title: Akash Vukoti

text: Vukoti competed in his first spelling bee when he was 2 years old. He was inducted into American Mensa at the age of 3 and became a Davidson Young Scholar at the age of 5. He became the first-ever first grader to compete in the history of the Scripps National Spelling Bee at the age of 6 years, in 2016. He also competed in the 2018, 2019 and 2021 Scripps National Spelling Bees. Vukoti won his 2022 San Angelo Regional Spelling Bee in February, qualifying him to compete in the National Spelling Bee for the 5th time. He was eliminated from the 2022 National Spelling Bee in the 3rd round with his misspelling of "samlet" (salmlet).


title: Akash Vukoti

text: Vukoti was featured on several TV shows, such as "Little Big Shots" in Season 1 (2016), Season 2 (2017) and "Little Big Shots UK" (Episode 4) in 2017. He was also featured on the "Steve Harvey" talk show, "Jimmy Kimmel Live!," and "The Preachers" in 2016. He appeared as a guest on the "Harry" show in 2017. Akash was also featured on "The Kelly Clarkson Show" on November 10, 2020.


title: Akash Vukoti

text: On September 25, 2018, Vukoti was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on "," a spin-off of "Dancing with the Stars." His professional partner was Kamri Peterson and the couple were mentored by Witney Carson. The trio were eliminated 7th from the competition on November 18, 2018.


title: Akash Vukoti

text: Vukoti was interviewed live on CNN International from Hong Kong and CTV from Canada in 2016. He was interviewed on Australia’s "The Morning Show" of Seven Network in 2019 and again in 2021, and by TV9 Telugu in Hyderabad, India on January 14, 2020. He runs his popular YouTube channel, which has over 470,000 subscribers and has also done commercials for IBM, Amazon Kindle and the Scripps National Spelling Bee.


title: Akash Vukoti

text: Vukoti has been featured in HBO and BBC documentaries. Episode 231 of "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel" titled “Brain Games and Mental Athletes” featured Vukoti and aired on June 21, 2016, on HBO. The BBC documentary "The Human Body: Secrets of Your Life Revealed" showcased Vukoti's talent in the episode "Learn" and aired on October 9, 2017, on BBC Two.


title: Akash Vukoti

text: He has been featured in the award-winning documentary film "Spelling the Dream", which released on Netflix on June 3, 2020, in over 190 countries. The film has generated positive reviews from around the world.


title: Akash Vukoti

text: Akash Vukoti is the son of Chandrakala Jandyam and Dr. Krishna M Vukoti, who immigrated to the United States from Andhra Pradesh, India. Akash has an elder sister Amrita, who is also a Davidson Young Scholar and a member of Mensa. Both Amrita and Akash Vukoti competed in the 2019 Scripps National Spelling Bee.


title: Akash Vukoti

text: Vukoti has donated to various non-profit organizations like Children's Miracle Network in San Angelo, Wikipedia, Hurricane Harvey Relief Fund, Telangana CM Relief Fund, Water.org and Kerala Floods Relief Fund. He has also donated to Bharat Ke Veer, an Indian government initiative supporting the families of deceased Central Armed Police Forces and Assam Rifles personnel. Vukoti has also donated to non-profit organizations the American Red Cross Society and the Government of India's PM CARES Fund to help fight the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, part of the former Great Bao'en Temple, is a historical site located on the south bank of external Qinhuai River in Nanjing, China. It was a pagoda constructed in the 15th century during the Ming dynasty, but was mostly destroyed in the 19th century during the course of the Taiping Rebellion. A modern life-size replica of it now exists in Nanjing.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: In 2010 Wang Jianlin, a Chinese businessman, donated a billion yuan (US$156 million) to the city of Nanjing for its reconstruction. This is reported to be the largest single personal donation ever made in China. In December 2015, the modern replica and surrounding park opened to the public.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing was designed during the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) and shortly after its construction began in the early 15th century. It was first discovered by the Western world when European travelers like Johan Nieuhof visited it, sometimes listing it as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. After this exposure to the outside world, the tower was seen as a national treasure to both locals and other cultures around the world.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: On 25 March 1428, the Xuande Emperor ordered Zheng He and others to take over the supervision for the rebuilding and repair of the Great Bao'en Temple at Nanjing. He completed the construction of the temple in 1431.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: In 1801, the tower was struck by lightning and the top four stories were knocked off, but it was soon restored. The 1843 book, "The Closing Events of the Campaign in China" by Granville Gower Loch, contains a detailed description of the tower as it existed in the early 1840s. In the 1850s, the area surrounding the tower erupted in civil war as the Taiping Rebellion reached Nanjing and the rebels took over the city. They smashed the Buddhist images and destroyed the inner staircase to deny the Qing enemy an observation platform. American sailors reached the city in May 1854 and visited the hollowed tower. In 1856, the Taiping razed the tower to the ground either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties. After this, the tower's remnants were salvaged for use in other buildings, while the site lay dormant until a recent surge to try to rebuild the landmark.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: The tower was octagonal with a base of about in diameter. When it was built, the tower was one of the largest buildings in China, rising up to a height of with nine stories and a staircase in the middle of the pagoda, which spiraled upwards for 184 steps. The top of the roof was marked by a golden pineapple. There were original plans to add more stories, according to an American missionary who in 1852 visited Nanjing. There are only a few Chinese pagodas that surpass its height, such as the still existent 11th-century Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei or the no longer existent 7th-century wooden pagoda of Chang'an.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: The tower was built with white porcelain bricks that were said to reflect the sun's rays during the day, and at night as many as 140 lamps were hung from the building to illuminate the tower. Glazes and stoneware were worked into the porcelain and created a mixture of green, yellow, brown and white designs on the sides of the tower, including animals, flowers and landscapes. The tower was also decorated with numerous Buddhist images.


title: Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

text: Fragments of the original tower may exist in the Calcutta Museum, presented by the Geological Survey of India, 7 August 1877.


title: Don Letts

text: Donovan "Don" Letts (born 10 January 1956) is a British film director, disc jockey (DJ) and musician. Letts first came to prominence as the videographer for the Clash, directing several of their music videos. In 1984, Letts co-founded the band Big Audio Dynamite with former Clash lead guitarist and co-lead vocalist Mick Jones, acting as the band's sampler and videographer before departing the band in 1990.


title: Don Letts

text: Letts has also directed music videos for Musical Youth, the Psychedelic Furs, Fun Boy Three, the Pretenders and Elvis Costello as well as the feature documentaries "The Punk Rock Movie" (1978) and "" (2000).


title: Don Letts

text: Letts was born in London, and educated at Tenison's School in Kennington. In 1975, he ran the London clothing store Acme Attractions, selling "electric-blue zoot suits and jukeboxes, and pumping dub reggae all day long." He was deeply inspired by the music coming from his parents' homeland, Jamaica, in particular Bob Marley. After seeing one of Marley's gigs at the Hammersmith Odeon, in June 1976, Letts was able to sneak into the hotel and spent the night talking to and befriending Marley. By the mid-1970s Acme had quite a scene, attracting the likes of the Clash, Sex Pistols, Chrissie Hynde, Patti Smith, Debbie Harry and Bob Marley.


title: Don Letts

text: In a 2022 interview, Don Letts discussed growing up in London and the discrimination he faced in relation to Steve McQueen's series Small Axe. Discussing mistreatment at the hands of police he remarked that:


title: Don Letts

text: Seeing the crowd at Acme, the then-promoter Andy Czezowski started up The Roxy, a London nightclub during the original outbreak of punk in England, so that people could go from the store and have some place to party. As most bands of that era had yet to be recorded, there were limited punk rock records to be played. Instead, Letts included many dub and reggae records in his sets, and is credited with introducing those sounds to the London punk scene, which was to influence the Clash and other bands. As a tribute, he is pictured on the cover of the EP "Black Market Clash" (1980) and the compilation album "Super Black Market Clash" (1993). He was able to use the fame and money from DJing and the Acme story to make his first film, "The Punk Rock Movie" (1978).


title: Don Letts

text: Letts quit the retail business to manage the band the Slits. He was able to get the Slits to open for the Clash during the White Riot tour. While on the White Riot tour he decided that management was not for him, but continued to shoot material for "The Punk Rock Movie" (1978).


title: Don Letts

text: Letts went to Jamaica for the first time when, after the Sex Pistols broke up, Johnny Rotten decided to escape the media frenzy by going with entrepreneur Richard Branson to Jamaica. It was on this trip that Branson was inspired to start up Virgin's Frontline reggae record label.


title: Don Letts

text: A portrait of Letts by photographer Dean Chalkley featured in the exhibition "Return of the Rudeboy" at Somerset House in the middle of 2014.


title: Don Letts

text: In recognition of Letts' unique contribution to music, on 16 October 2013 he was presented with a BASCA Gold Badge of Merit.


title: Don Letts

text: Letts is married to Grace and the couple have two children. He also has a son and a daughter from his previous partner.


title: Don Letts

text: In September 2020 Letts and his wife Grace were featured on BBC's "Gardeners' World", showing how they had combined their different tastes for plants and culture in their town garden in north west London.


title: Don Letts

text: In 1978, Letts recorded an EP, "Steel Leg v the Electric Dread", with Keith Levene, Jah Wobble and Steel Leg. After Mick Jones was fired from the Clash, he and Letts founded Big Audio Dynamite in 1984. In 1990 Letts formed Screaming Target. As of 1 April 2009, Letts is presenting a weekly show on BBC Radio 6 Music.


