title: Naya Daur (1957 film)

text: During filming, the "Naya Daur" production was involved in a highly controversial and widely publicised court case. Initially, the actress Madhubala was cast as the female lead. An advance payment was given to her and shooting began and continued smoothly for 15 days. B.R. Chopra, the director, wanted the unit to travel to Bhopal for an extended outdoor shoot. Ataullah Khan, the father of Madhubala, objected to this and claimed that the entire Bhopal schedule was a ruse to give Dilip Kumar the opportunity to romance his daughter (Kumar and Madhubala were in a relationship at the time). With Madhubala no longer completing the film, Chopra sued for the cash advance she received from him. Madhubala supported her father, while Kumar testified against Madhubala and her father in favour of B.R. Chopra in open court. The case was lost by Madhubala and her father amid much negative publicity. During the case, the film was released and declared a success. Chopra eventually dropped the court case.


title: Naya Daur (1957 film)

text: All the songs were composed by O. P. Nayyar and the lyrics were penned by Sahir Ludhianvi, with playback by Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle, Shamshad Begum and S. Balbir.


title: Naya Daur (1957 film)

text: All the songs in Tamil were composed by O. P. Nayyar and lyrics were penned by Kambadasan. Playback singers are T. M. Soundararajan, Seerkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela & T. V. Rathnam.


title: Naya Daur (1957 film)

text: "Naya Daur" collected around , becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1957 behind "Mother India". This was equivalent to in 1957, or () adjusted for inflation.


title: Naya Daur (1957 film)

text: "Naya Daur" received positive reviews from critics, with the screenplay and performances gaining the most attention. On 13 September 1957, "Filmfare" wrote, "A powerful and vibrantly gripping picture, B. R. Films' "Naya Daur" is a distinctly successful combination of pertinent social education and moral and top-rate entertainment." The critic appreciated Kumar's performance and noted that he "[turns] in a portrayal which is utterly magnificent in every phase and mood". "The Times of India" called the film "a picture with a purposeful and distinctly impressive theme ... from almost the beginning to the end", saying that it "remains a brilliant, beautiful and very entertaining". Bombay (present-day Mumbai) newspaper "Bharat Jyoti" found the film to be "one of the most ambitious and unusual subjects ventured in India". "Screen" said that it was "one of the most important films made in this country" at the time. A critic from the magazine "Eve's Weekly" believed that it "truly a [Mahatma] Gandhi among films".


title: Naya Daur (1957 film)

text: "Amrita Bazar Patrika" saw that Chopra "has delivered a commendable film" with "Naya Daur", and found the film "combines ... purposeful and [picturesque] theme[s]". Reviewing it in Lucknow, the daily "Pioneer" described the film as "the straightforward natural drama [that] develops grip as the story unfolds itself and scales the very height of dramatic expression." "The Hindu" critic felt that it implied Gandhi's quote, "There is no room for machinery that would displace human labor and concentrate power in a few hands." "Sport and Pastime" praised the film for "provides wholesome entertainment with a purpose", stating, ""Naya Daur" is a picture of which the industry should be proud of." "The Indian Express" noted, "What strikes one most in this film is its sense of mission and the remarkable, almost infectious enthusiasm of practically everybody in it ..."


title: Naya Daur (1957 film)

text: "Naya Daur" was colourised and re-released in 2007, along with the re-release of another film starring Dilip Kumar, "Mughal-e-Azam". However, this re-release failed commercially. Lack of extensive promotion was cited to be the major reason behind the commercial failure.


title: Tiffany Yellow Diamond

text: The Tiffany Yellow Diamond is one of the largest yellow diamonds ever discovered. Its carat weight was originally 287.42 carats (57.484 g) in the rough when discovered in 1878 in the Kimberley mine in South Africa. It was cut into a cushion shape of 128.54 carats (25.108 g) with 82 facets—24 more than a traditional round brilliant—to maximize its brilliance. The facet pattern features eight needle-like facets pointing outward from the culet (bottom) facet. Jewelry and diamond historian Herbert Tillander refers to this as a "stellar brilliant cut", and lists the gem in his book, "Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewelry – 1381 to 1910" (1995), among other such diamonds: the Cullinan Diamond, the Koh-i-Noor, the Polar Star, the Wittelsbach, and others.


title: Tiffany Yellow Diamond

text: The gem has been displayed across the United States. Its permanent home is at the Tiffany & Co. flagship store in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.


