title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The anarchy in Samarra allowed a number of provinces to fall into the hands of rebels, while provincial governors were free to act in an independent manner in the territories assigned to them. The effective loss of provinces, in turn, resulted in a decrease in taxation revenues received by the central government, further exacerbating the crisis in the capital and crippling the government's ability to effectively respond to challenges against its authority. This continuing instability greatly facilitated the initial success of the Zanj revolt, as the government proved incapable of committing sufficient troops and resources to subdue the rebels.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The leader of the revolt was Ali ibn Muhammad, an individual of uncertain background. Little is known about his family or early life due to a scarcity of information and conflicting accounts. According to one version, his paternal grandfather was descended from the Abd al-Qays and his paternal grandmother was a Sindhi slave woman, while his mother, a free woman, was a member of the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah. Some later commentators have presumed him to have been of Persian rather than Arab background, but other historians consider this to be unlikely. Ali himself claimed to have been descended from Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, but this was largely rejected by Muslim historians of the era as false.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: Regardless of his origins, Ali appears to have spent at least a part of his youth living in the area of Rayy, and at an unspecified date he moved to the Abbasid capital of Samarra, where he mixed with some of the influential slaves of Caliph al-Muntasir (r. 861–862). In 863, he made his way from Samarra to Bahrain (modern eastern Arabia), where he pretended to be Shi'i and started to rouse the people into rebellion against the caliphate. Support for his cause quickly grew. A large number of Bahranis submitted to his authority and the "kharaj" (land taxes) were collected in his name. Despite this, his rebellion eventually failed due to opposition from the local inhabitants, whereupon Ali abandoned the region and relocated to the city of Basra in southern Iraq in 868.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: In Basra, Ali sought to take advantage of disturbances caused by the city's rival groups, the Bilaliyyah and Sa'diyyah, and attempted to secure the support of one of the factions. Eventually he proclaimed a new revolt, but no one in the city rallied to his side and he was forced to flee to the marshlands of southern Iraq. There he was arrested by the provincial authorities and sent to Wasit. He was quickly able to secure his freedom and went to Baghdad, where he remained for the next year. During his time in Baghdad he claimed to be a Zaydi by being related to the grandson of Zayd ibn Ali and won over additional followers for his movement.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: When Ali heard news about another scuffle between Basra's factions in 869, he returned to the region and "began to seek out black slaves working in the Basra marshes and to inquire into their working conditions and nutritional standards." He began a campaign to liberate and recruit Zanj and other slaves, promising them wealth, affluence and prosperity in exchange for their support. A trifling number of people quickly joined his cause, and Ali soon came to be known by the title "Sāhib az-Zanj", meaning "Chief of the Zanj". However, Ali's movement attracted not only Zanj but many other people of different social groups. These included "semi-liberated slaves, clients of prestigious families, a number of small craftsmen and humble workers, some peasantry and some Bedouin peoples who lived around Basrah."


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: While he was gaining followers for his rebellion, Ali adopted slogans of the egalitarian doctrine of the Kharijites, who "preached that the most qualified man should reign, even if he was an Abyssinian slave." He inscribed his banner and coins with Kharijite expressions and started off his Friday sermons with the slogan "God is great, God is great, there is no God but God, and God is great; there is no arbitration except by God", which was "the war cry used by the Kharijites when they defected from the ranks of Ali ibn Abi Talib during the Battle of Siffin". At the same time, however, Ali did not completely abandon the pretense of being an Alid and maintained the claim that he was a Zaydi.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The revolt, which began in September 869, was concentrated in the districts of Iraq and al-Ahwaz (modern Khuzestan Province) in the central regions of the Abbasid Caliphate. Over the course of the next fourteen years, the Zanj were able to combat the superior arms of the Abbasid government by waging guerrilla warfare against their opponents. They became adept at raiding towns, villages and enemy camps (often at night), seizing weapons, horses, food and captives and freeing fellow slaves, and burning the rest to cinders to delay retaliation. As the rebellion grew in strength, they also constructed fortresses, built up a navy for traversing the canals and rivers of the region, collected taxes in territories under their control, and minted their own coins.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: In its initial stages, the rebellion was limited to the region around the city of Basra and the Blind Tigris. Early efforts by the Abbasid government to crush the revolt proved ineffectual, and several towns and villages were occupied or sacked, including al-Ubulla in 870 and Suq al-Ahwaz in 871. Basra fell in September 871 following an extended blockade, resulting in the city being burned and its inhabitants massacred. A retaliatory campaign undertaken by the caliphal regent Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil (known by his honorific of al-Muwaffaq) against the rebels in 872 ended in failure, and the Zanj remained on the offensive over the next several years.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The continuing inability of the Abbasid army to suppress the revolt, caused in part by its preoccupation with fighting against the Saffarid Ya'qub ibn al-Layth's advance into al-Ahwaz and Iraq, eventually encouraged the Zanj to expand their activities to the north. A campaign by the rebels to occupy the marshlands between Basra and Wasit in 876 proved successful, and soon they made their way into the district of Kaskar. By 879, the rebellion reached its furthest extent. Wasit and Ramhurmuz were sacked and the rebels advanced northwest along the Tigris, coming to within fifty miles of Baghdad.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The Abbasid government regained the initiative in the war in late 879, when al-Muwaffaq sent his son Abu al-'Abbas (the future caliph al-Mu'tadid) with a major force against the rebels. Al-Muwaffaq himself joined the offensive in the following year, and over the next several months the government forces succeeded in clearing the rebels out of the districts of Iraq and al-Ahwaz and driving them back toward their "capital" of al-Mukhtarah, to the south of Basra.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: Al-Mukhtarah was placed under siege in February 881, and over the next two and half years a policy by al-Muwaffaq of offering generous terms to anyone that voluntarily submitted convinced many of the rebels to abandon the struggle. The fall of al-Mukhtarah in August 883, combined with the death or capture of Ali ibn Muhammad and most of the rebel commanders, brought the revolt to an end, and the remaining rebels either surrendered to the government or were killed.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The number of people killed in the conflict is difficult to estimate; contemporary writers gave widely variable figures, and these are considered by modern historians to be gross exaggerations. Al-Mas'udi reported a "moderate" estimate of 500,000 casualties – though he added a clarification that this was "empty conjecture - rigorous calculation [of the amount slain] is impossible" – and separately noted that 300,000 were killed at the Battle of Basra. Al-Suli gave a figure of 1,500,000 dead, which was subsequently quoted by multiple sources, while Ibn al-Taqtaqi provided a high-end number of 2,500,000. Al-Tabari's "History" contains no comprehensive figures, but the author frequently noted the number of soldiers killed or injured in individual battles, with amounts ranging from hundreds to thousands.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The rebellion greatly disrupted economic activity and caused extensive damage to the districts it took place in. Sources of the revolt describe burnt cities and towns, the seizure of food and other resources by advancing armies, the abandonment of lands and the cessation of agricultural activity, disruptions in the regional trade, and the damaging of bridges and canals in the name of military exigency. Shortages of basic necessities, such as food and water, at times became severe, and instances of cannibalism are reported to have occurred.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: Both the rebels and their opponents engaged in looting, destroying supplies that were likely to fall into enemy hands, and massacring or executing captives. The long term effects of the revolt, on the other hand, are more difficult to ascertain and opinions by modern historians vary; some like Bernard Lewis believe that the rebellion resulted in no significant changes, while others such as Theodor Nöldeke argue that the regions devastated by the conflict never fully recovered afterward.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: The significant arms and resources that the Abbasid government was required to throw against the Zanj meant that it was forced to divert its attention from other fronts for the duration of the conflict, resulting in the effective loss of several provinces. Ahmad ibn Tulun, the Tulunid governor of Egypt, was able to take advantage of the Abbasids' preoccupation with the Zanj and forge a "de facto" independent state which would survive for more than three decades, while the Saffarids Ya'qub ibn al-Layth and Amr ibn al-Layth seized several of the eastern provinces and faced no serious opposition from the central government until Ya'qub's attempt to march on Iraq itself in 876. The revolt may have also affected the government's ability to defend against the Byzantines, who scored several successes on the Anatolian frontier during this period, and possibly even indirectly contributed to the rise of the Qarmatians of Bahrain a few years later.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: Ghada Hashem Talhami, a scholar of the Zanj rebellion, argues that modern views of the revolt are distorted by mistakenly equating the Zanj with East Africans. The assumption that Abbasid writers exclusively used the term "Zanj" to mean specifically the East African coast, and that therefore the people they called Zanj originated from a specific part of that region, is unsupported by contemporary sources due to their silence on the existence of an East African slave trade in this period, as well as by their occasional use of the term to mean "blacks" or "Africa" in general.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: Talhami cites from various historians and works to make her point that the rebellion was more of a religious/social uprising made by the lowly classed and suppressed citizens of the Basra area, which included a wide variety of people, including slaves of indeterminate origin. She points out that the sources specifically state that the people referred to as "Zanj" were not the only participants of the revolt, but were joined by Bahranis, Bedouins and others from the Basra region; moreover, they give no explicit indication that the Zanj even constituted a majority of the rebels.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: Historian M. A. Shaban has argued that the rebellion was not a slave revolt, but a revolt of blacks ("zanj"). In his opinion, although a few runaway slaves did join the revolt, the majority of the participants were Arabs and free East Africans, and if the revolt had been led by slaves, they would have lacked the necessary resources to combat the Abbasid government for as long as they did.


