title: Fabian Nicieza

text: After 1995, Nicieza wrote short runs of "Captain Marvel " (vol. 2, 1995), "Spider-Man: The Final Adventure" (1995) and stories for "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" before leaving the company in 1996. That year Nicieza did his first work for rival publisher DC Comics, co-writing "Justice League: Midsummer Nightmare" with Mark Waid which relaunched the Justice League as the JLA. He also worked for Twist and Shout Comics writing and pencilling back-up stories in "X-Flies Special #1" and "Dirtbag" #7.


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: Later in 1996 Nicieza joined Acclaim Comics as senior vice-president and editor-in-chief. He was charged with revamping the companies intellectual properties which had previously formed Valiant Comics' "Valiant Universe". Nicieza as editor oversaw the new version, dubbed "VH2", which re-imagined characters such as Solar, X-O Manowar, and Ninjak.


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: Nicieza himself wrote the "Turok" title as well as a new series, "Troublemakers". "Turok" met with success as a video game adaptation, and Nicieza was promoted to president and publisher of Acclaim Comics in 1997. He also wrote a "Turok" novella during this period. However, after staff cuts and most of the lines' cancellation, Nicieza left Acclaim in 1999.


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: Returning to freelance work, Marvel and the X-Men, Nicieza co-wrote the "Magneto Wars" crossover through "Uncanny X-Men" #366–367 and "X-Men" vol. 2, #86–87, with artist Alan Davis in 1999. This led to the successive Magneto limited series "Magneto Rex" (1999) and "Magneto: Dark Seduction" (2000), as well as an ongoing "Gambit" (1999) series which he wrote for the first 24 issues of its 25-issue run.


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: Also in 1999, Nicieza began writing "Thunderbolts" with #34. He continued to write the book (initially with old partner Mark Bagley on art, later with Patrick Zircher and Chris Batista) up until No. 75 when the title was revamped. The revamp was unsuccessful, and in 2004 the original version of the team was resurrected, initially in an "Avengers/Thunderbolts" miniseries, then later in the "New Thunderbolts" series with Nicieza again as writer.


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: Nicieza also worked on several limited series at Marvel and DC around the turn of the century. At Marvel he wrote "Citizen V" (2001), "Citizen V and the V Battalion: Everlasting (2002)", "X-Men Forever" (2001), and "X-Force" vol. 2, as well as the short-lived ongoing series "Hawkeye" (2003); while at DC, he wrote the six-issue miniseries "Supermen of America" (1999) and the Elseworlds project "JLA: Created Equal" (2000), as well as some issues of the children's comic "Justice League Adventures".


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: In 2003 Nicieza co-created, with artist Stefano Raffaele, the horror miniseries "The Blackburne Covenant", published by Dark Horse Comics. That same year he returned to two of his old characters with the Marvel series "Cable and Deadpool", of which he wrote all 50 issues.


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: In 2006, Nicieza returned to DC with a three-issue arc in "Action Comics" #841–843 (July–Sept. 2006), co-written with Kurt Busiek. Nicieza also wrote "JSA Classified" #28. He is also one of the co-writers for "The 99", an "Islamic culture-based comic book" with Kuwaiti Naif Al-Mutawa, Other late-2000s DC work includes "Nightwing" and "Robin", both titles being cancelled in connection with "Batman R.I.P." and Nicieza then wrote an "" mini-series, part of the Battle for the Cowl storyline which dealt with the "Batman R.I.P." aftermath. After "Death's Dark Knight" concluded, Nicieza wrote the new "Azrael" ongoing series from issue #1–13 (December 2009 – December 2010).


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: Nicieza began writing the DC series "Red Robin" from issues #13-26, the final issue (Aug. 2010 - Aug. 2011). DC announced Nicieza would be writing "Legion Lost", a spinoff of Legion of Superheroes as part of DC's line wide relaunch initiative in September 2011. Nicieza wrote the first six issues before leaving the title. In 2016, for the comics company Shatner Singularity, he adapted a Stan Lee poem into the graphic novel "Stan Lee's 'God Woke"'. That work won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award.


title: Fabian Nicieza

text: In non-comics works, Nicieza co-scripted the direct-to-DVD animated feature "Hot Wheels World Race", and the computer-animated DVD feature "The Black Belt Club", based on the Scholastic book series. In 2021, Nicieza created and executive produced the animated streaming series "Superhero Kindergarten", based on the comic book series of the same name by Stan Lee. In 2021, Nicieza's first non-comic book was released: "Suburban Dicks", a satirical crime novel set in the New Jersey suburbs. A second book with the same characters, "The Self-Made Widow", was published in 2022.


title: Will Tudor

text: William James Sibree Tudor (born 11 April 1987) is an English actor, known for his role as Olyvar in the HBO series "Game of Thrones" from 2013 to 2015. He has also appeared in the miniseries "The Red Tent", and the Channel 4 series "Humans". From 2017 to 2018, he portrayed Sebastian Verlac/Jonathan Morgenstern on the Freeform series "Shadowhunters".


title: Alex McLeish

text: Alexander McLeish (born 21 January 1959) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player. He played as a defender for Aberdeen during their 1980s glory years, making nearly 500 League appearances for the club, and won 77 caps for Scotland.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish started his managerial career with spells at Motherwell and Hibernian, before guiding Rangers to two championships and five cup wins in five years. McLeish spent ten months as manager of the Scotland national team which narrowly failed to qualify for the finals of the 2008 UEFA European championship. He then resigned this post in November 2007 to become manager of Birmingham City, who were in the Premier League at the time. Though Birmingham were relegated at the end of the season, McLeish guided them back to the Premier League in 2009. Birmingham then won the 2011 Football League Cup Final, but were relegated again from the Premier League at the end of the 2010–11 season.


title: Alex McLeish

text: Following this relegation he resigned his post at Birmingham to become manager at their city rivals, Aston Villa. This made him the first manager to move directly from Birmingham City to Aston Villa, and only the second manager after Ron Saunders to manage both clubs. Having only narrowly avoided relegation in the 2011–12 Premier League season, his contract was terminated by Villa at the end of his first season. McLeish was appointed manager of Championship club Nottingham Forest in December 2012, but left after 40 days by mutual consent. He managed Belgian Pro League club Genk in the 2014–15 season, and Zamalek of the Egyptian Premier League in 2016. He then had a second stint as Scotland national team manager.


title: Alex McLeish

text: In recognition of his distinguished service to Scottish sport, in 2008 McLeish was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Aberdeen.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish was born in Duke Street Hospital, Glasgow to parents Alex, a shipyard worker, and Jean. He has younger siblings Angela and Ian. After living in the Parkhead and Kinning Park districts of the city, the family moved to Barrhead, Renfrewshire soon after McLeish had reached school age. He attended Springhill Primary, Barrhead High School – where he was one year below future Aberdeen and Scotland teammate Peter Weir – and John Neilson High School in Paisley.


title: Alex McLeish

text: As a juvenile he played for Barrhead Youth Club, alongside Weir, and Glasgow United as well as training for a short period with Hamilton Accies. After a local cup final with Glasgow United in 1976 which was watched by a delegation from Aberdeen, including then manager Ally MacLeod, McLeish signed for the Pittodrie club the following day.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish spent the majority of his first two seasons at Aberdeen in the reserves and also had a loan spell at local Junior side Lewis United. He made his competitive debut under Billy McNeill in a New Year fixture against Dundee United on 2 January 1978. His first major final appearance was under the management of Alex Ferguson as a substitute in a 2–1 defeat to Rangers in the 1978–79 League Cup and most of his appearances during the 1970s were as a midfielder, with Willie Garner and Doug Rougvie preferred in defence. However McLeish eventually made the centre-back position his own, and over the next seven seasons he enjoyed great success, winning eight domestic and two European trophies. Highlights included scoring in a 4–1 victory over Rangers in the 1982 Scottish Cup Final on his 200th Dons appearance, and a vital goal against Bayern Munich during the campaign leading to the European Cup Winners' Cup win over Real Madrid in 1983.


title: Alex McLeish

text: During this period, McLeish formed a formidable defensive triumvirate with Willie Miller and Jim Leighton for both club and country. Even after he had won his first Scotland cap, McLeish's father asked then Aberdeen boss Alex Ferguson to persuade him to continue training as an accountant. When Ferguson left in 1986 to go to Manchester United, he tried to get McLeish to sign, but it did not work out; he also had talks with Tottenham Hotspur. A testimonial match was arranged for McLeish in December 1988, with the club's 'Gothenburg' (Cup Winners' Cup) squad taking on an 'International legends' team. He won the Scottish player of the year in 1990, after a season in which Aberdeen won both domestic cups.


title: Alex McLeish

text: He became captain of Aberdeen after the retirement of Willie Miller. His 692 competitive appearances for the club ranks as the second-most in its history (100 behind Miller, but almost 100 more than Bobby Clark).


