title: PAGASA

text: In July 2010, the Philippines were hit by Typhoon Conson (Basyang), the second tropical cyclone during the 2010 Pacific typhoon season to impact the nation. Conson was poorly forecast by PAGASA. From July 12 to 13, Conson was forecast to hit Aurora and Isabela provinces. But, at PST (1500 UTC) on July 13 PAGASA changed its forecast from hitting Aurora and Isabela provinces, to Quezon province, Metro Manila and southern Luzon provinces. However, residents living in those areas were not advised that the typhoon would hit their area and they also were not informed that public storm signal number 2 was raised. With this, severe damage ensued in the said areas. Later that same day, President Benigno Aquino III reprimanded PAGASA for failing to predict that Conson would pass over Manila.


title: PAGASA

text: As a result, Aquino criticized PAGASA for not warning the residents of Metro Manila about the strong tropical storm that struck the nation's capital. However, according to Dr. Nilo and PAGASA, the agency didn't have adequate equipment to "accurately" predict a movement of a storm and the weather forecasting instruments were too old and needed to be upgraded.


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: Delilah DiCrescenzo (; born February 9, 1983) is an American distance runner. She competes in the women's 3000 metres steeplechase. She is a 2001 graduate of Queen of Peace High School in Burbank, Illinois and a 2005 graduate of Columbia University, where she majored in sociology. In May 2011, DiCrescenzo received her master's degree in Sports Management, also from Columbia University. She now competes for the New York Athletic Club and trains with the NJ-NY Track Club under the guidance of Coach Frank Gagliano. As of 2013 she was sponsored by Puma and continued to compete on a worldwide level.


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: She finished 3rd in the steeple chase at the 2006 US Nationals, and won the 6K title at the USATF National Club Cross Country Championships in the fall of 2007. She competed at the 2008 U.S. Olympic trials where she made the finals, but did not qualify for the Olympic team.


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: She fared better in cross country running the following year: at the USA Cross Country Championships she finished in fourth place, and qualified to compete at the 2009 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing in 33rd (which was the second-best performance by a North American athlete after Julie Culley). She headed Team USA to the gold with a win at the Americas Cross Country Championships – she won the NACAC-endorsed competition over a 6 km course at the Mt. Irvine Resort in Tobago, beating several other Americans who had previously beaten her in qualifying at the USA Cross Country National Championships.


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: DiCrescenzo qualified for the 2011 IAAF World Track and Field Championships in the 3000m steeplechase by finishing third at the US Championships in a time of 9:46.31. However, she did not compete due to injury.


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: DiCrescenzo failed to qualify for the 2012 London Olympics, finishing 13th at USA 10 km Championships (33:36) and 7th in steeplechase at Olympic Trials (9:46.30).


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: On February 2, 2013, she again qualified for the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championship with a 6th place finish in a time of 26:57.2 at the USA Cross Country Championships in Forest Park in St. Louis, Missouri. At the world championships, she finished 47th.


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: On May 7, 2017, DiCrescenzo won the women's division of Southwest Half Marathon held in Palos Heights with a time of 1:21:31, which was nearly seven minutes ahead of the second-place finisher.


title: Delilah DiCrescenzo

text: She is the subject of the Plain White T's 2006 song "Hey There Delilah", which reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2007. She had met Plain White T's singer Tom Higgenson through a mutual friend. Higgenson was inspired to write the song after meeting her. Though the two were never in a relationship, DiCrescenzo did attend the 2008 Grammy Award show as the guest of Higgenson, where her namesake song was nominated for 2008 Song of the Year (won by Amy Winehouse for "Rehab").


title: Lady in the Lake (TV series)

text: Lady in the Lake is an upcoming American drama miniseries based on the novel of the same name by Laura Lippman. It is set to premiere on Apple TV+.


title: Lady in the Lake (TV series)

text: In 1960s Baltimore, an investigative journalist working on an unsolved murder clashes with a woman working to advance the agenda of the city's black community. The protagonist ditches her doting husband and big Pikesville home to pursue a career as a newspaper reporter. She becomes obsessed with unraveling the mystery of two separate killings: eleven-year-old Tessie Fine and a bartender named Cleo Sherwood.


title: Lady in the Lake (TV series)

text: The television series is based on the novel of the same name. Laura Lippman, the author, took inspiration from two real-life murders that happened in her youth. The first was the abduction and murder of 11-year-old Esther Lebowitz, a white Jewish girl whose death was heavily publicized. The second death was 33-year-old Shirley Parker, a black woman who was found dead in the fountain of the Druid Hill Park Reservoir. Parker's death was only given attention in African-American newspapers, specifically the Baltimore Afro-American.


title: Lady in the Lake (TV series)

text: The miniseries was given the greenlight in March 2021, with Natalie Portman and Lupita Nyong'o set to star, and Alma Har'el will direct all episodes of the series. In April 2022, Y'Lan Noel, Mikey Madison and Brett Gelman were added to the cast. In May 2022, Nyong'o exited the series. Moses Ingram would be cast to replace her in June. Noah Jupe, Mike Epps, Byron Bowers. Josiah Cross and Pruitt Taylor Vince would be added in July.


title: Lady in the Lake (TV series)

text: Filming began in April 2022, with production taking place in Baltimore. Production paused briefly in late August 2022, when the production received threats of violence while filming in the city. The threats were later found to be unsubstantiated after police investigation.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Sampaloc is a district of Manila, Philippines. It is referred to as the University Belt or simply called "“U-Belt”" for numerous colleges and universities are found within the district such as the University of Santo Tomas, the oldest extant university in Asia; the National University, the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines; the Far Eastern University, known for its Art Deco campus and cultural heritage site of the Philippines; and the University of the East, once dubbed as the largest university in Asia in terms of enrollment. The district is bordered by the districts of Quiapo and San Miguel in the south, Santa Mesa district in the south and east, Santa Cruz district in the west and north, and Quezon City in the northeast.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Aside from being the "University Belt", Sampaloc is also known to Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces for its Dangwa flower market, located in Dimasalang Road, well known as the selling center for cut flowers from all over the Philippines, mainly Baguio. Sampaloc is also the location of a former colonial mansion, now called Windsor Inn, which is popular among backpackers and budget travelers.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Barangays 395 to 636 of the City of Manila would all have belonged to Sampaloc and comprise 241 barangays for the district. However, what are now known as barangays 587-636 became part of Santa Mesa when these areas were separated from Sampaloc after Santa Mesa became a separate parish in 1911. Santa Mesa is now a part of the 6th congressional district of Manila, while Sampaloc is the sole district comprising the 4th congressional district of Manila.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Many streets in Sampaloc, particularly in the northeast portion divided by España and Lacson Avenues, have names that are directly associated with the Philippine national hero José Rizal, either named after the places (e.g. Calamba, Dapitan), real-life people (e.g. Blumentritt), characters from his novels (e.g. Ibarra, Maria Clara) or his pen names (e.g. Laong Laan, Dimasalang).


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: "Sampaloc" or ""Sampalok"" is the native Tagalog word for the tamarind fruit. The place was likely named after it due to tamarind trees that may have been rampant in the area.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: The founding of Sampaloc as a town coincided with its establishment as a parish independent of Santa Ana de Sapa in 1613. At the time, it included what is now Pandacan which was separated from it in 1712. Sampaloc would comprise ten barrios ― Bacood, Balic-Balic, Bilarang Hipon, Calubcub, Manggahan, Nagtahan, San Isidro, San Roque, Santa Mesa, and Santol.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Following the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which seceded the Philippines to the United States, the subsequent arrival of American colonial troops shortly drew animosity between both American troops and Filipino troops.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: When a detachment of Philippine Revolutionary Army troops attempted to cross the San Juan River Bridge, American troops returned fire. This event was memorialized with a historical marker which had stood on the bridge until it was ordered to be moved in 2003 after studies by Dr. Benito J. Legarda concluded that the shot was not fired at the bridge, but was instead fired somewhere between Blockhouse 7 (within the city limits of Manila) and Barrio Santol at Silenco Street (now part of Sampaloc) on the connecting road that is now Sociego Street.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: In 1901, with the chartering of the city of Manila under the American-led Taft Commission, where most of Sampaloc, with the exception of the barrio of Bilarang Hipon, would be absorbed by the city of Manila when its borders were extended outside the walled city now known as Intramuros.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: In 1996, Ramon Bagatsing Jr., the then-representative of Manila's 4th district, launched a program called the "Sampaloc Experiment", which sought to implement the then-new subject of computer education within the district's public schools as a trial program for the rest of the country.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Education in Sampaloc is handled by the Division of City Schools – Manila. Sampaloc is also home to some universities and colleges part of the University Belt such as Far Eastern University, Informatics, Mary Chiles College, National University, Perpetual Help College of Manila, Philippine College of Health Sciences, Philippine School of Business Administration, University of the East, University of Manila, and University of Santo Tomas.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Sampaloc is the hub of major national bus transportation carriers. Among the bus companies in Sampaloc with their terminal are: Fariñas Transit Company, GV Florida Transport, Victory Liner, Partas, Maria De Leon, RCJ Trans, RCJ Lines, Five Star Bus Company, Northern Luzon Bus Line and Dalin liner and other southern Luzon buses.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Sampaloc is served by two Philippine National Railways station: Laon Laan and España station. It is also served by LRT Line 2 Legarda station and LRT Line 1 Blumentritt Station in Santa Cruz.