title: Tiffany Yellow Diamond

text: Discovered in South Africa in 1877, the stone was purchased by New York jeweler Charles Tiffany. His gemologist, George Frederick Kunz, studied the gem for a year before beginning to cut it; reducing it from 287 carats (57.5g) to its current size. The cutting was carried out in Paris. It was later mounted by Jean Schlumberger.


title: Tiffany Yellow Diamond

text: In 1879, the Tiffany branch in Paris obtained the Tiffany Diamond, which weighed 287.42 carats in the rough. It was the largest yellow diamond found up to that time. The task of supervising the cutting of this stone was the responsibility of one George Frederick Kunz (1856–1932), a twenty-three-year-old gemologist who had just joined the firm. Kunz modified the accepted square antique brilliant cut, bringing the total facets to ninety. The result is a cut that returns a great deal of light to the eye. Large diamonds of comparable brilliance were not fashioned until well into the 20th century. In 1893 it was part of Tiffany's exhibit at the Chicago World's Fair.


title: Tiffany Yellow Diamond

text: The gem was on loan from Tiffany & Co. to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., from April 18, 2007, until September 23, 2007. At the time, Jeffrey E. Post, the museum's gem curator, said that this was the largest diamond on display in the U.S. The famous Hope Diamond is only 45.5 carats, which is about one-third the mass of the Tiffany Yellow Diamond.


title: Tiffany Yellow Diamond

text: The diamond is known to have been worn by only four women during its lifetime. It was worn by Mrs. E. Sheldon Whitehouse at the 1957 Tiffany Ball held in Newport, Rhode Island, mounted for the occasion in a necklace of white diamonds. It was subsequently worn by Audrey Hepburn in 1961 publicity photographs for "Breakfast at Tiffany's". In 2019, Lady Gaga wore the diamond at the 91st Academy Awards. Beyoncé wore the necklace in a collaboration campaign with Tiffany in 2021, becoming the first black woman to wear the yellow diamond.


title: Tiffany Yellow Diamond

text: In addition, Gal Gadot wore a replica of the diamond made by Tiffany & Co. in the 2022 film "Death on the Nile", where the theft of the diamond is a part of the mystery.


title: Mone Kamishiraishi

text: Born in Kagoshima, Her family lived in Mexico for three years due to her father's work. She can speak English and a little bit of Spanish. Her musical school teacher suggested that she participate in the 2011 Toho "Cinderella" Audition – a competition held by the film company, Toho Entertainment – she won the Special Jury Prize. She made her drama debut in the final episode of the NHK Taiga drama "Gō: Hime-tachi no Sengoku" starring Juri Ueno. She made her musical debut in "The King and I" in 2012. She played an aspiring geisha in the musical film "Lady Maiko" directed by Masayuki Suo. She was in charge of the theme song "Maiko wa Lady" which was released as a single under the name "Koharu". In 2016, she rose to international prominence as the lead female role in Makoto Shinkai's anime film "Your Name", securing her an award at the 11th Seiyu Awards. Mone Kamishiraishi used the piano which she displayed for "A Forest of Wool and Steel". She also learned classical ballet at the same time as musicals. There is also a scene where she dances ballet in the fourth episode of the short movie ""Sky Blue Story"" ""Mone Kamishiraishi ~ Nike and Snail ~"". She played Kanade Ooe in "Chihayafuru", Aoi Nishimori in the live action film "L-DK: Two Loves, Under One Roof" and Nanase Sakura from TBS hit drama ""An Incurable Case of Love"" in 2020. She starred in the drama series, ""Oh My Boss! Love is a Separate Volume"" as Nami Suzuki and the taiga drama "Reach Beyond the Blue Sky" as Tenshō-in Atsuhime"." On December 24, 2020, it was announced that she will play the role of Yasuko in the 105th asadora "Come Come Everybody". It is the first time in the history of an asadora that three actresses will play each characters as different heroines. Mone Kamishiraishi and Rina Kawaei were selected through an audition from 3061 applicants.


title: Mone Kamishiraishi

text: The deluxe edition of "note" which is titled "note book" was released on December 23, 2020. It contains the sound source from the online live concert "inote".


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie is a 1987 American comedy film and an adaptation of the then-popular children's trading cards series of the same name produced, directed, and co-written by Rod Amateau. It was the last film to be directed by Amateau before his retirement in 1989 and death in 2003.


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: The cards were a parody of the popular "Cabbage Patch Kids" dolls and each card featured a character that typically had a gross habit, an abnormality, or suffered a terrible fate. The film depicted seven of the Garbage Pail Kids (played by dwarf actors in animatronic costumes) interacting with society and befriending a regular boy.


