title: Saving All My Love for You

text: The song also became a global hit, hitting number-one or the Top 10 in various countries around the world. In the United Kingdom, the song hit number-one on December 8, 1985, spending two weeks at the top. The single went on to become one of the top 25 best-selling singles of 1985 in the UK, and has since sold 740,000 copies. In 2012, Dan Lane of The Official Charts Company listed "Houston’s Top 20 Biggest Selling Tracks In The UK To Date" and "Saving All My Love for You" was placed at number 3, only losing to "I Will Always Love You" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody".


title: Saving All My Love for You

text: In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 45, on November 3, 1985. It kept on climbing in the following two weeks, until it peaked at number 6, before dropping to number 8. However, on December 8, 1985, the song reached a new peak of number 5. The song was also a success in Switzerland, peaking at number 5, while in France, the song charted two times in different years. Firstly, the song charted when it was originally released in 1986, debuting at number 50 and peaking at number 11, while in 2012 (after Whitney's death), the song peaked at number 39.


title: Saving All My Love for You

text: "Saving All My Love for You" earned Houston her first Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1986; she also won the American Music Award for Favorite R&B/Soul Video for the song. It has subsequently entered lists of her best songs. While listing her "25 Best Songs", editors from "Entertainment Weekly" placed the song at number 21, writing that, "The stuff that's been piped into thousands of dentist offices, it was also her first No. 1 hit." "BET" placed the song at number 7 on their "40 Best Whitney Houston Songs", writing that, "The song has it all: her breathy come-ons, her trademark epic high notes, her delicate runs." Kelley L. Carter of "MTV" also listed the track on their "Whitney Houston's Top 10 Songs", complimenting the singer for taking an already-recorded song and giving it new life."


title: Saving All My Love for You

text: "The New York Daily News" ranked "Saving All My Love for You", at number 79 on its "The 100 Greatest Love Songs" list. The song was also ranked by "The Telegraph" amongst "The 50 Best Love Songs of the 1980s", with the authors writing that, "The song that launched Houston, invented a newly minted variety of globe-storming soul diva", picking the line, "Though I try to resist, being last on your list/But no other man's gonna do/So I'm saving all my love for you," as "killer".


title: Saving All My Love for You

text: The music video was directed by Stuart Orme and was filmed in London, where Houston was doing a promotional tour. The narrative for the music video follows the song's theme: Whitney's character is a recording artist who is emotionally involved with her married producer, played by American actor Ricco Ross. By the finale, he has returned to his wife and family, leaving her (the "other woman") romantically out in the cold.


title: Saving All My Love for You

text: At the time of release, the adultery theme of the video for generated much media controversy, which led Houston to insist, "I could never see myself in that position. I wouldn't just take whatever someone wants to give to me, especially if I am giving a lot to him but not getting that much back. I could never find myself in that situation, but someone else might. The video tells a story but it's by no means my story." It was also the first music video of Whitney's to be played on MTV after the channel had initially rejected her previous video for "You Give Good Love" for being "too R&B", but played the video for "Saving" because the song was too popular to ignore, stating, "I love it when they have no choice [but to play it]", in a 2001 MTV interview. Despite the controversy, the video won "Favorite Soul/R&B Video" at the American Music Awards of 1986. As of November , the video has garnered over 70M views and 325k likes on YouTube.


title: Saving All My Love for You

text: Whitney performed "Saving All My Love for You" in a number of places. Whitney performed the track for the 28th Annual Grammy Awards and later took home the Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Award for the song. Her performance of the ballad at the GRAMMYs won her an Emmy for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. She also performed the song on "Late Night with David Letterman" in 1985. The performance was considered one of her best live performances by Digital Spy and VH1. While Liam O'Brien of Digital Spy wrote, "In this assured performance on Late Night With David Letterman, her vocal gymnastics left the host stunned," Mark Graham of "VH1" simply picked it as her third best live performance.


title: Saving All My Love for You

text: She also included the track in all of her concert tours: The Greatest Love World Tour (1986), Moment of Truth World Tour (1987–1988), Feels So Right Tour (1990), I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour (1991), The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–1994), Pacific Rim Tour (1997), The European Tour (1998), My Love Is Your Love World Tour (1999), Soul Divas Tour (2004) and on her final tour, Nothing but Love World Tour (2009–2010). "Saving All My Love for You" was also added to the setlist of her first ever solo televised concert and DVD/video release, "Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston" (1991) and on her second DVD/video, "" (1994).


title: JoAnne S. Bass

text: JoAnne S. Bass () is a senior noncommissioned officer in the United States Air Force and the nineteenth Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force. She became the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, and the first female to hold the highest senior enlisted rank in any United States military branch, on August 14, 2020, having been selected for the position on June 19. She is also the first person of Asian-American descent to hold the highest senior enlisted position in the Air Force. At the time of her selection, she was the Second Air Force's Command Chief Master Sergeant at Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi, which she had reported to in July 2018. "Air Force News" reported "incoming Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. CQ Brown said Bass brings skills, temperament and experience that the job requires and an outlook on leadership that meshes with his own", and that he "could not be more excited to work side-by-side with Chief Bass."


title: JoAnne S. Bass

text: Bass is originally from Mililani, Oahu, Hawaii. Her mother is of Korean descent and her father is a retired United States Army warrant officer. Her family lived in many stateside and overseas locations.


title: JoAnne S. Bass

text: Bass joined the United States Air Force in 1993, specializing in aviation resource management. Bass's first duty assignment was at Pope Air Force Base, near Fayetteville, North Carolina. Later she was assigned to the 17th Training Wing at Goodfellow Air Force Base, near San Angelo, Texas. In 2011, while assigned to Ramstein Air Base in Germany, she was selected as Noncommissioned Officer of the Year. She has participated in Operation Southern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


title: JoAnne S. Bass

text: Bass was promoted to chief master sergeant on August 1, 2013, and to chief master sergeant of the Air Force on August 14, 2020.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The Royal London Hospital is a large teaching hospital in Whitechapel in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is part of Barts Health NHS Trust. It provides district general hospital services for the City of London and Tower Hamlets and specialist tertiary care services for patients from across London and elsewhere. The current hospital building has 845 beds, 110 wards and 26 operating theatres, and opened in February 2012.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The hospital was founded in September 1740 and was originally named the London Infirmary. The name changed to the London Hospital in 1748, and in 1990 to the Royal London Hospital. The first patients were treated at a house in Featherstone Street, Moorfields. In May 1741, the hospital moved to Prescot Street, and remained there until 1757 when it moved to its current location on the south side of Whitechapel Road, Whitechapel, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The hospital's roof-top helipad is the London's Air Ambulance operating base. The helicopter is stored overnight at RAF Northolt.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: By the middle of the 18th century there were five voluntary hospitals in London (St Bartholomew's, Guy's, St Thomas', Westminster and St George's) which provided free medical care to those who could not afford it. However, none was located to the east of the City, where it could have served the comparatively impoverished and rapidly growing population of Spitalfields and Whitechapel; this was the void that The London Hospital was to fill. The institution that was to become The Royal London Hospital was founded on 23 September 1740, when seven gentlemen met in the Feathers Tavern in Cheapside in the City of London to subscribe to the formation of an "intended new infirmary".


