title: Superstar (Delaney and Bonnie song)

text: Second-season "American Idol" contestant Ruben Studdard found his melismatic, R&B groove early in the Final 12 rounds when he performed a Vandross-influenced "Superstar". It got rave reviews from the judges and established Studdard as one of the early leaders in the competition, a position he held through his narrow May 2003 win over second-place finisher Clay Aiken.


title: Superstar (Delaney and Bonnie song)

text: By now his signature song, Studdard recorded "Superstar" as the B-side of his June 2003 first single and number two hit, "Flying Without Wings". Studdard earned a 2004 Grammy Award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Superstar", but he lost to his own idol, Vandross, who won for "Dance with My Father". Studdard's treatment was also included on his December 2003 debut album, "Soulful".


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: Albert Johnson ( – February 17, 1932), also known as the Mad Trapper of Rat River, was a fugitive whose actions stemming from a trapping dispute eventually sparked a huge manhunt in the Northwest Territories and Yukon in Northern Canada. The event became a media circus as Johnson eluded the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) team sent to take him into custody, which ended after a pursuit lasting more than a month and a shootout in which Johnson was fatally wounded on the Eagle River, Yukon. Albert Johnson is suspected to have been a pseudonym and his true identity remains unknown.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: Albert Johnson arrived in Fort McPherson after coming down the Peel River on July 9, 1931. He was questioned by RCMP constable Edgar Millen, but provided little information. Millen thought he had a Scandinavian accent, generally kept himself clean-shaven, and seemed to have plenty of money for supplies. After venturing the waterways in an indigenous-built raft to the Mackenzie River delta, he built a small cabin on the banks of the Rat River. Johnson had not acquired a trapping license, which was considered odd for someone living in the bush. At that time many northern native traditional trapping areas were being invaded by outsiders fleeing the Great Depression and some complaints may have been intended to remove him.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: In December, native trappers complained to the local RCMP detachment in Aklavik that 'Johnson' was tampering with their traps, tripping them and hanging them on the trees. A post incident investigation by the RCMP "found an entirely different story. Evidently, Johnson had roughly told them to take off and had even pointed a gun at them, when they came-a-visiting at Johnson's cabin".


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: On December 26, Constable Alfred King and Special Constable Joe Bernard, each of whom had a considerable northern experience, trekked the to Johnson's cabin to ask him about the allegations. Seeing smoke coming from the chimney, they approached the hut to talk. Johnson refused to talk to them, however, seeming to not even notice them. King looked into the cabin window, at which point Johnson placed a sack across it. The two constables eventually decided to return to Aklavik and get a search warrant.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: King and Bernard returned five days later with two other men. Johnson again refused to talk and eventually King decided to enforce the warrant and force the door. As soon as he began, Johnson shot him through the wooden door. A brief firefight broke out, and the team managed to return the wounded King to Aklavik where he eventually recovered.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: A posse was then formed consisting of nine men, 42 dogs and of dynamite which they intended to use to blast Johnson out of the cabin if necessary. After surrounding the cabin they thawed the dynamite inside their coats. The common version states that this charge was thrown onto the roof of the cabin, collapsing it in the following explosion. After the explosion, the men tried to rush in. Johnson opened fire from a five-foot dugout beneath the ruins. No one was hit, and after a 15-hour standoff (ending at 4:00 A.M.) in the weather, the posse retreated to Aklavik for further assistance. Again, the RCMP investigative report partially contradicts this, claiming that the dynamite charge barely damaged the cabin, but it was later purposely destroyed to prevent him from returning to it, which may have led to the impression by some that the blast had destroyed it.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: By this point, the news had filtered out to the rest of the world via radio. After being delayed because of blizzard conditions, the reinforced posse returned on January 14 to find that Johnson had left the cabin, and the posse struck out after him. Eventually, they caught up with him on January 30, surrounding him in a thicket. In the ensuing firefight, Johnson shot Constable Edgar Millen through the heart, killing him. Millen was later to have a tributary of the Rat River, Millen Creek, named for him. A memorial is located in the area. Once again they fell into retreat. The posse continued to grow, enlisting local Inuvialuit and Gwich'in who were better able to move in the back country. Johnson had clearly decided to leave for the Yukon, but the RCMP blocked the only two passes over the Richardson Mountains. That did not stop Johnson, who climbed a peak and once again disappeared.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: In desperation, the RCMP hired a leading post-war aviator named Wilfrid "Wop" May of Canadian Airways to help in the hunt by scouting the area from the air. He arrived in the new ski-equipped Bellanca monoplane on February 5. May discovered that Johnson had crossed the Richardson Mountains when the airplane saw his tracks on the far side of the range. On February 14, he discovered the tactics Johnson had been using to elude his followers. He noticed a set of footprints leading off the centre of the frozen surface of the Eagle River to the bank. Johnson had been following the caribou tracks in the middle of the river, where they walked in order to give them better visibility of approaching predators. Walking in their tracks had hidden his footprints and allowed him to travel quickly on the compacted snow without having to use his snowshoes. He left the trail only at night to make camp on the river bank, which is the track May had spotted. May radioed back his findings and the RCMP gave chase up the river, eventually being directed to Johnson by February 17.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: The pursuit team rounded a bend in the river to find Johnson only a few hundred yards ahead, standing in front of them. Johnson attempted to run for the bank, but did not have his snowshoes on and could not make it. A firefight broke out in which RCMP Constable Alfred King was seriously wounded and Johnson was killed after being shot in the left side of the pelvis at an acute angle. It is believed that the bullet passed through vital tissues, bowels, and main arteries, which led to his death. May landed the plane, picked up the injured officer and flew him to help for which he was credited with saving his life.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: After Johnson's death, RCMP officials realized that he had travelled over away from his cabin in 33 days, burning approximately 42 MJ (10,000 kcal) a day in the cold weather and hostile terrain. Seventy-five years later in 2007, forensics teams found that his tailbone was not actually symmetrical, causing his spine to curve left and right slightly. In addition, one foot was longer than the other.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: An examination of Johnson's body yielded over $2,000 in both American and Canadian currency as well as some gold, a pocket compass, a razor, a knife, fish hooks, nails, a dead squirrel, a dead bird, a large quantity of Beecham's Pills and teeth with gold fillings that were believed to be his. During the entire chase, the Mounties had never heard Johnson utter a single word. The only thing they heard was Johnson's laugh after he shot Constable Edgar Millen. To this day people debate who he was, why he moved to the Arctic, or if he was actually responsible for interfering with the trap lines as alleged.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: The RCMP sent a series of photographs throughout Canada and the United States in an unsuccessful effort to learn his real identity, which has never been definitively established.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: In the 1930s, the initial investigation about the identity of Albert Johnson primarily focused on an obscure individual named Arthur Nelson. Details of Nelson's life were recorded by Yukon researcher and author Richard North. Nelson apparently travelled from Dease Lake, British Columbia, up into the Yukon in the 1927 to 1931 period. He had similar guns (a Savage Model 99, a .30-30 Winchester calibre lever action rifle and a .22 Long Rifle) as Albert Johnson. Nelson was also remembered by Kaska Dena elders Art John Sr. and others who knew him by the alias "Mickey Nelson" when he trapped and prospected in the Ross River region in west-central Yukon.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: Yukon author Dick North's 1989 book "Trackdown" put forward his theory that Albert Johnson, Arthur Nelson, and a North Dakota repeat criminal by the name of John Johnson were one and the same person. John Johnson did time in San Quentin Prison and Folsom Prison, and his physical description is well documented and similar to the Mad Trapper's. North traced John Johnson's identity back to Norway. "Johnny Johnson" was born Johan Konrad Jonsen (1898) in Bardu, northern Norway, north of the Arctic Circle. However, the Mad Trapper's expensive dental work were not likely to belong to the criminal Johnson. Also, DNA tests involving John Johnson's great-nephew Ole Getz disproved that Johnny Johnson and the Mad Trapper were the same people.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: The Johnston family of Pictou, Nova Scotia, have long believed that Albert Johnson is actually Owen Albert Johnston, a relative who had left Pictou at the beginning of the Great Depression to find work in the United States. The family's last letter from Johnston was posted from Revelstoke, British Columbia, early in 1931. They never heard from him again. According to a 2009 radio interview a relative was arranging for DNA tests.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: Previous theories were challenged with the release of Mark Fremmerlid's book "What Became of Sigvald Anyway". He proposed too many coincidences to ignore the possibility of Sigvald Pedersen Haaskjold from Norway emerging as Albert Johnson. Sigvald was last known as a highly self-sufficient 32-year-old in 1927, years before the chase and death of Albert Johnson, who was estimated between 35 and 40 years. Sigvald had become obsessed with the notion that the authorities were still looking for him after evading conscription during the First World War. He had built a fortress-like cabin on Digby Island on the north coast of B.C. before disappearing. This author points out circumstantial evidence for this case.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: In August 2007, a forensic team assembled by Myth Merchant Films located and exhumed Johnson's grave near the cemetery in Aklavik, then conducted a modern forensic examination on his remains; these were documented in the documentary film "The Hunt for the Mad Trapper" and the book "The Mad Trapper: Unearthing a Mystery" by Barbara Smith.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: This team found that isotopic analysis of his teeth suggested he may have grown up in Scandinavia or the U.S. Midwest, that he had scoliosis which would have led to chronic back pain, that he was approximately 35 years of age, and that he had been struck multiple times in his final gun battle including his leg, thorax and a debilitating shot from behind through his pelvis. A spiral fracture of his femur supports the anecdote that a bullet had hit and exploded an ammunition pouch on his hip. His dental work was of very high quality for the time suggesting he was able to afford expensive state-of-the-art work at a major centre such as Chicago or New York. DNA samples were also obtained for comparison work.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: After the examination his remains were re-interred with full religious rites by both the local priest and native elders, something that had not been afforded to him at his original burial.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: While many people had offered convincing circumstantial and anecdotal evidence that they were related to him, the DNA analysis ruled out all of the candidates and his identity remains a mystery.


