title: Melvin Guillard

text: In September 2018, news surfaced that Guillard was facing four felony charges stemming from two separate incidents: domestic violence against his girlfriend and an assault at a Denver bar. Subsequently it was revealed that there were two separate incidents in Denver bars, in June and September 2018. For the bar incidents, Guillard was eventually charged with six charges, including multiple felony assaults. He made a deal with the prosecutor for misdemeanor assault and was jailed. He was released in July 2019 with two years of probation.


title: Melvin Guillard

text: In August 2019, news surfaced that Guillard was to appear at a court hearing on August 28, 2019, regarding the domestic violence incident, facing a second degree assault and a third degree assault charges.


title: Hormel Foods

text: Hormel Foods Corporation is an American food processing company founded in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, by George A. Hormel as George A. Hormel & Company. The company originally focused on the packaging and selling of ham, sausage and other pork, chicken, beef and lamb products to consumers, adding Spam in 1937. By the 1980s, Hormel began offering a wider range of packaged and refrigerated foods. The company changed its name to Hormel Foods Corporation in 1993, and uses the Hormel brand on many of its products; the company's other brands include Planters, Columbus Craft Meats, Dinty Moore, Jennie-O, and Skippy. The company's products are available in 80 countries.


title: Hormel Foods

text: The company was founded as George A. Hormel & Company in Austin, Minnesota by George A. Hormel in 1891. It changed its name to Hormel Foods in 1993.


title: Hormel Foods

text: George A. Hormel (born 1860 in Buffalo, New York) worked in a Chicago slaughterhouse before becoming a traveling wool and hide buyer. His travels took him to Austin and he decided to settle there. He borrowed $500 and opened a meat business. Hormel handled the production side of the business and his partner, Albert Friedrich, handled the retail. Their partnership dissolved in 1891 as Hormel started his own meat packing operation in northeast Austin in a creamery building on the Cedar River.


title: Hormel Foods

text: To make ends meet in those early days, Hormel continued to trade in hides, eggs, wool, and poultry. The name was first used in 1903. In the first decade of the 20th century distribution centers were opened in St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, San Antonio, Dallas, Chicago, Atlanta, and Birmingham.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 1915, Hormel began selling dry sausages under the names of Cedar Cervelat, Holsteiner and Noxall Salami. Hormel products began appearing in national magazines such as "Good Housekeeping" as early as 1916.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 1921, when George's son Jay Hormel returned from service in the First World War, he uncovered that assistant controller Cy Thomson had embezzled $1,187,000 from the company over the previous ten years. The embezzlement scandal provided George Hormel with additional incentive to professionalize his company. He did so by arranging for more reliable capital management, by dismissing unproductive employees, and by continuing to develop new products, reportedly with the mantra “Originate, don't imitate." In 1926, the company introduced Hormel Flavor-Sealed Ham, America's first canned ham, and added a canned chicken product line in 1928. Throughout the 1930s, Hormel ads were featured on the radio program "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show".


title: Hormel Foods

text: Hormel Chili and Spam were introduced in 1936 and 1937 respectively. In 1938, Jay C. Hormel introduced the "Joint Savings Plan" which allowed employees to share in the profits of the company.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 1933, workers, led by itinerant butcher Frank Ellis, formed the Independent Union of All Workers and conducted one of the nation's first successful sit-down strikes; the union would later join the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, later AFL-CIO).


title: Hormel Foods

text: By 1942, George and Jay established The Hormel Foundation to act as trustees of the family trusts. The Foundation funded the Hormel Institute at the University of Minnesota, initially started with a study of the food value of soybeans. The institute's scope later grew towards studying nutrition, animal diseases and food technology. Hormel's production increased to aid in World War II and 65% of its products were purchased by the U.S. government by 1945.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 1959, Hormel was the first meatpacker to receive the Seal of Approval of the American Humane Society for its practice of anesthetizing animals before slaughter.


title: Hormel Foods

text: Little Sizzlers sausages were introduced in 1961 and Cure 81 hams were introduced in 1963. Unfortunately Little Sizzler's sausage has been discontinued per 10/10/19 email from Hormel's Customer Service.


title: Hormel Foods

text: Not-So-Sloppy-Joe Sloppy Joe sauce made its debut in 1985. In 1986, Hormel Foods acquired Jennie-O Foods and also began an exclusive licensing arrangement to produce Chi-Chi's brand products. The following year, Hormel Foods introduced the Top Shelf line of microwavable non-frozen products. The company added to their poultry offerings by purchasing Chicken by George, created by former Miss America Phyllis George, in 1988. That same year, Hormel Foods also introduced microwave bacon. In 1984, Hormel introduced the Frank 'n Stuff brand of stuffed hot dogs.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In August 1985, Hormel workers went on strike at the Hormel headquarters in Austin, Minnesota. In the early 1980s, recession impacted several meatpacking companies, decreasing demand and increasing competition which led smaller and less-efficient companies to go out of business. In an effort to keep plants from closing, many instituted wage cuts. Wilson Food Company declared bankruptcy in 1983, allowing them to cut wages from $10.69 to $6.50 and significantly reduce benefits. Hormel Foods had avoided such drastic action, but by 1985, pressure to stay competitive remained.


title: Hormel Foods

text: Workers had already labored under a wage freeze and dangerous working conditions, leading to many cases of repetitive strain injury. When management demanded a 23% wage cut from the workers they decided to begin the strike. It became one of the longest strikes of the 1980s.


title: Hormel Foods

text: The local chapter of the United Food and Commercial Workers Union, Local P-9, led the strike, but was not supported by their parent union. A commemorative mural painted by Mike Alewitz and P-9 workers during the strike was destroyed by the UFCW months after the strike ended. The strike gained national attention and led to a widely publicized consumer boycott of Hormel products. The strike ended in June 1986, after lasting 10 months.


title: Hormel Foods

text: The Spam Museum in Austin, Minnesota, was opened in 2001. That same year, Hormel Foods acquired The Turkey Store, the business was combined with Jennie-O Foods to form Jennie-O Turkey Store.


title: Hormel Foods

text: According to Triple Pundit, Hormel Foods began CSR reporting in 2006. The company has been included in "Corporate Responsibility" magazine's list of the "100 best corporate citizens" for 10 consecutive years.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2008 an article in the "New York Times", "SPAM Turns Serious and Hormel Turns Out More", detailed an overwhelming spike in the demand for SPAM, perhaps due to the flagging economy. In 2009 Hormel and Herdez del Fuerte created the joint venture MegaMex Foods to market and distribute Mexican food in the United States. Brands included in the venture include Herdez, La Victoria, Chi Chi's, El Torito, Embasa, Wholly Guacamole, Del Fuerte, Dona Maria, Bufalo, and Don Miguel.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In September 2008, animal rights organization PETA released a video recorded over the course of three months showing workers at a pig factory farm in Iowa abusing pigs. The factory farm was owned by Natural Pork Production II LLP of Iowa until August 18, 2008, at which point ownership had transferred to MowMar LLP. Hormel spokeswoman Julie Henderson Craven, who responded to the PETA video, called the videotaped abuses "completely unacceptable." In their 2007 Corporate Responsibility Report, Hormel Foods stated that all suppliers are expected to comply with several welfare programs to ensure that the hogs purchased are treated humanely. Because of the investigation, several employees of the farm were fired and six individuals faced charges due to the abuse.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2011, Hormel Foods announced a two-for-one stock split. In 2013, Hormel Foods purchased Skippy—the best-selling brand of peanut butter in China and the second-best-selling brand in the world—from Unilever for $700 million; the sale included Skippy's American and Chinese factories.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In May 2015, Hormel revealed it would acquire meat processing firm Applegate Farms for around $775 million, expanding its range of meat products.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2015, the Hormel Health Labs division of Hormel Foods launched its Hormel Vital Cuisine line of packaged ready to eat meals, nutrition shakes and whey protein powders geared towards cancer patients and made available for home delivery. The line was developed in concert with three parties, as "Hormel brought food formulation, packaging and shelf stability knowledge, (chef de cuisine) Ron DeSantis brought taste and texture expertise, and the Cancer Nutrition Consortium offered the nutritional framework."


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2015, SPAMMY became available for purchase under Title I for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) feeding programs and Title II for U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) programs under the name fortified poultry-based spread (FPBS). Four years earlier, the company had made an initial three-year commitment to deliver 1 million cans of this product to in-need families in Guatemala.


title: Hormel Foods

text: Also in 2015, after an undercover investigation by a group known as Compassion Over Killing at an Austin, Minnesota processing plant, Hormel Foods announced it was "bringing humane handling officers to a Quality Pork Processors Incorporated facility to ensure compliance with its own animal welfare standards." It has also told QPP to provide extra training, enhance compliance oversight and increase third-party auditing. According to Reuters, "in one scene of the video, pigs covered in feces or pus-filled abscesses are sent down the plant’s conveyor belt. At one point, a knife is used to cut open abscesses on dead pigs."