title: Royal London Hospital

text: On 3 November, The London Infirmary opened in a house on Featherstone Street, Moorfields. The staff consisted of one surgeon, physician and apothecary; and was operated as a voluntary hospital, in which patients were not charged for treatment and their care was funded charitably from annual subscription fees.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: In May 1741, the hospital moved to larger premises in Prescot Street, at that time in an exceedingly bad district. The following year, 2nd Duke of Richmond was persuaded by the hospital's surgeon, John Harrison, to become the first President of the new hospital. The name changed to The London Hospital around 1748. The houses at Prescot Street were in an unfit state for use by 1744. A subscription fund for a new building was opened, and the current site was acquired at Whitechapel Mount (then relatively sparsely built on); however, funds were acquired slowly and it was not until 1751 that work began on the new building. The purpose-built hospital, which was designed by Boulton Mainwaring and accommodated 300 beds was opened to staff and patients in September 1757. The next year, the trustees of the charity acquired a royal charter so that they could constitute themselves as a legal entity.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: Medical students had been recorded as studying under the staff of The London Hospital as private pupils since the year it had begun, however it was not until 1785 that The London Hospital Medical College was founded; chiefly through the efforts of William Blizard, the hospital's surgeon. Private medical schools had been long established, but The London College was the first medical school in England and Wales organised in connection with a hospital. It amalgamated in 1995 with St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, under the aegis of Queen Mary and Westfield College to become St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: In the 1870s the medical staff determined to improve the quality of nursing care and in 1880 Eva Luckes was employed as Matron of the Hospital, a post which she held for nearly forty years. She was an influential nursing leader and instigated a new programme of nurse training, including the first Preliminary Training School for Nurses. She became known by her friend and mentor Florence Nightingale (also a Governor of The London Hospital) as 'O Matron of Matrons'. Luckes produced over 470 matrons during her tenure including Military Matrons in Chief Ethel Becher, Maud McCarthy and Sarah Oram, and several matrons of large provincial voluntary hospitals and Poor Law infirmaries including Annie Sophia Jane McIntosh, Matron of St Bartholomew's Hospital. Edith Cavell also trained under Luckes. In the late 1890s, Edith Cavell, who later helped some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, trained and worked as a nurse at the hospital.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: Joseph Merrick, known as the "Elephant Man", was admitted to the hospital in 1886 and spent the last few years of life there. His mounted skeleton is currently housed at the medical school, but is not on public display.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: In the early part of the twentieth century the hospital sent out 160 nurses to work unsupervised in private houses. This earned £4,000 a year, a profit of £1,700.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: In 1990 the Queen visited the hospital and added "Royal" to the name, to celebrate the 250th anniversary of its founding. The present School of Nursing and Midwifery was formed in 1994 by the merger of the schools from St Bartholomew's Hospital and The Royal London Hospital to become the St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery. Prior to this, the school of nursing was known as the Princess Alexandra College of Nursing and Midwifery. In 1995 the new Nursing School was incorporated into City University, London.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: In March 2005 planning permission was granted for the redevelopment and expansion of The Royal London Hospital. The scheme was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2006. Sited on the grounds of the existing hospital, the works involved the replacement of certain of the hospital's old facilities, some of which date back to when the hospital moved to its existing site in 1757. The works also involved the creation of a new trauma and emergency care centre and substantial new renal and paediatric facilities. These works, which were designed by HOK and undertaken by Skanska at a cost of £650 million, opened in part in 2012 and were completed in 2016. The old hospital buildings are being converted into the new Whitechapel Civic Centre for Tower Hamlets Council.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: In March 2020 it was reported that the 14th and 15th floors of the hospital, which were never fitted-out because the trust had been unable to afford to do so, would be opened in order to provide more capacity to deal with patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. These floors were opened in May 2020 at a cost of £24 million.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The Royal London has a museum which is located in the crypt of a 19th-century church. It reopened in 2002 after extensive refurbishment and is open to the public free of charge. The museum covers the history of the hospital since its foundation in 1740 and the wider history of medicine in the East End. It is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. It includes works of art, surgical instruments, medical and nursing equipment, uniforms, medals, documents and books. There is a forensic medicine section which includes original material on Jack the Ripper, Dr Crippen and the Christie murders. There are also displays on Joseph Merrick (the 'Elephant Man') and former Hospital nurse Edith Cavell. There is the model of a church in the hospital that was built by Joseph Merrick who spent the last few years of his life at the hospital.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The Royal London's archives contain documents dating back to 1740, including complete patient records since 1883. The collections are searchable on the Barts Health NHS Trust online catalogue, which contains information on over 50,000 entries and covering an 800-year span.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The Royal London Hospital is the busiest trauma centre in the UK, with Barts and the London NHS Trust as a whole treating over 1,255 injury patients daily across its five hospitals.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The Queen Mary University of London Centre for Trauma Sciences, part of Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, has a strong clinical partnership with the hospital's Major Trauma Centre.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The Royal London Hospital is part of a citywide initiative to transform London's emergency and trauma services. In 2010, the London Trauma System was implemented. The network is believed to be the largest of its kind in the world. The System comprises four existing London hospitals, The Royal London Hospital (Whitechapel), King's College Hospital (Denmark Hill), St George's Hospital (Tooting) and St Mary's Hospital (Paddington), supported by a number of trauma units located in various A&E departments where patients with less serious injuries receive treatment.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The TV series "Casualty 1900s" is set at The Royal London, and follows the everyday life of the hospital throughout these years. Some of the storylines are based on actual cases drawn from the hospital records. Amazon Prime has acquired the series for broadcast in the US, where it is called "London Hospital".


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The TV comedy drama series "Crashing" (2016), which follows the lives of six property guardians living in a disused London hospital, was filmed at The Royal London.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: The TV series "Call the Midwife", which takes place during the 1950's and 1960's in East London, includes scenes at the then London Hospital. The series is a dramatization of the life of a nurse midwife who was trained at the hospital.


title: Royal London Hospital

text: In 2022 Bedrock Radio (established circa 2002), provide a community health radio service covering East London, South Essex and immediate surrounding areas. Bedrock Radio is a registered charity.


title: Clear aligners

text: Clear aligners are orthodontic devices that are a transparent, plastic form of dental braces used to adjust teeth.


title: Clear aligners

text: Clear aligners have undergone changes, making assessment of effectiveness difficult. A 2014 systematic review concluded that published studies were of insufficient quality to determine effectiveness. Experience suggests they are effective for moderate crowding of the front teeth, but less effective than conventional braces for several other issues and are not recommended for children. In particular they are indicated for "mild to moderate crowding (1–6 mm) and mild to moderate spacing (1–6 mm)", in cases where there are no discrepancies of the jawbone. They are also indicated for patients who have experienced a relapse after fixed orthodontic treatment.


title: Clear aligners

text: Clear-aligner treatment involves an orthodontist or dentist, or with home-based systems, the person themselves, taking a mold of the patient's teeth, which is used to create a digital tooth scan. The computerized model suggests stages between the current and desired teeth positions, and aligners are created for each stage. Each aligner is worn for 22 hours a day for one or two weeks. These slowly move the teeth into the position agreed between the orthodontist or dentist and the patient. The average treatment time is 13.5 months. Despite patent infringement litigation, no manufacturer has obtained an injunction against another manufacturer.


title: Clear aligners

text: A 2014 systematic review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of these clear aligners. Opinion is that they are likely useful for moderate front-teeth crowding. In those with teeth that are too far forward or backward, or rotated in the socket, the aligners are likely not as effective as conventional braces. More cases of relapse of the anterior teeth have been found with clear aligners compared with conventional braces. A 2013 Cochrane review found no high-quality evidence with respect to the management of the recurrence of lower-front-teeth misalignment following treatment.


title: Clear aligners

text: Clear aligners are more noticeable than lingual braces, but they can be removed, which makes cleaning of the teeth easier, and they are faster for the dentist to apply.


title: Clear aligners

text: Treatment begins with taking x-ray and photographs for diagnostic purposes, followed by capturing the patient's bite, teeth, and gums via a bite registration and polyvinyl siloxane impressions or an intra-oral digital scanner. The latter method has greatly increased in popularity in recent years as digital scanning technology has improved. The dentist/orthodontist completes a written evaluation that includes diagnosis and treatment plan. Dental impressions are scanned in order to create a digital 3D representation of the teeth. Technicians move the teeth to the desired location with the program Treat, which creates the stages between the current and desired teeth positions. Anywhere from six to forty-eight aligners may be needed. Each aligner moves teeth .25 to .33 millimeters.


title: Clear aligners

text: A computer graphic representation of the projected teeth movements, created in the software program ClinCheck, is provided to the doctor and patient for approval or modification before aligners are manufactured. The aligners are modeled using CAD-CAM (computer-aided-design and computer-aided-manufacturing) software and manufactured using a rapid prototyping technique called stereolithography. The molds for the aligners are built in layers using a photo-sensitive liquid resin that cures into a hard plastic when exposed to a laser. The aligners are made from an elastic thermoplastic material that applies pressure to the teeth to move into the aligner's position. Patients that need a tooth rotated or pulled down may have a small, tooth-colored composite attachment bonded onto certain teeth. Since the form-fitted plastic used in clear aligners is not as rigid as the metal used in traditional braces, sometimes the flexibility in the materials need to be compensated in the areas that require movement. Alternatively, attachments may be used to facilitate movement by changing the shape of the tooth. More attachments can make the aligners less aesthetically pleasing. Reproximation, (also called interproximal reduction or IPR and colloquially, filing or drilling), is sometimes used at the contacts between teeth to allow for a better fit.


title: Clear aligners

text: Each aligner is intended to be worn an optimal 22 hours a day for one to two weeks. On average the treatment process takes 13.5 months, although treatment time varies based on the complexity of the planned teeth movements. The aligner is removed for brushing, flossing and eating. As clear aligners are made from plastic, they can be warped by hot liquids. While undergoing treatment you should limit your intake of hot liquids to protect the shape of your aligners and stop them from becoming stained. Once the treatment period has concluded, the patient is advised to continue wearing a retainer at night for the foreseeable future.


title: Clear aligners

text: When the Invisalign system was first developed, many of the aligner manufacturing processes were carried out by hand, and computer technicians had to modify each tooth in the computerized model individually.


title: Clear aligners

text: Invisalign is manufactured by Align Technology, an American multinational medical-device company. The company's clear align system has been used to treat more than 12.2 million patients. Invisalign does not use wires or brackets that require ongoing painful adjustments. Not only are the adjustments painful but the wires themselves can actually cause irritation, cuts, and nicks in your mouth.


title: Clear aligners

text: The company was founded in 1997 by Zia Chishti. Chishti conceived of the basic design of InvisAlign while an adult orthodontics patient. During his treatment with a retainer intended to complete his treatment, he posited that a series of such devices could effect a large final placement in a series of small movements.


title: Clear aligners

text: Orthodontists were resistant to adopting Invisalign at first, in particular because the founders had no orthodontic credentials or expertise, but the product became popular among consumers. As of 2014, 80,000 dentists had been trained how to use it.


title: Clear aligners

text: Zia Chishti was ousted from Align Technology in 2002. In 2005 he developed Orthoclear, a similar product, which resulted in several legal disputes involving allegations of patent infringement, false advertising, defamation and trademark infringement. The case was settled in 2006. Align paid OrthoClear $20 million and OrthoClear agreed to end its operations.


title: Clear aligners

text: ClearCorrect, LLC, based in Round Rock, Texas, was established in 2006. The company distributes its product throughout the United States, and in 2011 was named the fastest-growing health company in America by "Inc." magazine. It has been reported that in 2017 its clear align system had been used to treat about 80,000 patients.


