title: Echoes of Silence

text: Echoes of Silence is the third mixtape by Canadian singer the Weeknd, released on December 21, 2011, by XO. Like his debut mixtape "House of Balloons" and his second mixtape "Thursday", the Weeknd collaborated with musician Illangelo; who produced the majority of the project. The project also featured first-time collaborations with producers Clams Casino and DropXLife and a spoken-word interlude from rapper Juicy J. Lyrically, "Echoes of Silence" contains similar themes to the Weeknd's previous projects, exploring his drug use and experiences with love. The project was preceded by the release of the promotional single "Initiation" on October 10, 2011.


title: Echoes of Silence

text: An alternative R&B and ambient pop project with elements of post-punk and trip hop, "Echoes of Silence" received widespread critical acclaim. It was named as a longlisted nominee for the 2012 Polaris Music Prize, marking the Weeknd's second consecutive nomination for the award. "Echoes of Silence" was later commercially released as part of the compilation album "Trilogy" (2012) and included the bonus track "Till Dawn (Here Comes the Sun)". On its tenth anniversary, the original mixes were released alongside a limited edition line of merchandise designed by illustrator Hajime Sorayama. A music video for the title track directed by the aforementioned illustrator was released on December 21, 2021.


title: Echoes of Silence

text: "Echoes of Silence" received widespread acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the mixtape received an average score of 82, based on 17 reviews. Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club" said "it's Tesfaye's total commitment to his ghastly persona that makes "Echoes Of Silence" so entrancingly chilling." Greg Kot of "Chicago Tribune" said, "It's an impressive consolidation of his strengths, tightening up his songwriting and sharpening his often disturbing wordplay." Kyle Anderson of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote "Tesfaye's velvety melodies infuse his trippy minimalism like incense smoke, getting lost only on the too-woozy title track." Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" said "the dragging beats, washes of synthesizer and eclectic musical references – chillwave and crunk hip-hop, Aaliyah and France Gall – somehow contrive to sound not just eerie and desolate but cosseting as well, inexorably drawing the listener into a deeply troubling world."


title: Echoes of Silence

text: Benjamin Boles of "Now" said "the mood is still dark, druggy and claustrophobic, but this time Tesfaye is channeling a pain that's less about cold emptiness than it is about more traditional heartbreak and longing." Andrew Ryce of "Pitchfork" called "Echoes of Silence" "a strong finish to Tesfaye's first trilogy, providing just enough closure to satisfy, and just enough mystery left to entice us back for the next round." Jon Dolan of "Rolling Stone" wrote "the Weeknd has helped make R&B a creepier place, crooning too-honest come-ons over cavernous, ballad-slow tracks that balance leering sensuality with vague menace." In a mixed review, Matthew Cole of "Slant Magazine" said "disappointing as "Echoes of Silence" may be as a collection of songs, it nonetheless serves its purpose in giving the Weeknd's triptych a suitably grim finale." Brandon Soderberg of "Spin" said, ""Echoes" is a profound listen that, despite its veneer of cynicism, oozes pain and crisis."


title: Sally Mann

text: Sally Mann HonFRPS (born Sally Turner Munger; May 1, 1951) is an American photographer who has made large format black and white photographs—at first of her young children, then later of landscapes suggesting decay and death.


title: Sally Mann

text: Born in Lexington, Virginia, Mann was the third of three children. Her father, Robert S. Munger, was a general practitioner, and her mother, Elizabeth Evans Munger, ran the bookstore at Washington and Lee University in Lexington. Mann was raised by an atheist and compassionate father who allowed Mann to be "benignly neglected". Mann was introduced to photography by her father, who encouraged her interest in photography; his 5x7 camera became the basis of her use of large format cameras today. Mann began to photograph when she was sixteen. Most of her photographs and writings are tied to Lexington, Virginia. Mann graduated from The Putney School in 1969, and attended Bennington College and Friends World College. She earned a BA, summa cum laude, from Hollins College (now Hollins University) in 1974 and a MA in creative writing in 1975.


title: Sally Mann

text: She took up photography at Putney where, she claims, her motive was to be alone in the darkroom with her boyfriend. She made her photographic debut at Putney with an image of a nude classmate. Mann has never had any formal training in photography and she "never read[s] about photography".


title: Sally Mann

text: After graduation from Hollins College, Mann worked as a photographer at Washington and Lee University. In the mid-1970s she photographed the construction of its new law school building, the Lewis Hall (now the Sydney Lewis Hall), leading to her first solo exhibition in late 1977 at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC The Corcoran Gallery of Art published a catalogue of Mann's images titled "The Lewis Law Portfolio". Some of those surrealistic images were also included as part of her first book, "Second Sight", published in 1984. While Mann explored a variety of genres as she was maturing in the 1970s, she truly found her trade with her book, "At Twelve: Portraits of Young Women" (Aperture, 1988).


title: Sally Mann

text: In 1995, she was featured in an issue of "Aperture". On Location with: Henri Cartier-Bresson, Graciela Iturbide, Barbara Kruger, Sally Mann, Andres Serrano, Clarissa Sligh" which was illustrated with photographs.


title: Sally Mann

text: Her second collection, "", published in 1988, stimulated minor controversy. The images "captured the confusing emotions and developing identities of adolescent girls [and the] expressive printing style lent a dramatic and brooding mood to all of her images". In the preface to the book, Ann Beattie says "when a girl is twelve years old, she often wants – or says she wants – less involvement with adults. […] [it is] a time in which the girls yearn for freedom and adults feel their own grip on things becoming a little tenuous, as they realize that they have to let their children go." Beattie says that Mann's photographs don't "glamorize the world, but they don't make it into something more unpleasant than it is, either". The girls photographed in this series are shown "vulnerable in their youthfulness" but Mann instead focuses on the strength that the girls possess.


title: Sally Mann

text: In one image from the book shown here, Mann says that the young girl was extremely reluctant to stand closer to her mother's boyfriend. Mann said that she thought it was strange because "it was their peculiar familiarity that had provoked this photograph in the first place". Mann didn't want to crop out the girl's elbow but the girl refused to move in closer. According to Mann, the girl's mother shot her boyfriend in the face with a .22 several months later. In court the mother "testified that while she worked nights at a local truck stop he was ‘at home partying and harassing my daughter.'" Mann said "the child put it to me somewhat more directly". Mann says that she now looks at this photograph with "a jaggy chill of realization".


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann is widely known for "Immediate Family", her third collection, first exhibited in 1990 by Edwynn Houk Gallery in Chicago and published as a monograph in 1992. "The New York Times Magazine" used a picture of her three children on the cover of its September 27, 1992 issue with a feature article on her "disturbing work". In it Richard B. Woodward wrote that "Probably no photographer in history has enjoyed such a burst of success in the art world". "Immediate Family" consists of 65 black and white photographs of her three children, all under the age of 10. Many of the pictures were taken at the family's remote summer cabin along the river, where the children played and swam in the nude. Many explore typical childhood activities (skinny dipping, reading the funnies, dressing up, vamping, napping, playing board games) but others touch on darker themes such as insecurity, loneliness, injury, sexuality and death. Sarah Parsons reflects on the challenges in categorising Mann's work, arguing it is neither "portraiture, nor documentary, or snapshot". Instead, Parsons argues the power of Mann's work is in the tension between private family life and the showing of that private life in the public sphere. She argues when these private moments are placed in the public eye, they are interpreted through societal codes such as, motherhood; allowing the viewer to interpret the narrative of the work through their subjective views. Additionally, Ann Beattie argues "...a pose is only a pose..." reinforcing the opinion that the controversy stems from adult's subjective interpretation of the narrative that pose creates. The controversy on its release was intense, including accusations of child pornography (both in America and abroad) and of contrived fiction with constructed tableaux.


title: Sally Mann

text: "Immediate Family" entered the field around the early 90's, during which time politicians were cracking down on even the suspicion of child pornography to appeal to their constituents. Negative accountability forced suspected artists to justify their work, leading many such as Mann to self-censor or have their work removed from public spaces. Jeff Ferrell described this as “cultural criminalisation”, as the media manipulated public conceptions of cultural works, delegitimising artists like Mann, despite legal actions never being having brought against her.


title: Sally Mann

text: This political movement impacted photography as an artform because of its links with law and evidence, Dillard S. Gardner argues the public saw photos as “the very highest type of evidence”. In her work ‘"Models of Integrity: Art and Law in Post-Sixties America’" Joan Kee argues artists such as Mann and Jacqueline Livingston, were under heighted scrutiny. The passing of child pornography regulations meant film developers could withhold material they deemed immoral; with feminists such as Andrea Dworkin and Catherine Mackinnon arguing for the censorship of pornography. However, academics such as Connie Samaras criticized complaints from feminist groups, like women against pornography (WAP), about Mann's work arguing “nakedness, even if it suggests lawlessness… has central meaning to many people's lives for a wide variety of legitimate reasons.”


title: Sally Mann

text: One of her detractors, Pat Robertson of the Christian Broadcasting Network, said that "selling photographs of children in their nakedness for profit is an exploitation of the parental role and I think it's wrong". He views such work as a violation of the responsibility of parents to do everything in their power to protect, shelter, and nurture their children. Furthermore, Mary Gordon argued Mann's work abused the power dynamic between mother and child. Gordon argued the placing of her children in sexualised positions invites the viewer to imagine the children as potential sexual partners which is unethical for a mother. She argues the sexual nature of Mann's work invites discussion of her children's sexuality; harmfully bringing part of the private sphere of the nucleus family into the public eye. More negative criticism came from Raymond Sokolov's article "Critique: Censoring Virginia" in the "Wall Street Journal". He questioned whether children should be photographed nude and whether federal funds should be appropriated for such artworks. Accompanying his article was a modified image by Mann of her daughter Virginia ("Virginia at 4"), in which her eyes, nipples, and pubic region were now covered with black bars. Mann said he used the image without permission "to illustrate that this is the kind of thing that shouldn't be shown". Mann claimed that after Virginia saw the article, she started touching herself on the areas that were blacked out, saying, "what's wrong with me?" Mann responded to the criticisms saying she did not plan the photographs and that when she was young, she was often nude, so she raised her children similarly.


title: Sally Mann

text: Many of her other photographs depicting her children caused controversy. For example, in "The Perfect Tomato", the viewer sees a nude Jessie, posing on a picnic table outside, bathed in light. Mary Gordon argues "tomato" is slang to describes a desirable woman, the title, consequently, furthering the sexual themes and presenting her daughter as "sexually desirable". Jessie told Steven Cantor during the filming of one of his movies that she had just been playing around and her mother told her to freeze, and she tried to capture the image in a rush because the sun was setting. This explains why everything is blurred except for the tomato, hence the photograph's title. While Jessie was aware of this photograph, Dana Cox, in her essay, said that the Mann children were probably unaware of the other photographs being taken as Mann's children were often naked because "it came natural to them". This habit of nudity is a family thing because Mann says she used to walk around her house naked when she was growing up. Cox states that "the own artist's childhood is reflected in the way she captures moments in her children's lives".


