title: Reichsautobahn

text: Subsequently, the preferred style for the large bridges evolved away from this modern form toward viaducts derived from Roman bridges, which had a more imposing mass, allowed the reflection of regional building styles in their use of stone and brick, and embodied the Nazi claim to be the heirs to the great builders of ancient times. These included the Holledau Bridge by Georg Gsaenger (1937–38) and the bridges over the Saale at Hirschberg, Thuringia, and Jena; in 1938 designed a huge imitation Roman viaduct for the Werra valley at Hedemünden. Another factor in this change in style was the shortage of steel caused by the policy of autarky and by rearmament and war; there was also a near failure of a continuously welded bridge, which had to be quietly reinforced and led to mistrust of steel construction. Many later bridges had a reinforced concrete core clad in stonework or brick.


title: Reichsautobahn

text: However, with the bridges the shift was never as complete as it was in other aspects of Reichsautobahn architecture: in 1940–41, along the Rhine, a stone bridge was under construction at Frankenthal and at the same time at Rodenkirchen in Cologne, an ultra-modern suspension bridge by Bonatz. In addition to the self-image of modernity, another reason for this was the enormous cost of stone construction in man-hours and in material; so much masonry construction was carried out in the Third Reich that shortages occurred. Hence many of the viaducts were in simplified, modernized form, for example the series at the Drackensteiner Hang by Paul Bonatz and the bridge over the Lahn valley at Limburg, by Bonatz and Gottwalt Schaper.


title: Reichsautobahn

text: In addition, the Reichsautobahn was to have had a large amount of monumental sculpture. The viewing platforms from which travelers could admire the bridges often had obelisks or columns topped with eagles and swastikas. In addition to the large signs on the bridges immediately before the exit to a city—often including the heraldic animal or complete coat of arms—imposing sculptures were planned for many such exits, usually involving eagles towering above the road, as in Bestelmeyer's sketch for the entrance to Heidelberg and Speer's 1936 design for a dramatic gateway at the border near Salzburg.


title: Reichsautobahn

text: Bridges sometimes constituted dramatic gateways in themselves, such as the "Gateway of Thuringia" at Eisenberg, by Hermann Rukwied, and sometimes included sculpture, such as the 1937 bas relief high by Kurt Lehmann depicting a "worker of the fist" and a "worker of the brow" on the Hedemünden bridge. Josef Thorak executed and exhibited in 1938–39 the model for a gigantic monument to Reichsautobahn workers, high, consisting of three naked workers straining to move a boulder up a slope in a manner recalling Sisyphus; this was to have been placed in the median on the site of the sod-breaking for the extension of the highway into Austria.


title: Reichsautobahn

text: Route 24 Hamburg - Hanover. This route was based on the planning of the HaFraBa association. However, the route between Hamburg and Hanover was not continued after the war as planned between Schwarmstedt and Buchholz, eastwards past Negenborn in a south-south-westerly direction to today's Bundesautobahn A2 near Garbsen, but instead was routed eastwards past Hanover as Bundesautobahn 7 .


title: Reichsautobahn

text: Route 46 Fulda - Würzburg. After the Second World War, a different route was chosen. There are almost a dozen unfinished structures on the old route, most of them in the forest. In Rupboden, a district road crosses under the overgrown route, which is still clearly visible today. Near Gräfendorf, an unfinished pillar now serves as a climbing rock for alpinists. Although protected as a monument, apart from signs against damage to property, even today there is no memorial plaque commemorating the Reichsautobahn route, which ended as a ruin and was completely suppressed for many years.


title: Reichsautobahn

text: Route 145. During the German occupation of Denmark, earthworks for a Reichsautobahn "Route 145" were started from the ferry port of Rødbyhavn to Majbølle on the Guldborgsund in September 1941. Some crossing bridges are still in use today. In the 1950s, this motorway was completed and has been part of the European Route 47 ("Europastraße 47", Vogelfluglinie) since 1963.


title: Reichsautobahn

text: Foreign visitors reported generally favorably on the autobahns, particularly the foreign press in Germany for the 1936 Olympics; in October 1937 it was noted that an English visitor had remarked on the "real democracy" at an autobahn work site, and in September 1936 the former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George visited Hitler partly to discuss the autobahns, and returned home calling him a "great man". But they were also regarded as inhumane. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. described their version of the parkway design as "a horrid clash of nature and technics." In his critical book on Nazi Germany, "The House That Hitler Built", historian Stephen Henry Roberts described them as "needlessly grandiose but most impressive. Efficiently made and more efficiently managed, they somehow reduce the individual to insignificance." Walter Dirks may also have intended veiled criticism when he wrote in the "Frankfurter Zeitung" in 1938 of autobahn driving as overwhelmingly passive: "It is a mark of how passive we are, of how much the sweep of road affects our senses, that the relationship between driver and road seems to be reversed. The road takes the active role, moving toward us quickly and smoothly, ... sucking the car inexorably into itself."


title: Reichsautobahn

text: After the war, with the exception of the parkway aesthetic, the Reichsautobahn became the model for highways in other countries, and the practical experience gained—in logistics, mechanized construction, and bridge-building—was also used by others.


title: Reichsautobahn

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower realized the benefits of the Reichsautobahn during his time as an officer in the US Army, and as president, used those ideas to bring about the Interstate Highway System in the U.S. through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956.


title: Carla Morrison

text: Carla Patricia Morrison Flores (born 19 July 1986), known professionally as Carla Morrison, is a Mexican indie-pop guitarist and singer. She has released three studio albums and has received various awards and nominations including two Grammy Award nominations and three Latin Grammy Awards.


title: Carla Morrison

text: Carla Morrison was born in Tecate, Baja California, to Mexican parents, Porfiria Flores and Hilario Morrison (née Viera), obtained his last name when he was adopted by William Guy Morrison, born in California to an English migrant named Laura Morrison.


title: Carla Morrison

text: Morrison lived in Tecate during her early years, taking classes of drawing and dancing. At 17, she moved to Phoenix, Arizona to study music at the Mesa Community College, later dropping out to perform as the lead singer of the band "Babaluca" alongside Nicolas Kizer and Niki Petta. The band started working with Mark Erickson from Colorstone but never released a project, Morrison would later abandon the band in order to pursue a solo career.


title: Carla Morrison

text: In 2009, Morrison released her first EP, entitled "Aprendiendo a Aprender", produced independently in the home studio of Jordan Beriault in Tempe, Arizona, the record contains six songs composed and produced by herself, plus a cover of Ramón Ayala's song "Tragos de Amargo Licor". Her second EP "Mientras tú Dormías..." was released in 2010 and was produced by Mexican singer and songwriter Natalia Lafourcade. The latter EP received a nomination for Best Alternative Music Album at the 12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. In 2011, she performed her EPs in several venues including the Teatro Metropólitan and the Lunario of the Auditorio Nacional, both in Mexico.


title: Carla Morrison

text: On 24 March 2012, she released her debut album "Déjenme Llorar" produced by Juan Manuel Torreblanca from the band Torreblanca and Andrés Landon. The album was certified platinum in Mexico and entered both the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums Billboard charts, at number 56 and 15 respectively. At the 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Morrison received four nominations including Album of the Year and won Best Alternative Music Album for the album and Best Alternative Song for the title track "Déjenme Llorar". The album also received a nomination for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. After the release of the album, she participated in different music festivals, including the Festival Viva la Canción 2012 in Madrid, Estéreo Picnic Festival in Bogotá, Pa’l Norte Rock Festival 2012 in Monterrey and Lollapalooza Chile 2013 in Santiago, among others.


title: Carla Morrison

text: In 2013, Morrison was featured in the song "Yo sé que está en tu corazón" from Juan Gabriel's album "Los Dúo, Vol. 2", the album was composed of new versions of songs by Gabriel as duets with different artists. Also in 2013, Morrison released her third EP "Jugando en Serio", consisting of acoustic versions of the songs "Yo Sigo Aquí", "Compartir", "Lágrimas", "Buena Malicia" and "Pan Dulce" from her previous records.


title: Carla Morrison

text: In 2015, she made her acting debut in the romantic comedy film "Ana Maria in Novela Land" as Laura. On 6 November 2015, she released her second studio album "Amor Supremo" through Cosmica. The album was recorded through eight months at Playas de Tijuana with production from Alejandro Jiménez and Demián Jiménez. With the album, she earned her second Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album while at the 17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, she was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album and won Best Alternative Song for "Vez Primera". To promote the album, Morrison performed at various festivals and venues like the Coachella Festival in United States and the Teatro Esperanza Iris in Ciudad de México. On 8 December 2016, she released the EP "La Niña del Tambor", the project consisted in six Christmas carols both in english and spanish including "Noche de Paz", "White Christmas" and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas".


title: Carla Morrison

text: On 9 June 2017, she released "Amor Supremo Desnudo", the album was produced alongside Alejandro Jiménez and consists of thirteen acoustic versions of songs from her previous albums plus two new songs, "Te Regalo" and "Dime Mentiras". The idea for an acoustic version of her albums came during a tour in Spain, where according to Morrison, "many people that I met gave me the idea of doing an acoustic version, so I didn't stop until making it, I realized that it sounded really good". The album was nominated for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album at the 19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. In 2018, she collaborated in the single "Ser Paloma" by Mexican singer Lila Downs, the music video for the song featured women of different ages, backgrounds and professions to represent the diversity of women in society. The same year, she appeared in the track "Vibras" from J Balvin's album "Vibras".


title: Carla Morrison

text: On 21 September 2020, she released the single "Ansiedad" from her upcoming album "El Renacimiento", the music video for the song was directed by Colin Solal Cardo and recorded in Lithuania.