title: Clear aligners

text: ClearCorrect was founded in Houston, Texas, by Willis Pumphrey, Jr., a dentist. In 2001, Pumphrey started using Invisalign. He decided to switch to OrthoClear, because of the way OrthoClear manufactured its aligners and because of its reduced lab fees. When manufacture of Orthoclear ceased, Pumphrey had 400 patients in treatment. With no other options available, he started his own company to complete his patients' clear aligner treatment.


title: Clear aligners

text: SmileDirectClub, based in Nashville, Tennessee, was launched in 2014 as an alternative to in-office clear aligners. The company offers direct-to-consumer clear aligner service which can be availed from home, without having to see a dentist. This allows them to price aligners at half of the other competitors. The company faces criticism from the orthodontic community because of no involvement of a physical dentist. Similar startups have also launched in different parts of the world.


title: Clear aligners

text: Following SmileDirectClub, multiple companies provide aligner treatment to patients by mailing their aligners and monitoring the treatment through a digital platform. The American Association of Orthodontists, the largest society representing orthodontists in the United States and abroad, released consumer alert explaining potential risks associated with such services.


title: Clear aligners

text: The litigious history in the clear aligner market prompted ClearCorrect to be proactive in addressing patent issues between itself and Align Technology. Align had previously filed a complaint with the U.S. International Trade Commission against OrthoClear Inc. In the end an agreement was made between Align and OrthoClear in which Align paid OrthoClear $20 million for its intellectual property and OrthoClear agreed to stop accepting cases in the United States.


title: Clear aligners

text: In 2009, Align Technology began to require that doctors prescribing Invisalign complete at least ten cases per year and ten hours of training in order to maintain their Invisalign provider status. In January 2010, 20,000 doctors had their certification suspended for not meeting the requirements, but a class action lawsuit regarding providers that paid for training under the original rules resulted in some certifications being re-instated.


title: Clear aligners

text: In February 2009, ClearCorrect filed a declaratory judgment against Align Technology. ClearCorrect claimed that some of Align's patents were invalid, and thus ClearCorrect's product did not infringe on Align’s patents. ClearCorrect voluntarily dismissed the suit in April 2009, after Align stated to the court that it had no intention of suing ClearCorrect for patent infringement.


title: Clear aligners

text: On February 28, 2011, Align Technology filed two lawsuits against ClearCorrect. Align alleged that under California’s Unfair Practices Act, that ClearCorrect sold products for a price below the average production cost, with the purpose of "destroying competition in the market for clear aligner systems". Align also claimed that ClearCorrect infringed eight of Align's patents.


title: Clear aligners

text: On May 12, 2011, ClearCorrect filed a countersuit against Align Technology, denying allegations that it is infringing on Align patents. In the countersuit, ClearCorrect alleged that Align's allegations are invalid and accused Align of patent misuse and double patenting. The countersuit cited much of the evidence raised in Align's previous patent case against Ormco, which resulted in a federal court ruling that 11 of Align's patent claims were invalid.


title: Clear aligners

text: The cost of clear aligners is typically lower than their all-metal counterparts because of the materials and technology used. Prices are rarely impacted by factors such as the duration of the treatment and the extent of the issues requiring correction, as much as specific details of the treatment plan, time/age of treatment, location, the experience of the orthodontist. In countries such as Australia, Canada, United States and United Kingdom prices are fairly similar across providers at circa $2,000/£1,500.


title: Steve Tracy

text: Steve Tracy (born Steven Crumrine; October 3, 1952 – November 27, 1986) was an American film and television actor. Tracy is best known for his role on "Little House on the Prairie" as Percival Dalton.


title: Steve Tracy

text: Tracy was born as Steven Crumrine into an Irish-German family. He attended Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, and was a student in the Theatre Department at Los Angeles City College in Los Angeles, California, as well as the Harvey Lembeck Comedy Workshop.


title: Steve Tracy

text: Tracy is best known for his recurring role as Percival Dalton in the television series "Little House on the Prairie" in the early 1980s.


title: Steve Tracy

text: After the end of the series, Tracy maintained a friendship with his on-screen wife Alison Arngrim (Nellie Oleson). Arngrim and Tracy were very close while filming on the set. During the series, there were rumors that he and Arngrim were having a love affair, but Arngrim says that was untrue. Arngrim has also stated that she was the only one on the set who knew that Tracy was gay.


title: Steve Tracy

text: Tracy appeared in several films and other television programs from 1977 to 1986, including "Quincy, M.E.", "The Jeffersons", and "National Lampoon's Class Reunion". Six months before his death, he performed in the theater piece "AIDS/US: Portraits in Personal Courage" in Los Angeles. The piece featured true stories of having AIDS or losing family members to AIDS, with half the cast being heterosexual, at a time when AIDS still was stereotyped as affecting only gay men. Tracy was the only professional actor in the production, as all other participants were non-actors telling their stories on stage because "they wanted to say something."


title: Steve Tracy

text: Tracy died of AIDS-related complications on November 27, 1986, after which Arngrim became involved in AIDS activism. His ashes were scattered under the Hollywood Sign in the Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, under the letter "D".


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Aluminium–air batteries (Al–air batteries) produce electricity from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium. They have one of the highest energy densities of all batteries, but they are not widely used because of problems with high anode cost and byproduct removal when using traditional electrolytes. This has restricted their use to mainly military applications. However, an electric vehicle with aluminium batteries has the potential for up to eight times the range of a lithium-ion battery with a significantly lower total weight.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Aluminium–air batteries are primary cells, i.e., non-rechargeable. Once the aluminium anode is consumed by its reaction with atmospheric oxygen at a cathode immersed in a water-based electrolyte to form hydrated aluminium oxide, the battery will no longer produce electricity. However, it is possible to mechanically recharge the battery with new aluminium anodes made from recycling the hydrated aluminium oxide. Such recycling would be essential if aluminium–air batteries were to be widely adopted.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Aluminium-powered vehicles have been under discussion for some decades. Hybridisation mitigates the costs, and in 1989 road tests of a hybridised aluminium–air/lead–acid battery in an electric vehicle were reported. An aluminium-powered plug-in hybrid minivan was demonstrated in Ontario in 1990.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: In March 2013, Phinergy released a video demonstration of an electric car using aluminium–air cells driven 330 km using a special cathode and potassium hydroxide. On May 27, 2013, the Israeli channel 10 evening news broadcast showed a car with Phinergy battery in the back, claiming range before replacement of the aluminum anodes is necessary.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: About 1.2 volts potential difference is created by these reactions and is achievable in practice when potassium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte. Saltwater electrolyte achieves approximately 0.7 volts per cell.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: The specific voltage of the cell can vary depending upon the composition of the electrolyte as well as the structure and materials of the cathode.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Other metals can be used in a similar way, such as lithium-air, zinc-air, manganese-air, and sodium-air, some with a higher energy density. However, aluminium is attractive as the most stable metal.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Technical problems remain to be solved to make Al–air batteries suitable for electric vehicles. Anodes made of pure aluminium are corroded by the electrolyte, so the aluminium is usually alloyed with tin or other elements. The hydrated alumina that is created by the cell reaction forms a gel-like substance at the anode and reduces the electricity output. This is an issue being addressed in the development work on Al–air cells. For example, additives that form the alumina as a powder rather than a gel have been developed.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Modern air cathodes consist of a reactive layer of carbon with a nickel-grid current collector, a catalyst (e.g., cobalt), and a porous hydrophobic PTFE film that prevents electrolyte leakage. The oxygen in the air passes through the PTFE then reacts with the water to create hydroxide ions. These cathodes work well, but they can be expensive.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Traditional Al–air batteries had a limited shelf life, because the aluminium reacted with the electrolyte and produced hydrogen when the battery was not in use; this is no longer the case with modern designs. The problem can be avoided by storing the electrolyte in a tank outside the battery and transferring it to the battery when it is required for use.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Another problem is the cost of materials that need to be added to the battery to avoid power dropping. Aluminum is still very cheap compared to other elements used to build batteries. Aluminum costs $2.55 per kilogram while lithium and nickel cost $15.75 and $18.75 per kilogram respectively. However, one other element typically used in aluminum air as a catalyst in the cathode is silver, which costs about $773 dollars per kilogram (2021 prices).


