title: Silbervogel

text: After the war ended, Sänger and Bredt worked for the French government and in 1949 founded the Fédération Astronautique. Whilst in France, Sänger was the subject of a botched attempt by Soviet agents to win him over. Joseph Stalin had become intrigued by reports of the Silbervogel design and sent his son Vasily and scientist Grigori Tokaty to kidnap Sänger and Bredt and bring them to the USSR. When this plan failed, a new design bureau was set up by Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh in 1946 to research the idea. A new version powered by ramjets instead of a rocket engine was developed, usually known as the Keldysh bomber, but not produced. The design formed the basis for a number of additional cruise missile designs into the early 1960s, none of which were produced.


title: Silbervogel

text: In the US, a similar project, the X-20 Dyna-Soar, was to be launched on a Titan II booster. As the manned space role moved to NASA, and unmanned reconnaissance satellites were thought to be capable of all required missions, the United States Air Force gradually withdrew from manned space flight, and Dyna-Soar was cancelled.


title: Silbervogel

text: One lasting legacy of the Silverbird design is the "regenerative cooling–regenerative engine" design, in which fuel or oxidizer is run in tubes around the engine bell to cool the bell and pressurize the fluid. Almost all modern rocket engines use a similar design.


title: Silbervogel

text: On 18 October 1985 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) began renewed studies of the Sänger spaceplane, now a "piggyback" two-stage-to-orbit horizontal takeoff concept.


title: Afterburner (ZZ Top album)

text: Afterburner is the ninth studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1985. "Afterburner" was a financial success, going several times platinum and launching several hit singles, the most successful of which was "Sleeping Bag" which peaked at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and at No. 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Afterburner (ZZ Top album)

text: In the UK, it was the band's second album to be certified by the British Phonographic Industry, attaining Gold (100,000 units) in 1985. In 1990, it was certified Platinum (300,000 units).


title: Afterburner (ZZ Top album)

text: Like the previous record "Eliminator", the credits don't necessarily reflect the actual recordings, although the entire band was involved with the album and Frank Beard has repeatedly stated that he likes the album. According to engineer Joe Hardy, a lot of the album was done on the Fairlight, including all the drums and most of the bass. The album is also notable for several songs being built on sequenced keyboard beds. It was the first ZZ Top record since "Rio Grande Mud" without involvement from Terry Manning.


title: Afterburner (ZZ Top album)

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic retrospectively gave it 3 stars out of 5, stating: "Well, if you just had your biggest hit ever, you'd probably try to replicate it, too. And if you were praised for being visionary because you played all your blues grooves to a slightly sequenced beat, you'd probably be tempted to not just continue in that direction, but to tighten the sequencer and graft on synthesizers, since it'll all signal how futuristic you are. [...] Problem is, no matter how much you dress ZZ Top up, they're still ZZ Top. Sometimes they can trick you into thinking they're a little flashier than usual, but they're still a lil' ol' blues band from Texas, kicking out blues-rockers. And blues-rock just doesn't kick when it's synthesized. [...] All this means that "Afterburner" is merely a product of its time -- the only record ZZ Top could have made at the time, but it hardly exists out of that time."


title: Afterburner (ZZ Top album)

text: Robert Christgau gave a B score, stating: "With sales on Eliminator over five mil almost by accident, this hard-boogieing market strategy is defined by conscious commercial ambition--by its all but announced intention of making ZZ the next Bruce/Madonna/Prince/Michael, with two beards and a Beard at every checkout counter." Christgau cited "Rough Boy" and "Velcro Fly" as the highlights of the album.


title: Afterburner (ZZ Top album)

text: The album was the band's first to hit number 1, topping the charts in New Zealand. It peaked at number 4 on the "Billboard" 200, at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart, and at number 6 on the Australian albums chart.


title: Paul Barras

text: Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras (, 30 June 1755 – 29 January 1829), commonly known as Paul Barras, was a French politician of the French Revolution, and the main executive leader of the Directory regime of 1795–1799.


title: Paul Barras

text: Descended from a noble family of Provence, he was born at Fox-Amphoux, in today's Var "département". At the age of sixteen, he entered the regiment of Languedoc as a "gentleman cadet". In 1776, he embarked for French India.


title: Paul Barras

text: Shipwrecked on his voyage, he still managed to reach Pondicherry in time to contribute to the defence of that city during the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Besieged by British forces, the city surrendered on 18 October 1778; after the French garrison was released, Barras returned to France. He took part in a second expedition to the region in 1782/83, serving in the fleet of the renowned Admiral Pierre André de Suffren. Afterwards, he spent several years back home in France at leisure in relative obscurity.


title: Paul Barras

text: At the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, he advocated the democratic cause, and became one of the administrators of the Var. In June 1792 he took his seat in the high national court at Orléans. Later in that year, on the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, Barras became commissioner to the French Army, which was facing the forces of Sardinia in the Italian Peninsula, and entered the National Convention as a deputy for the Var.


title: Paul Barras

text: In January 1793, he voted with the majority for the execution of King Louis XVI. However, he was mostly absent from Paris on missions to the regions of the south-east of France. During this period, he made the acquaintance of Napoleon Bonaparte at the siege of Toulon (his later clash with Napoleon made him downplay the latter's abilities as a soldier: he noted in his "Memoirs" that the siege had been carried out by 30,000 men against a minor royalist defending force, whereas the real number was 12,000; he also sought to minimize the share taken by Bonaparte in the capture of the city). When Barras became Director, he gave Napoleon position of general in the battalion of Italians.


title: Paul Barras

text: In 1794, Barras sided with the men who sought to overthrow Maximilien Robespierre's faction. The Thermidorian Reaction of 27 July 1794 made him rise to prominence. In the next year, when the Convention felt threatened by the malcontent National Guards of Paris, it appointed Barras to command the troops engaged in its defence. His nomination of Bonaparte led to the adoption of violent measures, ensuring the dispersion of royalists and other malcontents in the streets near the Tuileries Palace, remembered as the "13 Vendémiaire" (5 October 1795). Subsequently, Barras became one of the five Directors who controlled the executive of the French Republic.


title: Paul Barras

text: Owing to his intimate relations with Joséphine de Beauharnais, Barras helped to facilitate a marriage between her and Bonaparte. Some of his contemporaries alleged that this was the reason behind Barras's nomination of Bonaparte to the early in the year 1796. Bonaparte's success gave the Directory unprecedented stability, and when, in the summer of 1797, the royalist and surviving Girondist opposition again met the government with resistance, Bonaparte sent General Augereau, a Jacobin, to repress their movement in the Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797).


title: Paul Barras

text: Barras was alleged to have dozens of mistresses and male lovers. The corruption of his administration was claimed to be extraordinary even for France. Barras's alleged immorality in public and private life is often cited as a major contribution to the fall of the Directory, and the creation of the Consulate. In any case, Bonaparte met little resistance during his 18 Brumaire coup of November 1799. At the same time, Barras is seen as a supporter of the change, one left aside by the First Consul when the latter reshaped the government of France.


title: Paul Barras

text: Since he had amassed a large fortune, Barras spent his later years in luxury. Napoleon had him confined to the Château de Grosbois (Barras's property), then exiled to Brussels and Rome, and ultimately, in 1810, interned in Montpellier; set free after the fall of the Empire, he died in Chaillot (nowadays in Paris), and was interred in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Although a partisan of the Second Restoration, Barras was kept in check during the reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X (and his "Memoirs" were censored after his death).


title: Hell Fest

text: Hell Fest is a 2018 American slasher film directed by Gregory Plotkin. The film stars Amy Forsyth, Reign Edwards, Bex Taylor-Klaus, and Tony Todd, and follows a group of teens who are stalked by a serial killer while visiting a traveling Halloween carnival.


title: Hell Fest

text: "Hell Fest" was released on September 28, 2018, by CBS Films via Lionsgate. It grossed $18.2 million at the box office on a budget of $5.5 million and received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Hell Fest

text: At Hell Fest, a traveling horror theme park, a masked man known as "The Other" kills a woman and hangs her corpse in the maze so it blends in with the props.


title: Hell Fest

text: On Halloween night, Natalie goes to the theme park with her best friend Brooke, Brooke's friend Taylor and Brooke's roommate friend Gavin, who likes Natalie. Natalie and Brooke's friendship has been strained due to living far apart and Natalie's distaste for Taylor. On arriving at the festival, the girls run into a terrified woman trying to hide from the Other. Natalie, thinking this is part of the park experience, points out her hiding place. The Other kills the woman in front of Natalie. Natalie thinks the murder seemed too real to be a normal attraction. The group dismisses her fears until Brooke catches the Other stealing Natalie and Gavin's pictures from a photo booth.


title: Hell Fest

text: While the others are gone, The Other kills Gavin first, crushing his skull with a mallet. Natalie goes on a ride alone while the rest of her friends pair up. The ride breaks down, and she is approached by a man who appears to be the Other. This is part of the ride, however, and the group discovers that park employees wear a mask similar to the Other's.


title: Hell Fest

text: The group splits up and The Other finds Natalie but she escapes. Asher is killed when the Other stabs him in the eye. The friends regroup, but the Other traps Natalie in the bathroom stall. She escapes and tries to warn park security but they dismiss the attack as part of the park experience.


title: Hell Fest

text: Natalie, Brooke and Quinn find Taylor has volunteered to take part in an attraction where she will be beheaded by a guillotine in front of a live audience. Park security prevents Natalie from stopping the show when she recognizes the Other's boots on the executioner. The guillotine cuts off Taylor's head, only for it to be revealed to be a dummy head. The stage curtains close and the Other approaches Taylor who, assuming he's an employee, asks to be let out. Instead the Other straps her in tighter, and tries to kill with the guillotine. Taylor escapes when the blade fails to cut through her neck but the Other catches up, kills her, then kills Quinn.