title: Annamacharya

text: Tallapaka Annamacharya (Telugu : తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య) (IAST: taḷḷapāka annamācārya; 22 May 1408 – 4 April 1503), also popularly known as Annamayya, was a 15th-century Hindu saint and the earliest known Indian musician to compose songs called "sankirtanas" in praise of the Venkateswara, a form of Vishnu. The musical form of the keertana songs that he composed, which are still popular among Carnatic music concert artists, have strongly influenced the structure of Carnatic music compositions. Annamacharya is remembered for his saintly life, and is honoured as a great devotee of Vishnu by devotees and saintly singers.


title: Annamacharya

text: He is believed to have been the avatar of Nandaka, the sword of Vishnu. He is widely regarded as the Andhra Pada kavitā Pitāmaha (Grandfather of Telugu song-writing).


title: Annamacharya

text: Tallapaka Annamacharya was born on Vaishakha Shuddha Pournami in the year Sarwadhari (22 May 1408) in Tallapaka, Near Rajampet Mandal, a village in present-day Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Even though his parents belonged to the Nandavarika Brahmin community of Smarta tradition, he took initiation into Vaishnavism and became a Vaishnava in the Ramanujacharya Sampradaya. His wife, Timmakka, had written "Subhadra Kalyanam", and is considered the first female poet in Telugu literature. Their son, Pedda Tirumalacharya, and grandson, Tallapaka Chinnayya, were also composers and poets. The Tallapaka compositions are considered to have dominated and influenced the structure of Carnatic music compositions. Annamacharya lived for 95 years until Phalguna Bahula (Krishna) Dvadasi (12th day after full moon) in the year Dhundhubhi (4 April 1503).


title: Annamacharya

text: Annamayya is said to have composed as many as 32,000 sankeertanas (songs) on the praise of lord Venkateswara of which only about 12,000 are available today. He is also the author of musical treatise called ""Sankirthana lakshanamu"".


title: Annamacharya

text: Annamayya considered his compositions as floral offerings to Venkateswara. In the poems, he praises the deity, describes his love for him, argues and quarrels with the Lord, confesses the devotee's failures and apprehensions, and surrenders himself to Venkateshwara. His songs are classified into the Adhyaatma (spiritual) and Sringaara (romantic) "sankeertanas" genres. His songs in the "Sringaara" genre worship Venkateswara by describing the romantic adventures of Venkateshwara and his consort Alamelu, while others describe the "Bhakti" of his devotees.


title: Annamacharya

text: In his later keertanas, he espouses subjects such as morality, dharma and righteousness. He was one of the first few who opposed the social stigma towards the untouchable castes in his era, with his sankeertanas explaining that the relationship between God and human is the same irrespective of the latter's color, caste and financial status, in his songs ""Brahmaṃ Okkatē Paraḥbrahmamokkatē"" and ""ē kulajuḍainanēmi evvaḍainanēmi"". His prodigious literary career earned him a place among the all-time greats of Telugu literature.


title: Annamacharya

text: While he enjoyed popularity in his days, his compositions were forgotten for over three centuries. Mentioned in 1849, they were later found engraved on copper plates, hidden for centuries inside the Sri Venkateswara temple at Tirumala, just opposite the Hundi, concealed in a very small room. An English translation of 150 of these verses was published in 2005.


title: Annamacharya

text: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, also known as TTD, has been endeavoring to preserve the rich heritage of his compositions. In the year 1950, The State Government of Andhra Pradesh created a committee and appointed the legendary musician late Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna as its head. He set music to over 800 compositions of Annamacharya and are still popular among the devotees. He was the "Āsthāna Gāyaka" of the Tirumala temple at Tirupati for two decades. He is regarded as a legend in rendering devotional music in classical style, especially the Annamacharya Sankirtanas. He was also an acclaimed poet, singer, and a musicologist. In 1979, the legendary singer Smt. M. S. Subbulakshmi's album Balaji Pancharatna Mala came up with Annamacharya keerthanas like Vande Vasudevam, Bhavamulona, Sriman Narayana and many more. This became a hit and took the compositions of Annamacharya to every nook and corner of the country.


title: Annamacharya

text: Shobha Raju is the first recipient of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams scholarship in 1976 to study and set a trend for the propagation of Annamacharya's compositions, and was also chosen as the first exclusive artiste for the propagation of Tallapaka's compositions in 1978. Her first audio album, ""Vēnkatēśvara Gīta Mālika"" is globally popular among Telugu community. She is the founder of Annamacharya Bhavana Vahini (ABV) in 1983, which is located in Hyderabad, India. She has been awarded Padmashri by Government of India, in 2010 in recognition of her efforts to promote Annamayya Compositions. Sri Garimella Balakrishna Prasad, a Carnatic music exponent and the asthana vidwan of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams has set tune to more than six hundred songs written by Annamacharya, gave audio recordings for TTD, published books with musical notations and conducted classes, teaching the songs to make them more popular.


title: Annamacharya

text: In 1994, reputed Bharathanatyam artist Parvathi Ravi Ghantasala, also the daughter in law of the legendary singer Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, for the first time produced and presented a mammoth dance production as a tribute to the divine composer titled "Annamaiyah". Rare and popular songs were woven into a story format and music by legendary stalwarts was set to action. This production was inaugurated by the former President of India R. Venkatraman and Bharat Ratna-winning singer M. S. Subbulakshmi and later that year for the Tirumala Brahmotsavam. The production went on to become a sensational hit and more dancers of different forms started choreographing for the saints' composition. Based on popular demand in 2009, a DVD of the production was also launched which included several places visited by the saint himself. The production has traveled across the US, Europe, and Asia and staged over 400 times until now.


title: Annamacharya

text: A Telugu film named "Annamayya" was made on him by K. Raghavendra Rao in 1997. It starred Nagarjuna in the lead role as Annamacharya and also featured Suman as Lord Venkateshwara and Bhanupriya as Goddess Padmavathi Devi in important roles. The film became a huge blockbuster and was the highest grosser of the year in Telugu cinema.


title: Annamacharya

text: In 2017, one of Annamayya's compositions, Brahmam Okate, became a YouTube sensation. As of early-2019, this video alone (produced by Kuldeep M. Pai) has garnered over 11 million views and made the child singers Sooryagayathri and Rahul Vellal household names for their flawless rendering of the classic keerthana. Professional singers P. Unnikrishnan and Sreeranjini Kodampally have their performances of the composition on YouTube.


title: 100% Kadhal

text: 100% Kadhal ( 100% Love) is a 2019 Indian romantic comedy film directed by Chandramouli and starring G. V. Prakash Kumar and Shalini Pandey in the leading roles. A remake of the Telugu film "100% Love" (2011), the film began production in October 2017. The film released on 4 October 2019 .


title: 100% Kadhal

text: The story starts at a bar where Balu (G V Prakash Kumar) is in a wedding outfit and just enters as he orders his drink, two people tell him to go and get married, while they are talking about debts Balu does fast calculations and impresses them. They ask him to tell his story and he does.


title: 100% Kadhal

text: Balu is always top-ranked in his college. Mahalakshmi (Shalini Pandey), his cousin comes to Balu's house to continue her studies. She is in awe of her Mr. Perfect 'mama' as she expresses this after seeing him. Upon seeing Mahalakshmi Balu asks for her name to which she responds as Veera Venkata Sathya Sai Durga devi Seetha Mahalakshmi, Balu says her name is too long and he can't waste that much memory just to remember her name so she says that he will just call her Mahalakshmi. Mahalakshmi takes her first exam and walks out crying as she doesn't understand English, Balu helps her, and she gets the first rank and Balu gets second. Balu is hurt by this as he usually gets first rank, and he plans to sabotage her studies, Mahalakshmi does the same. But to their surprise Ajay (Mayilswamy) stands first this time. Meanwhile, Mahalakshmi's father brings her a marriage proposal, but she doesn't want to marry him. Balu and Mahalakshmi compromise by agreeing to help each other. Balu helps her in getting the proposal canceled and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajay from studies for the sake of Balu, but Balu gets attracted to her. The couple start studying together and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajay. Balu gets first rank and is awarded a building from his principal, at the housewarming party, Mahalakshmi says Ajay is great as he studied well even though Mahalakshmi distracted him. Balu is hurt by this statement because he doesn't want Mahalakshmi to think anyone is better than him, his ego is also hurt and the couple chooses to separate.


title: 100% Kadhal

text: After three years, they meet again in the hospital because their grandmother suddenly falls ill. While trying to find out how Balu is doing, Mahalakshmi realizes he hasn't changed at all. Both argue a lot until their parents try to get them married. Surprisingly, Balu mentions that he has a girlfriend named Swapna that he hopes to marry. While introducing her to his family, Mahalakshmi notices that Swapna is much more than she is. To get back at Balu, she agrees to marry Ajay, Balu's former rival in college. Ajay turns out to be the head of a company that makes more than Balu's company. Balu, angry that Ajay is greater than he is, puts his company in risk in hopes that he can surpass Ajay's company. Unfortunately, his partner cheats him, and Balu is on the verge of losing his company. Mahalakshmi, now his project manager, toils to rescue him. They make an excellent team and Balu's company is saved.


title: 100% Kadhal

text: In an after party, Balu credits Mahalakshmi for his success. She again unknowingly hurts Balu's ego. This time, Balu confesses that he felt the need to be great in Mahalakshmi's eyes because he loved her. When she tells him she shares his feelings, Balu refuses to believe her. After the interference of their grandfather, they are united in the end.