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: The film was universally panned by critics and audiences and is widely considered to be one of the worst films ever made. It was a box-office bomb, earning just over $1.6 million on a $1 million budget.


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: The Garbage Pail Kids were nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star category (but lost to David Mendenhall for Sylvester Stallone's "Over the Top") and the song "You Can Be a Garbage Pail Kid" was nominated for Worst Original Song (but lost to George Michael's controversial hit "I Want Your Sex" from Eddie Murphy's "Beverly Hills Cop II").


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: A garbage can spaceship is seen flying near Earth, which is then shown inside an antique shop owned by Captain Manzini. A boy named Dodger is being assaulted by four older teenage bullies in a park. Juice, the leader, steals Dodger's money and drops him in a puddle. Dodger goes to Manzini's antique shop, where he works. Manzini takes Dodger's clothes and cleans them while warning him to stay away from the garbage can. Later, Dodger sees Tangerine, Juice's girlfriend, who seems to be the most compassionate member of the group towards Dodger, and he tries to persuade her to buy something from the shop. Dodger is attracted to Tangerine and covertly smells her hair while she is distracted. The other bullies enter the shop and attempt to rough up Dodger again, but he manages to outwit them. However, during the tussle, the garbage can is knocked over and a green ooze spills out. The bullies then bring Dodger into a sewer, handcuff him to a rail, and open a pipe, pouring sewage onto him. Dodger is then saved by little mysterious people named the Garbage Pail Kids.


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: Manzini returns and is upset that the Garbage Pail Kids have been released from their can, but he introduces Dodger to each of them: Greaser Greg, a leather jacket-wearing greaser with a violent attitude; Messy Tessie, a girl with a constantly runny nose; Windy Winston, an insane boy who wears a Hawaiian shirt and often farts violently (on his card, he was depicted as a nervous musician); Valerie Vomit, a girl who throws up on command; Foul Phil, a whining hungry baby with halitosis who constantly asks characters if they are his "mommy" or "daddy"; Nat Nerd, an obese acne-riddled boy who dresses up like a superhero and wets his pants frequently; and Ali Gator, the group's leader, an anthropomorphic half-person/half-alligator with an appetite for human toes. Manzini explains that the kids are forbidden from going out in public, because they will be attacked by the "normies" (normal people), and that he cannot get the kids to go back into the garbage can without magic.


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: The next day, Dodger goes with Tangerine to a nightclub where she sells clothes she designed. Dodger behaves awkwardly when Tangerine removes her shirt to sell it. Dodger then hides when Juice shows up. Meanwhile, the Kids steal a Pepsi truck, flatten Juice's car with it, and then have a campfire in an alley with stolen food. The next morning, the Garbage Pail Kids recover from food-induced hangovers and give Dodger a jacket they sewed. The jacket impresses Tangerine, and she asks Dodger to get more clothes so she can sell them. Upon Dodger's request, the Kids increase their output after stealing a sewing machine from a non-union sweatshop, but then get bored and go out in public in disguise. They go to a theater playing Three Stooges shorts and behave obnoxiously. Ali and Winston go to a bar and get into a fight with bikers, who are soon won over by the Kids' heroics, after which they celebrate with beers. Meanwhile, Tangerine sells the clothes and begins to prepare for a fashion show based on them. She meets the Kids and though repulsed by them, realizes that she can take advantage of their designs.


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: On the night of the fashion show, Tangerine locks the Kids in the basement of the antique shop to prevent their escape, and soon they are captured by Juice and his gang who bring them to the State Home for the Ugly, a prison where people too ugly for society are brought and executed. Manzini and Dodger help them escape and head to the fashion show. The Garbage Pail Kids trash the fashion show and rip the clothes off the models, while Dodger gets into a fight with Juice. Juice and his gang are later arrested and it is implied that they may now finally be locked away in prison for a good while. Later that night, Tangerine apologizes to Dodger and asks to be his friend, but Dodger rejects it due to her greed. Captain Manzini tries to sing the Garbage Pail Kids' song backward to coax them back into the garbage can, but the Kids sneak out and ride stolen ATVs away to cause more havoc.