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Aluminium–air batteries may become an effective solution for marine applications due to their high energy density, low cost, and the abundance of aluminum, with no emissions at the point of use in boats and ships.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Phinergy Marine, RiAlAiR and several other commercial companies are working on commercial and military applications in the marine environment.


title: Aluminium–air battery

text: Research and development is taking place on alternative, safer, and higher performance electrolytes such as organic solvents and ionic liquids.


title: Wattle (anatomy)

text: A wattle is a fleshy caruncle hanging from various parts of the head or neck in several groups of birds and mammals. Caruncles in birds include those found on the face, wattles, dewlaps, snoods, and earlobes. Wattles are generally paired structures, but may occur as a single structure when it is sometimes known as a dewlap. Wattles are frequently organs of sexual dimorphism. In some birds, caruncles are erectile tissue and may or may not have a feather covering.


title: Wattle (anatomy)

text: Wattles are often such a striking morphological characteristic of animals that it features in their common name. For example, the southern and northern cassowaries are known as the double-wattled and single-wattled cassowary, respectively, and a breed of domestic pig is known as the Red Wattle.


title: Wattle (anatomy)

text: In birds, wattles are often an ornament for courting potential mates. Large wattles are correlated with high testosterone levels, good nutrition, and the ability to evade predators, which in turn indicates a potentially successful mate. Ornamental organs such as wattles may be associated with genes coding for disease resistance. In umbrellabirds, the wattle serves to amplify the birds' calls.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Kathleen Marie Blanco (née Babineaux; December 15, 1942 – August 18, 2019) was an American politician who served as the 54th Governor of Louisiana from January 2004 to January 2008. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the first and, to date, only woman elected as the state's governor.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: When first elected, Blanco outlined her top priorities as providing affordable healthcare, improving the education system in the state, and helping to create a strong and vibrant economy through aggressive economic development initiatives. Her work as governor changed dramatically when, in 2005, coastal Louisiana was severely damaged by two hurricanes that struck less than a month apart. In August, Hurricane Katrina devastated the New Orleans region, an urban area of 1.4 million people. Then, in September, Hurricane Rita struck the southwestern coast, displacing another 300,000 people. More than 200,000 housing units were destroyed, 81,000 businesses closed, entire electrical and telecommunication systems were torn apart, and one million people were made homeless as a result of severe flooding caused by levee failures and storm surges.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Many believed the immediate response from the city, state, and federal governments was inadequate, and Blanco later fully acknowledged there were failures on the part of her administration before and after the storm; however, much criticism, both locally and nationally, was directed at the Federal Emergency Management Agency and at President Bush, for what was seen as a slow initial response to the disaster and an inability to effectively manage, care for and deliver promised resources to those trying to evacuate from New Orleans.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Blanco announced in March 2007 that she would not seek re-election later that year, saying that she would instead "focus [her] time and energy for the [remainder of her term] on the people's work, not on [the] politics" of running for another term. In June 2011 she was diagnosed with cancer, and she died eight years later on August 18, 2019.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: She was born Kathleen Marie Babineaux in New Iberia, Louisiana, the daughter of Louis Babineaux and his wife, the former Lucille Fremin, both of Cajun ancestry. Her Babineaux grandfather was a farmer and grocer with a country store, and her father was a small businessman who moved to the rural hamlet of Coteau, a community near New Iberia with one church and one elementary school. Blanco attended Mount Carmel Academy, an all-girls school run by the Roman Catholic Sisters of Mount Carmel, which was situated on the banks of Bayou Teche. In 1964, Blanco received a Bachelor of Science in business education from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, then named the University of Southwestern Louisiana. She was also a member of Kappa Delta sorority. On August 8, 1964, she married Raymond Blanco, a football coach and educator; the couple had six children.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Following college, Blanco taught business at Breaux Bridge High School. She then worked for roughly fifteen years as a stay-at-home mom for her six children. She later worked as a District Manager for the U.S. Department of Commerce during the 1980 Census initiative and with her husband, owned Coteau Consultants, a political and marketing research firm.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Prior to her election as governor, Blanco served twenty years in public office. In 1983, elected as the first woman legislator from the city of Lafayette, she served five years in the Louisiana House of Representatives. In her first term, she and her friend Evelyn Blackmon of West Monroe were two of only five women in both houses of the legislature. Blanco in 1988 defeated the Republican Kernan "Skip" Hand to become the first woman in Louisiana elected to the Louisiana Public Service Commission, a post that she held for seven years, She was also the first woman chairman of the PSC. She was then elected Lieutenant Governor, a post that she held for eight years.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Blanco was elected on November 15, 2003, defeating her Republican opponent Bobby Jindal in the general election, by a margin of 52 to 48 percent. On January 12, 2004, she took the oath of office in both English and French languages, succeeding Murphy J. Foster Jr. She retained Foster's chief of staff Andy Kopplin. She named as the new state commissioner of administration Jerry Luke LeBlanc, who had succeeded her in the state House in 1989 when she became a public service commissioner. Blanco traveled more than her predecessor, seeking new sources of economic development for the state. She visited Nova Scotia and in December 2004 visited Cuba to boost its trade with the state. During this controversial visit, she met with President Fidel Castro, with whom the United States government had no formal diplomatic relations. In 2005, Blanco also visited the Asian countries of Japan, China, and Taiwan.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Despite the upheaval of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, she met all of her initial goals by the end of her term, most notably prioritizing education investment from pre-kindergarten to the university level. She recruited a number of businesses to Louisiana and established policies to lay a foundation for the recovery of coastal Louisiana.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: As governor, she was a member of the National Governors Association, and the Democratic Governors Association, and served as president of the Southern Governors' Association.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Blanco tapped Donald E. Hines, a family physician from Bunkie in Avoyelles Parish, as the president of the state Senate. He held the position during her entire administration.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: On August 27, 2005, Blanco, speaking about Hurricane Katrina, told the media in Jefferson Parish, "I believe we are prepared. That's the one thing that I've always been able to brag about." Later that day, she issued a request for federal assistance and US$9 million in aid to U.S. President George W. Bush, which stated,


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: ... I have determined that this incident is of such severity and magnitude that effective response is beyond the capabilities of the State and affected local governments, and that supplementary Federal assistance is necessary to save lives, protect property, public health, and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a disaster. I am specifically requesting emergency protective measures, direct Federal Assistance, Individual and Household Program (IHP) assistance, Special Needs Program assistance, and debris removal.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Also in the request letter, the governor stated: "In response to the situation, I have taken appropriate action under State law and directed the execution of the State Emergency Plan on August 26, 2005, in accordance with Section 501 (a) of the Stafford Act. A State of Emergency has been issued for the State in order to support the evacuations of the coastal areas in accordance with our State Evacuation Plan."


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: FEMA issued a statement dated August 27, that President Bush authorized the allocation of federal resources, following a review of FEMA's analysis of the state's request for federal assistance. A White House statement of the same date also acknowledges this authorization of aid by President Bush. On August 28, Blanco sent a letter to President Bush, which increased the amount of aid requested to US$130 million. Mayor Ray Nagin, in response to the offer of an Amtrak train to evacuate New Orleans residents, rejected the offer, declared an emergency, and then canceled it. He then flew to Dallas with his family. President George Bush now declared a State of Emergency and brought in U.S. Army Lieutenant General Russel Honoré to be in charge of all forces. The President sent members of the National Guard, the U.S. Coast Guard, the carrier and the U.S. Air Force. It was the largest deployment of military forces within domestic territory since the United States Civil War.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Blanco oversaw the massive evacuation of 93% of the New Orleans area and the subsequent rescue effort utilizing state employees, law enforcement agencies from across the state and nation, citizen volunteers, and federal emergency services such as the U.S. Coast Guard and other U.S. military forces. More than 60,000 people were rescued and removed from the affected region after the storm. As Commander-in-Chief of the Louisiana National Guard, Blanco called on her fellow governors for troop reinforcement as more than a third of her own soldiers and airmen were serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. The response from states delivered nearly 40,000 troops to her command, one of the largest domestic activation of troops in the nation's history.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: On September 1, 2005, with reports of looting and lawlessness escalating, Blanco announced she was sending 300 Louisiana National Guardsmen to supplement the New Orleans Police Department, saying,


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: These troops are fresh back from Iraq. They are well-trained, experienced, battle-tested and under my orders to restore order in the streets. These are some of the 40,000 extra troops that I have demanded. They have M-16's, and they're locked and loaded. When hoodlums victimize and inflict suffering on people at their wit's end, they're taking away our limited resources, or whatever resources we have, to save babies, or save children and to save good people. I have one message for these hoodlums. These troops know how to shoot and kill and they are more than willing to do so if necessary, and I expect they will.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: This followed President Bush's statement that looters in New Orleans and elsewhere in the chaotic aftermath of Hurricane Katrina should be treated with "zero tolerance."


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: President Bush, during a visit to Louisiana on September 2, 2005, five days after the storm, offered to federalize the Louisiana National Guard to simplify the command structure. The Governor declined, because the Guard would then become part of the federal military forces and therefore lose much-needed policing powers. The President subsequently continued to press the offer, so Blanco rejected it in writing, citing the need for flexibility in National Guard operations, particularly the need for the Guard in areas other than New Orleans where the military was not currently operating. Governor Haley Barbour of Mississippi reportedly declined a similar offer from the President. Had either state's National Guard been federalized, they would not have been able to directly enforce state law (i.e. control looting) under the provisions of the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act. It had not previously been a policy during natural disasters to combine the command of National Guard and military operations under the authority of the President. President Bush had the power to take command of a state's National Guard units under the Insurrection Act of 1807 without the agreement of a state Governor, but no President had done this since Lyndon Johnson in the 1960s and President Bush had so far also declined to do so. However, Blanco and Major General Bennett Landreneau, Louisiana Adjutant General and senior Louisiana National Guard officer, co-operated closely with U.S. Army Lieutenant General Honoré, who was then commanding Federal military operations under Joint Task Force Katrina.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: CNN and Fox News reported the Louisiana Homeland Security Department (which operated under Blanco's authority) refused to allow the American Red Cross to enter the city of New Orleans. The American Red Cross confirmed that the organization had not entered the city to provide aid, but also stated that it was providing relief at the evacuation centers: "As the remaining people are evacuated from New Orleans, the most appropriate role for the Red Cross is to provide a safe place for people to stay and to see that their emergency needs are met. We are fully staffed and equipped to handle these individuals once they are evacuated." The deputy director of Louisiana's Homeland Security Department, Colonel Jay Mayeaux, stated that he asked the Red Cross to delay relief operations for 24 hours for logistical reasons, and by the time that was up the evacuations had already begun.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: On September 14, after President Bush had accepted responsibility for all problems that occurred at the federal level, Blanco accepted responsibility for all problems that occurred at the state level. Blanco stated, "At the state level, we must take a careful look at what went wrong and make sure it never happens again. The buck stops here, and as your governor, I take full responsibility." In 2006, a Congressional report stated that the "National Response Plan did not adequately provide a way for federal assets to quickly supplement or, if necessary, supplant first responders."