title: Sampaloc, Manila

text: Main thoroughfares in Sampaloc are S.H. Loyola (formerly Lepanto), Vicente Cruz, M. De La Fuente, P. Florentino, Blumentritt, Aurora Boulevard, Dapitan, Laon Laan, Dimasalang, Maria Clara, Maceda, Padre Campa, Padre Noval, Tomas Earnshaw (Bustillos), Legarda, Gastambide, Recto Avenue, Lerma, Nicanor Reyes (Morayta), Lacson Avenue and España Boulevard.


title: Sudan Archives

text: Brittney Denise Parks, better known by her stage name Sudan Archives, is an American violinist, singer, and songwriter based in Los Angeles, California. Parks learned to play the violin by ear as a young child in Cincinnati, Ohio.


title: Sudan Archives

text: Signed to Stones Throw Records, Parks has released two studio albums to date: "Athena" (2019) and "Natural Brown Prom Queen" (2022).


title: Sudan Archives

text: Sudan Archives was born Brittney Denise Parks, and grew up in Cincinnati, Ohio. She began playing violin in the fourth grade, learning by ear. Parks' stepfather worked at the Atlanta-based record label LaFace Records and suggested that she and her twin sister, Cat, form a pop duo called N2 and aim for commercial success. Parks recalls: "I felt stifled – it wasn't good for my creativity. All through high school I was a punk. I never stood up for the pledge of allegiance and I didn't sit with anyone at lunch. I just wanted to get out." After attending several late-night raves, Parks felt inspired to follow her own musical inclinations and left home for Los Angeles: "Watching those artists, I realised that I didn't need to be in a band. I could do this by myself. My parents told me I couldn't live with them if I kept going out. So I left."


title: Sudan Archives

text: Parks studied ethnomusicology at Pasadena City College, while attending the experimental club night Low End Theory and working on her own musical material on her iPad. Embarking on a journey "to show the Blackness of the violin," Parks studied the history of violin performers across different cultures, noting: "I found violinists who looked like me in Africa, playing it so wildly. It's such a serious instrument in a western concert setting, but in so many other places in the world it brings the party."


title: Sudan Archives

text: Sudan Archives released her self-titled debut EP in 2017 and followed it with the "Sink" EP in 2018. The EP's lead single, "Nont for Sale", ranked as one of "Stereogum"s favorite songs in May 2018. Parks released her debut studio album, "Athena", the following year. The album received widespread critical acclaim from publications such as "The Guardian", which said it contained "some of the most viscerally gorgeous music put to record", "The Quietus", which commended Parks for her "knack for writing massive hooks that will dig straight into your brain", "Variety", which described "Athena" as "innovative, unusual and inviting", and many more.


title: Sudan Archives

text: On March 16, 2022, Parks returned with "Home Maker", her first new track in three years and the first single from her second studio album, "Natural Brown Prom Queen". "Pitchfork" made it one of their Best New Tracks and described it as Parks' "most approachable yet, a swaggering statement of intent with all the idiosyncratic charm that makes her music so memorable". Parks headlined the Stones Throw showcase at South by Southwest the following day.


title: Sudan Archives

text: On September 9, 2022, "Natural Brown Prom Queen" was released to widespread critical acclaim, with Parks noting of the album's variety: "It felt like time to let people know who I am. My stage name is kind of academic and on "Athena", I created this thoughtful persona centred on divine Black femininity. Now I want to show my looseness, too. I'm a deep, insightful person, but I'm also fucking silly."


title: Sudan Archives

text: Sudan Archives has taken inspiration from a variety of African musicians, including Cameroonian electronic musician Francis Bebey and Sudanese violinist Asim Gorashi. She is also inspired by Irish music. When performing, Sudan Archives sometimes uses electronic effects pedals and electronic beats and has also performed in a string quartet.


title: Sudan Archives

text: Parks lives in Los Angeles, and as of the COVID-19 pandemic has been dating James McCall, better known by the stage names Nocando and All City Jimmy. Parks and McCall built a home studio together in her basement, where she recorded her second studio album, "Natural Brown Prom Queen".


title: Menkaure

text: Menkaure (also Menkaura, Egyptian transliteration "mn-k3w-Rˁ"), was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the fourth dynasty during the Old Kingdom, who is well known under his Hellenized names Mykerinos () (by Herodotus) and Menkheres () (by Manetho). According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidence, he was almost certainly the successor of Khafre. Africanus (from Syncellus) reports as rulers of the fourth dynasty Sôris, Suphis I, Suphis II, Mencherês, Ratoisês, Bicheris, Sebercherês, and Thamphthis in this order. Menkaure became famous for his tomb, the Pyramid of Menkaure, at Giza and his statue triads, showing the king together with his wives Rekhetre and Khamerernebty and with various deities.


title: Menkaure

text: Menkaure was the son of Khafre and the grandson of Khufu. A flint knife found in the mortuary temple of Menkaure mentioned a king's mother Khamerernebty I, suggesting that Khafre and this queen were the parents of Menkaure. Menkaure is thought to have had at least two wives.


title: Menkaure

text: The royal court included several of Menkaure's half brothers. His brothers Nebemakhet, Duaenre, Nikaure, and Iunmin served as viziers during the reign of their brother. His brother Sekhemkare may have been younger than he was and became vizier after the death of Menkaure.


title: Menkaure

text: The length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. The ancient historian Manetho credits him with rulership of 63 years, but this is surely an exaggeration. The Turin Canon is damaged at the spot where it should present the full sum of years, but the remains allow a reconstruction of "..?.. + 8  years of rulership". Egyptologists think that 18-year rulership was meant to be written, which is generally accepted. A contemporary workmen's graffito reports about the "year after the 11th cattle count". If the cattle count was held every second year (as was tradition at least up to king Sneferu), Menkaure might have ruled for 22 years.


title: Menkaure

text: In 2013, a fragment of the sphinx of Menkaure was discovered at Tel Hazor at the entrance to the city palace.


title: Menkaure

text: Menkaure's pyramid at Giza was called "Netjer-er-Menkaure", meaning "Menkaure is Divine". This pyramid is the smallest of the three main pyramids at Giza. This pyramid measures at the base and in height. There are three subsidiary pyramids associated with Menkaure's pyramid.


title: Menkaure

text: These other pyramids are sometimes labeled G-IIIa (East subsidiary pyramid), G-IIIb (Middle subsidiary pyramid) and G-IIIc (West subsidiary pyramid). In the chapel associated with G-IIIa a statue of a queen was found. It is possible that these pyramids were meant for the queens of Khafre. It may be that Khamerernebti II was buried in one of the pyramids.


title: Menkaure

text: The Valley temple was a mainly brick built structure that was enlarged in the fifth or sixth Dynasty. From this temple come the famous statues of Menkaure with his queen and Menkaure with several deities. A partial list includes:


title: Menkaure

text: At his mortuary temple more statues and statue fragments were found. An interesting find is a fragment of a wand from Queen Khamerernebty I. The piece is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Khamerernebti is given the title King's Mother on the fragment.


title: Menkaure

text: In 1837, English army officer Richard William Howard Vyse, and engineer John Shae Perring began excavations within the pyramid of Menkaure. In the main burial chamber of the pyramid they found a large stone sarcophagus long, in width, and in height, made of basalt. The sarcophagus was not inscribed with hieroglyphs although it was decorated in the style of palace facade. Adjacent to the burial chamber were found wooden fragments of a coffin bearing the name of Menkaure and a partial skeleton wrapped in a coarse cloth. The sarcophagus was removed from the pyramid and was sent by ship to the British Museum in London, but the merchant ship Beatrice carrying it was lost after leaving port at Malta on October 13, 1838. The other materials were sent by a separate ship, and those materials now reside at the museum, with the remains of the wooden coffin case on display.


title: Menkaure

text: It is now thought that the coffin was a replacement made during the much later Saite period, nearly two millennia after the king's original interment. Radio carbon dating of the bone fragments that were found, place them at an even later date, from the Coptic period in the first centuries AD.


title: Menkaure

text: According to Herodotus (430 BC), Menkaure was the son of Khufu (Greek "Cheops"), and that he alleviated the suffering his father's reign had caused the inhabitants of ancient Egypt. Herodotus adds that he suffered much misfortune: his only daughter, whose corpse was interred in a wooden bull (which Herodotus claims survived to his lifetime), died before him. Subsequently the oracle at Buto predicted he would only rule six more years.


title: Toosii

text: Nau'Jour Lazier Grainger (born January 9, 2000), better known by his stage name Toosii, is an American rapper and singer. He is known for songs such as "Love Is...", "Red Lights", "Love Cycle", "Poetic Pain" and "Sapiosexual", and his debut studio album, "Poetic Pain", which peaked at number 17 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Toosii

text: Nau'Jour Grainger was born and grew up in Syracuse, New York, but later relocated to Raleigh, North Carolina at the age of 17. It was in Raleigh, North Carolina where he began to seriously pursue his musical career. Rap was an escape route from his issues as a youth. He started recording music at age 16, while playing high school football and figuring out his life path. His stage name came from his childhood nickname of "Toota", and changed it to Toosii after his football teammates said it as a joke, adding the two I's because "You need two eyes to see the vision". Toosii was discovered by the South Coast Music Group (home of fellow North Carolina rapper DaBaby). He signed with the record label in 2019.