title: Don Letts

text: Since his first movie, "The Punk Rock Movie" (1978), Letts has expanded to doing documentaries and music videos for multiple bands. In 1997, he travelled to Jamaica to direct "Dancehall Queen". His film "Westway to the World" (2000) won a Grammy Award in 2003.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Ain't Them Bodies Saints is a 2013 American romantic crime drama film written and directed by David Lowery. The film stars Casey Affleck as Bob Muldoon, Rooney Mara as Ruth Guthrie and Ben Foster as Patrick Wheeler. Bob (Affleck) and Ruth (Mara) are a couple who become involved in criminal activities and are caught, with Bob taking the blame and going to prison. The film follows the events after the criminal activities as Ruth gives birth to their daughter, and the two live comfortably. When the child is nearly four, Bob escapes from jail and goes looking to reconnect with his family.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The film debuted at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Cinematography Award in the U.S. Dramatic Category and got nominated for the Grand Jury Prize. It was selected to compete in the International Critics' Week section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. It was released on August 16, 2013, by IFC Films.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The film received positive reviews overall, with critics praising its original take on the Bonnie and Clyde archetype, and commending its style and western iconography influences. It garnered numerous critical awards and nominations and was listed in the top ten films of 2013 by many domestic and international film publications, but ultimately under-performed at the box office.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Ruth Guthrie walks across a field and is followed by Bob Muldoon, who tries to dissuade Ruth from leaving him to return to her mother's. Ruth is adamant and reveals that she is angry because Bob told Freddy that he was going to 'strike out on his own'. Bob says this isn't the case. Ruth reveals she is pregnant, and they reconcile.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Later, Bob and Freddy commit a crime while Ruth waits in the getaway car. The police, including Patrick Wheeler, pursue them to farmhouse. In the ensuing gunfight, Freddy is killed and Ruth shoots Patrick. Bob takes the fall for shooting Patrick and the crime committed earlier so Ruth can avoid jail. Bob and Ruth surrender their weapons. They are apprehended and Bob jailed. Ruth tells Skerrit, Freddy's father, that she is going to wait for Bob. Bob writes several letters from jail, promising Ruth to be back with her and their child. Ruth gives birth to their daughter, Sylvie.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Years pass. Ruth and Sylvie live a normal life in the small town of Meridian, Texas. Patrick, who does not know it was Ruth that actually shot him, notices Ruth and Sylvie around town, but Ruth avoids any contact with him. One day, Patrick makes a visit to Ruth's residence and tells her that Bob has escaped from prison. The local detective questions Ruth as to Bob's whereabouts, and Ruth tells him that Bob has not come to visit her. Meanwhile, Bob is traversing Missouri to escape the authorities. He makes it to Texas and obtains help from his friend Sweetie. Meanwhile, three bounty hunters, led by an individual called Bear, visit Skerrit's hardware store and make general inquiries about the town.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Patrick visits Ruth to return her letters the police looked over after Bob escaped. He tells her that she should move to a safer place, which Ruth takes to mean as until Bob is caught. Bob visits Skerrit at his hardware store, where Skerrit tells him there are many people who want him dead and that Bob needs to stay away from Ruth and Sylvie. Patrick visits Sweetie's establishment, asking if he has seen Bob. As they go upstairs, Bob narrowly escapes but leaves behind a photo of Ruth and Sylvie.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: On the day of Sylvie's birthday party, Patrick gives Sylvie a guitar. While talking with Sylvie at the party, Patrick learns that Ruth has been planning a trip with Sylvie. Bob arrives at the house but notices Patrick and subsequently leaves. Bob returns to the original shootout location and encounters the bounty hunters. They shoot at him, and he kills one during a struggle, but he is also seriously wounded. He gets away but is chased by the third. Bob coerces a driver, Will, to drive him back to Ruth's house. Will tries to tell Bob that he should be taken to a hospital but Bob refuses, insisting to be taken to Ruth's house.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Sylvie wakes up to find her mother sleeping on the sofa in Patrick's arms. They are startled by gunshots outside. Patrick runs out to investigate and finds the third bounty hunter in a shootout with Skerrit. Patrick shoots the bounty hunter dead and finds that Skerrit is fatally wounded. Ruth and Sylvie are taken to the police station for questioning and safekeeping. When Patrick returns them to their home, they find the front door open and Patrick goes in to investigate, finding a grievously wounded Bob. Ruth follows Patrick into the house and stops Patrick from approaching Bob. Ruth tends to Bob, and Sylvie enters to see her father dying in the arms of her mother. Patrick takes Sylvie back outside and comforts her, while her parents exchange a few last words.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: David Lowery began writing the film in 2009 while on the festival circuit promoting his film "St. Nick". At the time he was only able to think of a concept of a man breaking out of prison. What attracted him to the story was the thought of writing an action movie after having done a very quiet movie like "St. Nick". However, he could not think of a compelling way to tell the story based on the concept so he left it.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Lowery revisited the concept in 2011, where he added more ideas to his original concept. His initial draft took 6 months to write, and he had planned to shoot the film immediately after writing.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: However, production was delayed since Lowery and his production partners submitted the script to the Sundance Institute Producing Lab, in early summer 2011. The institute encouraged Lowery to submit the script to their screenwriters lab.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: In December 2011, It was revealed that Sundance had selected a screenplay by David Lowery as one of 12 projects for its annual January Screenwriters Lab. Lowery worked with the Sundance Lab Artistic Director Scott Frank and his associates to develop the script.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Lowery wanted to capture the feeling of the actions and write a script based on that in the vein of 1960s and 1970s movies and folk songs. He said specifically that he wanted to "make a movie that felt like a folk song". Working on this concept, he thought about American folk mythology dealing with outlaws, developing into an outlaw who broke out of prison, then set in place the reason for the breakout being his wife and living in Texas he decided the setting would be Texas.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The script's title, which Lowery also chose to evoke the feeling of a folk song, is based on his mishearing the lyrics of a country song a friend played for him, and is unrelated to the plot or characters.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: After the initial script had been written, Lowery and his producers had a start date for the production. But they were advised by producers such as Jay Van Hoy, Lars Knudsen and Amy Kaufman to aim for a bigger production, with Lowery being told 'Doing the micro budget version is a great plan B, and you know you can do that, but why don't you just spend a little bit of time formulating a new plan A and see if you can make it for just a little bit bigger.'