title: Hell Fest

text: As panic ensues in the park, The Other traps Natalie and Brooke in a maze. The girls are separated, and the Other corners Brooke. Natalie stabs the Other in the gut before he can kill Brooke. Police barge into the maze to save them and capture the killer. The Other, however, has escaped, and drives to his suburban home. He places his mask and the pictures of Natalie and Gavin that he stole into a cabinet with other masks and trophies from his previous kills. The Other's young daughter wakes up to greet her father, and he gives her a stuffed animal from the park.


title: Hell Fest

text: In December 2011, CBS Films entered negotiations with Neil Marshall to direct the film, with the hopes of spawning a yearly franchise akin to "Paranormal Activity" and "Saw". Production was slated to begin in summer 2012 with Gale Anne Hurd serving as producer. The following January, Gary Dauberman was hired to polish a previous draft written by William Penick & Chris Sey. Marshall would later depart the project leading to Jennifer Lynch signing on to direct in August 2016. Filming was then expected to begin in winter 2016. In April 2017, editor-director Gregory Plotkin boarded the project as director after Lynch exited. Screenwriter Seth M. Sherwood was brought in after working with Plotkin on the virtual reality horror film "Black Mass". Akela Cooper and Blair Butler also worked with the director for individual rewrites.


title: Hell Fest

text: "Hell Fest" started filming in Atlanta, Georgia and at Six Flags White Water in late February 2018, and wrapped on April 13, 2018.


title: Hell Fest

text: "Hell Fest" has grossed $11.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $7 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $18.1 million, against a production budget of $5.5 million.


title: Hell Fest

text: In the United States and Canada, "Hell Fest" was released alongside "Smallfoot", "Night School" and "Little Women", and was projected to gross $5–7 million from 2,293 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2 million on its first day, including $435,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $5.1 million, finishing sixth at the box office. It fell 60% to $2.1 million in its second weekend, finishing eighth.


title: Hell Fest

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 40% based on 68 reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Hell Fest" might give less demanding horror fans a few decent reasons to scream, but it's neither clever nor frightening enough to leave much of an impression." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 26 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 2 out of 5 stars.


title: Hell Fest

text: Nick Allen of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film 1.5/4 stars, writing that ""Hell Fest" is a pretty bad movie that makes a great case for more slashing at horror theme parks." Keith Uhlich, writing for "The Hollywood Reporter" ultimately said "You've seen it all before, and better." Dennis Harvey of "Variety" also found the film generic, specifying, "Eye candy without much to offer the brain or emotions, "Hell Fest" is a competently crafted slasher film rendered instantly forgettable by its disinterest in character, plot, and motivation, let alone original ideas." Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a D+ and said "even slasher junkies desperate for a fix will find themselves bored by Gregory Plotkin's lame second feature...it delivers the tedious, heavy-breathing buildup associated with the genre, but skimps on the scares and the gory, gooey good stuff." Michael Nordine of "IndieWire" also gave the film a D+ and, while applauding its "vaguely feminist subtext," found that "for the most part "Hell Fest" simply adheres to long-established genre tropes." Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting gave the film a positive review with a 4/5 rating stating "Above all else, Hell Fest over-delivers on its promises, not just to be a hardcore, old school slasher film, but to take viewers inside a believable haunt. While Hell Fest may not actually be scary, the idea behind it is as frightening as anything you see in the news today."


title: Hell Fest

text: The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray by Lionsgate Home Entertainment on January 8, 2019.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Jeremy Lynn (born June 12, 1963), better known by the ring name Jerry Lynn, is an American retired professional wrestler currently signed with All Elite Wrestling as a producer and coach. He has worked for promotions such as World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), NWA Total Nonstop Action (NWA TNA), and Ring of Honor (ROH). Lynn is a two time world heavyweight champion, having held the ECW World Heavyweight Championship once and the ROH World Championship once. Other championships held by Lynn in his career include the GWF Light Heavyweight Championship (once), WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (once), the TNA X Division Championship (twice), the NWA World Tag Team Championship (twice) and the WWA International Cruiserweight Championship (once). Lynn retired as an active wrestler on March 23, 2013, exactly 25 years after his career began.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn started wrestling in March 1988 in various independent promotions in the Minnesota and Michigan areas, one being Pro Wrestling America, where he won both their Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight championships. Lynn first joined the World Wrestling Federation in May 1989 as enhancement talent, losing to Rick Martel, and teaming with Ray Brown in a loss to Big Boss Man and Akeem later that night. In 1989, he began wrestling for Verne Gagne's American Wrestling Association, where by the end of 1990, he became the last challenger for the AWA World Heavyweight Championship, held by Larry Zbyszko, before Zbyszko left for World Championship Wrestling. In 1990, he made his first overseas trip to Japan, wrestling for Universal Lucha Libre. In January 1991, he wrestled for the United States Wrestling Association in Memphis and took part in a tournament for the USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship; he lost to Tony Anthony in the first round.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In June 1991, Lynn wrestled for the Global Wrestling Federation (GWF) based in Dallas, Texas. While in GWF, Lynn captured the GWF Light Heavyweight Championship. Lynn also engaged in a two-year feud with The Lightning Kid which gave both men considerable exposure in North America. In February 1992, he had a brief stop with Smoky Mountain Wrestling in Knoxville. In 1992, Lynn would take a role as an unnamed high school senior and as a stuntman in the movie "Crossing the Bridge"; to prepare for the role, he did an angle with the Lightning Kid, where Kid cut Lynn's hair and sold it in small bags at $4 a bag, making a total $80. In December 1993, he returned to Japan for a tour with Michinoku Pro Wrestling. In July 1994, he went to Mexico under the masked alter-ego, Sultan Gargola for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. In July 1995, Lynn returned to Michinoku Pro under the masked alter-ego Golgotha Cross, a villain from the Tiger Mask manga. Less than a month later, he would lose his mask to Gran Naniwa. In April 1995, Lynn returned to the WWF in a singles loss to Rad Radford and teamed up with Lenny Lane in a loss to The Heavenly Bodies the next night.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In September 1995, Lynn joined World Championship Wrestling, alternating between wrestling under his real name and under the masked alter-ego Mr. J.L. He joined WCW's cruiserweight division, where he competed against the Mexican luchadores and a variety of wrestlers from around the world such as Chris Benoit, Dean Malenko, Eddie Guerrero, Sabu, Chris Jericho and Alex Wright. Lynn suffered a broken arm on December 18, 1995, in a match against Dean Malenko that would air one week later on "Nitro" on Christmas night.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In May 1996, Lynn as Mr. J.L. went to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), representing WCW for their annual Best of the Super Juniors league; he placed fifth on Block A with two confirmed points.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: One of his last major matches took place at the Clash of the Champions XXXIV, where he suffered a six-man tag team loss while teaming with Konnan and La Parka against Chris Jericho, Super Calo and Chavo Guerrero Jr. While he was injured, Eric Bischoff fired him from WCW in July 1997.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: After leaving WCW, Lynn appeared with the WWF in August 1997 in their light heavyweight division, wrestling only two matches. He lost to Taka Michinoku on Friday Night Main Event and defeated Steve Casey on WWF Shotgun Saturday Night.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: After leaving WWF, Lynn joined Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), where he debuted as a fan favorite at As Good as It Gets at the ECW Arena on September 20, 1997 and immediate began a "respect" feud with Justin Credible, who debuted against Lynn that same evening. Lynn formed a team with Tommy Rogers as the two began a rivalry with the team of Chris Candido and Lance Storm, losing to them in a match at Ultimate Jeopardy. Lynn made his pay-per-view debut in ECW at November to Remember, where he rescued Rogers from a double-team assault by Candido and Storm, leading to an immediate rematch between the two teams, which Rogers and Lynn lost again. Lynn defeated Chris Candido at the 1998 House Party. He then formed a tag team with Chris Chetti to feud with The Full Blooded Italians (Little Guido and Tracy Smothers), whom Lynn and Chetti defeated in matches at Hostile City Showdown and Living Dangerously.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn was next booked in a series of matches against his fellow debutant Justin Credible, which saw Credible winning the last match in the feud at the Heat Wave pay-per-view. After this, Lynn was involved in a feud with Lance Storm and Mikey Whipwreck, a feud that was shortened when Whipwreck left for WCW.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Once the feud with Lance Storm was ended, Lynn was booked in a match for the ECW World Television Championship with Rob Van Dam at Living Dangerously in 1999. The finish saw Lynn win the title from Van Dam (the time limit expired and Lynn was awarded the title by referee decision instead of by pinfall or submission). Despite this win, he asked for a five-minute time extension, in which he was pinned by Van Dam after a "Five-Star Frog splash". Though Lynn did not win the match, he from then on referred to himself as "The New F'N Show", mocking Van Dam's nickname, "The Whole F'N Show", as well as claiming he would be the wrestler to deprive Van Dam of the title. Though Lynn received several more title opportunities with Van Dam, he was not successful in winning the World Television Title before Van Dam was stripped of the title after suffering a legitimate broken ankle. Around the same time, Lynn also suffered a broken ankle, taking him out of action. On his return to ECW TV, Lynn challenged Van Dam to one more match at Hardcore Heaven, which Lynn won due to interference by Scotty Anton.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: On October 1, 2000 at the Anarchy Rulz, Lynn defeated Justin Credible for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. He held the title for one month, making a successful title defense against Steve Corino, to whom he lost the title to in a re-match. Lynn blamed the fans and ECW management for putting him in an unfair situation at the November To Remember, claiming they intentionally screwed him out of the championship for their new golden boy Corino. Lynn subsequently aligned with former rival Cyrus, who would serve as his manager following November To Remember and claimed that Cyrus was the only one in ECW who recognized his greatness. At the last ECW pay-per-view, Guilty as Charged in 2001, Lynn was in the main event, losing to Rob Van Dam via a Van Terminator.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Following the bankruptcy of ECW in April 2001, Lynn was hired by the WWF. Lynn made his TV debut on the April 29, 2001 episode of "Sunday Night Heat", where he defeated Crash Holly for the Light Heavyweight Championship in his debut match. He would hold the championship for 37 days and would successfully retain over former champions Crash Holly, Taka Michinoku, Dean Malenko and Essa Rios, as well as Christopher Daniels, Grandmaster Sexay and others. He eventually lost the title to Jeff Hardy and had a notable match with Rob Van Dam for the WWF Hardcore Championship on an episode of "Sunday Night Heat" before being released in February 2002, following a knee injury.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: After leaving the WWF, he joined the World Wrestling All-Stars promotion and debuted on the Revolution PPV, confronting Eddie Guerrero, who had just won the WWA International Cruiserweight Championship from Psicosis in a three-way match which included Juventud Guerrera. However, nothing came of this, as Guerrero left to return to the WWF. Lynn would take part in a tournament to determine a new International Cruiserweight champion, but lost to AJ Styles in the finals on the Eruption PPV.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In May 2003, Lynn entered another tournament to determine a new International Cruiserweight Champion, and won the vacant title by defeating Chris Sabin in the finals. However, four days later, he lost the title to Sabin, who unified the title with the TNA X-Division Championship, in a four-way match which included Johnny Swinger and Frankie Kazarian on the Reckoning PPV.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In early June 2002 (shortly after release from the WWF), Lynn signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), taking part in the first ever TNA match as part of a six-man tag match against the Flying Elvises. He won the TNA X Division Championship twice, as well as the NWA World Tag Team Championship twice (once with A.J. Styles, once with Amazing Red). He feuded with A.J. Styles and Don Callis, and was an X Division mainstay.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In the late spring of 2003, he joined the newly formed All World Wrestling League/Big Time Wrestling. However, in February 2004 he suffered a severe shoulder injury, tearing the tendon from the bone in his rotator cuff, when Juventud Guerrera botched a Juvi Driver. Lynn became a TNA road agent, planning matches and coaching younger talent.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn made his return to the ring on June 10, 2005 when he faced Justin Credible at Hardcore Homecoming, an ECW reunion show organized by ECW alumnus Shane Douglas. On July 17 at No Surrender, Lynn refereed a match between Sean Waltman and A.J. Styles, refusing to allow Waltman to cheat in the course of the match. This led to a match between Lynn and Waltman at Sacrifice on August 14, which Lynn won. After the match, Waltman initially celebrated with Lynn before attacking his former partner. The following week on "Impact!", it was announced that Lynn had re-injured his shoulder. (This was believed to be an angle designed to fuel the feud between Lynn and Waltman rather than a legitimate aggravation of the existing injury. The length of his absence would seem to contradict this; however, the angle was likely dropped when Sean Waltman no-showed Unbreakable a month later, as TNA would not work with Waltman on a regular basis again for over four years.)