title: Toosii

text: Toosii was inspired to try music by both his brother and father and spent a period of time homeless before his career began to further develop. He got his big break in 2019 with the release of the track "Red Lights", which went on to accrue millions of streams. He then released his "Who Dat" mixtape on April 30, 2019, which was followed by the 13-track "Platinum Heart" mixtape on February 7, 2020. "Platinum Heart" reached number-one on the "Billboard" Heatseekers Album chart upon its initial release. The mixtape was later reissued as a 20-track deluxe version. On September 18, 2020, his third South Coast Music Group-affiliated "Poetic Pain" album was released as his first project on Capitol Records. His signing to Capitol was made on September 30, by Chris Turner (A&R) following the release of his official video for "Love Cycle" with Summer Walker. Toosii was credited with 50,000 US adjusted sales and over 250 million combined global streams in 2020 at the time of this release. "Love Cycle" was later certified as a US Gold single by the Recording Industry Association of America on January 11, 2021. His project "Poetic Pain" debuted at number 17 on the "Billboard" 200 chart in September 2020 and features the RIAA certification Gold single "Love Cycle" with Summer Walker.


title: Toosii

text: On May 7, 2021, Toosii released his seventh mixtape, "Thank You for Believing". The tape's title shows "gratitude to those that had faith in him and helped get him where he is today". It contains 13 tracks, and features Mulatto, Key Glock, and DaBaby. In 2021, he was featured on the XXL Freshman Class.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: Crimean Gothic was an East Germanic language spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: The existence of a Germanic dialect in Crimea is noted in a number of sources from the 9th century to the 18th century. However, only a single source provides any details of the language itself: a letter by the Flemish ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, dated 1562 and first published in 1589, gives a list of some eighty words and a song supposedly in the language.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: Busbecq's account is problematic in a number of ways. First, his informants were not unimpeachable; one was a Greek speaker who knew Crimean Gothic as a second language, and the other was a Goth who had abandoned his native language in favour of Greek. Second, Busbecq's transcription was likely influenced by his own language, a Flemish dialect of Dutch. Finally, there are undoubted typographical errors in known extant versions of the account.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: Nonetheless, much of the vocabulary cited by Busbecq is unmistakably Germanic and was recognised by him as such:


title: Crimean Gothic

text: Busbecq also cites a number of words which he did not recognise but which are now known to have Germanic cognates:


title: Crimean Gothic

text: Busbecq mentions a definite article, which he records as being or . This variation may indicate either a gender distinction or allomorphy — the latter whereof would be somewhat akin to the English "the", which is pronounced either or .


title: Crimean Gothic

text: In 1780, Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz, an Archbishop of Mogilev, visited the southern coast of Crimea and Sevastopol. According to his account, he met some Tatars who spoke a language similar to Low German; this was probably a form of Crimean Gothic.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: While the initial identification of this language as "Gothic" probably rests on ethnological rather than linguistic grounds — that is, the speakers were identified as Goths, and therefore the language must be Gothic — it appears to share a number of distinctive phonological developments with the Gothic of Ulfilas' Bible. For example, the word ("egg") shows the typical Gothic "sharpening" of Proto-Germanic to (as in Ulfilian Gothic ("went") from ), being from Proto-Germanic .


title: Crimean Gothic

text: There are also examples of features preserved in Crimean Gothic and Biblical Gothic but which have undergone changes in West and North Germanic. For example, both Crimean Gothic and Biblical Gothic preserve Germanic as a sibilant, while it became in all other Germanic dialects: Crimean Gothic and Biblical Gothic vs. German , all meaning 'he'. Also, Crimean Gothic and Biblical Gothic both preserve the medial in their reflexes of Proto-Germanic (stem ) 'four': in the Crimean Gothic and in the latter. This is lost in all North Germanic languages which have forms descending from Old Norse and all West Germanic languages, which have forms descending from : Old English , Old Saxon , Old High German .


title: Crimean Gothic

text: However, there are problems in assuming that Crimean Gothic simply represents a later stage in the development of the Gothic attested in Ulfilas' Bible. Some innovations in Biblical Gothic are not found in Crimean Gothic. For example:


title: Crimean Gothic

text: However, there also seem to be developments similar to those that occurred in varieties of West Germanic, such as the change of to a stop, possibly exhibited in Crimean Gothic ( Biblical Gothic ). Several historical accounts mention similarity of Crimean Gothic to Low German, as well as the intelligibility of Crimean Gothic to German speakers, with the Dutch-speaking Busbecq's account being by far the most important.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: There are two alternative solutions: that Crimean Gothic presents a separate branch of East Germanic, distinct from Ulfilas' Gothic; or that Crimean Gothic is actually descended from the dialect of West Germanic settlers who migrated to Crimea in the early Middle Ages and whose language was subsequently influenced by Gothic. Both of these possibilities were first suggested in the 19th century and are most recently argued by Stearns and Grønvik, respectively. While there is no consensus on a definitive solution to this problem, it is accepted that Crimean Gothic is not a descendant of Biblical Gothic.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: The song recorded by Busbecq is less obviously Germanic and has proved impossible to interpret definitively. There is no consensus as to whether it is actually in Crimean Gothic.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: The only non-Busbecqian additions to this very small corpus are two potentially Crimean Gothic terms from other sources: the first is a proper name, , found in a Hebrew inscription on a grave stone dating from the 5th century AD; the second word, ("house"), may have lived on as a loan word meaning "roof lath" in the Crimean Tatar language.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: In 2015, five Gothic inscriptions were found by Andrey Vinogradov, a Russian historian, on stone plates excavated in Mangup in 1938, and deciphered by him and Maksim Korobov. The inscriptions were written in the second half of the 9th century or in the first half of the 10th century.


title: Crimean Gothic

text: One of them is a Biblical Gothic version of Psalm 77:13. It is not included in the known manuscripts of the Gothic Bible (which mostly preserve New Testament texts), but the orthography and phrasing matches that of Wulfila's Bible. In the inscription, it is followed by a sentence which does not come from the Bible, but again copies or mimics Biblical Gothic:


title: LGBT pride

text: LGBT pride (also known as gay pride or simply pride) is the promotion of the self-affirmation, dignity, equality, and increased visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people as a social group. Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma, is the predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBT rights movements. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals, a cable TV station, and the Pride Library.


title: LGBT pride

text: Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during LGBT Pride Month or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a country's LGBT history, for example Moscow Pride in May for the anniversary of Russia's 1993 decriminalization of homosexuality. Some pride events include LGBT pride parades and marches, rallies, commemorations, community days, dance parties, and festivals.


title: LGBT pride

text: Common symbols of pride include the rainbow flag and other pride flags, the lowercase Greek letter lambda (λ), the pink triangle and the black triangle, these latter two reclaimed from use as badges of shame in Nazi concentration camps.


title: LGBT pride

text: The term "Gay Pride" was crafted by Thom Higgins, a gay rights activist in Minnesota (1969+). Brenda Howard along with the bisexual activist Robert A. Martin (aka Donny the Punk) and gay activist L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing the word "Pride" to describe these festivities.


title: LGBT pride

text: The 1950s and 1960s in the United States constituted an extremely repressive legal and social period for LGBT people. In this context American homophile organizations such as the Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine Society coordinated some of the earliest demonstrations of the modern LGBT rights movement. These two organizations in particular carried out pickets called "Annual Reminders" to inform and remind Americans that LGBT people did not receive basic civil rights protections. Annual Reminders began in 1965 and took place each July 4 at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.


title: LGBT pride

text: The anti-LGBT discourse of these times equated both male and female homosexuality with mental illness. Inspired by Stokely Carmichael's "Black is Beautiful", gay civil rights pioneer and participant in the Annual Reminders Frank Kameny originated the slogan "Gay is Good" in 1968 to counter social stigma and personal feelings of guilt and shame.


title: LGBT pride

text: Early on the morning of Saturday, June 28, 1969, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons rioted following a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar at 43 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City. This riot and further protests and rioting over the following nights were the watershed moment in the modern LGBT rights movement and the impetus for organizing LGBT pride marches on a much larger public scale.


title: LGBT pride

text: On November 2, 1969, Craig Rodwell, his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, and Linda Rhodes proposed the first pride march to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in Philadelphia.


title: LGBT pride

text: That the Annual Reminder, in order to be more relevant, reach a greater number of people, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle in which we are engaged—that of our fundamental human rights—be moved both in time and location.


title: LGBT pride

text: <br>We propose that a demonstration be held annually on the last Saturday in June in New York City to commemorate the 1969 spontaneous demonstrations on Christopher Street and this demonstration be called CHRISTOPHER STREET LIBERATION DAY. No dress or age regulations shall be made for this demonstration.


title: LGBT pride

text: <br>We also propose that we contact Homophile organizations throughout the country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day. We propose a nationwide show of support.


title: LGBT pride

text: All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia voted for the march except for Mattachine Society of New York, which abstained. Members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) attended the meeting and were seated as guests of Rodwell's group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN).


title: LGBT pride

text: Meetings to organize the march began in early January at Rodwell's apartment in 350 Bleecker Street. At first there was difficulty getting some of the major New York City organizations like Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) to send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, Michael Brown, Marty Nixon, and Foster Gunnison Jr. of Mattachine made up the core group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and sought donations from the national homophile organizations and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop customer mailing list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization. Other mainstays of the organizing committee were Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie and Brenda Howard of GLF. Believing that more people would turn out for the march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970. With Dick Leitsch's replacement as president of Mattachine NY by Michael Kotis in April 1970, opposition to the march by Mattachine ended.