title: Zanj Rebellion

text: Much of the current knowledge of the Zanj Rebellion comes from the historian al-Tabari's work "History of the Prophets and Kings". It has been the subject of research by such famous Orientalists as Theodor Nöldeke ("Sketches from Eastern History") and Louis Massignon ("The Passion of al-Hallaj"). Alexandre Popović has authored a more recent monograph on the subject.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The Charleston Battery are an American professional soccer club based in Charleston, South Carolina, and member of the USL Championship. Founded in 1993, the Battery are one of the oldest continuously operating professional soccer clubs in the United States, tied with the Richmond Kickers.


title: Charleston Battery

text: Charleston are one of the more successful lower division soccer clubs in the United States, having won the USISL Pro League in 1996, the USL A-League in 2003, and the final season of the USL Second Division in 2010. In 2012, the team won the USL Pro Championship, winning its fourth league title in club history. Charleston are also the most successful club in the history of the unofficial Southern Derby competition with nine first-place finishes.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The Battery currently play at Patriots Point Soccer Complex in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Previously, the club played its home games at the soccer-specific MUSC Health Stadium in the Daniel Island section of Charleston from 1999 to 2019. The team's colors are black and yellow, with a traditional red scheme for away uniforms. From 2004 through the 2021 season, their head coach and general manager was Mike Anhaeuser.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The Battery was formed in 1993 by an ownership group of local soccer enthusiasts led by Tony Bakker, a native of London who had relocated his software company Blackbaud to the Charleston area in 1989. The club hired experienced college coach and University of South Carolina graduate Tim Hankinson to develop the team, and the Battery started as a member of the USISL, which eventually evolved and came to be known as the USL in 1995. The Battery won their first league championship in 1996 under Portuguese manager Nuno Piteira, defeating the Charlotte Eagles 3–2 in the final. In 1997 Charleston became one of the original clubs of the newly branded A-League (later the USL First Division).


title: Charleston Battery

text: In 1999 the Battery moved into what is now known as MUSC Health Stadium, becoming the first non-Major League Soccer professional club in the United States to build its own stadium, and forged a reputation as one of the country's most well-established lower division clubs. The Battery hired veteran English coach Alan Dicks and signed many experienced domestic players such as Paul Conway, Dan Calichman and Eric Wynalda while also bringing in notable foreign signings such as Terry Phelan and Raúl Díaz Arce. In 2001 Dicks was replaced by fellow Englishman Chris Ramsey, who led Charleston to the A-League championship in 2003 with a 3–0 victory in the final over Minnesota Thunder in Charleston. Following Ramsey's departure in 2004, the club promoted longtime player and assistant coach Mike Anhaeuser to be the club's new coach.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In 2008 the Battery reached the Lamar Hunt US Open Cup final for the first time, playing against Major League Soccer team D.C. United at RFK Stadium. In the final the Battery conceded an early goal but bounced back with a quick-fire equalizer through an Ian Fuller goal, assisted by Chris Williams. Later in the half Lazo Alavanja hit the post but at half time the scores were tied at 1–1. At the start of the second half Charleston conceded early again, but in the final seconds of extra time Marco Reda put the ball in the back of the net for Charleston, only to have his goal controversially disallowed as offside. D.C. United would go on to win the match 2–1.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In 2010 Charleston was invited by several other USL clubs to join the breakaway league eventually known as the North American Soccer League, but the Battery chose to remain in the USL system and self-relegate to the USL Second Division, which eventually became the chief USL professional division. In their first third division season in 2010, Charleston led the league standings for the entire year and went undefeated at home. Charleston defeated the Richmond Kickers 2–1 in the final to claim the club's third league championship. Lamar Neagle was named the USL-2 league MVP and lead the league in scoring with 13 league goals. Anhaeuser was named the league's coach of the year, his second time receiving the honor. In 2012 the Battery won their fourth league title in club history, defeating local rivals Wilmington Hammerheads 1–0 in the final. Micheal Azira scored a 74th-minute winner after Jose Cuevas slipped a pass to him on the left side of the penalty area.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In recent years the Battery have had loan affiliations with several Major League Soccer clubs, beginning with a one-year deal to become the USL Pro affiliate of Vancouver Whitecaps FC in 2014. For the 2015 season, the Battery signed a one-year deal to affiliate with the Houston Dynamo. On January 15, 2016, it was announced that the club would be partnering with the Atlanta United FC for the 2016 MLS season prior to Atlanta's entry to MLS in 2017.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In February 2016, it was announced that longtime majority owner Tony Bakker had sold the club to B Sports Entertainment, an investment group led by local tech executives. Club president Andrew Bell and coach Mike Anhaeuser remained in charge of team operations after the ownership transition. In early 2018 it was announced that Bell would be leaving the club to take over operations of an announced USL expansion club in Memphis, Tennessee, ending a two-decade career in the Charleston front office. Bell was replaced by club operations officer Mike Kelleher.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In October 2019, it was announced that B Sports Entertainment had sold the club to Rob Salvatore of HCFC, LLC with a move to Patriots Point Soccer Complex in Mount Pleasant.


title: Charleston Battery

text: At the conclusion of the 2021 season, the Battery announced on November 1, 2021, that the club and Mike Anhaeuser had parted ways. Anhaeuser joined the Charleston Battery as a player in 1994, and switched into a coaching role in 1999. In 2004, he was named head coach of the club and led the Battery to a U.S. Open Cup Final appearance in 2008 as well as two USL Championships in 2010 and 2012.


title: Charleston Battery

text: On December 20, 2021, the Battery announced that they had hired Conor Casey as head coach. However, on October 12, 2022, with one match remaining in the season and the Battery near the bottom of the Eastern Conference standings, the club and Casey opted to part ways by mutual agreement. Assistant coach Dennis Sanchez was named interim head coach while a search for a permanent replacement began.


title: Charleston Battery

text: On November 17, 2022, the Battery announced that they had hired Memphis 901 FC head coach Ben Pirmann for the same position in Charleston. Pirmann was named the 2022 USL Championship Coach of the Year after leading Memphis to a 2nd-place finish in the Eastern Conference and a spot in the conference semifinals.


title: Charleston Battery

text: Charleston's traditional colors are yellow, black and red. In the Battery's first few seasons, the home kit was typically black and white with a red accent. Beginning in 1997 the club began using black with yellow stripes, which has remained in use as the home jersey ever since. The Charleston away kit has typically been a combination of red, white and black, though for the 2017 season the away kit is either the 25 Anniversary black and silver combination, or white and black.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The club badge remained the same iconic logo from 1993 through the 2019 season, other than minor adjustments in color, resolution and the addition of four stars representing each of the team's league championships. It is a classic shield in the club's signature yellow and black stripes, featuring a pair of crossed artillery cannons (alluding to the city's naval history and current presence) above a depiction of a football ball.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In December 2019, the club unveiled the new branding for 2020 and moving forward. Matthew Wolff, who has designed a number of logos for soccer clubs around the world, was instrumental in working with Battery ownership to create a modern representation of Charleston's crest. The new logo featured crossed cannons on a black circle, with the iconic crescent shape, with Charleston emblazoned across the top and 1993, the year the club was established at the bottom.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The Battery played their first six seasons in downtown Charleston at Stoney Field, a facility they shared with various college and high school sports teams.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The club moved to MUSC Health Stadium (previously known as Blackbaud Stadium) in the suburban Daniel Island area in 1999. The first privately funded soccer-specific stadium built in the United States, it seats 5,100 people. MUSC Health Stadium is modeled on lower level English soccer stadiums and features an on-site pub called The Three Lions behind the west stand. The stadium site also features a training field and club offices.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In 2016, the ownership built the second-largest video board in the Southeast. MUSC Health Stadium's jumbotron is 3,000 square feet. When comparing the square footage to stadium seats ratio, the video board is the largest in the world.


title: Charleston Battery

text: Additionally, the complex includes sky boxes, a plaza for corporate entertaining, and state-of-the-art media capabilities, making it one of the premier professional soccer venues in the U.S.


title: Charleston Battery

text: In 2019, under new ownership led by Rob Salvatore, the club announced that the Battery would move off Daniel island to Patriots Point in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. The current stadium complex is home to the College of Charleston football, Baseball and Softball teams. Situated off the Ravenel Bridge in Mt. Pleasant, the Battery's new stadium is back in the heart of Charleston. Patriots Point sits a short drive from all corners of the Holy City and minutes from the best bars, restaurants and attractions the city has to offer.


title: Charleston Battery

text: After extensive renovations and expansion in early 2020, Patriots Point opened to limited fans during the pandemic-shortened 2020 Season. The stadium held its grand opening during the 2021 season as fans 'packed the Point' to cheer on the Black and Yellow.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The independent supporters' group is "The Regiment", who stand in Supporters Section directly behind the north goal of the stadium, along with other supporters' groups including the American Outlaws-affiliated "Queen Anne's Revenge" and the Spanish-speaking "Charleston Barra Brava".


title: Charleston Battery

text: The Battery competes for the Coffee Pot Cup every time it faces their rival team D.C. United of Major League Soccer, a trophy established by the two sides' supporters and currently held by DC. The clubs have regularly faced each other in friendlies and cup competitions, with the 2008 US Open Cup final remaining the highest profile match between the two clubs to date. Charleston are also longtime league rivals of the Richmond Kickers.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The supporters' groups compete with supporters of the Charlotte Independence, Jacks Militia in the Southern Derby Cup, which the Battery had won a record nine times.


title: Charleston Battery

text: The supporters' groups compete with supporters of the Tampa Bay Rowdies, Ralph's Mob and the Skyway Casuals, in the No Quarter Derby.


title: Charleston Battery

text: Halfway through the 2021 season, the club introduced a cannon in the stadium to fire off after each Battery goal and at the start and end of matches.


title: Charleston Battery

text: This list includes those former players who received international caps while playing for the team, made significant contributions to the team in terms of appearances or goals, or who made significant contributions to the sport either before they played for the team, or after they left.


title: Charleston Battery

text: This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Battery. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Charleston Battery seasons.


title: Roll the Bones

text: Roll the Bones is the fourteenth studio album by Canadian rock band Rush, released September 3, 1991 on Anthem Records. The band began working on "Roll the Bones" after a brief creative hiatus following the tour promoting their previous release, "Presto".


