title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: According to the census of 2010, there were 12,743 people, 6,117 households, and 3,637 families residing in the CDP, occupying a land area of . The population density was . There were 9,931 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.8 percent White, 2.8 percent African American, 0.1 percent Native American, 1.0 percent Asian, 1.53 percent from other races, and 0.7 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2 percent of the population. By the 2020 census, there were 14,982 people, 6,836 households, and 4,346 families in the CDP. The racial and ethnic makeup of the CDP by 2020 was 91.5% non-Hispanic white, 1.92% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.67% multiracial, and 3.0% Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: In 2010, the median income for a household in the CDP was $77,694, and the median income for a family was $104,044. Males had a median income of $52,536 versus $39,881 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $50,043. About 1.9 percent of families and 3.7 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4 percent of those under age 18 and 2.9 percent of those age 65 or over. At the 2020 American Community Survey, the median household income increased to $90,408 with a mean of $120,362. Families had a median household income of $117,466; married-couple families $125,652; and non-family households $52,607.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: The primary housing units on St. Simons Island are single-family homes and condominiums. Prices vary with market trends, but housing is generally available in a wide range of prices, depending on location. In 2010, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 9,931 housing units on the island, 6,117 of which were occupied either by the owners (74%) or renters (26%); and 2,662 were held for "seasonal, recreational, or occasional use." Most of the remainder were for rent (6%) or for sale (4%). In 2020, the median value of owner-occupied housing units was $386,000 with a monthly cost of $2,010.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Tourism is the primary economic driver in the St. Simons Island economy. Major industries include hospitality, food services and retail, along with service businesses and the professions. The largest employers are the Sea Island Company, King & Prince Resort and Rich Products Consumer Brands Division.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Visitors have been coming to St. Simons Island since the late 19th century, at first by boat, disembarking at the pier on its south shore, and later by car via the F. J. Torras Causeway. In 1938, the McKinnon St. Simons Island Airport opened, serving general aviation. Commercial air travelers arrive via the nearby Brunswick Golden Isles Airport (BQK). Three island marinas accommodate pleasure boaters.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Today, the island is marketed as one of Georgia's "Golden Isles", and visitation occurs throughout the year, but is heaviest in the spring and summer months. Accommodations consist primarily of hotels and private rental homes and condominium apartments, both along the beach and inland. Transportation is provided via taxis and vehicle rentals, including golf carts. Bicycle rentals are also available.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Visitors come to St. Simons Island for its beaches and scenic vistas, water sports, fishing, sailing, golf, historical sites, and laid back lifestyle. The PGA Tour's RSM Classic (formerly McGladrey Classic) is held annually in November at the Sea Island Golf Club on St. Simons Island. In 2013 The Sea Island Golf Club was ranked by Golf Digest as one of America's top 50 golf courses for women.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Ecotourists come to enjoy the natural surroundings, bird-watching, and Cannon's Point Preserve. Hiking and bicycling are popular year-round activities. St. Simons Island is also a magnet for photographers and painters. Its selection of scenic and historic venues, such as the St. Simons Lighthouse and Christ Church have made the island a popular wedding site.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: As a travel destination, St. Simons Island has received recommendations from a number of travel publications and websites, including Condé Nast Traveler, Travel+Leisure, Smithsonian Magazine, Coastal Living, Country Living, and TripAdvisor.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: A wide variety of creative artists are drawn to St. Simons Island as both residents and visitors. Painters and photographers work to capture the scenic landscape, and their work is on display in several island galleries. Glynn Visual Arts is a non-profit organization serving local artists with exhibits, festivals, and classes in several media including painting and drawing, pottery, photography, mixed media, jewelry, and many others. The Literary Guild of St. Simons Island supports writers with literary and cultural events. A non-profit theater group, The Island Players, schedules productions in the Pier Village Casino Theatre. Craft shows are held throughout the year in Postell Park in front of the Casino Building at the Pier Village.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: There is a vibrant music scene on St. Simons Island, with local bands and musicians appearing in several venues, including summertime concerts on the oceanfront lawn by the Lighthouse, and classical music concerts sponsored by the Island Concert Association.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Novelist Eugenia Price visited St. Simons Island as she was driving from Chicago to Jacksonville in 1961. Fascinated by the island, she spent the next few years doing research that eventually resulted in three novels known as the "St. Simons Trilogy." She lived on St. Simons from 1965 until her death in 1996.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: After the American Civil War, a number of Geechee people who had been enslaved remained on St. Simons Island, subsisting on whatever they could harvest from their gardens and the surrounding waters. Many later found jobs with the lumber mills starting in the 1870s. They attended the First African Baptist Church, construction of which was completed in 1869 by former enslaved people from St. Simons Island plantations. Regular services are still held today at the original site on Frederica Road, which has been diligently cared for and renovated through the years.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: In October 2000, at the First African Baptist Church, a group of island residents and property owners formed the St. Simons African American Heritage Coalition to protect and preserve the history and heritage of African-Americans on St. Simons Island. Today, the coalition conducts tours of historic sites and produces the annual Georgia Sea Islands Festival to celebrate traditional Geechee African-American music, food, and crafts. More recently the coalition, together with Friends of Harrington School has organized a successful fund-raising effort to restore the historic Harrington School House, which was originally built in the 1920s to serve the island's Geechee or African-American children.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: The climate on St. Simons Island is conducive to a variety of outdoor sports and activities year-round. Golfing is one of the most popular, with seven golf courses on the island. Public tennis courts are located at Epworth Park and Mallery Park, each with lines marked for pickleball, a fast growing paddle sport. Several island resorts also offer tennis facilities.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Eight public parks are located on the island, with picnic tables, sports fields, and playgrounds. Demere Park features a skate park, and Gascoigne Park offers a disc golf course and a waterfront picnic area. The Neptune Park Fun Zone, on the south end of the island, near the Pier Village, includes a public swimming pool, miniature golf, two playgrounds, picnic tables, and restrooms. The adjacent St. Simons Casino Building hosts weddings, parties, meetings, and is home to the St. Simons Library.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: There are beach access points all along the island's Atlantic shoreline, but the most popular are Coast Guard Beach and Massengale Park. Both have restrooms and ADA accessible beach access. Massengale Park also includes picnic tables and a playground.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Hikers, walkers and bikers can enjoy the St. Simons Island-wide Trail System that stretches from the Village area to East Beach and Hampton Point at the north end. Other options include the Alice Richards Botanical Trail in Frederica Park, the John Gilbert Nature Trail just off Frederica Road, the Southeast Georgia Health System Fitness Trail near Gascoigne Bluff, and Cannon's Point Preserve (appropriate clothing and provisions for a wilderness area are recommended). Additional outdoor activities include kayaking, paddleboarding, and horseback riding. Boating and sailing excursions are also available.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Neptune Park includes the Neptune Park Fun Zone and is in the "village" area and adjacent to the pier. Neptune Park was named after Neptune Small, a former slave of Retreat Plantation owner Henry King. King and his brothers fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War and Small went off with King. At the Battle of Fredericksburg (in Virginia), King was killed by the U.S. Army. When night fell and King had not returned, Small went to look for him. He found his body and personally brought it back to St. Simons for burial (at Christ Church). The King family gave Neptune Small 8 acres of their plantation, part of which is now Neptune Park.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Opened in 2008, the A.W. Jones Heritage Center at 610 Beachview Drive is the headquarters facility for the Coastal Georgia Historical Society. The 10,000 sq. ft. building contains an entrance gallery featuring exhibits, an executive board room, gift shop, a 1,400 sq. ft. event hall available for rent, a research library, and the Society's vast collection of objects, artifacts and archival materials from hundreds of years of coastal Georgia history.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Dedicated in June 1966, the Arthur J. Moore Methodist Museum and Library is located on the grounds of Epworth By The Sea. It houses a collection of books and historical artifacts related to the early history of St. Simons Island and John and Charles Wesley, founders of the Methodist Movement, who arrived on the island with General James Oglethorpe. The Moore Museum is the official repository of the archives of the South Georgia Conference of the United Methodist Church, and is open to the public Monday through Saturday. Admission is free.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Originally planted in 1850 by Anne Page King as the carriage entrance to Retreat Plantation, two rows of live oaks currently grace the entry to Sea Island Golf Club at the south end of St. Simons Island on Retreat Avenue, off Kings Way. Visitors can view the oaks by driving toward the entrance to the Golf Club, then circling back.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: At the Battle of Bloody Marsh on July 7, 1742, an outnumbered force of British soldiers ambushed and defeated Spanish troops, halting a planned attack on Fort Frederica. Markers and information panels at this outdoor observation site explain the battle, which permanently ended Spain's claims to the Georgia territory. Located off Old Demere Road, the site is managed by the National Park Service as a unit of Fort Frederica National Monument.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: A 600-acre wilderness tract on the northeast corner of St. Simons Island, Cannon's Point is the last remaining undisturbed maritime forest on the island. Owned by the St. Simons Land Trust, the Preserve includes salt marsh, tidal creek, and river shoreline, as well as 4,000-year-old shell middens and ruins of a 17th-century plantation house and slave quarters. The Nature Conservancy holds a conservation easement on the property to insure its preservation for future generations. The Preserve is open to the public during specified days and hours. Visitors are advised to wear clothing appropriate for a wilderness outing, and bring bug spray.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Located on Gascoigne Bluff, Hamilton Plantation was one of the most prosperous plantations on St. Simons Island, growing high quality Sea Island cotton. Of the several slave cabins built on the plantation, two remain today. These slave cabins were constructed of tabby, which is a concrete-like mixture of lime, sand, water and oyster shells. Owned and operated by the Cassina Garden Club, the cabins are open to the public on Wednesdays in June, July and August. Private tours can be arranged at other times.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: In 1808 the state of Georgia gave of land on St. Simons to be used for an Episcopal church and its support. Called Christ Church, the structure was finished in 1820. During the Civil War, invading Union troops commandeered the small building to stable horses and virtually destroyed it. The church was restored in 1884 by lumber magnate Anson Phelps Dodge, whose son became the new Church's first rector. Located at 6329 Frederica Road, just south of Fort Frederica National Monument, this historic building is home to an active Episcopal congregation. The adjacent cemetery contains gravesites dating as far back as 1803.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Epworth By The Sea is a 100-acre conference and retreat center owned by the South Georgia Conference of the United Methodist Church. Located at Gascoigne Bluff, the property includes six motels, 12 family apartments, and 13 youth cabins, along with auditoriums, classrooms and meeting rooms. There are four dining rooms and a pre-school/nursery building with fenced playground. An in-season swimming pool, athletic field, covered basketball courts, tennis courts, bicycle rentals and fishing piers provide activities for all ages. Lovely Lane Chapel, constructed in 1880, hosts Sunday services and is available for weddings.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: Fort Frederica was established in 1736 by British General James Oglethorpe to defend the southern border of his Georgia colony. The facility was both a fortress and a small town, located on the Frederica River. In 1742, troops from the fort defeated invading Spanish forces at the Battle of Bloody Marsh, which turned out to be decisive in ending Spanish influence and securing the Georgia colony under British rule. By mid-century the troops were withdrawn and the colonists abandoned the town, which then fell into disrepair. In 1945, Fort Frederica was established as a national monument, and is currently operated by the National Park Service.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: For almost the entire history of St. Simons Island, Gascoigne Bluff has been a focal point. Long before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans and Aborigines lived and camped on the site. The Spanish also built a mission on or near the area. When General Oglethorpe and the British arrived in 1736, they established a naval facility at the bluff, and granted of its land to Captain James Gascoigne, of the sloop-of-war "Hawk", and the name persists to this day. In 1794, lumber from the area was used in construction of the frigate, "Old Ironsides." During the antebellum period of cotton farming, the bluff was the site of Hamilton plantation, of which two slave cabins remain standing today. In the late 19th century, lumber mills thrived at the scene. Today, the bluff is occupied by Epworth By The Sea, and Gascoigne Bluff Park at its southern end, with picnic tables, rest rooms, and a fishing pier.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: In 1880, Norman W. Dodge built St. James Union Church at Gascoigne Bluff to serve the lumber mill community. After the mills shut down, the building was deconsecrated in the 1920s and became a social hall. When the Methodists acquired the property in 1949, they renamed it Lovely Lane Chapel. The chapel is currently open to the public for Sunday Worship Service as well as wedding ceremonies. It is located at 100 Arthur J. Moore Drive.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: The World War II Home Front Museum is operated by the Coastal Georgia Historical Society. The Museum is housed in the Historic St. Simons Coast Guard Station, built in 1936. Step back to April 8, 1942 when the crew from this station rescued survivors of two American ships torpedoed by a German U-boat 13 miles off St. Simons Island. Visitors of all ages will be inspired by the stories of ordinary Americans doing their part to win the war.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: The original St. Simons Lighthouse, built in 1811, was destroyed by Confederate troops in 1861 to prevent its use by Union sailors. Rebuilt in 1872, it continues to operate today, owned by the Coastal Georgia Historical Society and maintained by the Coast Guard Auxiliary. The adjacent keeper's residence Is now a museum operated by the Coastal Georgia Historical Society, featuring lighthouse exhibits and a restored keeper's dwelling. Visitors may climb the 129 steps to the observatory for panoramic views of the ocean, nearby islands and the mainland.