title: LGBT pride

text: Christopher Street Liberation Day on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with the march, which was the first Gay Pride march in New York history, and covered the 51 blocks to Central Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers. "The New York Times" reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks. Reporting by "The Village Voice" was positive, describing "the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago". There was also an assembly on Christopher Street.


title: LGBT pride

text: On Saturday, June 27, 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march from Washington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to the Water Tower at the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants extemporaneously marched on to the Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza. The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere. Subsequently, during the same weekend, gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in Los Angeles and a march and "Gay-in" in San Francisco.


title: LGBT pride

text: The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in Boston, Dallas, Milwaukee, London, Paris, West Berlin, and Stockholm. By 1972 the participating cities included Atlanta, Brighton, Buffalo, Detroit, Washington D.C., Miami, and Philadelphia, as well as San Francisco.


title: LGBT pride

text: Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from themselves. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government. Ten people marched with Kameny then, and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred."


title: LGBT pride

text: Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life". The image of gays retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals". Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."


title: LGBT pride

text: In the 1980s there was a major cultural shift in the Stonewall Riot commemorations. The previous more loosely organized, grassroots marches and parades were taken over by more organized and less radical elements of the gay community. The marches began dropping "Liberation" and "Freedom" from their names under pressure from more conservative members of the community, replacing them with the philosophy of "Gay Pride" (in San Francisco, the name of the gay parade and celebration was not changed from "Gay Freedom Day Parade" to "Gay Pride Day Parade" until 1994). The Greek lambda symbol and the pink triangle, which had been revolutionary symbols of the Gay Liberation Movement, were tidied up and incorporated into the Gay Pride, or Pride, movement, providing some symbolic continuity with its more radical beginnings. The pink triangle was also the inspiration for the homomonument in Amsterdam, commemorating all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality.


title: LGBT pride

text: LGBT Pride Month occurs in the United States to commemorate the Stonewall riots, which occurred at the end of June 1969. As a result, many pride events are held during this month to recognize the impact LGBT people have had in the world.


title: LGBT pride

text: Three presidents of the United States have officially declared a pride month. First, President Bill Clinton declared June "Gay & Lesbian Pride Month" in 1999 and 2000. Then from 2009 to 2016, each year he was in office, President Barack Obama declared June LGBT Pride Month. Later, President Joe Biden declared June LGBTQ+ Pride Month in 2021. Donald Trump became the first Republican president to acknowledge LGBT Pride Month in 2019, but he did so through tweeting rather than an official proclamation; the tweet was later released as an official "Statement from the President."


title: LGBT pride

text: Beginning in 2012, Google displayed some LGBT-related search results with different rainbow-colored patterns each year during June. In 2017, Google also included rainbow-coloured streets on Google Maps to display Gay Pride marches occurring across the world.


title: LGBT pride

text: At many colleges, which are not in session in June, LGBT pride is instead celebrated during April, which is dubbed "Gaypril".


title: LGBT pride

text: Pride month is not recognized internationally as pride celebrations take place in many other places at different times, including in the months of February, August, and September. Increasingly, June is being recognised as Pride Month outside the United States.


title: LGBT pride

text: For the first time in the history of an Arab monarchy, diplomatic embassies in the United Arab Emirates supported the LGBTQ community by raising the rainbow flag to celebrate Pride Month 2021. The UK embassy in the UAE posted a picture on Twitter of the Pride flag alongside the Union Jack, affirming their “pride in the UK’s diversity and our values of equality, inclusion and freedom”. The US embassy in the Emirates also posted a picture of the flying American and Pride flags on its Abu Dhabi residence, stating that it supported “dignity and equality of all people”. While the move was remarkable, it faced backlash online and was extensively criticized by the locals over social media. Many called it “disrespectful” and “insulting”.


title: LGBT pride

text: The term Wrath Month, which started as a Twitter meme in 2018, eventually came to be used by some as a response to the perceived tameness of Pride Month.


title: LGBT pride

text: <nowiki>From both outside and inside the LGBT community, there is criticism and protest against pride events. Bob Christie's documentary </nowiki>"" evaluates gay pride events in different countries within the context of local opposition.


title: LGBT pride

text: In August 2011, São Paulo city alderman of the right-wing Democrats Party sponsored a bill to organize and sponsor "Heterosexual Pride Day" on the third Sunday of December. Apolinário, an Evangelical Protestant, stated that the intent of the parade was a "struggle ... against excesses and privileges". Members of Grupo Gay da Bahia and the Workers' Party opposed the bill as enhancing "the possibility of discrimination and prejudice". The bill was nevertheless passed by the city council, but never received the signature of mayor Gilberto Kassab.


title: LGBT pride

text: A Brazilian photographer was arrested after refusing to delete photos of police attacking two young people participating in a gay pride parade on October 16, 2011, in the city of Itabuna, Bahia, reported the newspaper Correio 24 horas. According to the website Notícias de Ipiau, Ederivaldo Benedito, known as Bené, said four police officers tried to convince him to delete the photos soon after they realized they were being photographed. When he refused, they ordered him to turn over the camera. When the photographer refused again, the police charged him with contempt and held him in jail for over 21 hours until he gave a statement. According to Chief Marlon Macedo, the police alleged that the photographer was interfering with their work, did not have identification, and became aggressive when he was asked to move. Bené denied the allegations, saying the police were belligerent and that the scene was witnessed by "over 300 people", reported Agência Estado.


title: LGBT pride

text: In a 2008 interview for the biography "La Reina muy cerca" (The Queen Up Close), by Spanish journalist and writer Pilar Urbano, Queen Sofía of Spain sparked controversy by voicing her disapproval of LGBT pride. This was in addition to overstepping her official duties as a member of the Royal Family by censoring the Spanish Law on Marriage in how it names same-sex unions as "matrimonio" (marriage). Without using the slogan "Straight Pride", Queen Sofía was directly quoted as saying that if heterosexuals were to take the streets as the LGBT community does for Gay Pride parades, that the former collective would bring Madrid to a standstill.


title: LGBT pride

text: Even though the Royal Household of Spain approved publication of the interview and Pilar Urbano offered to share the interview recording, both Queen Sofía and the Royal Household have refuted the comments in question.


title: LGBT pride

text: In 2016 and 2017, the Istanbul Governor's Office did not allow the LGBT Pride Parade to take place, citing security concerns and public order.


title: LGBT pride

text: In 2016, Ugandan police broke up a gay pride event in the capital. Homosexual acts are illegal in Uganda.


title: LGBT pride

text: In a special queer issue of "The Stranger" in 1999, openly gay author, pundit, and journalist Dan Savage questioned the relevance of pride thirty years later, writing that pride was an effective antidote to shame imposed on LGBT people, but that pride is now making LGBT people dull and slow as a group, as well as being a constant reminder of shame; however, he also states that pride in some simpler forms is still useful to individuals struggling with shame. Savage writes that gay pride can also lead to disillusionment where an LGBT individual realizes the reality that sexual orientation does not say much about a person's personality, after being led by the illusion that LGBT individuals are part of a co-supportive and inherently good group of people.


title: LGBT pride

text: The growth and commercialization of Christopher Street Days, coupled with their de-politicization, has led to an alternative CSD in Berlin, the so-called "Kreuzberger CSD" or "Transgenialer" ("Transgenial"/Trans Ingenious") CSD. Political party members are not invited for speeches, nor can parties or companies sponsor floats. After the parade, there is a festival with a stage for political speakers and entertainers. Groups discuss lesbian/transsexual/transgender/gay or queer perspectives on issues such as poverty and unemployment benefits (Hartz IV), gentrification, or "Fortress Europe".


title: LGBT pride

text: In June 2010, American philosopher and theorist Judith Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day Parade in Berlin, Germany, at the award ceremony, arguing and lamenting in a speech that the parade had become too commercial, and was ignoring the problems of racism and the double discrimination facing homosexual or transsexual migrants. According to Butler, even the organizers themselves promote racism. The general manager of the CSD committee, Robert Kastl, countered Butler's allegations and pointed out that the organizers already awarded a counseling center for lesbians dealing with double discrimination in 2006. Regarding the allegations of commercialism, Kastl further explained that the CSD organizers do not require small groups to pay a participation fee (which starts at 50 € and goes up to 1500 €). He also distanced himself from all forms of racism and Islamophobia.


title: LGBT pride

text: Some social movements and associations have criticized modern iterations of pride, viewing it as a depletion of the claims of such demonstrations and the "merchandization" of the parade. In this respect, they defend, in countries like Spain, the United States or Canada, a "Critical Pride" celebration to give the events a political meaning again. Gay Shame, a radical movement within the LGBT community, opposes the assimilation of LGBT people into mainstream, heteronormative society, the commodification of non-heterosexual identity and culture, and in particular the (over) commercialization of pride events.