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Roll the Bones" was a return to commercial success for the band, reaching No. 3 in the United States, No. 10 in the UK, and No. 11 in Canada. The album won a Juno Award for Best Album Design at the 1992 awards. In August 2001, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling one million copies in the US. It was remastered in 2004 and again in 2013 as part of "The Studio Albums 1989–2007" box set. In 2015 it was reissued after being remastered by Sean Magee at Abbey Road Studios following a direct approach by Rush to remaster their entire back catalogue.


title: Roll the Bones

text: In June 1990, Rush finished touring their previous album, "Presto" (1989). They purposely kept the tour short, which Lee said was due to the group feeling overcautious about touring the album. However, it became an enjoyable and positive experience for them, and by the time it finished "we were so charged up we wanted to keep on playing." This renewed energy in the band carried through to the writing and recording sessions for "Roll the Bones". They then took a break, but decided to cut it short in order to start work on new material for a follow-up record.


title: Roll the Bones

text: As with "Presto", Rush started work by retreating to Chalet Studios, a remote studio in Claremont, Ontario. They stayed for months, with Lee and Lifeson working on the music while Peart wrote lyrics. The three would reconvene in the evening where Peart would hear what the other two had come up with during the day. Lee had developed an interest in bird watching, and ensured some broken bird feeders by the studio window were repaired and filled with feed, which he enjoyed to observe while writing. The album's liner notes include a thanks to birds.


title: Roll the Bones

text: The demos were recorded using an eight-track Tascam 388 recorder and an integrated mixer hooked up to a sequencer running C-Lab Notator software. Lee set up simple drum patterns on the computer for Lifeson and himself to work from. It took between nine and ten weeks to write and rehearse for the album, and eight weeks to record it.


title: Roll the Bones

text: The album displays the continued change in the group's sound which started on "Presto", with a reduction in keyboards and a return to guitar-driven songs. Lee said the change was "a backlash against the more computer-style of writing" which had dominated their sound through the 1980s, and instead used synthesizers and sequencers as an "orchestration device" rather than a key component in the songwriting. The writing sessions for "Presto" had involved just bass, guitar, and vocals which contributed to the style shift, and the group continued with this approach for "Roll the Bones". Another aspect that carried over from "Presto" was Lee's intention to come up with strong vocal melodies at the beginning and base the rest of the tune around it. Lifeson had wanted to try playing funk rhythms and having attempted it on "Presto", wished to explore it further on "Roll the Bones". The majority of the arrangements worked out at the writing stage remained unchanged which allowed the group to use the demos as a guide for recording, done by transferring the completed demos to 24-track and re-recording the parts.


title: Roll the Bones

text: The album contains a running lyrical theme concerning the element of chance in different aspects of life, which Peart had devised while experimenting with lyrics. The first lyric that he wrote for the album was used on "Face Up", specifically: "Turn it up – or turn that wild card down." He recalled sitting on his cottage floor "with a pile of papers around me" of notes from the previous two years, mostly consisting of phrases written on tour or during "that dreamlike moment before sleep." He started to experiment with the phrases "turn it up" and "turn it down" which led to the idea of turning a card down and a wild card, and applied them to events that a person may face.


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Roll the Bones" was recorded at Le Studio in Morin-Heights, Quebec and McClear Place in Toronto, between February and May 1991. The band resumed working with co-producer Rupert Hine and engineer Stephen Tayler, both of whom had worked on "Presto". The vocals were recorded in England. Rush wanted to continue to work with Hine due to his accomplished songwriting, the feedback he gave their songs and his ability for the group to achieve a looser sound than previous albums. Lee said that various production tricks they had learned from working with Peter Collins in the 1980s were used on "Presto" and "Roll the Bones".


title: Roll the Bones

text: The bass and drum parts were put down in four days, and the guitars in eight. Lee was amazed at how Peart had learned his parts for an entire song prior to recording it, and that "Nine times out of 10 it took only one pass for him to nail it." The band had originally planned to release the album in January 1992, but they finished it two months early. They thanked the news channel CNN in the liner notes as they had the channel on while writing, and Lee recalled it was sometimes difficult to stop watching it while numerous events were taking place.


title: Roll the Bones

text: Lee used two different Wal basses on the album. He liked its mid-range and "rich" bottom end sound, and the fact that he did not have to add much equalisation. He first learned of the instrument when the band were recording in England, and knew that bassist Percy Jones used one on Brand X albums, of which he was a big fan. Lee played one at the suggestion of Peter Collins during the recording of "Power Windows" (1985). Lee's bass was mixed closer to Peart's bass drum range which freed up space in the music for guitar parts. Peart also changed his sound and did not make a conscious decision to avoid electronics altogether, but found that most of the songs did not benefit from him playing on an electronic kit and instead mostly used acoustic drums. Peart realized that he had the tendency for his drum parts to be "too organized, too architectural" on an album, so for "Roll the Bones" he deliberately had spots on songs that were unrehearsed and recorded them on the day of recording with the intention of capturing more spontaneous playing.


title: Roll the Bones

text: Peart wrote that the group found each stage of the recording process particularly enjoyable and satisfying, which sparked a "new conviction, a sense of rebirth" within the group. Lee described the writing sessions for the album as "very positive" and "optimistic".


title: Roll the Bones

text: The cover was designed by longtime Rush associate Hugh Syme. The liner notes contain the cryptic phrase "Now it's dark." Peart later revealed that the phrase occurs in the 1986 mystery film "Blue Velvet". The credits includes a running joke that began on "Power Windows" when the group noticed some songs beginning with the letter "M" and among "other reasons", they continued the gag on "Roll the Bones" with: "Brought to you by the letter B."


title: Roll the Bones

text: The opening verse of "Dreamline" has references to astronomy, which Peart was inspired by after cycling several hundred miles from Cincinnati to Columbus, Ohio between two gigs on the "Presto" tour. Upon arrival he watched the popular science series "Nova" on the Public Broadcasting Service and a program on satellite imaging which captured his imagination.


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Bravado" deals with how one should not give up after failing, as opposed to ending life by suicide, which Peart had addressed in "The Pass" on "Presto". The song was particularly emotional for Lee and rated it as one of the band's best ever songs partly due to its different texture than the rest of the album. The band was optimistic about its musical form, but faced the problem of overworking its arrangement because all the parts sounded good to them. In the end, they learned that by stripping the song back, it resulted in a stronger track.


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Roll the Bones" was named after a science fiction story by Fritz Lieber that Peart had read some 15 years prior titled "Gonna Roll the Bones". Though the story had no influence on the music or its message, Peart took a liking to the particular phrase and had kept it in his notebook. The phrase is also a slang term for rolling dice.


title: Roll the Bones

text: When the band was recording "Roll the Bones", Lee said they decided to "have some fun" with it and included a rap section. Peart recalled some skepticism from his band mates at first and they tried different ways to present it, including a female voice, but "the transition was too harsh." They instead opted for Lee's voice with low-frequency effects applied to it.


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Where's My Thing?" was the band's first instrumental since "YYZ" from "Moving Pictures" (1981). It has a humorous subtitle of "Part IV, 'Gangster of Boats' Trilogy", referring to an inside joke where Lee and Lifeson threatened to name a Rush album "Gangster of Boats" if Peart has difficulty in coming up with a title, plus the fact that it's the fourth part of a trilogy. Peart wrote that the group had wanted to record an instrumental for a while at this point and that the group had "a lot of fun" recording it. They had wanted to do one for "Presto", but every time Lee and Lifeson had a piece of music a lyric that Peart had written fit well together with it. This time around, Peart let the two write an instrumental track and deliberately avoided to feed them lyrics until they had put one together. Rather than making the track a showcase for the group's playing ability, Lee and Lifeson wanted to give it a verse and chorus section to make it sound like a "genuine song".


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Heresy" is a more straightforward rock song with a rhythm that Lee described as a "heart beat pulse" that reflected some of Peart's lyrical ideas for it. Peart was inspired by the events surrounding the fall of Communism in eastern Europe in the early 1990s and people regaining their freedoms.