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: In April 2012, Lowery Officially announced that he had written a contemporary story in the vein of Bonnie And Clyde and that he would direct the film, named Ain't Them Bodies Saints. James Johnston, Toby Halbrooks, Amy Kaufman, Lars Knudsen and Jay Van Hoy were announced as the producers, with WME and WME Global handling representation for the film, and Evolution Independent's Cassian Elwes handling the financing of the film. Sailor Bear, Parts & Labor, Paradox Entertainment Lagniappe Films and Evolution Independent assumed primary production duties for the film. In July, 2012 it was confirmed that the financing structure had been finalized with Evolution Independent, Paradox Entertainment and Lagniappe.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Casting began while Lowery was participating in the Sundance Institute Writer Lab sessions in January 2012. The script for the film was being circulated amongst various talent agencies and Lowery was being contacted by Actors and Actresses wanting to audition for the role, two of those actors being Rooney Mara and Casey Affleck. Speaking on the casting of Mara and Affleck, Lowery cited their quality of being 'timeless in their own way' as the main reason he cast them. Lowery cast Ben Foster after having met him, and noted that he felt that Ben's natural qualities were 'exactly what his character needed'.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: In April, 2012 Rooney Mara, Ben Foster and Casey Affleck were announced as the principal cast for the film. In July, 2012 it was reported that Nate Parker had joined the cast of the film, with no specific details given as to his role. On 24 July 2012 it was announced that Keith Carradine had joined the cast just as principal photography began. In November, 2012 Rami Malek announced on his Facebook page that he would appear in the film as 'Will'. Malek had auditioned for the role of Sweetie, but the role went to Nate Parker, however, Lowery was so impressed with his audition tape he asked him to play a small role at the end of the film. In early December 2012 Charles Baker announced on his Twitter that he would appear in the film. but Lowery revealed he had met with him before production and decided he would appear in some capacity.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Rooney Mara cited the script as the main reason for why she accepted the role, saying that it 'felt right', and Casey Affleck cited his meeting with and instincts about Lowery as a director as the reason he accepted the role. Nate Parker also cited the script as the main reason he joined the cast, describing it as 'raw and emotional', but furthermore went on to state that the opportunity to work with the D.P Bradford Young was also a motivating factor.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Bradford Young joined the crew of the film after being recommended by one of Lowery's producers who had worked with Young on a film called "Mother of George". Lowery familiarized himself with Young's work, describing it as 'beautiful and incredibly rich and varied', and immediately set up a meeting, and proceeded to hire Young as the cinematographer for the project as a result of that meeting.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Daniel Hart Joined the crew of the film as the composer in December 2012. This was Hart's first foray into scoring a feature film. Hart had recently worked with Lowery on his 2011 short film "Pioneer", and was given the script for Aint Them Bodies Saints in December 2012. Hart cited his previous experience in providing sound for Lowerys 2009 short St.Nick and 2011's Pioneer as the reasons for him scoring Aint Them Bodies Saints, as he felt the film was 'the right fit for another collaboration'.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Craig McKay, who previously edited "The Silence of the Lambs" and 1993's "Philadelphia", joined the crew as an editor, along with Jane Rizzo, who had previously edited the critically acclaimed 2012 film "Compliance". Lowery noted that this was the first time he had hired an editor.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Veteran Casting Director Avy Kaufman and native specialist Texas casting director Vicky Boone handled the casting of the non-main characters in the film. Production Designer Jade Healy joined the crew in April 2012. Skywalker Sound handled the sound recording and management of the film.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Filming began on July 9, 2012, in Shreveport, Louisiana. The main reason for basing the primary filming in Louisiana was 'huge tax incentives' on offer. The rest of the scenes were filmed on location in Meridian, Texas, and Austin, Texas. The film was not shot in chronological order but rather in a sequenced manner focusing on each of the primary actors. Affleck filmed his scenes first and then shooting moved to filming the scenes in which Affleck and Mara are together, with Mara's scenes being shot last. The conditions were very hot and humid, reaching 103 degrees most days, which fit with the tone of the movie.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The actors had no traditional rehearsal times, but instead worked using an outline of the script as they filmed. Mara and Affleck did not spend much time shooting together and Mara felt it worked since it fit in with the story of the film since for most of the film Maras's and Affleck's characters do not see each other for a long period of time. Lowery encouraged a collaborative effort in regard to how his actors interpreted the script and the behavior of their characters, as long as it stayed true to their elements. Ben Foster confirmed this approach to the acting for the film, stating that "nothing was nailed down on paper" and that he had to "fill in the cracks" himself before shooting the scenes. In the scenes in which Mara acts as a mother to the two child actresses, Mara took over the direction of their scenes in order to get more authenticity into the scenes.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: However, Lowery did not follow the same approach in terms of the camera angles and the shooting frames and positions he would use. Every camera angle and position was chosen and prepared beforehand. Although Lowery has professed his admiration for films that captured random shots and moments of beauty in addition to telling a narrative, he wanted this film to be one that conveyed a message with every shot and where every scene had a significant meaning. The number of takes was limited to four or five per scene.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The film was shot on 35mm film using the ARRICAM LT and Panavision XL. Most of the film was shot on Cooke S4 lenses and Low Con 1 and Low Con 2 filters in order to achieve the desired look. Cinematographer Bradford Young said he wanted to witness to the film's form take shape instead of having to make it look a certain way in post-production, and felt 35mm allowed him to add the energy of the film into the negative directly. The film does not give a time period for its setting, but reviewers have described it as seemingly dating to the 1960s or 70s.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Lowery did not want to "spoon feed" the audience who would watch the film, as he noted he despises being "spoon fed" himself. Lowery aimed to subtly let the audience know what to pay attention to using visual cues and carefully placed objects.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Lowery and Young encountered problems in acquiring their desired look due to an agreement with their bond company, who wouldn't allow extensive decay on the negative. They circumvented the problem by underexposing the film at unconventional levels, and by sliding an ND9 [filter] in front of the camera. Lowery and Young abided by a strict rule that they would only use we available light from the period of the film, and whatever sources there were, they could not vibrate; they had to burn, which narrowed them down to tungsten/incandescent lights.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: While working on the visual style with Bradford Young, Lowery took inspiration from movies such as Vilmos Zsigmond's work on "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" and "Heaven's Gate", utilizing the effects used to make the images "dirty", as well as Robert Elswit's work on "There Will Be Blood". To guide the darkness of the images they would use, they turned to the work of Harris Savides.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Lowery worked with Jade Healy to develop the production design for the film. He, Healy, and Young looked over archives of still photos and whittled them away to come up with a specific look and palette for the film. Healy had to also work on providing the right lighting for the period the film was in, and would subsequently bring in lamps and lamp shades, warmer or lighter, based on Lowery and Young's tastes.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: When editing, Lowery focused on what happened rather than how it happened, considering what's happening in the scene to be more important than how it happened, and choosing the cuts accordingly. Upon commencing the editing process for the film, he found that he already had 80% of the planned shots ready and in sequence but had to reconcile the other 20% that he was unsure of.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Even so, Lowery found the editing phase of the film to be a tough process and more arduous than he had anticipated. Usually a lone editor, Lowery felt the scope of the film required additional editors, and he brought on Craig McKay and Jane Rizzo to work with him. However, he found the experience to be a negative one and stated 'If I could go back again, would I edit the movie myself? Yes I would'.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: After the Sundance Film festival screening, the film was further edited upon suggestion by Harvey Weinstein, who had acquired the international distribution rights for the film. Lowery has stated that the changes were not foisted upon him, but rather he agreed with them and felt that the pre-Sundance editing process had been too rushed, and went on to say that even so, the film apparently hasn't been drastically reshaped.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Lowery gave the script of the film to Hart in the summer of 2012. They discussed what kind of sounds and instrumentation Lowery had in mind for the film, and in principle decided on the logistics for composing the film. For the sound, Hart had in mind a small string ensemble, low brass and atmospheric drones. Hart laid the foundation for the sound of the film when scoring the montage in which Bob goes to prison and Ruth gives birth to their baby. The piece Hart wrote for that scene ended up including all the instrumentation heard throughout the film: strings, brass, mandolin, cimbalom, droning banjo, and percussion.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The banjo sound heard throughout the film was intentional. Hart claims its sole purpose is to ring and drone continuously in an attempt to create a slightly unsettling feeling. 60% of the score was scored at Hart's home studio, where most of the banjo, mandolin, handclaps, guitar, and solo violins were recorded. The string sections, brass, and drum kit were recorded at songwriter Curtis Heath's home studio. Heath also wrote some the original songs for the score. The score was mixed at Public Hi-Fi in Austin, Texas.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" had its premiere on the festival circuit on January 20, 2013, at the Sundance Film Festival, where it competed for the US Prizes in the Grand Jury, Audience, Screenwriting, Directing, Cinematography and Editing awards for the dramatic sections of each category. The film went on to be screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival during the International Critics Week selection, as well as having a special screening. On May 31, 2013, the film screened at the 2013 Seattle Film Festival. On June 15, 2013, it screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival, followed by successive showings at the BAMCinemaFest on June 19 and at the Provincetown Film Festival on June 20. The final stateside film festival screenings of the film took place on June 30, 2013, at the Nantucket Film Festival and the Maine International Film Festival on July 14, 2013.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The film then started gaining traction on the international film festival stage, having a screening at the Karlovy Vary Film Festival on July 3, 2013. The film then screened at the Munich International Film Festival and then the Jerusalem Film Festival on July 5, where it was screened as a must-see presentation. It then screened at the Deauville American Film Festival on 6 September 2013. and the Athens Film Festival on 28 September 2013. The film screened at the Amsterdam Film Week on 29 October 2013, and the Leiden International Film Festival on the 2 November 2013. The final festival showing for the film happened on November 12, 2013, at the Stockholm International Film Festival.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: On January 24, 2013, it was announced that IFC, Sony Pictures Classics, Roadside Attractions, Bob Berney's revived Picturehouse and Magnolia Pictures were in discussions for the US distribution rights. On January 25 it was announced that Cassian Elwes and WME Global's Graham Taylor and Alexis Garcia closed a deal with IFC Films' Arianna Bocco worth a reported $1,000,000 for the US distribution rights. IFC confirmed on January 25 that they had acquired the North American domestic rights.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The film had its domestic limited release in the United States on August 16, 2013, opening in three theatres. At its peak it was showing at 44 theatres in the US. It had its international theatre premiere on September 5, 2013, in Israel, where the name had to be changed to "Ne'ehavim mi'houtz la'hok" because of translation issues, shortly followed by the UK and Ireland releases on September 6. The film was released in France on September 28 with the title "Les amants du Texas", with the Greece (where again due to title issues it was changed to "Meine dipla mou") and the Singapore premieres following on October 24. The Belgium premiere happened on November 6, with the Swedish and Turkish premieres taking place on November 6, where again the names were changed to "A Texas Love Story" (in Turkish: "Ölümsüz Ask"). The Weinstein Company decided to release the film in certain territories during 2014, and the film was subsequently had its final European premieres on 20 March 2014 and 9 May 2014 in the Netherlands and Spain ("En un lugar sin ley") respectively. The film had its Japan premiere on March 29 and in Brazil (as "Amor Fora da Lei") on July 10, 2014.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The film has received mostly positive reviews, and holds a 77% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 132 reviews, attaining a score of 7.11/10. The general consensus is "While conventional in plot, "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" is a visually poetic film that pays homage to the New Hollywood directors of the 1970s and promises big things from director David Lowery." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average of 74 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Positive reviews of the movie commented in particular on its visual qualities. Austin Trunick of "Under the Radar" wrote that, "the [film's beauty] is not just in the incredible cinematography ... but in the way the film holds back information, blindsiding you with tiny revelations." Trunick gave the film a score of 9 out of 10, as did Philip Martin of the "Arkansas Democrat Gazette", opining that "there are real virtues to this movie; it's remarkably well crafted and beautifully shot ... if it drifts a little too much toward romanticizing its tender outlaws, it's just following in the footsteps of the masters." In a positive review of the film, Todd Jorgenson of "Cinemalogue" agreed, stating that "[this] well-acted film is rich in visual texture and subtle details, and its deliberate pace rewards viewer patience." Richard Brody of the "New Yorker" also praised the film's visual style, maintaining that "the feel of the movie is intimate and handmade, as if Lowery were renewing, lovingly and poignantly, the landscape's ruined landmarks and infusing them with his own memories and dreams." Christy Lemire, writing for "RogerEbert.com", also noted the visual style as the main strength of the film commenting, "Lowery takes his time and lets us linger over everything in the meticulously crafted frame: the thoughtful camerawork, the impeccable costume and production design," giving the film 3.5/4.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: David Gritten of "The Daily Telegraph" gave the film a 4/5 saying "Lowery has said he wanted Ain't Them Bodies Saints to have the quality of an old folk song, something Bob Dylan might once have covered. He's succeeded – and made something affecting and stylish out of a tale with mythic aspirations." Cath Clarke gave the film a 4/5, commending Maras performance and saying ""Bodies" gets under your skin and stays there. And the gospel handclapping soundtrack feels like it's drawing you into a dream." Adam Woodward of "Little White Lies" focused his praise on the contributions of Bradford Young and Daniel Hart, maintaining that the film "[wears] its influences on its sleeve [without] feeling stale or derivative ... [it] is an immaculate piece of storytelling that boasts serious talent whichever way you look. Special mention must go to Bradford Young's gorgeous sun-bleached cinematography, which coupled with Daniel Hart's ubiquitous score of nervy, tiptoeing strings and soft handclaps gives the film a dream-like quality." Peter Debruge of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, stating that "David Lowery's "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" landed with the excitement of a bold new voice, and yet, there's also something undeniably old-fashioned in his approach, suggesting a lost artifact freshly unearthed from the 1970s."