title: St. Simons, Georgia

text: St. Simons Island is part of the Glynn County School District. There are two public schools on the Island: Oglethorpe Point Elementary and St. Simons Elementary, both serving grades PK to 5.


title: Keisuke Itagaki

text: Prior to becoming a manga artist, he served five years in the 1st Airborne Brigade of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. During his service he practiced amateur boxing, and has competed in the National Sports Festival. He also holds a degree in Shorinji Kempo, which he has practiced since he was a teenager.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: TSB Bank plc is a retail and commercial bank in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of Sabadell Group.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: TSB Bank operates a network of 220 branches across England, Scotland and Wales but has not had a presence in Northern Ireland since 1991. TSB in its present form launched on 9 September 2013. Its headquarters are located in Edinburgh and it has more than 5.0 million customers with over £37 billion of lending and £36 billion of customer deposits. The bank was formed from the existing business of Lloyds TSB Scotland plc, into which a number of Lloyds TSB branches in England and Wales and all branches of Cheltenham & Gloucester were transferred, and renamed TSB Bank plc.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: A European Commission ruling that the British government's 2009 purchase of a 43% stake in Lloyds Banking Group counted as state aid made it necessary for Lloyds Banking Group to sell a portion of its business; TSB was divested. Post-divestment, TSB offered an initial public offering and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in June 2014. In 2015, it was acquired by Spain's Banco Sabadell.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: The TSB name was previously used by the Trustee Savings Bank prior to its merger with Lloyds Bank in 1995, resulting in the formation of Lloyds TSB in 1999.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: The merger was structured as a reverse takeover by TSB. Lloyds Bank was delisted from the London Stock Exchange and TSB Group was renamed Lloyds TSB Group in 1995, with former Lloyds Bank shareholders owning a 70% equity interest in the share capital, effected through a scheme of arrangement. The new bank commenced trading in 1999, after the statutory process of integration was completed. The original TSB Bank transferred engagements to Lloyds Bank which then changed its name to Lloyds TSB Bank; at the same time, TSB Bank Scotland absorbed Lloyds' three Scottish branches becoming Lloyds TSB Scotland.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: In 1986, the legal entity, Trustee Savings Bank, was renamed TSB Scotland (and, in 1989, TSB Bank Scotland), before becoming Lloyds TSB Scotland in 1999. This company was re-registered under the name TSB Bank in 2013. The parent, TSB Banking Group, was registered in England in 2014 and later that year TSB Bank ceased to be part of the Lloyds Banking Group.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: Lloyds TSB Group bought HBOS in January 2009 and renamed itself Lloyds Banking Group. In 2009, following the UK bank rescue package, HM Government took a 43.4% stake in Lloyds Banking Group, which later announced that it would sell a standalone retail banking business of 632 branches and most accounts held at those branches in order to comply with European Commission state aid requirements.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: Codenamed "Verde", the group's divestment plan identified 632 branches which were transferred to a new business. Customers with accounts held by the branches and staff employed within them were also transferred. A number of Lloyds TSB branches in England and Wales, together with all branches of Lloyds TSB Scotland and Cheltenham & Gloucester, were brought together to form the new business, which operates under the TSB brand. The remainder of the Lloyds TSB business was rebranded back to the Lloyds Bank name.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: Lloyds Banking Group reached a heads-of-terms agreement in July 2012 to sell the Verde branches to The Co-operative Bank for £750 million. The final transfer of TSB Bank to the new owner was planned to be completed by late 2013. In February 2013, it was reported that Lloyds Banking Group was considering a stock market flotation of the TSB business as an alternative, should the transfer not be completed, and they would make a final decision by the end of July. The Co-operative Banking Group blamed current economic conditions for delays in completing the deal and had sold its life insurance assets for £200 million in an effort to secure £1 billion needed to complete the deal.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: In April 2013, The Co-operative Group announced that it would not proceed with the transaction, citing the economic environment and increasing regulatory requirements in the financial sector.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: TSB Bank plc began operating as a separate business within Lloyds Banking Group on 9 September 2013, with the intention of selling it off through an initial public offering. Lloyds Banking Group announced that 25% of TSB's shares would be floated on 24 June 2014, but, with the offer being ten-times oversubscribed, 38.5% of shares in TSB Banking Group plc, were sold at 260p on 20 June. Unconditional trading in the shares started on 25 June 2014. A further 11.5% of TSB Banking Group shares were sold by Lloyds Banking Group in September 2014, bringing its share holding down to 50%.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: According to Lloyds' chief executive, António Horta-Osório, the separation cost £1 billion more to perform than the new bank is worth.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: On 12 March 2015, TSB confirmed a takeover bid by the Spanish banking group Sabadell for £1.7 billion, less than a year after it rejoined the stock market through Lloyds Banking Group's sale of 50% of its holding. TSB agreed to the takeover on 20 March 2015 which was completed on 8 July 2015. After the acquisition, a new board of directors was formed, including Tomás Varela and Miguel Montes Güell.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: In October 2015, Sabadell Group outlined its plans for TSB to continue as a competitor in the UK banking sector, by further expanding into the small business banking market, and introducing cardless emergency cash and mobile payments. Sabadell also confirmed that the TSB name would be retained, as the group felt it was a "very powerful" brand with "traction" in the UK, unlike the parent brand, which is "virtually unknown". TSB's banking platform, which had used that of Lloyds Banking Group, was migrated to a UK-based replica of Sabadell's Proteo platform by the end of 2017.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: A planned migration of customer records from the Lloyds Banking Group platform to the Sabadell Proteo platform commencing on 20 April 2018 resulted in the loss of internet and mobile banking services for many customers for at least a week. Additionally, some customers reported seeing detailed account information of other customers, including balances of accounts other than their own.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: On 26 April 2018, Paul Pester, then chief executive, stated that TSB was "on its knees" with the bank's computers continuing to have "a capacity issue" that was preventing about one million customers having access to online banking services.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: Two weeks after commencement of the migration, failures were still being reported with services such as the online banking application giving internal SQL database-related errors. Payment difficulties, particularly with business and mortgage accounts continued into a fourth week and it was revealed that TSB had rejected an offer of assistance from Lloyds Banking Group at the start of the migration crisis. A former TSB board member was quoted by the BBC as saying "human error, pride and software failure" led to TSB's "dreadful" response. There were further problems affecting login to online services, and the ability to transfer money on 3 September.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: On 4 September 2018, Pester resigned due to the IT failure, and Richard Meddings, the non-executive chairman, became executive chairman until a new CEO could be found. In November 2018 TSB announced Debbie Crosbie as new CEO.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: In 2019 TSB returned to profit. In November 2019, TSB was struck by "new IT glitch". TSB closed 82 branches in 2020 to cut down expenses. Further branch closures in 2021 and 2022 brought the network down to 220 branches.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: TSB's logo is similar to the logo of the former Trustee Savings Bank and consists of three interlocking circles in varying shades of blue bearing the name of the bank. Since its launch in 2013, TSB has used the slogan "Local banking for Britain" rather than "The bank that likes to say yes" slogan used by the former Trustee Savings Bank. TSB's launch advertising campaign featured a short film about the bank's founder Henry Duncan and was voiced by Patrick Stewart.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: The bank offers a full range of personal and business banking and financial services, including current accounts, mortgages, credit products, insurance, and savings products. TSB Bank is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by both the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority. It is a member of the Financial Ombudsman Service and the Financial Services Compensation Scheme, and subscribes to the Lending Code. The bank has an agreement with Visa Inc. to issue Visa Debit cards to its current account customers.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: TSB established Whistletree as a distinct trading division to administer the £3.3 billion in mortgages assets it purchased in November 2015 from the nationalised NRAM plc, the "bad bank" formed from the former Northern Rock. The acquisition was completed in July 2016. The division's name refers to the blue tree branding used by TSB Bank and the whistling that features in its television advertising. It is served by a standalone website and separate contact centre, and TSB branch staff have no access to these accounts.