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2016, Peak Rock Capital purchased the Diamond Crystal Brands Inc. unit, purchased by Hormel in 2002 for $155 million from Imperial Sugar. Also in 2016, Hormel acquired the nut butter producer Justin's for 280 million.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2016, 2017, and 2018, the company was named as one of the Human Rights Campaign's Best Places to Work for LGBT equality. In 2019, Hormel was again named to one of the best places to work for LGBT equality, as the company obtained a 95 out of 100 score in the Human Rights Campaign's "Corporate Equality Index". The almost-perfect score was due to the area of "equivalency in same and different-sex domestic partner medical and soft benefits", where Hormel received half-credit for providing parity in some, but not all, benefits.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2017, Hormel sold Clougherty Packing, owner of the Farmer John and Saag's brands, to Smithfield Foods.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In October 2017, Hormel announced it would acquire deli meat company Columbus Manufacturing for $850 million.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2017, Mercy For Animals released undercover video footage of pigs being abused at The Maschhoffs LLC., a Hormel pork supplier in Hinton, Oklahoma, with piglets being castrated and having their tails cut off without any anesthetic, piglets left to suffer from untreated illness or injuries, and mother pigs crammed into gestation crates unable to move. In response, Hormel temporarily suspended its buying from the supplier.


title: Hormel Foods

text: According to the Military Times, the company has been listed in the top 100 Best for Vets Employers category consistently since 2013.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In April 2019, together with Harvard University Dining Services, the company hosted the Small Change Big Impact Food Summit at Harvard University.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In September 2019, Hormel Foods announced that they had achieved their non-renewable energy use reduction goal a year ahead of schedule.


title: Hormel Foods

text: Also in September 2019, the company launched a vegetarian meat alternative called Happy Little Plants for foodservice and retail customers.


title: Hormel Foods

text: On September 18, 2020, Hormel Foods hosted the world's largest virtual pizza party, when more than 3,000 people joined a Zoom-hosted pizza party. In order to break the record, at least 500 photos of individuals needed to be uploaded during the one-hour event. The final tally was 907 photos.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In February 2021, Kraft Heinz announced it would be selling its Planters and its other nuts businesses to Hormel for $3.35 billion.


title: Hormel Foods

text: On April 18, 2020, local health officials shut down a Hormel Foods plant in Rochelle, Illinois, that employed 800 people after at least 24 workers tested positive for coronavirus. On April 21, Hormel announced the closure of three meat processing plants, including its Alma Foods plant in Alma, Kansas. That plant employs about 100 workers and at least one worker tested positive for the coronavirus. Hormel also closed its Don Miguel Foods factory in Dallas, Texas, which is a joint venture with a Mexico City company, Herdez Del Fuerte. The plant made pork, beef and chicken burritos and tacos, and employed about 700 workers. On April 24, Hormel announced the closure of two plants in Willmar, Minnesota, after 14 workers tested positive for coronavirus. These Jennie-O turkey plants employed over 1,200 workers.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2009, California-based MegaMex Foods was created as a joint venture by US-based Hormel and Mexico-based Herdez del Fuerte to manufacture, market and distribute Mexican-style sauces and related other foods in the United States. Initial brands included Chi-Chi's, La Victoria, Búfalo, Doña María, and Herdez.


title: Hormel Foods

text: Don Miguel Foods Corporation was acquired by MegaMex in 2010. Don Miguel manufactured fresh and frozen prepared foods, such as mini tacos, flautas, taquitos, empanadas, burritos and roller grill items.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2011, MegaMex acquired Texas-based Fresherized Foods, one of the largest provider of refrigerated guacamole in the United States and the manufacturer of Wholly Guacamole, Wholly Salsa, and Wholly Queso.


title: Hormel Foods

text: In 2021, MegaMex expanded their offerings to the wholesale food service industry by debuting their Tres Cocinas brand of pepper pastes.


title: İlhan Şen

text: Şen was born on 19 December 1987 in Bulgaria to a Turk family. His family was forced to immigrate from Bulgaria to Turkey when he was two years old.


title: İlhan Şen

text: Since childhood, he played as professional young sportsman in basketball and football clubs (Fenerbahçe, etc.). After finishing his primary and secondary education in Istanbul, he studied in Yıldız Technical University, graduating with a degree in construction engineering.


title: İlhan Şen

text: He started modelling at the age of 17. He participated in the Best Model of Turkey competition in 2008 and received the "Best Swimwear Model" award. In 2009, he was back to the competition and this time he earned the first place and won the "Best Model of Turkey 2009" title. He represented Turkey at the "Best Model of The World 2009" which was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, and became "Best Model of Europe".


title: İlhan Şen

text: After working as a model, he started taking acting lessons and made his debut with a role in the historical drama "Mehmed: Bir Cihan Fatihi" in 2018. He subsequently appeared in four more supporting roles in Şahin Tepesi (2018), "Eşkıya Dünyaya Hükümdar Olmaz" (2019), "Ramo" (2020), and "Seni Çok Bekledim" (2020). He had leading roles in the romantic comedy series "Aşk Mantık İntikam", opposite Burcu Özberk and drama series "Sevmek Zamanı".


title: Agni Sakshi (1996 film)

text: Agni Sakshi () is 1996 Indian Hindi-language thriller drama film directed by Partho Ghosh, written by Ranbir Pushp and Hriday Lani, starring Jackie Shroff, Nana Patekar and Manisha Koirala. The music is by Nadeem-Shravan. Nana Patekar and Manisha Koirala were widely appreciated for their performances with Patekar winning the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1997.


title: Agni Sakshi (1996 film)

text: The film released in quick succession with "Yaraana", starring Madhuri Dixit and "Daraar", starring Juhi Chawla. All the three were based on the Julia Roberts-starrer "Sleeping with the Enemy"; only "Agni Sakshi" proved to be successful (the other two remakes were not as successful as this movie at the box office). After a few years, this film was remade loosely in Oriya as "Mu Sapanara Soudagar", starring Sabyachi, Archita and Arindam. In 1996 a Bengali film "Bhoy" was also made based on the same plot. "Agni Sakshi" was rated the first among top five "super-hit" films of 1996 by the "Indian Express".


title: Agni Sakshi (1996 film)

text: Suraj Kapoor is a single, wealthy young man. One day he meets Shubangi, and they fall in love. Shortly thereafter, they marry and settle down to enjoy a harmonious married life. During their stay at a hotel, the couple are approached by a man who claims that Shubangi is his wife and her real name is Madhu. Suraj and Shubangi are shocked and ask him to leave, which he does. Then the guy rings up Suraj one night and asks him to come to his room. When Suraj comes the guy tells him that his name is Vishwanath. He shows Suraj a video of his and Madhu's wedding. Shockingly, Madhu resembles Shubangi to the core. Even after watching the video, Suraj disbelieves him. On Shubangi's birthday, while everyone is celebrating the party, flashbacks of the time when Vishwanath used to abuse and torture his wife Madhu prove that indeed Shubangi was married to Vishwanath. After showing the flashback, Vishwanath kidnaps Shubangi and tries to see a mark on her body that will prove that she's indeed Madhu. But Suraj comes just in time and accidentally pushes Vishwanath off a cliff. Suraj then leaves the city and returns home along with Shubangi.


title: Agni Sakshi (1996 film)

text: One day Shubangi goes shopping and meets Vishwanath. He brings her father with him, who denies the fact that Shubangi is in fact Madhu. Frustrated, Shubangi runs home and tells Suraj that Vishwanath is alive. Suraj leaves with his brother Ravi to tell the commissioner. While Shubangi is home alone, she sees Vishwanath out the window, and gets a call from him. Suraj returns and then traces Vishwanath's call. Vishwanath surrenders himself because he wants to talk to Suraj. The police let Vishwanath go. The following night, Suraj overhears Shubangi talking on the phone with Vishwanath. After she's done talking, she admits that she's in fact Madhu. Madhu was fed up with Vishwanath's constant abuses and high-handedness. One day, Vishwanath and Madhu go for a trip. But their jeep meets with an accident and falls down into a river. Vishwanath seemingly drowns and Madhu thinks he's dead. She goes to her father and tells him what happened. Madhu's father tells her that she's still young and has a life ahead of her. She should start living her life afresh with a new identity in a new place. That she does.


title: Agni Sakshi (1996 film)

text: She moves to India and changes her name to Shubangi, so that no one can recognize her over there. After Shubangi finishes her story, Suraj tells her that he still loves her even after knowing who she really is. He hatches a plan to send Vishwanath to prison for the rest of his life. Suraj tells Shubangi to go to Vishwanath pretending to be Madhu. She does so and she tries to shoot Vishwanath, however, Vishwanath shoots Shubangi. It is revealed that the cartridges in the gun were actually fake. In the climax, Vishwanath reveals that he knew the cartridges were fake as he was being taken to the court. He overpowers the constables, grabbing one of their guns. Then he goes to Shubangi and tells her that he knew what she did. Saying so, he shoots himself.


title: Agni Sakshi (1996 film)

text: The music for the album is composed by Nadeem-Shravan. The singers who lent their voices are Kumar Sanu, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik, Vinod Rathod, Alisha Chinai, Jolly Mukherjee & Babul Supriyo. The song "O Piya O Piya" & "O Yaara Dil Lagana" were popular song.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: Ma had won the Most Popular Male Character award at the TVB Anniversary Awards for four times in 2012, 2017, 2018 and 2021 respectively, becoming the TVB actor with the most wins in that category. In 2019, he won the TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor with his role in the drama "Big White Duel".


title: Kenneth Ma

text: As the youngest of a family of three children, Kenneth Ma has two older twin sisters. He attended Salesian English School before immigrating with his family to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1992. His father, who worked as a mechanical engineer, would travel back and forth between Hong Kong and Vancouver for work. At first his family lived in Richmond before settling in Port Coquitlam. After attending one semester at Douglas College, he transferred to University of British Columbia majoring in mechanical engineering. During college, Ma joined an acting troupe that would perform sketches. After graduating from college in 1998, Ma and his entire family decided to return to Hong Kong.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: When Ma returned to Hong Kong, he initially worked at a glass manufacturing company as a quality surveillance inspector but found his job boring. Hoping to find something more of his interest, he sent out over 70 resumes but only received a response from TVB for an interview notice to their 14th Artist Training Class. His starting salary at TVB was a meager estimated HK$4000.00 a month, one third of his former job salary, but since he found acting to be more suitable for him, he decided to join TVB.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: In the beginning of Ma’s career at TVB, he often played extras, passers-by and fill ins. One of Ma's early roles was playing the giant cockroach “Siu Keung” in Dayo Wong's music video "Blue Sky". Within 5 years since graduating from TVB's training course, the company started to promote him when he was chosen as one of the S4's in 2003 drama "Triumph in the Skies" and later as one of the six "siu sangs" to be the "Olympic 6" (the other five being Sammul Chan, Ron Ng, Bosco Wong, Raymond Lam and Lai Lok-yi) during the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: In 2006, Ma won the Most Improved Male Artiste award at the TVB Anniversary Awards. In late 2007, he played his first leading role in the drama "Survivor's Law II".