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: The film was universally panned by critics and audiences alike upon its release, and is widely considered to be one of the worst films ever made. The film holds a 0% approval rating, and an average score of 1.79/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 13 reviews. Metacritic gives the film a score of 1 out of 100, based on reviews from 7 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Critics disliked the film's rude humor, acting, puppetry, inappropriate moments, the appearance of the Garbage Pail Kids, nonsensical plot, and hypocritical message. Juan Carlos Coto, writing for the "News/Sun-Sentinel", called the movie "one of the worst ever made". Caryn James of "The New York Times" called the film "too repulsive for children or adults of any age".


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: "Akron Beacon Journal" film critic Bill O'Connor, criticized the costumes in the film, as well as the message saying it merely pays "lip service" to the message that "our insistence on physical beauty, and a narrowly defined "beauty" at that, limits our understanding, cuts us off from real human beauty."


title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: In 2012, it was reported that Michael Eisner's Tornante Company had plans to finance and produce the development of a feature film based on "Garbage Pail Kids", as Eisner had recently purchased the Topps Trading Card company in 2007. On July 18, 2013, it was reported that the film was cancelled, due to negative reception.


title: Pepper Keenan

text: Pepper J. Keenan (born May 8, 1967) is an American guitarist and vocalist, best known for his work with heavy metal bands Corrosion of Conformity and Down. He joined Corrosion of Conformity in 1989, but did not become the lead singer until the recording of "Deliverance" in 1994. In 1991, Keenan formed Down with Phil Anselmo of Pantera, Jimmy Bower of Eyehategod, and Kirk Windstein and Todd Strange of Crowbar.


title: Pepper Keenan

text: Keenan was born in Oxford, Mississippi, but now lives in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he owns a bar named "Le Bon Temps Roule". His father, a former musician, is a local real estate appraiser in New Orleans. While developing his playing style in New Orleans, Pepper served as a member of local band Graveyard Rodeo, and met and became friends with Corrosion of Conformity during their frequent shows at the infamous Franklin Avenue VFW Hall in New Orleans.


title: Pepper Keenan

text: Keenan joined Corrosion of Conformity in 1989. Corrosion of Conformity released their third album, "Blind", with Keenan on rhythm guitar. After Karl Agell and Phil Swisher left the band (Swisher being replaced by original bassist Mike Dean), Keenan took over on vocals and guitar. Corrosion of Conformity have since released the albums "Deliverance", "Wiseblood", "America's Volume Dealer", and "In the Arms of God", "No Cross No Crown", as well as the live release "Live Volume".


title: Pepper Keenan

text: From 2006 to 2010, Corrosion of Conformity was on hiatus. The band later reunited and recorded an album without Keenan, however, he rejoined the group in 2015 and they performed their first show with the reunited "Deliverance"-era lineup of Keenan, Woody Weatherman, Mike Dean, and Reed Mullin in March 2015 in Manchester, England. Their first U.S. tour with the reunited lineup, supporting Clutch, was announced in July 2015. "No Cross No Crown", the bands latest album to date, was released in 2018 and features Keenan on vocals and guitar.


title: Pepper Keenan

text: Keenan was a founding member of Down in 1991 along with Pantera's Phil Anselmo, Eyehategod's Jimmy Bower, and Crowbar's Kirk Windstein and Todd Strange. In 1995, Down released their debut album, "NOLA". The band went on indefinite hiatus in 1996 but returned three years later with Pantera bassist Rex Brown replacing Strange. In 2002, Down released their second album "". Following a second hiatus, Down released their third album entitled "" in 2007. Down released their fourth album "Down IV Part I – The Purple EP" in September 2012 and "Down IV – Part II" of a four-part series of EPs.


title: Pepper Keenan

text: Keenan plays guitar and sings a part of the second verse on Metallica's cover of the Lynyrd Skynyrd song "Tuesday's Gone". He also recorded a number of other songs in the same session, but this was the only one given a general release (on the album "Garage Inc."), the others only being available as bootlegs. Keenan is good friends with lead singer and guitarist James Hetfield. Hetfield provided backing vocals on "Man or Ash" from Corrosion of Conformity's "Wiseblood". Keenan auditioned for Metallica's vacant bass player position following Jason Newsted's departure from the band but lost out to former Suicidal Tendencies/Ozzy Osbourne bassist Robert Trujillo. Keenan's audition is shown in the Metallica documentary "". In addition to his contribution to the song "Tuesday's Gone" Pepper also appeared with Metallica onstage at the Download Festival in Donington, England in 2006 along with Matt Heafy of Trivium to provide additional vocals on the song "Die, Die My Darling" (a Misfits cover). This song was played at the end of Metallica's headlining set.