title: TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

text: In January 2017, TSB Bank plc agreed to acquire the loan and mortgage assets of Airdrie Savings Bank which was wound up on 28 April 2017. These assets are also administered by the Whistletree division of the bank.


title: Military ranks of Bangladesh

text: Since the independence of Bangladesh, Bangladesh army had followed the rank insignia pattern of British Commonwealth or British Army officer rank insignia. After the war of liberation 1971, all Bangladeshi army officers started to wear lotus instead of crescent-star of Pakistan Army. In the year 2013, the rank badges of generals were changed from the British Commonwealth or British Army officer rank insignia style to current style (the rank of badge of Maj. Gen. was made like Lt. Gen., Lt. Gen. was made like a full general and full general's insignia was made with an extra pip).


title: Military ranks of Bangladesh

text: Sergeants holds key appointments in companies, batteries (company equivalent of artillery), infantry battalions and artillery regiments, e.g. Company Quartermaster Sergeant (CQMS), Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM), persons holding these appointments have separate rank insignias though these are not actually ranks.


title: Haraamkhor

text: Haraamkhor () is a 2015 Indian romantic drama black comedy film directed by Shlok Sharma. It stars Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Shweta Tripathi. Jasleen Royal is the music composer. The film was shot in just 16 days.


title: Haraamkhor

text: In April 2017, an FIR was registered against director Shlok Sharma on a complaint by Balbharati, Maharashtra's textbook bureau, objecting to striking similarities between its logo and promotion scenes from "Haraamkhor".


title: Haraamkhor

text: "Haraamkhor" was premiered at the 21st annual New York Indian Film Festival (NYIFF) and Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles (IFFLA). Nawazuddin Siddiqui received the Best Actor award at the NYIFF.


title: Haraamkhor

text: Shyam is a school teacher in a village. Sandhya, and her best friends Mintu and Kamal are some of his students. Kamal has a crush on Sandhya, but she is not interested. After school, Shyam visits Sandhya's home to have some documents notarized by her father, who is a local police inspector. Sandhya and Shyam become closer. Sandhya takes care of her father when he arrives home drunk and her was snoring She follows him to a party when he lies to her about going on a work trip. On her way home, Sandhya falls and injures her knee and goes to Shyam's house, where his wife, Sunita cares for her and lets her stay with them for the night. Sandhya spies on Shyam and Sunita having sex. While she is asleep, Shyam tries to talk to Sandhya and teases her, but she is angry with him.


title: Haraamkhor

text: The next day, Sandhya rebukes Shyam for lying to her about how he and his wife did not have sexual relations. It is revealed that Sandhya's mom abandoned her as a child and her father has started dating someone new, but was waiting for the right time to tell her. Shyam fixes an old moped (Luna) at Sandhya's home. They meet in secret and start having an affair. Kamal is jealous and Mintu wants to help him.


title: Haraamkhor

text: Sandhya and Shyam have sex. One month later, she reveals that she hasn't gotten her period, so they make a secret trip to the city. At the woman's clinic, Sandhya is recognized by her father's girlfriend, who keeps her secret. Sandhya is not pregnant and she and Shyam share a laugh about it. When they return to the village, Shyam tells Sandhya that they should stop seeing each other and keep their relationship strictly a student-teacher one.


title: Haraamkhor

text: Rumors reveal their secret anyway and Sunita threatens to leave Shyam. Shyam scolds and hits Sandhya for being obvious. Meanwhile, Mintu and Kamal wreak havoc in Shyam's empty home. Sunita comes back home. Shyam becomes suspicious of the kids breaking and entering his home when he sees them with some of his stuff. Shyam catches hold of Mintu and kills him by asphyxiation. Kamal manages to escape. But as he sees Shyam trying to suffocate Mintu to death, he returns with a rock and hits it hard on Shyam, killing him in the process.


title: Haraamkhor

text: The soundtrack of "Haraamkhor" consists of just one song, "Kidre Jaawan", which was composed by Jasleen Royal and the lyrics of which were written by Aditya Sharma.


title: Haraamkhor

text: Rajeev Masand of News18 praised the performances of the actors saying that, "the film benefits enormously from the convincing performances at its heart. Shweta Tripathi is in good form as the confused, ignored young teenager who can’t help making all the wrong choices. But it’s Nawazuddin Siddiqui whose brilliant, mostly understated portrayal of a violent predator is the film’s biggest strength." and gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5. Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times praised the film saying that, "Brave and original, Haraamkhor walks the razor’s edge. One tiny mistake, and it could have been pronounced morally twisted. However, Haraamkhor is one film you just shouldn’t miss, even if it’s just to see how Hindi cinema is exploring new themes with finesse." and gave the film a rating of 4.5 out of 5. Mayank Bharara of ShowBiz-BizAsia rated the film 7 out of 10 stars. Bharara praised the actors' performances as engaging but noted that the plot "has a tendency to get monotonous."


title: Lisa Brenner

text: Lisa Dawn Brenner ( Goldstein; born February 12, 1974) is an American actress. Brenner played Maggie Cory on "Another World". She was also in "All My Children" as Allison Sloan. She played Anne in the 2000 film "The Patriot".