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Ghost of a Chance" features Lifeson playing a PRS guitar. He rated his solo on the track as one of his best. Lyrically the song is based on the compromises that one makes in a relationship to make it work. Peart was particularly proud of his words for it as he had written a love song that avoided cliches in more typical, sentimental love song lyrics.


title: Roll the Bones

text: Lee said that despite the fun involved in writing "You Bet Your Life", it was the most difficult to record, partly due to getting a balance in the chorus between the vocals and the vocal melody. It was also hard to mix, and Lee "never felt confident that we actually nailed [it]."


title: Roll the Bones

text: "Roll the Bones" was released on September 3, 1991. It marked a return to commercial success for the band, reaching No. 3 in the US, their highest charting album since "Moving Pictures" (1981). No. 10 in the UK, and No. 11 in Canada. "Dreamline" reached No. 1 on the US "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks. In 1992, "Where's My Thing? (Part IV, "Gangster of Boats" Trilogy)" became Rush's second song to be nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. The song lost to "Cliffs of Dover" by Eric Johnson, who opened for Rush on the 1991 leg of the Roll the Bones Tour.


title: Roll the Bones

text: Rush supported the album with the Roll the Bones Tour between October 1991 and July 1992, covering Canada, the United States, mainland Europe and the UK. As they had a productive and positive experience making the album, they were keen to go on the road and tour the album and toured longer than they had for "Presto".


title: Roll the Bones

text: Odyssey wrote that the album isn't a classic but that it was Rush's best album since "Power Windows" (1985). They also wrote that it had a nice and simple hard rock sound. "Ultimate Classic Rock" included "Roll the Bones" on their list "Top 100 90's Rock Albums". They also ranked it the 9th (out of 19) best Rush album, writing, "even though synths still clang about and a few of the experiments go too far (um, yes, that's Geddy Lee rapping on the title track), the songwriting is stupendous."


title: Double Dhamaal

text: Double Dhamaal (also known as Sequel of Dhamaal) () is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language comedy film and a sequel to the 2007 hit film "Dhamaal", and the second installment of "Dhamaal film series". The film is directed and produced by Indra Kumar and also produced by Ashok Thakeria.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: Sanjay Dutt, Ritesh Deshmukh, Arshad Warsi, Aashish Chaudhary and Javed Jaffrey reprise their roles from the previous films, with Kangana Ranaut and Mallika Sherawat as new additions. The theatrical trailer of the film was revealed on 6 May 2011 along with the film "Haunted". The film released on 24 June 2011.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the performances but criticism for it humor and clichés. Despite this, it was a commercial hit at the box office.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: A sequel titled "Total Dhamaal" was released in February 2019, with the main three cast members (Deshmukh, Warsi, and Jaffrey) reprising their roles.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: The four good-for-nothing friends Roy (Ritesh Deshmukh), Adi (Arshad Warsi), Boman (Aashish Chaudhary) and Manav (Javed Jaffrey) are still trying to con people for a living. They happen to see their old enemy Kabir (Sanjay Dutt) driving a luxurious Mercedes Benz, and try to find out the secret behind his success. Upon investigating, they find that he is living off his 'wife's' wealth.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: They then blackmail him into making them his business partners, but little do the four friends know that Kabir, his girlfriend Kamini (Mallika Sherawat) along with his sister Kiya (Kangana Ranaut) have an agenda of their own. Kabir connects them with an investor named Bata Bhai (Satish Kaushik) who is also a don. The four friends convince Bata Bhai to invest his money into Kabir's oil project, and the money is then stolen by Kabir. Kabir leaves the country along with Kamini and Kiya, and leaves the four friends to deal with Bata Bhai.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: However, the four friends are able to leave the city and track Kabir down in Macau. They make a plan to ruin Kabir's happiness and take their money back by going in disguise.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: Roy "cons" Kiya by disguising himself as 'Tukiya' and pretending to be in love with her, whilst Adi disguises himself as a Sikh man called 'Ghanta Singh', getting the job of Kabir's "personal assistant". Roy also disguises himself as 'Heera Bhai', a "Gujarati investor" who would supposedly "invest" in Kabir's casino, and Boman acts as his wife, "in love with Kabir" to break his relationship with Kamini. Manav poses as various characters.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: However, Kabir, Kamini, and Kiya find out about their plans and decide to pretend to be fooled by the four friends, playing along with their plans. However, they eventually reveal this at the end when the four friends reveal themselves, shocking and scaring the four friends, who are incensed at getting tricked by the trio again. The movie ends with them escaping from Johnny Bonzela (J. Brandon Hill) due to Kabir exposing them to him.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: "Double Dhamaal" which released on 24 June 2011, was shot in Mehboob Studio, Macau and Hong Kong. At the 'Mahurat' of the film, it was announced that Riteish Deshmukh, Aashish Chaudhary, Arshad Warsi and Jaaved Jaaferi will be reprising their roles as friends again, while Sanjay Dutt plays a millionaire this time. The film focused on the four friends blackmailing Dutt to share all his fortune in the most hilarious ways they can think of. The film finished shooting early May 2011, and brought rights to remake the song "Oye Oye" from the 1989 action film, "Tridev".


title: Double Dhamaal

text: Earlier, actress Vidya Balan was chosen to play the role of Kamini, but reports suggested she refused and was subsequently replaced by Mallika Sherawat. Asin Thottumkal was offered both the roles of Kamini & Kiya but she didn't sign the film because she could not agree with the script.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: "Double Dhamaal" received mixed to negative reviews from critics upon release. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 20% rotten rating.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: Top critic Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama awarded the film 4/5 stars, saying that it is "seriously hilarious" and that "sometimes, a good laugh is all you need to make your day. Try not to miss this one, it pledges hilarity in abundance..." Nikhat Kazmi from the "Times of India" gave the film 3/5 stars and said "This one's definitely not for the fastidious, choosy viewer but for those who don't mind losing it for a bit, Double Dhamaal works like an average Bollywood comedy. Performance-wise, it's one big circus with the guys hogging most of the limelight. The girls -- Mallika and Kangana -- are mere confetti." Mayank Shekhar of the "Hindustan Times" rated the film with 1 out of 5 stars. Shakti Salgaokar of DNA gave the movie a one and half stars and wrote in his review: "Indra Kumar's recipe for double dhamaal is quite simple – sexual innuendo, potshots at popular films, bad mimicry, foreign locations, a generous dose of overacting, an item song and a gora villain. And as he magnificently presents the climax of the film (which is funny in parts but overall ends up being a damp squib) he leaves you with a threat of a sequel. Spare us the horror, please?." Nikita Kapoor of FilmiTadka rated "Double Dhamaal" with 2 out of 5 stars and said – "In the end Double Dhamaal is a completely mindless, non-sense comedy, which is a sequel to 2007 film, Dhamaal. If the first one was Dhamaal, then this one was not an iota more than half Dhamaal." Rachel Saltz of "The New York Times" wrote in her review: "The director, Indra Kumar, lets his baggy tale sprawl to 2 hours and 18 minutes and peppers it with references to other, better films and with movie talk in general. "All characters are fictitious," someone says when the fools are caught scheming on camera, "and bear no resemblance to people living or dead." In this case, all you can say is amen."


title: Double Dhamaal

text: According to "Box Office India", the film had a good opening of 60 – 70% collections. At a few multiplexes, such as, Spice Noida, E Square Pune and Wave Ludhiana, the film almost opened at a 100% response. The film collected approximately 76.1 million net on its first day, according to "Box Office India". It is the third biggest opener of the year at That time , following "Ready and Yamla Pagla Deewana". The film had a strong Saturday, collecting 80.8 million net. The film's weekend collections amounted to 256.5 million net. The movie grossed 700 million worldwide. Box Office India finally declared it a "Average".


title: Double Dhamaal

text: The music of the film was composed by Anand Raj Anand while the lyrics were penned by Mayur Puri and Anand Raj Anand. Music of the film was released on 31 May 2011. The soundtrack features the song "Oye Oye", a remake of the song "Tirchi Topiwale" from the 1989 film "Tridev".


title: Double Dhamaal

text: The song "Jalebi Bai" was later used by Canandian artist Tesher in his viral single "Jalebi Baby", the hook being incorporated with some lyrics borrowed from Justin Bieber's song "Yummy".


title: Double Dhamaal

text: Double Dhamaal's DVD was released by Reliance Home Video. The television premiere was announced to be broadcast on Zee Cinema.