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish is Scotland's third most capped player, having gained 77 international caps between 1980 and 1993. He was first capped for the Scotland under-21 team while still a reserve player at Aberdeen by his former club manager Ally MacLeod, eventually gaining six caps at that level. His full international debut came on 26 March 1980 against Portugal, manager Jock Stein playing him in midfield alongside Archie Gemmill and Graeme Souness. He played in three World Cups with Scotland, in 1982, 1986 and 1990. He is a member of the Scottish Football Hall of Fame, the Scotland national football team roll of honour and Scottish Television's fan poll "Scotland's Greatest Team". On the occasion of his 50th cap, against Luxembourg in 1987, McLeish was appointed team captain for the game. His final cap came on 17 February 1993 in a 3–0 win over Malta at Hampden Park during the 1994 World Cup qualifiers.


title: Alex McLeish

text: After his successful playing career he quickly went into football management with Motherwell in 1994, one year before he retired as a player. His first season at Motherwell saw him take the Lanarkshire club to second in the Premier Division behind Walter Smith's Rangers. However, he failed to build on this success and the next two seasons were spent in relegation battles. He resigned as manager to take over at Hibernian in 1998.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish took over a struggling Hibernian side, which was relegated from the Scottish Premier Division in 1998 despite a slight upturn in fortunes under McLeish. He then guided the Edinburgh team back to the Scottish Premier League at the first attempt by winning the First Division championship.


title: Alex McLeish

text: Hibernian consolidated in their first season back in the top division, finishing mid-table and reaching the Scottish Cup semi-final. In the 2000–01 season, Hibs started very strongly. Eventually they had to settle for third place and a Scottish Cup final appearance. This performance attracted the attention of bigger clubs, including West Ham United and Rangers.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish attracted players such as Russell Latapy and former French international Franck Sauzée to Hibs. He also helped develop young striker Kenny Miller, who would later go on to play for Scotland.


title: Alex McLeish

text: His work at Hibs was noticed, and he was linked with several moves to England, before he was appointed as Rangers manager in December 2001 after outgoing Rangers manager Dick Advocaat recommended McLeish to chairman David Murray.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish was an instant success at Rangers, winning both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup in his first season, but the big prize of the league title was essentially lost before his arrival. His second season saw him go one better when he won the domestic treble, with the help of players such as Ronald de Boer and Barry Ferguson.


title: Alex McLeish

text: Rangers' worsening financial state saw many of his top players leave in the summer of 2003. Celtic won the league comfortably in season 2003–04, and Rangers failed to win any trophies. McLeish was consequently put under pressure from fans after his poor signings and a record run of seven consecutive Old Firm derby losses to Celtic.


title: Alex McLeish

text: The high-profile Bosman signings of Jean-Alain Boumsong and Dado Pršo in the close season of 2004–05 gave Rangers renewed hope of regaining the title from Celtic's grasp. McLeish's team won the 2005 league title on a dramatic last day, an outcome that had looked highly unlikely after Rangers fell five points behind leaders Celtic with just four games remaining.


title: Alex McLeish

text: After this unexpected success, McLeish and his Rangers team headed into the 2005–06 SPL campaign as favourites to retain the championship. McLeish made a number of signings, including Julien Rodriguez and Ian Murray, despite having little money to spend. After a reasonable start to the season, including a win over Celtic, Rangers suffered a series of poor results between September and November. This period included a club record of 10 games without a win. However the tenth match of this run, a 1–1 draw with Inter Milan in the Champions League, took Rangers into the knockout stages of the tournament for the first time.


title: Alex McLeish

text: Despite the poor domestic form, McLeish guided Rangers to the last 16 of the Champions League, where they were defeated on the away goals rule by Villarreal. They became the first Scottish team to progress this far in the European Cup since 1993, and the first Scottish team to progress through a European group stage. In December, chairman David Murray publicly announced his support for McLeish. Rangers then went on a good run of results in December and January.


title: Alex McLeish

text: This run of good results came to a sudden halt when they were defeated 3–0 by Hibernian in the Scottish Cup, prompting protests outside Ibrox against both McLeish and David Murray. On 9 February 2006, it was announced by chairman David Murray that McLeish would be standing down as manager at the end of that season.


title: Alex McLeish

text: It was later announced that he would be succeeded by former Olympique Lyonnais manager Paul Le Guen. Rangers beat Hearts 2–0 at Ibrox Stadium in his final match as manager.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish said after leaving Rangers that he would not manage another Scottish club, because he felt that he had achieved everything in the Scottish game. He was linked in the media with a number of managerial positions in England while he worked as a television pundit for the BBC and Setanta Sports.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish took charge of the Scotland national team on 29 January 2007. His assistants in the job were Roy Aitken and Andy Watson.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish's first game in charge of the national team was a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying match, a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 24 March 2007 at Hampden Park. His second game was an away fixture against Italy on 28 March 2007 which ended in a 2–0 defeat.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish's Scotland side then went on to defeat the Faroe Islands away in June, Lithuania at home in September before recording a historic victory in Paris four days later by defeating France 1–0 in the Parc des Princes. James McFadden's 64th-minute strike from 30 yards was enough to earn Scotland the win and returned them to the top of Group B with three games to play. This result has been hailed as one of the Scotland national team's greatest victories. Scotland's next success was at home to Ukraine, winning 3–1 at Hampden on 13 October. McLeish suffered his second defeat as manager, away in Georgia on 17 October. This result left Scotland facing a decider against the World Champions, Italy. Scotland lost the game 2–1, McLeish's last, and Italy qualified for the finals.


title: Alex McLeish

text: Premier League club Birmingham City's approach to the SFA for permission to speak to McLeish about their managerial vacancy was refused,


title: Alex McLeish

text: but on his return on 27 November 2007 from attending the draw for 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification in South Africa, he resigned his post as manager of Scotland and was announced as Birmingham's new manager the following day. His assistants with Scotland, Roy Aitken and Andy Watson, were to accompany him. McLeish said he wanted to return to working with players on a daily basis and had "always harboured a desire" to manage in the Premier League.


title: Alex McLeish

text: He enjoyed a positive managerial debut with Birmingham, winning 3–2 away to Tottenham Hotspur. In the January 2008 transfer window, McLeish strengthened Birmingham's squad, buying David Murphy and James McFadden and signing Argentina under-20 international Mauro Zárate on loan, while generating funds by allowing fringe players to leave. He was unable to save Birmingham from relegation, despite the team recording an impressive 4–1 victory over Blackburn Rovers on the last day of the season.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish changed the club's backroom staff and training procedures, appointed David Watson as goalkeeping coach, and overhauled the scouting setup, bringing in Paul Montgomery – the scout who recommended a relatively unknown Didier Drogba to West Ham United – to oversee player recruitment.


title: Alex McLeish

text: On the final day of the 2008–09 season, McLeish secured Birmingham's return to the top flight of English football at the first attempt with a 2–1 away victory over Reading. By mid-January 2010, he had guided them to a 12-game unbeaten run, a club record in the top division, set a Premier League record by selecting the same starting eleven for nine consecutive games, and been named Premier League Manager of the Month for December 2009, the first Birmingham manager to receive the award. By the end of the season McLeish had led Birmingham to ninth place, their highest finish for more than 50 years.


title: Alex McLeish

text: Following Birmingham's success during the 2009–10 season, McLeish agreed a new three-year deal with the club in September 2010.


title: Alex McLeish

text: In February 2011, McLeish led Birmingham to victory in the League Cup, defeating favourites Arsenal 2–1 in the final at Wembley in what he described as "relatively speaking, ... [his] greatest achievement".


title: Alex McLeish

text: However, a poor run of form followed the League Cup win, and Birmingham were relegated to the Championship on the last day of the 2010–11 season. The directors confirmed that McLeish would keep his job, and would be expected to return the club to the Premier League at the first opportunity. McLeish however opted to quit Birmingham City on 12 June 2011 by email.


title: Alex McLeish

text: On 17 June 2011, Aston Villa appointed McLeish as manager, just five days after leaving their local rivals Birmingham City. There was much controversy surrounding his appointment as Birmingham City claimed McLeish was still under contract and filed a complaint against Aston Villa to the Premier League while Villa claimed McLeish was a free agent. Aston Villa fans protested outside Villa Park and anti-McLeish graffiti had to be removed from outside Villa's training ground. McLeish made out of favour Manchester City goalkeeper Shay Given his first signing, and then recruited winger Charles N'Zogbia. McLeish's first competitive game as Villa manager ended in a 0–0 draw with Fulham at Craven Cottage. He gained his first Premier League win as manager of Villa in a 3–1 win over Blackburn Rovers. Following victory over Blackburn, Villa drew their next four Premier League games until winning against Wigan 2–0. Aston Villa finally ended their unbeaten start with a 4–1 defeat away at Manchester City. McLeish's side secured a surprise win over Chelsea just before signing LA Galaxy striker Robbie Keane on loan. Keane helped to secure Villa a crucial win against rivals Wolves in a 3–2 victory. McLeish led the 2011–12 Villa team to 16th place in the Premier League, avoiding relegation by two points, and set an unwanted club record of only four home wins. McLeish's contract was terminated on 14 May, the day after the season ended. The reasons cited for his termination were the poor results and style of play used throughout his term as manager.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish was appointed manager of Football League Championship club Nottingham Forest on 27 December 2012. His first game in charge was on 29 December 2012, a 2–2 draw against Crystal Palace at the City Ground, with Billy Sharp scoring an injury-time equaliser for Nottingham Forest. McLeish earned his first win as Nottingham Forest manager on 12 January 2013, a 2–1 victory against Peterborough at home. McLeish took charge of his only East Midlands derby against Derby County on 19 January 2013, drawing 1–1 at Pride Park.


title: Alex McLeish

text: On 2 February 2013, after a 2–1 defeat to former club Birmingham City on his first return to St Andrew's, he refused to commit his future to Nottingham Forest and claimed he was unhappy. This came after the Nottingham Forest board pulled out of a deal to sign George Boyd on the final day of the January transfer window. On 5 February 2013, he left the club by mutual consent.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish stated in November 2013 that he would like to re-enter football management in some capacity, in England, Scotland or abroad. In August 2014, he was appointed manager of Belgian club Genk. McLeish made his managerial debut on 30 August, in which Genk drew Oostende 1–1 away. It was reported in March 2015 that McLeish would leave Genk at the end of the 2014–15 Belgian Pro League season, as the club had failed to qualify for the Championship play-offs, although they did reach Europa League play-offs.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish was appointed manager of Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek on 28 February 2016. After a series of poor performances from the team, he was sacked on 2 May with ten matches of the season remaining.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish was reappointed Scotland manager on 16 February 2018, on a two-year contract. Scotland won their 2018–19 UEFA Nations League group under McLeish, but he was sacked on 18 April 2019 following a 3–0 defeat by Kazakhstan.


title: Alex McLeish

text: McLeish had a cameo appearance in the Laurel and Hardy biopic "Stan & Ollie", after a chance meeting with director and Aberdeen FC fan Jon S. Baird on a flight. In the film, McLeish can be briefly seen reading a newspaper in the lobby of the Savoy Hotel behind Steve Coogan.