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann herself considered these photographs to be "natural through the eyes of a mother, since she has seen her children in every state: happy, sad, playful, sick, bloodied, angry and "even" naked". Deborah Chambers, in her work on family photo albums, reflects on their idyllic nature but also argues they rarely convey the actual experience of the family. Mann's work takes these idyllic photos meant for semi-private consumption and brings them to the public sphere. By working collaboratively with her children Mann uses these idealised family photos to create a narrative from her children's perspectives. Critics agreed, saying her "vision in large measure [is] accurate, and a welcome corrective to familiar notions of youth as a time of unalloyed sweetness and innocence", and that the book "created a place that looked like Eden, then cast upon it the subdued and shifting light of nostalgia, sexuality and death". When "Time" magazine named her "America's Best Photographer" in 2001, it wrote:


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann recorded a combination of spontaneous and carefully arranged moments of childhood repose and revealingly — sometimes unnervingly — imaginative play. What the outraged critics of her child nudes failed to grant was the patent devotion involved throughout the project and the delighted complicity of her son and daughters in so many of the solemn or playful events. No other collection of family photographs is remotely like it, in both its naked candor and the fervor of its maternal curiosity and care.


title: Sally Mann

text: Despite the controversy, Mann was never charged with the taking or selling of child pornography, even though, according to Edward de Grazia, law professor and civil liberties expert, "any federal prosecutor anywhere in the country could bring a case against [Mann] in Virginia, and not only seize her photos, her equipment, her Rolodexes, but also seize her children for psychiatric and physical examination". Before she published "Immediate Family," she consulted a Virginia federal prosecutor who told her that some of the images she was exhibiting could have her arrested. In 1991, she decided to postpone the publication of the book. In an interview with "New York Times" reporter, Richard Woodward, she said "I thought the book could wait 10 years, when the kids won't be living in the same bodies. They'll have matured and they'll understand the implications of the pictures. I unilaterally decided."


title: Sally Mann

text: To further protect the children from "teasing", Mann told Woodward that she wanted to keep copies of "Immediate Family" out of their home town of Lexington. She asked bookstores in the area not to sell it and for libraries to keep it in their rare-book rooms. Dr. Aaron Esman, a child psychiatrist at the Payne Whitney Clinic believes that Mann is serious about her work and that she has "no intention to jeopardize her children or use them for pornographic images". He says that the nude photographs don't appear to be erotically stimulating to anyone but a "case-hardened pedophile or a rather dogmatic religious fundamentalist". Mann stated, "I didn't expect the controversy over the pictures of my children. I was just a mother photographing her children as they were growing up. I was exploring different subjects with them."


title: Sally Mann

text: Her fourth book, "Still Time", published in 1994, was based on the catalogue of a traveling exhibition that included more than 20 years of her photography. The 60 images included more photographs of her children, but also earlier landscapes with color and abstract photographs.


title: Sally Mann

text: In the mid-1990s, Mann began photographing landscapes on wet plate collodion 8x10 inch glass negatives, and used the same 100-year-old 8x10 format bellows view camera that she had used for all the previous bodies of work. These landscapes were first seen in "Still Time", and later featured in two shows presented by the Edwynn Houk Gallery in NYC: "Sally Mann – Mother Land: Recent Landscapes of Georgia and Virginia" in 1997, and then in "Deep South: Landscapes of Louisiana and Mississippi" in 1999. Many of these large (40"x50") black-and-white and manipulated prints were taken using the 19th century "wet plate" process, or collodion, in which glass plates are coated with collodion, dipped in silver nitrate, and exposed while still wet. This gave the photographs what the "New York Times" called "a swirling, ethereal image with a center of preternatural clarity", and showed many flaws and artifacts, some from the process and some introduced by Mann.


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann has been the subject of two film documentaries. The first, "," directed by Steve Cantor and Peter Spirer, debuted at the 1994 Sundance Film Festival, and was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Documentary Short. The second, "" (2005) was also directed by Steve Cantor. It premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and was nominated for an Emmy for Best Documentary in 2008. In her "New York Times" review of the film, Ginia Bellafante wrote, "It is one of the most exquisitely intimate portraits not only of an artist's process, but also of a marriage and a life, to appear on television in recent memory."


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann uses antique view cameras from the early 1890s. These cameras have wooden frames, accordion-like bellows and long lenses made out of brass, now held together by tape that has mold growing inside. This sort of camera, when used with vintage lenses, softens the light, which makes the pictures timeless.


title: Sally Mann

text: A self-portrait (which also included her two daughters) was featured on the September 9, 2001 cover of "The New York Times Magazine," for a theme issue on "Women Looking at Women".


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann's fifth book, "What Remains", published in 2003, is based on the show of the same name at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, DC. The book is broken up into four sections: Matter Lent, December 8, 2000, Antietam, and What Remains. The first section contains photographs of the remains of Eva, her greyhound, after decomposition, along with the photographs of dead and decomposing bodies at a federal forensic anthropology facility (known as the ‘body farm'). The second part details the site on her property where an armed escaped convict was killed in a shootout with police. The third part is a study of the grounds of Antietam, the site of the bloodiest single day battle in American history during the Civil War. The fourth part is a study of close-up faces of her children. Thus, this study of mortality, decay and death ends with hope and love.


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann's sixth book, "Deep South", published in 2005, with 65 black-and-white images, includes landscapes taken from 1992 to 2004 using both conventional 8x10 film and wet plate collodion. These photographs have been described as "haunted landscapes of the south, battlefields, decaying mansion, kudzu shrouded landscapes and the site where Emmett Till was murdered". "Newsweek" picked it as their book choice for the holiday season, saying that Mann "walks right up to every Southern stereotype in the book and subtly demolishes each in its turn by creating indelibly disturbing images that hover somewhere between document and dream".


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann's seventh book, "Proud Flesh", published in 2009, is a study taken over six years of the effects of muscular dystrophy on her husband Larry Mann. Mann photographed her husband using the collodion wet plate process As she notes, "The results of this rare reversal of photographic roles are candid, extraordinarily wrenching and touchingly frank portraits of a man at his most vulnerable moment." The project was displayed in Gagosian Gallery in October 2009.


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann's eighth book, "The Flesh and The Spirit", published in 2010, was released in conjunction with a comprehensive show at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, Virginia. Regarding this exhibition, the museum director stated, "She follows her own voice. Her pictures are imbued with an amazing degree of soul." Though not strictly a retrospective, this 200-page book included new and recent work (unpublished self-portraits, landscapes, images of her husband, her children's faces, and of the dead at a forensic institute) as well as early works (unpublished color photographs of her children in the 1990s, color Polaroids, and platinum prints from the 1970s). Its unifying theme is the body, with its vagaries of illnesses and death, and includes essays by John Ravenal, David Levi Strauss, and Anne Wilkes Tucker.


title: Sally Mann

text: In May 2011 she delivered the three-day Massey Lecture Series at Harvard, on the topic of how her extended family influenced her work. Her memoir "Hold Still" arose as a companion to the lecture. In June 2011, Mann sat down with one of her contemporaries, Nan Goldin, at Look3 Charlottesville Festival of the Photograph. The two photographers discussed their respective careers, particularly the ways in which photographing personal lives became a source of professional controversy. This was followed by an appearance at the University of Michigan as part of the Penny W. Stamps lecture series.


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann's ninth book, "Hold Still: A Memoir with Photographs", released May 12, 2015, is a melding of a memoir of her youth, an examination of some major influences of her life, and reflections on how photography shapes one's view of the world. It is augmented with numerous photographs, letters, and other memorabilia. She singles out her "near-feral" childhood and her subsequent introduction to photography at Putney, her relationship to her husband of 40 years and his parents' mysterious death, and her maternal Welsh relative's nostalgia for land morphing into her love for her land in the Shenandoah Valley, as some of her important influences. Gee-Gee, a black woman who was a surrogate parent, who opened Mann's eyes to race relations and exploitation, her relationship with local artist Cy Twombly, and her father's genteel southern legacy and his eventual death are also examined. She ponders the relationship Robert S. Munger, her great-grandfather and southern industrialist, had with his workers. The "New York Times" described it as "an instant classic among Southern memoirs of the last 50 years". An article by Mann adapted from this book appeared with photographs in "The New York Times Magazine" in April 2015. "Hold Still" was a finalist for the 2015 National Book Award.


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann's tenth book, "Remembered Light: Cy Twombly in Lexington" was published in 2016. It is an insider's photographic view of Cy Twombly's studio in Lexington. It was published concurrently with an exhibit of color and black-and-white photographs at the Gagosian Gallery. It shows the overflow of Twombly's general modus operandi: the leftovers, smears, and stains, or, as Simon Schama said in his essay at the start of the book, "an absence turned into a presence".