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Blanco continued to press President Bush and Congress for additional recovery funds for Louisiana, pointing out the disparity in assistance received by Louisiana compared to neighboring Mississippi.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Early in 2006, Blanco was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: On June 19, 2006, Blanco announced that she would send the National Guard to patrol the streets of New Orleans after five teenagers were killed, in an effort to combat a greatly increased rate of violent crime.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Also on June 19, 2006, Blanco signed into law a ban on most forms of abortion (unless the life of the mother was in danger or her health would be permanently damaged) once it passed the state legislature. Although she felt exclusions for rape or incest would have "been reasonable," she felt she should not veto based on those reasons. The bill would only go into effect if the United States Supreme Court reversed "Roe v. Wade".


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: In August 2006, Blanco filed a lawsuit and formally objected to the federal Gulf of Mexico lease sale "to force the federal government to spend part of its oil and gas income from the Outer Continental Shelf to help shore up Louisiana's coastline".


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: In December 2006, Blanco called a special session of the Louisiana State Legislature which she intended to use to dispense $2.1 billion worth of tax cuts, teacher raises, road projects and other spending programs. Legislators allied with Blanco attempted to lift a spending cap imposed by the Constitution of Louisiana, but Republican lawmakers rejected the governor's spending measure. The high-profile defeat further eroded Blanco's political reputation.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: By late 2006 and early 2007, Blanco was facing increasingly heated accusations of delays in administering the Road Home Program, a state-run program which Blanco and the Louisiana Recovery Authority had set up following Katrina in order to distribute federal aid money to Katrina victims for damage to their homes. By January 2007, fewer than 250 of an estimated 100,000 applicants had received payments from the program, and many of the payments were apparently based on assessments which grossly undervalued the cost of damage to homes.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Facing an upcoming re-election campaign with greatly reduced popularity, Blanco made repeated public criticisms of the administration of President Bush in January 2007. Noting that Bush neglected to mention Gulf Coast reconstruction in his 2007 State of the Union Address, Blanco called for a bipartisan Congressional investigation into the conduct of the Bush administration following Katrina, to determine whether partisan politics played a role in the slow response to the storm. This call followed comments by former Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown, who claimed that the White House offer to federalize the National Guard in the days following the storm was part of a plan to upstage Blanco. Blanco has also publicly stated that Mississippi received preferential treatment because its governor, Haley Barbour, is Republican.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Blanco announced on March 20, 2007, that she would not seek re-election. On January 14, 2008, Bobby Jindal succeeded her as governor.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Initially diagnosed with cancer in 2011, Blanco was treated and entered remission. In December 2017, Blanco experienced a recurrence with ocular melanoma metastatic to her liver. A year later at a meeting of the civic association, the Council for a Better Louisiana, Blanco said there is "no escape" from the disease as it had metastasized throughout her body and she has "made peace" with her future. On April 19, 2019, it was announced that she was in hospice care.


title: Kathleen Blanco

text: Governor John Bel Edwards later ordered flags across Louisiana to remain at half staff until August 24, 2019, in her honor.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The Oerlikon KBA is a 25 mm (25×137mm) autocannon, developed as a close range multipurpose weapon for the mechanised battlefield, originally made by Oerlikon (now Rheinmetall AG) and currently produce in the facility of Rheinmetall Italia S.p.A (Rome). It is a positively locked breech, gas-operated cannon with a rotating bolt head and a dual-belt selective feed system taking a 25mm NATO cartridge. The rate of fire in burst mode is 600 rounds per minute but it can be adjusted electronically and reduced to single shot or a selectable range between 100 and 200 rounds per minute.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: Due to its firepower, its range of ammunition and its "Instant Ammunition Selection Device" (IASD), which allows the gunner to easily switch between armor-piercing and high-explosive rounds, the KBA cannon can engage lightly armoured vehicles, infantry, anti-tank positions, helicopters, combat aircraft and ships.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The Oerlikon KBA 25 mm is a fully automatic cannon based on the proven gas-operation principle with a rotating bolt head similar to the Mauser M 98 or M16 and double belt feed for the ammunition.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The KBA offers a wide range of firing modes: single shot, programmable rapid single shot with a rate of fire programmable from 100 to 200 rds/min and full automatic fire at 600 rds/min. The cannon functions, such as cocking and firing, are electrically actuated by a remote control unit or manually in auxiliary mode by means of a hand crank and a trigger pedal.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The Oerlikon KBA 25mm cannon has been designed for integration in various types of mounts, small size and low weight offering various integration possibilities such as:


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The various types of available ammunition combined with the unique Instant Ammunition Selection Device and selectable rates of fire support any type of operational use.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: At the turn of 1964-65, the US Army started the ambitious Bushmaster project as an offshoot of the MICV-65 program to replace the M113 armored personnel carrier with a new infantry fighting vehicle. The Bushmaster project aimed to create small-caliber cannon for the US Army.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The Bushmaster project were intended to meet the requirements for the armament of infantry fighting vehicles of the 80's and 90's:


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: At the early stage of the Bushmaster program, one of the companies involved was the Jet and Ordnance Division of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc. (soon to become TRW Inc.) which started the development of their own 25mm weapon.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The new TRW project was to design an automatic cannon around the experimental 25x137mm cartridge under the company internal designation of "TRW model 6425". The project leader was engineer Eugene Stoner, the designer of the famous ArmaLite AR-10, AR-15, and M16A1 family of assault rifles.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: TRW's requirements for the 25mm project were that the gun had to be fully automatic and actively locked, be operated by gas and with a rotating bolt head, and use a dual-belt selective feed system allowing a quick and easy switch between different ammunition types.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: In parallel Oerlikon-Bührle assumed responsibility for developing the new 25x137mm ammunition and the interior ballistics of the TRW 6425.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The first prototype was produced in 22 months and began test firing in November 1965 from an Ml 14 vehicle. In December the prototype was fired from an Austrian Armored Personnel Carrier. An early version was tested by a number of countries including Great Britain and France.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: At the beginning of 1967, technical tests and firing trials were carried out with two TRW-6425 prototype cannons followed by the first demonstrations for a NATO country.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The early configuration was tested several times at Aberdeen Proving Ground, included was a Military Potential Test from March 1968 to March 1969.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: Before the U.S. tests were completed the US Army paused the new IFV project due to the Vietnam War situation. At the end of 1969 TRW ceased work on the TRW 6425 cannon. In 1970 the Jet and Ordnance Division of TRW Inc. was closed and Stoner, together with Robert Bihun, launched ARES Inc.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: As ARES Inc. quickly outgrew Stoner's garage, they moved the company into the same buildings previously used by TRW Inc. and hired many of their former employees.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: Following the closure of the TRW Jet and Ordnance Division, the Philco-Ford company's Aeronutronic Division became interested in the TRW-6425 cannon project, bought the rights to the project and began work on the weapon.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: When the Bushmaster projectfull name U.S. Army Vehicle Rapid Fire Weapons System (Bushmaster)was restarted, the PFB-25 (Philco-Ford Bushmaster 25mm) was selected as one of the self-powered gun candidates. Since then, Philco-Ford has further developed the PFB-25.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: During the same period Oerlikon bought the TRW-6425 rights from TRW and they started the "KBA series" 25mm cannon project based on it. In the designation KBA, "K" is kanone; "B" is a 25 mm caliber, and "A" is a design model in a given caliber. Several principles were combined in order to refine the project.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: During the trials, however, the original American PFB-25 prototypes displayed a number of basic functional deficiencies. This prompted Oerlikon to undertake further development work on the KBA. The resulting system modifications added functional reliability that allowed the trials to be completed successfully in 1970. When the first prototype KBA cannons became available, suitable gun turrets had also to be provided.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: Oerlikon extensively reworked the original American TRW 6425 design. Perhaps the only remaining elements of the original design in the KBA were the 25x137 mm cartridge and the method of blocking the chamber by turning the bolt (a novelty for Oerlikon development; earlier Oerlikon systems had sliding bolts with locking lugs). Eugene Stoner's classic TRW-6425 cannon automatic gas valve drive was also comprehensively changed.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The complete systemcannon, hand-driven turret and ammunitionunderwent detailed firing trials between 1969 and 1971.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: Oerlikon devoted huge development efforts to improve the functional reliability, durability and firing precision of the KBA autocannon. In 1971 sufficient progress had been made for the weapon system to fulfill the strict specifications laid down and for large-scale deliveries to the Netherlands to begin.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: In 1977, due to an internal decision, the US Army selected the externally-powered Hughes M242 from Hughes Helicopters Ordnance Division as the Bushmaster. The M242 became the autocannon for the Army's new IFV.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: Within the framework of the product support service Oerlikon improves the product and adapts it regularly to the latest requirements. An important step forward was made in 1982/83 when the ammunition penetration performance range of the 25 mm APDS-T (sub-caliber) round was increased 150% from 1000 to 2500 m.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: A wide range of ammunition has been developed for this weapon specifically developed to engage and defeat both ground and air targets.The ammunition complies with all handling and operational safety requirements according to MIL-STD's, and was subjected to intensive trials by NATO member countries prior to its introduction and standardization as NATO 25mmx137 ammunition.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The current 25x137mm ammunition family consists in different combat (air - ground) and training rounds types as follow:


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: These are the characteristics of the best-known KBA autocannon weapons stations in use and presently in production:


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The company VALHALLA Turrets has developed a remote controlled weapon station called the Valhalla NIMROD 250, designed mainly for IFVs, 4x4 vehicles, tanks and light armoured fighting vehicles.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The NIMROD 250 turret is designed to mount a 25mm Oerlikon KBA (25x137mm) autocannon paired with a high performance electro–optic system (cooled and un-cooled). A co-axial machine gun provides fire support for the main cannon.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The Turkish-made Aselsan STOP stabilized weapon station for naval applications can be fitted with a Oerlikon KBA.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The Turkish-made Aselsan NEFER-L remote controlled weapon station is developed primarily for use against armored land targets.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: OTO Melara (today LEONARDO) has developed a two-man turret for armored vehicles called HITFIST. The turret is designed to mount a 25mm Oerlikon KBA or 30mm ATK Mk44 autocannon. The main armament may mount a co-axial machine gun, a variant allows the operator to aim and fire anti-tank missiles. Current operators includes Italy, Poland and Romania.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: OTO Melara has also developed the OTO SINGLE 25mm KBA as a stabilized, electric servo-drive assisted weapon station, for naval applications with 252 ready-to-fire rounds made to neutralize targets in the Anti Surface Warfare, particularly in the Asymmetric Warfare or Mine Defence scenarios and thanks to the high rate of fire of the 25mm KBA cannon also offers a capability in very close Anti Air Defense. The OTO SINGLE 25mm KBA turret is available in both unmanned or manned configurations.


title: Oerlikon KBA

text: The KBA 25mm Automatic Cannon is installed in many other weapon station designs produced by different defense companies, here below a list of the most famous:


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is a motorcycle rally held annually in Sturgis, South Dakota, and the surrounding Black Hills region of the United States. It began in 1938 by a group of Indian Motorcycle riders and was originally held for stunts and races. Since then, the rally has become a pluralistic endeavor that consists of events put on by many different groups. Attendance has historically been around 500,000 people, reaching a high of over 700,000 in 2015. The event takes place over 10 days and generates around $800 million in annual revenue.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The first rally was held by Indian Motorcycle riders on August 14, 1938, by the Jackpine Gypsies motorcycle club. The club still owns and operates the tracks, hillclimb, and field areas where the rally is centered. The first event was called the "Black Hills Motor Classic." The founder was Clarence "Pappy" Hoel. He purchased an Indian motorcycle franchise in Sturgis in 1936 and formed the Jackpine Gypsies in 1938. The Jackpine Gypsies were inducted to the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1997. Hoel was inducted into the AMA Hall of Fame the following year.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The focus of a motorcycle rally was originally racing and stunts. In 1961, the rally was expanded to include the Hillclimb and Motocross races. This could include half-mile track racing (the first year in Sturgis, there were 19 participants), intentional board wall crashes, ramp jumps and head-on collisions with automobiles.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The Sturgis Rally has been held every year, with exceptions during World War II. In 1942, the decision was made by the Black Hills Motor Classic Committee to not hold their regular event until after the war was over. The reason given for not holding the event was the "inability to obtain high-class talent." The Sturgis Rally would not be held again until 1946, when the Black Hills Classic Reorganized and made plans to revive the motorcycle rally.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Originally the rally was composed of two separate events that spanned three days. Starting of the event was a Gypsy tour, where riders would be guided through the Black Hills by an escort of Jackpine Gypsy club members. The following two days would be filled with motorcycle and automobile races. Additional events would be held in the downtown district of Sturgis, including parades, dances, and animal shows.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Through the 1970s and early 1980s, many attendees camped in City Park. When a record 40,000 visitors arrived in Sturgis in 1980, local residents became concerned with the behavior of these attendees. In 1982, a referendum was presented to the city asking them to no longer provide municipal services such as parking on Main Street, law enforcement and allowing camping in City Park. City attorney Dale Hansen advised that any vote would be non-binding and could not stop the rally because the motorcycle rally is sponsored by private groups. Although the referendum was defeated 1,454 to 826, the City of Sturgis followed the mayor’s committee recommendation to prohibit camping in City Park and eliminate downtown street vendors.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: For many years, the rally was a seven-day event starting on a Monday during the first full week of August.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: In October 2016, the city of Sturgis expanded the city’s dates to the 10-day format and have the rally start on the Friday before the first full week of August and end on the second Sunday. In 2017, the Rally became a 10-day event starting on the first Friday in August.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The South Dakota Department of Transportation provides official traffic counts, which sometimes differ from official attendance figures. Attendance is higher on major anniversaries (e.g. 75th in 2015) and one or two years prior to the anniversary and falls off the following year or two. "Attendance" is defined as vehicle crossings at about a dozen roads around Sturgis for 10 days, city-wide trash collection, vendor licenses issued in Sturgis, and other sources, not just the actual number of people attending the rally. Most attendees are counted multiple times, so the actual number of people attending is much lower than the listed attendance.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: For many years, the Sturgis Chamber of Commerce claimed ownership of the words "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" and "Sturgis Rally & Races" through an attempted trademark claim. Those trademark claims were later transferred to Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Inc., which made efforts to enforce the claims.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: In 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Court ruled the trademark invalid in a dispute between Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Inc. (SMRI) and Rushmore Photo and Gifts. In their ruling, the Court stated that the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is a pluralistic endeavor promoted by multiple organizations. They further stated that the City’s involvement does not extend beyond the provision of municipal services.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The record stated, “We agree and hold that the jury could not infer from the onerous planning that the City undertakes to provide infrastructure for the rally that the City was the organizer or sponsor of the rally. To allow such an inference would be tantamount to saying that it would be reasonable to infer that the City of New York organizes the sessions of the United Nations General Assembly because of everything it does to assist their occurrence. One cannot infer from the fact that a city augments its municipal services to accommodate those who attend an event-e.g., a funeral or political protest-that it organizes, promotes, or sponsors the event in a way that would permit it to acquire ownership over the event or its intellectual property."


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: For many years the city has been in an agreement with SMRI, and its predecessor-in-interest, the Sturgis Area Chamber of Commerce, to license use of the words "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" and "Sturgis Rally & Races". That agreement involving invalid trademark enforcement generated millions of dollars in royalties and sponsorship dollars. On December 11, 2019, Federal Judge Jeffery Viken ordered that SMRI may no longer attempt to claim ownership of "Sturgis", "Sturgis Motorcycle Rally" or "Sturgis Rally & Races". The court order called for trademark cancellations to be sent to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The City of Sturgis has calculated that the Rally brings over $800 million to South Dakota annually. The City of Sturgis earned almost $270,000 in 2011 from selling event guides and sponsorships. In 2019, the Rally generated $628,116 for local charities. In 2020, the rally provided 21% of the city's annual revenue.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: There were 187 individuals jailed at the 2020 rally. Approximately $250,000 worth of motorcycles are stolen annually.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Rally-goers are a mix of white-collar and blue-collar workers and are generally welcomed as an important source of income for Sturgis and surrounding areas. The rally turns local roads into "parking lots", and draws local law enforcement away from routine patrols. Furthermore, the large numbers of people visiting the town and region served as a model for the state of Oregon in preparation for the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, given the expected impact on emergency services.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The Lakota Indian tribe in coalition with other tribes has protested the large amount of alcohol distributed at the event so close to the sacred Bear Butte, but also acknowledged that income from the event was important to the region and also benefits some members of the tribes.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Concerns about the possible spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions were expected to lead to lower attendance in 2020. The 2020 final traffic count was about 462,000.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: While some health officials and local leaders wanted to cancel the rally, that proved impossible since many events take place beyond the city limits. The 250,000 participants were recommended but not required to wear face masks in a state that had seen 9,371 confirmed cases, and 144 deaths due to contraction of COVID-19 (0.016% of the population). Several checkpoints to stop outsiders were put up on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, an action that state and federal officials consider illegal. The 2020 final traffic count was about 462,000, with many attendees not wearing masks or observing social distancing.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Cell phone data showed that by August 25, 2020, 61% of US counties had been visited by a Sturgis attendee.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: As of August 20, 2020, seven COVID-19 cases in the Nebraska Panhandle had been traced to the Rally, and 22 cases had been reported among out-of-state attendees. As of August 21, 2020, Minnesota had 15 cases traced to the rally, with more cases expected, and a few cases had been reported in Wyoming. Public health notices were issued for One-Eyed Jack's Saloon, The Knuckle Saloon, The Broken Spoke, and Asylum Tattoo in Sturgis, and for the Bumpin’ Buffalo Bar and Grill in Hill City. Some exposures in Minnesota could not be traced to specific locations. A Minnesota public health official urged all rallygoers to monitor for symptoms for 14 days, adding that "if you are feeling ill after returning from the event, please get tested and self-isolate while you wait for the test results."