title: 100% Kadhal

text: In early May 2017, G. V. Prakash Kumar signed on to appear in the Tamil remake of the Telugu film "100% Love", with the film's original director Sukumar turning producer for the Tamil version. Directed by Chandramouli, the film was revealed to have cinematography by Dudley and music composed by Prakash Kumar himself. For the leading female role of an undergraduate student, the team held discussion with Hindi actress Shraddha Kapoor, but she was not interested in working on the film. The team then considered and approached Tamannaah to reprise her leading role from the original film, though she declined the offer. Likewise, Sayyeshaa Saigal also turned down the offer. In early June 2017, the team held discussions with Lavanya Tripathi for the lead role, before finalising Hebah Patel for the role. In a turn of events, Hebah was replaced by Lavanya in late June 2017 as she became available and the makers found her most suitable for "to pull off the look of an undergraduate student". In addition to the two lead actors, the cast finalised also included Nassar, Livingston, Ambika and comedians Yogi Babu and Sathish. It was revealed that the film would mostly be shot in London and about ten percent of the film will be shot in India, with production beginning in August 2017 under the title of "100% Kadhal".


title: 100% Kadhal

text: The start of the film's first schedule was delayed from August to September 2017 as a result of Lavanya's commitment to a Telugu film directed by Parasuram starring Vijay Devarakonda. Chandramouli had intervened and requested the makers of that film to allow Lavanya to work on "100% Kadhal", following which Lavanya was dropped from the Telugu film despite having shot for several weeks. Unhappy with Chandramouli's interference, Lavanya withdrew from "100% Kadhal" in mid-September and was replaced by Shalini Pandey, who had previously appeared in the Telugu film "Arjun Reddy" (2017).


title: 100% Kadhal

text: After a promotional shoot held in September 2017, the film began production in Chennai during mid-October 2017. In a turn of events, cinematographer Dudley was replaced by Ganesh Rajavelu, while Mu. Kasi Viswanathan and Thota Tharani handled the editing and art direction respectively. The film completed its shoot in August 2018, and thereafter began post-production work.


title: 100% Kadhal

text: The film finished post-production in mid-2018 and the makers prepared the film for release on 4 October 2019 and became a box office failure.


title: Pop pop boat

text: A pop-pop boat is a toy with a very simple steam engine without moving parts, typically powered by a candle or vegetable oil burner. The name comes from the noise made by some versions of the boats. Other names are putt-putt boat, crazy boat, flash-steamer, hot-air-boat, pulsating water engine boat. Around the world they may be called Can-Can-boot, Knatterboot, toc-toc, Puf-Puf boat, Poof Poof craft, Phut-Phut, or Pouet-Pouet.


title: Pop pop boat

text: Commercial pop pop boats have usually been made out of tinplate. The hull of the boat may be made out of any material that floats. Homemade pop pop boats are often made out of wood.


title: Pop pop boat

text: The boat's engine consists of a boiler and one or more exhaust tubes. While a single exhaust tube may be used, two exhaust tubes are much more commonly used. This is because the boiler and the exhaust tubes have to be filled with water, and using two tubes allows water to be injected into one tube while air inside the engine escapes through the other tube. It is more difficult to remove the air and completely fill single exhaust tube types. The boiler and exhaust tubes are usually made out of metal, with tin or copper being common.


title: Pop pop boat

text: Boiler designs vary. Simple metal containers in the shape of a box or cylinder are common. A more efficient boiler can be made by using a metal pan whose top is a slightly concave diaphragm made out of a very thin, springy metal. Many pop pop boats have used a single tube of metal, which is formed into a coil in its center and left straight on both ends to form the exhausts. The coil in this version functions as the boiler.


title: Pop pop boat

text: A heating element of some sort is placed under the boiler. Candles or small oil burners are commonly used.


title: Pop pop boat

text: Credit for the first pop pop boat is usually given to a Frenchman named Thomas Piot. In 1891, Piot filed a patent application in the UK for a simple pop pop boat using a small boiler and two exhaust tubes. A 1975 article by Basil Harley mentions a similar boat seen in a French journal from 1880, indicating that this type of toy may have existed for many years prior to Piot's patent.


title: Pop pop boat

text: In 1915, an American named Charles J. McHugh filed a patent application for the diaphragm type of engine, which was an improvement to Piot's design. In 1920, William Purcell filed a patent for the coiled tube type of engine. This type of engine has been very common over the years in homemade pop pop boats, due to its simplicity of construction. The Cub Scout book (published by the Boy Scouts of America) contained a project called a "Jet Boat" for many years. This project used a coil type of engine based on Purcell's design which was placed in a wooden hull. Many commercial pop pop boats have also used this type of engine, due to its low cost.


title: Pop pop boat

text: McHugh filed for another patent in 1926. This was again a diaphragm engine design, refined so that it could be more easily fabricated commercially. In 1934, Paul Jones filed a patent for another diaphragm design which could be produced industrially from simple stamped parts.


title: Pop pop boat

text: Many pop pop boats produced in the 1920s had a single exhaust pipe. Designs using two exhaust pipes are easier to fill, and have been much more common over the years.


title: Pop pop boat

text: Pop pop boats were popular for many years, especially in the 1940s and 1950s. Pop pop boats declined in popularity along with other tin toys in the latter half of the 20th century as plastic toys took over much of the market. While they are no longer produced in such large numbers, pop pop boats continue to be produced. These toys have come in many varieties over the years. Some have been very simple and inexpensive, while others have been much more ornate and artistic. As with many toys, pop pop boats are often sought by collectors, and the prices paid vary depending on rarity and design.


title: Pop pop boat

text: The pop pop boat featured prominently in the 2008 Japanese animated fantasy film "Ponyo". Toy boats with a diaphragm type engine, like the one shown in the film, were produced and sold as a tie-in when the movie was released.


title: Pop pop boat

text: A pop pop boat is powered by a very simple heat engine. This engine consists of a small boiler, which is connected to an exhaust tube. When heat is applied to the boiler, water in the boiler evaporates, producing steam. The expanding steam is suddenly pushed out of the boiler, making a "pop" sound, and pushes some of the water out of the exhaust tube, propelling the boat forward. The boiler is now dry, and cannot, therefore, generate any more steam. The momentum of the column of water in the exhaust tube keeps it moving outward, so that the pressure inside the boiler drops below atmospheric pressure. In the case of a diaphragm type engine, the boiler also bulges inward at this point, also making a popping sound. The pressure outside the boiler now forces water back into the boiler. This water then boils and the cycle repeats. The popping noise is more pronounced when a diaphragm-type boiler is used: coil-type boilers are much quieter.


title: Pop pop boat

text: Any air in the boiler can act as a spring and support the oscillation of the water, but if too much air enters the boiler, the oscillation will stop because all the water has been displaced, and no steam can be generated. Water contains some dissolved air, which can build up in the engine during operation. Therefore, engines must "burp" out air periodically in order to run for a long time.


title: Pop pop boat

text: In pop pop boats with two exhaust tubes, the water is expelled from both tubes during the first phase of the cycle, and drawn in from both tubes during the second phase of the cycle. The water does not circulate in through one tube and out through the other. The internal-combustion analog of the pop pop boat engine is the valveless pulse jet.


title: Pop pop boat

text: The operation of the pop pop boat may seem surprising, since one might expect that if water is going in and out through the exhaust tube, the boat should merely shake back and forth. But while the water pushed out carries away with it momentum, which must be balanced (by Newton's third law) by an opposite momentum on the part of the boat, the water sucked in quickly impinges on the boiler tank and transfers its momentum to the boat. The initial reaction force on the boat (which would pull it backwards) is therefore cancelled by the pushing of the water when it hits the inside of the boiler. The result is that the inflow of water causes no appreciable force on the boat.


title: Pop pop boat

text: Some authors have argued that the reason why the pop pop boat works is that the water being propelled out the back of the boat forms a narrow jet, while the water being drawn back in on the second half of the cycle is drawn in from all directions. This asymmetry may be seen as well in the way in which one blows out a candle: it is easy to extinguish a candle by blowing on it, since all of the air expelled is moving in a concentrated, directional jet. However, it is difficult to put out the flame by sucking in air, the air being sucked in comes from all directions. This observation, though correct, may be misleading as an explanation of why the pop pop boat moves forward. The asymmetry of the shapes of the inflow and the outflow is a consequence of the viscosity of water, whereas the boat would be able to operate in an ideal fluid. Furthermore, as they pass through the exhausts, the inflowing and the outflowing water carry the same momentum (in opposite directions), relative to the boat. The important difference is that the momentum of the outflow is expelled, whereas the momentum of the inflow is soon transferred to the boat. The sucking/blowing asymmetry does make the boat more efficient, even if it's not the principle on which it operates.


title: Pop pop boat

text: The physics of the operation of the pop pop boat is very similar to that of the Feynman sprinkler, a submerged sprinkler which is seen to turn weakly or not at all as water is sucked in through it. In both cases, the reaction force on the solid device caused by the sucking in of the fluid is balanced by the fluid impinging on the inside of the device.


title: Árbol del Tule

text: El Árbol del Tule (Spanish for The Tree of Tule) is a tree located in the church grounds in the town center of Santa María del Tule in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, approximately east of the city of Oaxaca on the road to Mitla. It is a Montezuma cypress ("Taxodium mucronatum"), or "ahuehuete" (meaning "old man of the water" in Nahuatl). It has the stoutest tree trunk in the world. In 2001, it was placed on a UNESCO tentative list of World Heritage Sites, but was removed from the list in 2013.


title: Árbol del Tule

text: In 2005, its trunk had a circumference of , equating to a diameter of , an increase from a measurement of m in 1982. However, the trunk is heavily buttressed, giving a higher diameter reading than the true cross-sectional of the trunk represents; when this is taken into account, the diameter of the 'smoothed out' trunk is . This is slightly wider than the next most stout tree known, a giant sequoia with a diameter.


title: Árbol del Tule

text: The height is difficult to measure due to the very broad crown; the 2005 measurement, made by laser, is , shorter than previous measurements of .


title: Árbol del Tule

text: It is so large that it was originally thought to be multiple trees, but DNA tests have proven that it is only one tree. This does not rule out another hypothesis, which states that it comprises multiple trunks from a single individual.