title: Double Dhamaal

text: A sequel, and the third installment in the series, was announced after the release of "Double Dhamaal", though the film was slammed by critics, and was a commercial success. Filming started in March 2012 and is set to release on 22 February 2019 under the title of "Total Dhamaal". Director Indra Kumar has decided to do away with the female leads and bring back the entire cast from the hit film Dhamaal with one change.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: In computing, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard application programming interface (API) for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems. An application written using ODBC can be ported to other platforms, both on the client and server side, with few changes to the data access code.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: ODBC accomplishes DBMS independence by using an "ODBC driver" as a translation layer between the application and the DBMS. The application uses ODBC functions through an "ODBC driver manager" with which it is linked, and the driver passes the query to the DBMS. An ODBC driver can be thought of as analogous to a printer driver or other driver, providing a standard set of functions for the application to use, and implementing DBMS-specific functionality. An application that can use ODBC is referred to as "ODBC-compliant". Any ODBC-compliant application can access any DBMS for which a driver is installed. Drivers exist for all major DBMSs, many other data sources like address book systems and Microsoft Excel, and even for text or comma-separated values (CSV) files.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: ODBC was originally developed by Microsoft and Simba Technologies during the early 1990s, and became the basis for the Call Level Interface (CLI) standardized by SQL Access Group in the Unix and mainframe field. ODBC retained several features that were removed as part of the CLI effort. Full ODBC was later ported back to those platforms, and became a de facto standard considerably better known than CLI. The CLI remains similar to ODBC, and applications can be ported from one platform to the other with few changes.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: The introduction of the mainframe-based relational database during the 1970s led to a proliferation of data access methods. Generally these systems operated together with a simple command processor that allowed users to type in English-like commands, and receive output. The best-known examples are SQL from IBM and QUEL from the Ingres project. These systems may or may not allow other applications to access the data directly, and those that did use a wide variety of methodologies. The introduction of SQL aimed to solve the problem of "language" standardization, although substantial differences in implementation remained.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Since the SQL language had only rudimentary programming features, users often wanted to use SQL within a program written in another language, say Fortran or C. This led to the concept of Embedded SQL, which allowed SQL code to be "embedded" within another language. For instance, a SQL statement like codice_1 could be inserted as text within C source code, and during compiling it would be converted into a custom format that directly called a function within a library that would pass the statement into the SQL system. Results returned from the statements would be interpreted back into C data formats like codice_2 using similar library code.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: There were several problems with the Embedded SQL approach. Like the different varieties of SQL, the Embedded SQLs that used them varied widely, not only from platform to platform, but even across languages on one platform – a system that allowed calls into IBM Db2 would look very different from one that called into their own SQL/DS. Another key problem to the Embedded SQL concept was that the SQL code could only be changed in the program's source code, so that even small changes to the query required considerable programmer effort to modify. The SQL market referred to this as "static SQL", versus "dynamic SQL" which could be changed at any time, like the command-line interfaces that shipped with almost all SQL systems, or a programming interface that left the SQL as plain text until it was called. Dynamic SQL systems became a major focus for SQL vendors during the 1980s.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Older mainframe databases, and the newer microcomputer based systems that were based on them, generally did not have a SQL-like command processor between the user and the database engine. Instead, the data was accessed directly by the program – a programming library in the case of large mainframe systems, or a command line interface or interactive forms system in the case of dBASE and similar applications. Data from dBASE could not generally be accessed directly by other programs running on the machine. Those programs may be given a way to access this data, often through libraries, but it would not work with any other database engine, or even different databases in the same engine. In effect, all such systems were static, which presented considerable problems.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: By the mid-1980s the rapid improvement in microcomputers, and especially the introduction of the graphical user interface and data-rich application programs like Lotus 1-2-3 led to an increasing interest in using personal computers as the client-side platform of choice in client–server computing. Under this model, large mainframes and minicomputers would be used primarily to serve up data over local area networks to microcomputers that would interpret, display and manipulate that data. For this model to work, a data access standard was a requirement – in the mainframe field it was highly likely that all of the computers in a shop were from one vendor and clients were computer terminals talking directly to them, but in the micro field there was no such standardization and any client might access any server using any networking system.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: By the late 1980s there were several efforts underway to provide an abstraction layer for this purpose. Some of these were mainframe related, designed to allow programs running on those machines to translate between the variety of SQL's and provide a single common interface which could then be called by other mainframe or microcomputer programs. These solutions included IBM's Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) and Apple Computer's Data Access Language. Much more common, however, were systems that ran entirely on microcomputers, including a complete protocol stack that included any required networking or file translation support.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: One of the early examples of such a system was Lotus Development's DataLens, initially known as Blueprint. Blueprint, developed for 1-2-3, supported a variety of data sources, including SQL/DS, DB2, FOCUS and a variety of similar mainframe systems, as well as microcomputer systems like dBase and the early Microsoft/Ashton-Tate efforts that would eventually develop into Microsoft SQL Server. Unlike the later ODBC, Blueprint was a purely code-based system, lacking anything approximating a command language like SQL. Instead, programmers used data structures to store the query information, constructing a query by linking many of these structures together. Lotus referred to these compound structures as "query trees".


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Around the same time, an industry team including members from Sybase (Tom Haggin), Tandem Computers (Jim Gray & Rao Yendluri) and Microsoft (Kyle Geiger) were working on a standardized dynamic SQL concept. Much of the system was based on Sybase's DB-Library system, with the Sybase-specific sections removed and several additions to support other platforms. DB-Library was aided by an industry-wide move from library systems that were tightly linked to a specific language, to library systems that were provided by the operating system and required the languages on that platform to conform to its standards. This meant that a single library could be used with (potentially) any programming language on a given platform.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: The first draft of the "Microsoft Data Access API" was published in April 1989, about the same time as Lotus' announcement of Blueprint. In spite of Blueprint's great lead – it was running when MSDA was still a paper project – Lotus eventually joined the MSDA efforts as it became clear that SQL would become the de facto database standard. After considerable industry input, in the summer of 1989 the standard became "SQL Connectivity" ("SQLC").


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: In 1988 several vendors, mostly from the Unix and database communities, formed the SQL Access Group (SAG) in an effort to produce a single basic standard for the SQL language. At the first meeting there was considerable debate over whether or not the effort should work solely on the SQL language itself, or attempt a wider standardization which included a dynamic SQL language-embedding system as well, what they called a Call Level Interface (CLI). While attending the meeting with an early draft of what was then still known as MS Data Access, Kyle Geiger of Microsoft invited Jeff Balboni and Larry Barnes of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) to join the SQLC meetings as well. SQLC was a potential solution to the call for the CLI, which was being led by DEC.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: The new SQLC "gang of four", MS, Tandem, DEC and Sybase, brought an updated version of SQLC to the next SAG meeting in June 1990. The SAG responded by opening the standard effort to any competing design, but of the many proposals, only Oracle Corp had a system that presented serious competition. In the end, SQLC won the votes and became the draft standard, but only after large portions of the API were removed – the standards document was trimmed from 120 pages to 50 during this time. It was also during this period that the name Call Level Interface was formally adopted. In 1995 SQL/CLI became part of the international SQL standard, ISO/IEC 9075-3.<ref name="ISO/IEC 9075-3">ISO/IEC 9075-3 – Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 3: Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI)</ref> The SAG itself was taken over by the X/Open group in 1996, and, over time, became part of The Open Group's Common Application Environment.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: MS continued working with the original SQLC standard, retaining many of the advanced features that were removed from the CLI version. These included features like scrollable cursors, and metadata information queries. The commands in the API were split into groups; the Core group was identical to the CLI, the Level 1 extensions were commands that would be easy to implement in drivers, while Level 2 commands contained the more advanced features like cursors. A proposed standard was released in December 1991, and industry input was gathered and worked into the system through 1992, resulting in yet another name change to "ODBC".