title: Kenneth Ma

text: In 2012, Ma gained recognition with his role as Cheung Yat-kin in the critical acclaimed medical drama "The Hippocratic Crush", winning awards from both Malaysia (Favourite TVB Actor) and Hong Kong (My Favourite Male Character).


title: Kenneth Ma

text: After starring in the hit 2013 drama "Triumph in the Skies II", Ma caught the eye of international star Jackie Chan and was invited to star in the romantic comedy "Fate Is a Game".


title: Kenneth Ma

text: In 2017, Ma starred in the critically acclaimed supernatural drama "The Exorcist's Meter" as the taxi driver and exorcist Ma Kwai (Siu Ma). Acknowledging his strong performance in that series, Ma was labelled as "citizen's best actor pick" and became a strong contender for the Best Actor award at the 2017 TVB Anniversary Awards. He eventually won the Most Popular Male Character award, which was his second win in that category. In addition, Ma won the Best Actor in a Leading Role awards in both the and the , which served as a public recognition, as all awardees were 100% voted for by audience and netizens.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: In 2018, Ma won the Most Popular Male Character award for the third time at the TVB Anniversary Awards with his role in the period drama "Deep in the Realm of Conscience".


title: Kenneth Ma

text: In 2019, Ma starred in critical acclaimed medical drama "Big White Duel", eventually winning the Best Actor award at the TVB Anniversary Awards.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: With his role in 2021 medical drama "Kids’ Lives Matter", Ma won the Most Popular Male Character award at the TVB Anniversary Awards, which is his fourth win in that category.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: Kenneth Ma lives with his parents in a 900 square feet flat located in Tai Koo City, Hong Kong. He has said that his future wife must get along with his parents and be able to live together with them.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: During his youth, Ma and his mother were fans of Leslie Cheung. Ma's mother adopted her western name after Cheung's hit song "Monica". At age 14, Ma was featured in Cheung's 1988 Pepsi commercial.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: Ma is known to commute to work via mass transit even though he owns a car. He is a soccer fan and supporter of Real Madrid, Manchester United, and AC Milan.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: Ma met Jacqueline Wong in 2015 during the filming of "Inspector Gourmet". The two announced their relationship in 2017, but broke up after Wong was spotted kissing married star Andy Hui in April 2019.


title: Kenneth Ma

text: On 12 June 2020, Ma and Roxanne Tong were found to be dating in Hung Hom. They admitted their relationship on the next day via Instagram.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: Pogoń Szczecin Spółka Akcyjna, commonly referred to as Pogoń Szczecin (), is a Polish professional football club, based in Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, which plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top tier of the national football league system.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: The club was founded by Poles from Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), who had been transferred west after the Soviet annexation of Poland's eastern territories in 1945. The founders of Pogoń Szczecin had previously been supporters of Pogoń Lwów and the colors of their new club reflect their old club. Polonia Bytom and Odra Opole were likewise founded or revived by the former inhabitants of Lwów.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: The most popular sports organization in Szczecin was founded on 21 April 1948 as "Klub Sportowy Sztorm". Its first departments were football and boxing, and the football team began playing in the local "C-Klasa". In March 1949, several sports clubs in Szczecin ("KS Sztorm, KS Cukrownik, KS Drukarz, Pocztowy KS") were merged into a large organization called "Klub Sportowy Zwiazkowiec". The team of Zwiazkowiec joined local "A-Class league", replacing "Pocztowy KS". In November 1950, Zwiazkowiec was dissolved, and a new organization, "Klub Sportowy Kolejarz Szczecin" was formed. Its football team, supported by the Port of Szczecin, in 1953 was promoted to the newly created "Interregional League" ("Liga Międzywojewódzka"), which covered the provinces of Szczecin, Zielona Góra and Poznań.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: In autumn 1955, Kolejarz was renamed into Pogoń Szczecin. The name and the hues of the club are a continuation of Pogoń Lwów. In 1957, Pogoń was runner up of the Interregional League, qualifying to the second division playoffs. After beating Flota Gdynia, Kujawiak Włocławek and Warta Gorzów, Pogoń for the first time won promotion to the second level of Polish football system. In 1958, Pogoń was the winner of Group North of the Second Division (37 points, goals 54–22, not a single game lost), winning promotion to the Ekstraklasa.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: In its top level debut, Pogoń lost at home to Gwardia Warszawa 0–1. In 1960, Pogoń was relegated from the Ekstraklasa, to return there in 1962.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: For most of the 1960s and 1970s, Pogoń remained in the top Polish league, but remained an average team, without any successes. This changed in the early 1980s: in 1981, Pogoń advanced to the final of the Polish Cup, to lose 0–1 to Legia Warsaw. In 1982, Pogoń again made it to the Polish Cup final, to lose 0–1 to Lech Poznań.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: In 1984 Pogoń, managed by Eugeniusz Ksol, for the first time in history was among top three teams in the Ekstraklasa, which meant that the team qualified for the UEFA Cup. In its European debut, Pogoń faced 1. FC Köln, with such stars as Harald Schumacher, Pierre Littbarski and Klaus Allofs. In the first leg (September 19, 1984 in Cologne), Pogoń lost 1–2. In the second leg (October 3), Polish team lost 0–1, after its players failed to score on two penalty kicks.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: In 1987, Pogoń was Polish runner-up. Managed by Leszek Jezierski, the team played offensively, scoring plenty of goals. With such players as Mariusz Kuras, Marek Ostrowski and Marek Leśniak, Pogoń was only behind Górnik Zabrze. In the first round of UEFA Cup, Pogon faced Hellas Verona, with Thomas Berthold and Preben Elkjær. In the first leg (September 16, 1987), Pogoń tied at home 1–1. Two weeks later, Polish team lost in Italy 1–3.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: Pogoń in 2002 was on the brink of bankruptcy. As a result, fans created a new team on the basis of the reserves in the fourth division. However owner of Piotrcovia Piotrków Trybunalski Antoni Ptak decided to move the team and renamed the club MKS Pogoń Szczecin. The initial distrust was lost when the team performed well and used local players, however halfway through the 2005–06 season the team started underperforming and Ptak decided to replace almost the entire squad with only Brazilian nationals, making it the "most Brazilian team outside Brazil". Antoni Ptak also built a small training facility in Gutów Mały, meaning the home games were played almost away from Szczecin. The experiment failed and in 2007 Antoni Ptak moved away from football, leaving the club to be rebuilt on the basis of the 4th division counterpart set up originally by the fans, which acted as the reserve team in the meantime.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: The club was promoted to the Zachodnia (Western) group of the new II Liga (formerly the Third League) for the 2007–08 season. The club earned promotion to the Polish First League after finishing 2nd in Western Group of Polish Second League in 2008–09 season. Despite playing on the second tier, Pogoń performed well in the 2009–10 Polish Cup, defeating top division teams Polonia Warsaw, Piast Gliwice and Ruch Chorzów to reach the final, to lose 0–1 to Jagiellonia Białystok. Finally Pogoń returned to the top division after finishing the First League as runner-up in the 2011–12 season.


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: Since then, Pogoń has promoted a number of players to the Poland national team and transferred several players to stronger leagues, including Sebastian Walukiewicz to Serie A side Cagliari Calcio and Kacper Kozłowski to Premier League side Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. While still a Pogoń player, Kozłowski, aged 17 years and 246 days, became the youngest-ever player to play at the European Championship, when he capped for Poland against Spain in June 2021. From 2020, Pogoń re-established itself as one of the top teams in the country, finishing third in the league twice in a row (2020–21, 2021–22).


title: Pogoń Szczecin

text: The club's colours are navy blue and maroon. Incorporated into the club's crest, they are derived from Pogoń Lwów, from which Pogoń Szczecin also took its name. The crowned griffin in the crest comes from the coat of arms of the city of Szczecin. Additionally, the crest contains the name "Pogoń" and the year of the club's foundation, i.e. 1948.


Pogoń Szczecin


title: In loco parentis

text: The term in loco parentis, Latin for "in the place of a parent" refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.


title: In loco parentis

text: Originally derived from English common law, the doctrine is applied in two separate areas of the law. First, it grants educational institutions such as colleges and schools discretion to act in the best interests of their students, although not allowing what would be considered violations of the students' civil liberties. Second, this doctrine may allow a non-biological parent to exercise the legal rights and responsibilities of a biological parent if they have held themselves out as the parent.


title: In loco parentis

text: The "in loco parentis" doctrine is distinct from the doctrine of "parens patriae", the psychological parent doctrine, and adoption.


title: In loco parentis

text: Cheadle Hulme School, originally known as the Manchester Warehousemen and Clerks Orphans Schools, formed in 1855, adopted "in loco parentis" as its motto, well before the world's first public education act, the Elementary Education Act 1870.


title: In loco parentis

text: The first major limitation to this came in the U.S. Supreme Court case "West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette" (1943), in which the court ruled that students cannot be forced to salute the American flag. More prominent change came in the 1960s and 1970s in such cases as "Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District" (1969), when the Supreme Court decided that "conduct by the student, in class or out of it, which for any reason – whether it stems from time, place, or type of behavior – materially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others is, of course, not immunized by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech." Adult speech is also limited by "time, place and manner" restrictions and therefore such limits do not rely on schools acting in loco parentis.


title: In loco parentis

text: In "Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District" (1969), the Supreme Court held that for school officials to justify censoring speech, they "must be able to show that [their] action was caused by something more than a mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint," allowing schools to forbid conduct that would "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school." The court found that the actions of the Tinkers in wearing armbands did not cause disruption and held that their activity represented constitutionally protected symbolic speech.


title: In loco parentis

text: The case upheld the search of a purse while on public school property based upon reasonable suspicion, indicating there is a balancing between the student's legitimate expectation of privacy and the public school's interest in maintaining order and discipline. However, in "Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier" (1987) the Supreme Court ruled that "First Amendment rights of students in public schools are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings, and must be applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment" and schools may censor school-sponsored publications (such as a school newspaper) if content is "...inconsistent with its basic educational mission." Other student issues such as school dress codes along with locker, cell phone, and personal laptop computer searches by public school officials have not yet been tested in the Supreme Court.


