remaining Geo models into Chevrolets, as General Motors made the decision to discontinue the Geo brand entirely after 1997. The most notable change was the new 1.8-liter engine, which was now all-aluminum, driven by a timing chain (instead of a timing belt), and making more power (with the same fuel economy) than the engines from the Geo era. The new all-aluminum engine known as the 1ZZ-FE powered all Corollas, Sprinters, and Prizms, making this generation lighter than its predecessor. This new engine incorporated laser etched valve guides directly in the block, rather than the old shrink-to-fit valve guides in the preceding Corolla motors (4A-FE & 7A-FE). This prevents oil burning and valve guide failure in the future.


title: Geo Prizm

text: The Prizm, alongside the Corolla, became the first car in the compact class to offer optional side airbags. All 1998 Prizms without the LSi's optional handling package (containing a front stabilizer bar) were singled out by Consumer Reports for having sloppy emergency handling; Toyota addressed the problem for 1999 by making the handling package standard. For 2000, the engine gained variable valve timing (VVT-i) for a slight increase in power (up to 125 hp).


title: Geo Prizm

text: Due to decreased sales, low popularity, and being in competition with the Chevrolet Cavalier and GM's more direct competitor to the Corolla the Saturn S-series, the Prizm was replaced by the Pontiac Vibe starting in 2003. The Vibe was also made in tandem with a Toyota model, the Toyota Matrix, at the NUMMI plant.


title: Geo Prizm

text: The Prizm along with its Geo siblings suffered severe sales loss when the brand denomination changed from Geo to Chevrolet in 1998. The Geo models outsold the rebadged Chevrolets three to one.


title: Geo Prizm

text: In all three generations, the Prizm was virtually the same car as the Toyota Corolla. It has more similarities with other Toyotas during the time period it was produced than it does to other cars from Geo and Chevrolet. Its distinctions came down to minor cosmetic differences, a GM Delco radio after 1992, the non-availability of a wagon in all three generations, and the availability of a hatchback for the 1989-1992 model years (the Corolla was not offered as a hatchback in North America during those years). The third generation Prizm also featured a Delphi air conditioning system instead of the Corolla's Denso air conditioning system. The Prizms also used the contemporary Sprinter front end to differentiate them from their Corolla counterparts.


title: Bobby Keys

text: Robert Henry Keys (December 18, 1943 – December 2, 2014) was an American saxophonist who performed with other musicians as a member of several horn sections of the 1970s. He appears on albums by the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Harry Nilsson, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, George Harrison, John Lennon, Eric Clapton, Joe Cocker and other prominent musicians. Keys played on hundreds of recordings and was a touring musician from 1956 until his death in 2014.


title: Bobby Keys

text: Bobby Keys was born at Lubbock Army Airfield near Slaton, Texas, where his father, Bill Keys, was in the U.S. Army Air Corps. His mother, Lucy Keys, was 16 when she gave birth to Robert Henry (Bobby), her first child. By 1946, Bill Keys got a job for the Santa Fe Railroad in Belen, New Mexico. The family moved to Belen, but young Robert stayed with his grandparents in Slaton, Texas, an arrangement he was quite happy with. Bill and Lucy would have three more children, Gary and twins Debbie and Daryl. Lucy Keys Brubaker went on to become a state senator in New Mexico.


title: Bobby Keys

text: Keys met the Rolling Stones at the San Antonio Teen Fair while sharing a bill with the group as a member of Bobby Vee's band in 1964. He is best known for his impressive resume as a musician (most notably the saxophone solo on the 1971 Rolling Stones hit "Brown Sugar") and his friendship with Keith Richards. They were born on the same day. Notably, Keys and Richards threw a television set from the 10th floor of the Continental Hyatt House in West Hollywood, California during the group's 1972 American tour, as seen in the Stones' unreleased 1972 concert movie "Cocksucker Blues". After renewing his acquaintance with the band via Gram Parsons, a mutual friend, Keys made his debut with The Rolling Stones on the "Let It Bleed" track "Live with Me" in 1969. In addition to "Brown Sugar," he was prominently featured on such early 1970s Stones songs as "Can't You Hear Me Knocking," "Rip This Joint" and "Sweet Virginia."


title: Bobby Keys

text: Keys and Mick Jagger also became close in the early 1970s, with Keys serving as best man at Jagger's wedding. Together with Jim Price on trumpet, Keys toured with the Stones from 1970 to 1973. Along with trumpeter Steve Madaio and fellow saxophonist Trevor Lawrence, Keys continued as a touring member for the first half of the 1973 European tour before leaving in Frankfurt, Germany on September 30. According to legend, Keys was abruptly dismissed by an incensed Jagger after filling a bathtub with Dom Perignon champagne (resulting in a debt to the band that significantly exceeded his entire salary for the tour) and drinking most of it. Although Keys did not dispute the veracity of the incident, he subsequently maintained in his memoir that he left the tour of his own volition to curtail his heroin addiction for the sake of his family. As a result of his strained relationship with Jagger, Keys only guested on some shows of the 1975 and 1978 American tours, missing the 1976 European tour completely.