title: Lisa Brenner

text: Born Lisa Goldstein, she attended Barnard College, majoring in both English and drama. She is married to Dean Devlin, and of Jewish descent.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: United States v. Schooner Amistad, 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 518 (1841), was a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner "La Amistad" in 1839. It was an unusual freedom suit that involved international diplomacy as well as United States law. The historian Samuel Eliot Morison described it in 1969 as the most important court case involving slavery before being eclipsed by that of Dred Scott in 1857.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: "La Amistad" was traveling along the coast of Cuba on her way to a port for re-sale of the slaves. The Africans, Mende people who had been kidnapped in the area of Sierra Leone, in West Africa, illegally sold into slavery and shipped to Cuba, escaped their shackles and took over the ship. They killed the captain and the cook; two other crew members escaped in a lifeboat. The Mende directed the two Spanish navigator survivors to return them to Africa. The crew tricked them by sailing north at night. "La Amistad" was later apprehended near Long Island, New York, by the United States Revenue-Marine (later renamed the United States Revenue Cutter Service and one of the predecessors of the United States Coast Guard) and taken into custody. The widely-publicized court cases in the U.S. federal district court and eventually the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., in 1841, which addressed international issues, helped the abolitionist movement.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: In 1840, a federal district court found that the transport of the kidnapped Africans across the Atlantic Ocean on the Portuguese slave ship "Tecora" was in violation of US laws against slave trade. The captives were ruled to have acted as free men when they fought to escape their kidnapping and illegal confinement. The court ruled the Africans were entitled to take whatever legal measures necessary to secure their freedom, including the use of force. Under international and Southern sectional pressure, U.S. President Martin Van Buren ordered the case appealed to the Supreme Court. It affirmed the lower district court ruling on March 9, 1841 and authorized the release of the Mende, but it overturned the additional order of the lower court to return them to Africa at government expense. Supporters arranged for temporary housing of the Africans in Farmington, Connecticut, as well as funds for travel. In 1842, the 35 who wanted to return to Africa, together with U.S. Christian missionaries, were transported by ship to Sierra Leone.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: On June 27, 1839, "La Amistad" ("Friendship"), a Spanish vessel, departed from the port of Havana, Cuba, for the Province of Puerto Principe, also in Cuba. The masters of "La Amistad" were Captain Ramón Ferrer, José Ruiz, and Pedro Montes, all Spanish nationals. With Ferrer was Antonio, a man enslaved by Ferrer to serve him personally. Ruiz was transporting 49 Africans, who had been entrusted to him by the governor-general of Cuba. Montez held four additional Africans, also entrusted to him by the governor-general. As the voyage normally took only four days, the crew had brought four days' worth of rations and had not anticipated the strong headwind that slowed the schooner. On July 2, 1839, one of the Africans, Joseph Cinqué, freed himself and the other captives using a file that had been found and kept by a woman who, like them, had been on the "Tecora", the Portuguese ship that had transported them illegally as slaves from West Africa to Cuba.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Mende killed the ship's cook, Celestino, who had told them that they were to be killed and eaten by their captors. The Mende also killed Captain Ferrer, and the armed struggle resulted as well in the deaths of two Africans. Two sailors escaped in a lifeboat. The Mende spared the lives of the two Spaniards who could navigate the ship, José Ruiz and Pedro Montez, if they returned the ship east across the Atlantic Ocean to Africa. They also spared Antonio, a creole, and used him as an interpreter with Ruiz and Montez.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The crew deceived the Africans and steered "La Amistad" north along the East Coast of the United States, where the ship was sighted repeatedly. They dropped anchor half-a-mile off eastern Long Island, New York, on August 26, 1839, at Culloden Point. Some of the Africans went ashore to procure water and provisions from the hamlet of Montauk. The vessel was discovered by , a revenue cutter of the United States Revenue-Marine (later renamed the United States Revenue Cutter Service and one of the predecessors of the United States Coast Guard) while "Washington" was conducting hydrographic survey work for the United States Coast Survey. Lieutenant Thomas R. Gedney, commanding the cutter, saw some of the Africans on shore and, assisted by his officers and crew, took custody of "La Amistad" and the Africans.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Taking them to the Long Island Sound port of New London, Connecticut, Lieutenant Gedney presented officials with a written claim for his property rights under international admiralty law for salvage of the vessel, the cargo, and the Africans. Gedney allegedly chose to land in Connecticut because slavery was still technically legal there, under the state's gradual abolition law, unlike in nearby New York State. He hoped to profit from sale of the Africans. Gedney transferred the captured Africans into the custody of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, where legal proceedings began.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: As the British had entered into a treaty with Spain prohibiting the slave trade north of the equator, they considered it a matter of international law for the United States to release the Africans. The British applied diplomatic pressure to achieve that such as invoking the Treaty of Ghent with the US, which jointly enforced their respective prohibitions against the international slave trade.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: While the legal battle continued, Dr. Richard Robert Madden, "who served on behalf of the British commission to suppress the African slave trade in Havana," arrived to testify. He made a deposition "that some twenty-five thousand slaves were brought into Cuba every year – with the wrongful compliance of, and personal profit by, Spanish officials." Madden also "told the court that his examinations revealed that the defendants were brought directly from Africa and could not have been residents of Cuba," as the Spanish had claimed. Madden, who later had an audience with Queen Victoria concerning the case, conferred with the British Minister in Washington, D.C., Henry Stephen Fox, who pressured U.S. Secretary of State John Forsyth on behalf "of her Majesty's Government."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Forsyth responded that under the separation of powers in the U.S. Constitution, the President could not influence the court case. He said that the question of whether the "negroes of the Amistad" had been enslaved in violation of the Treaty was still an open one, "and this Government would with great reluctance erect itself into a tribunal to investigate such questions between two friendly sovereigns." He noted that when the facts were determined, they could be taken into account. He suggested that if the Court found for Spanish rights of property, the Africans would be returned to Cuba. Great Britain and Spain could then argue their questions of law and treaties between them.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Secretary of State Forsyth requested from the Spanish minister, Chevalier de Argaiz, "a copy of the laws now in force in the island of Cuba relative to slavery." In response, the Captain General of Cuba sent Argaiz "everything on the subject, which had been determined since the treaty concluded in 1818 between Spain and England." The minister also expressed dismay that the Africans had not already been returned to Spanish control.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spanish maintained that none but a Spanish court could have jurisdiction over the case. The minister stated, "I do not, in fact, understand how a foreign court of justice can be considered competent to take cognizance of an offence committed on board of a Spanish vessel, by Spanish subjects, and against Spanish subjects, in the waters of a Spanish territory; for it was committed on the coasts of this island, and under the flag of this nation." The minister noted that the Spanish had recently turned over American sailors "belonging to the crew of the American vessel 'William Engs,'" whom it had tried by request of their captain and the American consul. The sailors had been found guilty of mutiny and sentenced to "four years' confinement in a fortress." Other American sailors had protested, and when the American ambassador raised the issue with the Spaniards, on March 20, 1839, "her Majesty, having taken into consideration all the circumstances, decided that the said seamen should be placed at the disposition of the American consul, seeing that the offence was committed in one of the vessels and under the flag of his nation, and not on shore." The Spaniards asked how if America had demanded that the sailors in an American ship be turned over to them despite being in a Spanish port, they could now try the Spanish mutineers.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spaniards held that just as America had ended its importation of African slaves but maintained a legal domestic population, so too had Cuba. It was up to Spanish courts to determine "whether the Negroes in question" were legal or illegal slaves under Spanish law, "but never can this right justly belong to a foreign country."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spaniards maintained that even if it was believed that the Africans were being held as slaves in violation of "the celebrated treaty of humanity concluded between Spain and Great Britain in 1835," it would be a violation of "the laws of Spain; and the Spanish Government, being as scrupulous as any other in maintaining the strict observance of the prohibitions imposed on, or the liberties allowed to, its subjects by itself, will severely chastise those of them who fail in their duties."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: vessel on the high seas, in time of peace, engaged in a lawful voyage, is, according to the laws of nations, under the exclusive jurisdiction of the State to which her flag belongs; as much so as if constituting a part of its own domain. ...if such ship or vessel should be forced, by stress of weather, or other unavoidable cause, into the port and under the jurisdiction of a friendly Power, she, and her cargo, and persons on board, with their property, and all the rights belonging to their personal relations as established by the laws of the State to which they belong, would be placed under the protection which the laws of nations extend to the unfortunate under such circumstances.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spaniards demanded that the U.S. "apply these proper principles to the case of the schooner "Amistad"."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spanish were further encouraged that their view would win by U.S. Senator John C. Calhoun and the Senate's Committee of Foreign Relations on April 15, 1840 issuing a statement announcing complete "conformity between the views entertained by the Senate, and the arguments urged by the [Spanish Minister] Chevalier de Argaiz" concerning "La Amistad".