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann's eleventh book, "Sally Mann: A Thousand Crossings", authored by Sarah Greenough and Sarah Kennel, is a large (320 pages) compendium of works spanning 40 years, with 230 photographs by Mann. It served as a catalog for an exhibit at the National Gallery of Art entitled "Sally Mann: A Thousand Crossings" which opened March 4, 2018 and was the first major survey of the artist's work to travel internationally.


title: Sally Mann

text: In her recent projects, Mann has started exploring the issues of race and legacy of slavery that were a central theme of her memoir "Hold Still". They include a series of portraits of black men, all made during one-hour sessions in the studio with models not previously known to her. Mann was inspired by Bill T. Jones' use of the Walt Whitman 1856 poem "Poem of the Body" in his art, and Mann "borrowed the idea, using the poem as a template for [her] own exploration". Several pictures from this body of work were highlighted in Aperture Foundation magazine in the summer of 2016. and they also appeared in "A Thousand Crossings". This book and exhibit also introduced a series of photographs of African American historic churches photographed on expired film, and a series of tintype photographs of a swamp that served as refuge for escaped slaves. Some critics see in Mann's work a deep working through of the legacy of white violence in the South, while others have voiced concern that Mann's work at times repeats rather than critiques tropes of white domination and violence in the American southeast.


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann, born and raised in Virginia, is the daughter of Robert Munger and Elizabeth Munger. In Mann's introduction for her book "Immediate Family", she "expresses stronger memories for the black woman, Virginia Carter, who oversaw her upbringing than for her own mother". Elizabeth Munger was not a big part of Mann's life, and Elizabeth said "Sally may look like me, but inside she's her father's child." Virginia (Gee-Gee) Carter, born in 1894, raised Mann and her two brothers and was an admirable woman. "Left with six children and a public education system for which she paid taxes but which forbade classes for black children beyond the seventh grade, Gee-Gee managed somehow to send each of them to out-of-state boarding schools and, ultimately, to college." Virginia Carter died in 1994.


title: Sally Mann

text: In 1969 Sally met Larry Mann, and in 1970 they married. Larry Mann is an attorney and, before practicing law, he was a blacksmith. Larry was diagnosed with muscular dystrophy around 1996. They live together in their home which they built on Sally's family's farm in Lexington, Virginia.


title: Sally Mann

text: They have three children together: Emmett (born 1979), who took his own life in 2016, after a life-threatening car collision and a subsequent battle with schizophrenia, and who for a time served in the Peace Corps; Jessie (born 1981), who herself is an artist; and Virginia (born 1985), a lawyer.


title: Sally Mann

text: Mann is passionate about endurance horse racing. In 2006, her Arabian horse ruptured an aneurysm while she was riding him. In the horse's death throes, Mann was thrown to the ground, the horse rolled over her, and the impact broke her back. It took her two years to recover from the accident and during this time, she made a series of ambrotype self-portraits. These self-portraits were on view for the first time in November 2010 at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts as a part of "Sally Mann: the Flesh and the Spirit".


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: "Shia LaBeouf" is a 2012 song by singer-songwriter Rob Cantor that portrays Hollywood actor Shia LaBeouf as a hermit cannibal. In 2014, Cantor released an expanded music video with a cameo from LaBeouf himself.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: After a friend began "dramatically whispering" the name of actor Shia LaBeouf, Los Angeles-based singer-songwriter Rob Cantor wrote "Shia LaBeouf" in 2011, inspired by "nothing but the sheer silliness of imagining Shia LaBeouf, face and clothes smeared with half-dried blood, terrorizing helpless victims in a dark wood." The song describes an encounter and battle with LaBeouf, portrayed as an "actual cannibal" who lives in a forest and hunts people for sport. After writing the song, Cantor had hoped Funny or Die would be interested in using it in a video featuring the actor, but that arrangement never materialized.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: In 2012, Cantor posted "Shia LaBeouf" to his SoundCloud page, from where one of his fans found and shared it on Twitter. By May that year, both "Boing Boing" and BuzzFeed had featured the song, though the eponymous actor had not publicly commented on the work, which was selling at Cantor's site for .


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: On October 21, 2014, Cantor released a music video for an extended version of "Shia LaBeouf", in which he and an ensemble of artists perform the song on stage. LaBeouf makes a cameo at the end as the only audience member, and gives them a standing ovation. The stage performance took four months to plan and one day to film.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: The "Los Angeles Times" reported that the video—filmed at the Redondo Beach Performing Arts Center—was inspired by then-contemporary incidents where LaBeouf had behaved strangely in public, however Cantor later told MTV that he just felt that "Halloween was the right time" to fulfill his dream of making the video.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: Of the juxtaposition of 3D papercraft LaBeouf heads (which took 80 man-hours to assemble), professional performers in classical arts, and his absurd song about a cannibalistic Hollywood star, Cantor called the production bathos. Five years after its premiere, the video had garnered 63.8million views on YouTube; , that number was 80million.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: For this work, Cantor recruited 161 further artists, including the Argus Quartet, the West Los Angeles Children's Choir, the Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles, interpretive dancers, and stage effects by Kinetic Theory Theater. Stacy Tookey choreographed the dancing troupe in the short film; she and her dancers were only able to begin rehearsing three days before the shoot. The aerialists were brought onboard with only two days before filming.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: Cantor already knew LaBeouf was aware of the original song because the actor had tweeted the link on Halloween 2013. The songwriter contacted the actor's talent manager and laid out his plan for LaBeouf to be the only audience member for the production; LaBeouf agreed to the proposition in less than two days.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: For the expanded version of the song, Greg Nicolett wrote the symphonic arrangement. He convinced Cantor to reduce a planned 50-piece orchestra to a string quartet not only for reduced costs, but the latter would increase the pretentiousness and therefore the absurdity in comparison to the subject matter. Scott Uhlfelder, a friend of Cantor's, served as the video's director and cinematographer.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: The Redondo Beach Performing Arts Center was "the nicest theater [Cantor] could afford", and artists began arriving at 6a.m. The entire music video was never shot as one continuous performance, but was instead broken up into segments, the first of which began at 9a.m. for cameras. LaBeouf's cameo was the last part filmed.


title: Shia LaBeouf (song)

text: Cantor's original budget was , provided by Maker Studios. When the production team continued "having more good ideas that we wanted to bring to fruition" like the aerialists and LaBeouf himself, Cantor provided the remaining .


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band were a Scottish rock band formed in Glasgow in 1972. Fronted by Alex Harvey accompanied by Zal Cleminson on guitar, bassist Chris Glen, keyboard player Hugh McKenna (1949–2019) and drummer Ted McKenna, their music was a blend of glam rock, blues rock and hard rock, with cabaret elements. Their stage performances incorporated theatrical elements. The band were popular in continental Europe, and influential in Australia, most notably on the young Nick Cave and his first band The Boys Next Door.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: In August 1972, Alex Harvey formed The Sensational Alex Harvey Band (often shortened to SAHB) with Zal Cleminson (guitar), Chris Glen (bass), and cousins Hugh (keyboards) and Ted McKenna (drums), all members of the progressive rock act Tear Gas.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: They adopted distinctive stage costumes: Harvey wore vaudeville-like clothes and his trademark striped shirt, while Cleminson assumed the identity of a "mime" in full make-up and green-yellow jumpsuit and Glen wore a dark blue jumpsuit reminiscent of a superhero costume incorporating a lighter blue codpiece. SAHB produced a succession of highly regarded albums and tours throughout the 1970s. The band did not enjoy large-scale success in the United States as it had in the UK, though they did acquire a cult following in certain US cities, notably Cleveland, where the group first played at the Agora Ballroom in December 1974. Thanks to airplay from WMMS, songs like "Next" and "The Faith Healer" became popular.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: In January 1974, the band went into Advision Studios in London with the American producer Shel Talmy to record a third album. By April, the sessions were finished and the album was mixed. However, the band and management had some reservations about the overall sound and decided to scrap the entire album. Talmy returned to Los Angeles with his tapes. Most of the song titles appeared on the official album "The Impossible Dream" later that year with a different producer, though the songs were dramatically changed. The original recordings formed an album called "Hot City", released in 2009 by Major League Productions.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band had top 40 hits in Britain with the single "Delilah", a cover version of the Tom Jones hit, which reached number seven in 1975, and with "The Boston Tea Party" in June 1976. The song "Anthem" was a top 30 hit in Australia in 1975.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: Harvey left the group late in 1975; the other members continued with the name "SAHB (without Alex)". They recorded a new album, "Fourplay", in February 1977. The album steered towards a solid pop-rock with some slight prog influences. Harvey re-joined the group in mid-1977, while Hugh McKenna left. In 1978, The Sensational Alex Harvey Band recorded "Rock Drill", with Tommy Eyre replacing Hugh McKenna, and disbanded shortly afterwards. Harvey died of heart failure on 4 February 1982 in Belgium.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: In 1992, Glen, Cleminson and Ted McKenna banded together to form "The Party Boys" which featured guest vocalists such as Fish, Dan McCafferty and Stevie Doherty with the Stone The Crows keyboard player Ronnie Leahy. This band lasted about one year before deciding to recruit keyboard player Hugh McKenna and finally reform as SAHB. A live album, "Live in Glasgow 1993", was released, with Doherty on vocals. This line-up of SAHB disbanded in 1995, before reforming in 2002 for a tribute night to Frankie Miller at The Barrowlands in Glasgow, with the ex-Nazareth guitarist Billy Rankin on vocals. After a year, "Mad" Max Maxwell replaced Rankin.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: SAHB released another live album in 2006, "Zalvation", which was their first official release since "Rock Drill" in 1978, and an autobiography called "SAHB Story", written by the former tour manager and author Martin Keilty. The band performed numerous tours and festivals across the UK, Europe and Australia before disbanding again in 2008, after the departure of Cleminson on guitar. The band performed a handful of shows that were pre-booked with the guitarist Julian Hutson Saxby but after that, they decided to move on to separate projects.