title: In loco parentis

text: Private institutions are given significantly more authority over their students than public ones, and are generally allowed to arbitrarily dictate rules. In the Kentucky State Supreme Court case "Gott v. Berea College" (1913), it was upheld that a "college or university may prescribe requirements for admission and rules for the conduct of its students, and one who enters as a student implicitly agrees to conform to such rules of government", while publicly funded institutions could not claim the same ability.


title: In loco parentis

text: In "Morse v. Frederick" (2007) Justice Clarence Thomas, concurring with the majority, argued that "Tinker's" ruling contradicted "the traditional understanding of the judiciary's role in relation to public schooling," and ignored the history of public education. He believed the judiciary's role to determine whether students have freedom of expression was limited by "in loco parentis". He cited "Lander v. Seaver" (1859), which held that "in loco parentis" allowed schools to punish student expression that the school or teacher believed contradicted the school's interests and educational goals. This ruling declared that the only restriction the doctrine imposed were acts of legal malice or acts that caused permanent injury. Neither of these were the case with "Tinker".


title: In loco parentis

text: Though "in loco parentis" continues to apply to primary and secondary education in the U.S., application of the concept has largely disappeared in higher education. This was not always the case.


title: In loco parentis

text: Prior to the 1960s, undergraduates were subject to many restrictions on their private lives. Women were generally subject to curfews as early as 10 pm, and dormitories were sex-segregated. Some universities expelled students—especially female students—who were deemed "morally" undesirable. More importantly, universities saw fit to restrict freedom of speech, on campus, often forbidding organizations out of favor or with different views from speaking, organizing, demonstrating, or otherwise acting on campus. These restrictions were severely criticized by the student movements of the 1960s, and the Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley formed partly on account of them, inspiring students elsewhere to step up their opposition.


title: In loco parentis

text: The landmark 1961 case "Dixon v. Alabama" was the beginning of the end for "in loco parentis" in U.S. higher education. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that Alabama State College could not summarily expel students without due process. However, that still does not prevent students who exercise their rights from being subject to legal action for violation of institutional rules.


title: In loco parentis

text: In the absence of parents, another relative or person ‘in loco parentis’ can give consent for children.


title: In loco parentis

text: For children in care, the local authority usually has full parental rights and the director of social services or deputy needs to sign the consent form. If the child is in voluntary care, the parents still act as guardians and their consent should be obtained.


title: In loco parentis

text: In law, parents have responsibility for their child. Staff have an ethical duty to ensure that the care of the child is equally good no matter the educational attainments of the parents. On rare occasions, however, physician is faced with parents whose level of literacy or understanding prevents them from properly grasping what is happening. Sometimes other members of the family may be able to act in loco parentis, and it is reassuring to have supportive grandparents who can make rational suggestions in the best interests of all concerned. Occasionally, it may be necessary to formalize this arrangement. If there is any doubt about who carries parental responsibility, or competence, the child-safeguarding team must be involved.


title: In loco parentis

text: Indian law has provision for "in loco parentis". Under Indian law non-human entities such as animals, trusts (including those established for estate planning), charitable organizations, corporations, managing bodies, etc. and several other non-human entitles have been given the status of "legal person" with legal rights and duties, such as to sue and be sued, to own and transfer the property, to pay taxes, etc. In court cases regarding animals, the animals have the status of ""legal person"" and humans have the legal duty to act as "loco parentis" towards animals welfare like a parent has towards the minor children. In a case of cow-smuggling, the Punjab and Haryana High Court mandated that ""entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic"" species has a ""distinct legal persona with corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities of a living person"" and humans are ""loco parentis"" while laying out the norms for animal welfare, veterinary treatment, fodder and shelter, e.g. animal drawn carriages must not have more than four humans, and load carrying animals must not be loaded beyond the specified limits and those limits must be halved when animals have to carry the load up a slope.


title: Fettes College

text: Fettes College () is a co-educational independent boarding and day school in Edinburgh, Scotland, with over two-thirds of its pupils in residence on campus. The school was originally a boarding school for boys only and became co-ed in 1983. In 1978 the College had a nine-hole golf course, an ice-skating rink used in winter for ice hockey and in summer as an outdoor swimming pool, a cross-country running track and a rifle shooting range within the forested 300-acre grounds. Fettes is sometimes referred to as a public school, although that term was traditionally used in Scotland for state schools. The school was founded with a bequest of Sir William Fettes in 1870 and started admitting girls in 1970. It follows the English rather than Scottish education system and has nine houses. The main building was designed by David Bryce.


title: Fettes College

text: To perpetuate the memory of his only son William, who had predeceased him in 1815, Sir William Fettes (1750–1836), a former Lord Provost of Edinburgh and a wealthy city merchant, bequeathed the then very large sum of £166,000 to be set aside for the education of poor children and orphans.


title: Fettes College

text: After his death the bequest was invested, and the accumulated sum was then used to acquire the 350 acres of land, to build the main building and to found the school in 1870. Fettes College opened with 53 pupils (40 were Foundation Scholars with 11 others boarding and two day pupils). Following serious fires, the swimming baths were rebuilt in 1890 and the chemistry laboratory was rebuilt in 1897. The cricket pavilion was completed in 1906.


title: Fettes College

text: In summer 1914 the school's summer camp at Barry had to be abandoned when both the commanding officer and the adjutant were called up for service in the First World War. Of the 2,000 former pupils who had by then been educated at the school, 1,094 served in the armed forces, and 246 died during their war service. In 1921 a war memorial designed by Birnie Rhind, bearing the inscription "carry on", was unveiled by Major-General Sir William Macpherson in the school grounds. A central heating system was first introduced in the main building in 1920, and electric light was first introduced in the school in 1924.


title: Fettes College

text: In October 1939, early in the Second World War, the school had its first experience of hostilities when a German Junkers Ju 88 flew low over the school playing fields en route to bomb Rosyth Dockyard. Kimmerghame House was requisitioned for use as a section of the mine research unit HMS "Vernon". A total of 118 former boys died in the Second World War. In the mid-1940s Sean Connery, a milkman with the St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society, delivered milk to the school in the mornings.


title: Fettes College

text: The school chapel was enlarged by adding a chancel and a gallery in 1948. A new school running track was opened in 1954 giving a boost to athletics at the school and Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh visited the school in 1955.


title: Fettes College

text: In the early 1960s the school was required to sell 18 acres of land to allow Telford College to be built and to sell 14 acres for a new headquarters for Lothian and Borders Police. Following a public inquiry in 1965 the school was also forced to sell 15 acres of land to allow Broughton High School to be re-built. A new dining hall was opened in 1966 and a new school library was opened in 1970. The Queen Mother also opened a new science school in 1970.


title: Fettes College

text: An all-boys school until 1970, when female pupils were first admitted for the final year, Fettes became fully co-educational in 1983. In 1988 the school sold 13 acres of land to McCarthy & Stone for residential use for £3million: the proceeds were used by the school to finance the refurbishment of the boys' houses.


title: Fettes College

text: In the late 1990s the school performed particularly well academically: in 1998 Fettes was placed fourth in the "Daily Telegraph" league table of schools. In 1999 Fettes was placed fifth in the "Sunday Times" list of top mixed independent schools in the UK and in 2001 Fettes was declared "Scottish School of the year" by the "Sunday Times".


title: Fettes College

text: In March 2009 Fettes won the Scottish Schools U18 Rugby Cup, at Murrayfield Stadium, for the first time and in April 2009 Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education (HMIE) published a report on Fettes that evaluated the school as "excellent" in four out of five Quality Indicators and "very good" in the other.


title: Fettes College

text: It is said that Fettes "used to have a hearty, rugger-bugger, Caledonian image". Some journalists have described Fettes as "the Eton of the North". Former headmaster Michael Spens jokingly countered on a BBC documentary that "Eton College was the Fettes of the South!"


title: Fettes College

text: In 2020 and 2021 six men accused a man who had taught at Fettes and Edinburgh Academy of physical and sexual abuse at the schools when they were pupils in the 1970s. The Scottish Crown Prosecution Service was initially reluctant to prosecute the alleged abuser because of difficulties in seeking his extradition from South Africa—he had moved there—and his advanced age, but South Africa approved the UK's extradition request, on six charges of lewd, indecent and libidinous practices and behaviour and one of indecent assault, in 2020. The lawyer representing Fettes made "a full and unreserved apology" to former pupils who had suffered abuse. The perpetrator admitted the abuse, and was fighting extradition from South Africa to Scotland in 2022. One former pupil was awarded £450,000 in damages in 2022 for abuse suffered at the School.


title: Fettes College

text: Fettes College follows the English rather than the Scottish education system. Pupils take GCSEs rather than Scottish Standard Grades and students now have the choice between A Levels and the new International Baccalaureate Diploma, but cannot take Scottish exams. Life at Fettes revolves around sports such as rugby, hockey, cricket, golf, inter-house tennis, fives and squash in the afternoons and the various clubs and societies like sub-aqua, shooting, judo, fencing, CCF (Combined Cadet Force), debating society, drama, chess, war gaming, model railway, music society, classic dancing club, house prep, etc. in the evenings.


title: Fettes College

text: Fettes is an IB World School, one of only three schools in Scotland to have this status, the other two being George Watson's College (also in Edinburgh) and St Leonards School in St Andrews.


title: Fettes College

text: There are currently nine houses: four for boys, four for girls and one for boys and girls. The houses are named after the estates of the first Trustees. The male houses are large period buildings which stretch from East Fettes Avenue to Crewe Road South along Carrington Road; two of the female houses are in the upper floors of the main College Building, the third is in a modern building in the eastern part of the grounds, and the new fourth girls' house is in the western part of the grounds and was finished in September 2012. The new house was built to reduce the pressure on the three girls' houses, which were accommodating more pupils than the four boys' houses. The Upper Sixth Boarding House, for both boys and girls in their last year at Fettes, opened in September 2007.