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: During this time, Microsoft was in the midst of developing their Jet database system. Jet combined three primary subsystems; an ISAM-based database engine (also named "Jet", confusingly), a C-based interface allowing applications to access that data, and a selection of driver dynamic-link libraries (DLL) that allowed the same C interface to redirect input and output to other ISAM-based databases, like Paradox and xBase. Jet allowed using one set of calls to access common microcomputer databases in a fashion similar to Blueprint, by then renamed DataLens. However, Jet did not use SQL; like DataLens, the interface was in C and consisted of data structures and function calls.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: The SAG standardization efforts presented an opportunity for Microsoft to adapt their Jet system to the new CLI standard. This would not only make Windows a premier platform for CLI development, but also allow users to use SQL to access both Jet and other databases as well. What was missing was the SQL parser that could convert those calls from their text form into the C-interface used in Jet. To solve this, MS partnered with PageAhead Software to use their existing query processor, SIMBA. SIMBA was used as a parser above Jet's C library, turning Jet into an SQL database. And because Jet could forward those C-based calls to other databases, this also allowed SIMBA to query other systems. Microsoft included drivers for Excel to turn its spreadsheet documents into SQL-accessible database tables.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: ODBC 1.0 was released in September 1992. At the time, there was little direct support for SQL databases (versus ISAM), and early drivers were noted for poor performance. Some of this was unavoidable due to the path that the calls took through the Jet-based stack; ODBC calls to SQL databases were first converted from Simba Technologies's SQL dialect to Jet's internal C-based format, then passed to a driver for conversion back into SQL calls for the database. Digital Equipment and Oracle both contracted Simba Technologies to develop drivers for their databases as well.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Circa 1993, OpenLink Software shipped one of the first independently developed third-party ODBC drivers, for the PROGRESS DBMS, and soon followed with their UDBC (a cross-platform API equivalent of ODBC and the SAG/CLI) SDK and associated drivers for PROGRESS, Sybase, Oracle, and other DBMS, for use on Unix-like OS (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, Linux, etc.), VMS, Windows NT, OS/2, and other OS.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Meanwhile, the CLI standard effort dragged on, and it was not until March 1995 that the definitive version was finalized. By then, Microsoft had already granted Visigenic Software a source code license to develop ODBC on non-Windows platforms. Visigenic ported ODBC to the classic Mac OS, and a wide variety of Unix platforms, where ODBC quickly became the de facto standard. "Real" CLI is rare today. The two systems remain similar, and many applications can be ported from ODBC to CLI with few or no changes.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Over time, database vendors took over the driver interfaces and provided direct links to their products. Skipping the intermediate conversions to and from Jet or similar wrappers often resulted in higher performance. However, by then Microsoft had changed focus to their OLE DB concept (recently reinstated ), which provided direct access to a wider variety of data sources from address books to text files. Several new systems followed which further turned their attention from ODBC, including ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) and ADO.net, which interacted more or less with ODBC over their lifetimes.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: As Microsoft turned its attention away from working directly on ODBC, the Unix field was increasingly embracing it. This was propelled by two changes within the market, the introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like GNOME that provided a need to access these sources in non-text form, and the emergence of open software database systems like PostgreSQL and MySQL, initially under Unix. The later adoption of ODBC by Apple for using the standard Unix-side iODBC package Mac OS X 10.2 (Jaguar) (which OpenLink Software had been independently providing for Mac OS X 10.0 and even Mac OS 9 since 2001) further cemented ODBC as the standard for cross-platform data access.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Sun Microsystems used the ODBC system as the basis for their own open standard, Java Database Connectivity (JDBC). In most ways, JDBC can be considered a version of ODBC for the programming language Java instead of C. JDBC-to-ODBC "bridges" allow Java-based programs to access data sources through ODBC drivers on platforms lacking a native JDBC driver, although these are now relatively rare. Inversely, ODBC-to-JDBC bridges allow C-based programs to access data sources through JDBC drivers on platforms or from databases lacking suitable ODBC drivers.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: ODBC remains in wide use today, with drivers available for most platforms and most databases. It is not uncommon to find ODBC drivers for database engines that are meant to be embedded, like SQLite, as a way to allow existing tools to act as front-ends to these engines for testing and debugging.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: However, the rise of thin client computing using HTML as an intermediate format has reduced the need for ODBC. Many web development platforms contain direct links to target databases – MySQL being very common. In these scenarios, there is no direct client-side access nor multiple client software systems to support; everything goes through the programmer-supplied HTML application. The virtualization that ODBC offers is no longer a strong requirement, and development of ODBC is no longer as active as it once was. But while ODBC is no longer a strong requirement for client-server programming, it is now more important for access, virtualization, and integration in analytics and data science scenarios. These new requirements are reflected in new ODBC 4.0 features such as semi-structured and hierarchical data, web authentication and performance improvement.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: ODBC is based on the device driver model, where the driver encapsulates the logic needed to convert a standard set of commands and functions into the specific calls required by the underlying system. For instance, a printer driver presents a standard set of printing commands, the API, to applications using the printing system. Calls made to those APIs are converted by the driver into the format used by the actual hardware, say PostScript or PCL.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: In the case of ODBC, the drivers encapsulate many functions that can be broken down into several broad categories. One set of functions is primarily concerned with finding, connecting to and disconnecting from the DBMS that driver talks to. A second set is used to send SQL commands from the ODBC system to the DBMS, converting or interpreting any commands that are not supported internally. For instance, a DBMS that does not support cursors can emulate this functionality in the driver. Finally, another set of commands, mostly used internally, is used to convert data from the DBMS's internal formats to a set of standardized ODBC formats, which are based on the C language formats.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: An ODBC driver enables an ODBC-compliant application to use a "data source", normally a DBMS. Some non-DBMS drivers exist, for such data sources as CSV files, by implementing a small DBMS inside the driver itself. ODBC drivers exist for most DBMSs, including Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server (but not for the Compact aka CE edition), Sybase ASE, SAP HANA and IBM Db2. Because different technologies have different capabilities, most ODBC drivers do not implement all functionality defined in the ODBC standard. Some drivers offer extra functionality not defined by the standard.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: Device drivers are normally enumerated, set up and managed by a separate Manager layer, which may provide additional functionality. For instance, printing systems often include functionality to provide spooling functionality on top of the drivers, providing print spooling for any supported printer.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: In ODBC the Driver Manager (DM) provides these features. The DM can enumerate the installed drivers and present this as a list, often in a GUI-based form.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: But more important to the operation of the ODBC system is the DM's concept of a "Data Source Name" (DSN). DSNs collect additional information needed to connect to a "specific" data source, versus the DBMS itself. For instance, the same MySQL driver can be used to connect to any MySQL server, but the connection information to connect to a local private server is different from the information needed to connect to an internet-hosted public server. The DSN stores this information in a standardized format, and the DM provides this to the driver during connection requests. The DM also includes functionality to present a list of DSNs using human readable names, and to select them at run-time to connect to different resources.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: The DM also includes the ability to save partially complete DSN's, with code and logic to ask the user for any missing information at runtime. For instance, a DSN can be created without a required password. When an ODBC application attempts to connect to the DBMS using this DSN, the system will pause and ask the user to provide the password before continuing. This frees the application developer from having to create this sort of code, as well as having to know which questions to ask. All of this is included in the driver and the DSNs.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: An ODBC-JDBC bridge consists of an "ODBC" driver which uses the services of a JDBC driver to connect to a database. This driver translates ODBC function-calls into JDBC method-calls. Programmers usually use such a bridge when they lack an ODBC driver for some database but have access to a JDBC driver. Examples: OpenLink ODBC-JDBC Bridge, SequeLink ODBC-JDBC Bridge.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: A JDBC-ODBC bridge consists of a JDBC driver which employs an ODBC driver to connect to a target database. This driver translates JDBC method calls into ODBC function calls. Programmers usually use such a bridge when a given database lacks a JDBC driver, but is accessible through an ODBC driver. Sun Microsystems included one such bridge in the JVM, but viewed it as a stop-gap measure while few JDBC drivers existed (The built-in JDBC-ODBC bridge was dropped from the JVM in Java 8). Sun never intended its bridge for production environments, and generally recommended against its use. independent data-access vendors deliver JDBC-ODBC bridges which support current standards for both mechanisms, and which far outperform the JVM built-in. Examples: OpenLink JDBC-ODBC Bridge, SequeLink JDBC-ODBC Bridge.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: An OLE DB-ODBC bridge consists of an OLE DB Provider which uses the services of an ODBC driver to connect to a target database. This provider translates OLE DB method calls into ODBC function calls. Programmers usually use such a bridge when a given database lacks an OLE DB provider, but is accessible through an ODBC driver. Microsoft ships one, MSDASQL.DLL, as part of the MDAC system component bundle, together with other database drivers, to simplify development in COM-aware languages (e.g. Visual Basic). Third parties have also developed such, notably OpenLink Software whose 64-bit OLE DB Provider for ODBC Data Sources filled the gap when Microsoft initially deprecated this bridge for their 64-bit OS. (Microsoft later relented, and 64-bit Windows starting with Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista SP1 have shipped with a 64-bit version of MSDASQL.) Examples: OpenLink OLEDB-ODBC Bridge, SequeLink OLEDB-ODBC Bridge.


title: Open Database Connectivity

text: An ADO.NET-ODBC bridge consists of an ADO.NET Provider which uses the services of an ODBC driver to connect to a target database. This provider translates ADO.NET method calls into ODBC function calls. Programmers usually use such a bridge when a given database lacks an ADO.NET provider, but is accessible through an ODBC driver. Microsoft ships one as part of the MDAC system component bundle, together with other database drivers, to simplify development in C#. Third parties have also developed such. Examples: OpenLink ADO.NET-ODBC Bridge, SequeLink ADO.NET-ODBC Bridge.


title: Cavalry FC

text: Cavalry Football Club, is a Canadian professional soccer club based in the Calgary metropolitan region of Alberta. The club competes at the top of the Canadian soccer league system in the Canadian Premier League, and plays their home matches at ATCO Field on the grounds of Spruce Meadows in Foothills County.


title: Cavalry FC

text: On May 5, 2018, Calgary was one of four cities accepted by the Canadian Soccer Association for professional club membership.


title: Cavalry FC

text: Cavalry FC was announced on May 17, 2018, as the second team to officially join the Canadian Premier League. Spruce Meadows Sports & Entertainment Group CEO Linda Southern-Heathcott and COO Ian Allison were joined by league commissioner David Clanachan and league president Paul Beirne to unveil the team.


title: Cavalry FC

text: The club's name, crest and colours were all revealed at the event at Spruce Meadows, while Tommy Wheeldon Jr. was announced as head coach and general manager. Plans to renovate existing facilities at Spruce Meadows, resulting in a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of at least 5,000 seats, were also revealed.


title: Cavalry FC

text: On June 26, 2019, Cavalry FC qualified for the 2019 Canadian Premier League Championship by winning the inaugural CPL Spring season. The following month the Cavs became the first CPL club to defeat a Major League Soccer club in the Canadian Championship by upsetting Vancouver Whitecaps FC in 2019 over two-legs.


title: Cavalry FC

text: Goalkeeper Marco Carducci became the first CPL player called up to the Canada men's national soccer team when, on August 28, 2019, he was requested for a pair of Nations League A matches against Cuba.


title: Cavalry FC

text: The team's crest was designed by Jon Rogers. The crest features a chevron in homage to the Lord Strathcona's Horse armoured regiment, Alberta Foothills and Rocky Mountains, and a football to represent the past and future of Calgary as a sporting city.


title: Cavalry FC

text: The club's colours are green, red and black (branded by the club as "army green," "Calgary red," and "black on black"). These colours symbolize the green of Calgary's nature and Spruce Meadows, and the red and black of other Calgary sports teams and the flag of Lord Strathcona's Horse.


title: Cavalry FC

text: Cavalry FC play at ATCO Field, a 6,000-seat stadium located at Spruce Meadows, at the 'Meadows on the Green' equestrian ring. The stadium is modular to allow for future growth and uses natural grass. Free shuttles bring fans to the stadium from the Somerset–Bridlewood CTrain station. In September 2019, Spruce Meadows presented a new area plan to Foothills County, that includes a 12,000 seat soccer-specific stadium on the grounds that would replace ATCO Field over the next 30 years.


title: Cavalry FC

text: Cavalry FC are supported by the Foot Soldiers, a supporters group that originally formed in 2015 to support USL League Two club Calgary Foothills and the Calgary Foothills UWS team.


title: Cavalry FC

text: The Al Classico exists with FC Edmonton as a geographical rivalry between the two Alberta-based clubs in the Canadian Premier League. The rivalry is part of a larger sporting rivalry between teams based in Calgary and Edmonton; the two largest cities in the province. The Wildrose Cup is awarded annually to the team that wins the most points from the series in league play, which Cavalry won the first year.


