title: Cai Lun

text: Cai is known to have been a eunuch in 75 CE, although it is possible he was employed somewhat earlier in the era; sinologist Rafe de Crespigny suggested this was in the early 70s. In the Han dynasty, eunuchs were employed in imperial service and were the only people eligible for certain specialized tasks, such as watching over the imperial harem and the imperial household; there were also certain promotions available exclusively for them. Cai's position was probably as a liaison between the privy council and the emperor, and likely involved duties akin to a chamberlain for the imperial family. Narita notes Cai's role meant he would have had many chances to become acquainted with the most powerful people in the empire. Around 80 CE, during the subsequent era (76–84) under Emperor Zhang, Cai was promoted to a "Xiao Huangmen" (; "Attendant at the Yellow Gates"). The position, with a salary-rank of 600 "shi" or "dan", involved delivering and receiving messages between the imperial palace apartments and the outside court.


title: Cai Lun

text: Since 82 CE, Liu Qing, Zhang's son from his concubine Consort Song, had been the designated heir, secured by the favor of Empress Ma. However, Ma's death in 79 CE made Lady Dou the empress, and—aiming to develop her family's power—she adopted Prince Zhao with the intention of installing him as heir. As a result, when Song became ill in 82 and asked for herbs, Dou falsely accused her of planning to use the herbs for witchcraft against Zhang. Dou then ordered Cai to interrogate Consort Song and her sister, another imperial consort, to force a confession; they both killed themselves. Believing Dou's accusation, Zhang replaced Liu Qing with Prince Zhao as heir.


title: Cai Lun

text: Prince Zhao, ruling as Emperor He, was 10 years old at his accession in 88 CE, so Dou took control as empress dowager and secured her authority by giving various positions to her four brothers, particularly Dou Xian, who promoted Cai to (; "Regular Attendant") for his loyalty. Cai served as a private counselor to He in political matters; this post gave Cai a salary-rank of 2000 "shi", and was the highest eunuch-exclusive position, which also made him a chief eunuch of the palace. In the , Cai was characterized as, in the words of de Crespigny, "honest, cautious and a good judge of policy". Cai was also designated (; "Prefect of the Palace Workshop" or "Prefect of the Masters of Techniques") later in 88 or 89 CE. While in this eunuch-only position, he would have been responsible for the production of instruments and weapons for imperial use. The role had a salary-rank of 600 "shi"—though this was in addition to the 2000 "shi" from his continued post.


title: Cai Lun

text: When Emperor He came of age in 92 CE he led various officials, especially Zheng Zhong, in a coup d'état to overthrow the Dou family. Cai was not involved in their removal, and though he was previously allied with the family, he was undisturbed by the Emperor's coup. In 97 CE, his position as expanded in scope, as he became responsible for ceremonial swords and other items. The describes his craftsmanship as high-quality and a model for later generations.


title: Cai Lun

text: In 105, Cai publicly declared that he had invented a new composition for paper with a new papermaking process. Writing had a long history in China with writing surfaces being bamboo and wooden slips (wood for short text and bamboo for lengthy text). These media were inconvenient as they were awkward to store, heavy, and difficult to write on. After Meng Tian purportedly created an animal-hair brush for writing in 3rd-century BCE, silk and cloth became alternatives that addressed these issues, but they were too expensive for widespread use. The absence of a practical solution motivated continued experimentation with different materials; Cai's pulp solution proved the most effective. His process still used bamboo, but also introduced hemp waste, old rags, fishnets, and most importantly, bark from trees (likely mulberry). The materials were boiled to a pulp that was beaten with a wood or stone mallet before being mixed with a large amount of water. The resulting mixture was then processed with wooden sieves and the excess water removed, leaving the paper finished once dry. The paper that resulted from this method is often referred to as "Cai Hou paper" (). This event and its context are relayed in an often cited passage of the :


title: Cai Lun

text: Many legends about the inspiration for Cai's invention exist; one of the most popular said that Cai was inspired by watching paper wasps make their nests. Tsien suggested that Cai was inspired by the people of his birthplace, who used bark from mulberry trees to create cloth as a writing surface. Irrespective of its origin, in 105 CE, Cai's new papermaking process both impressed He and earned him fame throughout the empire.


title: Cai Lun

text: After the infant Emperor Shang's eight-month reign, in 106 CE Emperor He was succeeded by 13-year-old Emperor An, while Lady Deng ruled as empress dowager. Both Cai and Zheng maintained influence in Deng's court. In 110 CE, Deng assembled more than 100 scholars—including , and Ma Rong—in the Eastern Pavilion of the palace to begin creating a definitive edition of the Five Classics. She appointed Cai to oversee and supervise the production; de Crespigny said that this meant Cai "was seriously concerned with scholarship". In 114 CE, he was awarded the title of "marquis" and the imperial court enfeoffed him as the lord of , a small village of 300 families in modern-day Yang County, Shaanxi. Later that year Zheng died and Cai succeeded him as the head of the Dowager's household.


title: Cai Lun

text: An assumed power after Deng's death in 121 CE, though the court was dominated by the influence of Empress Yan Ji and her brothers. Remembering Cai's part in the death of his grandmother, Consort Song, An ordered Cai to report to the Ministry of Justice to answer the charges, and presumably sentence him to death. Ashamed that the Emperor would send him to death in a dishonorable way, Cai bathed and dressed in formal clothes before killing himself by drinking poison.


title: Cai Lun

text: Due to modern archeological investigations, it is now certain that different forms of paper existed in China as early as 3rd-century BCE, though the findings do not necessarily discount the credit given to Cai. The Chinese scholar Tsien Tsuen-hsuin explained that the term used in Cai's ancient biography, "zào yì" (), can be understood as "to initiate the idea", meaning that he furthered the ongoing process with the addition of important materials. Additionally, Cai is responsible for the earliest known use of tree bark and hemp as ingredients for paper, and it is clear that paper did not see widespread use in China until Cai's improvements. As such, scholars have revised his contributions as ones that furthered an ongoing process instead of a sudden discovery. However, due to the pivotal significance of his improvements and the resulting spread of paper use throughout China, Cai continues to be traditionally credited with inventing paper. There is also speculation that Cai was the patron of this achievement and took credit from someone else, as Feng Dao may have done with his improvements to printing.


title: Cai Lun

text: Cai's improvements to paper and the papermaking process are considered especially impactful to human history, as they resulted in the spread of literature and knowledge around the world, and advancements in communications. However, Cai is only somewhat known outside East Asia and is often excluded from major encyclopedias. The scholar of paper history, Thomas Francis Carter, drew parallels between Cai and Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of a movable type printing press, calling them "spiritual father and son" respectively. In his 1978 book, "", Michael H. Hart ranked him 7th, above figures such as Gutenberg, Christopher Columbus, Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin. In 2007, "Time" ranked him among the "Best Inventors" of all time.


title: Cai Lun

text: After Cai's efforts in 105 CE, a renowned paper maker who may have been an apprentice to Cai—variously recorded by modern sources as Zuo Bo; Tso Po (courtesy name: Tzu-i) from Tung-Hai, Shandong; or Tso Tzǔ-yi—improved the process in 150 CE or later in the Han dynasty. Other than this, the basic principles of Cai's papermaking process have changed little over time, and the new form of paper spread throughout China. According to legend, the Buddhist monk Damjing brought the process to Japan, though this is unconfirmed. Damjing occupies a similar patron saint position in Japan that Cai does in China. By the 600s the process appeared in Turkestan, Korea, and India, while Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas spread the knowledge to Arabs in the Abbasid Caliphate. Unlike many Chinese inventions that were created independently in Western Europe, the modern papermaking process was a wholly Chinese product and gradually spread via the Arabs to Europe, where it also saw widespread manufacturing by the 12th century. In August 2010, the International Astronomical Union honored Cai's legacy by naming a crater on the Moon after him.


title: Cai Lun

text: While Cai's personal life is mostly unknown, a popular folktale suggests he was a shopkeeper and trickster with a wife and brother, though there is no historical confirmation for this. The story goes that after Cai's improvements to paper there was little demand for the product so he had an ever-growing surplus. As such, Cai and his wife developed a ploy to increase sales; they told townsfolk that paper becomes money in the afterlife when burned.


title: Cai Lun

text: In the most popular variation to the tale, Cai Mo and Hui Niang—Cai's brother and sister-in-law of unconfirmed historicity—take the place of Cai and his wife. In this version, Hui convinced Cai Mo to learn the new papermaking trade from his younger brother, and when he returned in only three months, the paper he and his wife produced was too low quality to sell. To address this, Hui pretended to have died, and Cai Mo stood beside her coffin, wailing and burning money as tribute. Then, their neighbors checked in on them, and Hui sprung out of the coffin, explaining that the burned money was transferred to her in the afterlife, with which she paid ghosts to return her from the dead. Believing the story, the neighbors quickly purchased large amounts of paper for their own use. While mostly a fictitious story, intense wailing and burning offerings are commonplace in Chinese culture.


title: Cai Lun

text: Of those who originated China's Four Great Inventions of the ancient world—the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing—only the inventor of papermaking, Cai Lun, is known. Additionally, in comparison to other Chinese inventions such as the writing brush and ink, the development of paper is the best documented in literary sources.


title: Cai Lun

text: After his death in 121 CE, a shrine with his grave was built in his hometown, but was soon neglected and damaged by floods while his name was largely forgotten. During the early Tang dynasty, many national heroes were deified, such as Li Bai and Guan Yu as the gods of wine and war respectively. Cai was among the important people declared gods, and was deified as the national god of papermaking. Cai also became a patron saint for papermakers, with his image often being painted or printed onto paper mills and paper shops in not only China, but also Japan. In 1267, a man named Chen Tsunghsi raised funds to repair the long-damaged shrine, and renovated it to include a statue of Cai and a mausoleum. Chen stated that "Tsai Lung's [Cai Lun's] extraordinary talent and his achievement are exemplary to all ages." A stone mortar, which legends claim Cai used to make paper, may have been brought to the mausoleum, although other sources say it was brought to the Imperial Museum in the capital of Lin'an. A great ceremony was held for the new mausoleum, though it fell into ruin again and was restored in 1955. Today, the temple still stands in Leiyang as the near a pool, renamed the "Cai Lun Pool", that was thought to be near Cai's home. In the Song dynasty, Fei Chu () said there was a temple in Chengdu where hundreds of families in the papermaking business would come to worship Cai.