title: Albert Johnson (criminal)

text: In 2017, it was decided to attempt a familial DNA investigation; however, technical problems with the DNA eluded analysis until an adequate sequence was developed by Othram Inc. in 2021. Further investigation by Othram traced his ancestors to Sweden, linking him to multiple descendants of Gustaf Magnusson (1776–1853) and Britta Svensdotter (1781–1846), suggesting that he was either their descendant or the descendant of one of their close relatives. Many of his genetic matches traced their ancestry to the Swedish towns of Hånger, Kävsjö and Kulltorp. , further DNA samples and family history were being sought from possible descendants to further the investigation.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: Project X Zone 2 is a crossover tactical role-playing game for the Nintendo 3DS developed by Monolith Soft and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. Despite the game being the sequel to "Project X Zone", the plot is a homage to the events of its spiritual predecessor, "Namco × Capcom", while retaining a standalone story. The game is a crossover between various franchises from Bandai Namco, Capcom, and Sega, with special guests from Nintendo. The game was released in Japan in November 2015, and worldwide in February 2016.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: It is set after the previous game's events. Members of the secret agency Shinra investigate the appearance of mysterious golden chains in multiple worlds, which are soon revealed to be connected to the villainous organisation Ouma. The game's story starts with Reiji and Xiaomu, the game's protagonists meeting with Chris Redfield and Jill Valentine. While investigating Kamurocho, they stumble across Heihachi, Phoenix Wright, Maya Fey, and Goro Majima being attacked by zombies, and before long, they also meet up with Kazuma Kiryu. From there, they eventually meet up with several other characters on their own journeys to investigate these golden chains.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: Like its predecessor, "Project X Zone" is a tactical role-playing game in which players strategically maneuver their characters across a field to battle with the enemy. Characters are paired up into Pair Units, with Solo Units consisting of a single character able to assist them when linked together. In battle, players use well-timed attacks and combos to do as much damage to the opponent as possible before their turn ends.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: Like its predecessor, "Project X Zone 2" features pairs of characters from three Japanese video game companies (Bandai Namco Entertainment, Capcom, and Sega), as well as solo characters who can provide assist attacks during combat. The game also features Nintendo characters as special guests for the first time. A total of 58 characters are playable in the game.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: On April 8, 2015, Famitsu.com launched a teaser website with a countdown that would expire in five days, revealing a secret project from Bandai Namco Entertainment. Before its expiration, "Project X Zone 2" was announced early to attendees of Bandai Namco's "Level Up" press event in Milan, Italy on April 10, which was prematurely posted on Italian news website E-duesse before being retracted. The game was officially revealed to the public three days later. It was confirmed in an interview that the game will address the criticisms of the original (such as the story) and that there will be some "surprise" announcements. The game was originally going to have a simultaneous worldwide release, but the North American and European releases were later delayed to early 2016. Unlike the previous game, the western versions features no altered content from the Japanese version and are in multiple languages.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: The game's opening and ending themes, "Sekai wa Hitotsu no Butai" (All the World's Stage), and "Tsuki Akari no Curtain Call" (Moonlight Curtain Call) were both performed by marina. The lyrics were written by director Soichiro Morizumi, and the themes were composed by Yuzo Koshiro. Koshiro had previously composed the theme of "Namco × Capcom," Brave New World, and this time Morizumi asked him to compose a song that was more akin to battle music. Koshiro decided to go with a rock theme, and found that marina's vocals were perfect for the song. marina expressed that while she found the song difficult to sing, she thought it turned out very well.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: The game's opening animation was produced by Graphinica and directed by veteran animator Yasutoshi Iwasaki.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: "Project X Zone 2" received mixed to positive reviews, receiving a score of 73/100 on Metacritic, with critics praising the game's cast of characters and improvements to issues present in the first game, but criticizing the game's easy difficulty and the fact that many assets were reused from the first game. The game received a 32/40 from Famitsu. Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 4/5 saying, ""Project X Zone 2" is a funny, charming and amusing title. It sets out to entertain video game fans of all stripes and allows the player to jump from world to world to get a taste of other titles they may have been missing. Just based on the built-in "Crosspedia" encyclopedia database, the stack of games that I really want to try out has grown (Resonance of Fate, in particular). It's not challenging, but it was never meant to be. The gameplay is simply the vehicle to deliver the true focus of this title: dumb fun. Players who don't need everything to bristle with a dark malevolence will find a great time in this one."


title: Project X Zone 2

text: The game sold 37,000 copies in Japan on its first week, selling through 60% of its shipment. The game made the #2 spot in the UK 3DS sales charts.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: In an interview with Nintendo Life, Kensuke Tsukanaka stated that he would like to continue the series.


title: Project X Zone 2

text: Hideki Kamiya of PlatinumGames has stated he was approached about having Sega character Bayonetta included in this game, to which he refused as he wanted Bayonetta and Dante from "Devil May Cry" to meet "on his own terms". However, he has stated he has come to regret this decision due to realizing how the fans would have loved the two interacting, and that if there is a "Project X Zone 3" he would be all for Bayonetta's inclusion.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: Kompressor (stylized as KOMPRESSOR) is a marketing name for forced induction (supercharged) Mercedes-Benz engines. The term is not widely used by other motor manufacturers.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: The first Mercedes supercharger was developed in 1921 by a Daimler-Benz team with assistance from Ferdinand Porsche. Mercedes became the first manufacturer to install superchargers on some production models. The designation "K" on Mercedes usually means "Kurz", or short, but can mean "Kompressor".


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: In 2002 for the 2003 model year, a new family of supercharged four cylinder engines, dubbed "M271", debuted for the entire C-Class range. All of them used the same 1.8-litre engine, with different designations according to horsepower levels, including a version powered by natural gas. The C 230 Kompressor variant sported . The newer 1.8-litre was less powerful but smoother and more efficient than the older 2.3-litre engine compared to .


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: Initial engine options comprised the C 180 (139 PS), C220 (143 PS), C 200 Kompressor, and C 230 Kompressor. In 2003, Mercedes-Benz added the C 180 Kompressor, followed by the C 200 compressor in 2003-2007 (187 hp), and finally the C 160 Kompressor in 2005. The C 230 SportCoupé was powered by a 2.3-litre supercharged, four-cylinder motor. It offered and of torque. However, the supercharged inline-four engine was considered to be coarse and noisy at the high end.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: Powertrain consists of AMG SPEEDSHIFT black series 5-speed automatic transmission mated to an AMG 3.2 liter V6 Kompressor engine with an output of 260 kW/349 hp and @ 4,400 rpm. The engine is a special version of the 3.2 L (3199 cc) M112 E32, fitted with a helical twin-screw supercharger and water-to-air intercooler. The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon-coated rotors producing overall boost of 14.5 psi (1 bar). Compared to the standard M112 engine, the AMG version also has a new crankshaft, new con rods and pistons, an oil pump with a 70-percent increased capacity, lightweight camshafts, and stiffer valve springs for a redline of 6200 rpm, an increase of 200 rpm.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: While rival BMW M developed the "SMG-II" automated manual for the BMW M3, the C32 and SLK32 have a 5-speed automatic transmission's "Speedshift" system which now has quicker response (up to 35 percent) to accelerator and shift selector movements.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: The C32 had a smaller engine than its predecessors, the C36 AMG with the M104 3.6L I6 engine, and the C43 AMG powered by the M113 4.3L V8 engine. Nonetheless, the C32 AMG was capable of runs to 60 in 4.5 seconds, when reviewed by AutoCar on June 27, 2001, beating the BMW M3 and the Porsche 911.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: The M113 Kompressor, also nicknamed M113K, is supercharged variant of the M113 V8. It is a 5.4 L V8 engine with a Lysholm type twin screw supercharger and water-to-air intercooler. The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon-coated rotors, is found in the rest of the AMG 55 models which are typically midsized or larger vehicles. The "published" output according to Mercedes varies from to and to , depending on various methods of power measurements and different ECU programming for national legislations. For instance, the E55 AMG's engine was at the low end, nonetheless it was still Mercedes-Benz's fastest sedan at the time, while the SL55 AMG's engine had the top output. Mercedes has claimed that a more restrictive exhaust system was responsible for cutting output on the E55 AMG, however some enthusiasts have managed to bump up horsepower to 505 on the E55 by incorporating some parts from the SL55.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: The M113K was mated to the Speedshift 5-speed automatic transmission, which has a torque capacity of , as the newer 7G-Tronic introduced in 2003 is limited to , not enough to handle the torque from the supercharged V8.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: The V8 S55 AMG had a comparable output to the V12-powered S600 throughout their production. The S55 AMG (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.4L 354 hp (264 kW) V8 motor while the later versions (2003–06) sported the same motor, but supercharged to a rated 493 hp (386 kW). The S600 (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.8L 362 hp (270 kW) V12 engine while the later versions (2003–06) sported a twin-turbocharged (or Bi-Turbo) 493 hp (368 kW) 5.5L V12. The justification for having two models with the same power is that the S55 AMG is sportier and more responsive, while the costlier S600 is more luxurious with a smoother ride.


title: Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)

text: AMG phased out the supercharged 5.4 L engines in favor of the new M156 V8 beginning in 2006, which was paired with 7G-Tronic. However, some enthusiasts were disappointed because the M156 produces less torque than the supercharged M155.


title: T-122 Sakarya

text: As part of the modernization drive undertaken by the Turkish Military in the 1980s and 90s several new rocket systems were developed for the needs of the Turkish army. Prototypes of the system were revealed in 1995 with the first vehicles undertaking trials and evaluation in 1996. Production commenced in 1997.


title: T-122 Sakarya

text: The system consists of two pods of 122-mm launch tubes which are hydraulically traversed and elevated. It is equipped with a state-of-the-art fire control system which calculates firing data automatically for rockets with different warheads and is capable of storing up to 20 target coordinates. The vehicle can fire rockets singly or in salvo, with a full forty rocket launch taking less than 80 seconds and blanketing a target area of 500 m × 500 m. In addition the later versions of the T-122 features an integral hydraulic crane which allows reloading of rockets pods within five minutes.