title: Árbol del Tule

text: The age is unknown, with estimates ranging between 1,200 and 3,000 years, and even one claim of 6,000 years; the best scientific estimate based on growth rates is 1,433–1,600 years. Local Zapotec legend holds that it was planted about 1,400 years ago by Pechocha, a priest of the Aztec wind god Ehecatl - this age is in broad agreement with the scientific estimate; its location on a sacred site (later taken over by the Roman Catholic Church) would also support this.


title: Árbol del Tule

text: The tree is occasionally nicknamed the "Tree of Life" from the images of animals that are reputedly visible in the tree's gnarled trunk. As part of an official project local schoolchildren give tourists a tour of the tree and point out shapes of creatures on the trunk, including jaguars and elephants.


title: Árbol del Tule

text: In 1990, it was reported that the tree is slowly dying because its roots have been damaged by water shortages, pollution, and traffic, with 8,000 cars travelling daily on a nearby highway.


title: Rachel Portman

text: Rachel Mary Berkeley Portman, OBE (born 11 December 1960) is an English composer who is best known for scoring films.


title: Rachel Portman

text: Portman was born in Haslemere in Surrey, England, the daughter of Sheila Margaret Penelope (née Mowat) Portman and Berkeley Charles Berkeley Portman. She was educated at Charterhouse and became interested in music from a young age, beginning composing at the age of 14.


title: Rachel Portman

text: After finishing school, Portman studied Music at Worcester College, Oxford. It was here that her interest in composing music for films began as she started experimenting with writing music for student films and theatre productions.


title: Rachel Portman

text: Portman's career in music began with writing music for drama in BBC and Channel 4 films such as "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit", Mike Leigh's "Four Days in July" and Jim Henson's "Storyteller" series.


title: Rachel Portman

text: Her other works include a children's opera, "The Little Prince" (which was later adapted for television) and "Little House on the Prairie", a musical based upon the Laura Ingalls Wilder books "Little House on the Prairie" (2008). Portman was commissioned to write a piece of choral music for the BBC Proms series in August 2007 called "The Water Diviner's Tale".


title: Rachel Portman

text: Portman's first award was received as the result of scoring "a large body of work" for "The Storyteller", for which she received the Anthony Asquith Award from the British Film Institute.


title: Rachel Portman

text: Later, Portman became the first female composer to win an Academy Award in the category of Best Musical or Comedy Score (for "Emma" in 1996). Portman was also nominated for Academy Awards for her scores for "The Cider House Rules" in 1999 and "Chocolat" in 2000.


title: Rachel Portman

text: On 19 May 2010, she was given the Richard Kirk Award at the BMI Film & TV Awards for her contributions to film and television music. Portman is the first woman to receive the honour.


title: Rachel Portman

text: In 2015, Portman received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special for her work on Bessie. 2022 she was honoured with the Career Achievement Award at the Zurich Film Festival.


title: Rachel Portman

text: Portman married producer Uberto Pasolini in 1995, but the couple divorced in 2006; they have three children.


title: Where's the beef?

text: "Where's the beef?" is a catchphrase in the United States and Canada, introduced as a slogan for the fast food chain Wendy's in 1984. Since then it has become an all-purpose phrase questioning the substance of an idea, event, or product.


title: Where's the beef?

text: The phrase first came to the public audience in a U.S. television commercial for the Wendy's chain of hamburger restaurants in 1984. The strategy behind the campaign was to distinguish competitors' (McDonald's and Burger King) big name hamburgers (Big Mac and Whopper respectively) from Wendy's "modest" Single by focusing on the large bun used by the competitors and the larger beef patty in Wendy's hamburger. In the ad, titled "Fluffy Bun", actress Clara Peller receives a burger with a massive bun but a tiny patty from a fictional competitor, which uses the slogan "Home of the Big Bun". The small patty prompts Peller angrily to exclaim, "Where's the beef?" Director Joe Sedelmaier actually wanted Peller to say, "Where is all the beef?" but because of emphysema, that was too hard for her.


title: Where's the beef?

text: The commercial was originally supposed to star a young couple, but Sedelmaier did not find the concept funny and changed it to the elderly ladies.


title: Where's the beef?

text: An earlier version, featuring a middle-aged bald man saying, "Thanks, but where's the beef?", failed to make much impact. After the Peller version, the catchphrase was repeated in television shows, films, magazines, and other media outlets.


title: Where's the beef?

text: First airing in 1984, the original commercial featured three elderly ladies at the "Home of the Big Bun" examining an exaggeratedly large hamburger bun. The other two ladies poke at it, exchanging bemused comments ("It certainly is a "big" bun. It's a "very big" bun. It's a "big fluffy" bun. It's a "very big fluffy"—"). As one of the ladies lifts the top half of the bun, a comically minuscule hamburger patty with cheese and a pickle is revealed (prompting her to finish the sentence "—bun." with a much more disappointed tone). Peller immediately responds with her outraged, irascible question.


title: Where's the beef?

text: Sequels featured Peller yelling at a Fluffy Bun executive from his yacht over the phone and approaching fast food drive-up windows (including the "Home of the Big Bun" and a restaurant with a golden arch) that were slammed down before she could complete the line.


title: Where's the beef?

text: Later in 1984, Nashville songwriter and DJ Coyote McCloud wrote and performed a hit song entitled "Where's the Beef?" as a promotion for Wendy's restaurants' famous advertising campaign featuring Clara Peller.


title: Where's the beef?

text: The advertising campaign ended in 1985 after Peller performed in a commercial for Prego pasta sauce, saying "I found it, I really found it", a phrase alluding to the beef in the listener's mind.


title: Where's the beef?

text: There were many "Where's the beef?" promotional items, including bumper stickers, frisbees, clothing patches, a Milton Bradley game, and more.


title: Where's the beef?

text: In 2011, Wendy's revived the phrase for its new ad campaign, finally answering its own question with "Here's the beef".


title: Where's the beef?

text: During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, when stores were experiencing a shortage of beef, Wendy's revived the ad.


title: Where's the beef?

text: To launch their new breakfast menu in Canada, Wendy’s released a new advertisement campaign called “Where’s the Bacon?” as a callback to the “Where’s the Beef?”. The new campaign is similar to its older counterpart, except it focuses on the amount of bacon in breakfast sandwiches rather than beef size.


title: Where's the beef?

text: William Welter, the executive vice president of Wendy's International, led the marketing team at the time of the campaign. The commercial was directed by Joe Sedelmaier as part of a campaign by the advertising agency Dancer Fitzgerald Sample. It was written by Cliff Freeman. The marketing and promotion campaign were created by Alan Hilburg and the Burson-Marsteller team under the direction of Denny Lynch, the vice president of corporate communications at Wendy's.


title: Where's the beef?

text: The phrase became associated with the 1984 U.S. presidential election. During primaries in the spring of 1984, when the commercial was at its height of popularity, Democratic candidate and former Vice President Walter Mondale used the phrase to sum up his arguments that program policies championed by his rival, Senator Gary Hart, were insubstantial, beginning with a March 11, 1984, televised debate at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta prior to the New York and Pennsylvania primaries.


title: Where's the beef?

text: Hart had moved his candidacy from dark horse to the lead over Mondale based on allegedly superficial similarities to John F. Kennedy, and his repeated use of the phrase "new ideas". When Hart once again used the slogan in the debate, Mondale leaned forward and said, "When I hear your new ideas, I'm reminded of that ad, 'Where's the beef? Subsequently, the two campaigns continually clashed using the two dueling slogans, Hart frequently showing reams of policy papers and retorting "Here's the beef." Mondale's strategy succeeded in casting doubt on Hart's new ideas, and changing the debate to specific details, earning him the Democratic presidential nomination.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: Christina Oxenberg (born December 27, 1962) is a Serbian-American writer, humorist, and fashion designer. She has written seven books, and her writing has been featured in magazines and publications like "Allure", "The Sunday Times", "Huffington Post", and others. Her two knitwear clothing lines, Christina Oxenberg and Ox, have appeared in Barneys, Bloomingdale's, and luxury boutiques throughout the world. Oxenberg is the daughter of Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia and is a descendant of the Serbian House of Karađorđević.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: Christina Oxenberg was born in New York City. She is a daughter of Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (born 1936) and her first husband Howard Oxenberg (1919–2010), a Jewish dress manufacturer and close friend of the Kennedy family. Princess Elizabeth is the only daughter of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (who served as regent for his cousin's eldest son King Peter II of Yugoslavia) and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. She has a full sister, Catherine Oxenberg, and a half-brother on her mother’s side, Neil Balfour (born 1970). On her father’s side she has two half-brothers, Starr and Robert Oxenberg, and a half-sister, Ashley Harcourt.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: Elizabeth is a maternal first cousin of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and also a maternal second cousin of Queen Sofía of Spain, making Christina a third cousin of King Charles III. Through her maternal grandfather Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, of the House of Karađorđević, Christina is also a great-great-great-granddaughter of Karageorge, who started the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: Christina Oxenberg's maternal grandmother, Princess Olga, was the daughter of Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia and Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, himself the son of another Romanov grand duchess, Queen Olga Konstantinovna of the Hellenes and her Danish-born husband King George of Greece, brother of Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom and the Empress Maria Fyodorovna. Princess Olga was the sister of Princess Marina, who married Prince George, Duke of Kent (an uncle of Queen Elizabeth II); and Olga/Marina were also paternal first cousins of the Duke of Edinburgh (husband of Queen Elizabeth II) through their respective fathers Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, who were brothers.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: She attended 14 different schools in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Spain, including the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle in Kensington, and graduated from the Colorado Rocky Mountain School in Carbondale, Colorado, in 1981.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: After high school, Oxenberg worked various jobs in New York ranging from a secretary to a roller-rink attendant. She would then go on a backpacking trip around the world before returning to New York City. Upon her return, Oxenberg secured a job at Studio 54. Between 1984 and 1985, she worked as a research assistant for historian, Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, on his book "Blenheim Revisited". In 1986, she published her first book, "Taxi", a collection of celebrity anecdotes and personal observations revolving around experiences in taxicabs. In "Taxi", Andy Warhol, Bob Costas, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and numerous others are featured.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: Christina Oxenberg married painter Damian Elwes near Amman, Jordan, in May 1986. They later divorced.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: In 1994, Simon & Schuster commissioned Oxenberg to write a semi-autobiographical novel that would eventually be published as "Royal Blue". The novel was released in 1997 in the United States and was published by Quartet in the United Kingdom in 1998. The book is fictional but contains true elements. The book received generally favorable reviews from publications like "The Independent" "The Guardian", and "The Times". As a result of the book, Oxenberg appeared on the cover of "New York Magazine" and was profiled in "People". It was called "darkly funny" by the "Chicago Tribune".