title: LGBT pride

text: "Straight Pride" and "Heterosexual Pride" are analogies and slogans that contrast heterosexuality with homosexuality by copying the phrase "Gay Pride". Originating from the Culture Wars in the United States, "Straight Pride" is a form of conservative backlash as there is no straight or heterosexual civil rights movement. While criticism from inside and outside the LGBT community abounds, the "Straight Pride" incidents have gained some media attention, especially when they involve government and public institutions.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental parameters of the standard model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Another problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself: the Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, and one or both theories break down under certain conditions, such as spacetime singularities like the Big Bang and black hole event horizons.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Theories that lie beyond the Standard Model include various extensions of the standard model through supersymmetry, such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), and entirely novel explanations, such as string theory, M-theory, and extra dimensions. As these theories tend to reproduce the entirety of current phenomena, the question of which theory is the right one, or at least the "best step" towards a Theory of Everything, can only be settled via experiments, and is one of the most active areas of research in both theoretical and experimental physics.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Despite being the most successful theory of particle physics to date, the Standard Model is not perfect. A large share of the published output of theoretical physicists consists of proposals for various forms of "Beyond the Standard Model" new physics proposals that would modify the Standard Model in ways subtle enough to be consistent with existing data, yet address its imperfections materially enough to predict non-Standard Model outcomes of new experiments that can be proposed.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: The Standard Model is inherently an incomplete theory. There are fundamental physical phenomena in nature that the Standard Model does not adequately explain:


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: No experimental result is accepted as definitively contradicting the Standard Model at the 5 level, widely considered to be the threshold of a discovery in particle physics. Because every experiment contains some degree of statistical and systemic uncertainty, and the theoretical predictions themselves are also almost never calculated exactly and are subject to uncertainties in measurements of the fundamental constants of the Standard Model (some of which are tiny and others of which are substantial), it is to be expected that some of the hundreds of experimental tests of the Standard Model will deviate from it to some extent, even if there were no new physics to be discovered.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: At any given moment there are several experimental results standing that significantly differ from a Standard Model-based prediction. In the past, many of these discrepancies have been found to be statistical flukes or experimental errors that vanish as more data has been collected, or when the same experiments were conducted more carefully. On the other hand, any physics beyond the Standard Model would necessarily first appear in experiments as a statistically significant difference between an experiment and the theoretical prediction. The task is to determine which is the case.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: In each case, physicists seek to determine if a result is merely a statistical fluke or experimental error on the one hand, or a sign of new physics on the other. More statistically significant results cannot be mere statistical flukes but can still result from experimental error or inaccurate estimates of experimental precision. Frequently, experiments are tailored to be more sensitive to experimental results that would distinguish the Standard Model from theoretical alternatives.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Observation at particle colliders of all of the fundamental particles predicted by the Standard Model has been confirmed. The Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model's explanation of the Higgs mechanism, which describes how the weak SU(2) gauge symmetry is broken and how fundamental particles obtain mass; it was the last particle predicted by the Standard Model to be observed. On July 4, 2012, CERN scientists using the Large Hadron Collider announced the discovery of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson, with a mass of about . A Higgs boson was confirmed to exist on March 14, 2013, although efforts to confirm that it has all of the properties predicted by the Standard Model are ongoing.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: A few hadrons (i.e. composite particles made of quarks) whose existence is predicted by the Standard Model, which can be produced only at very high energies in very low frequencies have not yet been definitively observed, and "glueballs" (i.e. composite particles made of gluons) have also not yet been definitively observed. Some very low frequency particle decays predicted by the Standard Model have also not yet been definitively observed because insufficient data is available to make a statistically significant observation.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: It is unclear if these empirical relationships represent any underlying physics; according to Koide, they "may be an accidental coincidence".


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Some features of the standard model are added in an ad hoc way. These are not problems per se (i.e. the theory works fine with these ad hoc features), but they imply a lack of understanding. These ad hoc features have motivated theorists to look for more fundamental theories with fewer parameters. Some of the ad hoc features are:


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: The standard model has three gauge symmetries; the colour SU(3), the weak isospin SU(2), and the weak hypercharge U(1) symmetry, corresponding to the three fundamental forces. Due to renormalization the coupling constants of each of these symmetries vary with the energy at which they are measured. Around these couplings become approximately equal. This has led to speculation that above this energy the three gauge symmetries of the standard model are unified in one single gauge symmetry with a simple gauge group, and just one coupling constant. Below this energy the symmetry is spontaneously broken to the standard model symmetries. Popular choices for the unifying group are the special unitary group in five dimensions SU(5) and the special orthogonal group in ten dimensions SO(10).


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Theories that unify the standard model symmetries in this way are called Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), and the energy scale at which the unified symmetry is broken is called the GUT scale. Generically, grand unified theories predict the creation of magnetic monopoles in the early universe, and instability of the proton. Neither of these have been observed, and this absence of observation puts limits on the possible GUTs.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Supersymmetry extends the Standard Model by adding another class of symmetries to the Lagrangian. These symmetries exchange fermionic particles with bosonic ones. Such a symmetry predicts the existence of "supersymmetric particles", abbreviated as "sparticles", which include the sleptons, squarks, neutralinos and charginos. Each particle in the Standard Model would have a superpartner whose spin differs by 1/2 from the ordinary particle. Due to the breaking of supersymmetry, the sparticles are much heavier than their ordinary counterparts; they are so heavy that existing particle colliders may not be powerful enough to produce them.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: In the standard model, neutrinos have exactly zero mass. This is a consequence of the standard model containing only left-handed neutrinos. With no suitable right-handed partner, it is impossible to add a renormalizable mass term to the standard model. Measurements however indicated that neutrinos spontaneously change flavour, which implies that neutrinos have a mass. These measurements only give the mass differences between the different flavours. The best constraint on the absolute mass of the neutrinos comes from precision measurements of tritium decay, providing an upper limit 2 eV, which makes them at least five orders of magnitude lighter than the other particles in the standard model. This necessitates an extension of the standard model, which not only needs to explain how neutrinos get their mass, but also why the mass is so small.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: One approach to add masses to the neutrinos, the so-called seesaw mechanism, is to add right-handed neutrinos and have these couple to left-handed neutrinos with a Dirac mass term. The right-handed neutrinos have to be sterile, meaning that they do not participate in any of the standard model interactions. Because they have no charges, the right-handed neutrinos can act as their own anti-particles, and have a Majorana mass term. Like the other Dirac masses in the standard model, the neutrino Dirac mass is expected to be generated through the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore unpredictable. The standard model fermion masses differ by many orders of magnitude; the Dirac neutrino mass has at least the same uncertainty. On the other hand, the Majorana mass for the right-handed neutrinos does not arise from the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore expected to be tied to some energy scale of new physics beyond the standard model, for example the Planck scale. Therefore, any process involving right-handed neutrinos will be suppressed at low energies. The correction due to these suppressed processes effectively gives the left-handed neutrinos a mass that is inversely proportional to the right-handed Majorana mass, a mechanism known as the see-saw. The presence of heavy right-handed neutrinos thereby explains both the small mass of the left-handed neutrinos and the absence of the right-handed neutrinos in observations.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: However, due to the uncertainty in the Dirac neutrino masses, the right-handed neutrino masses can lie anywhere. For example, they could be as light as keV and be dark matter, they can have a mass in the LHC energy range and lead to observable lepton number violation, or they can be near the GUT scale, linking the right-handed neutrinos to the possibility of a grand unified theory.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: The mass terms mix neutrinos of different generations. This mixing is parameterized by the PMNS matrix, which is the neutrino analogue of the CKM quark mixing matrix. Unlike the quark mixing, which is almost minimal, the mixing of the neutrinos appears to be almost maximal. This has led to various speculations of symmetries between the various generations that could explain the mixing patterns. The mixing matrix could also contain several complex phases that break CP invariance, although there has been no experimental probe of these. These phases could potentially create a surplus of leptons over anti-leptons in the early universe, a process known as leptogenesis. This asymmetry could then at a later stage be converted in an excess of baryons over anti-baryons, and explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: The light neutrinos are disfavored as an explanation for the observation of dark matter, due to considerations of large-scale structure formation in the early universe. Simulations of structure formation show that they are too hot—i.e. their kinetic energy is large compared to their mass—while formation of structures similar to the galaxies in our universe requires cold dark matter. The simulations show that neutrinos can at best explain a few percent of the missing dark matter. However, the heavy sterile right-handed neutrinos "are" a possible candidate for a dark matter WIMP.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Several preon models have been proposed to address the unsolved problem concerning the fact that there are three generations of quarks and leptons. Preon models generally postulate some additional new particles which are further postulated to be able to combine to form the quarks and leptons of the standard model. One of the earliest preon models was the Rishon model.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Theoretical physics continues to strive toward a theory of everything, a theory that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: In practical terms the immediate goal in this regard is to develop a theory which would unify the Standard Model with General Relativity in a theory of quantum gravity. Additional features, such as overcoming conceptual flaws in either theory or accurate prediction of particle masses, would be desired.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: The challenges in putting together such a theory are not just conceptual - they include the experimental aspects of the very high energies needed to probe exotic realms.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Several notable attempts in this direction are supersymmetry, loop quantum gravity, and String theory.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Theories of quantum gravity such as loop quantum gravity and others are thought by some to be promising candidates to the mathematical unification of quantum field theory and general relativity, requiring less drastic changes to existing theories. However recent work places stringent limits on the putative effects of quantum gravity on the speed of light, and disfavours some current models of quantum gravity.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Extensions, revisions, replacements, and reorganizations of the Standard Model exist in attempt to correct for these and other issues. String theory is one such reinvention, and many theoretical physicists think that such theories are the next theoretical step toward a true Theory of Everything.


title: Physics beyond the Standard Model

text: Among the numerous variants of string theory, M-theory, whose mathematical existence was first proposed at a String Conference in 1995 by Edward Witten, is believed by many to be a proper "ToE" candidate, notably by physicists Brian Greene and Stephen Hawking. Though a full mathematical description is not yet known, solutions to the theory exist for specific cases. Recent works have also proposed alternate string models, some of which lack the various harder-to-test features of M-theory (e.g. the existence of Calabi–Yau manifolds, many extra dimensions, etc.) including works by well-published physicists such as Lisa Randall.