title: T-122 Sakarya

text: The rockets for the system were developed and manufactured by MKEK and ROKETSAN, though the T-122 can fire 122mm rockets from the BM-21 and associated systems. Indigenous rockets are available with HE-FRAG or cluster warheads which can contain either anti-personnel or anti-tank submunitions. Maximum range of fire with extended-range rockets is up to 40 km.


title: T-122 Sakarya

text: First production models of the T-122 Sakarya launcher vehicle were based on the German MAN 26.281 heavy utility truck. An improved variant of the system was revealed in 2005 which is based on the MAN 26.372 truck which is also used as the launcher vehicle for the J-600T Yıldırım short-range ballistic missile. The improved system is fitted to use factory-sealed disposable rocket pods that are specifically designed to be maintenance free, resistant to handling and environmental conditions and allow rapid reloading. The updated system can also be fitted with armour and an NBC system.


title: Bobrisky

text: Bobrisky is a Nigerian transgender woman and LGBT personality. She is also known for her presence on the social media apps Snapchat, TikTok and Instagram. She has gone viral on TikTok for creating the "bobrisky dance" in 2021.


title: Bobrisky

text: Born Okuneye Idris Olarenwaju in 1991, Bobrisky attended both King's College, Lagos and Okota High School, Lagos for her secondary school education, and studied and graduated with a BSc Accounting from the University of Lagos (UNILAG), Nigeria.


title: Bobrisky

text: She became recognized as being highly controversial on social media for not adhering to conservative Nigerian standards. Bobrisky has a huge following on social media. She was able to garner traffic to her Snapchat account when she claimed she had a lover who is assumed to be of masculine gender despite the law in Nigeria stating that same sex relationships is an offence punishable by up to 14 years imprisonment. On 8 July 2021, she revealed a new physical appearance after undergoing surgery to become more feminine. She has also advised upcoming transgender individuals to go for proper surgical enhancement procedures so they can be who they truly want to be.


title: Bobrisky

text: Bobrisky has been asked by certain event planners to give talks at events. A Nigerian presidential aide walked out of a premises on sighting Bobrisky within the residence. In 2019, Otunba Olusegun Runsewe, Director General of Nigeria's National Council for Arts and Culture, called Bobrisky "a national disgrace" and said she would be "dealt with ruthlessly" if caught on the streets.


title: Bobrisky

text: Taiwo Kola-Ogunlade, Google's Communications and Public Affairs Manager for West Africa, said Bobrisky was the most searched individual in Nigeria from 26 October to November 2016. Bobrisky has also been associated with other Nigerian celebrity Tonto Dikeh


title: Zee Tamil

text: Zee Tamil is an Indian Tamil language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The channel started broadcasting on 2008 and is available internationally. The channel broadcasts from Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.


title: Zee Tamil

text: Zee Tamil was launched on 12 October 2008 as the third south Indian channel after Zee Telugu and Zee Kannada. It was launched under Zee Entertainment Enterprises.


title: Zee Tamil

text: Zee Tamil went on a revamp with an update in its on-air graphics on 15 October 2017 with the slogan of "Let's bridge heart and welcome change (மனதால் இணைவோம் மாற்றத்தை வரவேற்போம்), along with the launch of a high-definition feed with Tamil film actress Jyothika as the brand ambassador. The rebranding coincided with the Zee Network's silver jubilee celebrations where all the network channels donned a new look.


title: Zee Tamil

text: On 19 September 2018, Astro Added "Samrat" Pack Customers, Zee Tamil HD (Channel 232) and purchase until October 2018.


title: Zee Tamil

text: On 19 January 2020, its siblings channel Zee Thirai was launched, which airs non-stop Kollywood films. This Movie Channel was released by actor Kamal Haasan at the grand stage of "Zee Cine Awards Tamil" (2020).


title: Zee Tamil

text: Zee Tamil programming includes serials, spiritual shows, cookery, talk shows, musical shows, movies and events. It telecasts fantasy and romance serials. Zee Tamil also telecasts reality shows like Dance Jodi Dance, Genes, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors, Survivor Tamil, Tamizha Tamizha and Rockstar.


title: Zee Tamil

text: In 2017, after the channel went through a complete revamp the shares rose from 5% to between 13% and 15% in that year. Making Zee Tamil the second most watched Tamil television channel.


title: Zee Tamil

text: Zee Tamil created history by beating Sun TV Programs. For a first time a non- Sun TV Program entered into Top 5 BARC Programs of Zee Tamil Sembaruthi.


title: Zee Tamil

text: Again Zee Tamil created history that a Non-Sun TV Premiere Movie 2.0 entered into Top 5 BARC Programs.


title: Abdication of Nicholas II

text: Abdication of Nicholas II () was a manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas II, signed in Pskov on 2 March (O.S.) / 15 March (N.S.) 1917, in the midst of World War I and the February Revolution. The Emperor renounced the throne of the Russian Empire on behalf of himself and his son, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, in favor of his brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich. The next day the Grand Duke refused to accept the imperial authority, stating that he would accept it only if that was the consensus of democratic action by the Russian Constituent Assembly, which shall define the form of government for Russia. The rule of the 300 year-old House of Romanov ended with the Grand Duke's decision. Power in Russia then passed to the Russian Provisional Government, signaling the victory for the February Revolution.


title: Ian Tracey

text: Ian Tracey (born June 26, 1964) is a Canadian actor. Over the years, Tracey has participated in more than 70 films and television series. Tracey has starred in series such as "Da Vinci's Inquest" and "Intelligence", both CBC television series produced by long-time colleague Chris Haddock. He is also known for his role as the title character in 1979's "Huckleberry Finn and His Friends".


title: Ian Tracey

text: Tracey was born on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. He grew up in British Columbia's Port Coquitlam. Tracey started working at the age of 11, playing in the 1976 film "The Keeper", starring Christopher Lee. He is also the father of actor Keenan Tracey (b. 1991).


title: Ian Tracey

text: Tracey's recent feature film credits include "Prozac Nation", "Owning Mahowny", with Philip Seymour Hoffman, Kevin Costner's western "Open Range", and Christopher Nolan's 2001 thriller "Insomnia". In 1999, Tracey won the Leo Award for Best Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama for "Rupert's Land".


title: Ian Tracey

text: Tracey has appeared in a number of movies-of-the-week, including starring in the title role of "Milgaard", for which he won both the Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series and Leo Award for Best Performance by a Male in a Picture in 1999.


title: Ian Tracey

text: Other television films include "The Rookies", for which he received a 1991 Gemini nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. He was nominated for a Gemini Award in 2000 for his portrayal of the talented Homicide Detective Mick Leary in the Canadian TV series "Da Vinci's Inquest". He also directed two episodes in that television series, as well as two in "Intelligence".


title: Ian Tracey

text: Tracey was a series regular on "Sweating Bullets" (also known as "Tropical Heat") and had a recurring lead on "The Commish". He was also seen in "Taken" and has guest starred on "Smallville", "Dark Angel", "The Sentinel", "The X-Files", "The Outer Limits", "", "The Collector", "21 Jump Street", and "Mom P.I."


title: Ian Tracey

text: In 2005, Tracey was in the TV miniseries "" and "Intelligence", a CBC television series about the interactions between organized crime and government intelligence services. In "Intelligence", Tracey plays the head of a third-generation crime family that built its fortune on rum-running before turning to heroin and weed. He also appeared as Nova Group leader Daniel Armand in season three of the science fiction series "The 4400" and guest-starred as Lincoln Cole in "Smallville".


title: Ian Tracey

text: In 2010 he began the recurring role of villain Adam Worth on "Sanctuary". In spring 2007, he filmed the Chinese-Canadian historical miniseries "Iron Road" with Sam Neill and Peter O'Toole and narrated the making-of documentary for the DVD release of the series "Huckleberry Finn and His Friends". Most recently, he appeared in 4 seasons of Bates Motel as Remo Wallace.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: The British decimal two pence coin (often shortened to 2p in writing and speech) is a denomination of sterling coinage equalling 2/100ths of a pound. Since the coin's introduction on 15 February 1971, the year British currency was decimalised, its obverse has featured four profiles of Queen Elizabeth II. In 2008 the design on its reverse changed from the original depiction of a plume ostrich feathers with a coronet to a segment of the Royal Shield.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: As of March 2014 there were an estimated 6.55 billion 2p coins in circulation corresponding to a value of £131 million.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: 2p coins are legal tender for amounts only up to the sum of 20p when offered in repayment of a debt; however, the coin's legal tender status is not normally relevant for everyday transactions.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: From its first minting in 1971 until 1992, two pence coins were made from bronze. In 1992, this was changed to copper-plated steel because of the increasing price of copper used to make bronze. Both the bronze and steel versions were made in 1992 only.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: By May 2006 the pre-1992 (97% copper) coins contained 3p worth of copper each. In May 2006, about 2.55 billion such coins remained in circulation, and the Royal Mint warned that tampering with coinage is illegal in the UK. During 2008, the value of copper fell dramatically from these peaks.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: The original reverse of the coin, designed by Christopher Ironside, and used from 1971 to 2008, is the Badge of the Prince of Wales: a plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet, above the German motto ("I serve"). The numeral "2" is written below the badge, and either (1971–1981) or (from 1982) is written above. A small number of 1983 mintage coins exist with the "New Pence" wording. It was originally planned that an alternative version of the 2p would be minted with a design representing Northern Ireland; these plans never came to fruition. The same design was also re-cut in 1993 producing two minor varieties for that year.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £2 coin. The winner, announced in April 2008, was Matthew Dent, whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008. The designs for the 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together. The shield in its entirety was featured on the now-obsolete round £1 coin. The redesigned 2p coin depicts the second quarter of the shield, showing the Lion Rampant from the Royal Banner of Scotland, with the words above.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: To date, five different obverses have been used: four different portraits and the removal of the beaded border in 2008. In all cases, the inscription is , where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting. In the original design both sides of the coin are encircled by dots, a common feature on coins, known as beading.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: 2p coins are legal tender for amounts up to and including 20 pence. However, in the UK, "legal tender" has a very specific and narrow meaning which relates only to the repayment of debt to a creditor, not to everyday shopping or other transactions. Specifically, coins of particular denominations are said to be "legal tender" when a creditor must by law accept them in redemption of a debt. The term does not mean - as is often thought - that a shopkeeper has to accept a particular type of currency in payment. A shopkeeper is under no obligation to accept any specific type of payment, whether legal tender or not; conversely they have the discretion to accept any payment type they wish.