title: Cai Lun

text: During the late Qing dynasty, papermakers created religious groups, known as either "spirit-money associations" () or "Cai Lun associations" (). In 1839, the from the town of Yingjiang was sued by in Macun and Zhongxing of Jiajiang County, Sichuan. The conflict began when the of Yingjiang claimed that their statue of Cai—which they carried throughout Jiajiang County annually—gave them ritual supremacy over Macun and Zhongxing papermakers, whom they demanded pay for and take part in their celebrations. The from Macun and Zhongxing denied the demand, citing their long history of worshipping Cai, which resulted in increasing conflict between the sides and eventually a lawsuit. The county magistrate reproached both parties for descending into conflict and said: "Did they not understand that all of them owed their livelihood to Lord Cai, who had taught them the art of papermaking? Were they not all disciples of Lord Cai, who wanted them to share the benefits of the trade?"


title: Cai Lun

text: In the 21st century, Leiyang is still famous as Cai's birthplace and has active paper production. In modern-day China, Cai's name is closely associated with paper, and is the namesake of the Cai Lun Paper Culture Museum and at least five roads: , Pudong, Shanghai; Cailun Road, Minhang District, Shanghai; Cailun Road, Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Cailun Road East Crossing, Weiyang District, Xi'an; and Cailun Road, Yaohai District, Hefei, Anhui.


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: "99 Bottles of Beer" or "100 Bottles of Pop on the Wall" is a song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on road trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time when families sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children on long school bus trips, such as class field trips, or on Scout or Girl Guide outings.


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: (n) bottle(s) of beer on the wall. (n) bottle(s) of beer. Take one down, pass it around, (n-1) bottles of beer on the wall. (where n ≥ 1).


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: The same verse is repeated, each time with one bottle fewer, until there is none left. Variations on the last verse following the last bottle going down include lines such as:


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: The boring and time-consuming nature of the "99 Bottles of Beer" song means that probably only a minority of renditions are done to the final verse. The American comedian Andy Kaufman exploited this fact in the routine early in his career when he would actually sing all 100 verses.


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: Atticus, a band from Knoxville, Tennessee, recorded a 13.5-minute live version of the song in its entirety at a club in Glasgow, Scotland, called The Cathouse. It was included in the 2001 album "Figment". Rich Stewart (also known as Barroom Rambler) listed it as the number one drinking song out of 86 in an article for "Modern Drunkard" the following year.


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: Donald Byrd has collected dozens of variants inspired by mathematical concepts and written by himself and others.


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: Other versions in Byrd's collection involve concepts including geometric progressions, differentials, Euler's identity,


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: complex numbers, summation notation, the Cantor set, the Fibonacci sequence, and the continuum hypothesis, among others.


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: The computer scientist Donald Knuth proved that the song has a complexity of formula_1 in his in-joke-article "The Complexity of Songs".


title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: Numerous computer programs exist to output the lyrics to the song. This is analogous to "Hello, World!" programs, with the addition of a loop. As with "Hello World!", this can be a practice exercise for those studying computer programming, and a demonstration of different programming paradigms dealing with looping constructs and syntactic differences between programming languages within a paradigm.


title: Lemar

text: Lemar Obika (born 4 April 1978), known as Lemar, is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. Initially rising to fame after finishing third on the first series of British talent show "Fame Academy", he was later signed to Sony BMG, where he has gone on to release five studio albums, three of which are certified platinum or double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).


title: Lemar

text: Lemar's double-platinum debut album "Dedicated" was released in November 2003 and contained the successful singles "Dance (With U)", "50/50" and "Another Day", all of which charted in the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart. His second effort, "Time to Grow", saw similar success, again achieving double platinum certification and spawning his most successful single, "If There's Any Justice", which peaked at number 3 and spent four months in the UK Singles Chart. Lemar has seen considerable chart success in the UK and Ireland, releasing ten top 20 singles, seven of which peaked in the top 10, and has sold over two million albums. He is seen as one of the most successful artists to come out of a reality TV show.


title: Lemar

text: Lemar Obika was born in Tottenham, North London, England to Nigerian parents. He grew up listening to R&B and soul music. He used to sing at home with his siblings, pretending to be Michael Jackson and the Jacksons.


title: Lemar

text: He was 17 when he had his first concert at the Junior Jam at 'The Temple' in Tottenham supporting American singer Usher. At the time, he was designing a website to sell logos for the Ericsson PH337 phone. Later on, he gave up an opportunity to study pharmacy at Cardiff University to pursue a musical career. Lemar had some success supporting various artists such as American girl groups Destiny's Child and Total on their UK club tours and after some years, managed to secure a recording contract with BMG. Following this, he released his debut single "Got Me Saying Ooh". His record deal with BMG fell through in less than a year due to restructuring at the record label. He had to eventually take a job working as an accounts manager at NatWest in Enfield, North London. At age 24, his mother died of cancer and he found listening to Eric Clapton's "Tears in Heaven" brought "clarity" and aims to "write songs as moving as this".


title: Lemar

text: Lemar was most notably brought to public attention on the BBC's "Fame Academy" in 2002, a combination of a talent quest and reality television show. He made the finals of the show winning plaudits for his version of "Let's Stay Together" by Al Green and singing a duet with Lionel Richie on "Easy". While he ended up finishing third in the show, which was won by David Sneddon, he caught the eye of fellow British soul singer Beverley Knight, who invited him to sing a duet with her during her concert at the Hammersmith Apollo.


title: Lemar

text: Sony Music was so impressed with his potential that they signed him to a five-year record deal worth £1 million. He was also the contestant from "Fame Academy" chosen to represent the UK in Eurobest, coming fifth (the eventual winner being Chenoa from Spain).


title: Lemar

text: Lemar's second single "Dance (with U)" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart in early 2003. His first album "Dedicated" was released late in 2003 with additional singles "50/50" and "Another Day" also achieving chart success in the UK. Following the success of the album, he commenced his first headlining tour of the UK. After completing his UK tour, Lemar was the opening act for Justin Timberlake's UK tour dates. Thus, he is considered the "most successful graduate.


title: Lemar

text: On 12 November 2004 Lemar guested on Radio 1's Live Lounge and performed a cover of U2's song "Vertigo". He has also performed for Prince Charles' Prince's Trust.


title: Lemar

text: In early November 2004, Lemar released his first single from the album "Time to Grow". "If There's Any Justice" reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, and has become one of Lemar's most recognised songs. "Time to Grow" was released following the single and peaked at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart, to date, the album has been certificated 2× Platinum by the BPI. Two other singles were released from the album, "Time to Grow" and "Don't Give It Up".


title: Lemar

text: 4 September 2006 saw Lemar return with his eighth single, entitled "It's Not That Easy", which became his sixth UK top ten hit. A week later his new album "The Truth About Love" was released, which saw guest appearances from Styles P from The L.O.X., Mica Paris and Joss Stone. The album became Lemar's highest charting album to date, peaking at number three on the UK Albums Chart, outpeaking "Time to Grow" (number eight) and "Dedicated" (number sixteen). Two more singles were released from the album, "Someone Should Tell You" and "Tick Tock". At the Brit Awards in 2007, Lemar was hoping to arrive in a makeshift limo, with James May from the BBC's "Top Gear" as the driver. Lemar ultimately got frustrated with May and got out of the car after May repeatedly got lost. He featured on Sway's first single "Saturday Night Hustle" from the album "The Signature LP".


title: Lemar

text: Lemar's fourth studio album, "The Reason" was released on 24 November 2008, entering the UK Albums Chart at No. 41. Lead single "If She Knew" was released on 10 November 2008, and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at No. 14. On 2 March 2009, Lemar released his second single from the album, "Weight of the World", the song peaked at number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. He performed both singles on "GMTV".


title: Lemar

text: Lemar performed his new single "The Way Love Goes" on the BBC1 show "So You Think You Can Dance" on 9 January 2010. He also performed the single on "GMTV" in February. The single was released on Valentine's Day and peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart. On 8 March, the single was followed by his much anticipated album, "The Hits". Which - as well as including 10 hit singles from his four studio albums - also features four new tracks. In addition to "The Way Love Goes", these include a duet with JLS on a re-recording of Lemar's own 2003 ballad "What About Love". On 19 March, Lemar and JLS performed the song together on Sport Relief.


title: Lemar

text: On 11 March 2010, Lemar's album "The Hits" hit number one on the R&B download charts on iTunes, along with 9 of Lemar's songs in the top 100 downloads. It peaked at number eighteen on the UK Albums Chart. Toward the end of March 2010, Lemar performed a Radio 1's Live Lounge version of "Empire State of Mind". He also recorded cover versions of Beyoncé's "Sweet Dreams" and Alicia Key's "Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart".


title: Lemar

text: Lemar appeared as a special guest on the UK Dates of Mary J. Blige's World Tour. His confirmed dates were at Birmingham's LG Arena, London's O2 Arena and Manchester's MEN Arena. The first date, in London, was on 2 November 2010. It was also announced that Lemar would be the special guest on the UK dates of Enrique Iglesias' tour in 2011.


title: Lemar

text: Lemar returned with his single "Invincible", which he performed for the first time at Stoke 2012 Live. The release date for the single was 12 August, and will be the first single to be taken from the as yet untitled fifth studio album this year. on 21 June Lemar leaked the single via his official website, speaking to Digital Spy about the single he commented saying "Sticking together is what makes you invincible. When times are hard, it's important to stick together and know what your values are."


title: Lemar

text: On his site The Re-View, Nick Bassett praises "Invincible" for its "narrative journey which showcases Lemar’s songwriting talents as well as his impressive vocal."


title: Lemar

text: Lemar returned again in 2015 with his single "The Letter", which got its first airplay on BBC Radio 2's breakfast show with Chris Evans. "The Letter" was also the title of his latest album. The album featured a duet with Joss Stone, a cover of "Someday We'll Be Together", made famous by Diana Ross & the Supremes.