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: In 2000, Oxenberg went on hiatus from writing and took a job at Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Waterkeeper Alliance. Through that job she met Fernando Alvarez, a Peruvian businessman living in Banff, Alberta, Canada. The two discussed the possibility of a clothing line using Oxenberg's name. They designed, produced and wholesaled a collection of knitwear. The pair used fibers such as the guanaco from Patagonia, the suri-alpaca from the high Andes and the muskox from the indigenous population in the North West Territories of Canada. From 2002 to 2010, Oxenberg produced two clothing lines ("Christina Oxenberg" and "Ox").


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: In 2011, she moved from the Northeastern United States to Key West, Florida. Many of the stories in her short story collections like "Will Write for Compliments" and "Life is Short: Read Short Stories" are about or set in Key West. Since 2012 Oxenberg has contributed articles to Key West weekly magazine "Konk Life". In 2014, Oxenberg helped organize a visit by John Hemingway (Ernest Hemingway's grandson) to David Wolkowsky's Tennessee Williams Collection.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: In 2015, Christina Oxenberg moved to Serbia for a year to write and research her book, "Royal Dynasty – An Insider's History of the Serbian Royal Family", which was published in Serbian in 2015 by the publisher, Laguna. For her work, Oxenberg received an award from the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2016. In February 2018, "Dynasty: A True Story" was published in English in the UK by the publisher, Quartet Books. Subsequently, Oxenberg was interviewed by the "Sunday Times", Radio Gorgeous and "Tatler", and she presented the book at the Oxford Literary Festival on 22 March 2018.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: In 2022, she caused a stir with an interview with the "New York Post" where she discussed the British royals and their long history of hazing newcomers.


title: Christina Oxenberg

text: Christina Oxenberg is a direct descendant of Karađorđe, a peasant from Šumadija region in today's Serbia, leader of First Serbian Uprising against the Ottomans, and founder of the Karađorđević Dynasty; of King George I of Greece; of Tsar Alexander II of Russia; of King George II of Great Britain and of Empress Catherine II of Russia.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: Hillsborough Castle is an official government residence in Northern Ireland. It is the official residence of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and the official residence in Northern Ireland of King Charles III and other members of the British royal family when they visit the region, as well as a guest house for prominent international visitors.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: From 1924 until the post's abolition in 1973, it was the official residence of the governor of Northern Ireland. Since April 2014, it has been managed by Historic Royal Palaces, and is open to the paying members of the public.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: Hillsborough Castle, which is located in the village of Royal Hillsborough in the north-west of County Down, is not a true castle. It is a Georgian country house built in the 18th century for the Hill family, Marquesses of Downshire, who owned it until 1922, when The 7th Marquess of Downshire sold the mansion and its grounds to the British government. In buying it, the government solved a practical problem. Under the "Government of Ireland Act 1920" a new, distinct region of the United Kingdom called Northern Ireland had been created within the traditional province of Ulster, but minus three counties—Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan—which became part of the Irish Free State. Executive authority had been vested for both Northern Ireland and its sister region, Southern Ireland, in the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who was supposed to be one of two all-Ireland features (along with the Council of Ireland) in the new home rule structure. However, that office was abolished in a law change following the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which in effect aborted Southern Ireland (which had in reality only existed on paper) and established the Irish Free State.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: A new office for Northern Ireland alone was created, that of Governor of Northern Ireland. As the Viceregal Lodge in Dublin became unavailable, physically and politically, a new residence was needed. Hillsborough Castle, though outside the largest city of Northern Ireland, Belfast, was deemed a suitable location. After some renovations, the first governor, The 3rd Duke of Abercorn, moved in during 1925. Upon becoming the official residence of the governor, the building was officially renamed Government House.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: Within the grounds of the castle are a number of trees planted by residents of, and visitors to, the estate. These include a tree ("") planted by The Duke of Abercorn, the first Governor of Northern Ireland, in October 1925.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: Following the decision to abolish Northern Ireland's devolved system of government and institute direct rule from London in March 1972, all Northern Irish governmental posts, including that of Governor and Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, were abolished. Those two posts were in effect combined to create the office of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. As the then Queen's representative, the Secretary of State moved into Hillsborough Castle at that time.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: Hillsborough Castle continued to be used for important meetings and conferences: it was the location of the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 15 November 1985, and Mo Mowlam broke new ground when she opened the extensive grounds of the castle to the public in April 1999.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh stayed in Hillsborough Castle during their visit to Northern Ireland as part of the Golden Jubilee tour of the United Kingdom in 2002 and the President of the United States, George W. Bush, visited the castle in 2003.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: The house was also used in January 2010 for talks between British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Irish Taoiseach Brian Cowen and representatives of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Sinn Féin on the crisis over Northern Irish policing which threatened to derail power-sharing and to collapse the Northern Ireland Executive. Then, in April 2014, the then Prince of Wales held an investiture at Hillsborough Castle, the first one to be held in Northern Ireland since the venue became a royal palace.


title: Hillsborough Castle

text: On 13 September 2022, King Charles III visited the castle with the Queen Consort and responded to an official message of condolence from the Northern Ireland government.


title: True Grit (novel)

text: True Grit is a 1968 novel by Charles Portis that was first published as a 1968 serial in "The Saturday Evening Post". The novel is told from the perspective of a woman named Mattie Ross, who recounts the time when she was 14 and sought retribution for the murder of her father by a scoundrel, Tom Chaney. It is considered by some critics to be "one of the great American novels."


title: True Grit (novel)

text: The novel was adapted for the screenplay of the 1969 film "True Grit" starring John Wayne, Kim Darby and Glen Campbell. Six years later, in 1975, Wayne reprised his Academy Award-winning role as the tough hard drinking one-eyed lawman in the sequel film "Rooster Cogburn". In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen wrote and directed another film adaptation of "True Grit". In November 2010, The Overlook Press published a movie tie-in edition of the second film version of "True Grit".


title: True Grit (novel)

text: The novel is narrated by Mattie Ross, churchgoing elderly spinster distinguished by intelligence, independence, and strength of mind. She recounts the story of her adventures fifty years earlier, in 1878, when she undertook a quest to avenge her father's murder by a drifter named Tom Chaney. She is joined on her quest by Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn and a Texas Ranger named LaBoeuf (pronounced "La-beef").


title: True Grit (novel)

text: As Mattie's tale begins, Chaney is employed on the Ross's family farm in West-Central Arkansas, near the town of Dardanelle in Yell County. Chaney is not adept as a farmhand, and Mattie has only scorn for him, referring to him as "trash" and noting that her kind-hearted father, Frank, hired him only out of pity. One day, Frank Ross and Chaney go to Fort Smith to buy some horses. Ross takes $250 with him to pay for the horses, along with two gold pieces that he has always carried, but he ends up spending only $100 on the horses. Later, Ross tries to intervene in a barroom confrontation involving Chaney. Chaney kills him, robs the body of the remaining $150 and two gold pieces, and flees into Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) on his horse.


title: True Grit (novel)

text: Mattie hears that Chaney has joined an outlaw gang led by the infamous "Lucky" Ned Pepper and wishes to track down the killer. Upon arriving at Fort Smith, she looks for the toughest deputy US Marshal in the district. That man turns out to be Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn, an aging, one-eyed, overweight, trigger-happy, hard-drinking man. Mattie is convinced that he has "grit" and that his reputation for violence makes him best suited for the job.


title: True Grit (novel)

text: Playing on Cogburn's need for money, Mattie persuades him to take on the job, insisting that she accompany him as part of the bargain. During their preparation, a Texas Ranger named LaBoeuf appears. He has been tracking Chaney for four months for killing a senator and his dog in Texas, and he hopes to bring him back to Texas dead or alive for a cash reward. Cogburn and LaBoeuf take a dislike to each other, but after some haggling, they agree to join forces in the hunt, realizing that they can both benefit from each other's respective talents and knowledge. Once they reach a deal, the two men attempt to leave Mattie behind, but she proves more tenacious than they had expected. They repeatedly try to lose her, but she persists in following them and seeing her transaction with Marshal Cogburn through to the end. Eventually, she is jumped by Cogburn and LaBoeuf, who had hidden themselves from view, and LaBoeuf begins to whip Mattie with a switch. Mattie appeals to Cogburn, and he orders LaBoeuf to stop. At this point, Mattie is allowed to join their posse.


title: True Grit (novel)

text: Together, but with very different motivations, the three ride into the wilderness to confront Ned Pepper's gang. Along the way, they develop an appreciation for one another.


title: True Grit (novel)

text: In 1969, the book was adapted as a screenplay by Marguerite Roberts for the Western film "True Grit" directed by Henry Hathaway and starring Kim Darby as Mattie Ross, Robert Duvall as "Lucky" Ned Pepper, Glen Campbell as LaBoeuf, Jeff Corey as Tom Chaney, and John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn (a role that won John Wayne Best Actor at the Academy Awards).


title: True Grit (novel)

text: A film sequel, "Rooster Cogburn", was produced from an original screenplay in 1975, with John Wayne reprising his role, and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams with him. The sequel was not well received, and the plot was considered a needless reworking of the plot of "True Grit" combined with elements of "The African Queen".