title: Pepper Keenan

text: Keenan became the father of a daughter named Flannery Rose Keenan with his longtime girlfriend Anna Hrnjak on January 5, 2010.


title: Pepper Keenan

text: In an interview with Guitar.com, Keenan was asked about his thoughts on politics in which he responded "I mean, the Bible means a lot more to me than the Constitution and any fuckin' politics involved in this country or any other country."


title: Pepper Keenan

text: Keenan has been a vocal critic of Donald Trump. At a 2016 Corrosion of Conformity concert, Keenan dedicated the song "Vote with a Bullet" to the former US president.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: The club started in 1939 and was officially formed as the company team, Hitachi, Ltd. Soccer Club in 1940 in Kodaira, Tokyo. The club formed the Japan Soccer League (JSL) in 1965, along with today's Urawa Reds, JEF United Chiba, Cerezo Osaka, Sanfrecce Hiroshima and three other clubs (""Original Eight""). They had some successes during the mid-1970s, winning several Emperor's Cups and JSL titles and contributing several players to the Japanese national team.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: The club relocated from Kodaira to Kashiwa in 1986, but it took a while to adapt to the new town, as they were relegated to the JSL Division 2 at the season's closing. They made it back to the top flight in 1989/90, but dropped back in 1990/91 and returned again in 1991/92. As the J.League advent had come too soon for them, the club abandoned to be a founding member of the newly formed professional league. The club joined the Japan Football League (called "former JFL") Division 1 in 1992, the second tier of the Japanese football hierarchy following the J.League.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: The club changed its name to Kashiwa Reysol in 1993. Reysol added Careca of the Brazil national football team in the autumn of this year with the aim of winning the JFL champion for promoting to the J1 League. The club struggled, however, with the help of Careca and Brazilian manager Zé Sérgio, they secured the 2nd place in the JFL in 1994 and earned promotion to the top league.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: Reysol debuted in the J1 League in 1995. They welcomed Akira Nishino in 1998 who was the former manager of Japan's Olympic team, Hristo Stoichkov of the Bulgaria national football team, and Hong Myung-bo of the Korea national football team. The club won the J.League Cup in 1999, their first title as Kashiwa Reysol.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: However, next English manager, Steve Perryman, unsettled the team and the club struggled over the next several seasons. After finishing at the 16th place out of 18 clubs in 2005, the club lost the promotion/relegation play-offs against Ventforet Kofu, the 3rd place of the J2 League, and relegated to the J2 League.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: A new manager, Nobuhiro Ishizaki, led an almost entirely new squad in 2006 and the club secured automatic promotion to the J1 League in the last game of the season.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: The club was relegated again at the end of 2009. However, once they won the J2 League led by Nelsinho Baptista in 2010 and came back to the top flight, the club won the J1 League in 2011 with some talented footballers such as Hiroki Sakai, Junya Tanaka, Jorge Wagner and Leandro Domingues, and became the first Japanese club to win the second tier and the top tier two seasons in a row. The club qualified for the FIFA Club World Cup as the host nation's league champion and became semifinalist after defeating Auckland City and Monterrey.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: For the period of 2010 through 2014, Reysol won six different titles for five consecutive seasons; the J2 League in 2010, the J1 League in 2011, the Emperor's Cup and the Super Cup in 2012, the J.League Cup in 2013 and the Suruga Bank Championship in 2014.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: Historically, Kashiwa Reysol's fiercest rivals have been JEF United Chiba and Urawa Reds, both close neighbors. The three were co-founders of the Japan Soccer League (JSL) in 1965, and spent most seasons in the top tier through the JSL era. Because of their former parent companies' headquarters being all based in Marunouchi, Tokyo, the three clubs were known as the "Marunouchi Gosanke" (丸の内御三家, ""Marunouchi Big Three"") and fixtures among them were known as the Marunouchi derbies.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: Reysol and JEF United Chiba first met in 1941 in ancient Kanto regional football league. The two clubs both now based in Chiba Prefecture, and their rivalry is known as the Chiba derby. They annually contest a pre-season friendly match well known as the Chibagin Cup (i.e., "Chiba Bank Cup") since 1995.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: Reysol also has a rivalry with Kashima Antlers (commonly called Tonegawa clásico), FC Tokyo (commonly called Kanamachi derby) and Omiya Ardija (commonly called Nodasen derby).