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: "Chapter 5: The Gunslinger" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American streaming television series "The Mandalorian". It was written and directed by executive producer Dave Filoni and released on Disney+ on December 6, 2019. The episode stars Pedro Pascal as The Mandalorian, a lone bounty hunter on the run with "the Child" who helps a new bounty hunter (co-star Jake Cannavale).


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: The Mandalorian defeats a pursuing bounty hunter in a dogfight, but the "Razor Crest" is damaged and he lands at a repair facility run by Peli Motto (Amy Sedaris) in Mos Eisley on Tatooine. While seeking work to pay for the repairs in a local cantina, he meets Toro Calican (Jake Cannavale), a young bounty hunter looking to join the Bounty Hunter's Guild by capturing Fennec Shand (Ming-Na Wen), a well-trained mercenary. Despite misgivings, the Mandalorian agrees to help him for the bounty, while Calican will take credit for the capture. Peli, meanwhile, has come across "the Child" and begins to take care of it while working on the ship, growing slightly fond of it.


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: The Mandalorian and Calican travel into the Dune Sea on speeder bikes, looking for Shand. They come upon Tusken Raiders; the Mandalorian barters with them by trading Calican's binoculars (which are apparently brand-new) for safe passage. They eventually come across a Dewback with a dead bounty hunter attached to it, which turns out to be bait laid out by Shand to attract anyone looking for her. The two manage to avoid her attacks and capture her, but she manages to destroy one of their speeder bikes in the fight.


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: The Mandalorian goes to get the Dewback to replace the destroyed speeder, while Calican watches Shand. She tells him that the Mandalorian is a traitor to the Guild and that the bounties on the Mandalorian and the Child are worth a great deal more than her own. Calican is unconcerned with the bounty, but Shand points out that taking out a Mandalorian would make him a legend. She offers to help Calican capture the Mandalorian if he frees her but Calican, assuming that she would betray him, shoots her and heads to the repair facility on the speeder bike, where he captures Motto and the Child. The Mandalorian arrives, uses a flash grenade to stun Calican, and shoots him dead. The Mandalorian then gives Calican's money to Motto to pay for the repairs on his ship and he leaves Tatooine. Out in the desert, a mysterious figure is seen approaching Shand's body.


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: Amy Sedaris and Jake Cannavale were cast as Peli Motto and Toro Calican, respectively. At the D23 Expo in August 2019, it was revealed that Ming-Na Wen would appear in the series as Fennec Shand. Additional guest starring actors cast for this episode include Rio Hackford as Riot Mar, Troy Kotsur as a Tusken raider, and Steve Blum as the spaceport operator. Brendan Wayne and Lateef Crowder are credited as stunt doubles for The Mandalorian. Barry Lowin is credited as additional double for The Mandalorian, while Milly Nalin, Trevor Logan and Ming Qiu are credited as stunt doubles for Peli Motto, Toro Calican and Fennec Shand, respectively. "The Child" was performed by various puppeteers. In the episode "Connections" of "", it was revealed that Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker in the "Star Wars" films, provided the voice of the bartender droid EV-9D9.


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: Ludwig Göransson composed the musical score for the episode. The soundtrack album for the episode was released on December 6, 2019.


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes holds an approval rating of 74% for the episode, with an average rating of 6.5/10, based on 31 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "The Gunslinger has flare and nostalgia to spare, but with only three episodes left to go, "The Mandalorian" lack of forward momentum is starting to feel like narrative wheel spinning."


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: Alan Sepinwall of Rolling Stone praises the show for "keeping things simple, telling a clear story, and focusing on the strengths of your actors and your production. And The Mandalorian, like its title character, pretty consistently hits its targets. "The Gunslinger" continues this straightforward streak." Keith Phipps of Vulture.com gave the episode 4 out of 5 and wrote: "Part of what makes the Mandalorian such a compelling character is that he's great at his job but he's never superhumanly great at his job." Katie Rife of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B grade. She was excited at the prospect of seeing Mos Eisley and other callbacks to the original trilogy, but critical of the episode for being just more setup for the larger story arc: "I'm starting to wonder when we're going to get to the main course."


title: Chapter 5: The Gunslinger

text: In a negative review, Tyler Hersko, of "IndieWire", stated that "Nostalgia is one thing, but the utter dearth of new ideas here just makes the bountiful references a glaring reminder that this has all been done much better before."


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: James Edward Narz (February 26, 1927 – October 7, 2020), known professionally as Tom Kennedy, was an American television host best known for his work in game shows. Game shows Kennedy hosted included "Password Plus", "Split Second", "Name That Tune", and "You Don't Say!"


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Kennedy was the son of John Lawrence Narz Sr., and the younger brother of host Jack Narz (1922–2008), whose son, David, related about his uncle's name change that the brothers wanted to avoid the perceived conflict of having two announcers with the same last name promoting competing products. "After a lunch meeting with his agent," he said, "... he emerged as Tom Kennedy."


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: Kennedy did TV commercial spots for Regal Beer on Ozark Jubilee (later Jubilee USA), an ABC series which ran from 1955-60. He introduced himself as Jim Narz in the commercials.


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: While attending the University of Missouri, Kennedy worked at KFRU in Columbia, Missouri. While in Lexington, Kentucky, he worked at WKLX. After moving to Los Angeles, he worked for five years at KPOL and had a part-time job at KGIL.


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: Kennedy's biggest hit series were "You Don't Say!" which aired on NBC from 1963 to 1969, and on ABC in 1975; "Split Second" (1972–75); "Name That Tune" (1974–81); and "Password Plus", which he hosted from 1980 to 1982 following the illness (and later death) of original host Allen Ludden.


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: His other hosting credits include "The Big Game" (1958), "Dr. I.Q." (1958–59), "It's Your Bet" (1971–72), "Break the Bank" (1976), "50 Grand Slam" (1976), "To Say the Least" (1977–78), "Whew!" (1979–80), "Body Language" (1984–86), a syndicated nighttime version of "The Price Is Right" (1985–86) and "Wordplay" (1986–87). He briefly hosted a talk show, "The Real Tom Kennedy Show", in the early 1970s, and appeared as a guest panelist on "To Tell the Truth", "Hollywood Squares", "Liar's Club" and other game shows.


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: As an actor, he made guest appearances on such shows as "The Ghost & Mrs. Muir", "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In", "Cannon" and "Hardcastle and McCormick".


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: Kennedy retired in 1989 after several game show pilots produced by his production company failed to sell. In 2003, he appeared on "Hollywood Squares" during "Game Show Week Part 2".


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: Kennedy died on October 7, 2020, at the age of 93. His cause of death is unknown, though it was known that he "had been ill for several months".


title: Tom Kennedy (television host)

text: In July 2005, Kennedy and his brother Jack Narz were co-recipients of the Game Show Congress's Bill Cullen Award for Lifetime Achievement. Cullen was a brother-in-law of Narz and Kennedy.


title: Pat Perez

text: Patrick Anthony Perez (born March 1, 1976) is an American professional golfer who plays in the LIV Golf Invitational Series.


title: Pat Perez

text: Perez was born in Phoenix, Arizona, and is of Mexican-American descent. He is married to Ashley Perez.


title: Pat Perez

text: Perez won his first PGA Tour event in 2009 at the Bob Hope Classic; he has finished second there twice. His career high in the Official World Golf Ranking was 16th in 2018.


title: Pat Perez

text: On January 22, 2009, Perez finished the first 36 holes of the Bob Hope Classic with a 124 (−20), the lowest score, relative to par in PGA Tour history through two rounds. The start set or tied several records, including tying the record for low score (124) in consecutive rounds. Perez went on to win the tournament by three strokes over John Merrick, a win secured when Perez hit his second shot on the par 5, 18th hole, from 200 yards to 3 feet to win with a closing eagle for his first tour win.


title: Pat Perez

text: Perez also experienced a championship of another sort first-hand. As a neighbor of baseball player Pat Burrell, he had been very close to the Philadelphia Phillies for several years. In a January 2010 interview, he revealed, "I was part of that (2008) team (that won the World Series) because I know all of the guys, I had my locker there, I would come and see them all the time. I would really root for them like I was part of the team." When asked if he had the locker during spring training, he replied "No, the whole thing. I would hit balls with Jimmy Rollins, go out on the field and play catch, whatever. I was like one of them team for that year." When Burrell left as a free agent after the 2008 season and signed with the Tampa Bay Rays, Perez called the news "Worse than me getting hurt."