title: Lemar

text: In 2018, Lemar was a contestant on the tenth series of "Dancing on Ice", replacing Monty Panesar; his ice skating partner was Melody Le Moal. Lemar survived three skate offs, beating Candice Brown, Stephanie Waring and Perri Shakes-Drayton. On 11 February, he was voted off after ending up in the skate off for a fourth time with Donna Air.


title: Lemar

text: On 19 January 2008, MSN UK reported that Lemar became a father for the first time with his long-term partner Charmaine Powell, who gave birth at London's private Portland Hospital to a girl named Nyiema Obika, weighing 7 lb. Lemar and Charmaine then had another child, a son, Uriah Obika. The couple married on 17 July 2010 at St Mary the Virgin, Monken Hadley.


title: Lemar

text: Lemar is a fan of English football club Tottenham Hotspur. His cousin, Jonathan Obika, is a footballer who plays for Morecambe F.C., and another cousin Sam Oji played for Birmingham City.


title: Empire Company

text: Empire Company Limited is a Canadian conglomerate engaged mostly in food retail and corporate investments. The company is headquartered in Stellarton, Nova Scotia. Empire Company also owns the Sobeys supermarket chain. The company was founded in 1963. In total, the company owns, affiliates or franchises more than 1,500 stores; in addition to Sobeys, brands include Safeway, IGA, Foodland, Farm Boy, FreshCo, Thrifty Foods and Lawtons Drug.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: Aline Brosh McKenna (born August 2, 1967) is an American screenwriter, producer and director. Her credits include writing "The Devil Wears Prada" (2006), "27 Dresses" (2008), "Morning Glory" (2010), "We Bought a Zoo" (2011) and co-creating The CW's "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend".


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: Brosh was born to a Jewish family in France and moved with her family to New Jersey, where she lived variously in Fort Lee, Demarest and Montvale, and attended Saddle River Day School in Saddle River.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: After graduating, McKenna moved to New York City to seek a job in publishing. While there, she did some freelance writing work.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: A script she wrote during a six-week course in screenwriting at New York University helped her get an agent, and, in 1991, she moved to Los Angeles. By age 26, she had sold a comedy feature and a television pilot, and continued to write a number of feature and television scripts. She also wrote an episode of Margaret Cho's sitcom "All American Girl".


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: However, it would be eight years until her first movie, 1999's Matthew Perry-Neve Campbell romantic comedy "Three to Tango", was produced.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: She adapted Lauren Weisberger’s novel "The Devil Wears Prada" into the 2006 film of the same name, directed by David Frankel and starring Meryl Streep, Anne Hathaway and Emily Blunt. Though her first two produced features were both romantic comedies, McKenna has reiterated that "The Devil Wears Prada" is not, and has instead described it as 'competence porn', noting: 'The real love story is, she ends up with that newspaper, having understood the world better and having understood her naiveté better'. The film earned McKenna a BAFTA nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: McKenna explored the nuances of the characters of Miranda (Meryl Streep's character) and Andy (Anne Hathaway's character) in "The Devil Wears Prada" in a 2006 interview with Jan Huttner:"I wanted to make sure the audience understood why she had so much power in her world; and then understand that there was a cost for her, because we wanted Andy to walk away from a life as opposed to walking away from a person. She sees how much Miranda has sacrificed in her personal life, and that’s just not what Andy wants to do. Miranda’s held to a different standard than male executives might be held to, and she lives under a microscope."She wrote "27 Dresses" starring Katherine Heigl in 2008. The film took its place quickly as a classic romantic comedy, telling the story of a bridesmaid of twenty-seven weddings finding her own love.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: Her next produced movie was 2010's "Morning Glory", starring Rachel McAdams, Harrison Ford and Diane Keaton, followed shortly after by 2011's adaptation "I Don't Know How She Does It", with Sarah Jessica Parker and Pierce Brosnan. McKenna has jokingly referred to "The Devil Wears Prada", "Morning Glory" and "I Don't Know How She Does It" as 'The Blackberry 3', a thematically-linked trio of films featuring women who see their Blackberries more than they see their own families. In an interview for "The Ringer", McKenna compared that lifestyle to her own as a showrunner: "Striving for perfection, you can easily end up having it fill all the gaps in your life because that’s the kind of job, like being a showrunner, that you’re never done, you’re never finished, you could always be doing something else."


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: In the same year, McKenna wrote Cameron Crowe's "We Bought a Zoo", an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Benjamin Mee. The film received positive reviews overall, with a "London Evening Standard" critic commenting, "You have to admire the thoroughness with which "We Bought a Zoo"--which is the film Disney would make if they still knew how--caters to the whole family."


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: In 2014, she wrote the musical comedy-drama "Annie", directed by Will Gluck and with Quvenzhané Wallis in the title role. The film was a contemporary adaptation of the 1977 Broadway musical of the same name.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: McKenna returned to television in 2015, when she teamed up with singer and comedian Rachel Bloom to create the romantic musical comedy-drama "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend". The show was originally developed for Showtime, with a half hour pilot produced. When Showtime opted not to proceed, McKenna and Bloom reworked the series for The CW, including expanding it into an hour-long format. The CW renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on October 21, 2016, and a third season, which premiered on October 13, 2017. McKenna is the series' showrunner and an executive producer.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: In a 2018 interview for "Deadline", when asked about "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend"'s commentary on gender, she said:I mean it’s so fun to poke fun at. There are also still lots of things that haven’t been talked about. You still have to fight to get the word clitoris on the air and people still freak out when you talk about periods. We’re taking on some other gynecology because it’s always fun for us and threatening to the patriarchy.In March 2017, McKenna inked a two-year overall deal with CBS Television Studios, the studio behind "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend", to develop new projects for network and cable through her production company Lean Machine. The following October, she teamed up with Rene Gube, a producer and recurring guest star on "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend", for a single-camera comedy called "Big Men" that has been set up at CBS.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: McKenna made her graphic novel debut in late 2017, working with artist Ramon Perez on "Jane", a modern retelling of Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel "Jane Eyre." The graphic novel was produced by Boom! Studios.


title: Aline Brosh McKenna

text: McKenna was the first ever guest on the screenwriting podcast "Scriptnotes", hosted by John August and Craig Mazin. She made her debut on the show's 60th episode, a live event at the Austin Film Festival in October 2012. She is, by a long distance, the podcast's most frequent guest, having made over two dozen appearances in subsequent years. In recognition, Mazin christened her 'the Joan Rivers of "Scriptnotes"'. McKenna guest-hosted the podcast for an episode in January 2014, filling in for Mazin.


title: Mass grave

text: A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial. The United Nations has defined a criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of execution, although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon. Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as war and crime, in modern times they may be used after a famine, epidemic, or natural disaster. In disasters, mass graves are used for infection and disease control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and disposal of individual bodies.


title: Mass grave

text: Mass or communal burial was a common practice before the development of a dependable crematory chamber by Ludovico Brunetti in 1873. In ancient Rome waste and dead bodies of the poor were dumped into mass graves called "puticuli."


title: Mass grave

text: In Paris, the practice of mass burial, and in particular, the condition of the Cimetière des Innocents, led Louis XVI to eliminate Parisian cemeteries. The remains were removed and placed in the Paris underground forming the early Catacombs. "Le Cimetière des Innocents" alone had 6,000,000 dead to remove. Burial commenced outside the city limits in what is now Père Lachaise Cemetery.


title: Mass grave

text: A mass grave containing at least 300 bodies of victims of a Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' in the year 1238, was discovered during an excavation in 2005, in Yaroslavl, Russia.


title: Mass grave

text: The Thirty Years' War, in the 17th century, was Europe's deadliest religious conflict. In the Battle of Lützen, 47 soldiers perished and were buried in a mass grave. Archaeological and osteological analyses found that the soldiers ranged in age from 15–50 years. Most corpses had evidence of blunt force trauma to the head while seven men had stabbing injuries. Most of the soldiers died from gunshot wounds inflicted by pistols and cavalry carbines.


title: Mass grave

text: Several mass graves have been discovered that were the result of Napoleonic battles, mass graves were dug for expeditious disposal of deceased soldiers and horses. Often soldiers would plunder the substantial quantity of corpses prior to burial. Generally the mass graves were dug by soldiers or members of logistical corps. If these weren't available, the corpses would be left to rot or would be burned. Such examples have been found scattered throughout Europe.


title: Mass grave

text: There are over 2,000 known mass graves throughout Spain from the Spanish Civil War wherein an estimated 500,000 people died between 1936 and 1939, and approximately 135,000 were killed after the war ended.


title: Mass grave

text: Exhumations are ongoing. Some are conducted on the basis of information given in witnesses' and relatives' testimonies to the "Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica" (ARMH). These testimonies serve the purpose of helping geophysicists, archaeologists and forensic scientists to locate graves in order to identify bodies and allow families to rebury their relatives.


title: Mass grave

text: In the summer of 2008, information from these testimonies was used to unearth a 4 meter long square grave containing five skeletons near the town of San Juan del Monte. These five remains are believed to be of people that were kidnapped and killed after the July 18, 1936 military coup.


title: Mass grave

text: Another mass grave from the Spanish Civil War was found using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Eyewitness accounts identified two potential locations for an unmarked grave in mountains of Lena in Northern Spain. Both sites were examined and an unmarked mass grave of approximately 1 meter by 5 meters was found.


title: Mass grave

text: Approximately 100,000–200,000 civilians were killed at the start of the Korean War. These people were flagged by the government of South Korea for potentially collaborating with or sympathizing with North Korea. They were arrested and subsequently executed without trial. The sites where the massacres occurred were forbidden to the public. The bodies were considered to be traitors and the act of associating with them was considered treasonous. Despite this, families retrieved bodies from the shallow forbidden mass graves at the massacre sites.


title: Mass grave

text: In 1956, bereaved families and villagers exhumed over 100 decomposed and unidentifiable bodies, ensuring that the complete human skeleton was intact. Each exhumed body was buried in its own "nameless grave" in a cemetery on Jeju Island. There is a granite memorial within the cemetery which bears the cemetery's local name, "Graves of One Hundred Ancestors and One Descendant." This name functions to express the opposite of how the genealogy should be as typically many descendants derive from one ancestor.