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In January 2006, he began making on-screen appearances once more as a road agent. He came out at Final Resolution to watch a match which was Chris Sabin, Sonjay Dutt and Matt Bentley taking on the team of Alex Shelley, Roderick Strong and Austin Aries. Lynn continued to make several other appearances throughout the rest of 2006, and even faced Bobby Roode in a losing effort during TNA's first house show in Detroit.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: On January 14, 2007, Lynn made his return to regular in ring competition returning to TNA to compete for the TNA X Division Championship against Chris Sabin and then-champion Christopher Daniels at Final Resolution, in which he delivered his trademark cradle piledriver to Daniels and subsequently got pinned by Chris Sabin. Lynn carried on to feud with Sabin over the X Division title. On an episode of "Impact!", Lynn won a ladder match to become the number one contender for the TNA X Division Championship. At Destination X, Lynn was defeated by Chris Sabin in a two out of three falls match. After the match, a masked man (later revealed to be Christopher Daniels) performed the Angel's Wings on Sabin, but also hit Lynn with the title belt. At Lockdown, Daniels defeated Lynn in a Six Sides of Steel match. At Sacrifice, Jerry Lynn won a four-way X-Division battle between himself, Alex Shelley, Senshi, and Tiger Mask (New Japan Pro-Wrestling star also making his TNA debut). On June 17, 2007 at Slammiversary, Jerry Lynn teamed up with former NFL tight end Frank Wycheck to defeat the team of James Storm and Ron Killings. Wycheck pinned Storm after using Lynn's signature move, the cradle piledriver. At Victory Road in July, Jerry Lynn teamed up with former WWF World Heavyweight Champion Bob Backlund against the tag team of The Motor City Machine Guns, Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin, with Kevin Nash in their corner. Lynn wrestled the majority of the match and was knocked out cold by an interfering Kevin Nash, followed by a pinfall by Chris Sabin. In August 2007, Lynn asked for and received his release from TNA.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn made several appearances for Ring of Honor, prior to becoming a full-time roster member. Lynn made an appearance for Ring of Honor, where he wrestled ROH World Champion Nigel McGuinness in a non-title match, which he lost. He has also wrestled in ROH's sister promotion Full Impact Pro on two occasions, wrestling Austin Aries and Roderick Strong in a Three Way Dance, before taking on Aries the next night in a singles match. Lynn has wrestled on ROH's PPV taping on September 19, 2008 in a losing effort to Chris Hero. Then next night Lynn returned to the ECW Arena for ROH's "Glory By Honor VII" by defeating Kenny King. On September 22, 2008 Lynn was named a full-time member of the ROH roster. Soon after, Lynn was a participant in the inaugural match of TV show "Ring of Honor Wrestling" on HDNet, pinning Delirious for the win.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: At "Supercard of Honor IV", he defeated Nigel McGuinness to win his first ROH world title. At "Manhattan Mayhem III", Lynn lost the ROH World Title to Austin Aries in a Three Way Dance, which also involved Tyler Black, on June 13, 2009. He would later enter in a rivalry with Austin Aries, Kenny King and Rhett Titus, leading to an alliance with Delirious. Lynn received the "Pro Wrestling Illustrated" award for "Comeback of the Year" for 2009 for his stint in ROH.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn returned to ROH on December 16, 2012, at , where he was defeated by Mike Bennett in his final match with the promotion.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn returned to TNA on the August 5, 2010, edition of "Impact!", announcing that he would take on Rob Van Dam one more time at the ECW reunion show, Hardcore Justice, on August 8. However, on August 7 it was reported that Lynn was forced to pull out of the event due to a back injury and was replaced by Sabu. Lynn reappeared on "Impact Wrestling" on June 23, 2011, again confronting Van Dam, after which it was announced that the two would face each other on July 10 at Destination X. Lynn wrestled his TNA return match on the July 7 edition of "Impact Wrestling", losing to Van Dam in a four-way match, which also included A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels. At Destination X, Lynn was defeated by Van Dam in a singles match. Lynn made his next appearance on August 7 at Hardcore Justice, where accompanied Van Dam to the ring for his match with Crimson. After Van Dam was hit with Crimson's finishing maneuver, Lynn entered the ring and broke up the following pin, causing the referee to disqualify Van Dam. On the August 18 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Lynn cost Van Dam another Bound for Glory Series match against A.J. Styles in similar fashion. On the September 1 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Lynn turned on Van Dam, costing him his match with Gunner and, in the process, eliminating him from the finals of the Bound for Glory Series and turning heel. The following week Lynn explained his turn by claiming that he was tired of being in Van Dam's shadow and mentioned that Eric Bischoff had helped him realize it. On October 16 at Bound for Glory, Van Dam defeated Lynn in a Full Metal Mayhem match.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: As part of his retirement tour, Lynn returned to TNA on January 12, 2013, as part of the tapings of the One Night Only: X-Travaganza PPV, losing to Rob Van Dam in a No Disqualification match. This would be Lynn and Van Dam's final match together.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn worked for the All World Wrestling League presents Big Time Wrestling from late 2003 to early 2004.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn participated in the East Coast Wrestling Association's eleventh-annual Super 8 Tournament, which he won after defeating Sonjay Dutt in the finals on November 10, 2007 in Newark, Delaware.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In June 2007, Lynn debuted for Anarchy Championship Wrestling (ACW), based in Austin, Texas. Lynn won the ACW Heavyweight Championship in his first match by defeating Scot Summers. Lynn would hold the title for six months and after two time limit draws, Lynn lost the title back to Summers in a no time limit match in January 2008. Lynn continued wrestling for ACW through 2008 and in November, he won the ACW tag team titles with Scot Summers. Lynn and Summers remained tag team champions for over a year before losing the titles to the Submission Squad in January 2010. Lynn returned to ACW for a match in August 2011 and then again at the start of 2012. After announcing that he would be retiring at the end of the year, the rest of Lynn's appearances became known as the retirement tour for the Godfather of Anarchy.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: One of Amarillo's independent promotions, West-Texas Wrestling Association, announced January 12, 2008 at their second anniversary show that Jerry Lynn would face Kaos "The Rock Superstar" at WWA's Collision Course 3 on April 12, 2008 at The Nat "Brawl Room", hyping the fact they have two nationally known names facing off in a one-on-one match for Indy supremacy. Lynn would face local star, Mark Wilson, instead, due to an injury sustained by Joey Munoz. Jerry Lynn would return to WWA frequently to face local Amarillo stars. He would also face, and defeat, Justin Credible and Raven, in separate matches in WWA.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn participated in Pro Wrestling Syndicate's Majestic Twelve Tournament on March 22, 2008 in Yonkers NY. Lynn teamed with Kenny Omega in the first round defeating Tommy Suede and Kevin Matthews. Omega eliminated Lynn in Round 2. Lynn's most recent PWS match was on May 8, 2010 when he defeated Vampiro in White Plains NY.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: On April 25, 2008, Lynn defeated Jason Gory, Shiima Xion, and Davey Richards to win the Super Indy VII Tournament that is held by International Wrestling Cartel. Traditionally, the winner of the tournament is awarded the IWC Super Indy Championship. However, Lynn refused to accept the belt and instead challenged the champion Larry Sweeney to a title match at the next show. On May 17, 2008, Lynn defeated Sweeney to officially become IWC Super Indy Champion. On September 13, 2008, Lynn lost the Super Indy title to kayfabe apprentice Johnny Gargano in a 3 Way Dance, which also included Super HENTAI.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: On March 10, 2012, Lynn announced that he would retire from professional wrestling at the end of the year.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: On September 14, 2012, Lynn made his debut for Chikara, when he, Too Cold Scorpio and Tommy Dreamer entered the 2012 King of Trios as "The Extreme Trio", defeating Team WWF (1-2-3 Kid, Aldo Montoya and Tatanka) in their first round match. The following day, The Extreme Trio was eliminated from the tournament by Team ROH (Mike Bennett, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson).