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

text: "Mintage figures below represent the number of coins of each date released for circulation. Mint Sets have been produced since 1982; where mintages on or after that date indicate 'none', there are examples contained within those sets."


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum () is a city and municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. Located in the heart of the Gooi, it is the largest urban centre in that area. It is surrounded by heathland, woods, meadows, lakes, and smaller towns. Hilversum is part of the Randstad, one of the largest conurbations in Europe, and the Amsterdam metropolitan area; it is about 22 km from the centre of Amsterdam and about 15 km from the city of Utrecht.


title: Hilversum

text: The city is home to the headquarters, studios, and broadcast stations of several major radio, television, and newspaper companies, such as the NOS. This means that Hilversum is known for being the "mediastad" (media city) of the Netherlands.


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum lies south-east of Amsterdam and north of Utrecht. The town is known for its architecturally important Town Hall (Raadhuis Hilversum), designed by Willem Marinus Dudok and built in 1931.


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum has one public library, two swimming pools (Van Hellemond Sport and De Lieberg), a number of sporting halls, and several shopping centers (such as Hilvertshof, Winkelcentrum Kerkelanden, De Riebeeckgalerij, and Winkelcentrum Seinhorst). Locally, the town center is known as "het dorp", which means "the village".


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum is located on the sandy, hilly parts of the Gooi, and has four hills: de closest to the centre of town in the Boomberg. then the Trompenberg (now a luxury residential area where a.o. the Brenninkmeijer family lives, of C&A-fame, and to the south the Hoorneboeg (25m) and two km easterly of that the Zwaluwenberg, where since 1950 the headquarters of the inspector-general of the armies is located. These hills date from the period of the Ice-age, when gletschers pushed walls of earth before them. Hilversum was the farthest southern edge the gletschers reached.


title: Hilversum

text: Surrounding towns are Nieuw-Loosdrecht, Bussum, Kortenhoef, Blaricum, Hollandsche Rading, Lage Vuursche, Maartensdijk, 's-Graveland, Laren, Nederhorst den Berg and Ankeveen.


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum consists of the following districts and neighborhoods: Center (Langgewenstbuurt, Sint Vitusbuurt, Havenstraatbuurt and Centrum), Northwest (Nimrodpark, Trompenberg North, Trompenberg South, Media Park, Raadhuiskwartier and Boomberg), Northeast (North, Johannes Geradtswegbuurt, Erfgooiersbuurt and AZC Crailo), East (Geuzenbuurt, Electrobuurt, Astronomiebuurt, Science neighborhood, Kamrad, Kleine Driftbuurt and Liebergen), Southeast (Bloemkwartier Noord, Bloemenkwartier Zuid, Painterskwartier, 't Hoogt van' t Kruis, Arenaparkkwartier and West Indiëkwartier), Zuid (Writerskwartier, Staatsliedenkwartier and Zeeheldenkwartier), Southwest ( Kerkelanden, Havenkwartier, Zeverijn and Het Rode Dorp) and Hilversumse Meent. In 1767 Hilversum was still divided into 4 districts (quarters): the Neuquartier, Groestquartier, Kerkquartier and the Sandtbergerquartier.


title: Hilversum

text: The Oude Haven in the southwest is at the end of the Gooische Vaart. The construction of the canal between 's-Graveland and Hilversum was done in stages, so that it took 240 years. The canal was completed in 1876. Later, a modern harbor was dug, surrounded by an industrial estate. There is also a sports harbor.


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum has a variety of international schools, such as the "Violenschool" and "International School Hilversum "Alberdingk Thijm"". Also, Nike's, Hunkemöller's and Converse's European headquarters are located in Hilversum.


title: Hilversum

text: Earthenware found in Hilversum gives its name to the Hilversum culture, which is an early- to mid-Bronze Age, or 1800–1200 BC material culture. Artifacts from this prehistoric civilization bear similarities to the Wessex Culture of southern Britain and may indicate that the first Hilversum residents emigrated from that area.


title: Hilversum

text: The first brick settlements formed around 900, but it was not until 1305 that the first official mention of Hilversum ("Hilfersheem" from "Hilvertshem" meaning "houses between the hills") is found. At that point it was a part of Naarden, the oldest town in the Gooi area.


title: Hilversum

text: Farming, raising sheep and some wool manufacturing were the means of life for the Gooi in the Middle Ages. In 1424 Hilversum received its first official independent status. This made possible further growth in the village because permission from Naarden was no longer needed for new industrial development.


title: Hilversum

text: The town grew further in the 17th century when the Dutch economy as a whole entered its age of prosperity, and several canals were built connecting it indirectly to Amsterdam.


title: Hilversum

text: In 1725 and 1766 large fires destroyed most of the town, leveling parts of the old townhouse and the church next to it. The town overcame these setbacks and the textile industry continued to develop, among other ways by devising a way to weave cows' hair.


title: Hilversum

text: In the 19th century a substantial textile and tapestry industry emerged, aided by a railway link to Amsterdam in 1874. From that time the town grew quickly with rich commuters from Amsterdam moving in, building themselves large villas in the wooded surroundings, and gradually starting to live in Hilversum permanently. Despite this growth, Hilversum was never granted city rights so it is still referred to by many locals as "het dorp," or "the village."


title: Hilversum

text: For the 1928 Summer Olympics in neighboring Amsterdam, it hosted all of the non-jumping equestrian and the running part of the modern pentathlon event.


title: Hilversum

text: The "Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek" (NSF) company established a professional transmitter and radio factory in Hilversum in the early 1920s, growing into the largest of its kind in the Netherlands.


title: Hilversum

text: Following the defeat of Allied forces in the Netherlands in 1940, and its occupation by Nazi Germany, Hilversum became the headquarters of the German Army ("Heer") in the Netherlands. On February 25 and 26, 1941, most of Hilversum's factories went on strike against the start of the Holocaust in the so-called February strike (Amsterdam Docker's Strike). Some 10,000 people took part. There is a yearly remembrance service since 2015. The Holocaust was the reason for 2,000 Hilversum Jews to lose their lives. The community has never recovered fully. Some 50 Hilversummers were awarded the title of Righteous among the nations from Yad Vashem. Viktor Kugeler, one of Anne Frank's helper, was one of them.


title: Hilversum

text: In 1948, NSF was taken over by Philips. However, Dutch radio broadcasting organizations (followed by television broadcasters during the 1950s) centralised their operations in Hilversum, providing a source of continuing economic growth. The concentration of broadcasters in Hilversum has given it its enduring status as the media city for the Netherlands.


title: Hilversum

text: In 1964, the population reached a record high – over 103,000 people called Hilversum home. However, the textile industry had started its decline; only one factory, Veneta, managed to continue into the 1960s, when it also had to close its doors. Another major industry, the chemical factory IFF, also closed by the end of the 1960s.


title: Hilversum

text: After the 1960s, the population gradually declined, until stabilising at around 85,000. Several factors other than the slump in manufacturing have featured in this decline: one is the fact that the average family nowadays consists of fewer people, so fewer people live in each house; second, the town is virtually unable to expand because all the surrounding lands were sold by city architect W.M. Dudok to the Goois Natuurreservaat (""). The third reason for this decline of the population was because the property values were increasing rapidly in that moment of time, and many people were forced to move to less expensive areas in the Netherlands.


title: Hilversum

text: Some sources blame connections in the television world for attracting crime to Hilversum; the town has had to cope with mounting drug-related issues in a community with higher than average unemployment and ongoing housing shortage.


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum was one of the first towns to have a local party of the populist movement called "Leefbaar" ("liveable"). Founded by former social-democrat party strongman Jan Nagel, it was initially held at bay for alderman positions. In 2001, Nagel from Leefbaar Hilversum teamed up with Leefbaar Utrecht leaders to found a national Leefbaar Nederland party. By strange coincidence, in 2002 the most vocal Leefbaar Rotterdam politician Pim Fortuyn was shot and killed by an animal rights activist at Hilversum Media Park just after finishing a radio interview. This happened, however, after a break between Fortuyn and Nagel during a Leefbaar Nederland board meeting in Hilversum on Fortuyn's anti-Islamic viewpoints.


title: Hilversum

text: The town of Hilversum has put a great deal of effort into improvements, including a recent renovation to its central train station, thorough renovation of the main shopping centre (Hilvertshof), and development of new dining and retail districts downtown including the "vintage" district in the Leeuwenstraat. Several notable architectural accomplishments include the Institute for Sound and Vision, and Zanderij Crailoo (""), the largest man-made wildlife crossing in the world.


title: Hilversum

text: The nearby Media Park was the scene of the 2002 assassination of politician Pim Fortuyn; in 2015, a gunman carrying a false pistol stormed into Nederlandse Omroep Stichting's headquarters, demanding airtime on the evening news.


title: Hilversum

text: The population declined from 103,000 in 1964 to 84,000 in 2006, but rose again to 90.000 in 2018. The decline is mostly due to the fact that families are smaller these days.


title: Hilversum

text: The city played host to many landscape artists during the 19th century, including Barend Cornelis Koekkoek.


title: Hilversum

text: In 2020 the international television event "" was broadcast from Studio 21 in Hilversum's Media Park. This event was held in place of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum is often called "media city", since it is the principal centre for radio and television broadcasting in the Netherlands, and is home to an extensive complex of radio and television studios and to the administrative headquarters of the multiple broadcasting organizations which make up the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system. Hilversum is also home to many newer commercial TV production companies. Radio Netherlands, which had been broadcasting worldwide via shortwave radio since the 1920s, was also based in Hilversum until it was dissolved in 2013.


title: Hilversum

text: The following is a list of organizations that have, or are continuing to, broadcast from studios in Hilversum:


title: Hilversum

text: One result of the town's history as an important radio transmission centre is that many older radio sets throughout Europe featured "Hilversum" as a pre-marked dial position on their tuning scales.