title: True Grit (novel)

text: A made-for-television sequel aired in 1978 entitled "" and starring Warren Oates and Lisa Pelikan. The TV-movie featured more adventures of Rooster Cogburn and Mattie Ross.


title: True Grit (novel)

text: In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen released another film adaptation of the novel, also entitled "True Grit", with thirteen-year-old actress Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross, veteran actor Jeff Bridges playing Rooster Cogburn, Matt Damon as LaBoeuf, Barry Pepper as Lucky Ned, and Josh Brolin as Tom Chaney. Their version, focusing on Mattie's point of view, follows the novel more closely than the 1969 film. The Coen movie is shot in settings more typical of the novel. (The 1969 film was shot in the Colorado Rockies and the Sierra Nevada, while the 2010 film was shot in Santa Fe, New Mexico as well as Granger and Austin, Texas.)


title: True Grit (novel)

text: In November 2010, The Overlook Press published a movie tie-in edition of "True Grit", featuring an afterword by Donna Tartt to accompany the 2010 film adaptation. It reached #1 on The New York Times's Bestseller List on January 30, 2011.


title: With the Old Breed

text: With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa is a World War II memoir by United States Marine Eugene Sledge, first published in 1981. The memoir is based on notes Sledge kept tucked away in a pocket-sized Bible he carried with him during battles he fought at Peleliu and Okinawa. The book formed part of the basis of the material covered by Ken Burns' PBS documentary "The War" (2007), as well as the HBO miniseries "The Pacific" (2010), in which Sledge was portrayed by Joseph Mazzello.


title: With the Old Breed

text: By his own account, Sledge began writing the memoir in 1944, "immediately after Peleliu while we were in rest camp on Pavuvu Island" and continued working on it "as soon as I returned to civilian life" in 1946. Nicknamed "Sledgehammer" by his comrades, Sledge experienced combat during the battles of Peleliu and Okinawa as a 60 mm mortarman while part of K Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division ("K/3/5").


title: With the Old Breed

text: The book's working title was "A Marine Mortarman in World War II," which Sledge later changed to "Into The Abyss." The book was first published under its final title by the Presidio Press in 1981.


title: With the Old Breed

text: Sledge's memoir gives a firsthand perspective on the Pacific Theatre. His memoir is a front-line account of infantry combat in the Pacific War. It brings the reader into the island hopping, the jungle heat and rain, the filth and malaise, the fear of potential banzai attacks, and the hopelessness and loss of humanity that characterized the campaign in the Pacific. Sledge wrote starkly of the brutality displayed by Japanese soldiers during the battles and of the hatred that both sides harbored for each other. In Sledge's words, ""This was a brutish, primitive hatred, as characteristic of the horror of war in the Pacific as the palm trees and the islands.""


title: With the Old Breed

text: Sledge describes one instance in which he and a comrade came across the mutilated bodies of three Marines, butchered and with their severed genitals inserted into their mouths. He also describes the behavior of some Marines towards dead Japanese, including the removal of gold teeth from Japanese corpses (including, in one case, from a severely wounded but still living Japanese soldier), as well as other macabre trophy-taking. He details the process and mechanisms that slowly strip away a combat infantryman's humanity and compassion, in a manner accessible for a general audience.


title: With the Old Breed

text: Sledge describes in detail the physical struggle of living in a combat zone and the debilitating effects of constant fear, fatigue, and filth. "Fear and filth went hand-in-hand," he wrote. "It has always puzzled me that this important factor in our daily lives has received so little attention from historians and is often omitted from otherwise excellent personal memoirs by infantrymen." Marines had trouble staying dry, finding time to eat their rations, practicing basic field sanitation (it was impossible to dig latrines or catholes in the coral rock on Peleliu), and simply moving around on the pulverized coral of Peleliu and in the mud of Okinawa.


title: With the Old Breed

text: Describing it as an example of "the American procedure at its best, unashamed of simplicity," Paul Fussell said that "With the Old Breed" "is one of the finest memoirs to emerge from any war."


title: With the Old Breed

text: "New York Times" writer and editor Dwight Garner describes the book's depiction of war as "surpassingly vivid", adding, "What puts "'With the Old Breed"' across is, oddly enough, Sledge's sensitivity. He offers many small, artful portraits of men he admires. (And a few he despises.) He chronicles small kindnesses and profound acts of friendship."


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: The Ghost of Tom Joad is the eleventh studio album, and the second acoustic album, by American recording artist Bruce Springsteen, released on November 21, 1995, by Columbia Records. It reached the Top Ten in two countries, and the Top Twenty in five more, including No. 11 in the United States, his first studio album to fail to reach the US Top Ten in over two decades. It won the Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album.


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: Springsteen wrote and recorded the album between March and September, 1995, at Thrill Hill West, his home studio in Los Angeles, California. Following that year's studio reunion with the E Street Band and the release of "Greatest Hits", Springsteen's writing activity had increased significantly, resulting in this album, which consists of seven solo tracks and five band tracks.


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: Most tracks are backed by acoustic guitar work and the lyrics are generally a somber reflection of life in the mid-1990s in America and Mexico. The character of Tom Joad entered the American consciousness in John Steinbeck’s 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, "The Grapes of Wrath", set against the economic hardships of the Great Depression. This spawned a film version starring Henry Fonda, which in turn inspired folk singer Woody Guthrie to pen "The Ballad of Tom Joad".


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: Springsteen was also influenced by Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson's 1985 study of homelessness, "". The album's release was followed by Springsteen's solo acoustic Ghost of Tom Joad Tour, which ran from 1995 to 1997 and took place in mostly small venues.


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: "The Ghost of Tom Joad" debuted at number eleven on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with 107,000 copies sold in its first week. However, it broke a string of eight consecutive Top 5 studio albums in the United States for Springsteen. The album won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album.


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: "The Ghost of Tom Joad" received mostly favorable reviews, but also drew some sharp criticism. Mikal Gilmore of "Rolling Stone" called it "Springsteen's best album in ten years," and considered it "among the bravest work that anyone has given us this decade." He characterised it as Springsteen's "first overtly social statement since Born in the U.S.A.", and as having "an obvious kinship with Spingsteen’s 1982 masterwork, "Nebraska"", the artist's first acoustic album. Bill Wyman of "The Chicago Reader" expressed disappointment that "Springsteen can be so literal that it's hard to appreciate some of the record's subtleties." He criticized the album for being "stolidly depoppified to ensure that no one will derive actual pleasure from it."


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: In "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop critics poll for the year's best albums, "The Ghost of Tom Joad" placed at No. 8. Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, simultaneously commended and criticized the album for being "the most courageous and the most depressing of the year," pointing out that Springsteen was the only artist in the poll's Top 40 "to directly address the war on the poor (and, increasingly, what is called the middle class) that is now the political agenda of the industrialized world." He also took aim at what he said was Springsteen's choice "to muffle his songs, so that only those who really want to hear their despair will bother trying." Christgau lamented that the "tunes, arrangements, and mysteriously praised 'phrasing' aren’t just forbiddingly minimal — often they’re rather careless", and dubbed the album "a bore".


title: The Ghost of Tom Joad

text: Twelve of the 22 songs recorded during the album's sessions made the final cut while "Dead Man Walkin'" was released on the soundtrack for the movie "Dead Man Walking" and later on "The Essential Bruce Springsteen" and "Brothers Under the Bridge" was released on "Tracks". "I'm Turning Into Elvis" and "It's the Little Things That Count" remain unreleased; however, they were performed live while "Idiot's Delight" and "I'm Not Sleeping" were also performed live and along with "1945" and "Cheap Motel" were co-written with Joe Grushecky, who recorded the four songs for his 1997 album "Coming Home".


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Richard Hunt (August 17, 1951 – January 7, 1992) was an American puppeteer, best known as a Muppet performer on "Sesame Street", "The Muppet Show", "Fraggle Rock", and other projects for The Jim Henson Company. His roles on "The Muppet Show" included Scooter, Statler, Janice, Beaker, and Sweetums and characters on "Sesame Street" include Gladys the Cow, Don Music, and Forgetful Jones.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Hunt was born in The Bronx, New York City. The family eventually moved to Closter, New Jersey some years later.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Hunt came from a family of performers. As a student in middle school and high school, he put on puppet shows for local children, and was a fan of the then-fledgling Muppets. After high school graduation, and a four-month stint of doing weather reports at a local radio station, Hunt pursued a meeting with Jim Henson. He cold-called from a payphone and was invited to audition.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: After being hired to work on "Sesame Street", Hunt mostly performed background characters. One of his first major performances was as Taminella Grinderfall in "The Frog Prince", physically performing the character while Jerry Juhl portrayed the voice. Hunt performed Scooter and shared Miss Piggy with Frank Oz until the final quarter of the first season of "The Muppet Show".


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: His characters on "Sesame Street" included Forgetful Jones, Placido Flamingo, Don Music, Gladys the Cow, and Sully; Hunt also briefly performed Elmo before Kevin Clash was cast in that role. On "Fraggle Rock", Hunt's main role was the performing the facial expressions and voice of Junior Gorg; he also performed Gunge (one of the Trash Heap's barkers) as well as several one-shot or minor characters.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Hunt also worked as a director of several home video releases such as "Sing-Along, Dance-Along, Do-Along" and "Elmo's Sing-Along Guessing Game", as well as an episode of "Fraggle Rock". Hunt was close friends with fellow puppeteer Jerry Nelson. Several of their characters were paired, such as Nelson's Floyd Pepper with Hunt's Janice; the Two-Headed Monster; and Nelson's Pa Gorg to Hunt's Junior Gorg on "Fraggle Rock".