title: Fettes College

text: The college's main building, by David Bryce (built 1863-69), blends the design of a Loire château with elements of the 19th-century Scottish Baronial. According to the school's website, the combination of styles and the site of the building led a modern architectural expert to praise it as "undeniably one of Scotland's greatest buildings".


title: Fettes College

text: The war memorial, a bronze figure of a fallen officer telling his men to "carry on" is by Birnie Rhind, 1919.


title: Fettes College

text: The school crest is a bee because it appears at the top of Sir William's coat of arms and his seal (for letters, etc.) was also a bee. When the college's arms were granted, they were Sir William's with the colours reversed. Nowadays a more modern image is used but it is still the same coat of arms. The bee is the origin of the school's motto "Industria". Its motif features prominently around the school. Beehives appear over the now-unused East and West doors of the College. A bee in stone watches over the front of Malcolm House (1880) and the Prep School. A large bee fronts Kimmerghame (1928) and there is an original lead bee in the porch of the Headmaster's Lodge.


title: Fettes College

text: A school tartan was designed in 1996 at the prompting of the Headmaster, Malcolm Thyne. It is a balance between the traditional kilt colours of green, blue and black and the Fettes colours of chocolate and magenta, with white stripes to add brightness. The Fettes tartan is worn as a kilt by boys and as a kilt skirt by girls who do not have a family tartan. The first showing of the kilt was on the hockey/lacrosse tour of Australia and Japan in 1998.


title: Fettes College

text: In his first crime novel, "Body Politic", published in 1997, featuring detective Quintilian Dalrymple and set in Edinburgh in 2020, Paul Johnston features Fettes College as a ruin, "blown to pieces in 2009" after it became a base for drug traders.


title: Fettes College

text: While expanding on James Bond's back story, Ian Fleming wrote in "You Only Live Twice" that the agent had attended Fettes College, his father Andrew Bond's old school, after having been removed from Eton. An Andrew Bond is recorded to have been at Fettes as a boarder in Carrington House.


title: Fettes College

text: "Here the atmosphere was somewhat Calvinistic, and both academic and athletic standards were rigorous. Nevertheless, though inclined to be solitary by nature, he established some firm friendships among the traditionally famous athletic circles, at the school. By the time he left, at the early age of seventeen, he had twice fought for the school as a light-weight and had, in addition, founded the first serious judo class at a British public school."


title: Fettes College

text: Fleming based his character on Sir Alexander Glen, an old boy of the school who was Winston Churchill's envoy to Belgrade during the Second World War.


title: Fettes College

text: While Fleming never claimed there was any source for the name of Bond other than James Bond, an American ornithologist, there was a real life Commander James Bond RNVR who did attend Fettes. He was a frogman with the Special Boat Service, much as the fictional character Bond has a naval background. The school had his "Who's Who" entry copied and framed over the Second Master's office door in one of its main corridors. This has since been removed.


title: Fettes College

text: Several young James Bond stories refer to, or feature, Bond's schooling at Fettes. The cover of "This Time We Are All In The Front Line" depicts a young Bond and Housemates leaving Fettes in uniform to rescue survivors of Luftwaffe bombing of Leith Docks in the Second World War.


title: Fettes College

text: Later to become Marvel Comics' Captain Britain, the British equivalent of Captain America, Brian Braddock was born to aristocratic parents in the town of Maldon, Essex. After falling upon hard times, Brian's family had lost their place in society, leaving Brian a lonely yet gifted child who immerses himself in the study of Physics.


title: Fettes College

text: A prodigious talent, Brian is selected to attend Fettes College where he excels in his studies. Following the death of his parents (Sir James and Lady Elizabeth) in what seemed to be a laboratory accident, Brian accepts a fellowship at Darkmoor nuclear research centre. When the facility is attacked by the Reaver, Brian tries to find help by escaping on his motorcycle. Although he crashes his bike in a nearly fatal accident, Merlyn and his daughter the Omniversal Guardian Roma appear to the badly injured Brian. They give him the chance to be the superhero Captain Britain. He is offered a choice: the Amulet of Right or the Sword of Might. Considering himself to be no warrior and unsuited for the challenge, he rejects the Sword and chooses the Amulet. This choice transforms Brian Braddock into Captain Britain, the champion of the British Isles.


title: Fettes College

text: This iconic 1982 guide to the British upper classes, aka "Sloane Rangers", described Fettes College as a "First XI" public school.


title: Fettes College

text: Fettes College has produced many judges, lawyers, diplomats, military officers, politicians and persons from academia. In sport, its most notable alumni are on the rugby pitch. Four Old Fettesians have won the Victoria Cross and one the George Cross. Fettes also boasts a 2015 Nobel Prize winner in Angus Deaton.


title: Nightmarchers

text: In Hawaiian mythology, Nightmarchers ("huaka'i pō" or "Spirit Ranks,"," 'oi'o") are the deadly ghosts of ancient Hawaiian warriors. The nightmarchers are the vanguard for a sacred king, chief or chiefess.


title: Nightmarchers

text: On the nights honoring the Hawaiian gods Kāne, Kū, Lono, or on the nights of Kanaloa they are said to come forth from their burial sites, or to rise up from the ocean, and to march in a large group to ancient Hawaiian battle sites or other sacred places. The legend says the night marchers are normal-size warriors, dressed for battle, carrying spears, clubs, and some are beating war drums and blowing tones from conch shells, to announce the advancing of their march. According to the myth, they are suspended in air; their feet do not touch water or ground as they traverse through the night, and they leave no evidence of their visitations.


title: Nightmarchers

text: They march in darkness after sunset and march as a group continuously until just before sunrise. Anyone living along their path may hear chanting, sounds of blown conch shell tones, and marching noises in the night. The following signs are a foul and musky “death-like” odor, and torches getting brighter and brighter as the night marchers get closer. Nightmarchers might appear during the day if they are to escort a dying relative to the spirit world.


title: Nightmarchers

text: Ancient Hawaiian beliefs state that any mortal looking upon or being seen in defiance toward the marchers will die violently. Barriers placed in the path of night marchers will not deter them. Some people maintain that if the mortal lies motionless, face down on the ground, they are showing proper respect, fear, and deference to the night marchers, and they will be spared. Additionally, mortals can avoid harm or death from night marchers by being fortunate to have an ancient ancestor marcher present to recognize them. As they encounter the mortal, they will call out "Na'u!", which means "mine" in Hawaiian. No one in the warrior procession will harm them.


title: Nightmarchers

text: Legend says planting living ti ("Cordyline" sp.) shrubs around one's home is said to keep away all evil spirits and will cause the huaka'i pō to avoid the area. The Nightmarchers are said to walk through houses with doors and backdoors placed in a straight line.


title: Nightmarchers

text: The ceremony and conduct of the march are customized to the tastes of its honored warrior leader. A Hawaiian King or Chief is known to be fond of music would be honored with much drumming and chanting. If the King or Chief enjoyed peace and quiet, the march would be as silent as possible. Further, if the King or Chief did not like to walk around much, he would be carried in a sling by warriors.


title: Nightmarchers

text: In ancient Hawaiian lore, the laws declared body parts of a King or Chief to be sacred, and not to be seen by a mortal. The punishment for looking at these parts is always instant death, usually by bolts of intense light and flaming heat originating from several of the warrior's eyes aimed toward the mortal. The violating mortal is incinerated instantly and the bodily remains dissipate as vapors.


title: Nightmarchers

text: If a King’s or Chief’s face was not supposed to be observed, the King or Chief would lead the assembled night marchers from the front. If his back was not to be looked upon, he would be in the back of the assembled group. However, for some Chiefs, no part of them was forbidden to look at by mortals. These Chiefs would march among their warriors in the group.


title: Nightmarchers

text: Some marches are joined by the Hawaiian gods. The torches are said to burn brighter in these marches. The largest torches are carried one at the front, one in the back, with three within the group. The number five is significant in Hawaiian mythology. In the night marchers with Hawaiian gods present, there are six gods, three male, three female. The Goddess named Hi`iaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pele, (commonly shortened to Hi'iaka), is often within the night marchers. The composition of night marchers is extremely varied.


title: Ikejime

text: Another technique in APEC Air shipment of live and fresh fish and seafood guidelines is described as follows: "A cut is made toward the front of the flatfish severing the major artery and the spinal cord. Placement of the cut is made to preserve the greatest amount of flatfish flesh. This paralyzes the flatfish. A second cut is made in the tail to hasten the removal of blood. Flatfish are then chilled slowly to maintain circulation and facilitate the bleeding process. After the flatfish have been bled, they are transferred to a salt/ice water slurry and chilled to −12°C."