title: Hilversum

text: Hilversum Airport is located in the southwest of the municipality. Next to it is the former Marine Training Camp (MOK), now Corporal Van Oudheusden Barracks for the medical troops. In wartime the airfield was developed by the nazi's. They also set up an assembly line the for training aircraft, produced by Fokker in Weesp. The history of this airfield in the period 1940-1945 is described in the book 'Airfields in Wartime', written by members of the Air War Study Group 1939-1945 and published in November 2009 by the Netherlands Institute for Military History.


title: Hilversum

text: Most local and regional buses are operated by Connexxion, but two of the bus routes are operated by Syntus Utrecht and two others by U-OV and Pouw Vervoer. Regional bus route 320 is operated by both Connexxion and Pouw Vervoer. In 2018, major road works started to make room for a new BRT bus lane from Hilversum to Huizen, set to open in early 2021.


title: Hilversum

text: The municipal council of Hilversum consists of 37 seats, which are divided as follows since the last local election of 2018:


title: Hilversum

text: After the 2018 elections, the municipal government was made up of aldermen from the political parties Hart voor Hilversum, D66 and VVD.


title: Hilversum

text: The mayor of Hilversum is Pieter Broertjes, former lead editor of the Volkskrant, a nationwide distributed newspaper.


title: Hilversum

text: It was the first city with a "Leefbaar" party (which was intended as just a local party). Today, Leefbaar Hilversum has been reduced to only 1 seat, but some other parties have their origins in Leefbaar Hilversum:


title: One Indian Girl

text: One Indian Girl is a novel by the Indian author Chetan Bhagat. The book is about a girl named Radhika Mehta, who is a worker at the Distressed Debt group of Goldman Sachs, an investment bank.


title: One Indian Girl

text: The book begins with Radhika making arrangements regarding her marriage with Brijesh Gulati who works as a software engineer for Facebook in San Francisco. She later revealed her childhood and life in Delhi, as a studious, shy and nerdy girl who came from a middle-class family. Radhika has an elder sister, Aditi who was the more beautiful, outgoing, and popular one at their school. She also communicated her thoughts and decisions to her inner judgemental voice or "mini-me" as called.


title: One Indian Girl

text: While trying to engage in conversation with Brijesh, she was unexpectedly contacted by Debashish "Debu" Sen, her ex-boyfriend, who wished to meet her, to which she refused. Then, he suddenly arrived at the resort in Goa where her marriage ceremony was being held. She was further shocked when he infiltrated the puja bhajan ceremony at the wedding reception. She later met him in the hotel gym and admonished him for his past behavior.


title: One Indian Girl

text: It then flashbacks to four years ago, when Radhika began her job training at Goldman Sachs. One evening, she was introduced to Debu through Avinash her batchmate from IIMA. The two started dating and eventually got into a live-in relationship. Radhika applies for the Distressed debt department after a co-worker's suggestion, and soon her grueling schedule starts taking a toll on her personal life and her relationship with Debu. Furthermore, Radhika got a bonus of 150,000 dollars for her hard work and decides to celebrate with Debu who starts feeling a bit intimidated and insecure by her success. They end up having an argument which they resolve, but the cracks in their relationship start showing.


title: One Indian Girl

text: One year later, Radhika optimistically decides to plan a future with Debu, to which he is skeptical. It leads to another argument where Debu tells Radhika that he wanted a simple girl as a housewife for his partner and he doesn't think Radhika is that person anymore, which culminates with Debu breaking up with her. One month later, Radhika tries to make amends by quitting her job and proposing to Debu, which backfires when she finds him with another woman. Heartbroken, she decides to leave New York and accepts a transfer to Goldman Sachs' Hong Kong office.


title: One Indian Girl

text: In the Hong Kong office, she adapts well and even gets a big investment deal in the Philippines. During her trip to a luxury island in the Philippines, she gets to know her boss's boss Neel Gupta who is 20 years older than her and finds him very attractive. After signing the deal with the resort owner, Radhika and Neel ended up sleeping together by the beach after drinking at their celebratory dinner. Even after knowing that Neel is married with kids, they both continue with their passionate affair each time they go on a business trip together. After about a year, Radhika realizes that she didn't see a future with Neel as he makes it clear that he doesn't see Radhika as wife material. Heartbroken for a second time, she wanted to resign from her job but Neel instead convinces her to change offices. Thus, she takes another transfer to the London Goldman Sachs branch after breaking up with Neel. Being in London gives Radhika the time to think about a lot of things, one of which is her mother's persistence to arrange her marriage. She finally agrees to give it a chance. Her mother visits her from India, and together they both look for potential grooms for Radhika. She meets several men on marriage sites but almost everyone rejects her due to Radhika's prestigious job and huge salary. Finally, she meets Brijesh and says yes for marriage.


title: One Indian Girl

text: The story flashes back to the present. Overwhelmed and feeling pressured due to the wedding shenanigans as well as both her ex-boyfriends' presence at her wedding resort, Radhika calls off her wedding. She also talks with both Neel and Debu, refusing their proposals and finally decides to take a break and travel. Four months after everything, Radhika meets up with Brijesh and they decide to have a coffee together. The book ends here, hinting that probably Radhika and Brijesh would date each other again, fall in love and get married.


title: One Indian Girl

text: A. R. Rahman praised Chetan Bhagat for expressing his feelings and articulating a particular point of view. The book has attracted some controversy due to the mention of "The Beauty Myth" by feminist author Naomi Wolf. "The Indian Express" calls the book "a likable handbook for feminists". Most sources described the book as "an improvement over" Half Girlfriend"."


title: One Indian Girl

text: Bhagat was accused of plagiarising this book from a short story written by Anvita Bajpai. The court ordered a suspension of this book for six months after it was launched.


title: One Indian Girl

text: The rights for the film adaptation of this novel have been acquired by Sony Pictures International Productions.


"How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?" (alternatively "How many angels can stand on the point of a pin?") is a "reductio ad absurdum" challenge to medieval scholasticism in general, and its angelology in particular, as represented by figures such as Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas. It is first recorded in the 17th century, in the context of Protestant apologetics. It also has been linked to the fall of Constantinople, with the imagery of scholars debating while the Turks besieged the city.


title: How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?

text: In modern usage, the term has lost its theological context and is used as a metaphor for wasting time debating topics of no practical value, or questions whose answers hold no intellectual consequence, while more urgent concerns accumulate.


text: Thomas Aquinas's "Summa Theologica", written , includes discussion of several questions regarding angels such as, "Can several angels be in the same place?" However, the idea that such questions had a prominent place in medieval scholarship has been debated, and it has not been proven that this particular question was ever disputed. One theory is that it is an early modern fabrication, used to discredit scholastic philosophy at a time when it still played a significant role in university education. James Franklin has raised the scholarly issue, and mentions that there is a 17th-century reference in William Chillingworth's "Religion of Protestants" (1637), where he accuses unnamed scholastics of debating "whether a Million of Angels may not fit upon a Needle's point?"


text: This is earlier than a reference in the 1678 "The True Intellectual System Of The Universe" by Ralph Cudworth. Helen S. Lang, author of "Aristotle's Physics and its Medieval Varieties" (1992), says (p. 284):


text: Peter Harrison (2016) has suggested that the first reference to angels dancing on a needle's point occurs in an expository work by the English divine (minister), William Sclater (1575–1626).


text: In "An exposition with notes upon the first Epistle to the Thessalonians" (1619), Sclater claimed that scholastic philosophers occupied themselves with such pointless questions as whether angels "did occupie a place; and so, whether many might be in one place at one time; and how many might sit on a Needles point; and six hundred such like needlesse points."


text: Harrison proposes that the reason an English writer first introduced the "needle’s point" into a critique of medieval angelology is that it makes for a pun on "needless point".


text: A letter written to "The Times" in 1975 identified a close parallel in a 14th-century mystical text, the "Swester Katrei". However, the reference is to souls sitting on a needle: "tusent selen siczen in dem himelrich uff einer nadel spicz" — "in heaven a thousand souls can sit on the point of a needle."


text: Dorothy L. Sayers argued that the question was "simply a debating exercise" and that the answer "usually adjudged correct" was stated as, "Angels are pure intelligences, not material, but limited, so that they have location in space, but not extension." Sayers compares the question to that of how many people's thoughts can be concentrated upon a particular pin at the same time. She concludes that infinitely many angels can be located on the head of a pin, since they do not occupy any space there:


text: The practical lesson to be drawn from the argument is not to use words like "there" in a loose, unscientific way, without specifying whether you mean "located there" or "occupying space there."


text: In Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese, the conundrum of useless scholarly debates is linked to a similar question of whether angels are sexless or have a sex.


title: Bullet Head

text: Bullet Head (also known as Unchained) is a 2017 American-Bulgarian crime thriller film written and directed by Paul Solet and starring Adrien Brody, Antonio Banderas, and John Malkovich.


title: Bullet Head

text: Interspersed flashbacks occur of a Perro de Presa Canario, a large mastiff, from a dog fighting ring, as well as his owner Blue, who has abused the dog in order to make it fight. Despite growing large and taking on multiple canine opponents within single matches, the dog has become injured, and Blue instructs the handler to put him down.


title: Bullet Head

text: Following a botched robbery, the getaway driver of a four-man crew was presumably shot as there are three bullet holes shown in the driver's side window. The getaway car is shown out-of-control and then crashing into an abandoned warehouse, with the driver shown dead, his head resting on the steering wheel. The other three criminals, Stacy, Walker, and Gage take refuge in the warehouse. Stacy contacts another driver, but they won't be picked up until the heat dies down the next day. While Stacy and Walker discuss cracking a stolen safe, Gage is in opiate withdrawal and desperate to shoot up. Gage is revealed to have messed up the robbery when he left his post to steal drugs from a pharmacy. As they wait for morning, Stacy thinks of his girlfriend Grace who had left him years before, but asked him to join her. Stacy is hesitant to leave a life of crime. Walker tells Stacy a story from when he was younger; a failed burglary led him to stealing a number of fish from a pet store as a gift for his daughter. However, all the freshwater fish died in the saltwater, but the saltwater fish survived.