title: Jerry Lynn

text: On November 10, 2012, Lynn wrestled for MPX in Bedford, Texas where he won a fatal four way to become the MPX Champion. Lynn immediately vacated the title due to his impending retirement and the match marked his final appearance in the Dallas/Fort Worth area where he spent much of his early career with the GWF. On February 9, 2013, Lynn defeated Lance Storm in his final match in Pro Wrestling Syndicate in the Main Event of the show.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn wrestled his retirement match at the Minneapolis Convention Center on March 23, 2013, which was the 25th anniversary of his debut as a professional wrestler. The event was promoted by Dave Sabick along with his promotion Heavy On Wrestling. He faced Horace the Psychopath, JB Trask and Sean Waltman in a four-way match, in which he was victorious. After the match, the locker room came out to celebrate Lynn's career and he was presented with a trophy.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn was backstage at Ring of Honor's Best in the World 2014 pay-per-view in Nashville, Tennessee, where he now lives. Sporting a new shorter haircut, this was the first wrestling show he's attended since retiring in 2013. In December 2015, Lynn returned to Ring of Honor where he had a confrontation with ROH World Champion Jay Lethal. At Final Battle 2015, Lynn would be on commentary during the main event between Lethal and AJ Styles alongside Kevin Kelly and Nigel McGuinness. In 2016, Lynn began work for the company as a backstage agent/producer


title: Jerry Lynn

text: In 2019, Lynn signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a coach and producer. On January 19, 2021 episode of Impact Wrestling, Jerry Lynn and Tony Khan debuted by watching Private Party wrestle against Chris Sabin and James Storm in a match when Private Party defeated Sabin and Storm. Lynn interfered in the match, allowing Private Party to win. He made an appearance in Philadelphia following "Rampage" on October 8, 2021 when Tony Khan called him out alongside Dean Malenko, Taz and Chris Jericho to thank them for inspiring him.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: On September 7th,2022 AEW Dynamite, he was a judge for ROH Pure Championship. On December 10, 2022, he was also a judge during the ROH Pure Championship match at Final Battle, and also celebrated with Claudio Castagnoli following his ROH Championship win.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Lynn uses the Cradle Piledriver as his finishing move. According to him, he used the move after a recommendation from Nova, who was inspired by Dynamite Kid.


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Former wrestler Lance Storm described Lynn as "Academy Award winning supporting actor. One of the greatest actors of all time, who was just never cast in that lead role", while sports journalist Dave Meltzer described him as "one of the most underrated workers of the last quarter century".


title: Jerry Lynn

text: Since October 28, 2018, Lynn, Mikey Whipwreck and Mike Freland, have co-hosted a podcast named "Front Row Material".


title: Order of Distinction

text: The Order of Distinction is a national order in the Jamaican honours system. It is the sixth in order of precedence of the Orders of Societies of Honour, which were instituted by an Act of Parliament ("The National Honours and Awards Act") in 1968. The motto of the Order is "Distinction Through Service".


title: Order of Distinction

text: The Order of Distinction is conferred upon citizens of Jamaica who have rendered outstanding and important services to Jamaica, or to distinguished citizens of a country other than Jamaica. The former are made Members of the Order, and the latter are made Honorary Members.


title: Order of Distinction

text: The Order has two ranks: the higher class of Commander, and the lower class of Officer. Commanders take place and precedence immediately after Members and Honorary Members of the Order of Jamaica. A Member or Honorary Member may be promoted from the rank of Officer to that of Commander.


title: Order of Distinction

text: Commanders of the Order of Distinction are entitled to use the post-nominal letters CD in the case of Members, or CD (Hon.) in the case of Honorary Members. Officers of the Order of Distinction are entitled to use the post-nominal letters OD in the case of Members, or OD (Hon.) in the case of Honorary Members.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: Madison Square Garden Sports Corp. (also known as MSG Sports) is an American sports holding company based in New York City.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: MSG Sports manages professional sports teams. These include the National Basketball Association's New York Knicks and their NBA G League affiliate, the Westchester Knicks, and the National Hockey League's New York Rangers and their American Hockey League affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: The original company was established in 2010 when Cablevision spun off the New York Knicks, New York Rangers, Madison Square Garden, MSG Network and other entertainment assets as an independent, publicly traded company.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: In 2015, the original company spun off the sports and entertainment division into a separate company and the original company was renamed to MSG Networks, Inc.; the new company took the name “The Madison Square Garden Company”.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: In 2020, The Madison Square Garden Company rebranded as Madison Square Garden Sports Corp. and subsequently spun off its entertainment division as Madison Square Garden Entertainment.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: On May 31, 1923, Tex Rickard incorporated the New Madison Square Garden Corporation for the purpose of building and operating the third Madison Square Garden. On January 15, 1925, shortly after the Garden opened, the corporation's name was changed to the Madison Square Garden Corporation.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: Following the success of the New York Americans, the Madison Square Garden Corporation established the New York Rangers, which began play in 1926. In 1946, at the behest of Ned Irish, the Madison Square Garden Corporation became a charter member of the National Basketball Association with the New York Knicks.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: By the mid-1950s, James D. Norris and Arthur Wirtz, who already owned the Detroit Olympia and Chicago Stadium as well as interests in numerous National Hockey League teams, owned some 60% of the stock in the Madison Square Garden Corporation. Both men served on the corporation's board, as did Irish (who was executive vice president) and John Reed Kilpatrick (who became chairman of the board), among others. In 1957, however, U.S. Federal Judge Sylvester J. Ryan ruled that the International Boxing Club of New York (IBC), run by Norris and Wirtz, was monopolizing the promotion of boxing matches in violation of U.S. antitrust law. Ryan ordered the two men to divest their stock in the Madison Square Garden Corporation within five years and resign as officers and directors of the company. Though Norris and Wirtz appealed, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld Ryan's decision two years later.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: On January 30, 1959, Norris and Wirtz accordingly sold their controlling interest in the Madison Square Garden Corporation, accounting for 40% of the stock, to automaker-turned-investment firm Graham-Paige for $4 million. On April 7, 1960, the Madison Square Garden Corporation merged with Graham-Paige, and on March 9, 1962, Graham-Paige changed its name to the Madison Square Garden Corporation to reflect its largest asset.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: Gulf and Western Industries, which began purchasing Madison Square Garden stock in 1969 and by 1977 owned 81%, purchased complete control of the corporation and turned it into a wholly owned subsidiary on August 19, 1977. At the time of Gulf and Western's acquisition, the Madison Square Garden Corporation owned the arena, Knicks, Rangers, three horse tracks (Roosevelt Raceway, Arlington Park, and Washington Park Race Track), Holiday on Ice, and real estate holdings in Long Island, Manhattan, and Chicago. In June 1989, Gulf and Western changed its name to Paramount Communications, reflecting its ownership of Paramount Pictures and its focus on its entertainment and publishing properties.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: In 1994, Viacom purchased majority ownership of Paramount Communications, but quickly sold MSG to Cablevision and ITT Corporation. In 1997, ITT sold its half to Cablevision for $650 million.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: In February 2010, Cablevision spun off the MSG properties, including the sports franchises, into The Madison Square Garden Company.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: On September 30, 2015, the MSG Networks division (including MSG Network) and the main MSG operation were both split as two companies. The MSG Network division ended up being the former Madison Square Garden Company and the main MSG operation became the spin off company. The original Madison Square Garden Company was renamed to MSG Networks, Inc. and the new company took the name “The Madison Square Garden Company”.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: In September 2018, Madison Square Garden began work on a spherical music venue in Las Vegas, called MSG Sphere Las Vegas, planned to open in 2021. Earlier in the year, MSG announced plans to build MSG Sphere London, near the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford. Both venues are designed by Populous architects and are supposed to incorporate highly advanced audio and visual technologies.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: On August 17, 2016, MSG acquired a 12% stake in digital media, broadcasting, and events company Townsquare Media from GE Capital.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: On July 31, 2017, MSG acquired a controlling stake in professional video gaming team Counter Logic Gaming.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: The company formerly owned the New York Liberty of the WNBA, until the team was sold in 2018. The company also formerly operated the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut, and Rentschler Field in East Hartford under contract with the state of Connecticut until the 2007 season when it was replaced by Northland/Anschutz Entertainment Group.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: On several occasions, the Madison Square Garden Company has generated controversy in regard to how it approaches its competition. On two occasions they made attempts to block the construction of competing venues in the New York and Los Angeles markets.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: Before the Madison Square Garden Company was formed, its businesses were part of Cablevision. In 2005, it was proposed that a new West Side Stadium be built for the New York Jets. The stadium would have directly competed with the then-Cablevision owned Madison Square Garden. Cablevision ran TV ads rallying against the proposed stadium which ultimately resulted in the state of New York rejecting the proposal. The rejection of the proposal meant that Madison Square Garden would not have a nearby venue competing for concert revenue. The rejection of the venue also had a negative impact on New York's bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, which was ultimately defeated by London.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: In 2018, the Madison Square Garden Company was behind a lawsuit against the city of Inglewood in an attempt to stop the construction of a new basketball arena for the Los Angeles Clippers. The new arena would compete directly with The Forum which was owned by The Madison Square Garden Company. Another lawsuit from a local community group was filed to block the construction of the venue in June 2018. Inglewood mayor James Butts suggested that the lawsuit was brought about by "business interests from out-of-state", suggesting that the Madison Square Garden Company were using this group to not have a competing arena nearby. James Dolan was said to be trying to avoid being deposed in the case. In December 2018, the Los Angeles Clippers countersued the Madison Square Garden Company alleging that they are trying to prevent competition from a new arena by trying to stop its construction.