title: Cavalry FC

text: The Cavalry FC–Forge FC rivalry developed during the 2019 spring season as the two top clubs in the league. The rivalry bled into the 2019 Canadian Championship in which Cavalry defeated Forge 3–2 over two legs on aggregate. The first leg, which resulted in a 1–1 draw, ended with heated altercations between both sides on the pitch, leading to a disciplinary review by the Canadian Soccer Association.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Shankersinh Laxmansinhji Vaghela (born 21 July 1940) is an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Gujarat. He was the Leader of Opposition in 13th Gujarat Legislative Assembly.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Vagela started his political career with the Jana Sangh, which later merged into the Janata Party in 1977. After Janata Party split into various factions, Vaghela became a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In 1996, he broke away from the BJP and formed the Rashtriya Janata Party. He served as the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 1996 to 1997. Later, his party merged with Indian National Congress (Congress). On 21 July 2017, he left congress and resigned from the post of the leader of opposition. He formed new outfit Jan Vikalp Morcha which contested but did not win any of the seats in 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He was a member of the Nationalist Congress Party in 2019-20.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: He has also served as a Member of Parliament, having been elected to the 6th, 9th (1989-1991), 10th, 13th and 14th Lok Sabhas. He was also a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1984 to 1989. He served as the Union Cabinet Minister of Textiles from 2004 to 2009 in the First Manmohan Singh Cabinet. He represented the Kapadvanj constituency in the Gujarat legislative assembly from 2012 to 2017.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Vaghela was born to a Vaghela Koli Laxmansinh and Nathuba on 21 July 1940 in Vasan in Gandhinagar district, in Gujarat. He completed Master of Arts in economics from Gujarat University. Vaghela married Gulab Ba on 9 June 1960, with whom he has three sons. His son Mahendrasinh was MLA from Bayad from 2012 to 2017.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Vaghela was an active member of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) before joining Jana Sangh. He was jailed during the Indira Gandhi's Emergency.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: After the Emergency was lifted, he was elected to the 6th Lok Sabha (1977-1979) on a Janata Party ticket from Kapadvanj but lost that seat in 1980 elections.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: He was the Vice-President of the Janata Party in Gujarat and from 1980 to 1991 he was the General Secretary and President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Gujarat. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1984 to 1989. In 1989 he was elected to the 9th Lok Sabha (1989–91) from Gandhinagar and in 1991 he was re-elected to the 10th Lok Sabha (1991–96) from Godhra (Lok Sabha constituency).


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: In 1995, BJP won a majority of 121 seats in the 182-member Legislative Assembly. Many party legislators expressed a preference for Vaghela as their leader. However, the BJP leadership installed Keshubhai Patel as the Chief Minister, and the support for Vaghela was gradually eroded. Narendra Modi is said to have thrown his weight behind Keshubhai Patel in preference to Vaghela, and was held responsible for the ensuing events by Vaghela.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: In September 1995, Vaghela rebelled against the BJP leadership with the support of 47 MLAs. In the subsequent compromise worked out by the leadership, Keshubhai Patel was replaced by a Vaghela loyalist Suresh Mehta as the Chief Minister. Modi was temporarily banished from Gujarat.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Vaghela lost Godhra seat in May 1996 Lok Sabha polls, and soon left Bharatiya Janata Party with his supporters, bringing down Suresh Mehta's government.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: He floated his own party, named Rashtriya Janata Party and became Chief Minister with Congress Party's support in October 1996.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: He won bye-poll to Gujarat Assembly from Radhanpur seat in early 1997. But he had to resign as Chief Minister during ongoing political turmoil in Gujarat in October 1997, and his fellow-rebel ex-BJP MLA Dilip Parikh became CM with Vaghela's reluctant blessings.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Even Parikh's government did not last long and fresh elections for Gujarat Vidhan Sabha had to be called in 1998. Vaghela did not contest these elections. He merged his new party with Congress. BJP came back to power with thumping majority in Gujarat in 1998 and Keshubhai Patel became CM again.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Vaghela was now established as a major politician in Indian National Congress Party. He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1999 and 2004 from Kapadvanj as Congress candidate. He was made Union Cabinet Minister of Textiles in May 2004. Kapadvanj seat was reconstituted as Panchmahal seat in 2008. Vaghela lost Panchmahal seat to BJP in 2009 Lok Sabha polls. Ahead of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2012, he was appointed the Chairman of Campaign Committee. He contested from the Kapadvanj constituency and won.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: He was named the leader of Opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly. He has also served as the president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: He contested 2014 Lok Sabha election from Sabarkantha constituency in Gujarat and lost to BJP candidate Dipsinh Shankarsinh Rathod.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Vaghela had been appointed chairman of the India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC), which runs the Ashoka group of hotels across the country.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: In July 2017, he left Indian National Congress and stepped down from the post of Leader of Opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly, after he and a few other INC MLAs voted against Ahmed Patel, the INC candidate for the Rajya Sabha, and supported BJP nominee Balvantsinh Rajput.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Soon after he left the Indian National Congress, he launched a new outfit called Jan Vikalp Morcha with Parthesh Patel ahead of 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. As the application for registration of Jan Vikalp Morcha was not approved by the elections were announced by the Election Commission, his outfit fielded 95 candidates under the symbol and banner of Jaipur-based All India Hindustan Congress Party to contest election. AIHCP garnered only 0.3% (83,922) of total votes and did not win any seat.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: Vaghela joined the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) in January 2019. He was appointed the National General Secretary as well as the State President of the party. He was removed from the post of State President in early June 2020, a week before 2020 Indian Rajya Sabha elections. He resigned from the NCP on 22 June 2020 citing his displease at his removal from the post and cross voting by NCP's only MLA Kandhal Jadeja in Rajya Sabha election.


title: Shankersinh Vaghela

text: On 21 August 2022, Vaghela launched a new party, Praja Shakti Democratic Party, with an intention to contest 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. Later he backed the INC instead.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Tamar was a princess of Israel, the daughter of King David and sister of Absalom in 2 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. In the biblical narrative (), she is raped by her half-brother Amnon.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Tamar was the daughter of King David and Maacah, who was the daughter of Talmai, king of Geshur. Absalom was her brother and Amnon her half-brother.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: In the narrative, Amnon became obsessed with Tamar, said to be beautiful like her brother, Absalom. Amnon's friend and cousin Jonadab devised a ruse in which Amnon feigned illness and asked Tamar to prepare him food. When she brought it to him in his chamber, Amnon refused to eat until all the king's servants present in the room had left, then pressed her for sex. Despite her vehement refusal, he raped her. Afterward, Amnon demanded that Tamar leave his room, despite her request that she be married so that her name would not be stained, and as the Torah commands. When she refused to leave, he ordered one of his servants to take her out of his room and lock the door lest she try to enter, and hating her more than he had loved her. Desolate, Tamar tore her robe and marked her forehead with ashes. She went to Absalom, who fruitlessly attempted to comfort her. When David heard of her rape, he was angered but did nothing. Two years later, Absalom took his revenge by having Amnon murdered, then fled to Geshur.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: The sages of the Mishnah point out that Amnon's love for Tamar, his half-sister, did not arise from true affection, but from passion and lust, on which account, after having attained his desire, he immediately "hated her exceedingly." "All love which depends upon some particular thing ceases when that thing ceases; thus was the love of Amnon for Tamar" (Ab. v. 16). Amnon's love for Tamar was not, however, such a transgression as is usually supposed: for, although she was a daughter of David, her mother was a prisoner of war, who had not yet become Jewish; consequently, Tamar also had not entered the Jewish community (Sanh. 21a). The incident of Amnon and Tamar was utilized by the sages as affording justification for their rule that a man must on no account remain alone in the company of a woman, not even of an unmarried one (Sanh. l.c. et seq.).


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: According to the Babylonian Talmud, Amnon's hatred of Tamar was because the contact of his manhood with her hair had caused him to become a eunuch, and his death was a punishment from the Lord for his actions.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Michael D. Coogan attributes the placement of the "rape of Tamar narrative", coming soon after the "Bathsheba narrative", as a way for the narrator to compare Amnon to David. As David wronged Bathsheba, so too will Amnon wrong Tamar, "like father like son." Mark Gray, however, disagrees with Coogan on this point, arguing that "the rape of Tamar is an act of such horrific defilement that it is marked off as distinct from David's encounter with Bathsheba."


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Mary J. Evans describes Tamar as a "beautiful, good-hearted, obedient, righteous daughter who is totally destroyed by her family." After the rape, Amnon attempted to send Tamar away. She responded "No, my brother; for this wrong in sending me away is greater than the other that you did to me" (). This response refers to which states that a man who rapes a virgin must marry her.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: In Biblical law, it was unlawful for a man to have intercourse with his sister. Rav says that Tamar was not, by Biblical law, David's daughter, nor Amnon's sister. Tamar, was the earlier born daughter of David's wife, and thus not biologically related to David, nor Amnon. Coogan says that, according to the Bible, it was possible for Amnon to "marry" Tamar (the Bible being incoherent about prohibiting incest). Kyle McCarter suggests that either the laws are not in effect at this time or will be overlooked by David, or they do not apply to the royal family.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Coogan, in his section on women in 2 Samuel, describes Tamar as a "passive figure" whose story is "narrated with considerable pathos." Coogan also points out the poignancy of the image at the end of the narrative story where Tamar is left as a "desolate woman in her brother Absalom's house" (). It is thought that this ending verse about Tamar is meant to elicit compassion and pity for her.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Adrien Bledstein says the description of Tamar as wearing a "richly ornamented robe" may have been meant to signify that she was a priestess or interpreter of dreams, like Joseph with his coat of many colors.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Feminist scholars have spent time exploring the character of Tamar, her relationships with her male family members and her experience of rape.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: In "The Cry of Tamar: Violence Against Women and the Church's Response", Episcopal priest Pamela Cooper-White argues that Tamar's story has a direct message for the church in its response to violence against women. The narrative of Tamar's rape at the hands of her half-brother is told with a focus that emphasizes the male roles of the story: David, Amnon, and Absalom. "Even the poignancy of Tamar's humiliation is drawn out for the primary purpose of justifying Absalom's later murder of Amnon, and not for its own sake" (p. 5).