title: Mass grave

text: The Chilean military coup against President Salvador Allende occurred on September 11, 1973. The military surrounded the town of Santiago and searched for people hiding in potential guerilla insurgent locations. Civilians were detained for long periods of time and some disappeared. Following the coup, bodies were abundant in the streets and in the Mapocho River. It is estimated that 3,200 people were executed or disappeared between 1973 and 1990 in Chile. Higher estimates are up to 4,500 people. These bodies were taken to morgues to be identified and claimed. Unidentified bodies were buried in marked mass graves.


title: Mass grave

text: From this conflict, several hidden mass graves have been identified. In December 1978, 15 bodies were discovered in an abandoned limestone mine in Lonquén. In October 1979, 19 bodies were exhumed after being secretly buried at the cemetery of Yumbel. Mass graves were also identified in Santiago's General Cemetery with multiple bodies being forced into a single coffin. This cemetery had an influx of over 300 bodies within a three-month time span. These mass graves were distinguished by a cross with the initials "NN." "NN" is indicative of the phrase ""Nomen Nescio"" or ""no name"." Following extensive media coverage of these mass graves, the Chilean military decided to exhume the bodies from Lonquén, Yumbel, and Santiago's General Cemetery. The military airdropped the exhumed bodies over open water or remote mountain locations.


title: Mass grave

text: Many mass graves of both Turkish and Greek Cypriots were found in Cyprus after Turkey invaded the island in 1974. On August 3, 14 Greek Cypriot civilians were executed and buried in a mass grave. In Eptakomi 12 Greek Cypriots were found in a mass grave executed with their hands tied. On the other hand, during the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre, 126 Turkish Cypriots including elderly people and children were murdered by EOKA B and the inhabitants of the three villages were buried in mass graves with a bulldozer. The villagers of Maratha and Santalaris, 84 to 89 people in total, were buried in the same grave. Mass graves were used to bury Turkish Cypriot victims of Tochni massacre too.


title: Mass grave

text: On March 24, 1976 at 3:21 AM, the media told the people of Argentina that the country was now under the "operational control of the Junta of General Commanders of the Armed Forces." This event and years following it became known as the 1976 Argentine coup d'état. President Isabel Perón had been taken captive two hours prior to the media announcement. The new dictatorship implemented travel bans, public gatherings, and a nighttime curfew. Additionally, the new dictatorship resulted in widespread violence, leading to executions and casualties.


title: Mass grave

text: Abducted captives were disposed of in one of the five defense zones within Argentina where they were held. The bodies were typically buried in individual marked anonymous graves. Three mass graves are known to exist on Argentinian police and military premises although other bodies were disposed of through cremation or by being airdropped over the Atlantic Ocean. Approximately 15,000 people are estimated to have been assassinated.


title: Mass grave

text: Argentina's largest mass grave's exhumation began in March 1984 at the San Vicente Cemetery in Cordoba. The grave was 3.5 meters deep and 25 by 2.5 meters across. It contained approximately 400 bodies. Of the recovered and exhumed bodies, 123 were of young people violently killed during the 1976–1983 dictatorship. The remaining bodies were identified as older and having died nonviolent deaths such as leprosy.


title: Mass grave

text: Many mass graves were discovered during the Vietnam War. In the fall of 1969, the body count unearthed from these mass graves was around 2,800. The victims buried in these mass graves included government officials, innocent civilians, women and children. They were tortured, executed and in some cases, buried alive.


title: Mass grave

text: In Quang Ngai, a mass grave of 10 soldiers was discovered on December 28, 2011. These soldiers were buried alongside their belongings including wallets, backpacks, guns, ammunition, mirrors, and combs.


title: Mass grave

text: Other larger mass graves of Vietnamese soldiers are believed to exist, with hundreds of soldiers in each grave.


title: Mass grave

text: The Second Libyan Civil War that began in 2014 is a proxy war between the UN-recognized Government of National Accord (GNA) of Fayez al-Sarraj and the Libyan National Army (LNA) of the militia leader Khalifa Haftar. In 2020, the GNA ousted the forces of Haftar, who is backed by the United Arab Emirates and Russia, and captured Tarhuna. The GNA discovered mass graves in the Harouda farm of the town that was under the control of the Kaniyat militiamen, who allied with Haftar in 2019. For a decade, the Kaniyat militia brutalized and killed more than a thousand civilians, where around 650 were murdered in 14 months under the UAE-backed Haftar forces. Thousands of holes were dug by government workers, where 120 bodies recovered. The unearthed remains were used by the families to identify the missing members and only 59 bodies were claimed. Survivors reported that the Kaniyat militia aligned with the UAE-backed Haftar tortured or electrocuted them. Many also reported being beaten by the militia.


title: Mass grave

text: The Rwandan Genocide began after the unsolved death of the Rwandan president, Juvénal Habyarimana, on April 6, 1994. Extremist members of the Hutu government formed an interim wartime government. They called for an extermination of the Tutsi population, Hutu political opponents and Hutu whom resisted the violence. The genocide lasted 100 days and resulted in an estimated 800,000 killings.


title: Mass grave

text: Rwandan people sought refuge in gathering places such as churches and stadiums. An estimated 4,000–6,000 people gathered in Kibuye Catholic Church. Around April 17, 1994, the church was surrounded by armed civilians, police and gendarmes. Those inside were attacked with a variety of weapons including grenades, guns, and machetes. Survivors of the attack were sought after and killed in the following days. Burial of these bodies took place in at least four mass graves.


title: Mass grave

text: The first mass grave resulting from this attack was discovered behind the church where several bodies were left unburied and scattered. In December 1995, archaeologists surveyed the area and flagged any potential human remains. In January 1996, forensic anthropologists located and exhumed 53 skeletal assemblages. A second mass grave was found under a tree marked with wire, indicating a memorial. Below the tree was a trench filled with multiple bodies. The third and fourth mass graves were found using a probe to test for deteriorating remains. The third grave was marked by the local population, similar to the second grave. The fourth grave was identified by a priest.


title: Mass grave

text: Throughout the Rwandan genocide, bodies were buried in mass graves, left exposed, or disposed of through rivers. At least 40,000 bodies have been discovered in Lake Victoria which connects to Akagera River.


title: Mass grave

text: Mass grave mapping teams have located 125 Khmer Rouge prison facilities and corresponding gravesites to date in Cambodia while researching the Killing Fields. These mass graves are believed by villagers to possess tutelary spirits and signify the dead bodies becoming one with the earth. Buddhist rituals, which were taboo at the time, were performed in the 1980s which transformed the anonymous bodies into "spirits of the departed." In the 1990s, religious ceremonies were re-established and the Festival of the Dead was celebrated annually.


title: Mass grave

text: The Mittelbau camps held about 60,000 prisoners of The Holocaust between August 1943 and March 1945. Conservative estimates assume that at least 20,000 inmates perished at the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. In early April 1945, an unknown number of prisoners perished in death marches following the evacuation of prisoners from Mittelbau camps to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in northern Germany.


title: Mass grave

text: In April 1945, U.S. soldiers liberated the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. Only a few prisoners were still in the camp and the U.S. soldiers found the remains of approximately 1,300 prisoners in the Boelcke barracks. The names of these prisoners are unknown. Mass graves of the dead prisoners from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp were dug by German civilians under orders from U.S. soldiers.


title: Mass grave

text: Victims of the Srebrenica massacre were murdered by the Army of Republika Srpska and buried in mass graves. Serb forces used mass graves throughout the Bosnian War and thousands of victims remain unidentified as of 2017.


title: Mass grave

text: Ireland's Great Famine lasted from 1845 to 1849, a period wherein about one million people died. Because of the excessive number of deaths and extreme poverty, many families were unable to provide a wake or proper burial for loved ones and used mass graves instead. Archaeological excavations have taken place on Irish mass burial sites. One excavation revealed a mass grave of nearly 1,000 individuals. The skeletons within the grave were layered on top of each other in multiple sub-rectangular pits positioned less than a meter apart.


title: Mass grave

text: The bubonic plague outbreak existed in three pandemic waves and is known as the Black Death. In the 1300s alone, an estimated 20–30 million people were killed in Europe and approximately 12 million people were killed in China. These deaths were at least 30 percent of the European population at that time. The last major outbreak of the bubonic plague occurred in London from 1665–1666 and is known as The Great Plague.


title: Mass grave

text: In March 2013, a plague pit of 25 skeletons was found in a 5.5 meter-wide shaft during the construction of a new railroad in London. The skeletons were neatly lined up in two rows and were about 8 feet underground. Samples from 12 corpses were taken and forensic analysis confirmed traces of DNA from "Yersinia pestis".


title: Mass grave

text: In several territories, the amount of death caused by the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was beyond the capacities of funeral industry, requiring the use of mass graves.


title: Mass grave

text: Reports of mass graves having been dug for COVID-19 victims have been made about Iran, using satellite pictures of sites near Qom as evidence.


title: Mass grave

text: In New York City, mass graves have been prepared in Hart Island for an afflux of dead; however, other reports said mass graves would be unlikely in the United States. University of Huddersfield experts said mass graves might be considered if local services end up overwhelmed. Following the rise of deaths and morgues being overwhelmed, New York City has temporarily allowed for mass graves on Hart Island for unclaimed bodies.


title: Mass grave

text: In Brazil, the city of Manaus, in the state of Amazonas, used mass graves after a large spike in deaths attributed to the pandemic.


title: Mass grave

text: The Brunner Mine disaster occurred at 9:30 a.m. on March 26, 1896. An underground explosion caused the death of 65 miners, making it New Zealand's deadliest mining disaster. Of the 53 victims buried in Stillwater cemetery, 33 victims were in one mass grave.


title: Mass grave

text: Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, thousands of bodies were left in the streets on Port-au-Prince, exposed to the sun and beginning to decompose and smell. The government of Haiti collected the bodies on the street, along with rubble through use of dump trucks and other heavy machinery. The bodies and rubble were then transported to empty rectangular holes, 20 feet deep, 20 feet wide and 100 feet long. No efforts were taken to identify the dead that were transported and buried.