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Lukewarm reviews praised the ambition but questioned the execution and integrity of the film, with Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" commenting, "It's a poignant story of sundered love, earnest and intense, without being exactly tragic, and although writer-director David Lowery interestingly refuses certain romantic cliches, you wonder if he knows exactly where he's going with the narrative." The review in the "Los Angeles Times" was particularly critical of the narrative, stating that "[even]though Lowery is skillful with dialogue, there are ways he ties the events together that are knotty. The first is the most problematic. Though a natural fall guy is right at their feet, felled by the cops and long past complaining about issues like loyalty and betrayal, Bob grabs the gun that shot the sheriff. Lowery is intent that the couple will grapple with the idea of responsibility, whatever frustrations with logic that might pose for the rest of us." A.A Dowd of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a C+, criticizing Lowery for being too eager to emulate Malick, maintaining that "upstart David Lowery mimics the mythic methodology of his revered elder, drowning the sparse tale of an on-the-run convict and his lonely baby's mama in lots of dreamy, magic-hour atmosphere."


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Negative reviews focused on the film's ostensible preference of style over substance, with "Slant Magazine"s Nick McCarthy giving the film a score of 2.5 out of 4, pointing out that "director David Lowery, with the aide of Bradford Young's sublime cinematography, goes to great lengths to stylistically evoke the emotionally complex nature of the characters' forlornness, but the film's highly calculated beauty suffocates rather than elevates the story's emotional underpinnings." He also questioned the portrayal of motherhood in the film, accusing Mara's character of being "uninterestingly flattened into a waiting damsel in distress." A. O. Scott of "The New York Times", in a negative review of the movie, wrote that "Authenticity is rarely a fair standard for judging movies, which always depend on overt and invisible artifice. But this film's longing for just that quality—for a simple, elemental truth that will be both specific to its time and place and ripe with deeper meanings—is precisely what makes it unconvincing." Mick Laselle of the "San Francisco Times" accused the film of being self-indulgent, commenting "the tone never changes. Scenes aren't inflected, and when the end comes, it registers, but without much impact. Despite actors like these, who could have taken us anywhere and made us accept almost anything, "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" just drifts off into its own melancholic haze."


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: Critics drew extensive comparisons to the work of Terrence Malick, with Bradshaw of "The Guardian" opining that "there's a mix here of early and late Malick, something of "Badlands" and also "To the Wonder": it looks derivative, with the familiar lens flare and sunset wash. But if it is a homage, this is an intelligent and accomplished one, a conscientious matching-up of style and substance.' David Gritten of "The Daily Telegraph" also said the Malick influences worked in the film, commenting "Lowery's opening scenes could even serve as the start of an imagined sequel to Terrence Malick's 1973 classic "Badlands". But "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" is no Malick homage. That's a relief: there are quite enough already. Indeed, far from dwelling on transcendence, as Malick does, Lowery's film has a solid, grounded storyline, rooted in crime thrillers and film noir tradition.' Christy Lemire of "RogerEbert.com" also compared him to Malick, in a positive vein, writing that "the comparisons to Terrence Malick are obvious and many—and a well-deserved compliment—for David Lowery's drama "Ain't Them Bodies Saints". The setting of 1970s Texas, the impressionistic wisps of memory, the quiet naturalism of warm sunlight and the dusky magic-hour melancholy—they're all there, all those signatures that are reminiscent of the master filmmaker." Some critics were less positively inclined towards the film's intimations of Malick's artistry, with Antoina Quirke of the "Financial Times" writing that "there is a completely numbing sense that this really is a lost Terrence Malick - that this was done a long time ago, and that cinema's cupboards are empty and there is no new stuff to make in a new way." A. A. Dowd of the "A.V Club" maintained that "Even Malick's lesser works, like this spring's "To The Wonder", add up to more than the sum of their lyrical parts. They have big ideas, bigger emotions, and a sense of dramatic urgency—all qualities fatally absent from this well-shot but bloodless crime fable. Lowery, it can't be denied, has Malick's moves down pat. It's the Malick touch that eludes him."


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" had its US domestic on the weekend of 16–18 August 2013 in 3 theatres, where it made $26,419, ranking at number 58 in the Box office charts. At the end of week ending 22 August the film made $40,921, ending 59th on the box office charts. The second week of the film saw a drastic improvement in commercial reception, recording a 147% increase in weekend box office growth of $65,175, ending the week with a 144% overall increase from the opening week, recording a box office return for the week ending 29 August of $100,005, bringing its total theatrical run to $140,926 from 28 theatres and marking its highest domestic box office ranking of 43. The film continued its improving theatrical performance in its third week by opening in 12 extra theatres to make the total 40 theatres, recording $109,209 in box office revenue, an increase of 9.2% on the previous week, bringing he total to $250,135. in the month of September the film commercial performance started to lag, recording less than $140,000 for the month. The domestic theatric run for the film ended on October 3, with total domestic returns of $396,519.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: The film's UK opening recorded a $82,190 return, and over the two and half weeks of its theatrical run in the UK it recorded a $192,834 return in total. The film's second largest international returns came in France with $112,671, with the third best performing international territory being Belgium with a return of $33,391. In total the film made $634,724, almost twice its domestic performance.


title: Ain't Them Bodies Saints

text: "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" ended its theatrical run having accumulated $1,031,243 in box office receipts. With a budget of close to $4 million this qualifies the film as a box office flop.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: The Bowling Green massacre is a fictitious incident of Islamic terrorism mentioned by Kellyanne Conway, then–Counselor to the President of Donald Trump, in interviews with "Cosmopolitan" and TMZ on January 29, 2017, and in an interview on the MSNBC news program "Hardball with Chris Matthews" on February 2, 2017. Conway cited it as justification for a travel and immigration ban from seven Muslim-majority countries enacted by United States President Donald Trump. However, no such massacre occurred. The day after the interview, Conway said she misspoke and had been referring to the 2011 arrest of two Iraqi refugees in Bowling Green, Kentucky, on charges including "attempting to provide material support to terrorists and to al-Qaeda in Iraq". She stated that she had mentioned the incident because it led previous President Barack Obama to tighten immigration procedures for Iraqi citizens.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Her false statement went viral and became the top trending topic on Twitter, with many tweets parodying it. A website was set up anonymously for the purpose of collecting donations for supposed victims. Facebook users used the site's safety check feature to act as if the event were real. Mock vigils were held in Kentucky and New York in commemoration. It provoked widespread press reaction, with many relating it to Conway's earlier use of the phrase "alternative facts" to describe false statements by White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer in the wake of Trump's inauguration.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: In 2011, two Iraqi men who had entered the country as refugees were arrested in Bowling Green, Kentucky, on federal terrorism charges after they attempted to send both money and weapons to al-Qaeda in Iraq. Both were convicted of supporting attacks on the U.S. military while they were still in Iraq as well as attempting to provide material support to al-Qaeda in Iraq after they emigrated to the United States. Arrests were made on various charges, including "attempting to provide material support to terrorists and to al Qaeda in Iraq".


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Before entering the U.S., both had used improvised explosive devices in Iraq, although this was not known at the time of their admission. Both pleaded guilty; one is serving a life sentence while the other is serving 40 years in federal prison. The two did not attack anyone in the U.S., and there was no evidence that the men traveled back to Iraq or had any contact with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant after being admitted to the U.S. Neither was charged with plotting attacks inside the United States.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: In response to the arrests, the administration of Barack Obama re-vetted 58,000 refugees already in the country, imposed vetting on 25,000 other Iraqi citizens still in Iraq, and significantly tightened the processing of Iraqi visa and refugee applications for six months. Obama also instituted a requirement for new background checks on visa applicants from Iraq; as a result, Iraq travel visas were issued more slowly. The changes in visa verification were temporary, and some Iraqi refugees continued to be admitted to the United States throughout the period.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: In September 2014, on "Fox News Sunday", U.S. Representative Peter King of New York referred to the 2011 arrest of Iraqi nationals in Kentucky as an attempt to "attack either Fort Campbell or Fort Knox". The fact-checking site PolitiFact.com, which evaluated the statement as being false, found that he had said something similar at least seven times previously.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: On January 29–30, 2017, White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer stated that Islamist terrorists perpetrated a terrorist attack in Atlanta, even though Atlanta has never had a terrorist attack carried out by Islamists. The initial comment was made on ABC's "This Week", and then Spicer repeated the claim on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" the following day. Spicer later said that he meant Orlando, referring to the mass shooting carried out by U.S.-born Omar Mateen. There have been two terrorist attacks in Atlanta: the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing, which was committed by domestic terrorist Eric Rudolph, and the 1958 Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: A day later, on January 31, two days before the "Hardball" interview with Conway, Kentucky senator Rand Paul referenced the 2011 case in an interview with MSNBC by mentioning "the possibility or the attempted bombing in Bowling Green, Kentucky, where I live". "The Washington Post"s Fact Checker noted that Paul's statement was truer than Conway's because the Iraqi nationals did discuss bombing an Army target in the United States, even though neither was charged with making actual plans to do so.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: On January 29, 2017, in an interview with "Cosmopolitan", Conway said that Obama had limited Iraqi immigration because "two Iraqi nationals came to this country, joined ISIS, traveled back to the Middle East to get trained and refine their terrorism skills, and come back here, and were the masterminds behind the Bowling Green massacre of taking innocent soldiers' lives away".


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: On the same day, in a brief interview with TMZ, Conway stated: "He did that because, I assume, there were two Iraqis who came here, got radicalized, joined ISIS, and then were the masterminds behind the Bowling Green attack on our brave soldiers."


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Three days later, on February 2, in an interview with Chris Matthews on MSNBC's "Hardball with Chris Matthews", Conway described the "Bowling Green massacre" as an attack of terrorism carried out within the United States by refugees. Conway said:


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Although the interviews with "Cosmopolitan" and TMZ were conducted first, they did not become public until after the MSNBC interview aired.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: On February 3, the day after her MSNBC interview, Conway said she misspoke and that she meant to use the term "Bowling Green terrorists" instead of "Bowling Green massacre", referring to the two Iraqi men arrested in 2011. "The Washington Post" subsequently mentioned previous statements by Conway in which she had made reference to the nonexistent massacre, indicating that "now she doesn't appear to have misspoken at all; she seems to have believed that the Bowling Green massacre was a real thing."