title: Bobby Keys

text: Keys performed only four tracks on the 1981 tour, on which Ernie Watts was the saxophonist. Keys was reinstated as the band's main touring saxophonist on the 1982 European Tour, together with Gene Barge. Keys played with the Stones on all subsequent tours up to his death.


title: Bobby Keys

text: Prior to touring with the Stones, Keys played with Delaney & Bonnie and Friends with Eric Clapton and George Harrison in 1969. In particular, during the year 1970 he gave an extraordinary series of notable performances. Keys started the year working on Clapton's first solo LP. With Leon Russell, he supported Joe Cocker on the 48-city Mad Dogs & Englishmen tour; the live album "Mad Dogs & Englishmen" was released later in the year, followed by a concert movie in 1971. During the tour, Cocker and the band were accompanied by a largely American entourage, including a choir, friends, wives, children, groupies and a single dog named Canina; the entire group numbered almost 40 people. After work on George Harrison's "All Things Must Pass" and more "Sticky Fingers" tracks, he joined the Rolling Stones for their fall 1970 European tour.


title: Bobby Keys

text: From 1973 to 1975, Keys participated in Lennon's "Lost Weekend" in Los Angeles along with Ringo Starr, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon; while in Los Angeles, he played on Lennon's albums "Walls and Bridges" (including a notable solo on the #1 American hit "Whatever Gets You thru the Night") and "Rock 'n' Roll". Although Keys' voice is heard on the last known recording session between Paul McCartney and Lennon (widely bootlegged as "A Toot and a Snore in '74"), he could not recall contributing to the session. He also played the solo on Leo Sayer's 1977 international soft rock hit "When I Need You" from the "Endless Flight" album.


title: Bobby Keys

text: In 1979, Keys was part of a Rolling Stones spin-off band called The New Barbarians (which also included Ronnie Wood & Keith Richards) that played two concerts in Canada and eighteen shows across the United States in April and May 1979.


title: Bobby Keys

text: In 1989, Keys became the musical director for Ronnie Wood's new Miami club, Woody's On the Beach. The first week the club opened Keys booked Jerry Lee Lewis, Fats Domino and the Crickets. In the early 1990s Keys was a resident of Miami and had a band with former Stones guitarist Mick Taylor, Nicky Hopkins, Ivan Neville, former Stephen Stills bassist Calvin "Fuzzy" Samuels and others called Tumbling Dice. Although better known as a session musician, Keys released two albums of his own in the 1970s: a self-titled instrumental album on Warner Bros. Records that featured Ringo Starr, George Harrison and Eric Clapton in 1972; and "Gimme the Key" on Ringo Starr's record label Ring O'Records in 1975.


title: Bobby Keys

text: Keys appeared on December 16, 2011, with the Athens, Georgia-based band Bloodkin in their "Exile on Lumpkin Street" show at the Georgia Theater, which re-opened in August 2011 in its remodeled and enlarged space after the building had been gutted by fire in June 2009. Besides performing some of their own music, Bloodkin performed with Keys on numerous hits from three of the biggest Stones' albums on which Keys had performed, "Let It Bleed", "Sticky Fingers", and "Exile on Main St."


title: Bobby Keys

text: In 2013 he played with the Rolling Stones at their Glastonbury Festival debut, headlining on Saturday, June 29. Keys played on their 14 On Fire tour with Roskilde Festival in Denmark being his last gig for the Stones.


title: Bobby Keys

text: Keys was married to Holly Keys. Bobby's children are Amber Keys, Huck Keys, Jesse Keys and his step-son Randy Kaune. Bobby Keys died from liver cancer in hospice care at his home in Franklin, Tennessee, on December 2, 2014, sixteen days before his 71st birthday.


title: This England (TV series)

text: This England (originally titled This Sceptred Isle), is a 2022 British television docudrama miniseries written by Michael Winterbottom and Kieron Quirke. It depicts the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom based on testimonies of people in the Boris Johnson administration, on the various intergovernmental advisory groups (including the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies), and in other affected British institutions such as care homes and hospitals. It premiered on Sky Atlantic and Now on 28 September 2022. Kenneth Branagh stars as Boris Johnson, and Ophelia Lovibond as Carrie Symonds.


title: This England (TV series)

text: Boris Johnson wins a landslide victory in the December 2019 general election under the "Get Brexit Done" slogan, but within a few months faces the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, for which he is ultimately hospitalised, and the birth of his first child with his then partner Carrie Symonds.


title: This England (TV series)

text: The miniseries was announced in June 2020 as "This Sceptred Isle". It was co-written by Michael Winterbottom and Kieron Quirke. Kenneth Branagh's casting as Boris Johnson was announced in January 2021. The series was produced by Fremantle, Passenger and Revolution Films, with Richard Brown of Passenger and Melissa Parmenter of Revolution Films serving as executive producers.