title: Alex McLeish

text: During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum McLeish was a supporter of the Better Together campaign against Scottish independence.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An "ideal" diffuse reflecting surface is said to exhibit Lambertian reflection, meaning that there is equal luminance when viewed from all directions lying in the half-space adjacent to the surface.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: A surface built from a non-absorbing powder such as plaster, or from fibers such as paper, or from a polycrystalline material such as white marble, reflects light diffusely with great efficiency. Many common materials exhibit a mixture of specular and diffuse reflection.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: The visibility of objects, excluding light-emitting ones, is primarily caused by diffuse reflection of light: it is diffusely-scattered light that forms the image of the object in the observer's eye.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Diffuse reflection from solids is generally not due to surface roughness. A flat surface is indeed required to give specular reflection, but it does not prevent diffuse reflection. A piece of highly polished white marble remains white; no amount of polishing will turn it into a mirror. Polishing produces some specular reflection, but the remaining light continues to be diffusely reflected.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: The most general mechanism by which a surface gives diffuse reflection does not involve "exactly" the surface: most of the light is contributed by scattering centers beneath the surface, as illustrated in Figure 1.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: If one were to imagine that the figure represents snow, and that the polygons are its (transparent) ice crystallites, an impinging ray is partially reflected (a few percent) by the first particle, enters in it, is again reflected by the interface with the second particle, enters in it, impinges on the third, and so on, generating a series of "primary" scattered rays in random directions, which, in turn, through the same mechanism, generate a large number of "secondary" scattered rays, which generate "tertiary" rays, and so forth. All these rays walk through the snow crystallites, which do not absorb light, until they arrive at the surface and exit in random directions. The result is that the light that was sent out is returned in all directions, so that snow is white despite being made of transparent material (ice crystals).


title: Diffuse reflection

text: For simplicity, "reflections" are spoken of here, but more generally the interface between the small particles that constitute many materials is irregular on a scale comparable with light wavelength, so diffuse light is generated at each interface, rather than a single reflected ray, but the story can be told the same way.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: This mechanism is very general, because almost all common materials are made of "small things" held together. Mineral materials are generally polycrystalline: one can describe them as made of a 3D mosaic of small, irregularly shaped defective crystals. Organic materials are usually composed of fibers or cells, with their membranes and their complex internal structure. And each interface, inhomogeneity or imperfection can deviate, reflect or scatter light, reproducing the above mechanism.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Few materials do not cause diffuse reflection: among these are metals, which do not allow light to enter; gases, liquids, glass, and transparent plastics (which have a liquid-like amorphous microscopic structure); single crystals, such as some gems or a salt crystal; and some very special materials, such as the tissues which make the cornea and the lens of an eye. These materials can reflect diffusely, however, if their surface is microscopically rough, like in a frost glass (Figure 2), or, of course, if their homogeneous structure deteriorates, as in cataracts of the eye lens.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: A surface may also exhibit both specular and diffuse reflection, as is the case, for example, of glossy paints as used in home painting, which give also a fraction of specular reflection, while matte paints give almost exclusively diffuse reflection.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Most materials can give some specular reflection, provided that their surface can be polished to eliminate irregularities comparable with the light wavelength (a fraction of a micrometer). Depending on the material and surface roughness, reflection may be mostly specular, mostly diffuse, or anywhere in between. A few materials, like liquids and glasses, lack the internal subdivisions which produce the subsurface scattering mechanism described above, and so give "only" specular reflection. Among common materials, only polished metals can reflect light specularly with high efficiency, as in aluminum or silver usually used in mirrors. All other common materials, even when perfectly polished, usually give not more than a few percent specular reflection, except in particular cases, such as grazing angle reflection by a lake, or the "total reflection" of a glass prism, or when structured in certain complex configurations such as the silvery skin of many fish species or the reflective surface of a dielectric mirror. Diffuse reflection can be highly efficient, as in white materials, due to the summing up of the many subsurface reflections.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Up to this point white objects have been discussed, which do not absorb light. But the above scheme continues to be valid in the case that the material is absorbent. In this case, diffused rays will lose some wavelengths during their walk in the material, and will emerge colored.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Diffusion affects the color of objects in a substantial manner because it determines the average path of light in the material, and hence to which extent the various wavelengths are absorbed. Red ink looks black when it stays in its bottle. Its vivid color is only perceived when it is placed on a scattering material (e.g. paper). This is so because light's path through the paper fibers (and through the ink) is only a fraction of millimeter long. However, light from the bottle has crossed several centimeters of ink and has been heavily absorbed, even in its red wavelengths.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: And, when a colored object has both diffuse and specular reflection, usually only the diffuse component is colored. A cherry reflects diffusely red light, absorbs all other colors and has a specular reflection which is essentially white (if the incident light is white light). This is quite general, because, except for metals, the reflectivity of most materials depends on their refractive index, which varies little with the wavelength (though it is this variation that causes the chromatic dispersion in a prism), so that all colors are reflected nearly with the same intensity.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Exceptions include objects with polished (specularly reflecting) surfaces, and objects that themselves emit light. Rayleigh scattering is responsible for the blue color of the sky, and Mie scattering for the white color of the water droplets in clouds.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: "Diffuse interreflection" is a process whereby light reflected from an object strikes other objects in the surrounding area, illuminating them. Diffuse interreflection specifically describes light reflected from objects which are not shiny or specular. In real life terms what this means is that light is reflected off non-shiny surfaces such as the ground, walls, or fabric, to reach areas not directly in view of a light source. If the diffuse surface is colored, the reflected light is also colored, resulting in similar coloration of surrounding objects.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: In 3D computer graphics, diffuse interreflection is an important component of global illumination. There are a number of ways to model diffuse interreflection when rendering a scene. Radiosity and photon mapping are two commonly used methods.


title: Diffuse reflection

text: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used to determine the absorption spectra of powdered samples in cases where transmission spectroscopy is not feasible. This applies to UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy or mid-infrared spectroscopy.


title: Mike and Ike

text: Mike and Ike is a brand of fruit-flavored candies that were first introduced in 1940 by the company Just Born, Inc. The origin of the candy's name remains unknown, but there are many conjectures. Mike and Ikes were originally all fruit flavored but now come in several different varieties which have been introduced over the years.


title: Mike and Ike

text: The Mike and Ike, which is located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. People have claimed that the name may have come from the comic strip Mike and Ike (They Look Alike), which, however, had ended by the 1940s. Or the name may have referred to the Matina Brothers, two of whom, nicknamed "Mike" & "Ike," were billed as circus dwarves and had roles as Munchkins in the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz"; author Dean Jensen claimed the two brothers had become so popular in America that a boxed candy was named after them. Other proposals include a company-wide contest, the creators' names being Mike and Ike, a vaudeville song titled “Mike and Ike”, and Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose nickname was "Ike." Just Born acquired the "Rodda Candy Company" in 1953 and produced new flavors of the candy, such as cotton candy. Additional flavors such as Root Beer came in the 1960s, and others have been introduced on and off since.


title: Mike and Ike

text: Mike and Ikes are oblong fruit-flavored chewy candies that come in several colors and varieties, including cherry, strawberry, orange, lemon, and lime. Popular varieties are Tropical Typhoon, Berry Blast and Jolly Joes. Each candy has 7 calories, 0 grams of fat, and approximately 1 gram of sugar. The candy is kosher and gluten-free.


title: Mike and Ike

text: They are similar to Hot Tamales, another candy introduced by the same manufacturer in 1950, though they are not spicy.


title: Mike and Ike

text: There are also seasonal packages for Easter in which the Mike and Ike flavors are formed as jelly beans.


title: Mike and Ike

text: In April 2012, the company ran an ad campaign based on the premise that Mike and Ike were "breaking up" due to "creative differences"; the packaging showed one or the other name scratched out. The campaign was intended to capture the interest of younger consumers. In 2013 the company announced Mike and Ike would reunite. In addition to a re-designed packaging and juicier tasting candy, a trailer for a movie was released, entitled, "The Return of Mike and Ike."


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Brooke Mackenzie Henderson (born 10 September 1997) is a Canadian professional golfer on the LPGA Tour.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Henderson was named the Canadian Press female athlete of the year for 2015, 2017 and 2018. She won her first major at age 18 in 2016 at the KPMG Women's PGA Championship, becoming the event's youngest winner. With 12 LPGA wins as of July 2022, Henderson has the most victories of any Canadian golfer on major professional tours. She won her second career major title at the 2022 Evian Championship.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: In November 2019, she was named the winner of the 2019 Founders Award by a vote of fellow golfers on the LPGA Tour as someone "whose behaviour and deeds best exemplify the spirit, ideals, and values of the LPGA."