title: Pat Perez

text: Perez spent much of the 2015–16 season out of golf after shoulder surgery. He earned his first win since 2009 at the 2016 OHL Classic at Mayakoba. He was also the first player since Harrison Frazar (2011 St. Jude Classic) to win a PGA Tour event while playing on a Medical Extension. Perez won the CIMB Classic in 2017.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: The 1983 U.S. Senate bombing was a bomb explosion at the United States Senate on November 7, 1983, motivated by United States military involvement in Lebanon and Grenada. The attack led to heightened security in the DC metropolitan area, and the inaccessibility of certain parts of the Senate Building. Six members of the radical far-left Resistance Conspiracy were arrested in May 1988 and charged with the bombing, as well as related bombings of Fort McNair and the Washington Navy Yard which occurred April 25, 1983, and April 20, 1984, respectively.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: In October 1983, the United States invaded the island nation of Grenada and replaced the ruling left-wing New Jewel Movement with the previous parliamentary government at the behest of Governor-General Paul Scoon. The invasion began following the violent overthrow of the nation's first socialist leader, Maurice Bishop, due to a power struggle with his Deputy Prime Minister and subsequent mass demonstrations. The invasion, coupled with US participation in a peacekeeping force in Lebanon, prompted the left wing militant group Resistance Conspiracy to plan the Senate bombing as well as other similar attacks.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: On November 7, 1983, the Senate adjourned at 7:02 p.m. A crowded reception, held near the Senate Chamber, broke up two hours later. At 10:58 p.m., an explosion tore through the second floor of the Capitol's north wing; the adjacent halls were virtually deserted.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: Minutes before the blast, a caller claiming to represent the "Armed Resistance Unit" warned the Capitol switchboard that a bomb had been placed near the Chamber in retaliation for recent U.S. military involvement in Grenada and Lebanon, in which the U.S. had placed Marines. The "Armed Resistance Unit" also plotted to murder Henry Kissinger.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: The force of the device, hidden under a bench at the eastern end of the corridor outside the Chamber, blew off the door to the office of Democratic Leader Robert C. Byrd. Senator Byrd was an active supporter of involvement in Grenada, and had recently made attempts to garner support for retaliating against recent attacks against U.S. Marines stationed in Lebanon. His recent actions may have drawn attention from the terrorist group, and led to his targeting. Furthermore, the blast also punched a hole in a wall partition, sending a shower of pulverized brick, plaster, and glass into the Republican cloakroom. The explosion caused no structural damage to the Capitol. The force shattered mirrors, chandeliers, and furniture. Officials calculated damages of $250,000 ().


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: A portrait of Daniel Webster that was located near the concealed bomb received most of the force of the blast. The image of Webster's face was damaged, and canvas shards of it were strewn across the floor. Members of the Senate recovered fragments of the painting from debris-filled trash bins. A conservator worked for months to restore the painting to a semblance of the original.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: The group Resistance Conspiracy was a United States-based branch of the wider communist organization known as the May 19th Communist Order. This group existed from its first attack in 1976 until later attacks in 1985. Throughout the lifespan of the organization, twenty incidents of terror were committed including one fatality inflicted. Most of the incidents involved bombings and sabotage; however, several also included scare tactics such as threats and the utilization of fake weapons.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: The organization is also known as the Armed Resistance Unit, the Red Guerilla Resistance, and the Revolutionary Fighting Group.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: Earlier in that year on April 25, 1983, a small bomb detonated at the National War College at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. A call coming into UPI in advance of the attack mentioned "U.S. imperialism." The National War College is where American military officials get high-level training. Following the attack, it was immediately sealed off. Of the device causing the explosion, Col. Jamie Walton of the Army remarked that it <nowiki>"</nowiki>appeared to be 5 to 10 pounds of unknown explosives detonated by some sort of timing device.<nowiki>"</nowiki> Colonel Walton also reported no injuries were incurred, although there was superficial damage to the outside of the building.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: A year later, on April 24, 1984, the a group calling itself the Guerilla Resistance Movement took responsibility for a bombing at the Officer's Club at the Washington Navy Yard. Their reasons for the bombing were opposition to U.S. policy in Central America and independence for Puerto Rico. The explosion at the officers club occurred at 1:50 A.M. An F.B.I. spokesman said it appeared to have been caused by a powerful bomb that was placed under a couch in an entryway to the club. The explosion blew out windows, knocked down part of a false ceiling and damaged the interior of the three-story, red-brick club building. There was nobody in the building at the time of the bombing and no one was injured. The effect of this bombing led to heightened focus on anti terrorism operations in the United States, and eventually led to the group's takedown four years later in 1988.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: Within minutes of the explosion, more than a dozen fire trucks and four ambulances raced up to the west front of the Capitol while officers with police dogs began combing the area for clues. Witnesses attested to a loud blast which they could hear, and smoke at the Capitol, which they could see.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: A group calling itself Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for the bombing. The group mailed a recorded communique to National Public Radio stating, "We purposely aimed our attack at the institutions of imperialist rule rather than at individual members of the ruling class and government. We did not choose to kill any of them this time. But their lives are not sacred."


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: After a four and a half years investigation, federal agents arrested six members of the Resistance Conspiracy, on May 12, 1988, and charged them with bombings of the Capitol, Fort McNair, and the Washington Navy Yard. On December 6, 1990, federal judge Harold H. Greene sentenced Laura Whitehorn and Linda Evans to lengthy prison terms for conspiracy and malicious destruction of government property. The court dropped charges against three co-defendants, two of whom (including Susan Rosenberg) were serving extended prison sentences for related crimes. Whitehorn was sentenced to 20 years; Evans, to 5 years, concurrent with 35 years for illegally buying guns. On January 20, 2001, the day he left office, President Bill Clinton commuted Evans's and Rosenberg's sentences.


title: 1983 United States Senate bombing

text: The 1983 bombing marked the beginning of tightened security measures throughout the Capitol. The area outside the Senate Chamber, previously open to the public, was permanently closed. Congressional officials instituted a system of staff identification cards and added metal detectors to building entrances to supplement those placed at Chamber gallery.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: Civil Contract (, , ՔՊ, KP, often shortened to Քաղպայմանագիր, "K'aghpaymanagir") is a centrist political party in Armenia.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: It was established on 24 July 2013 as a non-governmental organization. Its governing board was formed on 9 December 2013. On 30 May 2015, it was registered as a political party. Civil Contract participated in the 2017 Armenian parliamentary election and the 2017 Yerevan City Council election as part of the Way Out Alliance ("Yelk"). Following the 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution led by Nikol Pashinyan, a new political alliance rose to prominence known as the My Step Alliance. After the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, the My Step Alliance gained a ruling majority in the National Assembly. The My Step Alliance dissolved in May 2021 as Civil Contract opted to participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary elections independently. Following the election, Civil Contract was able to retain their ruling majority.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: The Civil Contract Party has no definite official ideology. Its leader, Nikol Pashinyan, states: "There are no clear lines between political ideologies anymore ... in the 21st century, those lines disappeared. It's not acceptable for me to call our party 'liberal,' 'centrist,' or 'social democrat,' because the goals we have to achieve are beyond '-isms. Despite this, Pashinyan himself has been described as a radical centrist, a reformist, or a liberal (and occasionally a populist) in favour of a liberal democracy by international media.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: The party has announced their goal to double the population of Armenia within the next 20 years, ensure human rights and freedoms of all citizens, eliminate all forms of corruption and to further strengthen and develop the economy while protecting the environment.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: Prior to the 2018 election, Civil Contract was in favor of developing closer ties with the European Union and supported Armenia's inclusion in a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU. Party leader Nikol Pashinyan was skeptical of Armenia's membership in the Eurasian Union and complained that membership had brought no benefits to Armenia. However, following his electoral victory, Pashinyan changed his official position and announced his support of Armenia's membership in the Eurasian Union. Civil Contract claims that Armenia should not make a choice between the East and the West. Instead, Armenia should become an example and mediator of dialogue and cooperation.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: Civil Contract advocates for maintaining strong connections between Armenia and Russia while promoting Eurasian integration with other CIS and Eurasian Union member states. At the same time, Civil Contract does continue to support Armenia's European integration through developing closer ties with the European Union and to eliminate visa requirements for Armenian citizens traveling to the EU's Schengen Area. In October 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Tigran Avinyan stated that he sees a lot of potential growth in both economic and political ties with the EU. Avinyan also advised that, "Any future EU accession is a question that the people of Armenia need to answer and would only occur following the withdrawal of Armenia from the Eurasian Union."


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: In 2019, the party's leader categorically ruled out the prospect of Armenia leaving the EAEU or the CSTO, stating that Armenia would not do a "u-turn" in Foreign Policy. A new party program was adopted, which stated the party's intention for Armenia to "not choose between East and West" and that the country's foreign relations ought to be based on protecting the nation's sovereignty.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: Civil Contract also believes in deepening relations with China, Japan, India, Iran, Georgia, Latin America and the Middle East as well as securing international recognition of the Republic of Artsakh and the Armenian genocide.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: Civil Contract first came into the public consciousness on 23 January 2013, when MP Nikol Pashinyan from the opposition bloc publicized a project to establish a new political process in the newspaper "Haykakan Zhamanak" ("The Armenian Times"). For several months afterwards, the text of the contract was widely discussed in Armenian political forums. An updated version of the contract was published and Civil Contract, a new political union, was announced on 24 July of that year. The union announced that before its first conference, the text of the contract would be amended and clarified and a detailed road map created.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: During the fifth convention of the party in June 2019 acting Minister of Territorial Administration and Infrastructures Suren Papikyan was elected as Chairman of the 21 member strong governing board.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: Civil Contract's governing board was introduced on 9 December 2013 during a press conference at the Ani Plaza Hotel. It was formed to organize the first party convention.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: The Civil Contract Return Fund was established to ensure that the party's funding complies with Armenian law and its activities are democratically organized. Funds donated to Civil Contract will be stored in the fund's account and vault. Accounting will be conducted under the supervision of the board of trustees, which is independent of the governing board and controls the fund's expenditures. According to the party's contract, "Citizens who have donated money or property to the Contract shall have the right to request information on spending, and their demands are to be satisfied within three days' time."