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: Kashiwa Reysol's anthem is We Are Reysol, which is sung by anime singer Hironobu Kageyama. The song released in 1994, the same year Reysol got promoted to J1.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

text: Kashiwa Reysol's main colour is yellow, like sunshine that is based on the club's name "Sun King". The uniform is yellow-black (called "Aurinegro" in Spanish) reminiscent of Peñarol or Borussia Dortmund. Reysol is the only top division club in the country to wear yellow-black.


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: Rajneesh Duggal is an Indian film and television actor. He also works as a model. He won the title of Grasim Mr. India 2003 and represented India at the Mr. International 2003 pageant held in London, where he was declared as the 1st runner-up. He also won the Kingfisher 'Model of the Year' award in 2005. He made his Bollywood debut with Vikram Bhatt's horror thriller "1920". In 2014, he participated in reality show "" and emerged as the winner.


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: Rajneesh started his career as a model by winning the title of Mister India World. He also did several TV commercials and ad campaigns like Raymond suitings, Kitkat, Monte Carlo, Wagon R, Yamaha, Videocon and Clinic All Clear.


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: He made his acting debut in 2008 with Vikram Bhatt's horror thriller movie "1920", alongside Adah Sharma, where he played the lead role of Arjun Rathod, a man who vows to protect his possessed wife. In 2011, Duggal appeared in his next horror thriller "Phhir", where he collaborated with Bhatt and Sharma for the second time. He portrayed the role of Kabir Malhotra, a doctor who is in the search of his missing wife (played by Roshni Chopra). In 2012, Duggal appeared in Bhatt's supernatural thriller "Dangerous Ishhq" co-starring Karishma Kapoor and Jimmy Sheirgill. In 2014, Duggal played the role of Deepak in Rajshri Productions' "Samrat & Co."


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: Duggal appeared in the music video "Mohabbat Barsa Dena Tu", alongside Surveen Chawla, from Bhatt's horror movie "Creature 3D". In 2015, he played the lead role of Shravan in Bobby Khan's period thriller drama "Ek Paheli Leela", co-starring Sunny Leone and Jay Bhanushali. He also appeared in Syed Ahmed Afzal's crime thriller "Laal Rang" as an inspector, co-starring with Randeep Hooda and Akshay Oberoi in 2016.


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: Duggal played a young boy from Banaras in the romantic comedy "Direct Ishq," with Arjun Bijlani playing the other lead. At the same time, he portrayed the role of a lover in "Ek Paheli Leela" alongside Sunny Leone. Duggall and Leone went on to do another film together titled "Beiimaan Love" where he played an obsessive lover.


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: In 2016, Duggall had two more releases: "Saansein", a supernatural thriller; and "Wajah Tum Ho", a crime thriller where he played a negative character.


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: He then played the role of Krishna for the mega TV series Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran for Colors in 2019-20.


title: Rajneesh Duggal

text: Rajneesh graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Apeejay School of Management and a B.Com from Delhi University.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Barbara Knox, MBE ("née" Brothwood, formerly Mullaney; born 30 September 1933) is an English actress, best known for her long-running portrayal of Rita Tanner in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street". She first appeared as Rita Littlewood for one episode in December 1964, before returning to the show as a full-time cast member in January 1972. Knox is currently the second longest-serving cast member in the show. The character of Rita is one of the most beloved and iconic characters on any British soap opera. The actress is recognised as being one of the second longest-serving current television soap opera star in the world.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox made her professional stage debut in 1962 at the Oldham Coliseum Theatre, had a small role as a dancer in the 1969 remake of "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" and appeared opposite Ken Dodd in his 1972 comedy series "Funny You Should Say That". She won the 1989 TV Times Award for Best Actress for one of her best remembered storylines, involving the Alan Bradley character. In 2006, she won the British Soap Award for Best On-Screen Partnership with Malcolm Hebden, having previously received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2004 ceremony. She was made an MBE in the 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours List alongside her co-star and friend Eileen Derbyshire.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox was born Barbara Brothwood in Oldham, Lancashire. Her mother worked in a mill while her father was a moulder at Platt's Foundry, and later a fireman.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox left school at 15 and worked as a telegraphist in the Post Office, learning shorthand and typing and had to pass Civil Service exams. She also worked in offices, shops and a factory. During this time she took part in amateur theatre until Carl Paulsen, who ran Oldham Rep, asked her to appear in "The Boyfriend" in 1962, which was her professional stage debut.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox later appeared in television programmes such as "Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width", "George and the Dragon" and "A Family at War", as well as doing a stint in "Emergency – Ward 10". She also had a small role as a dancer in the musical remake of "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1969) and did anything needed from announcer to stooge alongside several of the UK's top comedians for BBC radio's "Comedy Half Hour". In 1972, she appeared opposite Ken Dodd in the sketch show "Funny You Should Say That".