title: This England (TV series)

text: All episodes were originally set to be directed by Winterbottom, but after the miniseries began filming in February 2021, Winterbottom stepped down from directing in March, reportedly due to health issues. He was replaced by Julian Jarrold. Tim Shipman, the political editor of "The Sunday Times", is acting as a consultant. In March 2021, Ophelia Lovibond and Simon Paisley Day joined the cast as Carrie Symonds and Dominic Cummings.


title: This England (TV series)

text: In 2022, it was announced that Sky had changed the title from "This Sceptred Isle" to "This England". Both phrases are taken from the same passage in Shakespeare's "Richard II". The miniseries was set to premiere on 21 September 2022; however on 9 September 2022 the premiere was pushed back to 28 September 2022, in respect of the UK period of mourning for the late Queen Elizabeth II.


title: This England (TV series)

text: The series received mixed reviews, with some British critics feeling that it was too soon for such a drama. "The Independent" said: "here comes the show that precisely nobody was asking for". The "New York Times" said it "debuted with solid ratings" and said, "It adds up to a heartbreaking depiction of the pressure on health workers, and the fear, pain and often lonely deaths of those hooked up to ventilators". "The Times" praised the series and called it "An impressive enterprise but not an easy watch". "The Irish Times" said "If you can stomach the material, this show is hugely watchable".


title: This England (TV series)

text: Branagh was praised for his performance, with "The Times" calling it mesmerising. "The Guardian" and "New Statesman" felt the series was overly sympathethic to Johnson. The "NME" praised the series, but said that the format "takes some getting used to" as it oscillates between harrowing scenes in hospitals to events that resemble the 2005 BBC political satire, "The Thick of It".


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: Esteban Antonio Loaiza Veyna [lo-EYE-sa] (born December 31, 1971) is a Mexican retired professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers, Toronto Blue Jays, Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, Washington Nationals, Oakland Athletics, and Los Angeles Dodgers. Loaiza was the American League's (AL) starting pitcher in the 2003 All-Star Game. That year, he led the AL in strikeouts.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: A graduate of Mar Vista High School in Imperial Beach, California, Loaiza was signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates as an undrafted free agent on March 21, 1991. He made his professional debut that year with the Rookie-level Gulf Coast Pirates 1991, finishing with a 5–1 record and a 2.26 earned run average (ERA) in 11 starts. He moved through the Pirates farm system with stops at Augusta (class A – 1992), Salem (class A – 1993) and Carolina (class AA – 1993-1994). He also played for the Mexico City Red Devils of the Mexican Summer League during the 1993 season. He has played with the Mexicali Aguilas of the Liga Mexicana Del Pacifico.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: Loaiza moved to the big league club in 1995, making his major league debut on April 29, 1995 for the Pirates against the Philadelphia Phillies. He worked five innings in the game, giving up five hits and one unearned run to achieve the first major league win of his career. He finished his rookie season with an 8–9 record and a 5.16 ERA in 31 starts.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: He began the 1996 season back in the minors with the Triple-A Calgary Cannons, but was recalled to the majors on June 7.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: The Pirates traded Loaiza to the Texas Rangers on July 17, 1998, in exchange for Todd Van Poppel and Warren Morris. He spent the next two seasons with Texas, pitching both as a starter and a reliever for the Rangers.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: The Rangers traded Loaiza to the Toronto Blue Jays on July 19, 2000 for Michael Young and Darwin Cubillán. He pitched with the Blue Jays through 2002.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: On January 24, 2003, Loaiza signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. He enjoyed a career season in 2003, receiving his first career All-Star selection. He led American League pitchers in strikeouts (207) and finished second in wins (21) and strikeouts per nine innings (8.23); third in ERA (2.90), and sixth in innings pitched (). Considered for the Cy Young Award, Loaiza finished second behind Roy Halladay, ahead of Pedro Martínez and Tim Hudson. Loaiza's 21 wins in 2003 are tied for the most ever in a season for a Mexican pitcher; Fernando Valenzuela won 21 games in 1986. In 2004, Loaiza was selected to his second All-Star Game as a member of the White Sox.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: Soon after his appearance in the All-Star Game, Loaiza was traded to the New York Yankees on July 31 for José Contreras. He did not perform well in New York, recording a 8.46 ERA in six August starts, and was moved to the bullpen during the final month of the regular season. During the ALCS against the Boston Red Sox, he pitched well in two relief outings despite recording the loss in Game 5.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: On January 18, 2005, Loaiza signed a one-year, $2.9 million deal with the Washington Nationals as a free agent. He went 12–10 with a 3.77 ERA in 34 starts for the Nationals.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: On November 28, 2005, Loaiza signed a three-year, $21.4 million contract with the Oakland Athletics. He had a disastrous start to his Oakland career, which led many fans to question his acquisition. Loaiza went 0–3 in April with an 8.35 ERA and opponents batted .385 against him. His early season troubles reached a nadir on April 29 when he gave up six runs in one plus innings to the Kansas City Royals, who had the worst record in baseball at the time; the game was not official since it was later rained out. Loaiza's poor performance was at least partly due to injury, as he seemed to have very little velocity on his fastball early in the season (throwing it at as little as 82–83 mph) and was placed on the disabled list with back and shoulder problems on May 2. When he returned on June 8, he was inconsistent, but appeared to be much healthier, due to his ability to demonstrate a much harder 95 mph fastball. On June 25, 2006, Loaiza pitched his first complete game in over two years in a 10–4 victory over the San Francisco Giants. Loaiza finished the 2006 regular season with a 4.89 ERA and a record of 11–9 in 26 starts.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: Loaiza began the 2007 season on the disabled list due to a strained right trapezius. The A's activated him and moved him back to the 25-man roster on August 22, 2007.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: On August 29, 2007, the Los Angeles Dodgers claimed Loaiza off waivers from the Athletics. Instead of trading for Loaiza, the Dodgers purchased the remainder of his contract.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: He made an impressive debut for the Dodgers on September 3, working seven innings and getting the win in an 11–3 victory over the Chicago Cubs, but struggled during the rest of the season, losing his last four decisions.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: Going into the 2008 season, he had fully recovered from his injuries and regained his spot as the fifth starter in the Dodgers rotation. Loaiza struggled at the beginning of the season, and as a result lost his starting position to lefty Hong-Chih Kuo. After a stint on the DL, Loaiza was designated for assignment on May 24 and subsequently released.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: On June 4, 2008, Loaiza signed a one-year contract with the Chicago White Sox. After three relief appearances and six weeks on the disabled list, he was released on July 25.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: In 2010, Loaiza married Mexican-American singer Jenni Rivera. He made several appearances on her family's reality television show, "I Love Jenni". Divorce papers were filed on October 1, 2012. A statement, released by Rivera's representatives, stated that the divorce was due to "irreconcilable differences on behalf of both parties derived from private circumstances that occurred during the lapse of their two-year marriage." Rivera died on December 9, 2012, when her private plane crashed, before the divorce was finalized.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: On June 14, 2006, Loaiza was arrested after being pulled over by police who clocked his Ferrari at on a California freeway near San Lorenzo. He subsequently failed a sobriety test. He appeared in court on July 14, 2006. After the incident, Athletics general manager Billy Beane banned alcohol in both the home and visitor clubhouse, citing liability issues.