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: By August 24, 2020, there were a total of 76 cases linked to the rally, in four states, South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska and Wyoming, with additional reports of cases in North Dakota and Washington State. The number rose to 103 on August 24, in at least eight states, including 37 cases in South Dakota, and cases in Wisconsin, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Washington and North Dakota. On August 26, 6 cases were reported in New Hampshire. On August 27, over 20 cases were reported in Colorado. Two of the cases reported in Minnesota were people who had been Sturgis event employees or volunteers.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: On August 27, 2020, the results of mass testing in Sturgis became available. Out of 650 tests there were 26 positive results, all asymptomatic.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: As of August 28, 2020, 46 cases in Minnesota had been linked to the rally, including two hospitalizations, with one person in intensive care. An additional cluster of secondary transmission from the rally was identified at a wedding. The number of infections increased substantially although health authorities suspected the real number could be far higher because many attendees refused to cooperate with contact tracers. On September 2, 2020, the first COVID-19 death related to the 2020 Sturgis rally was reported in Minnesota.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: A paper by economist Dhaval Dave and colleagues at IZA Institute of Labor Economics estimated the number of cases that could have been caused by the 2020 rally, at which few attendees wore masks, could have infected 267,000 and result in $12.2 billion in health care costs. A partnership between "Slate" magazine, New America, and Arizona State University, questioned the methodology and thereby contested the findings of the study. The "Slate" analysis did find the IZA estimates for Meade County, South Dakota, between 177 and 195 cases, to be consistent with the raw data. South Dakota governor Kristi Noem said the study was "fiction," and an "attack on those who exercised their personal freedom to attend Sturgis...Predictably, some in the media breathlessly report on this non-peer-reviewed model, built on incredibly faulty assumptions that do not reflect the actual facts and data here in South Dakota." State epidemiologist Joshua Clayton stated, "From what we know the results do not align with what we know."


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: By September 8, 2020, South Dakota reported 124 residents had become ill after attending the rally. On November 20, 2020 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified 51 people from Minnesota who were infected at the 2020 rally and another 35 who got secondary infections from attendees; four of the 86 were hospitalized and one died. Researchers noted that the actual figures were probably higher since many people who attended the rally refused to speak to them. They also pointed out that the study only involved one state, although rally attendees came from across the country.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Concerns about virus transmission appeared again before the 2021 rally, expected to draw 700,000 visitors. The City of Sturgis planned to make 15-minute self test kits for SARS‑CoV‑2 available during the 2021 rally.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Shipping companies transport thousands of motorcycles to Sturgis for attendees who arrive via airline.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: The "Seattle Times" covered some of the 2008 Sturgis Rally while rock band Judd Hoos was playing at the Loud American Roadhouse. All Gas No Brakes covered the 2020 rally.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: In 1997, notable attendees at the rally included the crew from the television series "COPS", and basketball player Dennis Rodman.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: From 1996 to 1999, World Championship Wrestling held a pay-per-view event called Road Wild (Hog Wild for the 1996 event).


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Sturgis was featured in Season 7, Episode 13 of "King of the Hill", "Queasy Rider". The episode features Hank and Peggy buying a motorcycle to rekindle their marriage and traveling to the event.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Television coverage of the festival by the VH1 Classic network includes interviews and performances as well as rock music videos from the Buffalo Chip Campground. The rally was featured in 2005 as part of the ESPN "SportsCenter" promotion "50 States in 50 Days".<ref name="50/50"></ref>


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Starting in 2009 an American reality television series began airing on the truTV network: "Full Throttle Saloon", showing the inner operations at the world's largest biker bar just prior to the rally opening and for the duration of the rally each year.


title: Sturgis Motorcycle Rally

text: Sturgis was also featured on "American Pickers" Season 4, Episode 6, "What Happens In Sturgis ...". Originally aired January 2, 2012, on the History Channel. "... When Mike tells Frank let's pack up for a trip to South Dakota, Frank says he can't. He's secretly going to his 30th annual trip to the legendary Sturgis motorcycle rally, but says he'll cover the shop ...". Sturgis has also been featured in the TV Show "Pawn Stars" in which Richard and Corey Harrison visit Sturgis with Chumlee Russell on his birthday.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: Social engineering is a top-down effort to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale—most often undertaken by governments, but also carried out by media, academia or private groups—in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population. Social engineering can also be understood philosophically as a deterministic phenomenon where the intentions and goals of the architects of the new social construct are realized. Some social engineers use the scientific method to analyze and understand social systems in order to design the appropriate methods to achieve the desired results in the human subjects.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: Decision-making can affect the safety and survival of billions of people. The scientific theory expressed by German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in his 1905 study "The Present Problems of Social Structure", proposes that society can no longer operate successfully using outmoded methods of social management. To achieve the best outcomes, all conclusions and decisions must use the most advanced techniques and include reliable statistical data, which can be applied to a social system.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: The Dutch industrialist J.C. Van Marken () introduced the term "sociale ingenieurs" ("social engineers") in an essay in 1894. The idea was that modern employers needed the assistance of specialists in handling the "human" challenges, just as they needed technical expertise (traditional engineers) to deal with non-human challenges (materials, machines, processes). The term came to America in 1899, when the notion of "social engineering" was also launched as the name of the task of the social engineer in this sense. "Social engineering" was the title of a small journal in 1899 (renamed "Social Service" from 1900), and in 1909 it was the title of a book by the journal's former editor, William H. Tolman (translated into French in 1910). This marked the end of the usage of the terminology in the sense created by Van Marken. With the Social Gospel sociologist Edwin L. Earp's "The Social Engineer", published during the "efficiency craze" of 1911 in the U.S., a new usage of the term was launched that has since then become standard: "Social engineering" came to refer to an approach of treating social relations as "machineries", to be dealt with in the manner of the technical engineer.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: A prerequisite of social engineering is a body of reliable information about the society that is to be engineered and effective tools to carry out the engineering. The availability of such information has dramatically increased within the past one hundred years. Prior to the invention of the printing press, it was difficult for groups outside of the wealthy to gain access to a reliable body of information, as the media for conveying the information was prohibitively expensive. With the rise of the information age, information can be distributed and produced on an unprecedented scale. Similarly digital technology has increased the variety and access of effective tools. However, it has also created questionably reliable bodies of information.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: Radical social-engineering campaigns can occur in countries with authoritarian governments, while non-authoritarian regimes tend to rely on more sustained social-engineering campaigns that foster more gradual, but ultimately far-reaching, change. Governments also influence behavior more subtly through incentives and disincentives built into economic policy and tax policy, for instance, and have done so for centuries.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In the 1920s the government of the Soviet Union embarked on a campaign to fundamentally alter the behavior and ideals of Soviet citizens, to replace the old social frameworks of the Russian Empire with a new Soviet culture, and to develop the New Soviet man. Commissars became agents of social engineering.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: The Soviets used newspapers, books, film, mass relocations, and even architectural-design tactics to serve as a "social condenser" and to change personal values and private relationships. In a manner of violence, political executions (for example the Night of the Murdered Poets in Moscow in 1952), and the fear of becoming a victim of mass murder, played an influential role in the social engineering frameworks in Soviet Russia. Similar examples include the Chinese "Great Leap Forward" (1958–1961), Mao's "Cultural Revolution" (1966–1976) programs and the Khmer Rouge's deurbanization of Cambodia (1975–1979).


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In Singapore, the Ethnic Integration Policy attempts to promote a mix of all races within each subsidized housing district in order to foster social and racial cohesion while providing citizens with affordable housing.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In British and Canadian jurisprudence, changing public attitudes about a behaviour is accepted as one of the key functions of laws prohibiting the behaviour.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: Social theorists of the Frankfurt School in 1918-1933 Weimar Germany, like Theodor Adorno, observed the new phenomenon of mass culture and commented on its new manipulative power in the 1920s. These theorists left Germany around 1930 due to the rise of the Nazi Party, and many of them became connected with the Institute for Social Research in the United States. After the consolidation of Nazi Germany from 1933 onwards, the new government also made use of methods to influence political attitudes and to redefine personal relationships. The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda under Joseph Goebbels was a synchronized, sophisticated and effective tool for shaping public opinion.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In Greece, the Greek military junta of 1967–1974 attempted to steer Greek public opinion not only by propaganda but also by inventing new words and slogans such as "palaiokommatismos" (old-partyism), "Ellas Ellinon Christianon" (Greece of Christian Greeks), and "Ethnosotirios Epanastasis" (nation-saving revolution, meaning "coup d'état").


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In Tanzania in the 1970s, the government pursued a policy of enforced villagisation under Operation Vijiji in order to promote collective farming.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: The Romanian rural systematization program (especially in the 1980s) promoted "agro-industrial centres" at the expense of traditional village social structures.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In Egypt, social engineering is being practiced by the current authoritarian regime and by the media controlled by the Egyptian Intelligence, Military since 2013 coup d'état to overthrow the first democratically elected president, Mohamed Morsi. Since then, Sisi (President from 2014 onwards) has been using social engineering by controlling the media and Internet providers.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In India, social engineering was effectively done in the state of Bihar, on a grand scale, to unify different castes after 2005. The coherency of voting allegiances based on social extremes among upper castes and Dalits was challenged by this vote (Poll in Indian reference).