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox first played the role of Rita Littlewood in "Coronation Street" on 2 December 1964, when she appeared for only one episode as a friend of Dennis Tanner. She returned in January 1972 as Rita Bates, the common-law wife of Harry Bates, and in the decades since then the character has been married three times, to Len Fairclough, Ted Sullivan and Dennis Tanner. In 1973, she cut an LP for Philips Records entitled 'On the Street Where I Live.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Since 2010, Knox has given various interviews, first on "Paul O'Grady Live" on ITV in November 2010, to coincide with "Coronation Street"s 50th anniversary, which also saw her appear in the ITV quiz show, "Coronation Street: The Big 50". She also gave two interviews on "This Morning", first in 2012, and another in 2013 as part of "This Morning's " 25 year anniversary and Knox's 80th birthday.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox also contributed to the one-off ITV documentary "Coronation Street: A Moving Story", which saw the transition from recording at Granada Studios to the new MediaCityUK in 2014. On 31 December 2014, ITV celebrated Knox's contribution to "Coronation Street" with a special 60-minute documentary for her 50 years as Rita, called "Rita and Me". In December 2017, she gave an Interview on ITV's "Lorraine". Since the departure of Eileen Derbyshire, who played Emily Bishop from January 1961 to January 2016, Knox is the second-longest serving cast member behind William Roache, who has played Ken Barlow since the first episode in December 1960.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox has been married twice. She married Denis Mullaney in 1956 in Oldham, Lancashire. The couple had three children; Maxine, John and Amanda. They divorced in 1977. She was known professionally as Barbara Mullaney until 1977, the year she married John Knox. The couple divorced in 1994.


title: Barbara Knox

text: Knox, like her friend and co-star Eileen Derbyshire, who played Emily Bishop, shuns publicity and is a very private person. She rarely gives interviews in public, although she has been known to give a few interviews for "Coronation Street" documentaries and has appeared alongside her fellow "Coronation Street" co-stars at some of the television awards shows.


title: Barbara Knox

text: In January 1980 Knox was disqualified from driving for two months, for travelling at 101mph on the M5 motorway in Gloucestershire. On 28 March 2014, it was reported that she had been arrested on suspicion of driving while under the influence of alcohol in her home town of Knutsford, Cheshire. On 4 April 2014, Knox was formally charged, and she appeared at Macclesfield Magistrates' Court on 24 April. She pleaded not guilty, but changed her plea to guilty in January 2015. She was banned from driving for a year, as well as being fined £3,000 and £1,750 in costs.


title: Arc flash

text: An arc flash is the light and heat produced as part of an arc fault, a type of electrical explosion or discharge that results from a connection through air to ground or another voltage phase in an electrical system.


title: Arc flash

text: Arc flash is distinctly different from the arc blast, which is the supersonic shockwave produced when the uncontrolled arc vaporizes the metal conductors. Both are part of the same arc fault, and are often referred to as simply an arc flash, but from a safety standpoint they are often treated separately. For example, personal protective equipment (PPE) can be used to effectively shield a worker from the radiation of an arc flash, but that same PPE may likely be ineffective against the flying objects, molten metal, and violent concussion that the arc blast can produce. (For example, category-4 arc-flash protection, similar to a bomb suit, is unlikely to protect a person from the concussion of a very large blast, although it may prevent the worker from being vaporized by the intense light of the flash.) For this reason, other safety precautions are usually taken in addition to wearing PPE, helping to prevent injury. However, the phenomenon of the arc blast is sometimes used to extinguish the electric arc by some types of self-blast–chamber circuit breakers.


title: Arc flash

text: An arc flash is the light and heat produced from an electric arc supplied with sufficient electrical energy to cause substantial damage, harm, fire, or injury. Electrical arcs experience negative incremental resistance, which causes the electrical resistance to decrease as the arc temperature increases. Therefore, as the arc develops and gets hotter the resistance drops, drawing more and more current (runaway) until some part of the system melts, trips, or evaporates, providing enough distance to break the circuit and extinguish the arc. Electrical arcs, when well controlled and fed by limited energy, produce very bright light, and are used in arc lamps (enclosed, or with open electrodes), for welding, plasma cutting, and other industrial applications. Welding arcs can easily turn steel into a liquid with an average of only 24 DC volts. When an uncontrolled arc forms at high voltages, and especially where large supply-wires or high-current conductors are used, arc flashes can produce deafening noises, supersonic concussive-forces, super-heated shrapnel, temperatures far greater than the Sun's surface, and intense, high-energy radiation capable of vaporizing nearby materials.