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Conway's statement that the men became "radicalized" in the United States was found to be incorrect, as they had been radicalized outside of the country. Conway's statement that President Obama "had a six-month ban on the Iraqi refugee program" was misleading, as the Obama administration move was not a formal ban. Contrary to Conway's claims, there is no evidence that the men had traveled back to the Middle East or had any contact with ISIS after being admitted to the United States. Neither of the two was ever charged with plotting attacks inside the United States.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Conway, in her February 3 statement, said that there was no coverage of the Bowling Green investigation, which she intended to refer to. However, there were approximately 90 news articles that covered the arrest and charges at the time. Conway's February 3 statement cited an example of that coverage, without acknowledging that her claim that "it didn't get covered" was also incorrect.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: On February 5, CNN declined an interview with Conway, partly because of "serious questions about her credibility" and partly because CNN could not get Mike Pence, whom the administration made available to all the other major Sunday shows. That day, she said in a text exchange, "Frankly they were terrorists in Bowling Green but their massacre took place in Iraq." Two days later, she was a guest on CNN, interviewed on air by Jake Tapper. In the interview, Conway apologized for repeatedly referencing a "Bowling Green massacre" that did not happen.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: In a March 2017 interview with "New York", Conway said she intended to say "Bowling Green masterminds" rather than "Bowling Green massacre", in reference to "would-be terrorists who were apprehended before they staged an attack".


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: The video clip of Conway's "massacre" statement went viral online, with the phrase becoming the top trending topic on Twitter. Some Twitter users wrote that, despite Conway's clarification, substituting "terrorists" for "massacre" in her statement did not make sense. Her statement was parodied on Twitter and other platforms with people creating fake tributes. A website was set up anonymously for the purpose of collecting donations for victims of the imaginary massacre; the donation link on the website goes to the ACLU's donation page. Facebook users mocked the Bowling Green massacre by using Facebook's safety check feature to pretend the event was real. In New York City's Bowling Green, people held a mock vigil to commemorate the "victims" of the "massacre". Another mock vigil took place on February 3, 2017, in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Responses on the Donald Trump-centric subreddit /r/The_Donald were "varied – and rather muted", with some redditors speculating that it was an intentional part of a larger strategy by the Trump administration.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Samantha Schmidt wrote in "The Washington Post": "Conway has taken 'alternative facts' to a new level". "The Atlantic" wrote that her "false statement stands out because it is simultaneously inaccurate and has the potential to be extremely inflammatory". Brian Stelter on CNN criticized the Trump administration for "hammering" the media for mistakes but going easy on Conway's error. British journalist Marina Hyde wrote a column in "The Guardian" criticizing the Trump administration for creating a fictional massacre when it was silent on the Quebec City mosque shooting. UK talk show "The Last Leg's" Alex Brooker commented: "Are there so few shootings in America that they're having to make them up?" "Cosmopolitan" reporter Kristen Mascia said: "It didn't surprise me that the comment was premeditated and that she'd tried it on multiple writers (who knows who else she auditioned it with, frankly). But others out there may not know this about her, and they should. We must call out the [White House] for stuff like this because it's egregious and totally unacceptable." After Chelsea Clinton posted a tweet that stated, in part: "Please don't make up attacks", Conway replied: "Bosnia lie a Great reminder", referring to how Clinton's mother Hillary Clinton falsely claimed to have landed in Bosnia "under sniper fire" during the Bosnian War.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Writing in "The New York Times", A. C. Thompson mentioned the 2012 case of a man who the authorities suspected of trafficking in counterfeit goods. His home and his store in Bowling Green, Ohio, were raided, and 18 firearms were found in his possession. Federal authorities believed that he was planning on killing African Americans and Jews. The man, who the prosecutors called a white supremacist, pleaded guilty to weapons and counterfeit charges, but prosecutors failed to establish that he was a political terrorist.


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: The mayor of Bowling Green, Kentucky, issued a statement clarifying that "there was no massacre in Bowling Green", adding that he understood "how during a live interview one can misspeak and we appreciate the clarification".


title: Bowling Green massacre

text: Conway's statement was parodied in two segments of season 42 of "Saturday Night Live". In the cold open for that season's episode 13, Alec Baldwin, playing the role of Donald Trump, said that in the Bowling Green massacre, "[s]o many people died, but really they're the lucky ones. They don't have to see how bad "The Apprentice" has gotten". In episode 14's cold open, Melissa McCarthy, playing the role of Sean Spicer, recited a list of terrorist incidents that "you [the news media] never even write about", referencing a list of 78 supposedly under-reported terrorist incidents that the White House had released earlier that week. McCarthy, as Spicer, said: "The Bowling Green massacre—not the Kellyanne one, the real one. The Horror in Six Flags. The Slaughter at Fraggle Rock. The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down. Okay?!"


title: DNA ligase

text: DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, () that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break in both complementary strands of DNA). Single-strand breaks are repaired by DNA ligase using the complementary strand of the double helix as a template, with DNA ligase creating the final phosphodiester bond to fully repair the DNA.


title: DNA ligase

text: DNA ligase is used in both DNA repair and DNA replication (see "Mammalian ligases"). In addition, DNA ligase has extensive use in molecular biology laboratories for recombinant DNA experiments (see "Research applications"). Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together to form recombinant DNA.


title: DNA ligase

text: The mechanism of DNA ligase is to form two covalent phosphodiester bonds between 3' hydroxyl ends of one nucleotide ("acceptor"), with the 5' phosphate end of another ("donor"). Two ATP molecules are consumed for each phosphodiester bond formed. AMP is required for the ligase reaction, which proceeds in four steps:


title: DNA ligase

text: Ligase will also work with blunt ends, although higher enzyme concentrations and different reaction conditions are required.


title: DNA ligase

text: The "E. coli" DNA ligase is encoded by the "lig" gene. DNA ligase in "E. coli", as well as most prokaryotes, uses energy gained by cleaving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to create the phosphodiester bond. It does not ligate blunt-ended DNA except under conditions of molecular crowding with polyethylene glycol, and cannot join RNA to DNA efficiently.


title: DNA ligase

text: The activity of E. coli DNA ligase can be enhanced by DNA polymerase at the right concentrations. Enhancement only works when the concentrations of the DNA polymerase 1 are much lower than the DNA fragments to be ligated. When the concentrations of Pol I DNA polymerases are higher, it has an adverse effect on E. coli DNA ligase


title: DNA ligase

text: The DNA ligase from bacteriophage T4 (a bacteriophage that infects "Escherichia coli" bacteria). The T4 ligase is the most-commonly used in laboratory research. It can ligate either cohesive or blunt ends of DNA, oligonucleotides, as well as RNA and RNA-DNA hybrids, but not single-stranded nucleic acids. It can also ligate blunt-ended DNA with much greater efficiency than "E. coli" DNA ligase. Unlike "E. coli" DNA ligase, T4 DNA ligase cannot utilize NAD and it has an absolute requirement for ATP as a cofactor. Some engineering has been done to improve the "in vitro" activity of T4 DNA ligase; one successful approach, for example, tested T4 DNA ligase fused to several alternative DNA binding proteins and found that the constructs with either p50 or NF-kB as fusion partners were over 160% more active in blunt-end ligations for cloning purposes than wild type T4 DNA ligase. A typical reaction for inserting a fragment into a plasmid vector would use about 0.01 (sticky ends) to 1 (blunt ends) units of ligase. The optimal incubation temperature for T4 DNA ligase is 16 °C.


title: DNA ligase

text: Bacteriophage T4 ligase mutants have increased sensitivity to both UV irradiation and the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate indicating that DNA ligase is employed in the repair of the DNA damages caused by these agents.


title: DNA ligase

text: Derived from a thermophilic bacterium, the enzyme is stable and active at much higher temperatures than conventional DNA ligases. Its half-life is 48 hours at 65 °C and greater than 1 hour at 95 °C. Ampligase DNA Ligase has been shown to be active for at least 500 thermal cycles (94 °C/80 °C) or 16 hours of cycling. This exceptional thermostability permits extremely high hybridization stringency and ligation specificity.


title: DNA ligase

text: DNA ligases have become indispensable tools in modern molecular biology research for generating recombinant DNA sequences. For example, DNA ligases are used with restriction enzymes to insert DNA fragments, often genes, into plasmids.


title: DNA ligase

text: Controlling the optimal temperature is a vital aspect of performing efficient recombination experiments involving the ligation of cohesive-ended fragments. Most experiments use T4 DNA Ligase (isolated from bacteriophage T4), which is most active at 37 °C. However, for optimal ligation efficiency with cohesive-ended fragments ("sticky ends"), the optimal enzyme temperature needs to be balanced with the melting temperature T of the sticky ends being ligated, the homologous pairing of the sticky ends will not be stable because the high temperature disrupts hydrogen bonding. A ligation reaction is most efficient when the sticky ends are already stably annealed, and disruption of the annealing ends would therefore result in low ligation efficiency. The shorter the overhang, the lower the T.


title: DNA ligase

text: Since blunt-ended DNA fragments have no cohesive ends to anneal, the melting temperature is not a factor to consider within the normal temperature range of the ligation reaction. The limiting factor in blunt end ligation is not the activity of the ligase but rather the number of alignments between DNA fragment ends that occur. The most efficient ligation temperature for blunt-ended DNA would therefore be the temperature at which the greatest number of alignments can occur. The majority of blunt-ended ligations are carried out at 14-25 °C overnight. The absence of stably annealed ends also means that the ligation efficiency is lowered, requiring a higher ligase concentration to be used.


title: DNA ligase

text: A novel use of DNA ligase can be seen in the field of nano chemistry, specifically in DNA origami.  DNA based self-assembly principles have proven useful for organizing nanoscale objects, such as biomolecules, nanomachines, nanoelectronic and photonic component. Assembly of such nano structure requires the creation of an intricate mesh of DNA molecules. Although DNA self-assembly is possible without any outside help using different substrates such as provision of catatonic surface of Aluminium foil, DNA ligase can provide the enzymatic assistance that is required to make DNA lattice structure from DNA over hangs.