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: Anthony Levandowski (born March 15, 1980) is a French-American self-driving car engineer. In 2009, Levandowski co-founded Google's self-driving car program, now known as Waymo, and was a technical lead until 2016. In 2016, he co-founded and sold Otto, an autonomous trucking company, to Uber Technologies. In 2018, he co-founded the autonomous trucking company Pronto; the first self-driving technology company to complete a cross-country drive in an autonomous vehicle in October 2018. At the 2019 AV Summit hosted by The Information, Levandowski remarked that a fundamental breakthrough in artificial intelligence is needed to move autonomous vehicle technology forward.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In 2019, Levandowski was indicted on 33 federal charges of alleged theft of self-driving car trade secrets. In August 2020, Levandowski admitted to illegally downloading thousands of files before leaving Waymo, pleaded guilty to one of the 33 charges, and was sentenced to 18 months in prison. He never actually went to prison and was pardoned less than six months later on January 20, 2021, the last day of Donald Trump's presidency. In September, 2021 Levandowski rejoined the Pronto leadership team full time as CEO; subsequently announcing the company's new offroad autonomous division.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: Levandowski was born on March 15, 1980, in Brussels, Belgium to a French diplomat mother and an American businessman. He moved to California in the mid-1990s. During his teenage years, he developed websites for local businesses.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In 1998, Levandowski entered the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research. As a freshman, he founded La Raison, an intranet and IT services company that made fifty thousand dollars in its first year. His sophomore year, Levandowski built the BillSortBot, a robot made from 300 Lego pieces that sorted Monopoly money for the Sun Microsoft robotics competition. He won first place. In 2003, Levandowski launched Construction Control Systems with Randy Miller to build WorkTop, a portable blueprint reader and updater for construction sites.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In 2003, Levandowski and fellow Berkeley engineers, aka the "Blue Team", started building an autonomous motorcycle, nicknamed Ghost Rider, for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge. The Ghost Rider motorcycle was originally a Honda RX. It was built over several years for an estimated $100,000 and competed in the DARPA Grand Challenge in 2004 and 2005. It was the only autonomous two-wheeled vehicle in the competitions. The motorcycle was retrofitted with video cameras, computers, a GPS receiver, an IMU, and motors to power the clutch and steering. As the team lead, participation in the DARPA Grand Challenge paved the way for Levandowski to build PriBot, the first self-driving car to drive on public roads. In 2007, Levandowski donated the Ghost Rider to the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, where it now resides.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In 2006, Levandowski began working with Sebastian Thrun, whom he had met at the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, on VueTool. Vuetool was a Stanford street mapping project that used cameras mounted on vehicles to create maps. In early 2007, Google X hired Thrun, Levandowski, and their entire team to help develop the Google Street View system. To meet Larry Page's target of capturing of roadways before the end of 2007, Levandowski ordered 100 Toyota Priuses from a local dealership. The Street View team's success was partially due to the "Topcon box" or IP-S2 Mobile Mapping System, a roof mounted box composed of Lidar, cameras, GPS, IMUs, and wheel encoders that enabled a car to drive around and create a 3D map. The Topcon box was designed by 510 Systems, a start-up co-founded by Levandowski in early 2007 alongside Pierre-Yves Droz and Andrew Schultz. Google employed 510 Systems technology until it quietly acquired the company in 2011.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In 2008, Levandowski was approached by the director of Discovery Channel's "Prototype This!" requesting to use the Ghost Rider in an episode to deliver a pizza using an unmanned vehicle. The Ghost Rider was in the Smithsonian at the time, so Levandowski offered to retrofit a Toyota Prius for the show. Levandowski approached Google and 510 Systems with the venture, but they both turned him down for liability reasons. Levandowski stated, in an interview with "The Guardian", "Google was very supportive of the idea, but it absolutely did not want its name associated with it. Google was worried about a Google engineer building a car that crashes and kills someone." In June 2008, with Google's blessing, Levandowski founded Anthony's Robots in order to build the PriBot. The PriBot was "a self-driving Toyota Prius with one of the first spinning Lidar laser ranging units and the first-ever to drive on public roads." For the show footage, the police cleared the road and escorted the driverless Prius on a pre-determined route from San Francisco across the Bay Bridge. The drive was successful, aside from scraping against a guard rail on a sharp turn. Within the span of weeks, Levandowski had demonstrated that self-driving cars were possible, even on a budget. By early 2009, Levandowski and Thrun were greenlit by Brin and Page to launch their own driverless car project within Google. Anthony's Robots was acquired by Google in 2011 alongside his company 510 Systems for an estimated $20 million.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In 2009, Levandowski and Thrun co-founded Google's self-driving car project (Chauffeur), now known as Waymo. Over the next two years, Levandowski's 510 Systems built five additional self-driving Priuses for Google. In 2011, Levandowski lobbied Nevada to allow the testing of autonomous vehicles. In May 2012, the Las Vegas DMV performed the first self-driving car test with Chris Urmson in the driver's seat and Anthony Levandowski in the passenger seat. The car passed the test. Levandowski continued to work as a technical lead on Google's self-driving car project alongside Chris Urmson, Dmitri Dolgov, and Mike Montemerlo until January 2016, when he left to launch Otto. In addition to Project Chauffeur, Levandowski's contributions to Google include work on Street View, Cardboard, Telepresence, Ground Truth, Oblique Aerial Imagery, and Tiramisu. Levandowski allegedly downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo's confidential files before resigning to found Otto.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: Otto was founded in January 2016 by Levandowski, Lior Ron, Claire Delaunay, and Don Burnette. Eleven Google employees also joined them. Otto retrofitted big rig trucks with self-driving kits. Levandowski stated he left Google because he, "was eager to commercialize a self-driving vehicle as quickly as possible." Otto was acquired by Uber in late July 2016, at which point Levandowski assumed leadership of Uber's driverless car operation. ln May 2017 Levandowski was fired from Uber after Waymo and Google charged he had raided Waymo's design server. In July 2018 Uber's autonomous trucking program was shut down.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: Levandowski established a religious organisation called Way of the Future to "develop and promote the realization of a Godhead based on Artificial Intelligence"; that is, "to 'create an artificial God with Christian morals'."He closed the organization in 2021


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In 2018, Levandowski launched Pronto AI to produce a camera-based, self-driving highway-only retrofit system for semi-trucks. As proof of concept, Levandowski claimed to have taken a modified self-driving Prius across the United States.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In February 2022, Levandowski launched Pollen Mobile, an open-source wireless network. Pollen Mobile distributed antennas and other devices, called Flowers, Hummingbirds and Bumblebees to consumers. The network is used by Pronto AI’s autonomous vehicles and is operational in the Bay Area.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: According to a February 2017 civil lawsuit filed by Waymo officially known as "Waymo v. Uber" (Levandowski was not a defendant in the case), Levandowski allegedly "downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo's confidential files and trade secrets, including blueprints, design files, and testing documentation" before resigning to found Otto. Google co-founder Larry Page was reluctant to file the suit. However, he was pushed over the edge when one of Waymo's suppliers inadvertently copied a Waymo engineer on an email of a schematic of Uber's Lidar design. Uber's design appeared to be almost identical to that of Waymo. The civil suit between Uber and Waymo was settled in February 2018 with Uber agreeing to pay Waymo 0.34% of its equity, valued at approximately $245 million, and not to use the unit's technology.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: Before filing its lawsuit against Uber in 2017, Google had separately taken Levandowski to private arbitration over a contract dispute. On March 4, 2020, Levandowski filed for bankruptcy protection after the court confirmed an arbitration panel's ruling that Levandowski and his colleague Lior Ron had breached their employment contracts with Google by poaching employees for their startup. The panel found that Levandowski owed Google $179 million—$120 million accounted for the salary he received while at the company, and the remainder for interest and legal fees accrued.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: On March 30, 2020, Levandowski filed a motion with a California bankruptcy judge to force Uber to honor its contractual obligation to indemnify Levandowski. At issue is the validity of the indemnification agreement that Uber, Levandowski, and Ron entered into pre-acquisition. According to a court document, "The indemnification agreement was structured to ensure that Mr. Levandowski would not be left unprotected against Google, which had inexhaustible resources to attack Mr. Levandowski." Uber initially honored the agreement and covered both Levandowski and Ron's legal costs. However, in April 2018, days before the final arbitration hearing that resulted in Levandowski owing Google $179 million, Uber informed him it would be seeking reimbursement for his defense costs, arguing he had breached their agreement by refusing to testify.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In March 2017, United States District Judge William Alsup referred the civil case to federal prosecutors, citing the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 after Levandowski exercised his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. In May 2017, Judge Alsup ordered Levandowski to refrain from working on Lidar at Uber and required Uber to disclose its discussions on the technology. Levandowski was later fired by Uber for failing to cooperate in an internal investigation. Soon after the case went to trial, Uber, through its lawyers, publicly apologized for hiring Levandowski.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In February, 2022, Levandowski, Uber and Google negotiated a global settlement agreement for the lawsuit Google brought against Levandowski. According to court records, Uber agreed to pay Google a “Substantial Portion” of the settlement, honoring their indemnification clause with Levandowski. Levandowski was required to pay between $25M and $30M.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In April 2022, the settlement agreement faced objections from the U.S. Department of Justice and California’s Internal Revenue Service over the tax implications for Levandowski’s estate.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: On August 27, 2019, Levandowski was charged by the Department of Justice for the alleged theft of trade secrets from Google's self-driving unit Waymo. In months before he left Google, the charges alleged Levandowski downloaded thousands of files from Waymo's predecessor, Project Chauffeur. The data allegedly included "critical engineering information about the hardware used on Project Chauffeur self-driving vehicles," and that Levandowski transferred files onto his laptop before leaving the company. Following the indictment, Pronto, a new self-driving trucking company that Levandowski co-founded, announced that its Chief Safety Officer, Robbie Miller, would take over as CEO.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: On March 19, 2020, Levandowski agreed to plead guilty to one of the thirty-three charges initially brought against him by the Department of Justice. Originally charged with stealing documents containing trade secrets, technical specifications, and Lidar design, Levandowski's pleaded guilty to downloading an internal project tracking document called, "Chauffeur TL Weekly – Q4 2015"—a spreadsheet consisting of team goals, project metrics, and weekly status updates accessible by Levandowski's team on an unsecured Google Drive. Levandowski admitted to accessing the document about one month after leaving Google in February 2016.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: On August 4, 2020, Levandowski formally pleaded guilty to one count of trade secret theft, and Judge William Alsup sentenced him to 18 months in prison. Prosecutors agreed to drop the remaining 32 charges as a part of the plea agreement.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: During the sentencing, Alsup said, "this is the biggest trade secret crime I have ever seen.  This was not small.  This was massive in scale." He also described Levandowski as a "brilliant, groundbreaking engineer that our country needs. We need those people with vision. I'm going to give him that." In addition to time served, Levandowski was ordered to pay $756,499.22 in restitution to Waymo and a fine of $95,000.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: On January 20, 2021, his last day in office, President Donald Trump granted a full pardon to Levandowski.


title: Anthony Levandowski

text: In February 2022, Showtime released the series "Super Pumped" - the story of Uber from CEO Travis Kalanick’s perspective. Levandowski was portrayed by Jeremy Howard in episodes 5 and 6.


title: Lynn Hamilton (actress)

text: Lynn Hamilton is an American former actress whose acting debut came in 1959 in John Cassavetes' "Shadows", She is best known for her recurring role as Donna Harris; Fred's girlfriend and later fiancée on the sitcom "Sanford and Son" (1972 - 1977).