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: In his classic political science book, "The Open Society and Its Enemies", volume I, "The Spell of Plato" (1945), Karl Popper examined the application of the critical and rational methods of science to the problems of the open society. In this respect, he made a crucial distinction between the principles of "democratic" social engineering (what he called "piecemeal social engineering") and "Utopian" social engineering.


title: Social engineering (political science)

text: According to Popper, the difference between "piecemeal social engineering" and "Utopian social engineering" is:


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: Trinidadians and Tobagonians, colloquially known as Trinis or Trinbagonians, are the people who are identified with the country of Trinidad and Tobago. The country is home to people of many different national, ethnic and religious origins. As a result, Trinidadians do not equate their nationality with race and ethnicity, but with citizenship, identification with the islands as whole, or either Trinidad or Tobago specifically. Although citizens make up the majority of Trinidadians, there is a substantial number of Trinidadian expatriates, dual citizens and descendants living worldwide, chiefly elsewhere in the Anglosphere.


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: The total population of Trinidad and Tobago was 1,328,019 according to the 2011 census, an increase of 5.2 per cent since the 2000 census.


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: According to the 2012 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population was estimated at 1,328,000 in 2010, compared to only 646,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 20.7 per cent, 71 per cent was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 8.3 per cent was 65 years or older.


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: The ethnic composition of Trinidad and Tobago reflects a history of conquest and immigration. While the earliest inhabitants were of Amerindian heritage, since the 20th century the two dominant groups in the country were those of South Asian and of African heritage.


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians make up the country's largest ethnic group (approximately 35.43 percent). They are primarily descendants from indentured workers from South Asia and India, brought to replace freed African slaves who refused to continue working on the sugar plantations from other Islands. Through cultural preservation residents of Indian descent continue to maintain traditions from their ancestral homeland.


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians make up the country's second largest ethnic group, with approximately 34.22 percent of the population. Afro-Trinidadians are the descendants of enslaved West and Central Africans brought to the islands by multiple European parties through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. However, a good percentage of the Black population are descendants of people enslaved on other islands of the Caribbean, and later migrated to Trinidad and Tobago for various reasons, especially Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Vincent and Grenada. Other Afro-Trinidadians trace their ancestry to American slaves recruited to fight for the British in the War of 1812 or from indentured labourers from West Africa.


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: Chinese, Amerindians, Europeans, Arabs, Hispanic/Latinos, Douglas (mixed Indian and African), multiracial people, and Jews, reside in Trinidad and Tobago. White Trinidadians are descendants of Spanish, British, Portuguese or German settlers. A small mixed indigenous Carib population is present around the Santa Rosa Carib Community. There is also a Cocoa panyol population who are of Spanish, indigenous, and African descent who came from Venezuela between the late 19th and early 20th century to work on the cocoa estates.


title: Trinidadians and Tobagonians

text: Emigration from Trinidad and Tobago, as with other Caribbean nations, has historically been high; most emigrants go to the United States, Canada, and Britain. Emigration has continued, albeit at a lower rate, even as the birth-rate sharply dropped to levels typical of industrialised countries. Largely because of this phenomenon, as of 2011, Trinidad and Tobago has been experiencing a low population growth rate (0.48 per cent).


title: Dil Hi Toh Hai

text: Dil Hi Toh Hai (English: It Is The Heart After all) is a romantic drama that is created and produced by Ekta Kapoor under Balaji Telefilms. It aired on Sony TV and streams on Alt Balaji. It premiered on 18 June 2018 and stars Karan Kundra and Yogita Bihani in lead roles.


title: Dil Hi Toh Hai

text: Vijaypath Noon, the owner of pharmaceutical company "Noon Biotech" is a top Indian entrepreneur. A doting son to his mother, he was left by his wife Geeta years ago when their son Ritwik was a child. Vijay is now married to Mamta, a divorcee mother of her son Rishabh. The two also have three children of their own: Reeva, Shanaya and Shivam. A prolific man, Ritwik thinks women are gold diggers as Geeta abandoned Vijaypath in past.


title: Dil Hi Toh Hai

text: Dr. Palak Sharma, a middle-class girl chose a medical career after losing her brother due to consumption of incorrect medicines given by hospital. Ritwik meets and kisses Palak, mistaking her as his girlfriend. But they eventually become friends. Reeva's fiancé Samar elopes with Radhika, an assistant of Palak's mother Manjeet. Ritvik thinks Palak helped them. Hurt, she quits her job and moves to Mumbai.


title: Dil Hi Toh Hai

text: Ritwik's bestfriend Rohit is engaged to Palak's bestfriend, Shweta(Setu). Palak returns to Delhi. Ritwik is set to marry Ananya, Rohit's sister. After knowing Palak's innocence in their past fight, he confesses his love for her but Manjeet, Vijay and Rishabh disapprove. Misunderstandings created by Vijay between the couple make them break up. Manjeet fixes Palak's wedding to Naman Kapoor. Ritwik realises the truth, wanting her back. They marry as Naman steps back.


title: Dil Hi Toh Hai

text: Palak begins working for Vikrant Raheja, in fact Geeta and her second husband's son. Vijay tells Ritwik that Palak and Vikrant have an affair. Later he understands he is wrong about Palak. She meets Mamta who asks her to leave Ritwik. Suppressing her desire, Palak performs a false affair with Vikrant, leaving Ritwik heartbroken. Palak faints and turns out pregnant in hospital. Sacrificing her love for Ritwik's family, she lies to be pregnant with Vikrant's child.


title: Dil Hi Toh Hai

text: After six years Shivam and Shanaya return home from London due to their mother's insistence. Mamta reveals to Shivam what she had done and that she will die from cancer in six months and asks him to bring back Palak. Palak live with her six-year-old twins, Gia and Dia who resemble Ritwik in a number of ways, and is struggling financially and only Setu knows her whereabouts. The Noon family is split, Vijaypath is sick and does not know of Mamta's cancer, Rishabh and wife left to Australia and Ritwik focuses only on business and avoids everyone in the family. Shivam manages to get information about Palak from Setu and offers her job as physiotherapist for his father but she fails to recognize him. She returns to Delhi with her children only to be surprised by the revelation that she works for the Noons. Ritwik, still angry with her, taunts her about her deceit till she breaks down and reveals that the twins are his children and not Vikraant's. Ritwik then emotionally blackmails Palak into giving him custody of the children. Shanaya and Reeva forgive her and asks her forgiveness after she saves them from marrying men who were after them for their money. She also exposes Rishabh and Shanaya's fiancé to Vijaypath by faking Vijaypath's death and presenting herself as greedy to obtain the Noon Mansion. Vijaypath understands that he has misunderstood her for years. Mamta reveals to Ritwik and family that she had asked Palak to fake her relation with Vikraant so Ritwik is not separated from his family. Guilt-ridden Ritwik decides to leave for London after asking Palak and children for forgiveness but Palak and family stops him. While returning, their car meets with an accident.


title: Dil Hi Toh Hai

text: Palak escapes unharmed from the accident but Ritwik goes into coma for two years. Palak married Vikrant who had helped the family escape bankruptcy and cared for the twins as a father while everyone was disoriented after the incident but maintains a distance from him as she still loves Ritwik but Vikrant loves her and promises to wait for her till she can forget Ritwik. The females of the house, Mamta and Vijaypath have accepted Vikrant as a family member for what he did for the Noons but Shivam and other men of the house are against him. Right before they remove the life support, Ritwik regains consciousness but has forgotten everything that has happened for previous eight years including Palak and kids and tries to revert to how he was before he married Palak but can't understand why so much has changed. Reeva has married Aman and has a daughter, Setu and Rohit have problems since they have no time for each other except for looking after their three kids and Mamta has survived cancer. Ananya and Shivam are dating. All female members want Palak to remain with Vikrant while the male members try to reunite Ritwik and Palak. Ritwik seems to have feelings for Palak but believes that she is his physiotherapist and is happily married to Vikrant with two twins while Palak fears that if he is suddenly reminded of his past, he might again become comatose. They avoid each other while Ritwik tries to bring Vikrant and Palak close as asked of him by Mamta. Meanwhile, between all the confusion caused by the two groups supporting different causes, Vikrant asks Vijaypath and prepares to divorce Palak as soon as possible. Shanaya finds herself a prospective groom and the family decides to test him. While preparing for a surprise party to celebrate Setu and Rohit's wedding anniversary in the hope of solving the problems between them, Setu meets with an accident while an angry Rohit gets drunk and sleeps with an unknown girl he met at the bar. The next morning Palak and Ritwik discover what Rohit did and while trying to cover up for him, Vikrant misunderstands that Palak was cheating on him with Ritvik and leaves angrily after giving her the divorce papers despite Ritvik and Palak trying to convince him while Rohit and Setu learn about each other and Setu decides to divorce as well even though others try to cover up Rohit's cheating. Setu tries to commit suicide but is saved by Palak and Vikrant while Ritwik has an attack and remembers some of his past. Vikrant decides not divorce Palak and Ritvik pretends as though he still does not remember Palak as he feels that she and his daughters will be happier with Vikrant and have moved on. Palak understands this and confronts Ritwik but he refuses to accept the truth even though she tells him that she does not love Vikrant. Shivam and Ananya accept their relation in front of the family and their marriage is fixed along with Shanaya's. Vikrant starts to feel insecure about Palak and Reeva, who needs him to help in business, advises him to fake having a brain tumor and take Palak along with him to London to separate her from Ritwik but later when she is informed that Ritwik remembers everything and he is sacrificing his love, she feels guilty. Ritwik overhears Reeva telling Vikraant to drop the plan but Vikraant refuses to drop the plan then Ritwik slaps him and goes along with his family to stop Palak at the airport and they reunite.