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Henderson was born on born 10 September 1997 and raised in Smiths Falls, Ontario, she learned golf from an early age at the Smiths Falls Golf and Country Club. Her parents are both experienced players, while her uncle Tom Henderson competed frequently for many years at the top amateur level in the Ottawa area. Henderson's sister Brittany Henderson, older by seven years, was also a top junior and college golfer. She graduated from Smiths Falls District Collegiate Institute in June 2014.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Henderson won the Canadian Women's Amateur in 2013, and finished runner-up at the 2014 U.S. Women's Amateur. While still an amateur, she won three events on the CN Canadian Women's Tour and finished tied for 10th place in the U.S. Women's Open at age 16. She won numerous amateur tournaments and was the top-ranked female amateur golfer in the world before turning professional in December 2014, passing up the chance to play college scholarship golf.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Since 2012, Henderson has been in training with Golf Canada's amateur and young professional development programs called "Team Canada".


title: Brooke Henderson

text: In February 2017, Henderson signed other sponsorship deals with Canadian Pacific, MasterCard, Rolex, BMW, BioSteel, and Golf Town. As of 2017, Henderson became a resident touring professional at Miromar Lakes Beach and Golf Club, Miromar Lakes, Florida.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Henderson set a tournament record with her 36-hole score at the LPGA Tour's Swinging Skirts LPGA Classic in April 2015, at the Lake Merced Golf Club, just south of San Francisco. Her second round 65 (−7) gave her 135 (−9), breaking the record set by Stacy Lewis in 2014 by three shots. She finished third, one stroke behind Lydia Ko, the playoff winner, and runner-up Morgan Pressel.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: At age 17, Henderson had to play her way into LPGA Tour events through Monday qualifiers, and to rely on sponsor exemptions, after her request for an age waiver to compete at the LPGA Tour Q School in late 2014 was denied. She earned a Symetra Tour card after winning her first event as a professional, the Four Winds Invitational in Indiana in June 2015. With a final round 66 (−4), Henderson tied for fifth at the U.S. Women's Open in July.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: After Monday-qualifying for the Cambia Portland Classic in Oregon in August, Henderson won the event by eight shots, the largest victory margin on tour since 2012, and became the tour's third-youngest winner. She was only the second Monday qualifier to win on tour, and the first since Laurel Kean in 2000. Henderson was also the first Canadian to win on the LPGA Tour since Lorie Kane in 2001, and was granted immediate LPGA Tour membership.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: In June 2016, Henderson won her first major championship, at the KPMG Women's PGA Championship at Sahalee Country Club near Seattle. Her final round 65 (−6) propelled her into a tie with top-ranked Lydia Ko, followed by a playoff which Henderson won with a birdie on the first hole. At age 18, she became the youngest to win that major, the second-youngest in any women's major, and the first Canadian to win a major in 48 years. It was Henderson's second tour win, both in the Pacific Northwest, and her first as a tour member; it moved her from fourth to second in the world rankings.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: With her win as defending champion at the Cambia Portland Classic in June 2016, Henderson joined Sandra Post and Lorie Kane as the only Canadians to win multiple LPGA events in the same season.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Henderson was a member of the Canadian Olympic Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the women's Olympic golf tournament, placing seventh.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: In June 2017, Henderson won the Meijer LPGA Classic. Her win on 2 October 2017 at the McKayson New Zealand Women's Open was her first LPGA championship outside North America.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: On 14 April, Henderson won the Lotte Championship, her sixth victory on the LPGA Tour finishing at −12 to win by four strokes over Azahara Muñoz.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: On 26 August, Henderson became the first Canadian in 45 years – after Jocelyne Bourassa in 1973 – to win the Canadian Women's Open at the Wascana Country Club in Regina, Saskatchewan.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: By finishing second (to Ariya Jutanugarn) in the 2018 season-ending Race to the CME Globe, Henderson was awarded $150,000 from the bonus pool purse. She was awarded the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award in December 2018 as The Canadian Press Female Athlete of the Year for the third time.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: On 20 April 2019, Henderson defended her title at the Lotte Championship in Hawaii. This marked her eighth victory on the LPGA Tour, tying Sandra Post, Mike Weir and George Knudson for the most victories by a Canadian golfer on the LPGA or PGA Tours.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: On 16 June 2019, Henderson won the Meijer LPGA Classic in Michigan for the second time – the third LPGA event where she has multiple victories. This was her ninth victory on the LPGA, giving her the most victories on major tours of any professional golfer in Canadian history.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Henderson increased her LPGA victory total to 11 with her win at the ShopRite LPGA Classic in a playoff over Lindsey Weaver-Wright on 12 June 2022.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: Henderson won her second career major at the 2022 Evian Championship, in which she was the first player in LPGA history to begin a major with two rounds of 64 or lower.


title: Brooke Henderson

text: On November 12, the day after shooting a first round, one-over-par 71 at the Pelican Women's Championship, she wrote in a statement that she had to withdraw, "due to an injury in my upper back, it was recommended that I rest as much as possible coming into the week. While I plan to address any medical concerns and recover fully in the off season, I am trying to do everything I can to compete this week. I appreciate all of the support.” She is ranked fourth at the 2022 CME Group Tour Championship of the top-60 ranked players, and scheduled to start in the penultimate group.


title: Valparai

text: Valparai (originally known as Poonachimalai) is a Taluk and hill station in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. It consists of Anamalai Tiger Reserve (earlier known as Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (IGWLS&NP) and prior to that as Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary). It is located above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats. There are a total of 56 estates here. The game of football is very popular here. State level competitions are held every year. The foothill starts exactly from Monkey Falls which is at a distance of to Valparai. The route to Valparai from the foothills consists of 40 hairpin bends. The Kerala state border town of Malakkappara is at a distance of 27 kilometres from Valparai. While major portions of the land are owned by private tea companies, large forest areas continue to be out of bounds.


title: Valparai

text: Earliest records of this area are from the year 1846 when K. Ramasamy Mudaliyar started a coffee plantation here. In 1864, the Karnatic Coffee Company began their coffee plantation here but they could not make it profitable, hence they sold part of their land. In 1875, the roads and guest houses were built by soldiers for the visit of England's Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII. Soldiers were posted here and horses and elephants were used for this purpose. However, the visit was eventually cancelled. In 1890, W. Wintil and Nordan bought a huge portion of land in Valparai from the Madras State Government under the British Raj. Wintil deforested the area and planted tea and coffee. He was assisted by Carver Marsh, an experienced planter for a salary of 250 rupees. Valparai receives rainfall throughout the year. The typical temperature range in Valparai is 25 °C (max) to 15 °C (min) in summer and ( and 15 °C (max) to 10 °C (min) in winter.


title: Valparai

text: Valparai is located at . It is a mid-elevation hill station (Ootacamund is considerably higher) and has an average elevation of . It is close to the border with Thrissur district of the Kerala state.


title: Valparai

text: According to the 2011 census, Valparai had a population of 70,859 with a sex-ratio of 1,013 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 5,007 were under the age of six, constituting 2,564 males and 2,443 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 59.68% and 1.75% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 78.47%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 19,017 households. There were a total of 38,440 workers, comprising 107 cultivators, 4,828 main agricultural laborers, 173 in household industries, 29,338 other workers, 3,994 marginal workers, 71 marginal cultivators, 341 marginal agricultural laborers, 62 marginal workers in household industries and 3,520 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Valparai had 82.84% Hindus, 13.51% Christians, 3.47% Muslims, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, and 0.15% following other religions.


title: Valparai

text: The economy of Valparai largely depends on plantation crops. Valparai has a high concentration of tea and coffee estates. Most of the people living here work in these estates. The Government of Tamil Nadu in collaboration with ITDC initiated the construction of private resort hotels and parks to attract tourists. Valparai is surrounded by many dams and hydro electric power plants. Aazhiyaar Dam is at the foothill of this cluster of mountains. As we go up Upper Aazhiyaar dam is located off the road(which branches off from the main road to Valparai) to Kadampaarai. In Kadamparai there is Kadamparai Dam and beneath the mountain a special kind of power station of TNEB (now TANGEDCO) is located. The road to this Kadamparai Pumped Storage Hydro Electric Power Station branches some 2 miles before and goes through a tunnel which ends up in the vast underground power station complex. The water from the dam flows through one of the dual penstocks and after rotating the turbine it is pumped up to the dam with a powerful motor through the other penstock. Lower Neeraar Dam and Upper Neeraar Vier are located beyond Kadamparai near Kerala border. Tamil Nadu Government's Chinchona estate and factory are located on the road to Neeraar dam. Chinchona is used in the medicine to cure malaria. Sholayaar Dam is located on the western side near Kerala border. It has one power house at the bottom of the dam and the second power house is located few miles away at Manompolli. The water which rotates the turbines goes through the forests in to Parambikulam Dam in Kerala. This water is brought back from Kerala to Tamil Nadu via a tunnel and then the Contour Canal (சமமட்டக் கால்வாய்) which ends up in Upper Aazhiyaar dam.


title: Valparai

text: Valparai is at a distance of from Pollachi; from Udumalaipettai; from Coimbatore; from Dharapuram; from Tiruppur; from Munnar; from Chalakudy; from Nelliampathi; from Palakkad; from Thrissur.The road from Pollachi to Valparai has 40 hairpin bends. It takes about 2 hours to reach Valparai from Pollachi on State Highway 78. TNSTC operates buses from Valparai to Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Udumalaipettai, Dharapuram and Palani. Valparai is connected to Athirappilly Falls by road and is 107 km from Valparai to Chalakudi. It was 597 kilometres from chennai to valparai (by making halt in coimbatore).


title: Valparai

text: The Valparai assembly constituency is a Scheduled Caste constituency and forms part of Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency.


title: Valparai

text: Valparai receives among the highest rainfall in the region during the monsoons (around June). There will be no animals wandering around during the monsoon period (june), mostly wild boar, gaurs, and lion-tail macaques can be noticed. The plantations in the town are surrounded by evergreen forests. The region is an elephant tract and is known to have many leopards. The drive to the town from Pollachi passes through the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary noted for Bengal tiger, elephants, boars, lion-tailed macaques, gaur, spotted deer, sambar, and giant squirrels. The area is also rich in birds, including the great hornbill, and hosts seasonal migrant birds such as the grey wagtail.


title: Valparai

text: The Valparai range is habitat to the Nilgiri tahr, an endemic wild ungulate. These mountain goats inhabit the high ranges and prefer open terrain, cliffs and grass-covered hills, a habitat largely confined to altitudes from 1200 to 2600m in the southern Western Ghats. Their territory extended far and wide all along these hills in the past, but, because of hunting and large-scale habitat destruction, they now exist only in a few isolated sites like the Anaimalai Hills. The human-elephant conflict here is a delicate issue. The tea plantations are a hindrance to the movement of wildlife, particularly elephants who walk large distances to reach water bodies and feeding areas.