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Hunt was gay. When Rudolf Nureyev, also openly gay, made a guest appearance on "The Muppet Show", Nureyev bluntly flirted with Hunt backstage. Hunt was in a relationship with Nelson Bird, a painter from Alabama, until his death in 1985.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Because he was to ill with AIDS to do so, Hunt was the only "Muppet Show" puppeteer who did not return for "The Muppet Christmas Carol", which is dedicated to his memory as well as that of Jim Henson. Hunt died in January 1992, ahead of the film's release that December.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Mark Hamill told the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" during a chat in November 2003 that he became friends with Hunt during his "Muppet Show" appearance, and that "[Hunt] became one of the best friends my family has ever had."


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: On January 7, 1992, Hunt died of HIV/AIDS related complications at Cabrini Hospice in Manhattan, aged 40. He was cremated, and some of his ashes were sprinkled over the flower beds at the Hunt Family home in Closter, New Jersey. "The Muppet Christmas Carol" was dedicated to his memory.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: Following Hunt's death, the roles of Scooter and Janice were reassigned to David Rudman in 2008. The roles of Beaker and Statler, likewise, were reassigned to Steve Whitmire and Jerry Nelson, respectively, with Whitmire performing Statler fulltime later in 2002. As of 2017, Beaker is now performed by Rudman, and Statler by Peter Linz. John Henson was cast as Sweetums shortly prior to Hunt's death, having initially been trained by Hunt for physical performances in the attraction Muppet*Vision 3D, before Matt Vogel was cast in the role in 2009.


title: Richard Hunt (puppeteer)

text: On "Sesame Street", Hunt's roles of Sully, Sonny Friendly, and the right head of the Two-Headed Monster were also reassigned to Rudman until the former two were eventually retired, while the role of Gladys the Cow is now performed by Jennifer Barnhart. The role of Don Music has been performed by Ryan Dillon since 2019.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Stateside Puerto Ricans (), also ambiguously known as Puerto Rican Americans (,), or Puerto Ricans in the United States, are Puerto Ricans who are in the United States proper of the 50 states and the District of Columbia who were born in or trace any family ancestry to the unincorporated US territory of Puerto Rico.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: As Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, all Puerto Ricans living on both the island and stateside have US citizenship. At 9.6% of the Hispanic population in the United States, Puerto Ricans are the second-largest Hispanic group nationwide, after Mexican Americans and are 1.78% of the entire population of the United States. Stateside Puerto Ricans are also the largest Caribbean-origin group in the country, representing over one-third of people with origins in the geographic Caribbean region. While the 2010 Census counted the number of Puerto Ricans living in the States at 4.6 million, estimates in 2019 show the Puerto Rican population to be 5.83 million.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Despite newer migration trends, metropolitan New York City continues to be the largest demographic and cultural center for Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States, with Philadelphia having the second-largest community. The portmanteau "Nuyorican" refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City area. A large portion of the Puerto Rican population in the United States proper resides in the Northeast and Florida.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Ricans have been migrating to the continental United States since the 19th century and migrating since 1898 (after the island territory was transferred from Spain to the United States) and have a long history of collective social advocacy for their political and social rights and preserving their cultural heritage. In New York City, which has the largest concentration of Puerto Ricans in the United States, they began running for elective office in the 1920s, electing one of their own to the New York State Assembly for the first time in 1937.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Important Puerto Rican institutions have emerged from this long history. ASPIRA was established in New York City in 1961 and is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States. There is also the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington, D.C., the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family Institute, Boricua College, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: The government of Puerto Rico has a long history of involvement with the stateside Puerto Rican community. In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City. The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth Office"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: The strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity is fueled by a number of factors. These include the large circular migration between the island and the mainland United States, a long tradition of the government of Puerto Rico promoting its ties to those stateside, the continuing existence of racial-ethnic prejudice and discrimination in the United States, and high residential and school segregation. Notable attributes that set the stateside Puerto Rican population apart from the rest of the US Latino community, is facts such as, Puerto Ricans have the highest military enrollment rates compared to other Latinos, Puerto Ricans are more likely to be proficient in English than any other Latino group, and Puerto Ricans are also more likely to intermarry other ethnic groups, and far more likely to intermarry blacks than any other Latino group.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: During the 19th century, commerce existed between the ports of the eastern coast of the United States and Puerto Rico. Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to U.S. and Puerto Rico. Many of them settled in places such as New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, some Puerto Ricans joined the ranks of the military armed forces. However, since Puerto Ricans were still Spanish subjects, they were inscribed as Spaniards.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Even during Spanish rule, Puerto Ricans settled in the US. During the nineteenth century it was mostly political exiles who came to the mainland. Since 1898, Puerto Rico has been an "insular possession" and "unincorporated territory" of the United States, ruled for its first half-century by American generals and non-Puerto-Rican civil servants from the mainland, fueling migratory patterns between the mainland and the island. After the end of the Spanish–American War a significant influx of Puerto Rican workers to the US began. With its 1898 victory, the United States acquired Puerto Rico from Spain and has retained sovereignty since. The 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act made all Puerto Ricans US citizens, freeing them from immigration barriers. The massive migration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland United States was largest in the early and late 20th century, prior to its resurgence in the early 21st century.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: U.S. political and economic interventions in Puerto Rico created the conditions for emigration, "by concentrating wealth in the hands of US corporations and displacing workers." Policymakers "promoted colonization plans and contract labor programs to reduce the population. U.S. employers, often with government support, recruited Puerto Ricans as a source of low-wage labor to the United States and other destinations."


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Ricans migrated in search of higher-wage jobs, first to New York City, and later to other cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia and Boston. However, in more recent years, there has been a significant resurgence in migration from Puerto Rico to New York and New Jersey, with an apparently multifactorial allure to Puerto Ricans, primarily for economic and cultural considerations; with the Puerto Rican population of the New York City Metropolitan Area increasing from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016, maintaining its status as the largest metropolitan concentration and cultural center for Puerto Rican Americans by a significant margin on Continental America.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: New York City neighborhoods such as East Harlem in Upper Manhattan, the South Bronx and Bushwick, Williamsburg in Brooklyn are often the most associated with the stateside Puerto Rican population. However, several neighborhoods in eastern North Philadelphia, especially Fairhill, have some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the United States, Fairhill having the highest when being compared to other big city neighborhoods.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Between the 1950s and the 1980s, large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to New York, especially to Brooklyn, The Bronx and the Spanish Harlem and Loisaida neighborhoods of Manhattan. Labor recruitment was the basis of this particular community. In 1960, the number of stateside Puerto Ricans living in New York City as a whole was 88%, with most (69%) living in East Harlem. They helped others settle, find work, and build communities by relying on social networks containing friends and family.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: For a long time, Spanish Harlem (East Harlem) and Loisaida (Lower East Side) were the two major Puerto Rican communities in the city, but during the 1960s and 1970s predominately Puerto Rican neighborhoods started to spring up in the Bronx because of its proximity to East Harlem and in Brooklyn because of its proximity via the Williamsburg Bridge to the Lower East Side. There are significant Puerto Rican communities in all five boroughs of New York City.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Philippe Bourgois, an anthropologist who has studied Puerto Ricans in the inner city, suggests that "the Puerto Rican community has fallen victim to poverty through social marginalization due to the transformation of New York into a global city." The Puerto Rican population in East Harlem and New York City as a whole remains the poorest among all migrant groups in US cities. As of 1973, about "46.2% of the Puerto Rican migrants in East Harlem were living below the federal poverty line." However, more affluent Puerto Rican American professionals have migrated to suburban neighborhoods on Long Island and in Westchester County, New Jersey and Connecticut.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s, of which Puerto Rican singer-songwriters represented an integral component. Puerto Rican influence in popular music continues in the 21st century, encompassing major artists such as Jennifer Lopez.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there was an estimate of 121,643 Puerto Rican Americans living in Philadelphia, up from 91,527 in 2000. Representing 8% of Philadelphia's total population and 75% of the city's Latino American population, as of 2010. Puerto Ricans are the largest Latino group in the city and that, outside Puerto Rico, Philadelphia now has the second largest Puerto Rican population, estimated at about 150,000. Since 2010, Philadelphia replaced the city of Chicago as the city with the second-largest Puerto Rican population, Chicago's slightly shrunk and Philadelphia's continued to grow, more than ever before, not only having the second largest Puerto Rican population, but also one of the fastest-growing. Most sources, including the most reliable, the United States Census Bureau, estimated that as of 2010, Puerto Ricans made up between 70–80 percent of Philadelphia's Latino population. Other sources put the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of Philadelphia's Latino population, as high as 90% and others as low as 64%.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Ricans first arrived in the early part of the 20th century from more affluent families to study at colleges or universities. In the 1930s there was an enclave around 35th and Michigan. In the 1950s two small barrios emerged known as la Clark and La Madison just North and West of Downtown, near hotel jobs and then where the factories once stood. These communities were displaced by the city as part of their slum clearance. In 1968, a community group, the Young Lords mounted protests and demonstrations and occupied several buildings of institutions demanding that they invest in low income housing. Humboldt Park is home to the one of the largest Puerto Rican communities in Chicago and is known as "Little Puerto Rico" or Paseo Boricua.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Orlando and the surrounding area has had a sizable Puerto Rican population since the 1980s, as Florida as a whole has always had a decent sized Puerto Rican population. A big contributing factor for the growth of the Puerto Rican community in Central Florida was Walt Disney World, who heavily recruited employees in Puerto Rico. Central Florida's Puerto Rican population began to skyrocket starting in the early 2000s and accelerating in the 2010s, with many New Yorkers of Puerto Rican ancestry (Nuyoricans) moving to Florida, joining the island-born Puerto Ricans.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: During this time, the 1990s and early 2000s, the overall migration patterns out from Puerto Rico to the US mainland began to switch and Orlando became the main destination from Puerto Rico by far, replacing New York City. Puerto Ricans are largely spread out in the Orlando area, but the heaviest concentration is in the southern portions, like Kissimmee, Poinciana and many other areas in Osceola County, where Puerto Ricans make up the majority of the population.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: In 1950, about a quarter of a million Puerto Rican natives lived "stateside", or in one of the U.S. states. In March 2012 that figure had risen to about 1.5 million. That is, slightly less than a third of the 5 million Puerto Ricans living stateside were born on the island. Puerto Ricans are also the second-largest Latino group in the United States after those of Mexican descent.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: The Puerto Rican population by state, showing the percentage of the state's population that identifies itself as Puerto Rican relative to the state/territory population as a whole is shown in the following table.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Out of all 50 states, the ones with the highest net inflow of Puerto Ricans moving there from the island of Puerto Rico between 2000 and 2010 included Florida, Pennsylvania, Texas, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland. New York, which has joined this list since 2010, remains a major destination for Puerto Rican migrants, though only a third of recent Puerto Rican arrivals went to New York between 2000 and 2010. There is also a notable number of stateside-born Puerto Ricans moving from the Northeastern states to South Atlantic States, especially to Florida, but to a lesser degree many are also going to Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia as well. The Northeast Corridor remains a major destination for Puerto Ricans, however the population is also growing throughout the United States, particularly in the South. From 2010–17, Florida's Puerto Rican population increased from 847,000 to 1.120 million, increasing by nearly 300,000, allowing Florida to replace New York as the state with the largest Puerto Rican population. Puerto Ricans have been heavily increasing in many other parts of the country too, such as Texas and Ohio.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Despite Puerto Rican populations in New York and New Jersey being relatively stagnant, other parts of the Northeast continue to see very strong growth, particularly Pennsylvania and Lower New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island). Pennsylvania easily having the second largest numerical increase of Puerto Ricans for the past 10–15 years, showing an increase of over 110,000 from 2010 to 2017-second only to Florida. Connecticut having the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans in the United States, from 2010 to 2017 (Pre-Maria) the percentage went up about 1.1 percentage points which is a percentile increase more than any other state, and currently over 8 percent of the state is of Puerto Rican ancestry, sitting nearly three whole percentage points above the second highest percentage. Of smaller states with populations under 3 million, Rhode Island has the fastest growing number of Puerto Ricans. New York is still a relatively popular destination for those migrating from Puerto Rico, though not as much as in the past, as said earlier Florida and other Northeast states are now receiving larger numerical growth. However, much of the stagnant population growth is due to an equal number of Puerto Ricans leaving New York as there is Puerto Ricans moving to New York, as many people of Puerto Rican ancestry now living in other states are originally from the New York City area.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Although Puerto Ricans constitute over 9 percent of the Latino population in the United States, there are some states where Puerto Ricans make up over half of the Latino population, including Connecticut, where 57 percent of the state's Latinos are of Puerto Rican descent and Pennsylvania, where Puerto Ricans make up 53 percent of the Latinos. Other states where Puerto Ricans make up a remarkably large portion of the Latino community include Massachusetts, where they make up 40 percent of all Latinos, Rhode Island at 39 percent, New York at 34 percent, New Jersey at 33 percent, Delaware at 33 percent, Ohio at 27 percent and Florida at 21 percent of all Latinos in each respective state. The U.S. States where Puerto Ricans were the largest Latino group were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Hawaii. U.S. states with higher percentages of Puerto Ricans then the national average (1.5%) as of 2010, are Connecticut (7.1%), New York (5.5%), New Jersey (4.9%), Florida (4.5%), Massachusetts (4.1%), Rhode Island (3.3%), Hawaii (3.2%), Pennsylvania (2.9%) and Delaware (2.5%).