title: Madison Square Garden Sports

text: In March 2019, leaked emails revealed that Irving Azoff attempted to lure the Los Angeles Lakers back to The Forum after their lease at the Staples Center was up. Despite nothing coming of the proposal, Azoff's proposal to re-purpose The Forum was seen as a way of preventing the LA Clippers from building their own arena in Inglewood and ensuring that the Madison Square Garden Company got an unfair advantage over rival AEG, which already owns part of the Lakers. In the summer of 2019 it was reported that the company had spent large amounts of money trying to influence Inglewood's mayoral election in the hopes of preventing the construction of the competing arena. In addition, the company also financially supported community groups and lawsuits seeking to prevent the construction of the new arena. The lawsuit became moot in March 2020, when Clippers owner Steve Ballmer announced that he would purchase The Forum for $400 million. The Forum will be repurposed as a dedicated concert venue.


title: Nicole Parker

text: Nicole Frances Parker (born February 21, 1978) is an American actress. She is best known for her work on Fox's sketch comedy show "Mad TV" (2003–2009, 2016), which she was a regular cast member. In July 2009, Parker concluded her run as Elphaba in the Broadway production of "Wicked", a role that she reprised on tour across North America. She voiced Penelope Pitstop in the animated series "Wacky Races" (2017–2019) and has appeared in the parody films "Meet the Spartans" and "Disaster Movie" (both 2008). Parker currently co-hosts the Earwolf podcast "The Neighborhood Listen," along with comedian Paul F. Tompkins.


title: Nicole Parker

text: In her hometown of Irvine, California, she performed at South Coast Repertory and Laguna Playhouse. She also studied Theatre and Voice at Indiana University and performed in an improv troupe called Full Frontal Comedy. After college, Parker performed at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the Second City in Chicago, Bloemendaal, Unhinged Academy and Groningen. In addition, she and some college friends formed a theater company in New York City called Waterwell Productions. Parker moved to Amsterdam for two years, where she performed in the comedy show Boom Chicago alongside "MADtv" alumni Ike Barinholtz and Jordan Peele.


title: Nicole Parker

text: In 2003, Parker joined the Season 9 cast of "Mad TV". She was a featured performer, until Season 10, when she was promoted to cast member. Parker left the show on March 28, 2009, but appeared in sketches until the series finale in 2009.


title: Nicole Parker

text: Parker's most notable characters include Pat-Beth LaMontrose and the Disney Girl. She also had impersonated many notable celebrities, mostly singers such as Britney Spears, Ashlee and Jessica Simpson, Julie Andrews, James Blunt, and Judy Garland.


title: Nicole Parker

text: In 2004, Parker was nominated for a Jeff Award for her performance in "The People vs. Friar Laurence, The Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet".


title: Nicole Parker

text: In 2009, Parker replaced Marcie Dodd in the role of Elphaba in the Broadway production of the musical "Wicked", from January 16. She starred opposite Alli Mauzey as Glinda. She exited on July 19 at the end of her six-month contract, and was replaced by Dee Roscioli.


title: Nicole Parker

text: Parker starred in the new musical "The People in the Picture", which began performances at Studio 54 on April 1, 2011 and officially opened on April 28, 2011.


title: Nicole Parker

text: Parker again starred as Elphaba in "Wicked" on the show's first North American tour. She reunited with Mauzey beginning performances in Denver, Colorado May 18, 2012. She replaced Mamie Parris. She later left the production on September 24, 2012.


title: Nicole Parker

text: Parker frequently guest performs in the improvisational comedy show "Cookin' With Gas" at The Groundlings Theatre in Hollywood, California.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Troy Donald Jamerson (born October 31, 1972), better known by his stage name Pharoahe Monch, is an American rapper from South Jamaica, Queens, New York. He is known for his complex lyrics, intricate delivery, and internal and multisyllabic rhyme schemes.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Monch released three albums as part of the rap duo Organized Konfusion with partner Prince Poetry: The self-titled "Organized Konfusion", "" and "The Equinox". The duo handled a large amount of production on these albums themselves. All albums received positive critical reviews, but moderate sales. As a result, the duo split up after recording their final album "The Equinox" in 1997. Prince Poetry has since denied the possibility of an Organized Konfusion reunion.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Pharoahe Monch then signed to Rawkus Records, an indie label. After making several guest appearances on albums like the best-selling Rawkus compilation "Soundbombing II", Monch's much-hyped debut, "Internal Affairs" was released in 1999. The first single of the album, "Simon Says", became a hit single, peaking at No. 97 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Despite its success, the song caused controversy when Monch was later sued for its unauthorized use of a sample from Akira Ifukube's "Gojira Tai Mosura", the theme song to the 1992 film "Godzilla vs. Mothra". This resulted in a halting in his album's distribution.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Following the controversy, Pharoahe would not release another solo project for several years, but still released some songs and had guest appearances. In 2000, he collaborated with Mos Def and Nate Dogg on the hit song "Oh No" from the Rawkus compilation record "Lyricist Lounge 2". He contributed the song "Fuck You" to the "Training Day" soundtrack in 2001, and rapped the theme song to Madden NFL 2002. He also provided vocals on the track "Last Dayz" on the 2001 Adam F Album "Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare" and remixes of the track on the follow-up "Drum & Bass Warfare", released the following year. In 2003 Pharoahe released his final single through Rawkus Records, "Agent Orange", a war inspired song which revisited the 1991 Organized Konfusion track "Releasing Hypnotical Gases".


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: There were rumors his next album, at first tentatively titled "Innervisions", was to be released under Denaun Porter's new Shady Records imprint Runyon Ave. They reached out to Stevie Wonder and were at the beginning processes of recording the album but apparently the deal fell through; Monch later announced a deal with Street Records Corporation, home of Wu-Tang Clan, David Banner and Terror Squad. On December 19, 2006, Pharoahe Monch released his first and only official mixtape, "The Awakening", hosted by Clinton Sparks, DJ Boogie Brown. In June 2007, Monch released his second solo album "Desire" to critical acclaim. Monch said about the album; "...it's very soulful, very gospel, a fresh, new sound for me." The album's lead single was the self-produced track "Push", with "Let's Go" as its B-side. The song's music video and single were released in late September 2006. Pharoahe Monch released a second music video entitled "When the Gun Draws" at a Brooklyn music festival in February 2007. The track was inspired by a song he did with Prince Po entitled "Stray Bullet" which was featured on the "" album. A final video was made for the title track "Desire" in late 2007. It was directed by New Zealand director Andy Morton and shot on the Rock the Bells tour with full band. The video features both MeLa Machinko and Showtyme.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: On July 9, 2009, Pharoahe Monch allowed hip hop website HipHopDX.com to leak a song from his forthcoming album "W.A.R. (We Are Renegades)". The song was called "Shine" and featured vocals by MeLa Machinko and was also produced by Diamond D. On February 14, 2010, another song from Monch was leaked, which is called "Clap (One Day)," produced by M-Phazes.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Pharoahe Monch released his third solo album "W.A.R. (We Are Renegades)" in March 2011. It featured guest appearances from Jill Scott, Styles P, Citizen Cope, Jean Grae, Royce da 5'9", Immortal Technique, Vernon Reid, Phonte, Mr. Porter, Mela Machinko, Showtyme & DJ Boogie Blind. Pharoahe revealed that the album is a "throwback to 1993, '94 hip-hop" and featured production by Exile, Marco Polo, M-Phazes, Fatin, Diamond D, Mike Loe, Samiyam, Adam Deitch, Eric Krasno and Pharoahe Monch himself. Four singles have been released from the album: "Shine", "Clap (One Day)", "Black Hand Side", and "Assassins". A ten-year anniversary re-issue of "Internal Affairs" will also be released featuring a documentary about the making of the album.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: In 2011, Pharoahe Monch was a judge on the Ultimate MC TV show alongside Royce da 5'9", Sean Price, Planet Asia, and Organik.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Pharoahe Monch recently made his second appearance on an R&B song - the first being "It Ain't The Money" on Macy Gray's 2003 album "The Trouble With Being Myself" - performing on Eric Roberson's album track "The Cycle" from Roberson's 2014 album "The Box".