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: The Civil Contract board of trustees was announced on 22 February 2014. Haykak Arshamyan was elected chairman, and Hakob Simidyan was appointed director of the fund. Members are:


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: The Civil Contract governing board published "Financing Politics and Civil Contract", an article touching on the issues of fiscal transparency and financing public and political life in Armenia, on 26 April 2014:


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: On March 31, 2018, Civil Contract leader Nikol Pashinyan and his supporters began a march from Gyumri (Armenia's second-largest city) to the capital, Yerevan, to dissuade Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan from retaining power beyond his legal term limit. On April 17, Nikol Pashinyan announced the start of a national, nonviolent "velvet revolution" to thousands of supporters gathered near the National Assembly. On April 22, several hours after a brief meeting with Sargsyan, Pashinyan was arrested with about 250 other protesters. After mass strikes by organized labor and streets blockaded by over 300,000 protesters (including soldiers and Civil Contract members), Sargsyan resigned on April 23. He said then, "Nikol Pashinyan was right. I was wrong. The movement of the street is against my office. I'm fulfilling your demands." According to contemporaneous reporting by Al Jazeera's Robin Forestier-Walker, "Thousands of people are on the streets, cheering and hugging each other, jumping up and down and honking their horns... things happened so quickly, I don't think the crowd was expecting this, but it is exactly what they wanted".


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: On 18 March 2021, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan announced early parliamentary elections, to take place on 20 June 2021. The announcement was made during a period of political unrest in the country, following the defeat of Armenia in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. Nikol Pashinyan subsequently resigned as Prime Minister, but continued his duties as acting Prime Minister.


title: Civil Contract (Armenia)

text: Civil Contract confirmed its intention to participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary elections, with Nikol Pashinyan leading the party as its candidate for prime minister. The party also confirmed that they would be running in the election independently, effectively dissolving the My Step Alliance. While the party did run independently, Gurgen Arsenyan, leader of the United Labour Party confirmed that he would participate with Civil Contract. In addition, the vice-chairman of Mighty Homeland, Shirak Torosyan, also announced he would participate with Civil Contract. Following the election, Civil Contract won 53.9% of the popular vote, gaining a supermajority of 71 seats in the National Assembly. Party leader Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed Armenia's prime minister.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: The Real World: Philadelphia is the fifteenth season of MTV's reality television series "The Real World", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the third season of "The Real World" to be filmed in the Mid-Atlantic States region of the United States, specifically in Pennsylvania.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: The season featured seven people who lived in a three-story building, and production began filming from April 30 to August 20, 2004. The season premiered on September 7 of that year and consisted of 26 episodes. The season premiere was watched by 3.3 million viewers.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: The Philadelphia season is the first with two openly gay men, Karamo Brown and William Hernandez, in the cast. (The first season to have two gay cast members, regardless of sex, was , although featured a bisexual woman and a gay man).


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: Beginning with the show's , almost every season of "The Real World" has included the assignment of a season-long group job or task to the housemates, continued participation in which has been mandatory to remain part of the cast since the season. The Philadelphia cast worked for the Philadelphia Soul, an Arena Football League team which was formerly partly owned by Jon Bon Jovi. As part of their duties for the Soul, the cast planned and built a playground for underprivileged children as part of the Northern Home for Children program.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: The cast lived in a building at 249-251 Arch Street at 3rd Street in Old City Philadelphia (). The , three-story building, which is adjacent to the Betsy Ross House, was built in 1902, and is known as the Union Bank of Philadelphia Building until 1970, when it was sold to Seamen's Church Institute to house global seafarers. It was placed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places in January 1977, and purchased in 2003 by Yaron Properties, Inc for $2.2 million USD. An additional $3 million was spent on renovating and furnishing the building for production of the series, which included 42 mounted cameras for filming. The interior was designed by Norm Dodge of Norm Dodge & Associates.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: In March 2004, producers ceased construction after completing two thirds of the project, and announced they were leaving Philadelphia because of disputes with Philadelphia trade unions. Joey Carson, CEO of Bunim/Murray Productions, and Ted Kenney, a producer on "The Real World", met in private over a two-week period with the trade unions. The meetings were brokered by Mayor John F. Street, Governor Ed Rendell, Congressman Bob Brady, and other civic leaders in order to keep the production in Philadelphia. The flap delayed renovations by several weeks. The interior decorations used for the series remained until as late as October 2004. Since filming ended, the building has served as an art gallery for the Art Institute of Philadelphia's F.U.E.L. Collection and has become an office for Linode since late 2015.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: On November 29, 2005, two Philadelphia police officers were arrested for aggravated assault, simple assault, criminal conspiracy and reckless endangerment, due to an altercation they had with a plainclothes officer guarding the "Real World" house during filming the previous year. According to UPI and TMZ.com, Officers Patrick Cavalieri and David McAndrews were off-duty when they went to the house during filming of the program, and began banging on the door. Officer Brian Copeland, the plain clothes officer guarding the house, tried to stop them, and was allegedly assaulted by the two fellow policemen, who were suspended for 30 days with the intent to dismiss, according to a department spokesman. Cavalieri, a five-year veteran of the force, was eventually fired. One of the charges against him was dropped, but he was found not guilty of another, and reinstated in his job. He later sued the city and Copeland for violations of his civil and constitutional rights, asking for a minimum of $50,000 in damages. Copeland alleged that Cavalieri and his "friends" severely beat him, causing severe eye damage. Cavalieri alleged that Copeland was not an officially licensed police officer at the time of the incident, that he did not identify himself as an officer before attacking him, and that he lied several times during the investigation regarding his version of the incident and the injuries he incurred.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: Seven months after the cast left the "Real World" house, all seven of them appeared to discuss their experiences both during and since their time on the show, "Fistful of Philly: The Real World Philadelphia Reunion", which premiered on March 15, 2005, and was hosted by Vanessa Minnillo.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: At the 2008 "The Real World Awards Bash", Shavonda received a nomination in the "Best Phonecall Gone Bad" category.


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: William Hernandez continued his acting career, appearing in movies such as "Evicted", "The Undercover Man", "The Narrow Gate", and "A Four Letter Word".


title: The Real World: Philadelphia

text: In 2016, Karamo Brown appeared as a cast member on the TV One original series "". In 2017, he hosted "Are You the One? Second Chances". He is currently a member of the "Fab 5" in the 2018 Netflix reboot of "Queer Eye". In 2019, he took part in the 28th season of "Dancing with the Stars", thus being the first person from "The Real World" to be cast on the show.


title: Burak Çelik

text: His maternal family immigrated from Balkan, Ottoman Empire. His paternal family is from Ordu. His uncle is a footbal player. At the age of thirteen, Burak Çelik left football due to asthma. In 2013, Çelik competed in the "Best Model of Turkey" and "Best Model of World" beauty pageants and finished in the first place.


title: Burak Çelik

text: Çelik started his acting career with the series "Karagül", in which he portrayed the character of Serdar for 100 episodes. He then had a leading role in the "Hayat Sevince Güzel" TV series, playing the role of Barış. Between 2017–2018, he had a recurring role in the series "Söz" as Selim.


title: I'm Afraid of Americans

text: "I'm Afraid of Americans" is a song by English musician David Bowie, released as a single from his album "Earthling" on 14 October 1997 through Virgin Records. The song was co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno and originally recorded during the sessions for Bowie's 1995 album "Outside"; this version was released on the soundtrack of the 1995 film "Showgirls". The song was then remade during the sessions for "Earthling" with his then-current band, guitarist Reeves Gabrels, pianist Mike Garson, bassist Gail Ann Dorsey and drummer Zack Alford. The remake was recorded between August and October 1996 at Looking Glass Studios in New York City and featured rewritten lyrics, overdubs and transposed verses. An industrial and techno track, it presents a critique of America through the eyes of a stereotypical 'Johnny' and is characterised by drum patterns, synthesisers, various loops and vocal distortions.


title: I'm Afraid of Americans

text: Following its release on the album, Virgin Records issued the song as a maxi-single in North America only with six different remixes. The remixes were mostly created by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor, continuing his and Bowie's association following the Outside Tour; the 'V3' mix featured Ice Cube while the 'V5' mix was created by Photek. Reznor subsequently appeared in the music video, which reflected the song's theme of a frightened European in an American city. A top 20 hit in Canada, the single peaked at number 66 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and spent 16 weeks on the chart. It was the final Bowie single to chart on the Hot 100 until 2015. Reznor's 'V1' mix has since appeared on several compilation albums.


title: I'm Afraid of Americans

text: The song has received positive responses from critics and biographers. "Rolling Stone" named it one of the 30 most essential songs of Bowie's catalogue in 2016. Some American commentators later acknowledged the significance of the lyrics in the late 2010s. Bowie performed "I'm Afraid of Americans" frequently on his concert tours, from the 1997 Earthling to 2003 A Reality tours. Live performances have been released on numerous live albums. Reznor has performed the song live with Nine Inch Nails as well.