title: Lynn Hamilton (actress)

text: Hamilton was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, to Nancy and Louis Hamilton and moved to Chicago Heights, Illinois, when she was twelve years old. She attended Bloom High School. She studied acting at Goodman Theatre.


title: Lynn Hamilton (actress)

text: Hamilton began her career in community theatre in Chicago and debuted on Broadway in "Only in America" in 1959. She appeared in three other Broadway plays, many Off-Broadway plays and spent three years with the New York Shakespeare Festival.


title: Lynn Hamilton (actress)

text: From 1972 to 1977, after an initial credited one-time appearance in the seventh episode of the series as a landlady, Hamilton starred as Fred Sanford's girlfriend and later fiancée Donna Harris on the television sitcom "Sanford and Son". Donna was a nurse and sometimes took care of Fred. When the show returned in 1980 under a reworked title "Sanford (TV series)", Hamilton was not asked to return and her character was written out of the series. There are many internet claims that she was the younger sister of actress LaWanda Page, who portrayed Esther Anderson on "Sanford and Son", confirmed only via LaWanda Page's obituary in the Los Angeles Times. However, they are neither related nor sisters, though they became good friends. In addition to Hamilton's role on "Sanford and Son," she also had a recurring role as Verdie Grant Foster on "The Waltons", and made numerous appearances in television sitcoms, soap operas and miniseries such as "Good Times", "227", "Dangerous Women", "Generations", "Port Charles", "The Golden Girls", "Gunsmoke" (guest starring as ”Mother Tabitha” in the 1969 episode “The Sisters” (S15E14), and "". Hamilton also appeared in the show "Barnaby Jones", playing a character named Laura Padget, in episode titled "Sunday: Doomsday" on February 4, 1973. Hamilton also had a recurring role as Judge Fulton on "The Practice".


title: Lynn Hamilton (actress)

text: Hamilton was married to poet and playwright Frank Jenkins for 49 years, from November 1964 until his death in August 2014. LaWanda Page, who costarred with Hamilton on "Sanford and Son" had a younger sister coincidentally also named "Lynn Hamilton". This caused a rumor that the two actresses were sisters. Series lead Demond Wilson confirmed the rumor to be false in 2016.


title: English personal pronouns

text: The English personal pronouns are a subset of English pronouns taking various forms according to number, person, case and natural gender. Modern English has very little inflection of nouns or adjectives, to the point where some authors describe it as an analytic language, but the Modern English system of personal pronouns has preserved some of the inflectional complexity of Old English and Middle English.


title: English personal pronouns

text: Unlike nouns, which are not inflected for case except for possession ("woman/woman's"), English personal pronouns have a number of forms, which are named according to their typical grammatical role in a sentence:


title: English personal pronouns

text: Possessive pronouns ("mine", "ours", etc.) replace the entity that was referred to previously (as in "I prefer mine") or serve as predicate adjectives (as in "this book is mine"). For details see English possessive. As they are pronouns they cannot precede any noun.


title: English personal pronouns

text: Other English pronouns which have distinct forms of the above types are the indefinite pronoun "one", which has the reflexive "oneself" (the possessive form is written "one's", like a regular English possessive); and the interrogative and relative pronoun "who", which has the objective form "whom" (now confined mostly to formal English) and the possessive "whose" (which in its relative use can also serve as the possessive for "which").


title: English personal pronouns

text: Note that singular they is morphosyntactically plural: it is used with a plural verb form, as in "they laugh" or "they are". See the singular they section for more information.


title: English personal pronouns

text: Apart from the standard forms given above, English also has a number of non-standard, informal and archaic forms of personal pronouns.


title: English personal pronouns

text: A more complete table, including the standard forms and some of the above forms, is given below. Nonstandard, informal and archaic forms are in "italics".


title: English personal pronouns

text: In religious usage, the pronouns He/She/You, Him/Her/You, His/Her/Your, and Himself/Herself/Yourself are often capitalized when referring to a deity.


title: English personal pronouns

text: For further archaic forms, and information on the evolution of the personal pronouns of English, see Old English pronouns.


title: English personal pronouns

text: The pronoun "you" (and its other forms) can be used as a generic or indefinite pronoun, referring to a person in general. A more formal equivalent is the indefinite pronoun "one" (reflexive "oneself", possessive "one's"). For example, "you should keep your secrets to yourself" may be used in place of the more formal "one should keep one's secrets to oneself".


title: English personal pronouns

text: The masculine pronouns, "he", "him", and "his" are used to refer to male persons. The feminine pronouns "she", "her", and "hers" are used to refer to female persons. "It" and "its" are normally used to refer to an inanimate object or abstract concept; however, babies and young children may sometimes be referred to as "it" (e.g. "a child needs its mother"). Outside of these very limited contexts, use of "it" as a pronoun for people is generally avoided, due to the feeling that it is dehumanizing.


title: English personal pronouns

text: Traditionally, in English, if the gender of a person was not known or ambiguous, then the masculine pronouns were often used by default (e.g. "a good student always does his homework"). Increasingly, though, singular "they" is used in such cases (see below).


title: English personal pronouns

text: Animals are often referred to as "it", but "he" and "she" are sometimes used for animals when the animal's sex is known and is of interest, particularly for higher animals, especially pets and other domesticated animals. Inanimate objects with which humans have a close relationship, such as ships, cars and countries considered as political, rather than geographical, entities, are sometimes referred to using feminine pronouns such as "she" and "her". This may also be extended to other entities, such as towns.


title: English personal pronouns

text: The singular "they" emerged by the 14th century, about a century after the plural "they". Even when used with singular meaning, "they" takes a plural verb: "If attacked, the victim should remain exactly where they are." Due to this supposed grammatical inconsistency, use of singular "they" was discouraged by some grammarians during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in favor of using generic "he". Since the 1970s, however, this trend has reversed, and singular "they" now enjoys widespread acceptance.


title: English personal pronouns

text: In the early 21st century, use of singular "they" with known individuals emerged for some non-binary people, or when the sex or social gender of a person is unknown or unspecified. This is a way of producing gender-neutral language while avoiding other pronouns like "he or she", "he/she", or "s/he".


title: English personal pronouns

text: As noted above, most of the personal pronouns have distinct case forms – a subjective (nominative) form and an objective (oblique, accusative) form. In certain instances variation arises in the use of these forms.


title: English personal pronouns

text: As a general rule, the subjective form is used when the pronoun is the subject of a verb, as in he kicked the ball", whereas the objective form is used as the direct or indirect object of a verb, or the object (complement) of a preposition. For example: "Sue kicked him, "someone gave him the ball", "Mary was with him".


title: English personal pronouns

text: When used as a predicative expression, i.e. as the complement of a form of the copula verb "be", the subjective form was traditionally regarded as more correct (as in "this is I, "it was he), but nowadays the objective form is used predominantly ("this is me, "it was him), and the use of the subjective in such instances is normally regarded as very formal or pedantic; it is more likely (in formal English) when followed by a relative clause ("it is we who sent them to die"). In some cases the subjective may even appear ungrammatical, as in *"is that we in the photograph?" (where us would be expected).


title: English personal pronouns

text: When a pronoun is linked to other nouns or pronouns by a coordinating conjunction such as "and" or "or", traditional grammar prescribes that the pronoun should appear in the same form as it would take if it were used alone in the same position: "Jay and I will arrive later" (since "I" is used for the subject of a verb), but "between you and me" (since "me" is used for the object of a preposition). However, in informal and less careful usage this rule may not be consistently followed; it is common to hear "Jay and me will arrive..." and "between you and I". The latter type (use of the subjective form in object position) is seen as an example of hypercorrection, resulting from an awareness that many instances of "and me" (like that in the first example) are considered to require correction to "and I".


title: English personal pronouns

text: Similar deviations from the grammatical norm are quite common in other examples where the pronoun does not stand alone as the subject or object, as in "Who said us Yorkshiremen" [grammatical: "we Yorkshiremen"] "are tight?"


title: English personal pronouns

text: When a pronoun stands alone without an explicit verb or preposition, the objective form is commonly used, even when traditional grammarians might prefer the subjective: "Who's sitting here? Me." (Here "I" might be regarded as grammatically correct, since it is short for "I am (sitting here)", but it would sound formal and pedantic, unless followed by "am".)


title: English personal pronouns

text: A particular case of this type occurs when a pronoun stands alone following the word "than". Here the objective form is again predominant in informal usage ("they are older than us), as would be expected if "than" were analyzed as a preposition. However traditionally "than" is considered a conjunction, and so in formal and grammatically careful English the pronoun often takes the form that would appear if "than" were followed by a clause: "they are older than we (by analogy with "...than we are"), but "she likes him better than me" (if the intended meaning is "...than she likes me").


title: Irshad Kamil

text: Irshad Kamil (born 5 September 1971) is an Indian poet and lyricist. His songs appear in Bollywood films including "Jab We Met", "Chameli", "Love Aaj Kal", "Rockstar", "Aashiqui 2, Raanjhanaa, Highway, Tamasha," and "Jab Harry Met Sejal".


title: Irshad Kamil

text: Kamil was born as the seventh child to his parents in Malerkotla, and belongs to a Punjabi Muslim family. He studied journalism at the Panjab University, followed by postgraduate and PhD degrees in Hindi.


title: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum

text: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum () is a 2019 Indian Tamil language romance film by Ranjit Jeyakodi . The film stars Harish Kalyan and Shilpa Manjunath, while Ma Ka Pa Anand, Bala Saravanan, Suresh, and Ponvannan act in the supporting roles. Sam C. S. composed the film's soundtrack and score, while cinematography is handled by Kavin Raj and editing is done by Bavan Sreekumar. The film released on 15 March 2019 to mixed reviews and become a box office hit.


title: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum

text: The story revolves around Gautham, an unemployed youth, and his love interest Thara, who belongs to the elite class and is engaged to family friend Rohith. Gautham's parents are divorced, and his mother is married to another person. Gautham hates his mother, and due to this, he had a broken childhood. Gautham is not able to control his anger. He is over-possessive and abusive. Thara, on the other hand, is a free-spirited girl. She is understanding and tolerates Gautham to a point. When his anger reaches to the peak, she calls off her relationship. What happens to them forms the crux of the story.