title: Mass grave

text: Within Haitian culture, burial rituals hold great significance and the sacred ceremonies can cost more than their own homes. There is a Haitian Vodou belief that the dead continue to live and are connected to their ancestors through these rituals. The burial of unidentified corpses in mass graves rather than familial plots severs this spiritual link between the living and dead.


title: Mass grave

text: As the casualties of the Typhoon Haiyan were in the thousands, unidentified or unknown corpses were buried in several mass graves in Leyte (especially in Tacloban City where the most deaths happened), Samar and other areas, while identified corpses were given to their families for burial.


title: Mass grave

text: The debate surrounding mass graves amongst epidemiologists includes whether or not, in a natural disaster, to leave corpses for traditional individual burials, or to bury corpses in mass graves. For example, if an epidemic occurs during winter, flies are less likely to infest corpses, reducing the risk of outbreaks of dysentery, diarrhea, diphtheria, or tetanus, which decreases the urgency to use mass graves. A research published in 2004 indicates that the health risks from dead bodies after natural disasters are relatively limited.


title: Ben Jorgensen

text: Ben Jorgensen is an American musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is best-known as the lead singer and the guitarist of the rock band Armor for Sleep.


title: Ben Jorgensen

text: Jorgensen grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey, and is of German, Danish, and Japanese descent. Jorgensen attended the Jewish day school, Solomon Schechter Day School of Bergen County, and the Solomon Schechter of Essex and Union, where he graduated in 2001.


title: Ben Jorgensen

text: Early in his musical career Jorgensen was the drummer for punk band Random Task. Jorgensen then formed Armor for Sleep in 2001. He began writing the first songs during the summer after his first year in college. Jorgensen recorded these songs as a demo CD for $100 at a local recording studio, with Jorgensen playing all the instruments himself. These songs were later re-recorded for Armor For Sleep's debut album, "Dream to Make Believe", released in 2003 on Equal Vision Records.


title: Ben Jorgensen

text: Armor for Sleep disbanded in 2009 (though they would later reunite in 2020), and Jorgensen started an electronic project with Sierra Shardae, named God Loves a Challenge, which only released an unnamed EP of various tracks. Jorgensen recorded his debut solo EP, titled "There Is Nowhere Left to Go", at Treehouse Studios in Jersey City, and was released on October 5, 2010 via digital download.


title: Ben Jorgensen

text: Jorgensen made a cameo appearance in Fall Out Boy's "Dance, Dance" video in 2005, and also in Cobra Starship's video for "The City Is at War," in 2007, playing alongside Pete Wentz as a policeman.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: Dawn of Chromatica is the third remix album by American singer Lady Gaga, released on September 3, 2021, by Streamline and Interscope Records. Consisting of remixes of songs from her sixth studio album, "Chromatica" (2020), the album embraces an underground, hyperpop production and features collaborations with numerous pop and electronic musicians.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: Gaga's goal with the album was to display her love and support towards younger and upcoming artists. The featured acts include Arca, Rina Sawayama, Pabllo Vittar, Charli XCX, Ashnikko, Shygirl, Dorian Electra and Bree Runway, while retaining the contributions of Ariana Grande, Blackpink and Elton John from the original album. "Dawn of Chromatica" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who underscored its experimental nature. Commercially, it peaked at number 66 on the US "Billboard" 200, while topping the Dance/Electronic Albums chart.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: On March 2, 2020, American singer Lady Gaga announced that her sixth album, "Chromatica", was to be released on April 10. The album was later postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, though it was eventually released on May 29, 2020. On April 4, 2021, the album's executive producer, BloodPop, teased the possibility of a "Chromatica" remix album, asking his Twitter followers to suggest which artists they would like to see on such a project if it were to exist. He later replied to his tweet and tagged Japanese-British musician Rina Sawayama, who replied to it with a smirking emoji. He also confirmed he was working with British musician Charli XCX on a remix of the album's third single "911", and that the remix album would include an early version of "Babylon" that soundtracked an advertisement for Gaga's cosmetics brand Haus Laboratories. On May 8, BloodPop revealed on his Twitter that American musician Dorian Electra would be on the album. During an interview at the 2021 Brit Awards, Sawayama talked about the project, stating that "The wish is on the internet, and I've done my bit, let's just say that. So, it's in the works." She also hinted that the song she was featured on was "Free Woman".


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: On May 12, 2021, Charli XCX announced that production for the "911" remix had begun. Later that month, British musician Bree Runway revealed she was involved with the remix album during an interview on "The Jonathan Ross Show", while on August 10, announcing she would appear on a remix of "Babylon" by tweeting out its lyrics. That same day, Gaga acknowledged the album for the first time, saying that it was "so f*cking " in a tweet, and American singer and rapper Ashnikko confirmed her involvement with the project. A snippet of her "Plastic Doll" remix was teased by "RuPaul's Drag Race" winner Aquaria during a DJ set in the weeks leading up to the album's announcement. During the same period of time, Brazilian singer and drag queen Pabllo Vittar hinted that she would be featured on a remix of the song "Fun Tonight", and American producer Lil Texas confirmed his involvement by posting a short snippet of his remix of "Sine from Above". Other announced contributors include British musician Shygirl and Venezuelan producer Arca, who revealed to her Discord fan server that she had remixed "Chromatica"s second single "Rain on Me", which features American singer Ariana Grande.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: In July 2021, Canadian producer and singer Grimes announced on her Discord that she had produced remixes of the three interludes featured on "Chromatica". She mentioned that she initially missed the deadline to submit them to the record label, but later speculated that due to the project's delay, there would be time. However, after the album's official announcement on August 30, 2021, it was apparent that Grimes' contributions did not make the cut. Although BloodPop previously teased potential release of Gaga's collaborations with late Scottish producer Sophie that were scrapped from the original album, none of the songs appear on the remix album.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: Talking about the album, Maureen Lee Lenker of "Entertainment Weekly" opined that "while most remix albums are a further celebration of the lead artist's music, the forward-thinking Lady Gaga uses "Dawn of Chromatica" to also spotlight some of the recent pop talent that's blossomed in her image." In an interview with "The Wall Street Journal" after the release of the record, Gaga said: "I love young artists and support them. All of them on the album have something to say, and they performed their hearts out."


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: "Dawn of Chromatica" contains mainly underground pop and hyperpop sound. The album opens with "Alice" remixed by the Berlin-based Philadelphian rapper and producer Lsdxoxo, who described it as . The second song in the track list, "Stupid Love", is remixed by the French producer Coucou Chloe, who "strips away the lead single's bubblegum beats to reveal a macabre midnight romp". Arca's remix of "Rain on Me" follows as the third track; she introduces synths in the song and samples the songs "Time" and "Mequetrefe" off her fourth studio album "Kick I" (2020), as well as the Changa tuki track "Mételo Sácalo" by DJ Yirvin. Rina Sawayama and English producer Clarence Clarity's remix of "Free Woman" features influences of metal with wailing riffs and drum fills, which resembles Gaga's 2011 studio album "Born This Way". Sawayama starts the songs saying "let's go Gaga". Pabllo Vittar's reimagination of "Fun Tonight" consists of forró music.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: The Charli XCX and English producer A. G. Cook remix of "911" gives a "transcendental" sound to the original version, with an overly distorted chorus and a new verse with the lines "I look out to Venus and search for a place / And search for a place / And sometimes I hate myself / If it's all getting way harder / Turn it up, party to Gaga." Ashnikko remixed "Plastic Doll" into a trap version, changing its mid-tempo composition." "Sour Candy", featuring South Korean girl group Blackpink, receives a "booty-popping" club version by Shygirl and the Guernsey producer Mura Masa, and includes little metallic whizzes. The remix, however, retains vocal contributions of Blackpink's Rosé and Lisa only, removing those of Jennie and Jisoo. The album follows with an EDM remix of "Enigma" by American producer Doss, featuring "pulsating drops". Dorian Electra's remix of "Replay" is influenced by metal and features "dramatic vocals" and "menacing growls".


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: "Sine from Above", a duet with English musician Elton John, was remixed by American musician Chester Lockhart, Canadian musician Mood Killer, and Lil Texas. Their version features distorted bass, glitched trap, drum & bass, cartoonish sound samples, a sax solo and finishes with hardstyle music. English musician Planningtorock's turns "1000 Doves" into a new wave track with house music influence. The album closes with two versions of "Babylon": the "throbbing techno revamp" featuring Bree Runway and American producer Jimmy Edgar, alongside the "sledgehammering" Haus Labs version.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: "Dawn of Chromatica" was officially announced on August 30, 2021, and released on September 3, on streaming and digital download formats. Its CD was released on November 19, 2021, while the vinyl was released in March 2022.


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: According to Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, "Dawn of Chromatica" received a score of 74 based on four reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic called the album "the daring and liberated sibling" to "Chromatica", with "wild, sometimes noisy, and always thrilling reimaginings." Dubbing it "brilliantly entertaining", Robin Murray from "Clash" stated that "this remix compilation is an excuse to adore Lady Gaga for her abilities as a cultural curator, one of this generation's few – only – true interstellar pop talents." Sam Murphy of Junkee thought that the remix album "unlocks the thrilling potential of the original." He went on to draw a comparison with Sophie, acknowledging the "impact she has had on this futuristic brand of pop music. [...] The hyperpop movement [...] can largely be traced back to Sophie, and all the artists who appear here display some of Sophie's influence." Wolfgang Ruth of "Vulture" claimed that, "filled with remixes containing sliving features [...] this record is, no surprise, next level."