title: Esteban Loaiza

text: Loaiza was arrested on February 9, 2018, in San Diego, California, with over of cocaine, according to the San Diego County Sheriff's Department. He was charged with felony counts of possession or purchase of narcotics and transportation or sale of narcotics. Loaiza pleaded guilty to the charges in August, and was sentenced on March 8, 2019, to serve a three-year prison sentence. He was released from prison on August 6, 2021 and deported to Mexico.


title: Harry Strauss

text: Harry "Pittsburgh Phil" Strauss (July 28, 1909 – June 12, 1941) was a prolific contract killer for Murder, Inc. in the 1930s. He reportedly killed over one hundred men (some historians put the number as high as 500) using a variety of methods, including shooting, stabbing with ice picks, drowning, live burial, and strangulation. Strauss never carried a weapon in case the local police picked him up on suspicion. He would scout his murder spot for any tool that would do the job.


title: Harry Strauss

text: Most of his associates called him "Pep". In the 1930s, he was committing assaults, larcenies, and drug dealing. He was arrested 18 times but was never convicted until he was found guilty of the homicide that sent him and fellow Murder Inc hitman Martin "Bugsy" Goldstein to the electric chair. After hitman Abe "Kid Twist" Reles turned informant, Strauss was arrested for the murder of Irving "Puggy" Feinstein, and at least five other known murders. Strauss tried to avoid conviction by feigning insanity in the courtroom and on death row. Strauss and Goldstein were convicted September 19, 1940, and executed by electrocution using Sing Sing's Old Sparky on June 12, 1941.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The Somerset Patriots are an American Minor League Baseball team based in Bridgewater Township, New Jersey, that is the Double-A affiliate of the New York Yankees. They compete in the Eastern League, known as the Double-A Northeast in 2021, and were previously members of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball from 1998 to 2020. The Patriots have played their home games at TD Bank Ballpark since 1999.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The Patriots were the winningest franchise of the Atlantic League, capturing six championship series titles in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, and 2015. Their most recent playoff appearance was in 2018 when they lost in the semifinals against the Long Island Ducks.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The "Patriots" name refers to the Middlebrook encampment where the first official flag of the United States was unfurled, after a law to adopt a national flag had been passed by Congress on June 14, 1777. By special order of Congress, a 13-star flag is flown 24 hours a day at the Washington Camp Ground, part of the former Middlebrook encampment, in Bridgewater Township.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The Somerset Patriots were one of the founding members of the Atlantic League in 1998. However, the team spent its inaugural season as a road team while TD Bank Park was being constructed. In the 1999 season, the Patriots opened their ballpark, where they quickly became one of the most successful franchises of the league in both the win and attendance columns.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: For spring training in 2009, the Somerset Patriots became the first Atlantic League team to hold its spring training in its own locale, at the Jack Cust Baseball Academy in nearby Flemington, instead of the traditional site in Lakeland, Florida. The Lancaster Barnstormers and the York Revolution followed suit in 2009, primarily because of the 2008 economic recession.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The Somerset Patriots, and then manager Sparky Lyle, won their 1,000th game on July 24, 2012. The Patriots defeated the Sugar Land Skeeters with a score of 6–5, in the day game of a day/night doubleheader.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: On November 27, 2012, it was announced Somerset's pitching coach and former major league pitcher, Brett Jodie, would become the new manager with Lyle becoming manager emeritus.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: Former professional football player Donald Jones briefly played for the Patriots during his recovery from a kidney transplant.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: In November 2020, the Patriots were announced as the new Double-A affiliate of the New York Yankees, replacing the Trenton Thunder. They were organized into the Double-A Northeast. Somerset began competition in the new league as a Yankees affiliate on May 4 with a 6–0 victory over the Harrisburg Senators at TD Bank Ballpark. They won the 2021 Northeast Division title with a first-place 72–47 record. Despite winning the division, their record was third-best in the league, and only the two teams with the highest winning percentages in the regular season competed for the league championship. Oswaldo Cabrera won the league's Most Valuable Award. In 2022, the Double-A Northeast became known as the Eastern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The Somerset Patriots' official colors are navy blue, maroon, and silver. The primary logo depicts a Continental soldier in navy blue with white stars on his shoulder and maroon stripes flowing to his left, a reference to the U.S. flag. Centered below the soldier is the wordmark in navy blue underlined by a silver baseball bat outlined in navy blue. The word "Somerset" is centered above the wordmark in maroon.