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: In 2018, Nick Cave told Primal Scream's Bobby Gillespie, "My first band was basically an Alex Harvey cover band. We did "Framed", "Isobel Goudie", "Faith Healer", "Gang Bang", "Next", "Midnight Moses", everything. I wore jeans and a tight cropped t-shirt and our guitarist wore clown make-up like Zal... Our first gig was a Battle of the Bands thing in a country town and we played "Framed" and came second. It's been downhill ever since."


title: The Sensational Alex Harvey Band

text: Robert Smith of The Cure said, "People talk about Iggy Pop as the original punk, but certainly in Britain the forerunner of the punk movement was Alex Harvey. His whole stage show with the graffiti-covered brick walls – it was like very aggressive Glaswegian street theatre."


title: Jaelan Phillips

text: Jaelan Everett Phillips (born May 28, 1999) is an American football outside linebacker for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL).


title: Jaelan Phillips

text: Phillips played college football at UCLA for two seasons before medically retiring after 2018 due to sustaining several concussions and other injuries. He then studied music production at the Los Angeles City College before transferring to the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami in 2019, where he also returned to football and played for the Miami Hurricanes. Phillips was drafted by the Dolphins in the first round of the 2021 NFL Draft.


title: Jaelan Phillips

text: Phillips was born in Redlands, California, on May 28, 1999, and attended Redlands East Valley High School, where he finished with 264 tackles, 31.5 sacks, three forced fumbles, and three interceptions. Considered the top high-school football prospect from the class of 2017, he received over 20 scholarship offers before committing to UCLA.


title: Jaelan Phillips

text: As a true freshman in 2017, Phillips played in seven games and recorded 21 tackles (seven for loss), 2 pass deflections, and 3.5 sacks. As a sophomore in 2018, he played in four games before a concussion ended his season. After several other injuries, including being hit by a car while riding a moped, Phillips medically retired from football in December 2018 and enrolled at the Los Angeles City College to study music production.


title: Jaelan Phillips

text: In 2019, Phillips transferred to the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami with the intent to also play football for the Hurricanes. He sat out of the 2019 season due to NCAA transfer rules but started in 2020, finishing with 45 tackles, eight sacks, and an interception. He was named a second-team All-American and All-ACC and was considered a finalist for the Chuck Bednarik Award. He chose to forgo his remaining collegiate eligibility and enter the 2021 NFL Draft.


title: Jaelan Phillips

text: Phillips was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the first round (18th overall) of the 2021 NFL Draft. He signed his four-year rookie contract, worth $14 million, on June 9, 2021.


title: Exhalation: Stories

text: Exhalation: Stories is a collection of short stories by American writer Ted Chiang. The book was initially released on May 7, 2019, by Alfred A. Knopf. This is Ted Chiang's second collection of short works, after the 2002 book "Stories of Your Life and Others". "Exhalation: Stories" contains nine stories exploring such issues as humankind's place in the universe, the nature of humanity, bioethics, virtual reality, free will and determinism, time travel, and the uses of robotic forms of A.I. Seven tales were initially published between 2005 and 2015; "Omphalos" and "Anxiety is the Dizziness of Freedom" are originals.


title: Exhalation: Stories

text: Joyce Carol Oates of "The New Yorker" stated, "From technological ingenuity flows ethical intricacy. The stories in "Exhalation" are mostly not so magically inventive as those in Chiang's first collection, but each is still likely to linger in the memory the way riddles may linger—teasing, tormenting, illuminating, thrilling." A reviewer of "Kirkus Reviews" added, "Visionary speculative stories that will change the way readers see themselves and the world around them: This book delivers in a big way." Constance Grady of "Vox" gave the book four points of five, commenting, "The stories in Exhalation are a shining example of science fiction at its best. They take both science and humanism deeply seriously, which is why it's so satisfying to watch Chiang's shining, intricate machine at work: You know that whatever the machine builds, it will tell you something new about human beings." Adam Morgan of "The A.V. Club" mentioned, "But if anything in this book has a shot at becoming the next "Arrival", it's the 70-page novella that closes the collection, "Anxiety Is The Dizziness Of Freedom." A reviewer of "Publishers Weekly" stated, "These nine stories introduce life-changing inventions and new worlds with radically different physical laws. In each, Chiang produces deeply moving drama from fascinating first premises." The title was also included on President Barack Obama's 2019 Summer Reading List.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Peter Duncan (born 3 May 1954) is an English actor and television presenter. He was a presenter of "Blue Peter" in the 1980s, and made a series of family travel documentaries between 1999 and 2005. He directed, produced and performed in "Jack and the Beanstalk" which received a national cinema release in the UK in 2020.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: He was a student at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, an independent stage school in London. Duncan completed his secondary education at Hawes Down School for Boys at West Wickham, Bromley, London. He also studied with the Open University.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Duncan's early career was as a stage actor, appearing as Jim Hawkins in "Treasure Island" followed by two years at Sir Laurence Olivier's National Theatre. His notable television roles include work on "The Tomorrow People", "Space 1999", "King Cinder", "Play for Today", "Warship", "Oranges & Lemons", and season 2 of "Survivors". In films, he appeared as the guitarist Kevin in "Stardust" (1974), Kit Nubbles in "Mister Quilp" (1975), the luckless Richard in "The Lifetaker" (1976), and in a brief role in the film "Flash Gordon" (1980), with his character dying after a few minutes on screen. Duncan starred in an episode of the children's television programme "Storybook International" as a young master in the tale of 'Cap O Rushes'.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Duncan played leading roles in the BBC's "King Cinder" as Kerry, and as Jimmy Carter in the 1977–1978 ITV children's television series "The Flockton Flyer".


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: He joined "Blue Peter" in 1980, and shortly afterwards it was revealed in a tabloid newspaper that Duncan had appeared nude in the Michael Papas psychological thriller film "The Lifetaker". In "The Times" the BBC denied that he was ever a porn star. As late as 2007, the "Daily Mirror", was still mis-describing the film as a "skin flick".


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: He ran in the first London Marathon in 1981 (in 3 hours and 10 minutes) and ran again in the 1991, 2001 and 2012 events. He was scheduled on 3 October 2021 to run for the final time.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Unusually, Duncan had two periods with "Blue Peter", being on the team from 1980 to 1984, and again from 1985 to 1986. During his stay with the programme, he became associated with the kind of daredevil stunts previously popularised by John Noakes, and these continued in his own spin-off series, "Duncan Dares". One of his most remembered such stunts occurred in 1980 when the "Blue Peter" crew put him out on a rope swing to clean the face of Clock Tower (Big Ben) without a safety harness, thus creating much trouble for the BBC. It is documented in Richard Marson's book "Blue Peter 50th Anniversary".


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: On 20 February 2007 Duncan was awarded the highest Blue Peter Award - The Gold Badge. This badge was awarded in his role as the Scout Association's Chief Scout.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: After leaving "Blue Peter" permanently in 1986, he returned to the stage, most notably in Mike Stott's "Funny Peculiar" and in the musicals "Barnum", "Me and My Girl" and "The Card" for which he was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. In the 1990s he appeared in numerous pantomimes, some of which he also produced through his company Here's One I Made Earlier, including "Robin Hood" at the Lewisham (now Broadway) Theatre in South East London. He wrote and directed the Oxford Playhouse pantomime from 2006 to 2013 He played Charlie Peace at Nottingham Playhouse in 2013 and Jack Firebrace in Birdsong in 2014 and 2015. He played Wilbur Turnblad in the touring production of Hairspray in 2015/16.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Peter is currently playing the part of John Blondel in a two man ghostly play When Darkness Falls, set in Guernsey.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Between 1999 and 2005, Duncan filmed and produced three travelogue documentary series. Each series consisted of six episodes and featured his family embarking on backpacking trips around the world. The family also consists of Duncan's wife Annie, and their four children: Lucy, Katie, Georgia and Arthur.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: The first series, "Travel Bug", charted a six-month tour of the world. Filmed in 1999 when the children were aged 7 to 13, the series was shown on children's television on BBC1. The next series, "Chinese Breakaway", charted the family's two-month backpacking trip across China in 2002. The series was aired on Five and Sky Travel. In the third series, "Arthur's trip to India" (also aired on Five), Duncan's 13-year-old son was featured as the chief presenter. A one-off additional episode ("Arthur's trip to Jordan") followed his son to the heart of the Middle East.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Duncan was appointed as the Scout Association's Chief Scout, for a five-year tenure from 5 September 2004 to July 2009.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: In 2007, Duncan took part in the Channel 4 series "The Games". He has written and directed pantomimes for Oxford Playhouse and the Cheltenham Everyman. Until 2019, he produced the pantomime for the Lighthouse theatre in Dorset. In 2007, he played Macduff in "Macbeth" at Regents Park Theatre, London, and filmed a documentary about the Scouts climbing Everest. His one-man show "Daft and Dangerous" appeared in the 2009 Edinburgh fringe. Duncan featured in "Through the Keyhole" for the third time on 26 January 2019.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: In 2014, Duncan competed in BBC1's acrobatic and circus show "Tumble" going out in the semi final. He was nominated for an 'Offie' for his performance in The Dame at the Park Theatre, London.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: Duncan established The Natural Adventure Company in 2015 which specialises in self-guided walking holidays and special interest tours, particularly in southeast Europe. He is a Patron of British Youth Music Theatre.


title: Peter Duncan (actor)

text: In 2020, he wrote, produced and directed "Jack and the Beanstalk", a British film which had a national cinema release.


title: Summer Wine

text: "Summer Wine" is a song written by Lee Hazlewood. It was originally sung by Suzi Jane Hokom and Lee Hazlewood in 1966, but it was made famous by Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood in 1967.


title: Summer Wine

text: Lyrically, "Summer Wine" describes a man, voiced by Hazlewood, who meets a woman, Hokom/Sinatra, who notices his silver spurs and invites him to have wine with her. After heavy drinking, the man awakens hungover to find his spurs and money have been stolen by the mysterious woman. He then declares a longing for more of her "wine".


title: Summer Wine

text: The Nancy & Lee version was originally released on Sinatra's "Nancy in London" album in late 1966 and later as the B-side of her "Sugar Town" single in December 1966. The song itself became a hit, reaching No. 49 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart in April 1967. It also reached No. 14 in Australia. In early 1968, "Summer Wine" was included on Sinatra and Hazlewood's album of duets, "Nancy & Lee" LP. It was the first of Sinatra and Hazlewood's string of hit duets.


title: Summer Wine

text: In May 2017, retail clothier, H&M, used Nancy & Lee's version in their "The Summer Shop 2017" ad campaign and as a result, the track debuted at No. 1 on "Billboard" magazine and Clio's Top TV Commercials chart for May 2017.