title: Bullet Head

text: Inside a locker room, Gage finds drugs, medical supplies, and testosterone. He then finds the dead body of the dog's handler, and the monster dog itself standing over the corpse. The dog pursues the three men but they are able to trap it in the locker room. Gage drops his bag containing opiate pharmaceuticals on the way out. A police dog handler arrives on the scene to search the vacant building, followed by squad car with another two officers. The mastiff sneaks up on the officer, but does not attack him when the officer shows affection to his K9 dog. The police leave without detecting the criminals. Stacy and Walker share their opinion of dogs, with Stacy telling a story of how he became a dog person after he purchased a poodle to sniff out truffles for a burglary. He'd been caught by a security guard, but the guard was afraid of dogs and ran away.


title: Bullet Head

text: Gage sneaks back into the locker room where he injects heroin. After he is calmed, Gage bangs on the barricaded door for the other two to let him through. The dog sneak attacks Gage and is released from the locker room. Gage's hand is torn up and Walker is injured falling through some scaffolding. After a brief chase the men barricade themselves in the locker room, but the dog gets in through a hole in the wall. The men make it to the back offices and lock the dog out. While discussing whether or not they are dog-people, Gage tells the story of a dog he rescued as a child. Gage's father couldn't feed the dog, and because Gage stole food for the dog, his father killed it in front of him. While searching the office, Stacy and Walker find a back room full of dog-fighting winnings, at least double what they estimate is in their safe. They bag the cash and return to Gage, but Gage has shot up again and died of an overdose.


title: Bullet Head

text: Although severely injured, Walker stops Stacy from calling an ambulance, and urges him to leave him behind. Stacy insists on getting him out using the truck Gage had spotted. Stacy returns to the dead dog handler to obtain his car keys, but the handler's body has been dragged away. Following the traces, Stacy also finds a pile of dead dogs. He is repulsed, but quickly is confronted by the mastiff. The mastiff chases Stacy through several rooms before Stacy ends up hiding inside a grand piano from the dog. The mastiff eventually figures out his hiding spot, and furiously attacks the piano until it collapses. Stacy is knocked out, but as he wakes finds the mastiff is stuck under the debris of the piano. Stacy debates leaving, but instead lifts the piano off the dog, who then leaves Stacy unharmed.


title: Bullet Head

text: Stacy fetches Walker and takes him to the handler's van. As they are about to leave, Blue, the mastiff's owner, pulls up in his car. Seeing them with a bag of his cash, he draws his gun on them and kills Walker. Blue then pursues Stacy through the warehouse with an automatic rifle. Stacy falls from a ledge and escapes through water, but sustains some gunshot injuries and is forced to ditch the bag of money.


title: Bullet Head

text: Stacy is pursued by Blue into the dog fighting ring; he is shot again, this time severely. As Stacy lies wounded and helpless, Blue tells him a story of how he acquired his first mastiff. This mastiff was owned by his neighbor, and was tearing through Blue's mother's garden. The neighbor did nothing to stop it, so Blue killed the neighbor and took the dog. He chastises Stacy, saying a dog doesn't understand ownership, but a thief, like Stacy, does. The mastiff arrives in the ring, surprising Blue. Blue aims his gun at the dog, but in a moment of egotism, lets his guard down, and the mastiff attacks. Blue and the mastiff wound each other fatally. Stacy crawls up to the dying dog, patting him on the head and calling him a good boy.


title: Bullet Head

text: A final scene shows Grace watching children play near an ocean, when Stacy arrives with a young puppy in tow, but it is unclear whether this is a real event, or is simply imagined by the dying Stacy.


title: Bullet Head

text: The film has a 61% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Michael Ordona of Common Sense Media awarded the film two stars out of five. Chris Bumbray of JoBlo.com gave it a 7/10. Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" awarded the film three stars. Michael Gingold of "Time Out" awarded the film two stars out of five.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Prophecy is a 1979 American science fiction monster horror-thriller film directed by John Frankenheimer and written by David Seltzer. It stars Robert Foxworth, Talia Shire and Armand Assante. Set in the Androscoggin or Ossipee River, the film follows an environmental agent and his wife filing a report on a paper mill in the river, not knowing that the paper mill's waste made a local bear mutate, causing the bear to run amok in the wilderness.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: A novelization of the film, written by Seltzer as well, was also published, with the tagline "A Story of Unrelenting Terror".


title: Prophecy (film)

text: While searching for lost lumberjacks in Maine, three members of a search-and-rescue team are killed by an unseen force.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: In Washington D.C., Dr. Robert Verne accepts a job from the Environmental Protection Agency to write a report about a dispute between a logging operation and a Native American tribe near the Androscoggin River or Ossipee river in Maine. Dr. Verne's wife Maggie accompanies him on the trip. She is pregnant, but is apprehensive to tell her husband as he is against having children.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: In the town, the local paper mill director, Bethel Isely blames the Native Americans, dubbed Opies (short for "original people") for the missing lumberjacks and rescue team. The Opies instead blame Katahdin, a vengeful spirit of the forest that has been awakened by the activities of the loggers, which Isely describes as "larger than a dragon with the eyes of a cat". The Vernes are disturbed when they witness a confrontation between the Opies and Isley's bodyguard, Kelso, which nearly results in the death of an Opie, John Hawks.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: The Vernes see several signs of environmental damage: a salmon large enough to devour a duck; a deranged, vicious raccoon; plant roots growing on the surface; and a bullfrog-sized tadpole. Hawks and his friend Ramona ask Verne to include Opie perspectives in his report. They believe the paper mill operations are somehow causing grave danger to the environment and people alike. Hector M'Rai, Ramona's grandfather, claims to have seen Katahdin and describes him as "part of everything in God's creation". Verne and Maggie tour the paper mill to look for incriminating evidence. Although Isely insists the mill has excellent safety protocols, Verne notices that Maggie's boots have mercury deposits - a mutagen that causes birth defects, it is used in logging as a fungicide and does not show up in water purity tests because it sinks to the bottom. Verne needs more evidence and determines to take blood tests from the Opies.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: That night, the Nelson family, who have set up a camp in the woods, are killed by Katahdin, which appears as a large bear with one of its sides containing horribly mutated skin. Isely and Sheriff Bartholomew Pilgrim believe Hawks and the Opies are responsible and try to arrest them. However, Hawks escapes. Verne, Maggie, and Ramona take a helicopter to the campsite to investigate the killings. Verne and Ramona find huge scratch marks on the trees, while Maggie finds two mutated bear cubs, one dead and one alive, trapped in a salmon poacher's net. Forced to spend the night in the woods due to inclement weather, they nurse the cub back to health inside one of Hector's tepees. A distressed Maggie explains to Verne about her pregnancy and that she has eaten contaminated fish. Isely and Sheriff Pilgrim arrive and, upon seeing the mutant cub, accept that Hawks and his men are innocent of any crime. Katahdin arrives and attacks the camp in search of her cub. Pilgrim is killed, but the others escape through tunnels beneath Hector's home.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: The next day, Isely tries to reach a nearby radio tower to call for help, but is killed by Katahdin. Later that night, she attacks the truck in which the others are driving away then decapitates Huntoon while he is strapped to a stretcher. The survivors swim across a lake towards a log cabin as Hector M'Rai gets mauled on the shore while confronting Katahdin. Verne drowns the cub when it attacks Maggie. Katahdin crosses the lake. She kills John Hawks and knocks over the cabin; which injures Ramona and knocks Maggie unconscious. Verne stabs and shoots Katahdin repeatedly, forcing her into the lake where she drowns. The next day, Verne and Maggie are seen being flown away from the forest, unaware that another mutated bear (the cubs' father) is still active within the forest.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Filmed in British Columbia, Canada in 1978, this film marked the beginning of "Hollywood North", the major start to the development of a massive film production business in Vancouver and other areas within the province. Since then, hundreds of "American" movies have been filmed in the Canadian province. Scenes were also shot in Daisy Lake, Crofton, Squamish, Capilano Canyon, Britannia Bay, and Fort Langley. In California, shooting took place at the Franklin Canyon and Paramount Pictures Studios.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Some violence/gore and other scenes were deleted, not because of the censors, but on a decision made by John Frankenheimer. This included a longer close-up of a man's headless corpse and a shot of Katahdin graphically disemboweling Isley (both deemed "gratuitous"), a flashback to the night where Rob and Maggie have sex (deleted for time), and extensions of several scenes, including a longer tour of the paper mill and Rob fishing, which showed him falling asleep and later waking up in the sun.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: The original concept for Katahdin was considerably more terrifying than what would eventually show up on screen. However, when director John Frankenheimer saw the concept, he suggested that it should be altered to look more "bear-like". The original concept was actually quite close to the poster art.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Frankenheimer considered "Prophecy" a film with far more potential than what he eventually delivered.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: "Prophecy" was given a theatrical release in the United States by Paramount Pictures on June 15, 1979. It opened on 775 screens grossing $6,720,000 in its opening week. It grossed $22.7 million at the U.S. box office.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: The film was released on Blu-ray on November 26, 2019. A previous DVD was released by Paramount Home Entertainment on January 8, 2002.


title: Prophecy (film)

text: As of November 2022, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave "Prophecy" an approval rating of 33%, based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10. On Metacritic, as of August 2020, the film had a weighted average score of 41 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called the film "epically trivial" and "a feeble attempt to recycle the sort of formula movie one expects from American International Pictures." "Variety" called it "a frightening monster movie that people could laugh at for generations to come, complete with your basic big scary thing, cardboard characters and a story so stupid it's irresistible." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the monsters were "not particularly effective" on the screen and that the film "never approaches the chill factor of 'Alien', for example." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" called it "essentially an indoctrination course in liberal guilt, shabbily disguised as a monster melodrama. Indeed, it's such a motley monster picture that it may be lucky to attract fleeting snickers as a kind of poor man's 'Alien.'" Tim Pulleine of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote that "once the narrative gets properly under way, the ecological sub-text virtually drops out of sight. As, even more confusingly, does the sub-plot about the heroine's pregnancy, leaving only a surfeit of creature-on-the-rampage hokum."