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spanish categorized the Africans as property to have the case fall under Pinckney's Treaty of 1795. They protested when Judge William Jay construed a statement by their Minister as seeming to demand "the surrender of the negroes apprehended on board the schooner "Amistad", as murderers, and not as property; that is to say founding his demand on the law of nations, and not on the treaty of 1795."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spanish pointed out that the statement to which Jay was referring was one of the Spanish minister "speaking of the crime committed by the negroes [slave revolt], and the punishment which they merit." They went on to point out that the minister had stated that a payment to compensate the owners "would be a slender compensation; for though the property should remain, as it ought to remain, unimpaired, public vengeance would be frustrated."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Judge Jay took issue with the Spanish minister's request for the Africans to be turned over to Spanish authorities, which seemed to imply that they were fugitives instead of misbehaving property, since the 1795 treaty stated that property should be restored directly to the control of its owners. The Spanish denied that it meant that the minister had waived the contention of them being property.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: By insisting that the case fell under the treaty, the Spanish were invoking the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which would put the clauses of the treaty above the state laws of Connecticut or New York, where the ship had been taken into custody, "no one who respects the laws of the country ought to oppose the execution of the treaty, which is the supreme law of the country." The case was already in the federal district court.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Spanish also sought to avoid talk about the law of nations, as some of their opponents argued that it included a duty by the U.S. to treat the Africans with the same deference as would be accorded any other foreign sailors.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Africans were in possession, and had the presumptive right of ownership; they were in peace with the United States: ...they were not pirates; they were on a voyage to their native homes... the ship was theirs, and being in immediate communication with the shore, was in the territory of the State of New York; or, if not, at least half the number were actually on the soil of New York, and entitled to all the provisions of the law of nations, and the protection and comfort which the laws of that State secure to every human being within its limits.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: When pressed with questions concerning the law of nations, the Spanish referred to a concept of Hugo Grotius, who is credited as one of the originators of the law of nations. Specifically, they noted that "the usage, then, of demanding fugitives from a foreign Government, is confined... to crimes which affect the Government and such as are of extreme atrocity."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: A case before the circuit court in Hartford, Connecticut, was filed in September 1839, charging the Africans with mutiny and murder on "La Amistad". The court ruled that it lacked jurisdiction, because the alleged acts took place on a Spanish ship in Spanish waters. It was entered into the docket books of the federal court as "United States" v. "Cinque, et al."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Various parties filed property claims with the district court to many of the African captives, to the ship, and to its cargo: Ruiz and Montez, Lieutenant Gedney, and Captain Henry Green (who had met the Africans while on shore on Long Island and claimed to have helped in their capture). The Spanish government asked that the ship, cargo and slaves be restored to Spain under the Pinckney treaty of 1795 between Spain and the United States. Article 9 of the treaty held that "all ships and merchandises of what nature soever, which shall be rescued out of the hands of pirates or robbers on the high seas, ... shall be restored, entire, to the true proprietor." The United States filed a claim on behalf of Spain.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The abolitionist movement had formed the "Amistad Committee," headed by the New York City merchant Lewis Tappan, and had collected money to mount a defense of the Africans. Initially, communication with the Africans was difficult since they spoke neither English nor Spanish. Professor J. Willard Gibbs, Sr. learned from the Africans to count to ten in their Mende language. He went to the docks of New York City and counted aloud in front of sailors until he located a person able to understand and translate. He found James Covey, a twenty-year-old sailor on the British man-of-war . Covey was a former slave from West Africa.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The abolitionists filed charges of assault, kidnapping, and false imprisonment against Ruiz and Montes. Their arrest in New York City in October 1839 had outraged pro-slavery advocates and the Spanish government. Montes immediately posted bail and went to Cuba. Ruiz, "more comfortable in a New England setting (and entitled to many amenities not available to the Africans), hoped to garner further public support by staying in jail... Ruiz, however, soon tired of his martyred lifestyle in jail and posted bond. Like Montes, he returned to Cuba." Outraged, the Spanish minister, Cavallero Pedro Alcántara Argaiz, made "caustic accusations against America's judicial system and continued to condemn the abolitionist affront. Ruiz's imprisonment only added to Alcántara's anger, and Alcántara pressured Forsyth to seek ways to throw out the case altogether." The Spanish held that the bailbonds that the men had to acquire so that they could leave jail and return to Cuba caused them a grave financial burden, and "by the treaty of 1795, no obstacle or impediment [to leave the U.S.] should have [been] placed" in their way.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: On January 7, 1840, all of the parties, with the Spanish minister representing Ruiz and Montes, appeared before the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut and presented their arguments.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The abolitionists' main argument before the district court was that a treaty between Britain and Spain in 1817 and a subsequent pronouncement by the Spanish government had outlawed the slave trade across the Atlantic. They established that the slaves had been captured in Mendiland (also spelled Mendeland, now Sierra Leone) in Africa, sold to a Portuguese trader in Lomboko (south of Freetown) in April 1839, and taken to Havana illegally on a Portuguese ship. The Africans were victims of illegal kidnapping and so, the abolitionists argued, were not slaves but free to return to Africa. Their papers wrongly identified them as slaves who had been in Cuba since before 1820 and so were thus considered to have been born there as slaves. They contended that government officials in Cuba condoned such mistaken classifications.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Concerned about relations with Spain and his re-election prospects in the South, U.S. President Martin Van Buren, a Democrat, sided with the Spanish position. He ordered the schooner USS "Grampus" to New Haven Harbor to return the Africans to Cuba immediately after a favorable decision, before any appeals could be decided.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The district court, led by judge Andrew T. Judson, ruled in favor of the abolitionists and the Africans' position. In January 1840, he ordered for the Africans to be returned to their homeland by the U.S. government, and for one third of "La Amistad" and its cargo to be given to Lieutenant Gedney as salvage property. (The federal government had outlawed the slave trade between the U.S. and other countries in 1808; an 1818 law, as amended in 1819, provided for the return of all illegally-traded slaves.) The captain's personal slave Antonio was declared the rightful property of the captain's heirs and was ordered restored to Cuba. (Sterne said that he returned to Cuba willingly. Smithsonian sources say that he escaped to New York, or to Canada, with the help of an abolitionist group.)


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut, by order of Van Buren, immediately appealed to the U.S. Circuit Court for the Connecticut District. He challenged every part of the District Court's ruling except the concession of the slave Antonio to the Spanish vice-consul. Tellincas, Aspe, and Laca also appealed to gain a greater portion of the salvage value. Ruiz and Montez and the owners of "La Amistad" did not appeal.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the District Court's decision in April 1840. The U.S. Attorney appealed the federal government's case to the U.S. Supreme Court.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: On February 23, 1841, U.S. Attorney General Henry D. Gilpin began the oral argument phase before the Supreme Court. Gilpin first entered into evidence the papers of "La Amistad", which stated that the Africans were Spanish property. Gilpin argued that the Court had no authority to rule against the validity of the documents. Gilpin contended that if the Africans were slaves, as indicated by the documents, they must be returned to their rightful owner, the Spanish government. Gilpin's argument lasted two hours.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: John Quincy Adams, a former U.S. President who was then a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts, had agreed to argue for the Africans. When it was time for him to argue, he said that he felt ill-prepared. Roger Sherman Baldwin, who had already represented the captives in the lower cases, opened in his place.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Baldwin, a prominent attorney, contended that the Spanish government was trying to manipulate the Supreme Court to return "fugitives." He argued that the Spanish government sought the return of slaves who had been freed by the district court but was not appealing the fact of their having been freed. Covering all the facts of the case, Baldwin spoke for four hours over the course of February 22 and 23. (He was of no relation to the Court's Justice Henry Baldwin.)


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Adams rose to speak on February 24. He reminded the Court that it was a part of the judicial branch and not part of the executive. Introducing copies of correspondence between the Spanish government and the U.S. Secretary of State, he criticized President Martin Van Buren for his assumption of unconstitutional powers in the case:


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Adams argued that neither Pinckney's Treaty nor the Adams–Onís Treaty applied to the case. Article IX of Pinckney's Treaty referred only to property and did not apply to people. As to "The Antelope" decision (10 Wheat. 124), which recognized "that possession on board of a vessel was evidence of property," Adams said that did not apply either since the precedent was established prior to the prohibition of the foreign slave trade by the United States. Adams concluded on March 1 after eight-and-a-half hours of speaking. (The Court had taken a recess following the death of Associate Justice Barbour).


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Attorney General Gilpin concluded oral arguments with a three-hour rebuttal on March 2. The Court retired to consider the case.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: On March 9, Associate Justice Joseph Story delivered the Court's decision. Article IX of Pinckney's Treaty was ruled inapplicable since the Africans in question had never been legal property. They were not criminals, as the U.S. Attorney's Office argued, but rather "unlawfully kidnapped, and forcibly and wrongfully carried on board a certain vessel." The documents submitted by Attorney General Gilpin were evidence not of property but rather of fraud on the part of the Spanish government. Lt. Gedney and the USS "Washington" were to be awarded salvage from the vessel for having performed "a highly meritorious and useful service to the proprietors of the ship and cargo." When "La Amistad" anchored near Long Island, however, the Court believed it to be in the possession of the Africans on board, who had never intended to become slaves. Therefore, the Adams-Onís Treaty did not apply and so the President was not required to return the Africans to Africa.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Africans greeted the news of the Supreme Court's decision with joy. Abolitionist supporters took the survivors – 36 men and boys and three girls – to Farmington, a village considered "Grand Central Station" on the Underground Railroad. Their residents had agreed to have the Africans stay there until they could return to their homeland. Some households took them in; supporters also provided barracks for them.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The Amistad Committee instructed the Africans in English and Christianity, and raised funds to pay for their return home. One missionary was James Steele, an Oberlin graduate, previously one of the Lane Rebels. "In 1841 he joined the Amistad Mission to Mendhi, which returned freed slaves to Africa and worked to establish a mission there. However, Steele soon found that the Amistad captives belonged to seven different tribes, some at war with one another. All of the chiefs were slave traders and authorized to re-enslave freed persons. These findings led to the decision that the mission must start in Sierra Leone, under the protection of the British.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Along with several missionaries, in 1842 the surviving 35 Africans returned to Sierra Leone, the other having died at sea or while awaiting trial. The Americans constructed a mission in Mendiland. Former members of the Amistad Committee later founded the American Missionary Association, an integrated evangelical organization that continued to support both the Mendi mission and the abolitionist movement.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: In the following years, the Spanish government continued to press the US for compensation for the ship, cargo, and slaves. Several Southern lawmakers introduced resolutions into the United States Congress to appropriate money for such payment but failed to gain passage, although it was supported by presidents James K. Polk and James Buchanan.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: Joseph Cinqué returned to Africa. In his final years, he was reported to have returned to the mission and re-embraced Christianity. Recent historical research suggests that the allegations of Cinqué's later involvement in the slave trade are false.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: In the "Creole" case of 1841, the United States dealt with another ship rebellion similar to that of the "Amistad."


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The US had prohibited the international slave trade in 1808, but ended domestic slavery only in 1865 with the Thirteenth Amendment. Connecticut had a gradual abolition law passed in 1797; children born to slaves were free but had to serve apprenticeships until young adulthood; the last slaves were freed in 1848.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: The slave revolt aboard the "Amistad," the background of the slave trade and its subsequent trial is retold in a celebrated poem by Robert Hayden entitled "Middle Passage", first published in 1962. Howard Jones published "" in 1987.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: A movie, "Amistad" (1997), was based on the events of the revolt and court cases, and Howard Jones' 1987 book "Mutiny on the Amistad".