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The Patriots wear caps and uniforms produced by New Era. The caps are navy blue throughout with the cap logo centered on the front. The cap logo consists of the Continental soldier's head outlined in white and maroon. The Patriots also have an alternate cap that has a navy blue crown with a maroon brim and button. The cap logo on the alternate cap consists of a scripted "S" in maroon with a white outline and the Patriot-head cap logo superimposed. The home jersey includes pinstripes and the "Patriots" wordmark centered across the front in navy blue and maroon. The away jersey resembles the New York Yankees' away jersey with the "Somerset" wordmark. The belt, socks, and undershirt are navy blue.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: The Patriots' alternate jersey is navy blue. The "Patriots" wordmark is centered on the chest in maroon with a white outline, and a white star in the underscore.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: All of the Patriots' games are broadcast on WCTC, as well as MiLB.TV with the voice of the Patriots, Marc Schwartz.


title: Somerset Patriots

text: One of the Somerset Patriots' official mascots is an anthropomorphic dog named Sparkee. He wears the team's home uniform with white sneakers. The mascot debuted on July 11, 1998, at the Atlantic League's first All-Star Game at Bernie Robbins Stadium in Atlantic City. Sparkee's name refers to the Patriots' first manager, Sparky Lyle. The team also employs another character, a cat (according to Somerset Patriots staff (sometimes mistaken for a bear)) named Slider. After training with Sparkee for several months, he debuted in the 2007 season. Slider wears the Patriots' navy blue alternate jersey with gray pants. The team had a mascot named "TD" (after the stadium's sponsor) debuted in the June 30, 2010, game against the Camden Riversharks. Also, the team had a live mascot known as "General Admission" who wears the traditional uniform donned by those fighting for the colonies during the American Revolution complete with the three-cornered hat and musket.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Airblue Flight 202 was a scheduled Pakistani domestic passenger flight from Karachi to the nation's capital of Islamabad. On 28 July 2010, the Airbus A321-231 jet airliner serving the flight crashed into Margalla Hills, north of Islamabad's Benazir Bhutto International Airport, killing all 146 passengers and six crew on board. It is the deadliest air accident to occur in Pakistan to date and the first fatal crash involving an Airbus A321.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Pakistan's Civil Aviation Authority stated that the crash was caused by the captain's incorrect flight control input. The captain's arrogant demeanour during the entire flight caused the first officer to lose his self esteem, making him less likely to speak up on the captain's mistakes and effectively ceased any meaningful crew resource management due to the toxic work environment.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The flight left Karachi at 07:41 local time (02:41 UTC). Flight controllers at Benazir Bhutto International Airport lost contact with the aircraft at 09:41 local time (04:41 UTC). Weather conditions at the time were marginal, and the crew of a China Southern airliner had diverted to an alternate airport thirty minutes earlier. The impacts of this rainfall were not limited to the air crash. Pakistan experienced such heavy rains in late July 2010 that the entire nation experienced catastrophic flooding.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The aircraft approached Islamabad from the southeast, following a procedure that required it to fly toward the airport until making visual contact. It was then to fly around the airport to the east and north, keeping within a distance of , until lining up with runway 12, which faces toward the southeast. The aircraft crashed in the mountains outside the radius, approximately north of the airport, facing almost due west, before it could line up with runway 12 for final approach.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The pilots did not send any emergency signals prior to the crash. Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik stated that the aircraft was at as it approached Islamabad but went back up to before eventually crashing. The altitude of was above the safe minimum descent altitude ( above sea level, or above ground level) had the aircraft remained within the radius of the airport.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: One witness on the ground, who was out walking, stated that the aircraft had "lost balance", and then it went down. Others described the aircraft as being lower than it should have been. One told "The New York Times" that the aircraft was "flying as low as a four-story building". It was reported that, as the aircraft started to turn, the right side of its front banged into the highest mountain, emitting an instant billow of blue fire and black smoke.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The aircraft was found near Daman-e-Koh viewing point in the Margalla Hills outside Islamabad. The "Los Angeles Times" reported that "television footage of the crash site showed smoke and burning debris strewn in a swath cutting through the forest. Rescue helicopters hovered overhead. Fire was visible, and smoke was blowing up from the scene."