title: Summer Wine

text: In 1968 the song was covered by Kela Gates in Spanish with the Peruvian band Los Belkings with the title "Néctar de verano".


title: Summer Wine

text: In 1967 the French Canadian Robert Demontigny with Claude Valade has covered this song in French titled "Vin d'été".


title: Summer Wine

text: A French cover called ""Le Vin de l'été"" was also released by Marie Laforêt and Gérard Klein in 1969 (French lyrics by Eddy Marnay).


title: Summer Wine

text: A Hebrew cover called also "Yen Kayitz" (=Summer Wine) was released by Chava Alberstein and Dani Litani in 1976 to the translation of Ehud Manor.


title: Summer Wine

text: A cover version by Ville Valo & Natalia Avelon, recorded for the soundtrack of "Das Wilde Leben", was the 4th best-selling single of 2007 in Germany and was certified Platinum by the BVMI.


title: Summer Wine

text: "Summer Wine" was also covered by Ed Kuepper and Clare Bowditch on the cult Australian music game show "RocKwiz".


title: Summer Wine

text: A Flemish cover called "Toverdrank" (Magic Potion) (on the album "Een man zoals ik" (English: A man like me) was performed by Guido Belcanto and An Pierlé in 2011.


title: Summer Wine

text: Two different German cover versions were released by Roland Kaiser (with Nancy Sinatra) in 1996 and by Claudia Jung & Nik P. in 2011.


title: Summer Wine

text: An Icelandic cover called "Sumarást" (Summer love) was released by Hljómsveit Ingimars Eydal in 1968 and by Helgi Björnsson and Ragnhildur Steinunn Jónsdóttir in 2007 for the movie Astrópía.


title: Summer Wine

text: On April 18, 2013, Lana Del Rey released a music video for her and Barrie-James O'Neill's (from Kassidy) cover of "Summer Wine" by Lee Hazlewood.


title: Summer Wine

text: The Canadian singer Cœur de pirate recorded a cover for "Summer Wine", which was used on the "Trauma" TV series soundtrack.


title: Summer Wine

text: On September 11, 2019, French singer Clara Luciani and Alex Kapranos (Franz Ferdinand) performed an English/French cover version of Summer Wine at Olympia in Paris. The cover was officially released in July 2020.


title: Nathan Lane on screen and stage

text: Nathan Lane is an American actor, comedian and writer known for his performances in film, television and theatre.


title: Nathan Lane on screen and stage

text: He is most known for his theatre roles on and off Broadway including his Tony Award winning performances as Pseudolus in the 1996 revival of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1996), as Max Bialystock in the original production of "The Producers" (2001), and as Roy Cohn in the revival of Tony Kushner's "Angels in America". Lane's Broadway theatre performances also include "Present Laughter "(1982), "Merlin" (1984), "Wind in the Willows" (1985), "Guys and Dolls" (1992), "Laughter on the 23rd Floor" (1994), "Love! Valour! Compassion!" (1995), "The Man Who Came to Dinner" (2000), "The Frogs" (2004), "The Odd Couple" (2005), "Butley" (2006), "Waiting For Godot" (2009), "The Addams Family" (2010), "The Nance" (2013), "It's Only a Play" and "The Iceman Cometh" (2014), "The Front Page" (2016), and "" (2019).


title: Nathan Lane on screen and stage

text: Lane is known for his leading performances in the comedy films "The Birdcage", (1996), "Mouse Hunt" (1997), and "The Producers" (2005). He has also voiced Timon in the Disney animated film "The Lion King" (1994) and its sequels and Snowbell the cat in "Stuart Little" (1999). He is also known for his supporting performances in films such as "Ironweed" (1987), "Frankie and Johnny" (1991), "Jeffrey" (1995), "Nicholas Nickleby" (2002), "Swing Vote" (2008), "Mirror Mirror" (2012), "The English Teacher" (2013) and "Carrie Pilby" (2016).


title: Nathan Lane on screen and stage

text: Lane also is well known for his guest starring appearances in various television shows including "Miami Vice", "The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd", "Frasier", "Mad About You", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "30 Rock", "Absolutely Fabulous", "Modern Family", "The Good Wife", and "The Blacklist". Lane also appeared as F. Lee Bailey in Ryan Murphy's limited series "" (2016) and as Detective Lewis Michener in the Showtime series "" (2020). He has recurring roles on "Only Murders in the Building" for Hulu starring Steve Martin, Martin Short, and Selena Gomez, for which he received his first Primetime Emmy and the new HBO series "The Gilded Age" written by Julian Fellowes.


title: In My Feelings

text: "In My Feelings" is a song by Canadian rapper Drake from his fifth studio album "Scorpion" (2018). It was released to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio on July 10, 2018, as the album's fifth single. The song features additional vocals by the City Girls, though they are uncredited on the official version. The song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for ten weeks and broke several records.


title: In My Feelings

text: "In My Feelings" is a bounce track. Upon its release, several outlets reported that the song and "Kiki" was about Keshia Chanté, Drake's first girlfriend and childhood friend from Toronto. It was also reported that "KB" was K'yanna Barber, a resident of Oakland, California. Drake also makes references to Jennifer Lopez ("Jenny"), whom he briefly dated in 2016, and Quality Control duo City Girls, made up of members Yung Miami ("Resha") and JT. The City Girls also provide uncredited vocals.


title: In My Feelings

text: The track samples "Smoking Gun (Acapella Version)" by Magnolia Shorty for the breakdown. "Lollipop" by Lil Wayne is also sampled and the track ends with audio from the episode "Champagne Papi" from the television series "Atlanta". The song was later slightly altered and re-uploaded to streaming sites with additional sampled vocals from Lil Wayne.


title: In My Feelings

text: The song inspired an Internet meme dance challenge known as the "Kiki Challenge", "In My Feelings Challenge" or "DoTheShiggy", the latter being a reference to the comedian Shiggy, who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song; this video was credited for inspiring the challenge. The dance challenge is to walk outside of moving vehicles (ghost riding) and dance in oncoming traffic. Originating in the US, the challenge later spread to other parts of the world where in some countries it caused controversy and public concern. The challenge is subject to fines on public roads in the Philippines.


title: In My Feelings

text: "The Fader" deemed the bounce track as the highlight of the double album, with writer Ben Dandrige-Lemco saying, "it takes a whole 20 songs to get to the best part of the album, 'In My Feelings'". "The Hollywood Reporter"s Jonny Coleman felt that the song, along with "Nice for What", "might be two of the most enduring tracks [in the album]". Andy Hutchins of "Time" called the song "a disastrous misunderstanding of New Orleans bounce."


title: In My Feelings

text: In the "Billboard" magazine issue dated July 14, 2018, "In My Feelings" debuted at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100, one of seven top 10 entries by Drake that week. The following week, partly due to the rising popularity of the dance challenge associated with the song, it ascended to the top spot of the chart, becoming Drake's sixth number-one single on the chart. On the issue dated July 28, 2018, "In My Feelings" broke the streaming record for the most streams in a single week with 116.2 million streams (later being broken by "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X & Billy Ray Cyrus on the week of April 13, 2019, which has the current record of 143 million streams) and retained the top spot on the chart. It remained on top for ten consecutive weeks until it was unseated by "Girls Like You" by Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B. It ultimately remained in the top ten for 14 weeks. It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart.


title: In My Feelings

text: In the UK, it did not enter the charts on the first week due to chart rules, but the next week, due to the popularity of the dance challenge, it entered at number four. A week later, it rose to number one, becoming Drake's fifth number one in the UK and his third consecutive number one in 2018. "In My Feelings" spent four weeks at the top of the chart, before being replaced by "Shotgun".


title: In My Feelings

text: The success of "In My Feelings" made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers in the history of the Hot 100 chart.


title: In My Feelings

text: The song's music video was shot on July 23, 2018, in New Orleans and was directed by Karena Evans, whom Drake previously worked with on the videos for "God's Plan", "Nice for What", and "I'm Upset" earlier in the year.


title: In My Feelings

text: The song's music video was released on August 2, 2018, on Drake's YouTube channel. "KeKe" is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad. The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song, including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia. Comedian Shiggy, who has been credited with inventing the viral "In My Feelings Challenge", makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video. At the end of the music video, a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the "In My Feelings Challenge" is displayed. A few of these people include Will Smith, DJ Khaled, J-Hope (BTS), Steve Aoki, Odell Beckham Jr., Dua Lipa, Millie Bobby Brown, Liza Koshy, Noah Schnapp, Ryan Seacrest, Shay Mitchell, Bobby Berk, Tan France, Karamo Brown, Antoni Porowski, Jonathan Van Ness, Sonya DeVille and Ciara.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Toxin is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He has been depicted as a superhero and at times a supervillain. The character is the offspring of Carnage, the third major symbiote in the Marvel Universe, the ninth known to have appeared in the comics outside of the Planet of the Symbiotes storyline, and the first symbiote that Spider-Man considers an ally, despite several temporary alliances with Venom in the past. The Toxin symbiote's various hosts are former NYPD police officer Patrick Mulligan, Eddie Brock, and teenager Bren Waters.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Carnage produced an offspring: a third symbiote. Carnage felt only dislike and hatred towards this new spawn, even before giving "birth" to it, both fearing that it could become much stronger, and being generally disgusted at the thought of giving birth. At the same time, Venom became aware that Carnage was "pregnant" and sought out Carnage to talk about this new symbiote. Carnage had resolved to kill this spawn as soon as it was born. Venom was doing the best to protect the new symbiote, with the intention of raising it to become a new partner. Venom was also concerned that, as the 1,000th symbiote of their line, the new symbiote could potentially become psychotic and violent because of genetic breakdown.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Patrick Mulligan was one of New York City's finest cops, yet troubled with various personal problems. His stressful job, along with the strain of his new family (his wife Gina was pregnant with their first son Edward) were taking their toll. One night while on duty, he came across the site where Carnage was giving birth to the new symbiote. Carnage, needing a host to hide the symbiote to keep it from Venom, bonded it to Mulligan. Carnage resolved to kill both Mulligan and the symbiote since they were not yet strong enough to manifest a super-powered costume like the Venom and Carnage symbiotes. Venom still hoped to use this new symbiote as a partner, and fought Carnage to a standstill to protect Mulligan and the symbiote, whom he christened Toxin, after himself. At first, Mulligan did not realize what had happened to him. Before long, the Toxin symbiote had matured enough to gain both conscious thought and the strength to form a symbiote costume on Mulligan's body. After Carnage attacked Gina and Edward at their home, Mulligan realized the Toxin symbiote was a danger to both himself and his family. During a subsequent confrontation between Venom, Carnage, and Toxin, Venom realized Mulligan was dedicated to a life of virtue, or as close as he could come under the symbiote's influence. When it became clear that Toxin was easily as strong as either of his predecessors, and was still growing, Venom and Carnage formed a temporary pact to destroy Toxin. Spider-Man stumbled into the final confrontation among the symbiote trio, and helped Toxin. After they fended off Venom and Carnage, Toxin had a conversation with Spider-Man, filling the latter in on what had happened. Spider-Man encouraged him, and Toxin resigned himself to a life of battling his base symbiote urges while trying to harness his power for good. He left his wife and child, and the police force, to try to come to terms with his new life.