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Pharoahe released his fourth album, "PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder", on April 15, 2014, under his independent label, W.A.R. Media. The album is a conceptual follow up to his third album, "W.A.R. (We Are Renegades)". The album featured two singles, "Damage" and "Bad M.F.", both produced by Lee Stone.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: In late 2017 Pharoahe Monch was featured in a song by Keyon Harrold titled "Her Beauty Through My Eyes" from Keyon's latest album "Mugician".


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: In 2019, Pharoahe formed the rap-rock supergroup th1rt3en, featuring guitarist Marcus Machado and drummer Daru Jones; releasing their debut single "Palindrome" in September 2019. On October 19, 2019, "Internal Affairs" was finally released to streaming services, on its 20th anniversary.


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Th1rt3en's debut album "A Magnificent Day for an Exorcism" was released two years later on January 22, 2021, and was supported by the three singles "Fight" featuring rap group Cypress Hill, "666 (Three Six Word Stories)" and "Cult 45".


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Pharoahe Monch is acclaimed for his complex rapping technique - AllMusic says he has, "a reputation as one of underground hip hop's pre-eminent lyricists, crafting intricate and intelligent raps." Kool Moe Dee ranks him at 26 in his best MCs of all-time list, from his book, "There's a God on the Mic", noting: "Pharoahe Monch is like an eloquent linguistics professor moonlighting as a rhyme serial killer terrorist, challenging the listeners' I.Q. while daring him or her to keep up."


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Having been afflicted with chronic asthma since the age of thirteen months, Monch developed new and creative ways to deliver his lyrics when rapping. In an interview with "HipHopDX", he stated that "asthma forced [him] to really go against the issue and push the envelope in terms of breath control," developing a technique he "wouldn't try if [he] didn’t have asthma."


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: Monch compares writing and recording his lyrics to writing and filming a movie - in the book "How to Rap" he says he will 'punch-in' vocals so he can "retake some things, just like a film", and he 'rewrites' lyrics, saying he will "go back as a screenwriter and rewrite scenes and leave more to the imagination."


title: Pharoahe Monch

text: For his biggest hit, "Simon Says", he comments that he wrote the choruses before he wrote the verses, and fellow rapper and collaborator O.C. notes that Monch will write single lines down and then use them five years later. His vocal delivery is inspired by Jazz music and musicians such as John Coltrane.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Frederick George "Rick" Wilson (born November 21, 1963) is an American political strategist, media consultant, and author based in Florida. A former member of the Republican Party, he has produced televised political commercials for governors, U.S. Senate candidates, Super PACs, and corporations.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Wilson was a frequent guest on political panel shows during the 2016 United States presidential election, where he denounced Donald Trump and his supporters. He was later a strategist for the Evan McMullin presidential campaign. Since Trump's election as president, Wilson has continued to be a critic. In 2018, Wilson released "Everything Trump Touches Dies".


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Rick Wilson was born in Tampa, Florida, the son of an accountant and a housewife. According to Wilson, his parents were both "liberal Democrats" who later became Republicans. Wilson attended George Washington University.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Wilson entered the political arena by campaigning for Connie Mack during the 1988 Florida Senate election. Later, he served on George H. W. Bush's campaign as Florida field director.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: He left the Republican Party following the 2016 United States presidential election, and in late 2019 went on to co-found The Lincoln Project, a Super PAC organized by then-current and former Republicans opposed to and working to prevent the re-election of Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Wilson has written numerous opinion and analysis columns for publications such as "The Daily Beast", "Politico", "The New York Daily News", "The Federalist", "The Independent Journal Review", and "Ricochet", and is a frequent guest on various cable and network news outlets.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: In 2018, Wilson released his first book, "Everything Trump Touches Dies", in which he laments the re-alignment of the Republican Party behind Trump. The book reached number one on the "New York Times" nonfiction bestseller list for a week. An audiobook read by Wilson was released alongside the print version.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Wilson's second book, entitled "Running Against the Devil: A Plot to Save America from Trump – and Democrats from Themselves," was published in January 2020.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Since 2020, Wilson and fellow "The Daily Beast" contributor Molly Jong-Fast have been the hosts of the podcast "The New Abnormal".


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: In October 2022, Wilson launched a new podcast entitled "The Enemies List", named after Richard Nixon's famous list of political enemies.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: In 2012, Wilson posted to Instagram an image of a cooler emblazoned with a Confederate flag and the words "The South Shall Rise Again", prompting allegations of racism. After public backlash, Wilson eventually deleted the post. It resurfaced in 2020 while The Lincoln Project, a political consultancy Wilson founded, was airing television ads attacking the public display of the Confederate flag.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: Wilson played a significant role in the 2002 United States Senate election in Georgia, in which Saxby Chambliss was facing Democratic Party Senator Max Cleland, a disabled Vietnam veteran and recipient of the Silver Star. Wilson helped make an ad that criticized Cleland, while also tying him to Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein. The ad appeared to question Cleland's patriotism. In an interview with "HuffPost", Wilson stated that he thought that "DHS [Department of Homeland Security] was on the front line against Osama bin Laden". As Wilson reflected in 2016, "The Cleland ad was powerful because it went to his strengths [...] Everyone assumed Cleland was immune to critiques on national security issues. [...] they didn't calculate that I have no moral center when it comes to political ads, and I will destroy the innocent and the guilty." Following Cleland's death in 2021, Wilson received criticism from journalists such as Glenn Greenwald and Charlie Pierce.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: In January 2020, Wilson appeared alongside CNN anchor Don Lemon and CNN contributor Wajahat Ali to discuss United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo's recent exchange with an NPR reporter Mary Louise Kelly. During this segment, Wilson made comments towards Trump supporters, stating they were "part of the credulous boomer rube demo." He also employed the tone of Southern American English in the segment for emphasis. Wilson had been know to use extremely crude language and generalizations when criticizing supporters of Donald Trump, calling them "childless single men who masturbate to anime", during an interview with MSNBC leading up to the 2016 Presidential Election.


title: Rick Wilson (political consultant)

text: In June 2020, Wilson tweeted a response to a 2012 Domino's Pizza tweet thanking White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany, then a college student, for her opinion that Domino's pizza was superior to pizza from New York. In his tweet, Wilson declared, "You just killed your brand." This later prompted a response from Domino's Pizza's official Twitter account, saying "Welp. It's unfortunate that thanking a customer for a compliment back in 2012 would be viewed as political. Guess that's 2020 for ya." According to "The Daily Dot", "Domino’s response immediately went viral"; however, it also credited Wilson for not deleting the tweet "despite the unrelenting onslaught of mockery" directed at him.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen High School is a public, co-educational secondary school in Allen, Texas (United States). It is the only high school in the Allen Independent School District.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen High School serves most of the city of Allen. Until fall 2006, when Lovejoy High School opened, Allen High School served high school students in the Lovejoy Independent School District, which includes the city of Lucas, most of Fairview, and a small portion of Plano.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The first Allen High School, built in 1910 at the corner of Belmont and Cedar, was a two-story brick building housing six classrooms and an auditorium, and saw the first graduating class of eight students in 1914.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The second Allen High School was established in 1959 on land donated by Mr. Harris Brown on the corner of Jupiter and Main Streets.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: August 1999 saw the opening of Allen High School "2000," a new facility (at the corner of Greenville and Rivercrest) which opened to 2,200 students in grades 10 through 12. The former high school was converted into the Becky Lowery Freshman Center, named in honor of a former middle school teacher and school counselor. In 2018, the building was partly demolished and replaced with a new building on an adjacent plot of land on Greenville Ave. The southernmost part of the school was renovated into the Dillard Special Achievement Center, while the northern section became a parking lot. The football stadium still stands. The new building started serving grade 9 students during the 2018–19 school year, and had an enrollment of 1,634 in 2015–16. The final expansion of the school was completed in 2011. The expansion included a new 1,500 seat performing arts center, an expansion of band hall space and a Career and Technology Education center featuring a student-managed restaurant open to the public, a student-managed apparel store with student-designed items, multiple new Mac labs, Mac-equipped rooms for the photojournalism, yearbook, commercial photography, audiovisual, radio, and newspaper classes as well as learning-classrooms for the medical education programs.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen High School offers the International Baccalaureate program to its students, with the class of 2002 being the first to graduate Full Diploma. AHS also provides Advanced Placement, Dual Credit, and elective courses. AP course enrollment at AHS is 53%.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen uses an 8:50 a.m. to 4:10 p.m. modified block schedule. The period schedule includes five standard periods per day, though students are required to be present for only four in 10th grade, and only three in 11th or 12th grade.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen High has the largest University Interscholastic League (UIL) athletic program of any Texas high school.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen Eagle football program has become one of the top football programs in Texas over the past decade, with playoff berths in every season since 2001, and a district title every season since 2006 In 2014, Allen became the fourth high school in state history to win the state championship 3 years in a row while being the first to do so in the state's largest classification.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: In 2006 the varsity football team finished its season as the District 9-5A Champions by beating Plano East in the last game of the regular season, 22–17. Its only loss was to Garland in the season opener. In the playoffs the Allen Eagles beat Rowlett, Mesquite, Round Rock, and Spring Westfield, and made it to the state semifinals where they lost to Southlake Carroll. The team's regular season record was 9–1 with an overall record of 13–2.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: After finishing the 2008 regular season with a record of 9–1, the Eagles beat South Grand Prairie, Coppell, Odessa Permian, Euless Trinity, Round Rock Stony Point, and Fort Bend Hightower in the state championship to earn their first-ever state title, making them Texas' Class 5A Div I State Champions. Upon winning the championship, the Allen Eagles were ranked #2 in the nation by both ESPN Rise and Yahoo! Rivals High School rankings, and they were ranked #5 by MaxPreps poll.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The 2012 season marked the beginning of a record-setting win streak for the Eagles. Allen went 15–1 on the season, only losing to Coppell early in the season.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen won the Class 5A Division I football state championship game 35–21 against Houston Lamar, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, on December 22, 2012.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen won the Class 5A Division I football state championship game 63–28 against Pearland High School at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, on December 21, 2013.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen won the Class 6A Division I football state championship game 47–16 against Cypress Ranch High School at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, on December 20, 2014.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen went 10–0 in the 2015 regular season but lost in the Division I State semi-final to Westlake High School (Texas), snapping a program-best 57-game winning streak, the 2nd longest ever in the state of Texas (the longest being 68 games, set by Celina High School.)