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: According to "Pitchfork" Jamieson Cox, "Dawn of Chromatica" is "less a wall-to-wall collection of club bangers than an expansion of the "Chromatica" cinematic universe," and feels "less like a celebration of a world-beating record and more like passing the torch." Tom Hull described the album as "beats sharpened, persona reduced, like a filter that turns realistic photos into caricatures." Writing for "Gigwise", Alex Rigotti called it "deliciously dramatic pop insanity". Alexa Camp of "Slant Magazine" was more critical, opining that "the album is a mixed bag, swinging wildly between microgenres and quality from track to track. If the original album favored pop hooks over musical invention, many of the versions on "Dawn of Chromatica" are noisy or just plain tuneless."


title: Dawn of Chromatica

text: In the United States, "Dawn of Chromatica" debuted at number 66 on the "Billboard" 200 chart with 11,000 album-equivalent units, while topping the Dance/Electronic Albums chart. This made Gaga tie the record for the most cumulative number one dance albums and extend her record as the artist with the most cumulative weeks at number one (at 211 weeks). She also became the first artist in history to occupy the top four positions in a single week, with "Dawn of Chromatica", "Born This Way" (2011), "The Fame" (2008), and "Chromatica" (2020), respectively.


title: Eleanor

text: Eleanor () is a feminine given name, originally from an Old French adaptation of the Old Provençal name "Aliénor". It is the name of a number of women of royalty and nobility in western Europe during the High Middle Ages.


title: Eleanor

text: The name was introduced to England by Eleanor of Aquitaine, who came to marry King Henry II. It was also borne by Eleanor of Provence, who became Queen consort of England as the wife of King Henry III, and Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I.


title: Eleanor

text: The name was popular in the United States in the 1910s and 1920s, peaking at rank 25 in 1920. It declined below 600 by the 1970s, again rose to rank 32 in the 2010s. Eleanor Roosevelt, the longest-serving first lady of the US was probably the most famous bearer of the name in contemporary history.


title: Eleanor

text: Common hypocorisms include Elle, Ella, Ellie, Elly, Leonor, Leonora, Leonore, Nella, Nellie, Nelly, and Nora.


title: Eleanor

text: The name derives from the Provençal name Aliénor, which became Eléonore in "Langue d'oïl", i.e., French, and from there Eleanor in English.


title: Eleanor

text: The origin of the name is somewhat unclear; one of the earliest bearers appears to have been Eleanor of Aquitaine (1120s–1204). She was the daughter of Aénor de Châtellerault, and it has been suggested that having been baptized "Aenor" after her mother, she was called "alia Aenor", i.e. "the other Aenor" or Aliénor in childhood and would have kept that name in adult life.


title: Eleanor

text: Eleanor of Aquitaine, the most powerful woman in 12th century Europe, was certainly the reason for the name's later popularity. However, the name's origin with her, and the explanation of "alia Aenor" is uncertain; there are records of possible bearers of the name Alienor earlier in the 12th, or even in the 11th or 10th centuries,


title: Eleanor

text: but the records of these women post-date Eleanor of Aquitaine, at a time when Alienor had come to be seen as an equivalent variant of the name Aenor (so that presumably, these women during their own lifetime used the given name Aenor):


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson Hodge is a fictional character on the ABC television series "Desperate Housewives". The character is played by Kyle MacLachlan. Orson is introduced in the final episodes of the second season of the series, and becomes the main mystery of the third season. MacLachlan left the main cast in season six, but made guest appearances until the eighth and final season.


title: Orson Hodge

text: The character of Orson Hodge was planned as a romantic interest for Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher), according to executive producer Tom Spezialy, until Cherry decided to pair Orson with Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross). For the third season's mystery, series creator Marc Cherry wanted to incorporate more of the series' regular characters rather than bringing in various new ones, like they had done in the second season with Betty Applewhite (Alfre Woodard) and her family. They developed the Orson plot line around the "idea that one of our women marries a guy who has dark secrets and possibly a violent streak." Cherry opined: "I thought there was something exciting about that, but real and relatable." Greenstein commented that the writers worked backwards from the second season's cliffhangers to develop the Orson storyline, forsaking the original material that had been developed earlier. The cast responded positively to the new material for the season.


title: Orson Hodge

text: When Orson was introduced toward the end of the second season, he was to be a con artist. A character portrayed by Julie White appeared in the second-season finale and would have been Orson's accomplice, but the entire storyline was discarded in favor of the mysterious disappearance of Orson's wife and White's character was not seen or mentioned again. MacLachlan commented that his character is "desperate to make this relationship with Bree work. Anything that tries to knock that apart becomes a threat." Cherry called Orson Bree's perfect match, but added that their similarities "will ultimately prove to be the downfall of the relationship."


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson Hodge was born on June 28, 1964. He was circumcised when he was 5 years old. He grew up in a very religious household. When he was sixteen, his father Edwin had an affair. When the truth came out, it caused a scandal at their church and he became an alcoholic. One day his mother, Gloria, asked Orson to stay with him, saying she had to visit a sick friend, but Orson later left because he had plans to go out with his friends. When he returned, his father had apparently committed suicide, although Orson later realizes as an adult that Gloria actually killed him. Gloria convinced Orson to spend time in a mental hospital for clinical depression, as she blamed him for his father's death. He later became a dentist.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson married his girlfriend, Alma, when she got pregnant. Unfortunately Alma miscarried, and Orson never came to love her, having an affair with French flight attendant Monique Polier instead. When Alma found out, she left and punished Orson by faking her own death. However, as there was no body and no evidence, no charges were brought. Alma's friend, Carolyn Bigsby, however, was constantly accusing him of killing her. Free, he tried beginning a new life with Monique, only to find her dead one night, Gloria having murdered her to punish him for cheating on Alma. He was forced to hide the body when Monique's plumber, Mike Delfino, stopped by to do some work. Gloria convinced a reluctant Orson to aid her in disposing of the body. Gloria and Orson buried Monique at the country club after Gloria removed Monique's teeth to prevent identification. During the disposal, Gloria fell into the open grave and broke her hip, resulting in her being sent to a retirement home and Orson selling her house.


title: Orson Hodge

text: When he meets Mike again, he fears that Mike might remember him, so Gloria tells him to take care of the situation.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson meets Susan in the season 2 episode "Don't Look at Me". They meet at the movies, where Orson helps Susan to make Mike jealous. He then meets Bree at the mental hospital where she has self-admitted after having a nervous breakdown. When Bree sees Orson visiting an old friend, the two were attracted to each other. Their relationship is furthered when Orson helps Bree escape from the hospital to be with her daughter, Danielle. However, when Mike sees Orson for a dental exam and recognizes him from their earlier encounter at Monique's house, Orson runs Mike over with his car, putting him in a coma for the next six months. He then visits Bree, bringing her flowers that Mike had originally intended to bring to Susan.


title: Orson Hodge

text: After six months of dating and of being in a serious relationship, Orson proposes to Bree, and she accepts. Mike no longer is of concern to Orson as he has retrograde amnesia. Unfortunately for them, Carolyn has returned. Orson and Bree marry after Bree gets Orson to come clean with her regarding Carolyn's allegations. Their wedding reception is cut short when Monique's body is dug up and the police call Orson down to the morgue to identify her. Orson pretends not to recognize Monique.


title: Orson Hodge

text: As Orson and Bree are about to go on their honeymoon, Bree cancels at the last minute upon seeing her son Andrew on TV, reduced to living in a homeless shelter. Andrew initially rejects her, but Orson persuades him to come back, making him realize Bree would hurt herself just as much as his mother otherwise.


title: Orson Hodge

text: With the police investigating Monique's death, Orson tells Bree that Carolyn's husband Harvey also had an affair with Monique, and also anonymously tells the police this information. When Bree tells Carolyn about this affair, she takes a gun to the supermarket that Harvey owns and tries to shoot him, and eventually takes customers in the store hostage, including Edie, Julie, Lynette, Austin and Nora. She kills Nora upon finding out about Nora's dispute with Lynette and Tom over custody of Kayla, prior to being killed by another customer.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Bree tries reuniting Orson with his family by finding his mother. Orson claims she was senile to avoid having to interact with her. This backfires when Gloria tries driving Bree away by revealing his affair with Monique, but the police arresting Mike for Monique's murder (due to his wrench having her blood on it) kills her suspicion that Orson was responsible. Susan, however, continues suspect Orson. Gloria then brings Alma back, proving she wasn't dead. She wants Orson back and even tries getting pregnant after faking her own suicide to lure Orson to visit her, only to then drug and rape him. Bree sides with her husband, leading Gloria to sabotage her ladder, putting her in the hospital. Andrew, thinking Orson was responsible, threatens him with meeting "bad Andrew" and Mike, now released from jail, begins remembering the night Monique died with the help of a hypnotherapist. He confronts Orson on the hospital roof and accidentally pushes him over the edge.


title: Orson Hodge

text: While Orson is in the hospital, Gloria places an unconscious Bree into the bathtub and prepares to kill her and stage the death to look like a suicide. Andrew comes to rescue her, but Gloria incapacitates him by knocking him down the stairs with her cane. As Gloria is about to slit Bree's wrists, Orson arrives, sees what Gloria is doing, realizes that she was responsible for his father's death, and tackles Gloria. In the process, Gloria then suffers a stroke, paralyzing her. Orson later discovers Alma's body outside her house after she fell from the roof trying to escape and warn someone about Gloria's plans. He puts Gloria's body next to Alma's, and plants the bag of Monique's teeth and Alma's suicide note next to them, making it look as if Alma had committed Monique's murder, and Gloria suffered a stroke upon seeing this. Afterwards, Orson visits his mother in the hospital and banishes her from his life. He and Bree then proceed to go on their honeymoon, dropping Danielle off at a convent to avoid scandal after she gets knocked up by Edie Britt's nephew Austin. When they return, it is revealed that Bree is faking a pregnancy and plans to raise Danielle's child as her and Orson's.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Faking a pregnancy proves difficult as people keep touching Bree's belly, and the Hodges have to invent a story to explain why Bree had not noticed a fork enter her belly. They also have to deal with genuinely pregnant Susan wanting the name of Bree's ob-gyn, and Danielle's troubles, even endangering the baby's life by rollerblading. Orson wants to tell people the truth but continues pretending Bree was pregnant when she tells him that this baby is her second chance at parenting. They appear to be successful as only Phyllis Van de Kamp and Adam Mayfair find out and both agree to keep the secret. Phyllis, however, plots to get back at Bree by taking Danielle to stay and raise the child with her, using Danielle's craving for fun.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Danielle gives birth to a baby boy on Halloween. After a tearful goodbye, Danielle gives her baby to her mother. Bree and Orson name him Benjamin. When Bree wants to get Benjamin circumcised, Orson opposes it, due to bad memories of his own circumcision. However, Bree does it behind Orson's back. Orson is angry when he finds out, but forgives Bree and lets it go, although he is not happy with the decision.