title: Toxin (character)

text: In 2005, after Spider-Man joined the New Avengers, Marvel introduced a six-issue "Toxin" limited series, which followed Toxin's battles with various supervillains escaped from the Raft as a result of events at the beginning of "The New Avengers" series. The series also portrayed Mulligan's constant battle to keep the Toxin symbiote under control; as the host and symbiote minds had conversations and arguments with each other. Throughout the miniseries, he battled King Cobra, the Wrecker, Piledriver, and Razor Fist. At one point, trying to live with the Toxin symbiote became too much for Mulligan, who attempted suicide by throwing himself in front of a train. The Toxin symbiote intervened at the last moment, saving Mulligan and claiming that Mulligan did not really want to die. When Mulligan pressed the issue, it became clear that, unlike the Venom and Carnage symbiotes, Toxin is not sure it could survive on its own and find a new host. In the limited series, Razor Fist murdered Mulligan's father, but Toxin begins to show signs of a heroic behavior; he tracked Razor Fist down, but rather than slaughtering (as both the Toxin symbiote and Razor Fist himself urge), Toxin controls himself and turns Razor Fist over to the police. Mulligan reconciled with Gina by 'introducing' his estranged wife to the Toxin symbiote as a way of explaining why he walked out on his family. Mulligan and the Toxin symbiote co-operate peacefully with an agreement: Mulligan will be in complete control, if he allows Toxin two hours of "playtime" each night. But in those two hours, Toxin is not allowed to commit any acts of grand theft, arson, or homicide.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Mulligan is killed by Blackheart, resulting in the Toxin symbiote appearing in an underground lab in Las Vegas.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Afterwards, the Crime Master's underling Jack O'Lantern blackmails Venom into retrieving the Toxin symbiote. A fight with security personnel results in Jack O'Lantern taking the Toxin symbiote and fleeing. Blackheart is revealed to have bound pieces of the Toxin symbiote to clones of X-23, and also retained a small sample of the Toxin symbiote in a test tube because of needing an "alien's flesh" as an ingredient in a ritual to bring hell to Earth.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Along with Venom, Anti-Venom, Hybrid and his sister Scorn, Toxin is mentioned as being the next option to stop Carnage's rampage in the Midwest after the Avengers are defeated. However, the US military is unable to find Toxin, leaving it up to the hybrid symbiotes and Scorn to stop Carnage.


title: Toxin (character)

text: After killing Hybrid and Scream, Eddie Brock follows Venom into Crime Master's headquarters as part of his plan to destroy all symbiotes. During the ensuing fight between Venom and Crime Master's underlings, Crime Master locks Brock up and forcibly bonds him to the Toxin symbiote, making him the new Toxin. Brock joins the Savage Six to fight Venom, but is severely burned in the fight.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Eddie and the Toxin symbiote eventually track down Venom and discover a group of creatures called the "symbiote slayers" that are determined to destroy the symbiotes. Venom and Toxin have to team up to fight the "slayers". After this, Toxin agrees to leave Venom alone, and Brock as Toxin reclaims his title as the "".


title: Toxin (character)

text: Brock and the Toxin symbiote appear once more in the All-New, All-Different Marvel miniseries "Carnage", where Brock serves in a task force led by John Jameson, in hopes to entrap Carnage who was hidden in a mine-shaft. Toxin is considered "Plan B" to the force, and Brock's transformation into Toxin is manually controlled through a button. The Toxin symbiote's look has changed into resembling Agent Venom's, in which he sports red body armor. But at the end, Brock loses the suit.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Carnage has taken hold of the book known as the Darkhold, to resurrect Chthon, Eddie Brock ultimately sacrifices the Toxin symbiote in the final issue against Chthon.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Toxin returns during the "King in Black" tie-in miniseries "Planet of the Symbiotes". Toxin has now bonded with a new host, teenager Bren Waters, the son of the new Guardsman (Ozkar Waters); the two have a brief scuffle.


title: Toxin (character)

text: The Toxin symbiote possessed the special abilities of his two symbiote predecessors: he can stick to walls (which originally came from when Spider-Man was a host of the Venom symbiote), can change his identity to that of a completely different person, and also has unlimited webbing. With Patrick Mulligan as the host, Toxin is red from the abdomen up and black from the abdomen down. With Eddie Brock as the host, Toxin resembles a combination of Venom and Carnage but with the entire body red—light on the chest, and dark on the arms and lower body. Toxin can also blend in with his surroundings and become undetectable, an ability he gained from his grandfather Venom, and he can form solid weapons from his limbs, an ability first seen in his father Carnage. Toxin also seems to have some sort of quick-healing ability like his predecessors, as his wounds from his first battle with Razor Fist healed remarkably quickly. Unlike the others, Toxin can track anyone—not just other symbiotes or symbiote host—within the entire city of New York and possibly farther, as long as he has something to begin from.


title: Toxin (character)

text: Unlike many of the other symbiotes, Toxin did not try to take over the mind of his human host. Instead, the Toxin symbiote actually thinks and voices its opinions to the human host (as evidenced in Toxin's "Cut to the Chase" storyline). The Toxin symbiote usually speaks when the host is in his "human form", and acts very immature and childlike because of its nascent existence, once refusing to aid Pat in battle until he apologized for an earlier argument. In addition, he seems to have a stronger resistance to sonics and intense heat compared to Carnage, though this does not mean that Toxin is more resistant to violent urges: it can get carried away with violence and fighting crime, even if it is a petty crime. When he is not angry or fighting, Toxin is slim and smooth-lined, although still well muscled, closely resembling Carnage or Spider-Man's symbiote costume. When he becomes upset or aggressive, he grows into his much bigger and stronger form like Venom, with vicious fangs and long curving claws. The Toxin symbiote recently developed a venomous bite after bonding to Eddie.


title: Toxin (character)

text: A variation of Patrick Mulligan appears in the live-action Sony's Spider-Man Universe film "", portrayed by Stephen Graham. This version is a detective for the San Francisco Police Department who wears a hearing aid due to a past encounter with Frances Barrison while working as an officer. In the present, he attempts to use Eddie Brock to investigate Cletus Kasady, but gets caught in a battle between the Venom and Carnage symbiotes and Barrison. During the fight, Mulligan is apparently killed by Barrison, but absorbs a piece of one of the symbiotes, which later revives him and causes his eyes to glow blue.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The most ancient communities of African Jews are the Ethiopian, West African Jews, Sephardi Jews, and Mizrahi Jews of North Africa and the Horn of Africa.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: In the seventh century, many Spanish Jews fled from the persecution which was occurring under the rule of the Visigoths and migrated to North Africa, where they made their homes in the Byzantine-dominated cities along the Mediterranean coast. Others arrived after the expulsion from Iberia. Remnants of longstanding Jewish communities remain in Morocco, Tunisia, and the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla. There is a much-diminished but still vibrant community on the island of Djerba in Tunisia. Since 1948 and the war to establish Israel, which aroused hostility in Muslim lands, most other North African Jews emigrated to Israel.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Of the seventh-century immigrants, some moved inland and proselytized among the Berber tribes. A number of tribes, including the Jarawa, Uled Jari, and some tribes of the Daggatun people, converted to Judaism. Ibn Khaldun reported that Kahina, a female Berber warlord who led the resistance against the Muslim Arab conquests of North Africa in the 680s and 690s, was a Jew of the Jarawa tribe. With the defeat of the Berber rebellion, none of the Jewish communities was initially forced to convert to Islam.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: In 1975, the Israeli religious authorities and government recognized the Beta Israel of Ethiopia as a legally Jewish community. Hundreds of persons who wanted to emigrate to Israel were air-lifted under the leadership of Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Begin had obtained an official ruling from the Israeli Sephardi Chief Rabbi (or "Rishon LeTzion") Ovadia Yosef that the Beta Israel were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. Rabbis believed they were probably descendants of the Tribe of Dan; rabbinical responsa discussing issues related to the people date back hundreds of years. With this endorsement, in later decades tens of thousands of Beta Israel Jews were air-lifted to Israel. Significant immigration to Israel continues into the 21st century, producing an Ethiopian Jewish community of around 81,000 immigrants, who with their 39,000 children born in Israel itself, numbered around 120,000 by early 2009.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Due to certain aspects of Orthodox Jewish marital laws, Rabbi Yosef ruled that upon arrival in Israel, the Beta Israel had to undergo a "pro forma" conversion to Judaism. They had to declare their allegiance to a "halachic" way of life and the Jewish people, in conformity with practices followed by Orthodox Rabbinical Judaism. He did not demand the normal formal requirements that the halacha imposes on potential gentile proselytes, (such as a brit milah or immersion in a mikveh). Few Ashkenazi rabbinic authorities consider the conversions to be actual conversions, not "pro forma".