title: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum

text: The project was announced by director Ranjit Jeyakodi who previously directed the film "Puriyatha Puthir". Harish Kalyan plays in the film and marks his second successive film as lead actor after "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal" (2018). The title of the film was announced with the film's first look. The phrase "Ispade Raja" in the film title implies the meaning of King of Spades while Idhaya Rani in the title of the film implies Queen of Hearts.


title: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum

text: The soundtrack album of "Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum", featured music composed by Sam C. S. who also wrote lyrics for all the songs. The film marks Sam's second collaboration with director Ranjit, after "Puriyatha Puthir" (2017). In December 2018, it was revealed that actor Vijay Sethupathi had rendered one song for the film, along with actor Harish Kalyan, who also made his singing debut through this film. Later in January 2019, Anirudh Ravichander also recorded one song for the film. By mid-January Sam had wrapped up composition for the songs. A teaser of the song "Kannamma" sung by Anirudh was released on 9 January 2019, and the full song was released as the first single on 11 January 2019. The second single "Yei Kadavulae" was released on 23 January 2019. The full album was unveiled on 14 February 2019, coinciding with Valentine's Day, and the audio launch was held on Airtel Super Singer reality show, which was aired on Star Vijay. Singer Harish Kalyan does a reprised version of "Kannamma" which was released by Think Music on 25 June 2020.The songs of "Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum" eventually received rave reviews from the audience, especially youngsters. Jyothi Prabhakar of "The Times of India", reviewed it as "The songs of Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum are hummable, danceable, and very likeable. No wonder, a couple of them are already tripping the charts. Sam CS has done a great job of getting the right mix of sounds and voices to keep all the songs, even the ones that intersect ‘sad scenes’ in the movie, from getting maudlin and noisy. As a rule, instead of varying the beats to fast and slow to keep pace with the emotions, Sam has kept the tempo going strong for all the songs, which works for the album as a whole."


title: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost gave 2 out of 5 stating "Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum is a watered-down version of Arjun Reddy, being too lengthy with a long drawn-out-second half." "India Today" gave 2 out of 5 stars and stated "The climax of Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum promotes a much-needed message about rejection. But, throughout the film, the director shows otherwise. In the end, there is a monologue by Harish Kalyan, which people might not lend an ear to." "Sify" gave 2 out of 5 and wrote "Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum will be liked by fans who enjoyed films like Kaatru Veliyidai and Neethane En Ponvasantham, where the two lovers are a confused pair." "The Indian Express" gave 1.5 out of 5 stars "Though Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum tries to explore how men behave in relationships when they come from a broken family, it justifies the violent behaviour of the protagonist." Srinivasan Ramanujam of "The Hindu" reviewed it as "A film that’s just as confused and complicated as the love story it portrays." Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion gave 1.5 out of 5 and wrote "The film takes a misconceived stab at self-awareness, with a conversation about stalking that’s not just badly written but not exactly relevant either, given this particular sequence of events. Imagine the irony. The one time Tamil cinema actually acknowledges this subject, it’s out of context."


title: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum

text: In contrast, "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 to the film stating "The film has the required elements to attract youngsters though the screenplay becomes a little stretched in the latter half." Behindwoods gave the film 2.75 out of 5 stating "Mature handling of the an edgy script makes 'Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' a worthy watch." Indiaglitz gave 2.75 out of 5 and stated "Go for IRIR for the ernest performances and a fairly engaging screenplay with a relevant message." The New Indian Express gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "This film can also be seen as a take-down of the superficial romances we get, in which the sun shines bright and rainbows flash forever." Moviecrow gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "Ranjit Jeyakodi's 'Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' is a two hour long, self-obsessed rant of director's take on love and relationships. The standout from the film is Harish Kalyan's hard-hitting performance and the technical brilliance from the cinematographer, editor and music director."


title: Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation

text: Fraternal birth order has been correlated with male sexual orientation, with a significant volume of research finding that the more older brothers a male has from the same mother, the greater the probability he will have a homosexual orientation. Ray Blanchard and Anthony Bogaert first identified the association in the 1990s and named it the fraternal birth order effect. Scientists have attributed the effect to a prenatal biological mechanism, since the association is only present in men with older biological brothers, and not present among men with older step-brothers and adoptive brothers. The mechanism is thought to be a maternal immune response to male fetuses, whereby antibodies neutralize male Y-proteins thought to play a role in sexual differentiation during development. This would leave some regions of the brain associated with sexual orientation in the 'female typical' arrangement – or attracted to men. Biochemical evidence for this hypothesis was identified in 2017, finding mothers with a gay son, particularly those with older brothers, had heightened levels of antibodies to the NLGN4Y Y-protein than mothers with heterosexual sons.


text: The effect becomes stronger with each additional male pregnancy, with odds of the next son being gay increasing by 38–48%. This does not mean that all or most sons will be gay after several male pregnancies, but rather, the odds of having a gay son increase from approximately 2% for the first born son, to 3% for the second, 5% for the third and so on. Two studies have estimated between 15% and 29% of gay men owe their sexual orientation to this effect, but noted that the number may be higher since prior miscarriages and terminations may have exposed their mothers to Y-linked antigens. It has generally been thought that this maternal response would not apply to first born gay sons and that they may owe their orientation to genes, prenatal hormones and other maternal immune responses which also influence brain development. However, the 2017 lab study found that mothers with no sons had antibodies to male cells, which may be caused by common early miscarriages, and thus induce the effect for a first live born son. A variety of evolutionary explanations for why the response persists have been offered by scientists.


text: The few studies which have not observed a correlation between gay men and birth order have generally been criticized for methodological errors and sampling methods. J. Michael Bailey has said that no plausible hypothesis other than a maternal immune response has been identified. The effect is sometimes referred to as the older brother effect.


text: The fraternal birth order effect has been described by one of its proponents as "the most consistent biodemographic correlate of sexual orientation in men". In 1958, it was reported that homosexual men tend to have a greater number of older siblings (i.e., a 'later/higher birth order') than comparable heterosexual men and in 1962, these findings were published in detail. In 1996, Ray Blanchard and Anthony Bogaert demonstrated that the later birth order of homosexual men was solely due to a number of older brothers and not older sisters. They also showed that each older brother increased the odds of homosexuality in a later-born brother by 33%. Later the same year, Blanchard and Bogaert demonstrated the older brother effect in the Kinsey Interview Data, a "very large and historically significant data base". In a study published in 1998, Blanchard called this phenomenon "the fraternal birth order effect".


text: Research over the years has established several facts. First, homosexual men do tend to have a higher birth order than heterosexual men, and this higher birth order is attributed to homosexual men having greater number of older brothers. According to several studies, each older brother increases a male child's naturally occurring odds of having a homosexual orientation by 28–48%. However, the numbers of older sisters, younger brothers, and younger sisters have no effect on those odds. It has been estimated that approximately one in seven homosexual males owes their sexual orientation to the fraternal birth order effect. There seems to be no effect of birth order on sexual orientation in women.


text: Secondly, the fraternal birth order effect operates through a biological mechanism during prenatal life, not during childhood or adolescence. Direct evidence for this is the fact that the fraternal birth order effect has been found even in males not raised with their biological brothers, and biochemical evidence was found in a lab study in 2017. It has been determined that biological brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males even if they were reared in different households, whereas non-biological siblings, such as step-brothers or adopted brothers, have no effect on male sexual orientation.


text: Indirect evidence also indicates that the fraternal birth order effect is prenatal and biological in nature rather than postnatal and psychosocial: The fraternal birth order effect has been confirmed to interact with handedness, as the incidence of homosexuality correlated with an increase in older brothers is seen only in right-handed males. Since handedness develops prenatally, this finding indicates that prenatal mechanisms underlie the fraternal birth order effect. It has also been found that homosexual males with older brothers have significantly lower birth weights compared to heterosexual males with older brothers. As birth weight is undeniably prenatally determined, it is known that a common developmental factor that operates before birth necessarily underlies the fraternal birth order effect and male sexual orientation.


text: Thirdly, the fraternal birth order effect has been demonstrated in diverse samples such as homosexual males from different ethnicities, different cultures, different historical eras, and widely separated geographic regions. The fraternal birth order effect has been demonstrated in places such as Brazil, Canada, Finland, Iran, Italy, The Netherlands, Samoa, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The effect has also been demonstrated in homosexual men from convenience and representative, national probability samples.


text: In a 2017 study, researchers found an association between a maternal immune response to neuroligin 4 Y-linked protein (NLGN4Y) and subsequent sexual orientation in their sons. NLGN4Y is important in male brain development; the maternal immune reaction to it, in the form of anti-NLGN4Y antibodies, is thought to alter the brain structures underlying sexual orientation in the male fetus. The study found that women had significantly higher anti-NLGN4Y levels than men. The result also indicates that mothers of gay sons, particularly those with older brothers, had significantly higher anti-NLGN4Y levels than did the control samples of women, including mothers of heterosexual sons.


text: The fraternal birth order effect is a phenomenon that can be described in one of two ways: Older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males or, alternatively, homosexual men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men. It has been found that the proportion of older brothers (i.e., ) is 31% greater in the sibships of homosexual males than in the sibships of heterosexual males. Alternatively, the ratio of older brothers to other siblings (i.e., ) is 47% greater for homosexual males than it is for heterosexual males.


text: After statistically controlling for number of older brothers, homosexual and heterosexual males do not differ in their mean number of older sisters, younger sisters or younger brothers. Older sisters, younger sisters, and younger brothers have no effect on the odds of homosexuality in later born males – they neither enhance nor counteract the fraternal birth order effect. Blanchard and Bogaert (1996) investigated whether homosexual men have a higher mean birth order than heterosexual men primarily because they have more older brothers or because they have more older siblings of both sexes (i.e., both older brothers and older sisters). They confirmed that homosexuality was positively correlated with a man's number of older brothers, not older sisters, younger sisters, or younger brothers. Multiple studies have since confirmed this finding.