title: DNA ligase

text: The first DNA ligase was purified and characterized in 1967 by the Gellert, Lehman, Richardson, and Hurwitz laboratories. It was first purified and characterized by Weiss and Richardson using a six-step chromatographic-fractionation process beginning with elimination of cell debris and addition of streptomycin, followed by several Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column washes and a final phosphocellulose fractionation. The final extract contained 10% of the activity initially recorded in the "E. coli "media; along the process it was discovered that ATP and Mg++ were necessary to optimize the reaction. The common commercially available DNA ligases were originally discovered in bacteriophage T4, "E. coli" and other bacteria.


title: DNA ligase

text: Genetic deficiencies in human DNA ligases have been associated with clinical syndromes marked by immunodeficiency, radiation sensitivity, and developmental abnormalities,  LIG4 syndrome (Ligase IV syndrome) is a rare disease associated with mutations in DNA ligase 4 and interferes with dsDNA break-repair mechanisms. Ligase IV syndrome causes immunodeficiency in individuals and is commonly associated with microcephaly and marrow hypoplasia. A list of prevalent diseases caused by lack of or malfunctioning of DNA ligase is as follows.


title: DNA ligase

text: Xeroderma pigmentosum, which is commonly known as XP, is an inherited condition characterized by an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. This condition mostly affects the eyes and areas of skin exposed to the sun. Some affected individuals also have problems involving the nervous system.


title: DNA ligase

text: Mutations in the ATM gene cause ataxia–telangiectasia. The ATM gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps control cell division and is involved in DNA repair. This protein plays an important role in the normal development and activity of several body systems, including the nervous system and immune system. The ATM protein assists cells in recognizing damaged or broken DNA strands and coordinates DNA repair by activating enzymes that fix the broken strands. Efficient repair of damaged DNA strands helps maintain the stability of the cell's genetic information. Affected children typically develop difficulty walking, problems with balance and hand coordination, involuntary jerking movements (chorea), muscle twitches (myoclonus), and disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy). The movement problems typically cause people to require wheelchair assistance by adolescence. People with this disorder also have slurred speech and trouble moving their eyes to look side-to-side (oculomotor apraxia).


title: DNA ligase

text: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited blood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure. FA prevents bone marrow from making enough new blood cells for the body to work normally. FA also can cause the bone marrow to make many faulty blood cells. This can lead to serious health problems, such as leukemia.


title: DNA ligase

text: Bloom syndrome results in skin that is sensitive to sun exposure, and usually the development of a butterfly-shaped patch of reddened skin across the nose and cheeks. A skin rash can also appear on other areas that are typically exposed to the sun, such as the back of the hands and the forearms. Small clusters of enlarged blood vessels (telangiectases) often appear in the rash; telangiectases can also occur in the eyes. Other skin features include patches of skin that are lighter or darker than the surrounding areas (hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation respectively). These patches appear on areas of the skin that are not exposed to the sun, and their development is not related to the rashes.


title: DNA ligase

text: In recent studies, human DNA ligase I was used in Computer-aided drug design to identify DNA ligase inhibitors as possible therapeutic agents to treat cancer. Since excessive cell growth is a hallmark of cancer development, targeted chemotherapy that disrupts the functioning of DNA ligase can impede adjuvant cancer forms. Furthermore, it has been shown that DNA ligases can be broadly divided into two categories, namely, ATP- and NAD-dependent. Previous research has shown that although NAD-dependent DNA ligases have been discovered in sporadic cellular or viral niches outside the bacterial domain of life, there is no instance in which a NAD-dependent ligase is present in a eukaryotic organism. The presence solely in non-eukaryotic organisms, unique substrate specificity, and distinctive domain structure of NAD+ dependent compared with ATP-dependent human DNA ligases together make NAD-dependent ligases ideal targets for the development of new antibacterial drugs.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: The Pashtun tribes (), historically also known as Afghan tribes, are the tribes of the Pashtun people, a large Eastern Iranian ethnic group who use the Pashto language and follow Pashtunwali code of conduct. They are found primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan and form the world's largest tribal society, comprising over 49 million people and between 350 and 400 tribes and clans. They are traditionally divided into four tribal confederacies: the Sarbani (), the Bettani (), the Gharghashti () and the Karlani ().


title: Pashtun tribes

text: Folkloric genealogies trace the descendants of the Pashtuns to Qais Abdur Rashid and his three sons "Saṛban" (), "Bēṭ" (), and "Gharghax̌t" () as well as an adopted son, not directly adopted by Qais Abdul Rashid, therefore, the identity of Karlan himself and the man who adopted him, according to some books written on the history of the Pashtuns, is either unclear or controversial, the Karlani confederacy Ormur Baraki, who became the progenitor of the Karlani.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: There are several levels of organisation of Pashtun tribes. The "tribe" is subdivided into kinship groups, each of which is a "khel" and "zai". A "khel" or "zai" is further divided into "plarina", each of which consists of several extended families. A large tribe often has dozens of subtribes whose members may see themselves as belonging to each, some or all of the sub-tribes in their family tree depending upon the social situation: co-operative, competitive or confrontational.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: Tarbur refers to a "tribe" split into two or more clans. "Tarbur" means "cousin" in Pashto, so tarbur could be an enemy as well in the Pashtun culture that they can occupy your land or property. Every Pashtun tribe is then divide into subtribes, also called "khel" or "zai". "Zai" in Pashto means "descendant".William Crooke has said that "khel" is from an Arabic word meaning "association" or "company".


title: Pashtun tribes

text: A "khel" is often based in a single village, but it may also be based on a larger area including several villages, or part of a town.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: Plarina is related to the Bactrian term "plār", which derives from Old Iranian "piðar" (in Bactrian and Pashto, Old Iranian /ð/ usually yields /l/), and is related to Sanskrit "pitar" and English "father". The plural form of "plār" is "plārina". A "plārina" is considered only when the 7th generation is born, meaning the father of multiple families ("kahol"). Usually, the 7th forefather is assumed to take from one-and-a-half century to two centuries. Kul (plural "kahol") is the smallest unit in Pashtun tribal system, named after an ancestor of 1. "Zāmon" ("children"), 2. "Lmasay / Nwasay" ("grandchildren"), 3. "Kaṛwasay" ("great-grandchildren"), and 4. "Kaoday" ("great-great-grandchildren"). Once the fourth generation is born, it would be labelled a "family" or "kūl".


title: Pashtun tribes

text: The Bettani speak various Pashto dialects. The Ghilji or (Gharzai) of the central region around Paktika speak Central Pashto, a dialect with unique phonetic features, transitional between the southern and the northern dialects of Pashto. The Lohani (Rohani, Nohani) Marwat, as well as some other minor Lodi tribes and the Bettani proper, speak the Marwat Lodi Bettani dialect, which is a southern Pashto variety, however, its phonetics are different from the southern Kandahari Pashto. The Sheerani tribe of the Bettani confederacy speaks another southern dialect. The northern Bettani clans speak the northern or "hard" Pashto variety. Some of the Bettani lineages, including some (but not all) clans of the Niazi, have abandoned Pashto. Today they speak other languages, like Urdu, Hindko, Saraiki, Punjabi, Dari.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: The Gharghashti Kakar Naghar Panni Mandokhel and Musakhel and other minor settled in the region around Quetta Zhob and Loralai speak dialect, which is a "soft" Pashto dialect very similar to Kandahari Pashto. The Safi, some of the Jaduns, and some other minor northern Gharghashti tribes speak the northern or "hard" Pashto variety. The Jaduns, living on the Mahabun mountain slopes around Swabi speak Pashto, while those living in Hazara speak Pashto and Hindko. Some clans of the Safi tribe speak the Pashayi languages but are mostly bilingual in Pashto.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: The Karlani speak some of the most distinctive Pashto dialects which are lexically different from standard Pashto varieties, and phonetically very varied. Furthermore, the Karlani dialects have a tendency towards a change in the pronunciation of vowels. Depending on the particular dialect, the standard Pashto [a], [ā], [o], [u] may change into [ā], [â/å/o], [ȯ/ȫ/e], [i], respectively. In the Karlani dialects of Waziristan, Bannu, Tani (southern Khost),also, Mangal, which follow the vowel shift to the greatest extent, these four vowels normally change into [ā], [o], [e], [i], respectively. Much of the Ormur tribe settled in some villages of Waziristan and Logar, who give their name to Ormur the folkloric ancestor of the Karlani, speak the Ormuri language which is distinct from Pashto. However, in general the Ormur are bilingual in Pashto, particularly in the Karlani dialect of Wazirwola.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: The southwestern Sarbani tribes, most notably the Durrani, speak (Kandahari Pashto) a "soft" dialect of Pashto; while northwestern Sarbani tribes such as Gigyani tribe, Yousafzai Khalil and Mohmand tribes etc., most notably they speak (Peshawari Pashto) Pashto a "hard" dialect of Pashto. Both of them are considered upper class dialects. In addition, a small section of the Tarin clan of the Sarbani living east of Quetta speak the distinctive Wanetsi (Tareeno) dialect, which is considered by some modern scholars to be distinctive enough to be classified as its own language.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: The origin of Pashtuns is unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called "Pakthas" ("Pactyans") between the 2nd and the 1st millennium, who may be their early ancestors. Often characterised as a warrior and martial race, their history is mostly spread among various countries of South and Central Asia, centered on their traditional seat of power in medieval Afghanistan. One theory suggests that the modern Ghilji lineages descended from the medieval Khalaj or Khilji tribe. Some Bettani lineages, however, are said to have descended in part from the medieval Ghorid people. The Bettani are named after their folkloric leader or ancestor, "Shaikh Bet Baba" (claimed to be among the first Pashto-language poets), who lived in the Altamur range, located between the Logar and Zurmat valleys. He is reported to have been buried in Ghazni.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: In the 15th century, the Bettani are known to have mainly inhabited the Logar, Zurmat, and Ghazni regions. Subsequently, many of their lineages settled to the northeast, spreading up to the Damaan Valley, Mianwali, and parts of the present-day Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in the east, and parts of Kunduz Afghanistan in the north. In the 19th century, the traditional way of life of the Bettani combined small-scale irrigated agriculture with seasonal nomadism or seminomadism. They engaged in pastoral migrations, along the mountain slopes in summers, and inversely, towards the Indus plains in winters. From the 13th century, various Khilji dynasties and ruling entities took control in the Bengal and Delhi Sultanates of the Indian subcontinent.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: In the 15th century, the Lodi tribe founded the Lodi dynasty, the last dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate. In the 16th century, the Sur Empire with its capital at Delhi was founded by Sher Shah Suri, a member of the Sur clan of the Bettani confederacy. Between 1709 and 1738, the Hotak clan of the Ghilji tribe ruled the Hotak Empire based first in Kandahar, Afghanistan and later very briefly in Isfahan, Persia.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: In the 16th century, Taj Khan Karrani of the Karlani tribe founded the Karrani dynasty, the last dynasty to rule the Bengal Sultanate. Several Karlani clans served in the Mughal army. The Bhopal State, in the present-day Madhya Pradesh state of Central India, was founded in 1723 by Dost Mohammad Khan Mirazikhel. He was from the Orakzai clan of the Karlani tribe, and was a mercenary in the Mughal army. After his death in 1728, his descendants, the Nawabs of Bhopal, continued ruling the state until Hamidullah Khan, the last sovereign nawab of the dynasty, officially acceded the state to India in 1949.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: Ahmad Shah Durrani of the Sadozai clan of the "Abdali" tribe (now known as "Durrani" after him) established the Durrani Empire in 1747 with its capital at Kandahar. Ahmad Shah adopted the title "Durr-e Durrānī" ("pearl of pearls" or "pearl of the age"), and the name of his tribe "Abdali" was changed to "Durrani" after him. Ahmad Shah is now regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. He controlled areas from Khorasan in the west up to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north up to the Arabian Sea in the south. It was the second-greatest Muslim empire in the second half of the 18th century, surpassed in size only by the Ottoman Empire.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: In 1826, Dost Mohammad Khan, of the Barakzai clan of the Durrani tribe, founded the Barakzai dynasty centered at Kabul. The Barakzai dynasty ruled present-day Afghanistan until 1973 when Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last Barakzai king, was overthrown in a bloodless coup by his own cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan. The coup ended the Barakzai kingdom and established the Republic of Afghanistan (1973—1978). The current heir apparent and crown prince of the Barakzai kingdom (23 July 2007 – present) is Ahmad Shah Khan.