title: Valparai

text: Valparai will be opening two new tourist attractions for public visitors by January 2021, a botanical garden and a house boat.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 – 14 February 1820) was the third child and younger son of Charles X, King of France, (whom he predeceased) by his wife Maria Theresa of Savoy. In June 1832, two years after the overthrow of Charles X, an unsuccessful royalist insurrection in the Vendée was led by Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, widow of Charles Ferdinand, in an attempt to restore their son Henri, Comte de Chambord to the French throne. In 1820 he was assassinated at the Paris Opera by Louis Pierre Louvel, a Bonapartist.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke of Berry, was born at Versailles. As a son of a "fils de France" not being heir apparent, he was himself only a "petit-fils de France", and thus bore his father's appanage title as surname in emigration. However, during the Restoration, as his father was heir presumptive to the crown, he was allowed the higher rank of a "fils de France" (used in his marriage contract, his death certificate, etc.). His maternal grandparents were Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Since he was already dead when his father became king, he and his surviving daughter always had "Artois" as surname.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: At start the French Revolution he left France with his father, then Count of Artois, and served in the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé of his cousin, Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé, from 1792 to 1797. As a member of Conde's emigre army, he fought in the Rhine Campaign of 1796, and achieved particular distinction at the Battle of Emmendingen and the Battle of Schliengen.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: He afterwards joined the Russian army, and in 1801 took up his residence in England, where he remained for thirteen years. During that time he had a relationship with an Englishwoman, Amy Brown Freeman. The "Encyclopædia Britannica" Eleventh Edition (1911) described her as his wife, but that is highly unlikely.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: In 1814, the duke set out for France. His frank, open manners gained him some favour with his countrymen, and Louis XVIII named him commander-in-chief of the army at Paris on the return of Napoleon from Elba. He was, however, unable to retain the loyalty of his troops, and retired to Ghent during the Hundred Days war. On 17 June 1816, following negotiations by the French ambassador, the Duke of Blacas, he married Princess Maria-Carolina of Naples (1798–1870), oldest daughter of then hereditary Prince Francis of Naples.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: Three children were born before the duke's death, with one surviving infancy. His daughter, Louise d'Artois, born in 1819, married Charles III of Parma.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: On 13 February 1820, the Duke of Berry was stabbed and mortally wounded when leaving the opera house in Paris with his wife, and died the next day. The assassin was a saddle maker named Louis Pierre Louvel, a Bonapartist opposed to the monarchy. Seven months after his death, the Duke's wife gave birth to their fourth child, Henri, who received the title of Duke of Bordeaux, but is better known in history as the Count of Chambord, and who in the view of Legitimists, was (from 1844 to 1883) King of France, as Henry V.


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: With his wife, Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Sicily, the Duke of Berry had four children, of whom only two survived for more than a day:


title: Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

text: Four of his children, the Count of Chambord, Ferdinand Oreille de Carrière, Charles de La Roche and Mélanie Cosnefroy de Saint-Ange, were born after his death.


title: Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)

text: "Romeo and Juliet" is a rock song by the British rock band Dire Straits, written by frontman Mark Knopfler. It first appeared on the 1980 album "Making Movies" and was released as a single in 1981. The song subsequently appeared on the Dire Straits live albums "" and "On the Night", and later on Knopfler's live duet album with Emmylou Harris, "Real Live Roadrunning" (though Harris does not perform on the track). The track was also featured on the greatest hits albums "Money for Nothing", "", and "".


title: Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)

text: The lyrics of the song describe the experience of the two lovers of the title, hinting at a situation that saw the "Juliet" figure abandon her "Romeo" after finding fame and moving on from the rough neighborhood where they first encountered each other. In addition to the reference to William Shakespeare's play of the same title, the song makes playful allusion to other works involving young love, including the songs "Somewhere" – from "West Side Story", which is itself based on the Shakespeare play – and "My Boyfriend's Back".


title: Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)

text: The original recording of the song has been featured in several motion pictures, including "Hot Fuzz", "Empire Records", "Can't Hardly Wait", and "I, Tonya".


title: Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)

text: The song opens on an arpeggiated resonator guitar part played by Knopfler, who also sings the lead vocal. The introductory arpeggios and melody are played on a National Style "O" guitar, the same guitar featured on the album artwork for "Brothers in Arms" and "". In the Sky Arts documentary "Guitar Stories: Mark Knopfler", "Knopfler picks up the National and demonstrates how he hit on the famous arpeggio lines in "Romeo and Juliet", from the "Making Movies" album, while experimenting with an open G tuning." The instrumentation remains simple during the verses and moves to a full-on rock arrangement in the chorus sections.


title: Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)

text: The song itself, written by Knopfler, was inspired by his failed romance with Holly Vincent, lead singer of the short-lived band Holly and the Italians. The song speaks of a Romeo who is still very much in love with his Juliet, but she now treats him like "just another one of [her] deals". Knopfler has both stated and implied that he believes Vincent was using him to boost her career. The song's line, "Now you just say, oh Romeo, yeah, you know I used to have a scene with him," refers to an interview with Vincent, where she says "What happened was that I had a scene with Mark Knopfler and it got to the point where he couldn't handle it and we split up."


title: Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)

text: "Ultimate Classic Rock" critic Michael Gallucci rated "Romeo and Juliet" as Dire Straits' 3rd best song, saying that it "bridges Shakespeare, West Side Story and a modern rock 'n' roll love story where fame, not family, is keeping the young lovers apart." "Classic Rock" critic Paul Rees rated it to be Dire Straits' 4th greatest song, saying that most of it is "spine-tingling" and praising the "heart-tugging" refrain.


title: Taj-ul-Masajid

text: The Taj-ul-Masajid () or Tāj-ul-Masjid (), is a mosque situated in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the largest mosque in India and one of the largest mosques in the world.


title: Taj-ul-Masajid

text: The construction of the Taj-ul-Masajid was started by Nawab Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal, in the newly-built walled suburb of Shahjahanabad. The exact year when construction was started is unclear; Sharma estimates it to be 1871. After Shah Jahan Begum died in 1901, the mosque continued to be built by her daughter Sultan Jahan Begum, till the end of her lifetime. The structure was planned in the midst of three water bodies, namely: Munshi Hussain Talab; Noor Mahal Talab; and Motia Talab.


title: Taj-ul-Masajid

text: The mosque was not completed due to a lack of funds, and construction did not resume until 1971. The entrance was renovated with motifs from 13th century Syrian mosques donated by the Emir of Kuwait in memory of his late wife.


title: Taj-ul-Masajid

text: The Taj-ul-Masajid largely takes inspiration from Mughal architecture. The mosque has a pink facade topped by two 18-storey high octagonal minarets with marble domes, an impressive main hallway with attractive pillars, and marble flooring resembling the likes of Jama Masjid in Delhi and the Badshahi Mosque of Lahore. It has a courtyard with a large ablution tank in the centre. It has a double-storeyed gateway with four recessed archways and nine cusped multifold openings in the main prayer hall. The massive pillars in the hall hold 27 ceilings through squinted arches of which 16 ceilings are decorated with ornate petalled designs.


title: Taj-ul-Masajid

text: The mosque also features a zenana (women's gallery), rare given that prayer from home was the norm for women at the time of the mosque's construction.


title: Taj-ul-Masajid

text: The Bhopal Tablighi Ijtema is an annual three-day congregation that draws people from all over the world. It was held at Taj-ul-Masajid until it was shifted to Intkhedi outside the city due to shortage of space.


title: The Whole Story

text: The Whole Story is the second compilation album by English singer Kate Bush, and first greatest hits album worldwide. Released on 10 November 1986, it earned Bush her third UK number-one album and went on to become her best-selling release to date, being certified four-times platinum in the United Kingdom.


title: The Whole Story

text: The album includes eleven of Bush's previous singles, with a previously unreleased track entitled "Experiment IV", which had been released as a single and reached the UK top 30. A newly recorded version of Bush's debut single "Wuthering Heights" (1978) opens the album. The album mix of "The Man with the Child in His Eyes" features on this album instead of the single version.


title: The Whole Story

text: A home video compilation of the same name was released simultaneously, which includes the promotional videos for each song on the album.


title: The Whole Story

text: In 2014, during Bush's Before the Dawn residency at the Hammersmith Apollo, "The Whole Story" charted at number 8 in the UK.


title: The Whole Story

text: Following a resurgence of popularity for "Running Up That Hill (A Deal With God)" in 2022, "The Whole Story" peaked at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code

text: Section 420 in the Indian Penal Code deals with "Cheating" and "dishonestly inducing delivery of property". The maximum punishment which can be awarded under this section is imprisonment for a term of 7 year and fine.


title: Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code

text: Distinction between mere 'breach of contract' and the 'offense of cheating' is a fine one. It depends upon the intention of the accused at the time of inducement which may be judged by his subsequent conduct but for this subsequent conduct is not the sole test. Mere breach of contract cannot give rise to criminal prosecution for cheating unless fraudulent or dishonest intention is shown right at the beginning of the transaction, that is the time when the offence is said to have been committed. Therefore, it is the intention of cheating which is the gist of the offence. To hold a person guilty of cheating, it is necessary to show that he had fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of committing the act.


title: Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code

text: A mere representation, which is neither claimed or alleged to be dishonest or fraudulent would not attract the charge of cheating only because the complainant parts with his money on the basis thereof.


title: Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code

text: The maximum punishment for an offence under section 420 of IPC is imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years, with or without monetary fine.


title: Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code

text: The term "420"(read as "Char Sau Bees" in Hindi) is used in India to refer to a confidence trickster. This section was also in use in other neighboring countries such as Pakistan, Myanmar, where the term "420" persists in popular culture to this date. In the Nigerian Criminal Code, the same offence is covered by article 419, which has now lent its name to the advance fee fraud.


title: Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code

text: The title of two popular Hindi films - Chachi 420 (in English: Trickster Aunt, a 1997 remake of Mrs. Doubtfire) and Shri 420 (in English: "Mr. 420", a 1955 film), are direct references to Section 420 of the IPC.


title: Leon Askin

text: Leon Askin (; born Leon Aschkenasy, 18 September 1907 – 3 June 2005) was an Austrian Jewish actor best known in North America for portraying the character General Burkhalter on the TV situation comedy "Hogan's Heroes".