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The weather conditions nineteen minutes after the accident, as detailed by the 05:00 UTC METAR (aviation routine weather observation message) report for Benazir Bhutto International Airport, were as follows: Wind from 90° (east) at . Visibility , rain, scattered clouds at , few clouds at overcast at . Temperature , dewpoint . QNH 1006.9 hPa.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: A local police official stated that he had reports that the aircraft fell into the Margalla Hills area as there was smoke in the area, though they weren't able to reach the site due to lack of access. An army helicopter arrived to survey the crash site at 10:30 local time (04:30 UTC) but was not able to land. Aerial inspection at the site didn't find any surviving passengers or crews. All 152 people on board were confirmed dead. All hospitals in Islamabad were declared in a state of emergency.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Rescuers who were present at the scene reported that the bodies were mutilated and burnt and that the aircraft was totally destroyed by the impact, with its pieces and parts scattered over a large distance. Some parts were still burning and the surrounding bushes were also caught on fire by the crash." It was reported that rescuers at the crash site were "digging through the rubble with their bare hands." A senior city government official stated that the rescue operation was "very difficult ... because of the rain. Most of the bodies are charred. We're sending body-bags via helicopters."


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: It was reported, however, that the rescue operation was "chaotic". BBC Urdu reported that majority of those on the crash site were members from Pakistan's anti-terrorism police while there were only few people from search and rescue. Most were just "standing around, gazing at the burning debris" with nothing much to do. There were reports of threat from police officer to baton charge rescuers if they did not "move quickly". Their search and rescue operation was also hampered by the lack of coordination between rescuers and other government institutions such as the military, the police and the Capital Development Authority.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The aircraft that crashed was an Airbus A321-231, registered AP-BJB, The aircraft was built in 2000, and had a manufacturer serial number of 1218. This was the first fatal crash for the A321, and the second hull-loss of the type. The aircraft had originally been delivered to Aero Lloyd and used by Aero Flight before being taken up by Airblue in 2006. It had accumulated over 34,000 flight hours in some 13,500 flights. The aircraft was previously struck by lightning on 30 December 2008.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Flight 202 was carrying 146 passengers and 6 crew members. Of the passengers, 110 were men, 29 were women, 5 were children, and 2 were infants. Among the passengers were an active-duty captain of the Pakistan Army and six members of the Youth Parliament of Pakistan, as were three off-duty air hostesses, Majority of the passengers were Pakistani. There were at least four foreign nationals. According to reports, there were one Somali diplomat, one Austrian and two Americans on board Flight 202.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The Captain of Flight 202, 61-year-old Pervez Iqbal Chaudhry, had 25,497 hours of flying experience, with 1,060 hours on the A320 aircraft. The 34-year-old First Officer (Sqn Ldr) Muntajib Ahmed, a former F-16 Pakistan Air Force fighter pilot, had 1,837 hours of flying experience and 286 hours on the A320 aircraft.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: A statement on Airblue's website stated that "Airblue, with great sadness, announces the loss of flight ED 202 inbound from Karachi to Islamabad. The flight crashed during poor weather and thick fog. We regret the loss of life and are investigating the exact circumstances of this tragedy. This will be presented as soon as possible." The statement continued that "our hearts go out to the families and loved ones of the passengers and crew." The compensation estimation process for the victims by Airblue's insurer began on 30 July 2010, with initial estimates of Rs 1,000,000 (Rs 10 lakh, US$11,169) per victim.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Both the Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani sent condolences to the family of those who died in the accident. The Pakistani government declared 29 July 2010 would be a national day of mourning and announced compensation of Rs 500,000 (Rs 5 lakh, $5,847) to the family of every victim. U.S. President Barack Obama issued a statement confirming that two Americans had been on the flight and expressing condolences and stated that "our thoughts and prayers go out to all of those touched by this horrible accident". The Airblue management decided that a monument would be built with the names of the victims inscribed onto it to honor the dead.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The Civil Aviation Authority immediately launched an investigation into the accident. Airbus stated that they would provide full technical assistance to Pakistani authorities. A six-member Airbus team, headed by Nicolas Bardou, the company's director of flight safety, arrived in Islamabad on 29 July 2010.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The aircraft's flight recorders were located on 31 July, when Junaid Ameen, the director-general of the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority, told AFP that "the investigating committee found the black box from the Margalla Hills this morning ... the black box was found from the bulk of the wreckage of the crashed plane." He stated that the box would be examined by "foreign experts" in Germany or France as Pakistan does not possess the equipment to decode the flight recorders. He also stated that the process of extracting information may take six months to a year. The Pakistani authorities decided to send the CVR and FDR to the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) in France.