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen won the Class 6A Division I football championship game 35–33 against Lake Travis High School at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, on December 23, 2017.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen was named national champs by High School Football America after the 2012, 2013 and 2014 seasons.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Due to the program's popularity and student population, the school was authorized, via an approved April 2009 referendum, to build an 18,000-seat stadium (Allen Eagle Stadium) for the team. The stadium (which cost nearly $60 million) opened for the 2012 football season. It is the fifth largest high school stadium in the state, but the largest designed for the use of only one team. The new facility houses a weight room, wrestling practice facility, and indoor golfing facility.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: On February 27, 2014, the stadium was closed due to cracking in concrete making it unsafe to use. The 2014 varsity football season played every game on the road, and still managed to go undefeated and win their third consecutive title earning the nickname "Road Warriors" by the local media.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: After about $10 million in structural and design repairs by Pogue Construction and PBK (neither the district nor the Allen citizens having to pay anything extra), Allen's stadium was officially reopened on June 5, 2015, for its Class of 2015 graduation and allowed the varsity football team to once again host home games.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen High School girls' golf program achieved the first UIL state championship for the school by winning the state tournament in 2005. The team followed this with another state win in 2006 and also in 2012.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen Eagles wrestling team won the THSCA dual state tournament in the 2008–09 season, defeating the defending UIL state champions Randall High School. The Eagle wrestling team also won the THSCA dual state tournament and UIL state tournament in the 2009–10 season, the 2010–11 season, the 2011–12 season, the 2012–13 season, the 2013–14 season, the 2014–15 season, the 2015–16 season, the 2016–2017 season, the 2017–2018 season, and the 2018–2019 season.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen High School boys' bowling team won the 2001–02 and 2007–08 Texas High School Bowling Club Team Championships. The Allen girls' team was the state champion in 2003–04 and 2004–2005, becoming the first Texas boys' or girls' teams to repeat as state champions. The girls' bowling team won its third state championship against Plano East in the 2008–09 school year.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen High School varsity hockey team won the 2006–07, 2008–09, and 2016–17 Texas State Championship, and the 2009 Rocky Mountain Regional Championship. The team placed second in the 2009–10 State Championship and was a quarterfinalist at the National Championships.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The girls' soccer team advanced to the state tournament in 1989, the team's inaugural season, and again in 1990, 1998 and 2019. The boys' program made it to the 1993, 1996 and 1997 regional finals.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: In the 2008–09 school year, Allen High School was the state champion in football, hockey, girls' bowling and wrestling.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: In 2011, Allen High School won 1st place in Culinary at the Texas ProStart Competition in Austin, TX. They then advanced to and placed 17th at the National ProStart Competition.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: In the 2013–14 season Allen High School's basketball program went to the state championship for the first time in 50 years. Then, in the 2017–18 season, Allen boys won its first state championship in the school's history.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen High School archery team has won the Texas Archery in the School state championship in 2014 and 2015.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen High School Varsity Hockey team came in 2nd place in the 2020 State Champions, losing to Jesuit, its longtime rival.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen Escadrille claims to be the country's largest high school marching band, with a membership of over 800 students. They play for the 6A football team, participate in competitions and perform in parades and other venues. The Escadrille was invited to perform in the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 2009, and performed in the 2006 Rose Parade as well as the 2016 Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. It received the Sudler Shield Award from the John Philip Sousa Foundation in 2004. It was also a participant in the 1994 St. Patrick's Day Parade in Dublin, Ireland, being the only high school band chosen to play at the Dublin Lord Mayors Ball; the 1995 and 1999 Texas Gubernatorial Parades; and the 1997 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. The Allen Eagle Escadrille won the 4A State Marching Band Competition in back-to-back years in 1987 and 1988.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen High School received the 2011 Grammy Signature School Gold Award, which recognizes U.S. public high schools making an outstanding commitment to music education during an academic school year.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen Eagle Chorale Choir was invited to perform at the Texas Music Educators Association's annual convention during the 2011–2012 school year. A recording of their performance was published to Spotify in 2012. The TMEA event covers all Texas Independence School Districts and invites by audition only the top 5 schools in the state. They have again been invited this coming year.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: Allen High School also has a broadcast program, KGLE 3 Teen News. Between 1996 and 2006, the program had five first places Best of Shows, two-second places, one-third place, one-eighth place, and one not placed at the National Scholastic Press Association's biannual competition. it has also been a Pacemaker, finalist, five times. The KGLE broadcast program includes radio broadcast.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The Allen Orchestra was invited to perform at The International Midwest Clinic and Convention in 2006.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: The school's German folk dancing team took first place in the 2005 state competition and third place in state finals in 2006.


title: Allen High School (Texas)

text: In the spring of 2011, Allen High School's Rugby team was runner-up in the Division 2 State Championship in Houston Texas.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Divorce in the United States is a legal process in which a judge or other authority dissolves the marriage existing between two persons. Divorce restores the persons to the status of being single and permits them to marry other individuals. In the United States, marriage and divorce fall under the jurisdiction of state governments, not the federal government.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Although such matters are usually ancillary or consequential to the dissolution of the marriage, divorce may also involve issues of spousal support, child custody, child support, distribution of property and division of debt.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: By the mid- to late 19th century, divorce rates in the United States increased, and Americans obtained more divorces annually than were granted in all of Europe. Previously, divorces in the US were mainly granted to the middle and upper-classes due to their cost, but the legal process became less expensive. Other proposed explanations include the popular acceptance of divorce as an alternative to marital unhappiness, decay of the belief in immortality and future punishment, discontent with the existing constitution of society, the habits of mobility created by better transportation, and the greater independence of women resulting in their enlarged legal rights and greater opportunities of self support. The divorce rate continued to increase in the early 20th century. In 1890, 3 couples per 1,000 were divorced, rising to 8 couples by 1920.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: The Married Women's Property Acts in the United States were passed by the various states to give greater property rights to women and, in some cases, allowing them to sue for divorce.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: The women's rights movement debated the issue of whether to allow divorce, with Jane Swisshelm and Elizabeth Cady Stanton as early supporters, with Horace Greeley and Antoinette Brown Blackwell opposed. Unlike other issues, the movement was unable to achieve agreement. Stanton eventually came to see marriage law reform as more important than women's voting rights. Against Stanton, Lucy Stone sought to remove the advocacy of divorce from the women's platform to prevent the appearance of moral laxity. In government, Robert Dale Owen proposed laws granting greater freedom of divorce, which later came to fruition. The National Woman Suffrage Association, founded in 1869, included advocacy for divorce reform.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Prior to the latter decades of the 20th century, divorce was considered to be against the public interest, and civil courts refused to grant a divorce except if one party to the marriage had betrayed the "innocent spouse." Thus, a spouse suing for divorce in most states had to show a "fault" such as abandonment, cruelty, incurable mental illness, or adultery. If an "innocent" husband and wife wished to separate, or if both were guilty, "neither would be allowed to escape the bonds of marriage." Divorce was barred if evidence revealed any hint of complicity between spouses to manufacture grounds for divorce, such as if the suing party engaged in procurement or connivance (contributing to the fault, such as by arranging for adultery), condonation (forgiving the fault either explicitly or by continuing to cohabit after knowing of it), or recrimination (the suing spouse also being guilty).