title: Leon Askin

text: Askin was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, the son of Malvine (Susman) and Samuel Aschkenazy (both of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust). According to his autobiography his first experience of show business occurred during World War I when he recited a poem before Emperor Franz Joseph. In the 1920s, he studied acting with Louise Dumont and Max Reinhardt. While working at Vienna's "ABC" cabaret theater in the 1930s, he frequently directed the works of dissident political writer Jura Soyfer.


title: Leon Askin

text: Askin fled Austria to the United States in 1940, after having been beaten and abused by the Nazi SA and SS. His parents were murdered in the Treblinka death camp. He then served in World War II as a Staff Sergeant in the US Army Air Forces. After the war, he went to Hollywood to begin a career in films, invariably portraying foreign characters who speak English with a strong accent. Askin appeared as the Russian composer Anton Rubinstein in a Disneyland anthology episode of the life of Peter Tchaikovsky. Fans of the television series "Adventures of Superman" recall his portrayals of an eastern European diamond smuggler (Joseph Ferdinand) in the 1953 black-and-white episode "Superman in Exile", and as a South American prime minister in a color episode. He appeared in 20th Century Fox's biblical epic "The Robe" in 1953 as a Syrian guide named Abidor. In 1960, he appeared in the film "Pension Schöller", and the following year was prominently featured in Billy Wilder's film "One, Two, Three", co-starring with James Cagney.


title: Leon Askin

text: Askin gained wide recognition and popularity for his recurring role as the stern General Albert Burkhalter in the sitcom "Hogan's Heroes," appearing in 67 episodes (including the pilot) of the show’s run from 1965 to 1971. Burkhalter was the gruff and portly commanding officer of Colonel Klink, the bungling commandant of a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp, manipulated by the American Colonel Hogan so the prisoners would get away with their clandestine activities.


title: Leon Askin

text: Askin made guest appearances on "The Restless Gun" 1957 episode "The Shooting of Jett King", "My Favorite Martian" 1965 episode "Martin Of The Movies" as Von Reinbein. "The Monkees" 1967 episode "The Card Carrying Red Shoes", as Nicolai, on "Daniel Boone" in its 1969 episode "Benvenuto... Who?" as Roquelinm and in the "Fiddler in the House" episode of the 1974 situation comedy "Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers" as a violin virtuoso. Between 1977 and 1979, he appeared in Steve Allen's PBS series, "Meeting of Minds", portraying Martin Luther and Karl Marx. He portrayed a psychology professor in a season six episode of "Happy Days". In 1979 he portrayed the character Mr. Hoffmeier of Hoffmeier’s Bakery, judging a pie contest in an episode in the third season of "Three’s Company" titled "The Bake-Off".


title: Leon Askin

text: His other film credits include roles in "Road to Bali" (1952), "Desert Legion" (1953), "The Veils of Bagdad" (1953), "Knock on Wood" (1954), "Secret of the Incas" (1954), "Valley of the Kings" (1954), "Son of Sinbad" (1955), "The Last Blitzkrieg" (1959), "Lulu" (1962), "Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace" (1962), "Do Not Disturb" (1965), "What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?" (1966), "Double Trouble" (1967), "The Caper of the Golden Bulls" (1967), "The Perils of Pauline" (1967), "The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz" (1968), "A Fine Pair" (1968), "Guns for San Sebastian" (1968), "The Maltese Bippy" (1969), "Death Knocks Twice" (1969), "Hammersmith Is Out" (1972), "The World's Greatest Athlete" (1973), "Going Ape!" (1981), and "Frightmare" (1983). In 1982, he had a brief appearance as a Moscow Anchorman in the film "".


title: Leon Askin

text: Askin had a role in the classic Mel Brooks comedy "Young Frankenstein" (1974), but his scenes were cut from the film.


title: Leon Askin

text: Askin died from natural causes in Vienna on June 3, 2005, at the age of 97 and is interred at Vienna Central Cemetery.


title: Primary key

text: In the relational model of databases, a primary key is a "specific choice" of a "minimal" set of attributes (columns) that uniquely specify a tuple (row) in a relation (table). Informally, a primary key is "which attributes identify a record," and in simple cases constitute a single attribute: a unique ID. More formally, a primary key is a choice of candidate key (a minimal superkey); any other candidate key is an alternate key.


title: Primary key

text: A primary key may consist of real-world observables, in which case it is called a "natural key", while an attribute created to function as a key and not used for identification outside the database is called a "surrogate key". For example, for a database of people (of a given nationality), time and location of birth could be a natural key. National identification number is another example of an attribute that may be used as a natural key.


title: Primary key

text: Although mainly used today in the relational database context, the term "primary key" pre-dates the relational model and is also used in other database models. Charles Bachman, in his definition of the navigational database, is the first person to define primary keys.


title: Primary key

text: In relational database terms, a primary key does not differ in form or function from a key that isn't primary. In practice, various motivations may determine the choice of any one key as primary over another. The designation of a primary key may indicate the "preferred" identifier for data in the table, or that the primary key is to be used for foreign key references from other tables or it may indicate some other technical rather than semantic feature of the table. Some languages and software have special syntax features that can be used to identify a primary key as such (e.g. the PRIMARY KEY constraint in SQL).


title: Primary key

text: The relational model, as expressed through relational calculus and relational algebra, does not distinguish between primary keys and other kinds of keys. Primary keys were added to the SQL standard mainly as a convenience to the application programmer.


title: Primary key

text: Primary keys are defined in the ISO SQL Standard, through the PRIMARY KEY constraint. The syntax to add such a constraint to an existing table is defined in like this:


title: Primary key

text: The primary key can also be specified directly during table creation. In the SQL Standard, primary keys may consist of one or multiple columns. Each column participating in the primary key is implicitly defined as NOT NULL. Note that some RDBMS require explicitly marking primary key columns as codice_1.


title: Primary key

text: If the primary key consists only of a single column, the column can be marked as such using the following syntax:


title: Primary key

text: In some circumstances the natural key that uniquely identifies a tuple in a relation may be cumbersome to use for software development. For example, it may involve multiple columns or large text fields. In such cases, a surrogate key can be used instead as the primary key. In other situations there may be more than one candidate key for a relation, and no candidate key is obviously preferred. A surrogate key may be used as the primary key to avoid giving one candidate key artificial primacy over the others.


title: Primary key

text: Since primary keys exist primarily as a convenience to the programmer, surrogate primary keys are often used, in many cases exclusively, in database application design.


title: Primary key

text: Due to the popularity of surrogate primary keys, many developers and in some cases even theoreticians have come to regard surrogate primary keys as an inalienable part of the relational data model. This is largely due to a migration of principles from the object-oriented programming model to the relational model, creating the hybrid object-relational model. In the ORM like active record pattern, these additional restrictions are placed on primary keys:


title: Primary key

text: However, neither of these restrictions is part of the relational model or any SQL standard. Due diligence should be applied when deciding on the immutability of primary key values during database and application design. Some database systems even imply that values in primary key columns cannot be changed using the codice_2 SQL statement.


title: Primary key

text: Typically, one candidate key is chosen as the primary key. Other candidate keys become alternate keys, each of which may have a codice_3 constraint assigned to it in order to prevent duplicates (a duplicate entry is not valid in a unique column).


title: Primary key

text: Alternate keys may be used like the primary key when doing a single-table select or when filtering in a "where" clause, but are not typically used to join multiple tables.


title: Public holidays in the European Union

text: The European Union does not set public holidays for its member states. However the European Commission does set public holidays for the employees of the institutions of the European Union.


title: Public holidays in the European Union

text: This list includes all ten public holidays in Belgium, except for Armistice Day (11 November). For Luxembourg, Belgian National Day is replaced by the Luxembourgish National Day.


title: Priya Raman

text: Priya Raman (born 18 June 1974) is an Indian actress and television producer. She has appeared in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada cinema and in television serials of Malayalam and Tamil languages. Her first film was the Rajnikanth-produced film "Valli", in 1993. Her second film, "Arthana", directed by I. V. Sasi and released in 1993, was her debut in Malayalam film industry.


title: Priya Raman

text: Besides films, she has also appeared in a number of Tamil and Malayalam television serials like the Tamil serial "Durga", Malayalam T.V serial "Kavyanjali" produced by of Balaji Telefilms (as "Anjali"), "Swarnamayooram", "Pavakoothu" and "Orma" (as "Girly"). She have acted in Zee Tamil serial, "Sembaruthi". She also hosts a celebrity reality game show called "Genes" in the same channel.


title: American Electric Power

text: American Electric Power (AEP), (railcar reporting mark: AEPX) is a major investor-owned electric utility in the United States, delivering electricity to more than five million customers in 11 states.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP ranks among the nation's largest generators of electricity, owning nearly 38,000 megawatts of generating capacity in the U.S. AEP also owns the nation's largest electricity transmission system, a nearly network that includes 765 kilovolt ultra-high voltage transmission lines, more than all other U.S. transmission systems combined. AEP's transmission system directly or indirectly serves about 10 percent of the electricity demand in the Eastern Interconnection, the interconnected transmission system that covers 38 eastern and central U.S. states and eastern Canada, and approximately 11 percent of the electricity demand in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, the transmission system that covers much of Texas.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP's utility units operate as AEP Ohio, AEP Texas, Appalachian Power (in Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee), Indiana Michigan Power, Kentucky Power, Public Service Company of Oklahoma, and Southwestern Electric Power Company (in Arkansas, Louisiana and east Texas). AEP's headquarters are in Columbus, Ohio.


title: American Electric Power

text: American Electric Power was the first utility to utilize 345 kV transmission lines which took place in 1953.


title: American Electric Power

text: The company ranked 185th on the 2018 Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP Ohio serves 1.5 million customers in central, southern and northwestern Ohio. For years, it consisted of two operating companies, Ohio Power and Columbus Southern Power. However, in 2014, Columbus Southern was merged into Ohio Power, leaving Ohio Power as the legal operating company for regulatory purposes.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP Texas was formed from a merger of various predecessor utilities, and joined AEP as part of its acquisition of Central and South West Corporation in 1997. It consists of AEP Texas North Company (formerly West Texas Utilities), which operates in west Texas, and AEP Texas Central Company (formerly Central Power and Light), which operates in south Texas.