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: African-American artist Hale Woodruff painted murals portraying events related to the revolt on "The Amistad" in 1938, for Talladega College in Alabama. A statue of Cinqué was erected beside the City Hall building in New Haven, Connecticut in 1992. There is an "Amistad" memorial at Montauk Point State Park on Long Island.


title: United States v. The Amistad

text: In 2000, "Freedom Schooner Amistad", a ship replica, was launched in Mystic, Connecticut. The Historical Society of Farmington, Connecticut offers walking tours of village houses that housed the Africans while funds were collected for their return home. The Amistad Research Center at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, has numerous resources for research into slavery, abolition, and African Americans.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2

text: Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2 is an upcoming third-person shooter hack-n-slash video game being developed by Saber Interactive and published by Focus Entertainment. It will be released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S in 2023. It is the sequel to "".


title: Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2

text: The game was announced 9 December 2021 with a cinematic trailer released during The Game Awards 2021. It is confirmed that Captain Titus is making his return and has become a Primaris Space Marine. The game takes place in Games Workshop's Warhammer 40,000 universe and features the Ultramarines chapter of Space Marines. The Tyranids will be featured as enemies. It was also announced that the role of Titus had been recast (he was voiced by Mark Strong in the original game), and he will now be voiced by Clive Standen. The game is set to be released for Windows PC, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S in 2023.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: Gidget is an American sitcom by Screen Gems about a surfing, boy-crazy teenager called "Gidget" and her widowed father Russ Lawrence, a UCLA professor. Sally Field stars as Gidget with Don Porter as father Russell Lawrence. The series was first broadcast on ABC from September 15, 1965 to April 21, 1966. Reruns were aired until September 1, 1966.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: "Gidget" was among the first regularly scheduled color programs on ABC. With a Wednesday night time slot that put it in direct competition with "The Beverly Hillbillies" and "The Virginian", it did poorly in the Nielsen ratings and was canceled at the end of its first season.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: The television series was based upon concepts and characters created by Frederick Kohner in his 1957 novel "Gidget, the Little Girl with Big Ideas", which Kohner based upon the adventures of his teenage daughter Kathy. The novel was adapted into a 1959 movie starring Sandra Dee, James Darren and Cliff Robertson. The 1965 weekly half-hour television series is seen by some as a sequel to the 1959 film, despite numerous discontinuities in plot, time frame and other details. It can also be seen as an independent incarnation, related to but distinct from either the novels or the films. Kohner served as a script consultant on the show.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: The series reintroduced Gidget's friend Larue and married sister Anne Cooper, both of whom appear in Kohner's original novel but are absent from the motion picture series. Gidget's brother-in-law, who appears in the novels as the intelligent but condescending child psychiatrist Larry Cooper, is reinvented in the television series as John Cooper, an obtuse but lovable psychology student.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: "Gidget" centers on the father-daughter relationship between Frances "Gidget" Lawrence and her widowed father Russell Lawrence. Episodes follow Gidget's adventures in school, at home, and at nearby beaches. Russell Lawrence guides his fifteen-year-old daughter, while married sister Anne and husband John offer often unsolicited child-rearing tips. Gidget's friend Larue sometimes takes part in her escapades. More often than not, Gidget receives moral instruction from her father and gains wisdom from her experiences.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: Each episode is narrated by Gidget; on occasion, she breaks the "fourth wall" and directly addresses her audience, usually reflecting on what she has learned from the evening's story, sometimes ending with "Toodles!" (an expression Field improvised during production). It was explained in the pilot that her boyfriend called her Gidget because of her demure, petite build and short stature: girl midget, gidget !


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: While Jeff was Gidget's true love (she regularly wore his high school ring around her neck), she regularly dated — or more accurately, pursued — other boys while he was away at college.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: The show launched the career of 18-year-old Sally Field, who defeated 75 other teenage girls for the title role. Field exaggerated her surfing experience to the show's casting directors during her audition (she had none); she later took lessons from Phil Sauers just to be able to pretend to surf for the cameras. Sauers served as the series' "Surfing Technical Consultant" and provided the surfboards used during filming of the series.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: Don Porter had portrayed Gidget's father, Russell Lawrence, two years prior in the film "Gidget Goes to Rome" and was asked to reprise the role for the series.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: While the Gidget of the novel and the original film are both blondes, the Gidget of the television series is a brunette.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: The lyrics of the theme song ""(Wait 'Til You See) My Gidget" were written by Howard Greenfield, with music by Jack Keller. The song was performed in the pilot by The Four Freshmen, and in the series by Johnny Tillotson.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: On March 21, 2006, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released "Gidget: The Complete Series" featuring all 32 episodes of the series, on DVD in Region 1. The release included the original pilot episode and a short interview with Field.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including "Gidget". They subsequently re-released the complete series on DVD on May 20, 2014.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: "Gidget" faced stiff competition during its initial run. The show originally aired on Wednesdays at 8:30 p.m., opposite "The Beverly Hillbillies" (CBS) and "The Virginian" (NBC), two established shows with strong ratings. The series was moved to Thursdays at 8:00 p.m. starting with Episode 18 ("Like Voodoo") where it performed poorly opposite CBS's "Gilligan's Island", despite airing after the Top 5-rated "Batman".


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: ABC canceled "Gidget" in April 1966 — just as the show began to find a large teen audience. Summer reruns launched the show into the Top 10 as viewers looked for programs they had not seen during their original fall/winter broadcasts. ABC had a belated hit on their hands, but refused to renew the show because they would have to admit they were premature in its cancellation. In addition, industry practice at the time rarely allowed for cancelled shows to be resurrected.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: Rather than squander their newly found audience which ABC was hurting for at the time, the network scrambled to find a new starring vehicle for Field. The result was "The Flying Nun" (1967–70), where Field reluctantly portrayed Sister Bertrille for three seasons. Field later commented that she has great affection for her young persona and was proud of her work on "Gidget" but was embarrassed with "The Flying Nun".


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: "Gidget" remained in regular syndication for several years, one of the few single-season programs to attain this status. Two made-for-television films followed after its demise: "Gidget Grows Up" (1969) and "Gidget Gets Married" (1972).


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: The series gained a new wave of popularity starting in 1983 when reruns began airing on a regular basis (along with "The Flying Nun"). Another television movie, "Gidget's Summer Reunion", was produced in 1985 starring Caryn Richman in the title role. The movie was successful enough to warrant a syndicated sequel series, "The New Gidget", with Richman reprising her role. None of the original cast members appeared on the new series, though original series producer Harry Ackerman was present.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: Episodes of "Gidget" are available for purchase on iTunes, and streaming for free through The Minisode Network in the U.S. on Hulu and Crackle.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: Antenna TV began airing the show in summer 2011 on weekends, paired with "The Flying Nun". The entire series was broadcast during an Independence Day marathon in 2012 and 2013, and a Memorial Day marathon in 2016 and 2017.


title: Gidget (TV series)

text: Milton Bradley Company manufactured a "Gidget Fortune Teller" game which used Field's image on the box, the playing board and several game cards.


title: Star people (New Age belief)

text: Star people (sometimes called indigo children) are a variant of the belief in alien-human hybrids in New Age belief and fringe theory. Introduced by Brad Steiger in his 1976 book "Gods of Aquarius", it argues that certain people originated as extraterrestrials and arrived on Earth through birth or as a walk-in to an existing human body.


title: Star people (New Age belief)

text: Steiger described "Star People" in his 1976 book on contactees as "humans who come from a special gene pool linked to visits by extraterrestrials".


title: Star people (New Age belief)

text: They claim to come into human lifeforms and suffer helplessness and total amnesia concerning their identity, origins and life-purpose. The awakening process claimed to be experienced is described as either a gradual series of realizations over time, or an abrupt and dramatic awakening of consciousness. Through the awakening process, they regain memories about their past, origins and missions.


title: Star people (New Age belief)

text: "Washington Post" journalist Joel Achenbach interviewed people who said they were starseeds from the Pleiades for his book "Captured by Aliens: The Search for Life and Truth in a Very Large Universe", and noted the contrast with ufologists: "the starseed are precisely the kind of New Age figures the traditional ufologists can’t stand. Ufologists look outward, toward the universe, for answers to the alien enigma. New Agers look inward."


title: Star people (New Age belief)

text: Advocates of the concept of star people/starseeds include Sheldan Nidle, who founded the Planetary Activation Organization. There is an online following.


title: Star people (New Age belief)

text: Steiger recounted that Philip K. Dick had written to him in the late 1970s to say he thought he might be one of the star people, and that his novel "VALIS" contained related themes.


title: Normed vector space

text: In mathematics, a normed vector space or normed space is a vector space over the real or complex numbers, on which a norm is defined. A norm is the formalization and the generalization to real vector spaces of the intuitive notion of "length" in the real (physical) world. A norm is a real-valued function defined on the vector space that is commonly denoted formula_1 and has the following properties:


title: Normed vector space

text: which makes any normed vector space into a metric space and a topological vector space. If this metric space is complete then the normed space is a Banach space. Every normed vector space can be "uniquely extended" to a Banach space, which makes normed spaces intimately related to Banach spaces. Every Banach space is a normed space but converse is not true. For example, the set of the finite sequences of real numbers can be normed with the Euclidean norm, but it is not complete for this norm.


title: Normed vector space

text: An inner product space is a normed vector space whose norm is the square root of the inner product of a vector and itself. The Euclidean norm of a Euclidean vector space is a special case that allows defining Euclidean distance by the formula


title: Normed vector space

text: The study of normed spaces and Banach spaces is a fundamental part of functional analysis, which is a major subfield of mathematics.


title: Normed vector space

text: A normed vector space is a vector space equipped with a norm. A is a vector space equipped with a seminorm.


title: Normed vector space

text: Property 3 depends on a choice of norm formula_16 on the field of scalars. When the scalar field is formula_17 (or more generally a subset of formula_18), this is usually taken to be the ordinary absolute value, but other choices are possible. For example, for a vector space over formula_19 one could take formula_16 to be the formula_21-adic absolute value.