title: Pashtun tribes

text: During the Delhi Sultanate era, the Pashtun Lodi dynasty replaced the Turkic rulers in North India. Some ruled from the Bengal Sultanate. Majority Pashtuns fought the Safavids and Mughals before obtaining an independent state in the early 18th century, which began with a successful revolution by Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests of Ahmad Shah Durrani. During the 19th and early 20th century, the Barakzai dynasty found itself involved perforce between an Anglo-Russian military and diplomatic confrontation known as the "Great Game". Pashtuns are the largest dominion ethnic group in Afghanistan and ruled as the dominant ethno-linguistic group for over 300 years.


title: Boston accent

text: A Boston accent is a local accent of Eastern New England English, native specifically to the city of Boston and its suburbs. Northeastern New England English is classified as traditionally including New Hampshire, Maine, and all of eastern Massachusetts, though some uniquely local vocabulary appears only around Boston. A 2006 study co-authored by William Labov claims that the accent remains relatively stable, though a 2018 study suggests the accent's traditional features may be retreating, particularly among the city's younger residents, and becoming increasingly confined to the historically Irish-American neighborhood of South Boston.


title: Boston accent

text: Boston accents typically have the cot-caught merger but not the father-bother merger. This means that instead of merging the historical "short "o"" sound (as in ) with the "broad "a"" (as in ) like most other American accents, the Boston accent merges it with the "aw" vowel (as in ). Thus, "lot", "paw", "caught", "cot", "law", "wand", "rock", "talk", "doll", "wall", etc. all are pronounced with the same open back (often) rounded vowel , while keeping the broad "a" sound distinct: , as in "father", "spa", and "dark". So, even though the word "dark" has no in many Boston accents, it remains pronounced differently from "dock" because it belongs to Boston's – class of words versus the – one: "dark" versus "dock" . Thus, while New York accents have for "paw" and for "lot" and Standard British accents have a similar distinction ( versus ), Boston accents only have one merged phoneme here for both: .


title: Boston accent

text: In general, Eastern New England accents have a "short "a"" vowel , as in , that is extremely tensed towards when it precedes a nasal consonant; thus, "man" is and "planet" is . Boston shares this system with some of the American Midwest and most of the West, though the raising in Boston tends to be more extreme. This type of modern General American -raising system is simpler than the systems of British or New York City accents. However, elements of a more complex pattern exist for some Boston speakers; in addition to raising before nasals, Bostonians (unlike nearby New Hampshirites, for example) may also "raise" or "break" the "short "a"" sound before other types of consonants too: primarily the most strongly before voiceless fricatives, followed by voiced stops, laterals, voiceless stops, and voiced fricatives, so that words like "half", "bath", and "glass" become , and , respectively. This trend began around the early-mid to mid-twentieth century, replacing the older Boston accent's London-like "broad "a"" system, in which those same words are transferred over to the class (see "Declining features" below). The raised may overlap with the non-rhotic realization of as .


title: Boston accent

text: Boston accents make a greater variety of distinctions between short and long vowels before medial than many other modern American accents do: "hurry" and "furry" ; and "mirror" and "nearer" , though some of these distinctions are somewhat endangered as people under 40 in neighboring New Hampshire and Maine have lost them. In this case, Boston shares these distinctions with both New York and British accents, whereas other American accents, like in the Midwest, have has lost them entirely.


title: Boston accent

text: The nuclei of the diphthongs and ( and . respectively) may be raised to something like before voiceless consonants: thus "write" has a higher vowel than "ride" and "lout" has a higher vowel than "loud". This phenomenon, more famously associated with Canadian accents, is known by linguists as Canadian raising.


title: Boston accent

text: The nuclei of and (in and ) are significantly less fronted than in many other American accents. The latter may be diphthongized to or .


title: Boston accent

text: Speakers of the more deeply urban varieties of the Boston accent may realize the English dental fricatives as the dental stops , giving rise to a phonemic distinction between dental and alveolar stops; thus, "those" may sound closer to "doze".


title: Boston accent

text: The traditional Boston accent is widely known for being non-rhotic (or ""r"-dropping"), particularly before the mid-20th century. Recent studies have shown that younger speakers use more of a rhotic (or "r"-ful) accent than older speakers. This goes for black Bostonians as well. Non-rhoticity means the phoneme does not appear in coda position (where in English phonotactics it must precede other consonants, see English phonology - coda), as in most dialects of English in England and Australia; "card" therefore becomes "cahd" and "color" "culluh". Words such as "weird" and "square" feature centering diphthongs, which correspond to the sequences of close and mid vowels + in rhotic AmE. The phonemicity of the centering diphthongs depends on a speaker's rhoticity.


title: Boston accent

text: An example of non-rhoticity (plus a fronted vowel) is "Park your car in Harvard Yard", pronounced , or as if spelled "pahk yah cah(r) in Hahvud Yahd". The "r" in "car" would usually be pronounced in this case, because the Boston accent possesses both linking R and intrusive R: an will not be lost at the end of a word if the next word begins with a vowel, and an will be inserted after a word ending with a central or low vowel if the next word begins with a vowel: "the tuner is" and "the tuna is" are both .


title: Boston accent

text: Many characteristics of the Boston accent may be retreating, particularly among younger residents. In the most old-fashioned of Boston accents, there may be a lingering resistance to the horse–hoarse merger, so that "horse" has the pure vowel , while "hoarse" has the centering diphthong ; this can potentially cause the –– merger, so that "tort", "tot" and "taught" are phonemically all . The result is that, for an older Boston accent, the –– vowel is distinct from the vowel. Another two example words that would traditionally be distinguished, thus, are "for" versus "four" . This distinction was rapidly fading out of currency in the second half of the 20th century with the words belonging to the class being transferred over to the class, undoing the merger of with –, as it is in almost all regions of North America that still make it. For non-rhotic speakers, the modern-day situation in Boston is that both "horse" and "hoarse", as well as both "for" and "four", take the centering diphthong .


title: Boston accent

text: A feature that Boston speakers once shared with Britain's Received Pronunciation, though now uncommon in Boston, is the "broad "a"" of the lexical set of words, making a distinction from the set (). In particular words that in other American accents have the "short "a"" pronounced as , that vowel was replaced in the nineteenth century (if not earlier and often sporadically by speakers as far back as the late eighteenth century) with : thus, "half" as and "bath" as . Fewer words have the broad "a" in Boston English than in the London accents, and fewer and fewer Boston speakers maintain the broad "a" system as time goes on, with its transition into a decline occurring in speakers born from about 1930 to 1950 (and first documented as a decline in 1977). Boston speakers born before about 1930 used this broad "a" in the words "after", "ask", "aunt", "bath", "calf", "can't", "glass", "half", "laugh", "pasture", "path", and perhaps other words, and born from about 1930 to 1950 use it only in "aunt", "calf", "half", "laugh", and "pass". Speakers born since 1950 typically have no broad "a" whatsoever and, instead, slight /æ/ raising (i.e. ), for example, in "craft", "bad", "math", etc.) with this same set of words and, variably, other instances of short "a" too. Only "aunt" maintains the broad "a" sound in even the youngest speakers, though this one word is a common exception throughout all of the Northeastern U.S. Broad "a" in "aunt" is also heard by occasional speakers throughout Anglophone North America; it is quite commonly heard in African American speech as well.


title: Boston accent

text: Although not all Boston-area speakers are non-rhotic, non-rhoticity remains the feature most widely associated with the region. As a result, it is frequently the subject of humor about Boston, as in comedian Jon Stewart joking in his book "America" that, although John Adams drafted the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution, "delegates from his state refused to ratify the letter 'R'".