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Over time, due to their community's isolation from those in Europe and the Middle East, the practices of the Beta Israel developed to differ significantly from those of other forms of Judaism. In Ethiopia, the Beta Israel community was for the most part isolated from the Talmud. They did have their own oral law. In some cases, they had practices similar to those of Karaite Judaism, and in others more similar to rabbinical Judaism.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: In many instances their religious elders, or priestly class, known as "kessim" or "qessotch", interpreted the Biblical Law of the Tanakh in a way similar to the rabbinite Jewish communities in other parts of the world. In that sense, the Beta Israel had a tradition analogous to that of the "Talmud," although at times at variance with the practices and teachings of other Jewish communities.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: One significant difference is that the Beta Israel lacked the festivals of Purim and Hanukkah, probably because they branched off from the main body of Judaism before these non-Biblical holidays began to be commemorated. Today, most members of the Beta Israel community living in Israel do observe these holidays.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: They are a community in transition. Some of the kessim accept the rabbinic/Talmudic tradition that is practiced by non-Ethiopian Orthodox Jews. Many of the younger generation of Ethiopian-Israelis have been educated in yeshivas and received rabbinical ordination ("semikha"). A certain segment of traditionalist "kessim" insist on maintaining their separate and distinct form of Judaism, as it had been practiced in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Many of the Ethiopian Jewish youth who have immigrated to Israel or been born there have assimilated either to the dominant form of Orthodox Judaism, or to a secular lifestyle.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The Beit Avraham of Ethiopia have some 50,000 members. This community also claims Jewish heritage. Several scholars think that they broke off from the Beta Israel community several centuries ago, hid their Jewish customs, and outwardly adopted Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Beit Avraham have traditionally been on the lower rungs of Ethiopian social life. They have held occupations similar to those of the Beta Israel, such as crafts. Recently, the Beit Avraham community has attempted to reach out to the world Jewish community. They formed the Ethiopian North Shewa Zionist Organization in an attempt to save their Jewish identity. This group identifies as the "Falashmura." As they do not have reliable proof of Jewish ancestry, Israeli religious authorities and other religious Jewish communities require them to complete a formal conversion to be recognized as Jews. Those who do so are considered converts.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The Yibir are a tribe that lives in Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Kenya. Though they have been Muslim for centuries, some of them assert they are descendants of Hebrews who arrived in the Horn of Africa long before the arrival of Somali nomads. These individuals assert that "Yibir" means "Hebrew" in their language.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The historical presence of Jewish communities in Africa is well-attested to. Today, the descendants of these Jews live in nations such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, and many other areas. According to the 17th century "Tarikh al-Fattash" and the "Tarikh al-Sudan", several Jewish communities existed as parts of the Ghana, Mali, and later Songhai empires. One such community was formed by a group of Egyptian Jews, who allegedly traveled by way of the Sahel corridor through Chad into Mali. Manuscript C of the "Tarikh al-Fattash" described a community called the Bani Israel; in 1402, it lived in Tindirma, possessed 333 wells, and had seven princes as well as an army.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Another such community was that of the Zuwa ruler of Koukiya (located at the Niger River). His name was known only as "Zuwa Alyaman," meaning "He comes from Yemen". According to an isolated local legend, Zuwa Alyaman was a member of one of the Jewish communities transported from Yemen by Abyssinians in the 6th century CE after the defeat of Dhu Nuwas. Zuwa Alyaman was said to have traveled into West Africa along with his brother. They established a community in Kukiya at the banks of the Niger River downstream from Gao. According to the "Tarikh al-Sudan", after Zuwa Alyaman, there were 14 Zuwa rulers of Gao before the rise of Islam in the second half of the eleventh century.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Other sources stated that other Jewish communities in the region developed from people who migrated from Morocco and Egypt; others later came from Portugal. Some communities were said to have been populated by certain Berber Jews, like a group of Tuareg known as Dawsahak or Iddao Ishaak ("children of Isaac"). They speak a language related to Songhai, live in Ménaka Region in northeastern Mali and were formerly herders for Tuareg nobles. In addition, some migrated into the area away from the Muslim rule of North Africa.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The well-known 16th Century geographer Leo Africanus - an Andalusian Berber convert to Christianity - mentions a mysterious small village of African Jews southwest of Timbuktu, who traded in exotic spices, weapons, and poisons.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The largest influx of Jews to Africa came after the Spanish Inquisition after the Fall of Granada and the end of Islamic Spain. The mass exodus and expulsion of the Iberian Jews began in 1492, Sicilian Jews were affected soon afterwards. Many of these Sephardi Jews settled primarily in the Maghreb under Muslim and Ottoman patronage. Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Algeria as well as Egypt became home to significant Jewish communities. These communities were later incorporated into the Ottoman millet system as Africanized Ottoman Jews, bound by the laws of the Talmud and Torah but with allegiance to the Caliph of Constantinople.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The Nyambo are a tribe that lives in Tanzania, northern Tanzania, and Southern Uganda as Ankole. Though they have been Christians for centuries, they assert they are descendants of Hebrews who arrived in the Horn of Africa long before the arrival of Somali nomads. Some say that "Nyambo" means "Hebrew" in their language.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: In the 14th century many Moors and Jews, fleeing persecution in Spain, migrated south to the Timbuktu area, at that time part of the Songhai Empire. Among them was the Kehath (Ka'ti) family, descended from Ismael Jan Kot Al-yahudi of Scheida, Morocco. Sons of this prominent family founded three villages that still exist near Timbuktu—Kirshamba, Haybomo, and Kongougara. In 1492, Askia Muhammed came to power in the previously tolerant region of Timbuktu and decreed that Jews must convert to Islam or leave; Judaism became illegal in Songhai, as it did in Catholic Spain that same year. As the historian Leo Africanus wrote in 1526: ""The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods.""


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The Kehath family converted with the rest of the non-Muslim population. The Cohens, descended from the Moroccan Islamicized Jewish trader El-Hadj Abd-al-Salam al Kuhin, arrived in the Timbuktu area in the 18th century, and the Abana family came in the first half of the 19th century. According to Prof. Michel Abitbol, at the Center for the Research of Moroccan Jewry in Israel, in the late 19th century Rabbi Mordoche Aby Serour traveled to Timbuktu several times as a not-too-successful trader in ostrich feathers and ivory. Ismael Diadie Haidara, a historian from Timbuktu, has found old Hebrew texts among the city's historical records. He has also researched his own past and discovered that he is descended from the Moroccan Jewish traders of the Abana family. As he interviewed elders in the villages of his relatives, he has discovered that knowledge of the family's Jewish identity has been preserved, in secret, out of fear of persecution.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: King Manuel I of Portugal exiled about 2,000 Jewish children under the age of ten, to São Tomé and Príncipe around 1500. Most died, but in the early 17th century "the local bishop noted with disgust that there were still Jewish observances on the island and returned to Portugal because of his frustration with them." Although Jewish practices faded over subsequent centuries, there are people in São Tomé and Príncipe who are aware of partial descent from this population. Similarly, a number of Portuguese ethnic Jews were exiled to Sao Tome after forced conversions to Roman Catholicism. From São Tomé and by other means groups of Jews settled down the west coast of Africa, as far south as Loango.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Rabbi Yisrael Oriel, formerly Bodol Ngimbus-Ngimbus, was born into the Ba-Saa tribe. He says there were historically Jews in the area and that the word "Ba-Saa" is from the Hebrew for 'on a journey' and means "blessing". Rabbi Oriel claims to be a Levite descended from Moses and reportedly made "aliya" in 1988, and he was then apparently ordained as a rabbi by the Sephardic Chief Rabbi and appointed rabbi to Nigerian Jews.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Rabbi Oriel claims that in 1920 there were 400,000 'Israelites' in Cameroon, but by 1962 the number had decreased to 167,000 due to conversions to Christianity and Islam. He said that although these tribes had not been accepted halachically, he believes that he can prove their Jewish status from medieval rabbinic sources.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Communities have been forming in Côte d'Ivoire in recent years and have been slowly growing throughout the region. The capitol city of Abidjan has two synagogues, each with a population of about 40-70 congregants. In addition, large groups of indigenous peoples referred to as Danites claim descent from the lost tribe of Dan and many from this ethnic group have shown interest in Judaic practices.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: From the eighteenth century on what is now Ghana was a favorite locus for theories positing Israelite origins for various ethnic groups in the area. These theories were widespread and were taken up by powerful people in the twentieth century. The House of Israel community of Sefwi Wiawso, Sefwi Sui has identified as Jewish since the early 1970s. The Ga-Dangme tribe in the southern Region of Ghana assert that their ancestors are descendants of the tribe Gad and Dan who migrated south through Egypt. They observe many Hebraic traditions such as circumcision of their male child; they also cannot name their male child until he has been circumcised. They also have many ancient Jewish names that are traditional names.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Theories suggesting Israelite origins particularly of the Masai abounded in the nineteenth century and were gradually absorbed into religious and societal practices throughout the area. The chief proponent of Masai Israelite origins was a German officer Moritz Merkel whose detailed research is still in use today. Of the many Judaic manifestations in the religious sphere is a small emergent community in Laikipia County, Kenya, which has abandoned Christianity and taken up Judaism. There are an estimated 5,000 of them at the present time. Although at first Messianic, they concluded that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and are now waiting to be instructed in traditional Judaism. Some of the younger children of this community have been sent to the Abayudaya schools in Uganda to be instructed in Judaism and other subjects. Luos in Kenya are another of the groups considered by some to be of Israelite origin. They claim to have migrated hundreds of years ago from the north along the river Nile from Egypt through South Sudan and then into Kenya.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: In early modern times it was widely believed that Israelites had settled in Madagascar. Works by the French scholar Alfred Grandidier and Augustus Keane, the British professor of Hindustani at University College, London provided what they saw as conclusive proof of these ancient connections. These ideas were absorbed into the national consciousness of the people of Madagascar. In 2010 a small community of Malagasies began practicing normative Judaism, and three separate communities formed, each embracing a different version of Jewish spiritual practice. In May 2016, 121 members of the Malagasy Jewish community were converted in accordance with traditional Jewish rituals; appearing before a beit din and submerged in a mikvah. The conversion, organized with the help of the Jewish organization Kulanu, was presided over by three Orthodox rabbis.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Since the eighteenth century, there have been claims which state that the Igbo are of Jewish origin. At the present time, the existence of Israelite associations is mainly attributed to the Igbo, many of whom claim Israelite origins. Most of the Jews of Nigeria can be found among the Igbo ethnic group. Certain Nigerian communities with Judaic practices have been receiving help from individual Israelis and American Jews who work in Nigeria with outreach organizations like Kulanu.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The number of Igbos in Nigeria who identify as Jews has been estimated to number around 4,000 (2016), along with 70 synagogues. Many have converted from Christianity. Other sources give a higher estimate, claiming that some 30,000 Igbos were practicing some form of Judaism in 2008.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: For centuries, it was believed that Jews inhabited the central portions of Africa. Some Africans were keen to adopt Judaism in recent times. One of these was Samei Kakungulu, one of the most remarkable Ugandans of his generation, a brilliant military strategist and a man who had a great amount of spiritual and intellectual curiosity. In 1919, having declared that "we now will be known as Jews," he was circumcised along with his first son, whom he called Yuda. His second son was subsequently circumcised on the eighth day, in the Jewish fashion, and he was named Nimrod. In 1922, Kakungulu published a 90-page book, which was essentially a guide to Judaism. He died a Jew (albeit one with a residual belief in Jesus) and his followers in Mbale, who are known as the Abayudaya, continued to practice Judaism, despite the persecution which they were subjected to during the rule of Idi Amin, when many of them converted to Christianity or Islam, and today, they are some thousand strong. In the twenty first century, the Abayudaya are considered observant practitioners of Judaism, many of them have undergone formal Orthodox conversions, and they have forged strong links with Jewish communities in the United States and Israel, along with increasingly strong links with Black Jewish communities in Africa and elsewhere. In a relatively new movement, the Abayudaya of Uganda have converted to Judaism since 1917, influenced by the American William Saunders Crowdy, who claimed that African Americans were descended from the Jews.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: A number of European Jews settled in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). At its peak in the early 1960s, there were 1,000 Jews living in the country, many in Livingstone. The number began to fall after independence and there were estimated to be around 50 remaining by 2012.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The Zimbabwe Jewish Community was mainly of British citizenship, whose arrival coincides with the first white colonists in the 1890s. At its peak in the early 1970s, it numbered some 7,500 people (80% were of Ashkenazi descent), who lived primarily in the two communities of Salisbury and Bulawayo. Smaller rural communities also existed for short periods in Que Que, Umtali and Gatooma. The community declined in part due to age, but most Jewish residents in Zimbabwe left after violence and social disruption. In 2007, the local Jewish community had declined to 270. The community had strong links with Israel. In 2003, the Bulawayo Shul was burnt down in an anti-Semitic act of violence.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: The Lemba,"wa-Remba", or "Mwenye" are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group which is native to Zimbabwe and South Africa, with smaller, little-known branches in Mozambique and Malawi. According to Tudor Parfitt, when he first worked in the field among the Lemba in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Malawi in the 1980s, they numbered an estimated 50,000. They speak the same Bantu languages which their geographic neighbours speak and they also bare a physical resemblance to their geographic neighbors, but some of their religious practices and beliefs are similar to Jewish and Islamic practices and beliefs. According to Parfitt, the Lemba claim that they once had a book which described their traditions but it was lost.