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Divorce is governed by state rather than federal law, and a number of strategies were devised in several states to make divorce easier. By 1909, Reno, Nevada was "the divorce capital of the world." At that time, only six months in Nevada established state residency, and the Nevada courts, well aware of the contribution of divorce seekers to Nevada's hospitality industry, accepted the resident's uncorroborated assertion of grounds for divorce, usually "extreme cruelty.". In 1927, the Nevada Legislature, "in response to a perceived threat to Reno's divorce supremacy from France and Mexico and a divorce-trade war that had been going on since the end of World War I between Nevada, Idaho, and Arkansas," lowered the residency period to three months, and in 1931 the Legislature that voted for "wide-open gambling" lowered it to six weeks. Providing accommodations and other amenities for visitors, who could not leave Nevada during the six weeks, became a major Reno industry; greeters met the arriving trains, and there were a variety of divorce ranches. In 1942, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in "Williams v. North Carolina" that other states had to recognize these divorces, under the "full faith and credit" clause of the U.S. Constitution.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: By 1916, the U.S. led the world in number of divorces. In populous New York State, where adultery was the easiest grounds for divorce, attorneys would provide a divorce package of a prostitute and a photographer. Significant numbers of divorce seekers went to the cities on the Mexican side of the Mexico-U.S. border, or to Haiti, where they found welcoming attorneys, who sometimes advertised in the U.S. A memory of the practice is reflected in the song "Haitian Divorce," by Steely Dan.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: By the 1960s, deception to bypass the fault system had become a widespread concern, if not actually a widespread practice, and a consensus grew for change. The National Association of Women Lawyers was instrumental in convincing the American Bar Association to create a Family Law section in many state courts, and pushed strongly for no-fault divorce law around 1960 (cf. Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act). In 1969, California became the first U.S. state to pass a no-fault divorce law.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: The introduction of no-fault divorce led to a rise in divorce rates in the United States during the 1970s. The National Center for Health Statistics reports that from 1975 to 1988 in the US, in families with children present, wives file for divorce in approximately two-thirds of cases. In 1975, 71.4% of the cases were filed by women, and in 1988, 65% were filed by women.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Lenore Weitzman's 1985 book "The Divorce Revolution," using data from California in 1977-78, reported that one year after divorce, the standard of living for women declined 73%, compared with an increase of 42% for men. Richard Peterson calls Weitzman's methodology into question, using the same data to calculate a 27% decrease for women and a 10% increase for men.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: The median length for a marriage in the US today is 11 years, with 90% of divorces settled out of court. Lower-income couples are currently more likely to get a divorce than higher-income couples. By the seventh wedding anniversary, the divorce rate among highly educated people who married in the early 2000s is 11%, while that for couples without college degrees is 17%.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: In 2015, the Manhattan Supreme Court ruled that, in the case of a husband and wife who did not live together, where the husband had no fixed physical address where divorce papers could be served and where the husband had no written contact with his wife other than through Facebook, the wife could serve her husband divorce papers through a Facebook message, and she became the first to do so.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Divorce in the U.S. is governed by state rather than federal law. The laws of the state(s) of residence at the time of divorce govern, not those of the location where the couple was married. All states recognize divorces granted by any other state, and all impose a minimum time of residence to file for a divorce, Nevada and Idaho currently being the shortest at six weeks.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: All states allow no-fault divorce on grounds such as irreconcilable differences, irremediable breakdown, and loss of affection. Some states mandate a separation period before no-fault divorce. Mississippi, South Dakota and Tennessee are the only states that require mutual consent for no-fault divorce. The rest of the states permit unilateral no-fault divorce.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Since the mid-1990s, three states have enacted covenant marriage laws which give couples the option to make divorce more difficult, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Arizona. For example, couples who choose covenant marriage may be required to undergo counseling before a divorce can be granted, or to submit their conflicts to mediation. In states lacking such provisions, some couples sign contracts undertaking the same obligations.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: A summary (or simple) divorce, available in some jurisdictions, is used when spouses meet certain eligibility requirements, or can agree on key issues beforehand. For example, to qualify for summary divorce in California, a couple must meet all of the following requirements:


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Though divorce laws vary between jurisdiction, there are two basic approaches to divorce: fault-based and no-fault. Fault grounds, when available, are sometimes still sought. This may be done where it reduces the waiting period otherwise required, or possibly in hopes of affecting decisions related to a divorce, such as child custody, child support, alimony, and so on. A court may still take into account the behavior of the parties when dividing property, debts, evaluating custody, and support. States vary in the admissibility of such evidence for those decisions.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Under a no-fault divorce system the dissolution of a marriage does not require an allegation or proof of fault of either party. Only three states (Mississippi, South Dakota and Tennessee) require mutual consent (in Tennessee it is needed only in certain circumstances) for a no-fault divorce to be granted. No-fault grounds for divorce include incompatibility, irreconcilable differences, and irremediable breakdown of the marriage.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Fault divorces used to be the only way to break a marriage, and people who had differences, but did not qualify as "at fault", only had the option to separate (and were prevented from legally remarrying).


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Comparative rectitude is a doctrine used to determine which spouse is more at fault when both spouses are guilty of breaches.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: In the United States, the Federal Government does not have the authority to issue a divorce. The state has the only authority over issuing accepting a marriage, and issuing a divorce. This creates the question of which state can one get divorced in. All states have rules for jurisdiction, which is typically a time frame the person filing the divorce has lived in the state. Most states require the person filing for a divorce to be a physical resident of the state for six months. Some states require twelve months and some states, like Nevada, only require six weeks. Without proper jurisdiction a state cannot issue a divorce.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: States vary in their rules for division of assets in a divorce. The major difference is between states that use a community property system and states that do not. In community property states, community property belongs to the spouses equally. The following states use community property regimes: Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Alaskan law gives couples the option to create community property by written agreement.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Most community property states start with the presumption that community assets will be divided equally, whereas "equitable distribution" states presume fairness may dictate more or less than half of the assets will be awarded to one spouse or the other. Commonly, assets acquired before marriage are considered individual, and assets acquired after, marital. Depending on the state, an equitable or equal division of assets is then sought.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: In some states, educational degrees earned during the marriage may be considered marital property. In such states, a resolution of the divorce will often entail payment from the educated spouse to the other spouse a share of their expected future earnings that are due to a degree they earned during the marriage, and may require the expertise of labor economists or other statistical and financial experts.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Alimony, also known as 'maintenance' or 'spousal support' is still being granted in many cases, especially in longer term marriages. Alimony is more likely in cases where a spouse has remedial needs that must be met in order for the spouse to become fully employable, for example that one spouse gave up career opportunities or development in order to devote themselves to the family.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: In cases involving children, governments have a pressing interest in ensuring that disputes between parents do not spill over into the family courts. All states now require parents to file a parenting plan, or to decide on child custody and visitation either by reaching a written agreement or in a court hearing, when they legally separate or divorce.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: The spouse given custody (or the spouse with the greater share of residence time in the case of joint custody), may receive assets to compensate their greater child-care expenses.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Collaborative divorce (uncontested divorce) is becoming a popular method for divorcing couples to come to agreement on divorce issues. In a collaborative divorce, the parties negotiate an agreed resolution with the assistance of attorneys who are trained in the collaborative divorce process and in mediation, and often with the assistance of a neutral financial specialist and/or divorce coach. The parties are empowered to make their own decisions based on their own needs and interests, but with complete information and full professional support. Once the collaborative divorce starts, the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in a contested legal proceeding, should the collaborative law process end prematurely. Most attorneys who practice collaborative divorce claim that it can be substantially less expensive than other divorce methods (regular divorce or mediation). However, should the parties not reach any agreements, any documents or information exchanged during the collaborative process cannot later be used in further legal proceedings, as the collaborative process is confidential proceedings. Furthermore, there are no set enforceable time lines for completion of a divorce using collaborative divorce.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Divorce mediation is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation that attempts to help opposing spouses find common ground during the divorce process. In a divorce mediation session, a mediator facilitates the discussion between the spouses by assisting with communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve differences. At the end of the mediation process, the separating parties will have typically developed a tailored divorce agreement that they can submit to the court. Parties to mediation do not need to retain attorneys. However, if the parties choose to retain attorneys their attorneys may be included in the mediation session. The mediator can provide both parties with information but will not offer advice to either. Divorce mediators may be attorneys, mental health professionals, or financial experts who have experience in divorce cases. Divorce mediation can be significantly less expensive than litigation. The adherence rate to mediated agreements is much higher than that of adherence to court orders.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Many states allow for couples to file for a summary divorce based upon a jointly filed divorce petition. A summary divorce means the spouses have discussed the terms required by state law to issue a divorce and they have reached an mutual agreement. Almost every state allows for this type of "uncontested" divorce. An uncontested joint divorce petition will often save a divorcing couple both time and money.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: Since the 1980s, federal legislation has been enacted affecting the rights and responsibilities of divorcing spouses. For example, federal welfare reform mandated the creation of child support guidelines in all 50 states in the 1980s. ERISA includes provisions for the division of qualified retirement accounts between divorcing spouses. The IRS established rules on ignoring alimony as a source of taxable income. Federal bankruptcy laws prohibit discharging in bankruptcy of alimony and child support obligations. COBRA allows a divorced spouse to obtain and maintain health insurance.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: A "qualified domestic relations order" (QDRO) is an order that creates or recognizes the existence of an alternate payee's right to receive, or assigns to an alternate payee the right to receive, all or a portion of the benefits payable with respect to a participant under a retirement plan, and that includes certain information and meets certain other requirements.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: A domestic relations order is a judgment, decree, or order (including the approval of a property settlement) that is made pursuant to state domestic relations law (including community property law) and that relates to the provision of child support, alimony payments, or marital property rights for the benefit of a spouse, former spouse, child, or other dependents of a participant.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: A state authority, generally a court, must actually issue a judgment, order, or decree or otherwise formally approve a property settlement agreement before it can be a domestic relations order under ERISA. The mere fact that a property settlement is agreed to and signed by the parties will not, in and of itself, cause the agreement to be a domestic relations order.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: According to a study published in the "American Law and Economics Review", women file slightly more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the US.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: There is some variation among states, and the numbers have also varied over time, with about 60% of filings by women in most of the 20th century, and over 70% by women in some states just after no-fault divorce was introduced, according to the paper.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: In their 1997 study titled "Child Custody Policies and Divorce Rates in the US," Kuhn and Guidubaldi find it reasonable to conclude that women anticipate advantages to being single, rather than remaining married. In their detailed analysis of divorce rates, Kuhn and Guidubaldi conclude that acceptance of joint physical custody may reduce divorce. States whose family law policies, statutes, or judicial practice encourage joint custody have shown a greater decline in their divorce rates than those that favor sole custody.


title: Divorce in the United States

text: "Rate of divorce" usually refers to the number of divorces that occur in the population during a given period. However it is also used in common parlance to refer to the likelihood of a given marriage ending in divorce (as opposed to the death of a spouse).