title: Orson Hodge

text: After a tornado, Orson, Bree and Benjamin move in with Susan, and Orson begins sleepwalking. When Julie comes in late one night, she finds Orson murmuring, "I'm sorry I ran you over, Mike". Julie later tells Mike about Orson's confession. While Mike is willing to forgive Orson, as is Susan after some persuasion from Mike, Bree cannot, and she decides to kick him out. He stays briefly with Edie Britt before moving into the Fairview Towers apartment complex. Orson attempts to get Bree to forgive him but she refuses, telling Orson that the only way their marriage can be saved is if he turns himself in to the police, which Orson is unwilling to do.


title: Orson Hodge

text: At the conclusion of the fourth season, the series progresses five years into the future. Bree returns home from a poker game and is revealed to now be a businesswoman running a successful catering business, with Andrew as her assistant. Orson is heard upstairs revealing that he and Bree seemingly worked out their issues and remain married. Benjamin, however, is nowhere to be seen.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson goes off to prison, where he is constantly visited by Edie Britt. After Edie tells Bree off, Bree finally visits Orson in prison. A little while after, Danielle and her new husband Leo Katz come by and take Benjamin back. When Orson returns from prison, he is furious to find that Bree let Benjamin be taken away so easily.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Bree's success as a businesswoman and repaired marriage to Orson is explained by flashbacks showing that two years after the conclusion of the fourth season, Danielle married a lawyer named Leo Katz. Knowing she would win any custody case as Orson was in prison for running over Mike, Danielle reclaims Benjamin, her biological son, leaving Bree devastated. It is learned that Bree's success is the result of her putting the energy she had used to raise Benjamin into her work. She views her business as her "baby" and makes it her first priority.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Bree's success leaves Orson feeling unappreciated and ignored, making him become somewhat cold and changes his relationship with his wife dramatically. Orson is angry with Bree for using "Van de Kamp" in the title of her cookbook. Bree tries mollifying him by promising him a pot roast and Orson forces Bree not to, despite her returning home after midnight. Orson's criminal record makes it almost impossible to find a job. He asks Bree for one, but she refuses because her business partner, Katherine Mayfair, threatens to quit if Orson is given a job. Orson becomes upset and goes to sleep in the guest bedroom. Bree eventually relents and gives Orson a job.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson joins Tom Scavo's band and plays the keyboards until a fire breaks out at the White Horse Club and ends up with a broken nose. He develops a habit of stealing from his neighbors, telling Bree that it gives him a thrill. He later tells a therapist that it makes him happy because it is something Bree cannot control. While trying to steal from one of them, Rose Kemper, she catches him and hits him around the head with a baseball bat. He runs out into the street in front of Edie, who is fleeing from Dave upon finding out his true colors. Edie swerves to miss Orson and she crashes into a utility pole, and is then electrocuted by a downed power line. Orson is horrified by this but he runs away. Horrified, Bree decides to divorce Orson and stages a fake burglary of their house to hide assets, but Orson finds out. He threatens her with sending her to prison for insurance fraud if she goes ahead with the divorce. Later, Orson is assaulted and threatened by a thug hired by Karl Mayer, upsetting Bree as she did not want him harmed. Bree confronts Karl and accuses him of turning her into a different person, but Karl admits that he likes what Bree is becoming, so she fires him and they begin an affair. Bree is initially reluctant, but a passionate kiss reveals that, like Karl, Bree is enjoying the person she has become, too.


title: Orson Hodge

text: The season concludes at Mike's re-marriage to Susan two months later. Bree is seen sitting in the congregation with Orson, but turns and smiles seductively at Karl, insinuating that the two are secretly having an affair.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Having blackmailed Bree by threatening to report her insurance fraud, Orson tries to repair their marriage by suggesting marriage counseling. Bree insists that she wants a divorce and begins an affair with Karl. Orson, however, is clueless. When Orson and Bree attend the Harvest dance together, they bump into Karl and his date Candace (a former patient of Orson's). Orson is convinced that Bree still loves him when she spills oil on the dance floor, so that Candace and Orson slip while they are dancing. Whilst Orson believes this is jealousy of him dancing with Candace, Bree is, in fact, jealous of Karl sleeping with Candace.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Relations seem to have thawed slightly between Orson and Bree when he serves her a meal at home and she tells him that someone in the service industry was rude to her, claiming it was a waitress in a cafe when it was actually a maid in a motel she visited with Karl. When Bree meets the maid again, the maid tries convincing her to end the affair as Orson seems like a good man, doing the shopping for Bree. It is clear Bree feels guilty and is upset when she sees Orson's hopeful expression at home, wanting him to snap out of it and wants to tell him that she's not worth it anymore. Orson's suspicions are aroused of Bree's affair when he goes to replace a brooch Bree had received as a gift from Karl, claiming she had gotten it at an antique store. He goes to the store only to find out it is a furniture store. Bree later assures him she got the stores mixed up, proving what trust Orson has for his wife. When Angie Bolen tells Bree what a perfect marriage she has Bree tells her that she and Orson barely speak any more and they haven't slept in the same bed for three months. Bree neglects to mention her affair with Karl, however.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Over time, Orson begins to drink and becomes increasingly depressed. He then begins to suspect that Bree is having an affair, he asks Angie to spy on her while he is on a golf weekend with some old friends. She initially refuses, believing that Bree would never do such a thing. However, Angie notices Bree become distracted when she relays Orson's suspicions to Bree and sees Bree step out to make an urgent phone call to Karl. Later, Angie sees Karl show up at Bree's house for a tryst. When Orson arrives home early and almost catches them, Angie manages to call Bree in time to warn her. Afterward when Bree thanks Angie, she coldly warns Bree that she's trying to protect Orson, because she fears that he may be suicidal. Angie pointedly asks Bree whether she truly loves Karl or Orson, and although Bree continues to tell herself that she now only loves Karl, she still seems to have lingering love for Orson. Bree finally brings to Orson photos she'd set up of him and a former cellmate, telling him to grant her a divorce or she'll have his parole revoked. To her surprise, Orson reveals he was bluffing the entire time and all Bree had to do was ask for a divorce and promises to move out. He tells Bree to wait until he's gone to tell everyone about the divorce.


title: Orson Hodge

text: During the neighborhood Christmas block party, Karl comes clean to Orson about the affair, largely in part because he has hired a private plane to fly a banner over Wisteria Lane asking Bree to marry him. The two men get into a fistfight inside a gingerbread house, which Bree tries unsuccessfully to break up. The fight is cut short when the pilot of the plane Karl hired suffers a fatal heart attack at the controls, and the plane subsequently crash-lands into the party, killing Karl and leaving Orson paralyzed (though he may walk again).


title: Orson Hodge

text: Upon being released from the hospital, Orson is unwilling to live with Bree, who still wants a divorce. He moves in with Mrs. McCluskey and Roy before returning to Bree. After settling in with Bree, Orson begins to take revenge on Bree by forcing her to do unreasonable things such as cooking a dish that takes one hour to make. When Bree confronts him as she feels she's being harassed, Orson refuses to take a bath for days and acts rude to her. Having had enough, Bree forcibly bathes him on their frontyard and Orson breaks down, saying that it's hard to do the simplest things and he has lost his independence. Bree then apologizes to him. Orson then begins to plan on killing himself. However, his plans are halted when Bree discovers his drafted suicide note and goes above and beyond to stop him. He reveals that he wants to kill himself because he feels he has no purpose in life as no one loves him, claiming Bree only stays out of obligation and guilt. When he asks Bree if she loves him, she cannot bring herself to say the words, which seemingly proves Orson right. This leads to a final confrontation at a friend's anniversary party, Bree leaves Orson alone near a pool as she goes to hear the toast. When she sees how happy the elderly couple are as they dance, she looks over to see Orson heading for the pool to drown himself. Bree then rushes to stop him and tells him she wants to fall in love with him again. They then share a passionate kiss and finally reconcile. Bree then has trouble reconnecting with Orson not only mentally but sexually, so she asks former stripper Robin Gallagher for help. Robin suggests Bree restart their sex life, prompting Bree to later try giving Orson a lap-dance. The dance proves awkward, especially when Bree falls over and Orson runs over her foot with the wheelchair. Bree explains she wants to become intimate with her husband again, and the two share a romantic moment.


title: Orson Hodge

text: When Rex's first son Sam Allen enters the lives of the Hodges, Orson is quick to side with Andrew and feels that Sam has a hidden agenda. When he finds out that Bree is being blackmailed by Sam, who is threatening to tell the Solises about how Andrew ran over Carlos's mother (unless Bree signs over her company to him) he is shocked to know what Andrew did. Orson and Andrew don't think it would be fair for Bree to give up everything she has worked for, and both think she should let Sam tell the Solises, even though Andrew would go to prison. Andrew decides it's time for him to face the consequences of his actions. Still, Bree signs over the company to Sam, resulting in Orson leaving her because he is angry at Bree's hypocrisy that she had earlier made Orson confess to the police over his crimes when she covered up Andrew's.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson makes a brief return in the season seven premiere "Remember Paul?" where he and Bree sign the divorce papers, officially ending their marriage. They appear to be on relatively good terms as Bree asks Orson if he would still attend family dinners and events. Orson suggests to Bree she needs a project to keep her occupied. At first she ignores his advice but eventually she takes it and in turn meets her future boyfriend Keith Watson. Later Bree only mentioned to Richard Watson, father of Keith, that she's finally a divorcée. In "Assassins", Orson returns, claiming that Judy dumped him and Bree lets him stay with her and Keith. Over dinner, Orson makes it clear he doesn't think Keith is right for Bree as they have nothing in common and the two men have a food fight. Going to see Judy, Bree learns that Orson broke up with her as he's still in love with Bree. Confronted, Orson confesses that's true and is convinced Bree can't be happy with a man so different from her. Bree allows Orson to stay with them but insists she's changed and is fine with Keith now. As Orson does not appear in subsequent episodes, it is implied that he has left Bree's house and his current whereabouts are left unknown.