title: Normed vector space

text: If formula_22 is a normed vector space, the norm formula_23 induces a metric (a notion of "distance") and therefore a topology on formula_24 This metric is defined in the natural way: the distance between two vectors formula_25 and formula_26 is given by formula_27 This topology is precisely the weakest topology which makes formula_23 continuous and which is compatible with the linear structure of formula_29 in the following sense:


title: Normed vector space

text: Similarly, for any seminormed vector space we can define the distance between two vectors formula_25 and formula_26 as formula_27 This turns the seminormed space into a pseudometric space (notice this is weaker than a metric) and allows the definition of notions such as continuity and convergence.


title: Normed vector space

text: To put it more abstractly every seminormed vector space is a topological vector space and thus carries a topological structure which is induced by the semi-norm.


title: Normed vector space

text: Every normed vector space formula_29 sits as a dense subspace inside some Banach space; this Banach space is essentially uniquely defined by formula_29 and is called the of formula_24


title: Normed vector space

text: Two norms on the same vector space are called if they define the same topology. On a finite-dimensional vector space, all norms are equivalent but this is not true for infinite dimensional vector spaces.


title: Normed vector space

text: All norms on a finite-dimensional vector space are equivalent from a topological viewpoint as they induce the same topology (although the resulting metric spaces need not be the same). And since any Euclidean space is complete, we can thus conclude that all finite-dimensional normed vector spaces are Banach spaces. A normed vector space formula_29 is locally compact if and only if the unit ball formula_41 is compact, which is the case if and only if formula_29 is finite-dimensional; this is a consequence of Riesz's lemma. (In fact, a more general result is true: a topological vector space is locally compact if and only if it is finite-dimensional. The point here is that we don't assume the topology comes from a norm.)


title: Normed vector space

text: The topology of a seminormed vector space has many nice properties. Given a neighbourhood system formula_43 around 0 we can construct all other neighbourhood systems as


title: Normed vector space

text: Moreover, there exists a neighbourhood basis for the origin consisting of absorbing and convex sets. As this property is very useful in functional analysis, generalizations of normed vector spaces with this property are studied under the name locally convex spaces.


title: Normed vector space

text: A norm (or seminorm) formula_46 on a topological vector space formula_47 is continuous if and only if the topology formula_48 that formula_46 induces on formula_50 is coarser than formula_51 (meaning, formula_52), which happens if and only if there exists some open ball formula_53 in formula_54 (such as maybe formula_55 for example) that is open in formula_47 (said different, such that formula_57).


title: Normed vector space

text: A topological vector space formula_47 is called normable if there exists a norm formula_59 on formula_50 such that the canonical metric formula_61 induces the topology formula_51 on formula_63


title: Normed vector space

text: Kolmogorov's normability criterion: A Hausdorff topological vector space is normable if and only if there exists a convex, von Neumann bounded neighborhood of formula_64


title: Normed vector space

text: A product of a family of normable spaces is normable if and only if only finitely many of the spaces are non-trivial (that is, formula_65). Furthermore, the quotient of a normable space formula_50 by a closed vector subspace formula_67 is normable, and if in addition formula_50's topology is given by a norm formula_69 then the map formula_70 given by formula_71 is a well defined norm on formula_72 that induces the quotient topology on formula_73


title: Normed vector space

text: If formula_50 is a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space then the following are equivalent:


title: Normed vector space

text: Furthermore, formula_50 is finite dimensional if and only if formula_82 is normable (here formula_82 denotes formula_84 endowed with the weak-* topology).


title: Normed vector space

text: The topology formula_51 of the Fréchet space formula_86 as defined in the article on spaces of test functions and distributions, is defined by a countable family of norms but it is a normable space because there does not exist any norm formula_46 on formula_88 such that the topology that this norm induces is equal to formula_89


title: Normed vector space

text: Even if a metrizable topological vector space has a topology that is defined by a family of norms, then it may nevertheless still fail to be normable space (meaning that its topology can not be defined by any norm).


title: Normed vector space

text: An example of such a space is the Fréchet space formula_86 whose definition can be found in the article on spaces of test functions and distributions, because its topology formula_51 is defined by a countable family of norms but it is a normable space because there does not exist any norm formula_46 on formula_88 such that the topology this norm induces is equal to formula_89


title: Normed vector space

text: In fact, the topology of a locally convex space formula_50 can be a defined by a family of on formula_50 if and only if there exists continuous norm on formula_63


title: Normed vector space

text: The most important maps between two normed vector spaces are the continuous linear maps. Together with these maps, normed vector spaces form a category.


title: Normed vector space

text: The norm is a continuous function on its vector space. All linear maps between finite dimensional vector spaces are also continuous.


title: Normed vector space

text: An "isometry" between two normed vector spaces is a linear map formula_98 which preserves the norm (meaning formula_99 for all vectors formula_26). Isometries are always continuous and injective. A surjective isometry between the normed vector spaces formula_29 and formula_102 is called an "isometric isomorphism", and formula_29 and formula_102 are called "isometrically isomorphic". Isometrically isomorphic normed vector spaces are identical for all practical purposes.


title: Normed vector space

text: When speaking of normed vector spaces, we augment the notion of dual space to take the norm into account. The dual formula_105 of a normed vector space formula_29 is the space of all "continuous" linear maps from formula_29 to the base field (the complexes or the reals) — such linear maps are called "functionals". The norm of a functional formula_108 is defined as the supremum of formula_109 where formula_26 ranges over all unit vectors (that is, vectors of norm formula_111) in formula_24 This turns formula_105 into a normed vector space. An important theorem about continuous linear functionals on normed vector spaces is the Hahn–Banach theorem.


title: Normed vector space

text: The definition of many normed spaces (in particular, Banach spaces) involves a seminorm defined on a vector space and then the normed space is defined as the quotient space by the subspace of elements of seminorm zero. For instance, with the formula_114 spaces, the function defined by


title: Normed vector space

text: is a seminorm on the vector space of all functions on which the Lebesgue integral on the right hand side is defined and finite. However, the seminorm is equal to zero for any function supported on a set of Lebesgue measure zero. These functions form a subspace which we "quotient out", making them equivalent to the zero function.


title: Normed vector space

text: Given formula_116 seminormed spaces formula_117 with seminorms formula_118 denote the product space by


title: Normed vector space

text: which is a seminorm on formula_63 The function formula_125 is a norm if and only if all formula_126 are norms.


title: Normed vector space

text: A straightforward argument involving elementary linear algebra shows that the only finite-dimensional seminormed spaces are those arising as the product space of a normed space and a space with trivial seminorm. Consequently, many of the more interesting examples and applications of seminormed spaces occur for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.


title: Node-RED

text: Node-RED is a flow-based development tool for visual programming developed originally by IBM for wiring together hardware devices, APIs and online services as part of the Internet of Things.


title: Node-RED

text: Node-RED provides a web browser-based flow editor, which can be used to create JavaScript functions. Elements of applications can be saved or shared for re-use. The runtime is built on Node.js. The flows created in Node-RED are stored using JSON. Since version 0.14, MQTT nodes can make properly configured TLS connections.


title: Now That's What I Call Music! (original U.S. album)

text: Now That's What I Call Music! (simply titled NOW) was released on October 27, 1998. Modeled after the highly successful "Now That's What I Call Music!" series in the United Kingdom, which compiles a number of songs that are popular around the time of its release, this album is the first edition of the "Now!" series in the United States.


text: In following the success of its UK predecessors, this first U.S. version of "Now!" reached platinum status as certified by the RIAA. The compilation includes three songs that reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100: "Together Again, "All My Life" and "MMMBop". The album peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200 in January 1999.


Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth is a 2009 adventure video game developed and published by Capcom. It was originally released for the Nintendo DS in Japan in 2009, and internationally in 2010, and later for iOS and Android in 2017. It is the fifth game in the "Ace Attorney" series, and is set between the events of the third and fourth games, "" and "".


title: Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth

text: While previous games in the series focus on defense attorneys, "Ace Attorney Investigations" has the player control prosecutor Miles Edgeworth, who investigates five cases that tie together to form an overarching story about a smuggling ring. The game consists of investigation phases, in which the player investigates crime scenes in search for evidence, and rebuttal phases, in which they confront other characters, to hear what they think has happened; the player is able to use evidence to find contradictions in the characters' statements, to get closer to the truth.


text: The game was directed by Takeshi Yamazaki and produced by Motohide Eshiro. Eshiro had come up with the idea of a new adventure game about "Ace Attorney" characters while working on "Trials and Tribulations", and Yamazaki had the idea to have it be about deductive reasoning and crime scene investigation. The game was specifically designed to be different from previous "Ace Attorney" titles, with a larger focus on the environment. The development team had originally considered using Ema Skye, a character from earlier games in the series, as the lead character, but used Miles Edgeworth instead because of his popularity. They aimed to have players be immersed in the game and feel like they are Edgeworth, as opposed to previous "Ace Attorney" games, where they felt players merely could identify with the lead characters; to do this, they included direct control of Edgeworth, and a gameplay element that involves connecting his thoughts.


text: It was met by generally favorable reviews, with a common complaint being that rebuttals at times devolve into trial and error. The game was one of the best selling games of 2009 in Japan, while Western sales were described as "poor at best". After the game's release, a manga series based on it has been released. A sequel, "Ace Attorney Investigations 2", was released in Japan in 2011.


text: "Ace Attorney Investigations" is a single-player adventure game in which players control prosecutor Miles Edgeworth, who investigates five cases. The game is mostly presented from a third-person perspective, occasionally switching to a first-person view when examining evidence. Each case involves playing through several investigation phases and rebuttal phases.