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Flight 202 arrived in Islamabad from the southwest direction and the crew intended to land visually at runway 12. As Pakistan was drenched with rain at the time, the visibility had deteriorated to 3.5 km. With low visibility, the crew had to use the ILS for runway 30, the same runway but in opposite direction, before they could land visually at runway 12. This required the pilots to circle around the runway until they were aligned. Specifically, the crew had to line up with runway 30, turn 45 degrees to the right and maintain it for 30 seconds, turn left and then fly parallel with the runway, wait for approximately 20 seconds after reaching abeam for the threshold of runway 12, turn 90 degrees to the left and later turn again to the left to align with runway 12. Each segments of the approach had been timed and it was necessary for the pilots to establish visual contact with the runway first before they could land. The entire circling approach must be conducted with a minimum altitude of 2,500 ft.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Surrounding the airport was an 8 km wide protection zone which was intended to be a safe zone for pilots to manoeuvre their aircraft so that they would never fly into the hills located behind the airport. All said procedures for a landing were required to be conducted within the protection zone. However, the crew managed to fly well outside it and even flew towards Margala Hills, which was quite far from the zone boundary.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The recording of the FDR and CVR revealed that the pilot in control of the aircraft at the time, Captain Chaudhry, had significantly deviated from the established procedures for an approach to Islamabad. During the approach, he tried an unconventional approach by requesting a right hand downwind approach, selected NAV mode, flew significantly close with the hills and violated the airport's minimum descent altitude. At one point, he could be heard laughing off the order from the ATC to enter a holding pattern and wait for the weather to improve, saying "Let him say what he wants to say". He was also heard dismissing his first officer's concern on establishing visual with the airport as he believed that no visual contact was needed as long as they had engaged the autopilot.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: According to the recording, the captain initially didn't feel anxious about his decision to deviate from the standard procedures for an approach to Islamabad. He even stated his intention to initiate the turn for a line up with runway 12 at a distance where the aircraft was dangerously close with the hills. As a result, the GPWS sounded several times to warn the crew on their impending collision with terrain. In the last few seconds, Captain Chaudhry panicked and eventually caused the aircraft to fly directly towards the hills, rather than avoiding it.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: While there were numerous deviations from the standard operating procedures, the co-pilot of Flight 202, First Officer Ahmed, was largely unresponsive and passive about them, even when the aircraft was put in a dangerously close position to terrain. The recording showed that he had only voiced his concerns on limited occasions. As such, the deviations were never corrected.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: His muted behaviour could be explained by the conflict that had happened on the initial segment of the flight. During Flight 202's initial climb, Captain Chaudhry decided to use this particular time as a time to test First Officer Ahmed's knowledge. Unsatisfied with the result of the test, Captain Chaudhry berated his co-pilot and humiliated him in a "harsh, snobbish" tone. This lasted for about one hour. By the time Captain Chaudhry decided to stop, First Officer Ahmed had become quiet and submissive. He had fully lost his self-esteem, enabling Captain Chaudhry to freely do any violations from the standard procedures without any suggestions or corrective actions from the far less experienced First Officer Ahmed.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Captain Chaudhry's feeling of superiority was also shown later in the approach phase of the flight. He decided not to follow the ATC's suggestion to wait inside the holding pattern and dismissed his co-pilot's concern regarding establishing visual contact with the runway, despite being crucial for the approach procedure. If the pilots had not established visual contact, it was necessary to abandon the approach. He also continued the approach when the aircraft was already outside of the protected zone. When the GPWS sounded, he still continued the approach, despite the low altitude of the aircraft and warnings from his co-pilot. He also told First Officer Ahmed to falsify their ATC report when the controller asked on whether they had established visual contact.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Captain Chaudhry's test on First Officer Ahmed during the initial segment of the flight caused Ahmed's self-confidence to collapse, enabling Chaudhry to fly the aircraft without much restrictions. His errors on controlling the aircraft eventually caused Flight 202 to crash. During the approach, he insisted to the ATC to make a right hand downwind approach for several times. The ATC refused to grant his request and Captain Chaudhry decided to comply with the procedure. Then, for reasons unknown he decided to disobey the procedures, in which he selected the NAV mode, which was not allowed during an approach.