title: American Electric Power

text: Appalachian Power (APCO) is based in Charleston, West Virginia and owns the naming rights to Appalachian Power Park in Charleston. APCO serves about one million customers in central and Southern West Virginia, the West Virginia Panhandle, Southwest Virginia and parts of Northeast Tennessee, specifically Kingsport. Cities in the Appalachian Power service territory include Wheeling, Charleston and Huntington, West Virginia; Roanoke, Virginia and Kingsport.


title: American Electric Power

text: Until the 21st century, AEP's operations in Tennessee were part of a separate operating company, Kingsport Power Company. However, since the turn of the millennium, Kingsport Power's operations have been almost completely merged with those of Appalachian Power. While Kingsport Power still legally exists, the Kingsport Power name is almost never used anymore except for regulatory formality. AEP considers Appalachian Power to be the operating company in Kingsport.


title: American Electric Power

text: Wheeling Power, based in Wheeling, was long treated as a "de facto" part of Ohio Power, but is now treated as part of Appalachian Power.


title: American Electric Power

text: Indiana Michigan Power (I&M) serves northeastern and east central Indiana, including Muncie and Fort Wayne; and parts of north central Indiana and southwest Michigan, including South Bend, St. Joseph, Benton Harbor and Three Rivers. The Donald C. Cook nuclear power plant is located in I&M's territory.


title: American Electric Power

text: Kentucky Power serves most of Eastern Kentucky, the area abutting the Appalachian Power service area, including communities of Pikeville, Hazard and Ashland. Kentucky Power headquarters is in Ashland and they maintain a government relations office in Frankfort.


title: American Electric Power

text: On October 26, 2021 the Liberty Utilities subsidiary of Algonquin Power & Utilities agreed to acquire AEP's Kentucky operations in a transaction valued at $2.8 billion (US). The purchase is expected to close in the second quarter of 2022, pending regulatory approval.


title: American Electric Power

text: PSO was one of the four CSW operating companies when CSW merged with AEP. Incorporated in 1913, PSO serves approximately 540,000 customers in eastern and southwestern Oklahoma. Its headquarters are in Tulsa. PSO has 4,269 megawatts of generating capacity and provides electricity to 232 cities and towns across a service area encompassing 30,000 square miles.


title: American Electric Power

text: In April 2014, Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin signed into law an AEP-backed bill that would add a tax onto anyone in the state who adopted rooftop solar. This anti-solar legislation was headed by Rep. Mike Turner (Oklahoma politician) (R. Edmond), known for both his support of ending rooftop solar and legislation he introduced to end all marriage in the state. After partnering with AEP to pass the legislation, Rep. Turner suffered a failed federal congressional race.


title: American Electric Power

text: Often called SWEPCO, the Southwestern Electric Power Company serves most of western Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana, and northeastern Texas. Like PSO, it was one of the four CSW Operating Companies.


title: American Electric Power

text: Between 2013 and 2014, AEP, under subsidiary SWEPCO, tried to eliminate a fundamental solar policy, net metering, at the LPSC several times, and failed each time. SWEPCO also backed openly anti-solar candidate Eric Skrmetta, who has been widely criticized for receiving 2/3 of his campaign contributions from entities he regulates.


title: American Electric Power

text: In Arkansas, SWEPCO is expected in 2015 to ask regulators to allow them to pass along the costs of building and running the John W. Turk Jr. Coal Plant, the most expensive project in state history, to Arkansas ratepayers. This process is expected to elicit similar controversy to what has plagued the plant since construction.


title: American Electric Power

text: SWEPCO operated Dolet Hills Power Station was scheduled for closure in Louisiana in 2021, due to pressure by Beyond Coal.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP also bought much of the town of Cheshire, Ohio, where the Gavin Power Plant is located, due to pollution issues.


title: American Electric Power

text: In 2004, AEP announced their plans to build one, or more, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coal-fired power plant which is expected to reduce emissions while providing additional electricity capacity to the customers served by AEP.


title: American Electric Power

text: The company also operates its own inland barge line, AEP River Operations (formerly MEMCO Barge Line), and owns major tracts of land throughout its service areas.


title: American Electric Power

text: In August 2008, AEP has formed a joint venture company with Duke Energy to build and own new electric transmission assets.


title: American Electric Power

text: It is the largest shareholder in the Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC). OVEC is an associate company of AEP, not a subsidiary, because AEP owns less than half of it.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP owns and operates the Donald C. Cook nuclear power plant. This accounts for 6% of the generation portfolio.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP is expanding its green efforts to include 18 more International DuraStar hybrid diesel trucks. AEP is also teaming with Ford for the integration of a Vehicle-To-Power grid communication system, which allows hybrid vehicles to communicate with power companies to determine where, how long, and what it would cost to re-charge a hybrid during travel.


title: American Electric Power

text: In 2009, AEP signed a deal with Wyandot Solar LLC to purchase power from one of the largest solar fields in the eastern United States of America, based in Upper Sandusky, Ohio.


title: American Electric Power

text: In 2009, AEP partnered with other energy companies in commissioning a study of how to transmit wind energy generated in the Upper Midwest to consumers in the East.


title: American Electric Power

text: In 2017, Invenergy and GE announced plans for the $4.5 billion, 2,000 MW Wind Catcher (a/k/a Windcatcher) project on a 300,000-acre site in Cimarron and Texas counties in the Oklahoma Panhandle, which would have been among the world's largest wind farms when completed in 2020. AEP utility subsidiaries PSO and SWEPCO asked utility regulators in Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas and Oklahoma to approve plans to purchase the wind farm from Invenergy upon completion of construction. However, the project ran into opposition and was finally cancelled in July 2018.


title: American Electric Power

text: PSO was approved in early 2020 by regulators in Oklahoma to own a 45.5% share (675 MW) of a massive 1,485 megawatt wind project known as the North Central Energy Facilities ("NCEF"), with SWEPCO owning the remaining 810 MW. The project includes three wind farms covering areas in Alfalfa, Blaine, Custer, Kingfisher, Garfield, Major and Woods counties of Oklahoma. Approval followed in Arkansas and Louisiana in May; however, the Texas Public Utility Commission denied the plan for the 309 megawatts intended for that state. Nevertheless, PSO and SWEPCO decided to go forward with the project, with Oklahoma to receive 675 megawatts, Louisiana 464 megawatts, and Arkansas 268 megawatts. The projects were to be completed in the 2020-2021 timeframe. The NCEF project differed from the abandoned Wind Catcher plan in that Wind Catcher envisioned a new 765-kilovolt transmission line which would have run hundreds of miles in Oklahoma, while the NCEF facilities are near an existing PSO/SWEPCO transmission system. Also, NCEF was scalable, so that the states which approved the project could increase the number of megawatts allocated to them if/when another state rejected the proposal. The 199 MW Sundance project, located northwest of Aline in Woods County, was completed in April of 2021. The 287 MW Maverick and the 999 MW Traverse projects are scheduled to be in service later in 2021 and in early 2022, respectively.


title: American Electric Power

text: In 2007, AEP teamed with Allegheny Energy to propose the US$1.8 billion (changed to US$2.1 billion in 2011) Potomac-Appalachian Transmission Highline (PATH), a , 765 kilovolt transmission line that would run through West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland. According to Joe Denault, a volunteer spokesperson for the proposal, the PATH proposal would incorporate new technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by a year; allow for the transmission of renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric; and generate 5,700 jobs, with $420 million in employee compensation annually. However, many of these claims are disputed and the proposal must pass several legal hurdles before moving forward. On August 24, 2012, PJM Interconnection officially removed the PATH project from its long-range expansion plans, citing a slow economy for reducing the projected growth in electricity use.


title: American Electric Power

text: The American Gas and Electric Company, which would be renamed American Electric Power in 1958, was incorporated in 1906. It replaced Electric Company of America, a holding company that had existed since 1899. It built "the first plant in the world to reheat steam to do double duty in the process of generating electricity" at the Philo Power Plant in Philo, Ohio in 1923. Several of its holdings were divested following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act in 1935; these holdings would include Atlantic City Electric (now a subsidiary of Exelon) and Scranton Electric (since absorbed by PPL). However, it retained its Central System, which ran between Michigan and Virginia. It moved its headquarters from New York City to Columbus, Ohio in the 1980s. On May 1, 1999, The North American electric power industry tested and cleared 75 percent of the U.S. electricity system for compliance with the Year 2000 computer glitch. On August 31, 2004, American Electric Power Company's $10 billion acquisition of the Central and South West Corporation was approved.


title: American Electric Power

text: As of 2017 American Electric Power shares are mainly held by institutional investors, and large Single Family Offices (Vanguard group, BlackRock, State Street Corporation, and others)


title: American Electric Power

text: The Political Economy Research Institute ranks American Electric Power 55th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. The ranking is based on the quantity ( in 2018) of toxic air released, as well as the toxicity and population exposure of the emissions. Major pollutants include sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, and chromium, manganese and nickel compounds. Overall, electric power plants, such as those operated by AEP, account for almost "70 percent of sulfur dioxide emissions each year and 30 percent of nitrogen oxides emissions." Individually, these pollutants cause serious respiratory damage and other illnesses; when combined, they create what's known as acid rain, which causes long term damage to the environment and deterioration of natural and man-made structures. Environmental Protection Agency has named American Electric a potentially responsible party at the Green River Disposal Inc. Superfund toxic waste site.


title: American Electric Power

text: In February 2018, AEP announced plans to reduce carbon emissions 80 percent by 2050 through increased use of renewables, natural gas and energy efficiency.


title: American Electric Power

text: In August 2018, AEP started a program in Ohio that incentivizes the installation of electric vehicle infrastructure by investing $10 million for the installation of up to 375 electric vehicle charging stations. According to Utility DIVE, "The program is part of a wave of EV charging rollouts utilities are spearheading in an effort to spur EV adoption."