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Richard Scheib criticized the film's monster costume, photography and lack of suspense, stating, "much of the film teeters on the brink of this unintentional absurdity and fails to emerge on the winning side. John Frankenheimer tries hard to generate tension during the scenes with the mutant bear pursuing the cast near the end, but much of the story is predictable and boring".


title: Prophecy (film)

text: "Cinema de Merde.com" said "You don't get a lot of killing and the terror and suspense sequences really aren't that great, but it makes up for that in the sheer flamboyance of some of its touches, such as the amazing exploding sleeping bag. It's a bit of a bummer that after all the build-up, the thing turns out to be a boring old mutant bear, like ANY other mutant bear, but this is only because expectations have been raised".


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Patrick Naugle from "DVD Verdict" wrote, "In an age of self-referential and cynical "Scream" horror movies and "Silence of the Lambs" knock offs, "Prophecy" has a certain something that just can't be denied. "Prophecy" even contains a MESSAGE (re: don't mess with Mother Nature or you'll be sorry), which is more than I can say for most horror movies produced today. Is it scary? No. Vastly amusing? You bet your bottom dollar".


title: Prophecy (film)

text: Quentin Tarantino later wrote, "I kind of have a soft spot in my heart for this stupid ass movie. Aside from the bonkers bear monster, the film's one saving grace is Talia Shire."


title: Hydra (Toto album)

text: Hydra is the second studio album by American rock band Toto, released in 1979. It reached #37 on the Billboard Pop Albums. While most of the album's singles failed to make any impact in the charts, "99", a song inspired by the 1971 science fiction movie "THX 1138", reached #26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hydra (Toto album)

text: In 2013, Toto's guitarist Steve Lukather said of the album: You get successful with something, it’s always the whole thing where you don’t want to repeat it. So we tried something a little different with "Hydra", and it sold well, although it might have been a little bit rushed for us. And here's some irony for you -- "Rolling Stone" beat up on the first album, and then when they reviewed "Hydra", the opening line of the review is something like, "It doesn’t have the magic of the first album." We're immediately pissing ourselves on the floor with laughter. Who are these cats? Do they think we have amnesia? We were just following our muses, man. We were following our own rules and we didn't want to listen to anybody.


title: Hydra (Toto album)

text: Though a commercial success, "Hydra" was a far less popular album than the band's top-selling debut. AllMusic suggested this was due to Toto's failure to establish a distinctive, recognizable sound on either "Hydra" or their debut, which would have allowed listeners to immediately identify Toto's major hits with the band themselves. They also speculated that most listeners were not familiar with the film (namely, "THX 1138") on which the song "99" was based, and thus found the lyrics hopelessly cryptic, preventing the single from becoming as big a hit as it might have been.


title: Hydra (Toto album)

text: Critical response to the album was mixed. AllMusic's retrospective review made little judgment on the quality (noting only as an aside that the songs were "well-played"), instead discussing why it had failed to match the commercial success of their debut.


title: Astralis

text: Astralis is a Danish esports organization. Best known for their "" team, they also have teams representing other games, such as "FIFA" and "League of Legends". The parent group of Astralis is the Astralis Group, who previously managed Origen and Future F.C. before the merger of all teams under the Astralis brand.


title: Astralis

text: On January 19, Astralis entered into the in the United States with the group stages being played in Atlanta and the playoffs in Boston. Astralis, being the previous ELEAGUE major champions, were eager to claim the title and have a wonderful start for 2018 after a good run at the previous year. However, things didn't go as expected as they started the tournament by losing to Mousesports. The Danes found themselves in a pretty tough situation, but they managed to catch up by winning the second game against their old rivals North in a classic Danish derby. On the third day of the tournament, they got upset by Fnatic as the Swedes left them with no more losses to conceive during the group stage in order to qualify. In the end, Astralis were eliminated after a surprising loss against Cloud9, the team who later went on to win the major after winning a best-of-three grand final against the tournament favourites, FaZe Clan.


title: Astralis

text: In February, Kjaerbye unexpectedly left Astralis to join North. Astralis were left scrambling for a fifth player but fortunately, they were able to sign Emil "Magisk" Reif a few days later. This would mark the beginning of an astronomical rise to the top and domination over the Counter-Strike scene. After a quarter-final finish at StarSeries S4 and a semi-final loss at IEM Katowice 2018, they reached the summit after a spectacular performance at DreamHack Marseille 2018, convincingly beating FaZe Clan, Fnatic, and Natus Vincere on their way to the title. Although they lost to FaZe Clan in the grand final after a narrow 3-0 best of five series at IEM Sydney 2018, they bounced back at ESL Pro League Season 7 Finals, swiftly defeating FaZe Clan and beating Team Liquid 3–1 to grab the trophy. They continued their dominance with trophies at ECS Season 5 Finals and , with a semi-final loss to Natus Vincere at ESL One: Cologne 2018 in between.


title: Astralis

text: Astralis then crowned their era with their second Major title at , quickly beating FaZe Clan, Team Liquid, and Natus Vincere without dropping a single map in the playoffs. A mere 6 days later, they defeated MIBR 2–1 in the grand-final at BLAST Pro Series Istanbul 2018 - after having an undefeated 5-0 group stage - to continue their dominance over the scene. This dominance was brought on through meta-defining coordination and utility usage, significantly leading in average utility damage per round.


title: Astralis

text: At the IEM Katowice Major 2019, they picked up their third Major title, becoming the second team in CS:GO history (after Fnatic) to take home three Major titles, and the third to win two majors back-to-back. They made it into the New Champions stage after a convincing 3–0 score in the New Legends stage, beating Complexity Gaming, Cloud9 and Renegades. They then went through the New Champions stage without dropping a single map, beating Ninjas in Pyjamas, MIBR, and finally ENCE to secure the Major win.


title: Astralis

text: Their dominance dropped off considerably after the IEM Katowice Major 2019, and had their spot taken by Team Liquid who had become the number one CS:GO team in the world.


title: Astralis

text: Later on that August, Astralis attended the . After winning their opening match against DreamEaters and G2 Esports, they lost their next match against NRG Esports, making history as they had the longest match in major history, 59 rounds in total. After losing to NRG, they defeated CR4ZY and proceeded to the playoffs. Astralis faced off Team Liquid in the Quarterfinals, and after a surprising map pick, they won the series convincingly. They once again faced off against NRG Esports in the semifinals and won the series. Finally, Astralis faced off against Avangar in the Grand Finals. Astralis won the series dominantly making them the first CS:GO team ever to win three consecutive majors, and the first team to achieve four major wins total, passing Fnatic's record of three.


title: Astralis

text: In November 2019, following consistent success and multiple championships with the team, Astralis' coach zonic was honored with the "Coach of the Year Award" at the Esports Awards 2019.


title: Astralis

text: On March 22, 2020, Astralis announced the organisation was expanding the roster beyond the main five players, something unprecedented for CSGO teams at the time, signing Patrick "es3tag" Hansen from Heroic. es3tag would join Astralis following the end of his contract with Heroic on July 1. On May 11, Astralis signed a seventh player, Jakob "JUGi" Hansen, who had been benched on North until then. On May 19, gla1ve, announced he was taking a break from CSGO due to stress-like symptoms, with JUGi to make his debut for Astralis. Nine days later, Xyp9x announced via Twitter that he will also go on an indefinite break to focus on his mental health. Marko "Snappi" Pfeiffer would stand-in for Xyp9x until es3tag joins the team. In July 2020, Astralis replaced JUGi with Lucas "Bubzkji" Andersen, while gla1ve returned to the active roster 4 months later.


title: Astralis

text: In October 2020, Astralis would field Es3tag amongst Gla1ve, Dev1ce, Magisk and Dupreeh to claim 6 successive victories in a row during the group stages of ESL Pro League S12; a series streak only tarnished by one loss with Bubzkji in Es3tag's place. Later, at the group stages, Astralis would lose to Danish rivals Heroic only to complete a lower bracket run wherein they later claimed redemption against said rivals and went on to defeat Ukrainian rivals Natus Vincere in the grand finals.


title: Astralis

text: Following a change by Valve to major qualifiers to penalize 6-man rosters using mid-match substitutions, Astralis adjusted.


title: Astralis

text: In April 2021, after more than five years with the team, Astralis's main AWPer Dev1ce left the organization and was signed by Ninjas in Pyjamas. During his tenure with Astralis, Dev1ce had set the record for most MVP medals in Counter-Strike history with 18.


title: Astralis

text: In July 2021, gla1ve signed a new three-year contract through the summer of 2024 with Astralis. Later, Astralis completed the signing of Philip "Lucky" Ewald, an 18-year-old AWPer who had previously played for Tricked.


title: Astralis

text: Astralis failed to reach the playoffs of the PGL Stockholm Major, leaving in the Legends group stage with one win and three losses.


title: Astralis

text: On November 4, Astralis announced the addition of former Complexity duo Benjamin "blameF" Bremer and Kristian "k0nfig" Wienecke as well as Alexander "ave" Holdt as the new head coach. Magisk, Dupreeh, and zonic were inactive while waiting for their contracts to expire in January 2022.


title: Astralis

text: On January 31, 2022, Bubzkji was released from his 18-month contract with Astralis. For most of his tenure in Astralis he was on the bench and played few maps, leading to pushback from the community. Bubzkji described the internal situation as being "stranded in a battle between the players and the organization. The organization maybe wanted me to play and saw me as the future, as I was the youngest, and the team wanted to give the old five a go as they have won so much — and I totally respected that. That meant that I got stuck as I didn't want to fight the organization and I didn't want to fight the team, either, and did what was asked of me from both sides." Bubzkji went on to work for Danish broadcaster TV2. He had received offers from various teams but chose not to compete. He did not rule out returning to competition indefinitely.


title: Astralis

text: On May 4, Phillip "Lucky" Ewald announced that he will "search for new opportunities" as his contract with Astralis is set to expire in May.


title: Astralis

text: On September 20, it was announced that Kristian "k0nfig" Wienecke would miss the European Regional Major Ranking due to an injury. It was later announced on October 10 that his contract with Astralis was to be terminated, likely due to the circumstances around the injury. The team fielded Mikkel "MistR" Thomsen from the Astralis Talent roster as a stand-in for the main roster.