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: Parfitt has suggested that the name "Lemba" may originate in "chilemba", a Swahili word for the turbans which are worn by some Bantu men, or it may originate from "lembi," a Bantu term for a "non-African" or a "respected foreigner". Magdel le Roux says that the name "VaRemba" may be translated as "the people who refuse" – probably in the context of "not eating with others" (according to one of her interviewees). In Zimbabwe and South Africa, the people prefer the name "Mwenye."


title: History of the Jews in Africa

text: They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line. Genetic Y-DNA analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population. More recent research argues that DNA studies do not support claims of a specifically Jewish genetic heritage.


title: Ipomoea alba

text: Ipomoea alba, sometimes called the tropical white morning-glory or moonflower or moon vine, is a species of night-blooming morning glory, native to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America, from Argentina to northern Mexico, Arizona, Florida and the West Indies. Though formerly classified as genus "Calonyction", species "aculeatum", it is now properly assigned to genus "Ipomoea", subgenus "Quamoclit", section "Calonyction".


title: Ipomoea alba

text: It is a perennial, herbaceous liana growing to a height of 5–30 m tall with twining stems. The leaves are entire or three-lobed, 5–15 cm long, with a 5–20 cm long stem. The flowers are fragrant, white or pink, and large, 8–14 cm diameter. The flowers open quickly in the evening and last through the night, remaining open until touched by the morning dew. On overcast days, the blossoms may remain open for longer. The flowers also tend to remain open longer during cool temperatures - which may also cause the segments to snag or tear as they open.


title: Ipomoea alba

text: The name moonflower derives from their blooming in the evening and their being round in shape like a full moon.


title: Ipomoea alba

text: The Mesoamerican civilizations used the "Ipomoea alba" morning glory to convert the latex from the "Castilla elastica" tree to produce bouncing rubber balls. The sulfur in this morning glory served to cross-link the rubber, a process predating Charles Goodyear's discovery of vulcanization by at least 3,000 years.


title: Ipomoea alba

text: The species is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for its flowers. In areas too cold for winter survival, it can be grown as an annual plant. Since it is of tropical origin, it flowers best under a summer short day photoperiod. Though it can be successfully flowered in the north, its flowering is impaired by excessively long summer days. Thus, it often does not set buds and bloom until early autumn when daylight length is once again near 12 hours. Propagation is usually by seed. The seed resembles a small, brownish nut, and should be nicked with a file and then soaked overnight before planting. In some areas, it is an invasive species which can cause problems in agricultural settings.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: Nadiya Viktorivna Savchenko (; born 11 May 1981) is a Ukrainian politician, former Army aviation pilot in the Ukrainian Ground Forces and former People's Deputy of Ukraine.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: During the 2014 War in Donbas Savchenko, a first lieutenant in the Ukrainian Ground Forces, served as instructor with a volunteer infantry unit, the Aidar Battalion. In June 2014, she was captured by pro-Russian forces in eastern Ukraine and handed over to Russia where she was accused of having directed artillery fire that killed two Russian state-television journalists at the positions of pro-Russian forces in Ukraine.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: She was subsequently charged and convicted of murder and illegally crossing the Russian state border despite being abducted from Ukrainian territory one hour before the deaths of the journalists. One of her lawyers, Mark Feygin, said she was a prisoner-of-war and called on the International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations to demand her immediate release and that of the other Ukrainian POWs lest Russia be held in violation of the Geneva Conventions. European Union ministers and their representative regarded her detention as illegal and that her trial did not respect basic human rights, including the right to fair proceedings.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: In November 2014, while still imprisoned, Savchenko was elected to the Verkhovna Rada in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, and she formally resigned from her military post. On 25 May 2016, Savchencko was exchanged in a prisoner swap for Russian GRU officers Yevgeny Yerofeyev and Alexander Alexandrov captured by Ukraine.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: After returning to Ukraine, Savchenko declared her intention to participate as a presidential candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. However, she was arrested on 22 March 2018, charged with planning a terrorist attack to overthrow the Ukrainian government. She was released from detention on 15 April 2019.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: Savchenko was one of Ukraine's first women to train as a military aeroplane pilot, and is the only female aviator to pilot the Sukhoi Su-24 bomber and the Mil Mi-24 helicopter.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: Nadiya Savchenko and her younger sister Vira were born in Kyiv in the Troieshchyna neighbourhood. Their father was an agricultural engineer, their mother a designer and cargo manager. Savchenko's father was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union while her mother was an anti-communist. Her mother and sister Vira said in an interview that she and her sister were brought up in a Ukrainian-speaking household and attending Ukrainian-language schools.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: At 16, Savchenko was already determined to become a pilot. She joined the Ukrainian Army, working as a radio operator with the country's railway forces before training as a paratrooper. She was then the only Ukrainian female soldier in the (2004–2008) Ukrainian peacekeeping troops in Iraq. Upon returning, she successfully petitioned the Defence Ministry for the right to attend the prestigious Air Force University in Kharkiv, which until then had been open only to men; she was expelled twice during her study there as an unsuitable candidate to train as a pilot but both times was successfully re-instated and continued to train as a flight navigator instead, initially as a SU-24 navigator. Later she graduated on a Mi-24 attack helicopter in 2009 and served in the 3rd Regiment of the Army Aviation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the city of Brody. She amassed 170 flying hours as a Mi-24 navigator.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: In 2011, the Ukraine Defence Forces published a 20-minute documentary about Savchenko and her military career. She also featured in a United Nations Development Program as part of a drive to promote equality in the Ukrainian military. Savchenko found her time in Brody boring and often got drunk. She was unhappy flying on the Mi-24 attack helicopter, instead of the Su-24 bomber. Her former commanding officer at Brody, Edward Zahurskiy, described her as a problem officer, who was unstable, insubordinate, and lacked discipline.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: In December 2013, Savchenko's 3rd Army Aviation Regiment was ordered to Kyiv by President Viktor Yanukovych. Savchenko then (without permission from her commanding officer) joined the Euromaidan demonstrations. Savchenko kept a low profile during the protests; there is a video of her trying to persuade demonstrators not to throw petrol bombs at riot police. After the president had fled Ukraine in late February 2014, Savchenko and her unit returned to Brody.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: Angry over her unit not being deployed in the War in Donbas, Savchenko defied orders and left Brody, and she volunteered as an instructor in the Aidar Battalion.


title: Nadiya Savchenko

text: During the War in Donbas, Savchenko fought as a volunteer in the east of Ukraine in the Aidar Battalion. On 17 June 2014, at 10:46 am she was captured near the village of Metalist, Slovianoserbsk Raion, by members of the Zarya Battalion, an armed pro-Russian militant group that declared allegiance to the self-declared People's Republic of Luhansk. On 19 June, a video of her interrogation at an undisclosed location appeared on the internet; she was shown handcuffed to a metal pipe. On 20 June, the chief of counter-intelligence Vladimir Gromov said that Savchenko was being treated well. On 22 June, there were media reports that Savchenko had been transferred to Donetsk.