title: Boston accent

text: Being conspicuous and easily identifiable as regional, Boston accents are routinely featured by actors in films set in Boston, particularly for working-class white characters, such as in "Good Will Hunting", "Mystic River", "The Departed", "Manchester by the Sea", "The Town", "Ted", "The Fighter", and "Black Mass". Television series based within a Boston setting such as "Boston Public" and "Cheers" have featured the accent. "Simpsons" character Mayor Quimby talks with an exaggerated Boston accent as reference to the former US Senator Ted Kennedy. Television comedy sketches have featured the accent, including "The Boston Teens" and "Dunkin Donuts" on "Saturday Night Live", as well as "Boston Accent Trailer" on "Late Night with Seth Meyers".


title: Boston accent

text: In "The Heat", the family of Shannon Mullins all speak with the Boston accent and confusion arises from the pronunciation of the word "narc" as "nahk" . In the video game "Team Fortress 2", the character Scout, who is himself a Boston native, talks with a distinct Boston accent, although it sometimes lapses into a Brooklyn accent.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: Golden Child (; abbreviated as GNCD or GolCha) is a South Korean boy band formed by Woollim Entertainment in 2017. The group debuted on August 28, 2017, with their EP, "Gol-Cha!". The group currently consists of ten members: Daeyeol, Y, Jangjun, Tag, Seungmin, Jaehyun, Jibeom, Donghyun, Joochan and Bomin. Former member Jaeseok officially left the group due to health issues in early 2018.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: In January 2017, Woollim Entertainment launched pre-debut project for trainees, "W Project". Five members of Golden Child (Joochan, Jangjun, Tag, Daeyeol, Donghyun) and former member Jaeseok were introduced under the pre-debut project.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On May 15, Woollim Entertainment launched new boy group Golden Child, their first boy group in seven years since Infinite. On May 17, the eleven member names of the group's line-up were revealed. On May 22, Woollim Entertainment dropped "class photos" concept for Golden Child and confirmed that they would have their pre-debut reality show "2017 Woollim Pick". On August 9, it was announced that Golden Child would make a cameo appearance on "20th Century Boy and Girl".


title: Golden Child (band)

text: Golden Child officially debuted on August 28 with their first EP "Gol-cha!", with a total of six tracks including the title track "DamDaDi". Their debut showcase was held at the Blue Square iMarket Hall on the same day as the album's release. On September 1, Golden Child made their official debut stage on the music program "Music Bank", performing title track "DamDaDi" and "I Love You So". On September 17, the EP has reached No. 1 on Japan’s largest music site Tower Records’ daily chart. On October 16, they released a soundtrack "Love Letter" on "20th Century Boy and Girl".


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On January 6, 2018, it was announced that Jaeseok had left the group due to health issues. The remaining ten members continued as a group and released their second EP, "Miracle", on January 29. The EP contains six tracks including the title track "It's U". Their comeback showcase was held at the Blue Square iMarket Hall on the same day as the album's release. They continue the promotions with the release of the music video for "Lady" from their second EP. On April 13, they officially finished their three month promotions.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On May 22, Golden Child held their first fanmeeting "Golden Day" to celebrate their first debut anniversary in Seoul, South Korea. They also held Japanese fanmeeting in Nagoya and Tokyo on May 24 and May 25 respectively. On June 24, Golden Child performed at KCON NY 2018. On 11 August, Golden Child performed as the line-up for KCON LA 2018. Continuously, they confirmed their line-up for the first ever KCON Thailand on 29 September 2018.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On May 4, Golden Child announced their official fanclub name 'Goldenness', followed by the release of their first single album "Goldenness" on July 4, which contains three tracks including the lead single "Let Me".


title: Golden Child (band)

text: At the Fanclub Inauguration Ceremony named 'Golden Child Cheerful Geumdong Time' on 14 October, they surprised their fans by announcing their comeback. On October 24, Golden Child held a comeback showcase and released their 3rd EP "WISH". This EP had 7 tracks including the title track "Genie" with more mature image.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On May 2, 2019, Golden Child released their first digital single "Spring Again" as a gift for fans during their hiatus. Golden Child's first web sitcom "Crazy Petty Housemate" began airing starting October 16 on Lululala Story Lab media platforms. The eight-episode web sitcom aired every Wednesday and Saturday.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On November 18, Golden Child released their first studio album "Re-boot". The album contains twelve tracks including the title track "Wannabe". Golden Child won their first-ever music program win on December 26, through M Countdown.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: Golden Child successfully held their first solo concert, "Future and Past" on January 18 and 19, 2020. A repackaged version of their first studio album titled "Without You" was released on January 29, 2020, consisting of the title track of the same name.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On March 20, it was announced that the group will join Mnet's reality television competition "Road to Kingdom". They were the first group eliminated in the fifth episode. On May 31, Golden Child and other Woollim Entertainment artists released a collaboration single "Relay" under the name With Woollim.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On June 23, Golden Child released their fourth EP, "Take a Leap", containing seven tracks including the title track "One (Lucid Dream)". On August 18, it was announced that Golden Child will hold an online concert, "NOW", on September 13.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On September 13, it was announced that Golden Child will make a comeback on October 7 with their second single album "Pump It Up" containing three tracks including the title track of the same name.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On December 17, Jaehyun tested positive for COVID-19. On December 31, it was announced that Jaehyun had tested negative for COVID-19 and Golden Child will resume activities.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On January 2, it was announced that Golden Child would return with their fifth EP, "Yes." and its lead single "Burn It" on January 25. "Burn It" charted on iTunes' Top Albums Chart, reaching a spot in the top 10 in 11 regions.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On June 18, it was announced that Golden Child will hold an online/offline concert, "Summer Breeze", on July 17 and 18. However, it was postposed due to rising COVID-19 cases in Korea.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On June 26, Golden Child participated and performed a splendid stage at 2021 Dream Concert. The 2021 Dream Concert was held at Sangam World Cup Stadium in Seongsan-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On August 2, Golden Child released their second studio album, "Game Changer" and its lead single "Ra Pam Pam". The mv reached 20M views in Youtube within 3 days after its release.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On August 9, Hanteo Chart announced that the album "Game Changer" sold more than 126,000 copies in the first week and became the album with highest 1st week sales under Woollim Ent surpassing 'Yes' by Golden Child. Hanteo Chart, the world's one-and-only real-time music chart, congratulated Golden Child and issued an official certificate which proves the Initial Chodong sales amount over 100,000 copies. Thus Golden Child proved themselves as one of the main group representing K-pop by showing 1.8 times growth compared to the previous album YES 's Initial Chodong record (71,485 copies).


title: Golden Child (band)

text: The title track 'Ra Pam Pam' debuted at #2 on Billboard World Digital Song Sales Chart and #37 on Billboard Digital Song Sales Chart. Golden Child is the third K-pop Boy Group to be named on the Chart and holding the title for the highest debut record. 'Ra Pam Pam' was the First Mongolian iTunes top song after its release at 6 p.m. on August 2. In addition, the 'Game Changer' ranked First in Turkey on the iTunes top K-pop album chart, Second in Israel, Thailand, Australia, Singapore, United States, Spain, Indonesia and Malaysia, Third in Hong Kong and Canada, and thus ranked within TOP5 in 11 countries and regions.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On October 5, Golden Child released the repackaged version of their second studio album titled "Ddara", and its lead single of the same name.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On January 26, Golden Child made their Japanese debut with the single "A Woo!!". "A Woo!!" debuted at number one on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, "Billboard Japan"s Singles Sales Chart (January 24–26), and Tower Records' National Sales Singles Chart.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: Golden Child held an online/offline concert, "Play", on February 5 and 6 at KBS Arena. During the concert, Daeyeol announced that he would be enlisting for his mandatory military service soon, although without a set date.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On March 21, the agency announced that Lee Dae-yeol will enlist in the military on March 29, 2022, enlisting in the 3rd Army Brigade.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On May 11, Golden Child released their second Japanese single "Rata-Tat-Tat". In support of their first Japanese comeback, Golden Child held a two-day showcase in Tokyo on April 30 and May 1, 2022, at the Maihama Amphitheater. "Rata-Tat-Tat" debuted at number three on the Oricon Daily Singles Chart.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On May 23, Tag was admitted to a general hospital on May 18 after being diagnosed with a liver condition and underwent a thorough examination. Therefore, Golden Child's future schedules will operate as an 8 member system. On June 27, Tag's health conditions improved and was confirmed to be returning to activities, however, he will be excluded in Golden Child's current schedules overseas.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On July 10, Golden Child performed in New York City's Central Park SummerStage Concert Program as part of the line-up for the Korea Cultural Center of NY's Korea Gayoje.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On July 30, Golden Child performed in London as part of the lineup at the MIK Festival, the first outdoor K-pop music festival in Europe. Woollim Entertainment also announced that Golden Child will join Weverse to communicate with fans on the platform.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: Golden Child will be part of the line-up for "MBC Idol Radio Live in Tokyo" on October 20, and on October 21, Golden Child will perform in Manila as part of the line-up for the "I-Pop U 22" concert.


title: Golden Child (band)

text: On December 6, 2017, Golden Child was officially appointed as the new ambassadors for "Korea Scout Association" for 2018. On November 30, 2018, Golden Child performed at Charity Concert for Palu, Sigi and Donggala in Indonesia. All profits from the concert were donated to the victims of earthquake and tsunami in Palu, Sigi and Donggala.


title: Vevey

text: Vevey (; ; ) is a town in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, on the north shore of Lake Geneva, near Lausanne. The German name Vivis is no longer commonly used.


title: Vevey

text: It was the seat of the district of the same name until 2006, and is now part of the Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District. It is part of the French-speaking area of Switzerland.


title: Vevey

text: Vevey is home to the world headquarters of the international food and beverage company Nestlé, founded here in 1867. Milk chocolate was invented in Vevey by Daniel Peter in 1875, with the aid of Henri Nestlé. The English actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin resided in Vevey from 1952 until his death in 1977.