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The lateral navigation of the Airbus A321's Flight Management System (FMS) is consisted of two mode; the "selected" mode and the "managed" (NAV) mode. Pilots use a knob to select their intended heading. By using the "selected" mode, the pilots simply just need to put their desired heading by turning the knob. The autopilot then will turn the aircraft towards the heading and the heading will be maintained by the autopilot. In a circling approach, pilots normally use the selected mode. In the "NAV" mode, the pilots can pre-plan a set of headings and the autopilot will follow the established route. Therefore, the pilots do not need to continuously put new heading into the autopilot, contrary to the "selected" mode.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: By selecting the NAV mode, the computer of the Airbus A321 had to search for new waypoints as there was no NAV mode approach data for runway 12. It finally found one and it was named as waypoint CF. It was located outside of the protected zone. As it was outside of the protected zone, the crew should have tried to change it to be closer with the runway. By doing so, they wouldn't have to fly outside of the protected area. Rather than doing such action, Captain Chaudhry decided to create another set of waypoints that would eventually lead to waypoint CF. Afterwards, the Captain stated that they would fly towards the made up waypoints first and then follow the made up route before the planned turn towards waypoint CF. First Officer Ahmed didn't protest anything and decided to follow along.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Captain Chaudhry then engaged the NAV mode. By this time, he had delayed the turn towards the waypoints for quite some time. As a result, they were well outside of the protected zone. With an altitude of just about 2,300 ft, the GPWS sounded. First Officer Ahmed warned Captain Chaudhry about the GPWS, but Captain Chaudhry insisted to continue to fly to the waypoints, though he began to sound uncertain. Controller in Islamabad who noticed that Flight 202 had gone astray then decided to ask the crew on whether they had established visual contact with the runway, to which the crew answered with a lie.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: As they faced another warning from the GPWS, Captain Chaudhry finally decided to turn the aircraft towards the left. In order to do so, he was required to enter his desired heading by turning the knob and then change the lateral navigation from NAV mode to the "selected" mode. To engage the "selected" mode, the heading knob should be pulled outward. In the case of Flight 202, Captain Chaudhry forgot to pull the knob. Hence, the "selected" mode was not engaged. The autopilot didn't manage to receive the desired heading and the aircraft stayed on its course, heading towards the hills. Bewildered, Captain Chaudhry turned the heading knob further to the left.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Captain Chaudhry finally realized that the heading knob had not been engaged and thus he pulled the knob outward. However, during his moment of confusion earlier, he had turned the knob to the left for too much that the heading eventually looped all the way back to the right. As he decided to engage the "selected" mode, instead of turning left, the aircraft turned to the right directly towards Margalla Hills. Sensing danger, the aircraft's GPWS ordered the pilots to pull up. Captain Chaudhry added the throttles and pulled the aircraft up, albeit not steeply enough.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Captain Chaudhry, now confused with his own aircraft, yelled "Why is the aircraft not turning left?". He then decided to fly the aircraft manually, causing the aircraft to bank 52 degree to the left with a nose down attitude. The now-frantic First Officer Ahmed tried to warn Captain Chaudhry on the surrounding terrain multiple times and thus Captain Chaudhry tried to pull the aircraft up, but due to their low altitude they failed to recover the aircraft.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The report issued by Pakistan's Civil Aviation Authority in November 2011 cited a lack of professionalism in the cockpit crew along with poor weather as primary factors in the crash. In particular, the report noted that the CVR and FDR confirmed that the captain ignored or did not properly respond to a multitude of Air Traffic Control directives and automated terrain warning systems. The report also claimed that the first officer passively accepted the captain's actions, after the captain on multiple occasions throughout the entire flight took a "harsh, snobbish and contrary" tone with the first officer and "berated" him.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: The report concluded that the crash was a Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) accident, in which aircrew failed to display sufficient judgment and professional skills in a self-created unsafe environment. In their determination to land in inclement weather, they committed serious violations of procedures and breaches of flying discipline, which put the aircraft in an unsafe condition over dangerous terrain at low altitude.


title: Airblue Flight 202

text: Representatives of family members of passengers on the flight questioned the validity of the report and the qualifications of those who carried out the investigation. In 2012, following multiple scrutiny from the public and officials regarding the report's lack of quality, Peshawar High Court ordered the Pakistani government to reinvestigate the crash with assistance from ICAO. The revised report was eventually sent to ICAO in November 2012, but ICAO expressed their disappointment with the final report, describing it as incomprehensive. They stated that the investigating authority, Pakistan's SIB, as not independent and issued a recommendation to independently revise the final report.