title: Orson Hodge

text: Orson unexpectedly returns to Fairview, claiming that the girls of Wisteria Lane had called him out of concern about Bree's drinking and bed-hopping. He arrives at the parking lot of a bar just as Bree is being assaulted by a man she had turned down. Despite still being in a wheelchair, Orson uses a taser to knock the man out and tells a grateful Bree that the two were always good at cleaning each other's messes.


title: Orson Hodge

text: When Bree's friends try to see her, Orson says he happened to be passing by and saw Bree in trouble. He lies to Bree about the meeting, claiming her friends bad-mouthed her, which convinces her not to go to them to reconcile. He convinces Bree to go away with him for the weekend and claims that he has changed ever since he learned to drive again after regaining some use of his legs.


title: Orson Hodge

text: The viewer sees that Orson has been stalking Bree for months. He saw the girls bury Alejandro's body and left the first mysterious note in Bree's mailbox, perhaps as part of a scheme to win her back. He convinces her to go away with him on a trip but Bree insists they stop at his apartment first. Despite Orson's attempts to clean up, Bree sees a photo he took of the girls taking away Alejandro's body and realizes Orson has been watching her all this time. He also confirms he is the one who killed Chuck Vance, the detective coming close to them, insisting it was all for Bree. She says she wants nothing to do with him and better off without him. Orson calls her later to say their love requires a sacrifice and Bree assumes he's going to kill himself. Instead, Orson mails a folder filled with evidence to the Fairview Police to implicate Bree in Alejandro's murder as his final revenge against her, and then leaves town for parts unknown.


title: Orson Hodge

text: The mystery storyline of Orson in the third season received mixed reviews. Dave Anderson of "TV Guide" called the season premiere first-rate, while praising the comedic Bree storyline and declaring the set-up for the Orson mystery storyline ingenious. Andy Dehnart of MSNBC cited Orson's storyline as a welcomed change from the slow-moving Applewhite mystery arc. On negative reviews, "TV Guide" writer Matt Roush unfavorably compared the Orson character to Bree's former love interest, George Williams (Roger Bart), while Lindsay Soll of "Entertainment Weekly" simply labelled Orson's storyline as "confusing".


title: Victor Duleep Singh

text: Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 July 1866 – 7 June 1918) was the eldest son of Maharani Bamba Müller and Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of Lahore, and of the Sikh Empire, and the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.


title: Victor Duleep Singh

text: Victor Duleep Singh was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met Lady Anne Blanche Alice Coventry whom he would later marry. In 1887 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, with a special Cadetship and left it the following December to be commissioned as Lieutenant into the 1st (Royal) Dragoons.


title: Victor Duleep Singh

text: In 1889 Singh was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a member of the staff of General Sir John Ross, commander of British forces in British North America. In December, he was rumoured to be engaged to marry Jeanne Turnure, daughter of Lawrence Turnure, a New York City banker, after staying at the Turnure house in Newport, Rhode Island, the previous summer; the rumour was however denied by the banker. In February the following year, Singh took a three-month leave of absence from the army to meet his father in Paris, when rumours of unpaid creditors in Halifax became current for the first time. He continued to serve in the Royal Dragoons until he resigned his commission in 1898.


title: Victor Duleep Singh

text: On the death of his father, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, on 23 October 1893, Victor succeeded him as Head of the Royal House of the Punjab.


title: Victor Duleep Singh

text: On 4 January 1898, Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh married Lady Anne Coventry, a daughter of the 9th Earl of Coventry, who was eight years younger than himself. The marriage created a sensation: it was the first time an Indian prince had married an English noblewoman, and the marriage was made possible primarily due to the intervention of the Prince of Wales (subsequently King Edward VII). The wedding took place at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, London, where Queen Victoria was also represented. Although Queen Victoria gave the couple her blessing, she allegedly told Lady Anne to never have children with the Prince. The marriage remained childless.


title: Victor Duleep Singh

text: Singh was declared bankrupt on 4 September 1902, with debts totaling £117,900 (approximately £ in today's value), despite his £8,250 annual allowance and his wife's income of £2,500. The bankruptcy was attributed to bad investments and to gambling, something that plagued him for the rest of his life.


title: Victor Duleep Singh

text: He died, without legitimate issue, aged 51, on 7 June 1918, and was buried at the Anglican Cemetery above Monte Carlo. Beside him is the grave of his wife who died aged 82, on 2 July 1956.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: Vasant Panchami, also called Saraswati Puja in honor of the Hindu goddess Saraswati, is a festival that marks the preparation for the arrival of spring. The festival is celebrated in Indian religions in different ways depending on the region. Vasant Panchami also marks the start of preparation for Holika and Holi, which take place forty days later. The Vasant Utsava (festival) on Panchami is celebrated forty days before spring, because any season's transition period is 40 days, and after that, the season comes into full bloom.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: Vasant Panchami is celebrated every year on the fifth day of the bright half of the Hindu lunisolar calendar month of Magha, which typically falls in late January or February. Spring is known as the "King of all Seasons", so the festival commences forty days in advance. It is generally winter-like in northern India, and more spring-like in central and western parts of India on Vasant Panchami, which gives credence to the idea that spring is actually in full bloom 40 days after the Vasant Panchami day.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: The festival is particularly observed by Hindus in the Indian subcontinent, notably India and Nepal. It has been a historical tradition of Sikhs as well. In southern states, the same day is called "Sri Panchami".


title: Vasant Panchami

text: On the island of Bali and the Hindus of Indonesia, it is known as ""Hari Raya Saraswati"" (great day of Saraswati). It also marks the beginning of the 210-day long Balinese Pawukon calendar.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: Vasant Panchami is a festival of Hindus and Sikhs that marks the beginning of preparations for the spring season. It is celebrated by people in various ways depending on the region. Vasant Panchami also marks the start of preparation for Holika and Holi, which occur forty days later. For many, Vasant Panchami is the festival dedicated to goddess Saraswati who is their goddess of knowledge, language, music, and all arts. She symbolizes creative energy and power in all its forms, including longing and love. The season and festival also celebrate the agricultural fields' ripening with yellow flowers of mustard crop, which Hindus associate with Saraswati's favorite color. People dress in yellow saris or shirts or accessories, share yellow-colored snacks and sweets. Some add saffron to their rice and then eat yellow cooked rice as a part of an elaborate feast.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: Many families mark this day by sitting with babies and young children, encouraging their children to write their first words with their fingers, and some study or create music together. The day before Vasant Panchami, Saraswati's temples are filled with food so that she can join the celebrants in the traditional feasting the following morning. In temples and educational institutions, statues of Saraswati are dressed in yellow and worshiped. Many educational institutions arrange special prayers or pujas in the morning to seek the blessing of the goddess. Poetic and musical gatherings are held in some communities in reverence for Saraswati.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: In Eastern India, primarily in the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Tripura and Assam, as well as in Nepal, people visit Saraswati temples and also worship Goddess Saraswati at home (Saraswati Puja). In West Bengal, it's one of the major festivals for Bengali Hindus and observed by many households; most schools arrange Saraswati puja for their students on their premises. In Bangladesh too, all major educational institutes and universities observe it with a holiday and a special puja.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: In the state of Odisha, the festival is celebrated as Basanta Panchami/Sri Panchami /Saraswati Puja. Homas and Yagnas are done in schools and colleges across the state. Students celebrate Saraswati puja with great sincerity and fervor. Usually, children four and five years old start learning on this day in a unique ceremony named 'Khadi-Chuan' or 'Vidya-Arambha'. - this is known as "Haate-Khori" among Bengali Hindus.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: In southern states such as Andhra Pradesh, the same day is called "Sri Panchami" where "Sri" refers to her as another aspect of the one goddess Devi.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: Another legend behind Vasant Panchami is based on the Hindu god of love called Kama. Pradyumna is Kamadev personified in Krishna's Book. Thus Vasant Panchami is also known as "Madana Panchami". Pradyumna is the son of Rukmini and Krishna. He awakens the passions of the earth (and its people) and thus the world blooms anew.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: It is remembered as the day when the Seers (Rishis) approached Kama to wake up Shiva from his Yogic meditation. They support Parvati who is doing a penance to get Shiva as husband and seek Kama's help to bring Shiva back from his meditation to worldly desires. Kama agrees and shoots arrows, made of flowers and bees, at Shiva from his heavenly bow of sugarcane in order to arouse him to pay attention to Parvati. Lord Shiva awakens from his meditation. When his third eye opens, a fireball is directed to Kama. Kama the Lord of desires is burnt to ashes. This initiative is celebrated by Hindus as Vasant Panchami.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: Vasant Panchami is associated with the emotions of love and emotional anticipation in Kutch (Gujarat) and is celebrated by preparing bouquets and garlands of flowers set with mango leaves, as a gift. People dress in saffron, pink, or yellow and visit each other. Songs about Krishna's pranks with Radha, considered to mirror Kama-Rati, are sung. This is symbolized with the Hindu deity Kama with his wife Rati.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: Traditionally, in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh, after bathing in the morning, people worship Shiva and Parvati. Offerings of mango flowers and the ears of wheat are traditionally made.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: The shrine of the Sun God in Aurangabad district, Bihar known as the Deo-Sun Shrine, was established on Basant Panchami. The day is celebrated to commemorate the founding of the shrine by King Aila of Allahabad and the birthday of the Sun-Deo God. The statues are washed and old red clothes on them are replaced with new ones on Basant Panchami. Devotees sing, dance and play musical instruments.


title: Vasant Panchami

text: People celebrate the day by wearing yellow (white), eating sweet dishes and displaying yellow flowers in homes. In Rajasthan, it is customary for people to wear jasmine garlands. In Maharashtra, newly married couples visit a temple and offer prayers on the first Basant Panchami after the wedding. wearing yellow dresses. In the Punjab region, Sikhs and Hindus wear yellow turban or headdress. In Uttarakhand, in addition to Saraswati Puja, people worship Shiva, Parvati as the mother earth and the crops or agriculture. People eat yellow rice and wear yellow. It is also a significant school supplies shopping and related gift-giving season.