title: American Electric Power

text: The United States Justice Department filed a lawsuit on November 3, 1999, against AEP and six other companies for violating the Clean Air Act. On October 8, 2007, AEP agreed to install US$4.6 billion in equipment to reduce emission, as well as pay a US$15 million civil fine and provide US$36 million for environmental projects and $24 million for environmental mitigation.


title: American Electric Power

text: The company will cut of air pollutants annually once all of the controls are installed. According to the press release, the agreement imposes caps on emissions of pollutants from 16 plants located in five states. The facilities are located in Moundsville (two facilities), St. Albans, Glasgow, and New Haven (two facilities), West Virginia; Louisa, Kentucky; Glen Lyn and Carbo, Virginia; Brilliant, Conesville, Cheshire, Lockbourne, and Beverly, Ohio; and Rockport and Lawrenceburg, Indiana.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP has come under criticism in many of the states they operate in for attacking rooftop solar. They have specifically attempted to halt distributed solar in Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, West Virginia, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio.


title: American Electric Power

text: AEP reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 49,681 Kt (-29,610 /-37.3% y-o-y) and aims to reach net zero emissions by 2045.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: and regarded as one of its top leaders. He left Jamaat in 2004 and founded Tehreek-e-Hurriyat, which became the leading organisation in a separate "Geelani faction" of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC). Geelani served as the chairman of this faction until he quit it in June 2020.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani was also a three-time Member of the Legislative Assembly from the Sopore constituency, elected on a Jamaat-e-Islami ticket in 1972, 1977 and in 1987.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Syed Ali Geelani was born in 1929 in a village called Zurimanj, in the Bandipora tehsil, in the Baramulla district of North Kashmir. He was the son of a landless labourer in the canals department. Geelani was educated partly in Sopore (his ancestral village) and the rest in Lahore. He studied in a madrasa attached to the Masjid Wazir Khan and later enrolled in the Oriental College. He completed "Adib 'Alim", a course in Islamic theology.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Returning to Kashmir after studies in Lahore, Geelani became active in the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference. He was appointed the secretary of the party unit in Zurimanz. In 1946, during the Quit Kashmir movement of the National Conference, he came in contact with Maulana Sayeed Masoodi, the general secretary of the National Conference, who took a liking to him and made him a reporter to the party newspaper "Akhbar-i-Khidmat".


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Masoodi also sponsored further studies for Geelani, who completed an "adib-i-fazil" course in Urdu and other courses in Persian and English. After this, he took a job as a school teacher, first at Pathar Masjid and later at Rainawari in Srinagar. Here he came in contact with Saaduddin Tarabali, a follower of the Jamaat-e-Islami founder Maulana Abul A'la Maududi. Maududi advocated a hardline Islamist ideology, whereby Islam had to be the foundation of the entire political order. Geelani had borrowed a book of Maududi from the local book store, which made a deep impression upon him. He was to later say, Maududi had "beautifully.. expressed the feelings that lay deep down in my own heart". The National Conference headquarters, Mujahid Manzil, where Geelani apparently stayed, soon began to be seen as "a den of Pakistanis".


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani was soon moved out of Srinagar, and he came to work in the Intermediate College in Sopore. He stayed in this position for six years. During this time, he was reading the literature of Jamaat-e-Islami and conveying its contents to his students in lectures. He also addressed congregations in mosques. He had become a full-fledged member of Jamaat in 1952. He remained in Jamaat until 2003, when he was "retired" by the party leadership from the position of their representative.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani has been viewed as a key separatist leader in Kashmir. Omar Abdullah, former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, has blamed Geelani for the rise in militancy and bloodshed in Kashmir, while Omar's father and former Union Minister Farooq Abdullah has urged Geelani to follow a path which would "save Kashmiri people from further destruction". In October 2013 he was re-elected for the fourth time to serve three-year term as the chairman of Hurriyat Conference (G), a faction of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference, which split up in 2003. He founded the Tehreek-e-Hurriyat party, to which he was separately reelected as chairman for a three-year term in September 2013.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani has called for numerous general strikes or shutdowns, in response to the deaths of unnamed suspected militants, local militants and death of civilians in Kashmir.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Syed Ali Shah Geelani received the invitation to participate in the annual meeting of the foreign ministers of member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Kashmir Contact Group to be held in New York from 27 September 2015.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: After the death of Burhan Muzaffar Wani and the ongoing 2016 Kashmir Unrest that lasted for five consecutive months, to restore normalcy in Kashmir, Geelani sent a letter to United Nations listing six Confidence Building measures (CBMS).


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: On 29 November 2010, Geelani, along with writer Arundhati Roy, activist Varavara Rao and three others, was charged under "sections 124A (sedition), 153A (promoting enmity between classes), 153B (imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration), 504 (insult intended to provoke breach of peace) and 505 (false statement, rumour circulated with intent to cause mutiny or offence against public peace...) to be read with Section 13 of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act of 1967". The charges, which carried a maximum sentence of life imprisonment, were the result of a self-titled seminar they gave in New Delhi, "Azadi-the Only Way" on 21 October, at which Geelani was heckled.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani had appealed to people of Kashmir to boycott the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections completely, not accepting the proposals for self-rule or autonomy that had been offered by the People's Democratic Party and the then ruling National Conference. But despite repeated boycott appeals, 2014 assembly election recorded record voters' turnout of more than 65% which was highest in 25 years of history. After record voting percentage in Kashmir, Geelani, along with other separatists, were criticised by Indian media for misleading people of Kashmir and for not representing true sentiments of Kashmiri people.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani lived in Hyderpora, Srinagar. Geelani has 2 sons; Nayeem and Naseem, and four daughters; Anisha, Farhat Jabeen, Zamshida, and Chamshida. Anisha and Farhat are Geelani's daughters from his second marriage. Nayeem and his wife are both doctors who used to live and practise medicine in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, but they returned to India in 2010. Geelani's younger son, Naseem works at an agricultural university in Srinagar. Geelani's grandson Izhaar is a crew member in a private airline in India. Geelani's daughter Farhat is a madani teacher in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and her husband is an engineer there. Geelani's other grandchildren are studying in leading schools of India. His cousin Ghulam Nabi Fai is presently in London. Ruwa Shah, daughter of Kashmiri separatist Altaf Ahmad Shah (SAS Geelani's son-in-law) is a journalist. She previously worked as a journalist in India with organisations including the Al Jazeera, IANS and The Indian Express.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani's passport was seized in 1981 due to accusations of "anti-India" activities. With the exception of his Hajj pilgrimage in 2006, he has not been allowed to leave India. He was diagnosed with renal cancer, and advised treatment from abroad in the same year. On the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's intervention, the government returned Geelani's passport to his son. In 2007, his condition worsened, although in the early stages of the cancer, it was life-threatening and surgery was advised. Geelani was set to travel to either the UK or the United States. However, his visa request was rejected by the American government citing his violent approach in Kashmir conflict and he went to Mumbai for surgery. His supporters and family alleged that this was a "human rights violation".


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: On 6 March 2014, Geelani fell ill with a severe chest infection, shortly after returning to his home in Srinagar. He has been under house arrest for most of the time since 2010, and was put under house arrest again on his return. In May 2015, Geelani applied for passport to visit his daughter in Saudi Arabia. The Indian government withheld it citing technical reasons, including the fact that he deliberately failed to fill in the nationality column required in the application. On 21 July, the Government granted him a passport on humanitarian grounds, with a validity of nine months, after Geelani acknowledged his nationality as an Indian.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: On 12 March 2014, rumors of Geelani's death, spread by edits to his Wikipedia entry, "a particular Hindi news channel", and pages on Facebook led the government of Kashmir to suspend internet and phone service, according to some sources. However, the then Chief Minister Omar Abdullah said that the failures had nothing to do with Geelani's health and were due to a snapped power line as well as an optical fibre cut due to heavy snowfall, which left most of the valley without power. The cuts in Internet service, hours after a statement by Hurriyat that Geelani would be flown to New Delhi for medical treatment, were blamed for spreading the rumours.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: After the 2019 Pulwama attack, India took stronger action against pro-Pakistan separatists including Geelani. The Enforcement Directorate levied a penalty of ₹14.40 lakh and ordered confiscation of nearly ₹6.8 lakh in connection with a Foreign Exchange Management Act case against him for illegal possession of foreign exchange.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Geelani reportedly developed breathing complications and died on 1 September 2021 at his Hyderpora residence in Srinagar due to his prolonged illness.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: His son Nayeem alleged that the police forcibly took away his body and buried it, while his family refused to attend the funeral. Dilbag Singh, the Director General of Jammu and Kashmir Police, however denied the allegations.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Restrictions on travel and internet were imposed in Kashmir soon after Geelani's death. A FIR was later registered against his family members for clothing his body with a Pakistani flag.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: Kashmiri political leaders, as well as members of Government of Pakistan, condoled his death. Prime Minister Imran Khan ordered flags to be flown at half-mast to mourn his death.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: On 14 August 2020, Pakistani President Arif Alvi conferred Nishan-e-Pakistan, Pakistan’s highest civil award on Geelani to recognise his decades-long struggle for Kashmiris’ right to self-determination.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: In February 2014 he said prisoners in Kashmir "are the victims of custodial violence and are harassed in Indian jails especially in Tihar Jail" after an incident where parents of Javaid Ahmad Khan, serving a life sentence, "had travelled thousands of kilometres and invested a lot of money to reach Delhi to meet their jailed son but were denied a meeting with him. "This is state terrorism", he said.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: He is viewed as sympathetic to Jamat-e-Islami. His official residence was viewed as Jamat property before he donated it to the Milli Trust.


title: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

text: In November 2011, Geelani called for protests against the alleged "objectionable anti-Islamic" content on the social networking website Facebook, which he described as a "satanic audacity". His call triggered protests in various parts of the Kashmir valley, leading to minor clashes between the protestors and the security forces.