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: In focusing on the story of Tamar, rather than on the men, Cooper-White reminds readers that the lesson should come from the true victim: the female who was raped, not the men left to deal with the situation. She emphasizes ""power-within"" instead of ""power-over."" With ""power-over"", one's power is related to how many creatures one has dominion over. Tamar, however, demonstrates the ""power-within"", or "en-theos" (God-within), by resisting as much as she could Amnon's attack and subsequent banishment.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Throughout her book, Cooper-White elaborates on the different kinds of violence women often face, and also strongly critiques the church response of forgiveness for the perpetrators at the expense of the victim. She concludes that the lesson learned from Tamar is that women, and women victims, must be empowered within themselves with the full support of the Christian church.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Feminist literary critic Phyllis Trible dedicates a chapter in her book, "Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives", to the rape of Tamar, or what she calls "The Royal Rape of Wisdom". Trible gives a comprehensive literary critique of the text, highlighting the patterns that reiterate the power struggle between the characters and the vulnerability of Tamar, the sole female in the narrative.


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Trible argues, for example, that when Tamar is finally given a voice (she is speechless for the first 11 verses of the narrative), "the narrator hints at her powerlessness by avoiding her name". (p. 46). The words of Jonadab, Amnon, Absalom and David are consistently introduced by the proper name of each. However, the first time Tamar speaks the narrator prefaces it passively, using the pronoun 'she'. Trible says that "this subtle difference suggests the plight of the female" (p. 46).


title: Tamar (daughter of David)

text: Trible does not focus only on the plight of Tamar, but also on her apparent wisdom and eye for justice. She points to Tamar's request that Amnon simply "speak to the king, for he will not keep (Tamar) from (Amnon)" (13:13). Trible argues that "her words are honest and poignant; they acknowledge female servitude" (p. 45). That is, Tamar is wise to her place in the world and willing to work within it. Even after Amnon violently rapes her, she continues to plead for justice and proper order, not letting anger cloud her judgment (p. 46).


title: Presupposition

text: In the branch of linguistics known as pragmatics, a presupposition (or PSP) is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. Examples of presuppositions include:


title: Presupposition

text: A presupposition must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. It will generally remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and can be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance.


title: Presupposition

text: Crucially, negation of an expression does not change its presuppositions: "I want to do it again" and "I don't want to do it again" both presuppose that the subject has done it already one or more times; "My wife is pregnant" and "My wife is not pregnant" both presuppose that the subject has a wife. In this respect, presupposition is distinguished from entailment and implicature. For example, "The president was assassinated" entails that "The president is dead", but if the expression is negated, the entailment is not necessarily true.


title: Presupposition

text: If presuppositions of a sentence are not consistent with the actual state of affairs, then one of two approaches can be taken. Given the sentences "My wife is pregnant" and "My wife is not pregnant" when one has no wife, then either:


title: Presupposition

text: For the first phrase, Russell would claim that it is false, whereas the second would be true according to him.


title: Presupposition

text: A presupposition of a part of an utterance is sometimes also a presupposition of the whole utterance, and sometimes not. For instance, the phrase "my wife" triggers the presupposition that I have a wife. The first sentence below carries that presupposition, even though the phrase occurs inside an embedded clause. In the second sentence, however, it does not. John might be mistaken about his belief that I have a wife, or he might be deliberately trying to misinform his audience, and this has an effect on the meaning of the second sentence, but, perhaps surprisingly, not on the first one.


title: Presupposition

text: Thus, this seems to be a property of the main verbs of the sentences, "think" and "say", respectively. After work by Lauri Karttunen, verbs that allow presuppositions to "pass up" to the whole sentence ("project") are called holes, and verbs that block such passing up, or "projection" of presuppositions are called plugs. Some linguistic environments are intermediate between plugs and holes: They block some presuppositions and allow others to project. These are called filters. An example of such an environment are indicative conditionals ("If-then" clauses). A conditional sentence contains an "antecedent" and a "consequent". The antecedent is the part preceded by the word "if," and the consequent is the part that is (or could be) preceded by "then." If the consequent contains a presupposition trigger, and the triggered presupposition is explicitly stated in the antecedent of the conditional, then the presupposition is blocked. Otherwise, it is allowed to project up to the entire conditional. Here is an example:


title: Presupposition

text: Here, the presupposition (that I have a wife) triggered by the expression "my wife" is blocked, because it is stated in the antecedent of the conditional: That sentence doesn't imply that I have a wife. In the following example, it is not stated in the antecedent, so it is allowed to project, i.e. the sentence "does" imply that I have a wife.


title: Presupposition

text: Hence, conditional sentences act as "filters" for presuppositions that are triggered by expressions in their consequent.


title: Presupposition

text: A significant amount of current work in semantics and pragmatics is devoted to a proper understanding of when and how presuppositions project.


title: Presupposition

text: A presupposition trigger is a lexical item or linguistic construction which is responsible for the presupposition, and thus "triggers" it. The following is a selection of presuppositional triggers following Stephen C. Levinson's classic textbook on "Pragmatics", which in turn draws on a list produced by Lauri Karttunen. As is customary, the presuppositional triggers themselves are italicized, and the symbol » stands for 'presupposes'.


title: Presupposition

text: Definite descriptions are phrases of the form "the X" where X represents a noun phrase. The description is said to be "proper" when the phrase applies to exactly one object, and conversely, it is said to be "improper" when either there exist more than one potential referents, as in "the senator from Ohio", or none at all, as in "the king of France". In conventional speech, definite descriptions are implicitly assumed to be proper, hence such phrases trigger the presupposition that the referent is unique and existent.


title: Presupposition

text: In Western epistemology, there is a tradition originating with Plato of defining knowledge as justified true belief. On this definition, for someone to know X, it is required that X be true. A linguistic question thus arises regarding the usage of such phrases: does a person who states "John knows X" implicitly claim the truth of X? Steven Pinker explored this question in a popular science format in a 2007 book on language and cognition, using a widely publicized example from a speech by a U.S. president. A 2003 speech by George W. Bush included the line, "British Intelligence has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa." Over the next few years, it became apparent that this intelligence lead was incorrect. But the way the speech was phrased, using a factive verb, implicitly framed the lead as truth rather than hypothesis. There is however a strong alternative view that "factivity thesis", the proposition that relational predicates having to do with knowledge, such as "knows, learn, remembers," and "realized", presuppose the factual truth of their object, is incorrect.


title: Presupposition

text: Some further factive predicates: "know; be sorry that; be proud that; be indifferent that; be glad that; be sad that."


title: Presupposition

text: Some further implicative predicates: "X happened to V"»X didn't plan or intend to "V"; "X avoided Ving"»X was expected to, or usually did, or ought to "V", etc.


title: Presupposition

text: With these presupposition triggers, the current unfolding situation is considered presupposed information.


title: Presupposition

text: Some further change of state verbs: "start; finish; carry on; cease; take" (as in "X took Y from Z" » Y was at/in/with Z); "leave; enter; come; go; arrive;" etc.


title: Presupposition

text: The situation explained in a clause that begins with a temporal clause constructor is typically considered backgrounded information.


title: Presupposition

text: Further temporal clause constructors: "after; during; whenever; as" (as in "As John was getting up, he slipped").


title: Presupposition

text: Cleft sentence structures highlight particular aspects of a sentence and consider the surrounding information to be backgrounded knowledge. These sentences are typically not spoken to strangers, but rather to addressees who are aware of the ongoing situation.


title: Presupposition

text: Comparisons and contrasts may be marked by stress (or by other prosodic means), by particles like "too", or by comparatives constructions.


title: Presupposition

text: Questions often presuppose what the assertive part of the question presupposes, but interrogative parts might introduce further presuppositions. There are three different types of questions: yes/no questions, alternative questions and WH-questions.


title: Presupposition

text: A presupposition of a sentence must normally be part of the common ground of the utterance context (the shared knowledge of the interlocutors) in order for the sentence to be felicitous. Sometimes, however, sentences may carry presuppositions that are not part of the common ground and nevertheless be felicitous. For example, I can, upon being introduced to someone, out of the blue explain that "my wife is a dentist," this without my addressee having ever heard, or having any reason to believe that I have a wife. In order to be able to interpret my utterance, the addressee must assume that I have a wife. This process of an addressee assuming that a presupposition is true, even in the absence of explicit information that it is, is usually called presupposition accommodation. We have just seen that presupposition triggers like "my wife" (definite descriptions) allow for such accommodation. In "Presupposition and Anaphora: Remarks on the Formulation of the Projection Problem", the philosopher Saul Kripke noted that some presupposition triggers do not seem to permit such accommodation. An example of that is the presupposition trigger too. This word triggers the presupposition that, roughly, something parallel to what is stated has happened. For example, if pronounced with emphasis on "John", the following sentence triggers the presupposition that somebody other than John had dinner in New York last night.


title: Presupposition

text: But that presupposition, as stated, is completely trivial, given what we know about New York. Several million people had dinner in New York last night, and that in itself doesn't satisfy the presupposition of the sentence. What is needed for the sentence to be felicitous is really that somebody relevant to the interlocutors had dinner in New York last night, and that this has been mentioned in the previous discourse, or that this information can be recovered from it. Presupposition triggers that disallow accommodation are called anaphoric presupposition triggers.


title: Presupposition

text: Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a broad study belonging to not one research category. It focuses on identifying presuppositions of an abstract nature from varying perspectives. CDA is considered critical, not only in the sense of being analytical, but also in the ideological sense.


title: Presupposition

text: Through the analysis of written texts and verbal speech, Teun A. van Dijk (2003) says CDA studies power imbalances existing in both the conversational and political spectrum. With the purpose of first identifying and then tackling inequality in society, van Dijk describes CDA as a nonconformist piece of work. One notable feature of ideological presuppositions researched in CDA is a concept termed synthetic personalisation