title: Astralis

text: On October 27, Nicolai "dev1ce" Reedtz returned to Astralis after his one and a half year course with Ninjas in Pyjamas.


title: Astralis

text: Astralis was originally founded by Danish startup RFRSH Entertainment ApS. It was split off into a wholly owned subsidiary called RFRESH Teams ApS in November 2018. Due to concerns about conflict of interest with RFRSH-owned tournament series BLAST Pro Series, RFRSH demerged Astralis In November 2019. While RFRESH was renamed into Blast ApS in July 2019, RFRESH Teams ApS renamed into Astralis Group Management ApS, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of newly established Astralis Group Holding ApS. In November 2019, Astralis Group became the first esports organization to conduct an initial public offering, with Astralis Group Holding ApS reforming as Astralis Group A/S.


title: Astralis

text: In 2019, RFRSH Entertainment experienced criticism from the Counter-Strike community over the potential conflict of interest between Astralis and BLAST Pro Series, a tournament organized by RFRSH. RFRSH formerly represented and operated Astralis's strategic and commercial operations until Summer of that year. Astralis skipped several tournaments to attend BLAST Pro Series events. This, paired with the fact that certain teams had to attend a number of BLAST events every year, caused controversy in the community. In July, RFRSH announced to split from Astralis, though some in the community still criticized RFRSH and BLAST.


title: Astralis

text: In March 2020, the Chinese organization of FunPlus Phoenix (FPX), was in the process of signing the roster of Heroic, which included es3tag, shortly before the beginning of Flashpoint 1. Astralis signed es3tag which deterred FPX from signing the rest of the Heroic roster. FPX was a founding member of Flashpoint, so the Heroic roster could not continue playing in Flashpoint and had to be replaced by a team of FPX's choosing. FPX originally intended to field the American team of Swole Patrol, but disputes over naming rights led to FPX fielding Bad News Bears instead. Astralis was criticized for knowingly signing es3tag while he was in the process of being signed by another organization and also for preventing the rest of the Heroic players from playing in Flashpoint and signing with FPX.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: Survivors is a British post-apocalyptic fiction drama television series created by Terry Nation and produced by Terence Dudley at the BBC, that broadcast from 1975 to 1977. It concerns the plight of a group of people who have survived an apocalyptic plague pandemic, which was accidentally released by a Chinese scientist and quickly spread across the world via air travel. Referred to as "The Death", the plague kills approximately 4,999 out of every 5,000 human beings on the planet within a matter of weeks of being released.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: The programme ran for three series and 38 episodes (series 1 and 2 comprised 13 episodes each, the third series just 12; budget cuts and technical problems reduced the planned last double episode to a single, as some scenes were lost during shooting). All series were broadcast on Wednesday evenings on BBC 1, from April 1975 to June 1977. Popular writer Terry Nation (whose work included many scripts for "Doctor Who") created the series, but he left the show after the first series due to disputes with producer Terence Dudley.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: The series' main actors included Carolyn Seymour (Abby), Lucy Fleming (Jenny), Ian McCulloch (Greg), and Denis Lill (Charles). The child actor Stephen Dudley (John) was given his part by his father, the show's producer Terence Dudley; while the child actress Tanya Ronder (who in series 1 and 2 played Lizzie) is the daughter of Jack Ronder, who wrote eight episodes of "Survivors". In addition, the few appearances of Greg and Jenny's baby son Paul on "Survivors" saw Lucy Fleming's real-life son Diggory appear as Paul, although uncredited. Notable guest stars in the series included Patrick Troughton, Peter Jeffrey, Brian Blessed, George Baker, Philip Madoc, Bryan Pringle, Iain Cuthbertson, and Peter Bowles. Appearing in the series before becoming famous were Kevin McNally ("Pirates of the Caribbean"), Robert Fyfe ("Last of the Summer Wine"), Denis Lawson ("Star Wars"), David Neilson ("Coronation Street"), Peter Duncan ("Blue Peter"), June Brown ("EastEnders"), David Troughton, and Roger Lloyd-Pack ("Only Fools and Horses" and "The Vicar of Dibley").


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: In a High Court case in the mid-1970s, which was abandoned by both sides due to escalating costs, writer Brian Clemens claimed that he had told Terry Nation the concept for the series in the late 1960s and had registered the idea with the Writers' Guild of Great Britain in 1965. Nation strenuously denied this.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: A BBC Four documentary, entitled "The Cult of... Survivors", featuring interviews with actors Lucy Fleming, Ian McCulloch, and Carolyn Seymour, director Pennant Roberts, and scriptwriter Martin Worth, was broadcast on 5 December 2006, as part of the channel's "Science Fiction Britannia" series. The "Cult of..." series also included documentaries on "Blake's 7" (another series devised by Terry Nation) and "Doomwatch" (produced by Terence Dudley).


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: The majority of the locations for all three series of "Survivors" were in the Welsh Marches, the counties of Monmouthshire, Shropshire, Powys, and, for the first two series, the characters most often seen in Herefordshire. The first episode of series 1 ("The Fourth Horseman") featured several locations in Worcestershire, including Great Malvern railway station. Much of episode 2, "Genesis", was filmed around the village of Rose, Cornwall. Later episodes had the characters move around Herefordshire, from places like Ross-on-Wye to Welsh Newton Common. Llanarth Court in Monmouthshire was also featured. Brockhampton Court near How Caple, Herefordshire was used as "Waterhouse" in the episode "Garland's War". Towards the end of the first series, the action moved to a more permanent base at Hampton Court, again in Herefordshire. (This was the property referred to as "The Grange" by the characters.)


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: For the beginning of series 2 the focus moved to a new location, at Callow Hill Farm, near Monmouth (but again just within Herefordshire), as "Whitecross". The "Lights of London" episodes featured Hanwell railway station, The Oval, and other locations in London, while the Waterloo & City line and the Camden Town deep-level shelter were used to represent parts of the London Underground. The Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal and village of Skenfrith also made appearances.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: During series 3, production occasionally moved further afield to Suffolk, Derbyshire, and Wiltshire, with the last episode filmed in the Scottish Highlands. Extensive use was made of the Severn Valley Railway.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: There are a great number of technical and continuity errors visible as the series was shot quickly on early video cameras, which did not work well in the gloomy conditions in which much of the programme was shot. Two cameras were used, but one of them had a recurrent fault, which shows as multiple reflections on the left hand side of pictures in many scenes, particularly visible in series 3. Primitive equipment meant that many shots suffered from a green tint. Due to audience complaints about this, the production crew replaced the cameras.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: In 2008, the BBC began airing a new version of "Survivors", with Adrian Hodges as the main writer. In the credits, this version is said to be based on Terry Nation's novel "Survivors" (1976), rather than the previous series. This statement was made to avoid copyright problems, as the rights to the television series were vested with a different legal entity from the rights to the book.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: The principal characters of Abby, Greg, Jenny and Tom Price were retained, but new elements were introduced, including a subplot about the origins of the virus and a stronger focus on action. The show took pains to make sure these characters represented a broader spread of racial and social backgrounds. The show received mixed reviews, but initial viewing figures were strong.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: The 2008 series ran for two seasons, and the BBC announced in April 2010 that there would be no third series.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: In June 2014, Big Finish Productions released the first four-episode volume of an audio drama expansion of "Survivors," with Seymour, McCulloch, and Fleming reprising their screen roles. The second and third volumes were released in 2015, and the fourth and fifth in 2016, with sixth and seventh volumes scheduled for 2017. On 21 December 2016, Big Finish announced an eighth and ninth volume to be released in 2018.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: As the world's population is almost annihilated by a mysterious pandemic, accidentally unleashed by an unnamed Chinese scientist, the crisis is first seen through the eyes of two characters—Jenny Richards, a young working woman in London who is naturally immune to the disease, and Abby Grant, a middle-class corporate wife living a comfortable existence in a suburban commuter village who caught the virus but barely recovered, while her husband died. As Abby goes in search of her son Peter, who was away at boarding school when the pandemic occurred, Jenny wanders aimlessly through the countryside.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: Other major characters introduced in the first few episodes are the resourceful engineer Greg Preston, the shifty Welshman Tom Price, and two children, John Millon and Lizzie Willoughby. Abby, Jenny, and Greg eventually come together and realise they must start again from scratch now that the civilisation they once knew has been destroyed. After several adventures on the road, they find a property called The Grange which they can use as a base and, joined by other survivors, they form a potted community of disparate individuals all united by a shared purpose; to relearn the old skills of farming and tool-making, and to try to live in this new world.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: Having received word that her son is still alive, Abby has left the Grange to resume her search. Meanwhile, the community is devastated by a fire that kills many, including Emma, Charmian and Vic. The survivors join another community, Whitecross, run by Charles Vaughan, and become once more focused on the everyday practicalities of post-Death life. New major characters comprising the Whitecross band are Charles' partner Pet Simpson, travelling doctor Ruth Anderson and farmyard labourer Hubert Goss. Frequent visitors to Whitecross, both friendly and hostile, act as catalysts for various dramatic situations. Finally, the arrival of Norwegian survivors brings the possibility of re-establishing worldwide contact and technology. To achieve this, Greg departs Whitecross in a hot air balloon bound for Norway.


title: Survivors (1975 TV series)

text: Having received word that Greg has returned to England from Norway and is injured, Charles and Jenny set out on horseback to find him. Warned by Jack that Charles and Jenny should turn back as they're heading into danger, Hubert sets out on horseback after Charles and Jenny. The trio's journey will take them right across what is left of the United Kingdom as their search leads them to various dead ends. However, they meet a broad spectrum of other survivors along the way, and the series continues to explore alternative reactions to the Death and what it takes to survive. The third series juxtaposes the personal story arc of the search for Greg with a wider narrative of society appearing to re-establish itself, with federated communities, market bartering and rudimentary railway travel, based on using the steam locomotives preserved on heritage railways. This culminates in the tentative return of law and order, and the quest to restore power through hydroelectricity.