text: During investigation phases, players control Edgeworth directly, either with the D-pad, or by sliding the map that is displayed on the bottom screen. The player has Edgeworth walk around crime scenes in search for evidence; they also meet witnesses and suspects during these phases, who they can talk to. As Edgeworth notices various things in the crime scene, they are saved as Edgeworth's thoughts. Using the "logic" function, the player can connect two such thoughts to gain new information; for instance, by connecting two bullet holes with a gun that has only been fired once, Edgeworth will conclude that two guns must have been at the crime scene. At some points, the player is able to control a cursor to examine parts of the crime scene; by using the "deduction" function at these points, the player is able to point out a contradiction between the crime scene and evidence. If the player successfully points out a contradiction, they gain access to new information. At certain points, a device called Little Thief can be used to create hologram reproductions of the crime scene; by investigating these reproductions, the player can discover new information that would otherwise be hidden. As more evidence is uncovered, the hologram is updated. After having examined an area sufficiently, the investigation phase ends, and the game moves on to a rebuttal phase.


text: The rebuttal phases work quite similarly to the cross-examination phases from the original games. A witness or a rival character provides their idea of what has happened. The player is able to press them for details, and can present relevant pieces of evidence that contradict what the witness or rival is saying. By doing this, the player gets closer to the truth; it is through confronting suspects during these phases that the player solves the cases. Upon solving a case, the episode is cleared and a new episode is made available to the player. If the player makes mistakes throughout the game, such as presenting wrong pieces of evidence, attempting to connect two thoughts that do not match up, or making incorrect choices, a green gauge called the Truth Gauge decreases, representing Edgeworth getting further from the truth. If it is completely emptied, the game ends. By clearing an investigation phase, half of the gauge is restored, and by clearing an episode, the gauge is restored completely.


text: "Ace Attorney Investigations" takes place between the third and fourth games in the series, "" and "". The story is split into five episodes, each focusing on a different crime; though told out of sequence, the cases tie together to form an overarching story revolving around an international smuggling ring. While previous "Ace Attorney" games feature defense attorneys Phoenix Wright and Apollo Justice as the lead characters, "Ace Attorney Investigations" features prosecutor Miles Edgeworth, who was Phoenix's rival in previous games. Among the supporting characters are Kay Faraday, who claims to be the Yatagarasu, a legendary thief who works to expose illegal corporate dealings, and detective Dick Gumshoe, Edgeworth's long-time partner. Recurring rivals of Edgeworth's are Shi-Long Lang, an Interpol agent from the fictional country of Zheng Fa who bears a fierce hatred of prosecutors and the courts after his family's reputation was tarnished by a corrupt prosecutor, and his assistant Shih-na. Other characters include prosecutor Byrne Faraday, detective Tyrell Badd, and defense attorney Calisto Yew. Prosecutor Manfred von Karma and his daughter Franziska, who first appeared in "" and "" respectively, also appear in the game.


text: The backstory of the game is described in the fourth case, Turnabout Reminiscence. Ten years prior to the game's present, the secretariat of the Cohdopian Embassy was accused of murdering Cece Yew, a witness to a smuggling ring's connection to the embassy. Prosecutor Byrne Faraday and detective Tyrell Badd attempted to convict the secretariat, but he went free after key evidence was stolen. Feeling that the justice system was powerless to those who stand above the law, Faraday, Badd, and Yew's sister Calisto, started stealing corporate files detailing illegal or unethical activities and exposed them to the media, under the name Yatagarasu. Three years later, another murder occurred at the embassy. During the trial, in which Faraday was the prosecutor, the suspect, Mack Rell, claimed that he had been told by Faraday to commit the murder, and said that Faraday was the Yatagarasu. A recess was held to replace Faraday with another prosecutor, Miles Edgeworth; before court was reconvened, both Rell and Faraday were found dead. Edgeworth discovered that Calisto had murdered Faraday with help from Rell, then killed Rell and made it look like Faraday and Rell had killed each other. When confronted, Calisto says that she is Yatagarasu, not mentioning her two partners, and that she is part of the smuggling ring. Faraday's daughter Kay is comforted over Faraday's death by Edgeworth, Badd, and detective Gumshoe; she believes her father to be the true Yatagarasu, and vows to catch the fake.


text: The game's second case, Turnabout Airlines, takes place in the present, and has Edgeworth becoming involved with the smuggling ring during a trip aboard an airliner. Ackbey Hicks, an Interpol agent investigating the smuggling, is murdered during the trip, and Edgeworth and a flight attendant become the main suspects. Another prosecutor and Edgeworth's adoptive younger sister, Franziska von Karma, works with Interpol to expose the smuggling ring; she and Edgeworth discover the murderer to be another flight attendant, Cammy Meele, who is working with the smuggling ring. In the third case, The Kidnapped Turnabout, Edgeworth is called by Ernest Amano, whose son Lance has been kidnapped and is held at an amusement park. While attempting to exchange the ransom money, Edgeworth is also kidnapped, but is freed by Kay, who calls herself the true Yatagarasu. They release Lance, and find the dead body of Oliver Deacon, who Lance identifies as one of the kidnappers. As Edgeworth investigates the mystery, he meets Interpol agents Shi-Long Lang and Shih-na, who believe that Amano's business group is involved with the smuggling ring; the ring's counterfeit money has ruined the economy of their home country Zheng Fa, so they seek to bring an end to the ring. Edgeworth learns that the kidnapping was a ploy by Lance to get money from his father, and that Lance had killed Deacon after the latter tried to back out of the plan. Evidence is found tying Amano to the smuggling ring, and Lang brings Amano in for questioning.


text: In the first case, Turnabout Visitor, Edgeworth finds the dead body of Detective Buddy Faith in his office. He learns that the murderer was Jacques Portsman, a prosecutor who was working for the smuggling ring, and was trying to steal evidence from the murder ten years ago from Edgeworth's office; when Faith got too close, Portsman killed him. The fifth case, Turnabout Ablaze, takes place at the former Cohdopian embassy; civil tension in Cohdopia forced the country to split into Allebahst and Babahl, which share the same embassy building. The two countries planned to announce their reunification at the embassy when the fake Yatagarasu appeared, setting fire to the building and killing two people. The bodies are found at the embassies' respective offices; one of them is discovered to be the former secretariat of the Cohdopian embassy, who now was the secretariat for Babahl. Shih-na is revealed to be Calisto in disguise; she insists that she did not murder the secretariat, and is revealed to be an accessory to the crime. As she is taken away, she reveals that she is not Cece's sister, that "Calisto" was just an alias she took while working for the smuggling ring, and that she became part of Yatagarasu on orders from the ring's leader. Edgeworth reveals the ring's leader to be Allebahst's and formerly Cohdopia's ambassador Quercus Alba, who had committed murders and covered the tracks of the ring, and brought counterfeit money into Zheng Fa. Alba, Amano and others are convicted of their crimes, while Edgeworth and his companions recommit to their vows to defend the truth.


text: The game was directed by Takeshi Yamazaki and produced by Motohide Eshiro, with character designs by Tatsuro Iwamoto, and music by Noriyuki Iwadare and Yasuko Yamada. Eshiro got the idea to make a new game featuring characters from the original "Ace Attorney" games while working on "Trials and Tribulations". According to Eshiro, the game was made for portable play, and has an interface that uses the touch screen; as this could not be replicated on other platforms such as Xbox Live, he said that the Nintendo DS was the platform that was best suited for it, and that no ports to other hardware were planned.


text: Eshiro said that they could have set the game in a courtroom similar to that of the main series and made a few additions, but that it would not have been very interesting; instead they moved the game to crime scenes, and added several new gameplay elements. Yamazaki was the one who came up with the idea of making a game about deductive reasoning and crime scene investigation. Because of this theme, it made sense to them to include the "Ace Attorney" character Ema Skye in the game, as she is portrayed as wanting to be a forensic scientist. Yamazaki originally suggested that Ema should be the main character, but based on fan feedback, they decided to use the more popular character Miles Edgeworth instead. Figuring out how to move the game from the courtroom to the crime scene was a challenge for the development team. The team also thought that it was difficult to make the game feel new while also making sure it felt similar to the game series. Because of the new gameplay systems that all had to be created from scratch, "Ace Attorney Investigations" took longer to develop than previous "Ace Attorney" games had.


text: The concept of the story was that while each case is a standalone episode, they are also all interlinked, forming a larger mystery, with each episode revealing a piece of the puzzle. Because Edgeworth is portrayed as a genius prosecutor, whereas Phoenix Wright is a rookie attorney, the development team felt that they needed to come up with incidents that were larger in scale for "Ace Attorney Investigations", to match Edgeworth's skill level; therefore, the opponents were made "more formidable" compared to the ones in previous games in the series. Eshiro saw the story as the most important part of the game, and said that, while time-consuming, it was important to make sure that it works. This was accomplished through a lot of trial and error, and several rewrites and revisions: Yamazaki would come up with an idea, which was tested to see if players had a hard time understanding it. Based on feedback from the testers, Yamazaki would rewrite and reorder some parts, and add hints. When creating the game's story, the development team took into account that some players might not have played any "Ace Attorney" games before. Because of this, they tried to make the game as accessible as possible, and make it playable without first having played any of the previous titles; for instance, the first part of the game is a tutorial that introduces the game and the characters. They did however add in-jokes for players who had played previous "Ace Attorney" games. Kay Faraday was the first new character that was created for the game, and was cited by Eshiro as one of his favorite characters.