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Historically, Puerto Ricans were the largest Latino group in the New York metropolitan area, however the Puerto Rican population in the area began to decrease due to rising cost of living and in turn the overall Latino population began to diversify with increases in other Latino groups. During the same time, the Puerto Rican population has increased in many other areas throughout the country and in areas with large Latino communities, Puerto Ricans represent the majority of Latinos in the following; Central Florida around Orlando, but also some areas in the Tampa and Jacksonville areas, southwest New England especially around Hartford and Springfield, South Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania including the Philadelphia area and various smaller metro areas like Allentown among others, and the stretch from Western New York to Northeast Ohio including the metropolitan areas of Rochester, Buffalo and Cleveland. Latino populations in the Northeast Ohio and Western New York areas in particular, tend to be 80–90% Puerto Rican. However, Central Florida and Southwestern New England, which is Connecticut and western Massachusetts, have the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans by percentage of the total populations of these areas as a whole.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Rican population by state, showing the percentage of Puerto Rican residents in each state relative to the Puerto Rican population in the United States as a whole.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Even with such movement of Puerto Ricans from traditional to non-traditional states, the Northeast continues to dominate in both concentration and population.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: The largest populations of Puerto Ricans are situated in the following metropolitan areas (Source: Census 2010):


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: The top 25 US communities with the highest percentages of Puerto Ricans as a percent of total population (Source: Census 2010)


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: The 10 large cities (over 200,000 in population) with the highest percentages of Puerto Rican residents include (2010 Census):


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Like other groups, the theme of "dispersal" has had a long history with the stateside Puerto Rican community. More recent demographic developments appear at first blush as if the stateside Puerto Rican population has been dispersing in greater numbers. Duany had described this process as a "reconfiguration" and termed it the "nationalizing" of this community throughout the United States.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: New York City was the center of the stateside Puerto Rican community for most of the 20th century. However, it is not clear whether these settlement changes can be characterized as simple population dispersal. Puerto Rican population settlements today are less concentrated than they were in places like New York City, Chicago and a number of cities in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Jersey.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: New York State has resumed its net in-migration of Puerto Rican Americans since 2006, a dramatic reversal from being the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000. The Puerto Rican population of New York State, still the largest in the United States, is estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010 to 1,103,067 in 2013.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Rican migration trends since 2006 have been highly complex: New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto Rico (31% of the mainland total) as well as from elsewhere on the mainland (20% of interstate moves) between 2006 and 2012 than any other U.S. state, "in absolute numbers", even while the southern United States gained the highest number as an overall national region. Also, unlike the initial pattern of migration several decades ago, this second significant Puerto Rican migration into New York and surrounding states is being driven by movement not only into New York City proper, but also into the city's surrounding suburban areas, including areas outside New York State, especially Northern New Jersey, such that the New York City metropolitan area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016, from 1,177,430 in 2010 to 1,494,670 in 2016.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Florida witnessed an even larger increase than New York State between 2010 and 2013, from 847,550 in 2010 to 987,663 in 2013, with significant migration from Puerto Rico, as well as some migration from Chicago and New York to Florida. However, most of the Puerto Rican migration to Florida has been to the central portion of the state, surrounding Orlando. Orlando and to a lesser degree Philadelphia and Tampa have witnessed large increases in their Puerto Rican populations between 2010 and 2013 and now have some of the fastest growing Puerto Rican populations in the country. According to the Pew Research Center, Puerto Rican arrivals from the island since 2000 are also less well off than earlier migrants, with lower household incomes and a greater likelihood of living in poverty. After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, devastating the infrastructure of the island, New York, Florida and New Jersey were expected to be the three likeliest destinations for Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland, when premised upon family ties.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Since Hurricane Maria in September 2017, about 400,000 Puerto Ricans have left the island for the US mainland, either permanently or temporarily. Nearly half of which went to the state of Florida alone, especially to the metropolitan areas of Orlando and Miami, and to a lesser degree Tampa and Jacksonville. The other half are spreading out throughout the country, but went mostly to the metropolitan areas of Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland and numerous smaller cities across the US Northeast. The 2017 population count was 5.5 million. With the migration boom due to Hurricane Maria, as well as live births taken into account, the US Puerto Rican population is estimated at 6 million as of 2018. This drop in Puerto Rico's population resulting in the increase in the stateside Puerto Rican population, is the result of Hurricane Maria and other recent natural disasters, as well as economic decline on the island. However, many Puerto Ricans have since been moving back, though not enough to reverse the population decline in Puerto Rico.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Residential segregation is a phenomenon characterizing many stateside Puerto Rican population concentrations. While blacks are the most residentially segregated group in the United States, a 2002 study shows that stateside Puerto Ricans are the most segregated among US Latinos.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: Stateside Puerto Ricans are disproportionately clustered in what has been called the "Boston-New York-Philadelphia-Washington Corridor" and in Florida along the East Coast. The U.S. Northeast Corridor, coined a "megalopolis" by geographer Jean Gottman in 1956, is the largest and most affluent urban corridor in the world, being described as a "node of wealth ... [an] area where the pulse of the national economy beats loudest and the seats of power are well established." With major world class universities clustered in Boston and stretching throughout this corridor, the economic and media power and international power politics in New York City and the seat of the federal government in Washington, DC, also a major global power center.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: These shifts in the relative sizes of Latino populations have also changed the role of the stateside Puerto Rican community. Thus, many long-established Puerto Rican institutions have had to revise their missions (and, in some cases, change their names) to provide services and advocacy on behalf of non-Puerto Rican Latinos.


title: Stateside Puerto Ricans

text: According to the 2010 US census, of the stateside Puerto Rican population, about 53.1% self-identified as white, about 8.7% self-identified as black, about 0.9% as American Indian, about 0.5% as Asian, and 36.7% as mixed or other. Though over half self-identified as white, the Puerto Rican population is largely made up of multi-racials, most Puerto Ricans are mixed to varying degrees, usually of white European/North African, black West African and indigenous Taino ancestry. The average genomewide individual ancestry proportions have been estimated as 56% European, 28% West African and 16% Native American. However, there are significant numbers of (pure or nearly pure) blacks and whites within the Puerto Rican population as well. Historically, under Spanish and American rule, Puerto Rico underwent a whitening process, in particular, the island had laws like the "Regla del Sacar", in which mixed-race people of mostly European origin were classified as "white" (the opposite of the one-drop rule in the United States).