title: Arc flash

text: Arc flash temperatures can reach or exceed at the arc terminals. The massive energy released in the fault rapidly vaporizes the metal conductors involved, blasting molten metal and expanding plasma outward with extraordinary force. A typical arc flash incident can be inconsequential but could conceivably easily produce a more severe explosion (see calculation below). The result of the violent event can cause destruction of equipment involved, fire, and injury not only to an electrical worker but also to bystanders. During the arc flash, electrical energy vaporizes the metal, which changes from solid state to gas vapor, expanding it with explosive force. For example, when copper vaporizes it suddenly expands by a factor of 67,000 in volume.


title: Arc flash

text: In addition to the explosive blast, called the arc blast of such a fault, destruction also arises from the intense radiant heat produced by the arc. The metal plasma arc produces tremendous amounts of light energy from far infrared to ultraviolet. Surfaces of nearby objects, including people, absorb this energy and are instantly heated to vaporizing temperatures. The effects of this can be seen on adjacent walls and equipment - they are often ablated and eroded from the radiant effects.


title: Arc flash

text: One of the most common examples of an arc flash occurs when an incandescent light bulb burns out. When the filament breaks, an arc is sustained across the filament, enveloping it in plasma with a bright, blue flash. Most household lightbulbs have a built-in fuse, to prevent a sustained arc-flash from forming and blowing fuses in the circuit panel. Most 400 V and above electrical services have sufficient capacity to cause an arc flash hazard. Medium-voltage equipment (above 600 V) is higher potential and therefore a higher risk for an arc flash hazard. Higher voltages can cause a spark to jump, initiating an arc flash without the need for physical contact, and can sustain an arc across longer gaps. Most powerlines use voltages exceeding 1000 volts, and can be an arc-flash hazard to birds, squirrels, people, or equipment such as vehicles or ladders. Arc flashes are often witnessed from lines or transformers just before a power outage, creating bright flashes like lightning that can be seen from long distances.


title: Arc flash

text: High-tension powerlines often operate in the range of tens to hundreds of kilovolts. Care must usually be taken to ensure that the lines are insulated with a proper "flashover rating" and sufficiently spaced from each other to prevent an arc flash from spontaneously developing. If the high-tension lines become too close, either to each other or ground, a corona discharge may form between the conductors. This is typically a blue or reddish light caused by ionization of the air, accompanied by a hissing or frying sound. The corona discharge can easily lead to an arc flash, by creating a conductive pathway between the lines. This ionization can be enhanced during electrical storms, causing spontaneous arc-flashes and leading to power outages.


title: Arc flash

text: As an example of the energy released in an arc flash incident, in a single phase-to-phase fault on a 480 V system with 20,000 amps of fault current, the resulting power is 9.6 MW. If the fault lasts for 10 cycles at 60 Hz, the resulting energy would be 1.6 megajoules. For comparison, TNT releases 2175 J/g or more when detonated (a conventional value of 4,184 J/g is used for TNT equivalent). Thus, this fault energy is equivalent to 380 grams (approximately 0.8 pounds) of TNT. The character of an arc flash blast is quite different from a chemical explosion (more heat and light, less mechanical shock), but the resulting devastation is comparable. The rapidly expanding superheated vapor produced by the arc can cause serious injury or damage, and the intense UV, visible, and IR light produced by the arc can temporarily and sometimes even permanently blind or cause eye damage to people.


title: Arc flash

text: One of the most common causes of arc-flash injuries happens when switching on electrical circuits and, especially, tripped circuit-breakers. A tripped circuit-breaker often indicates a fault has occurred somewhere down the line from the panel. The fault must usually be isolated before switching the power on, or an arc flash can easily be generated. Small arcs usually form in switches when the contacts first touch, and can provide a place for an arc flash to develop. If the voltage is high enough, and the wires leading to the fault are large enough to allow a substantial amount of current, an arc flash can form within the panel when the breaker is turned on. Generally, either an electric motor with shorted windings or a shorted power-transformer are the culprits, being capable of drawing the energy needed to sustain a dangerous arc-flash. Motors over two horsepower usually have magnetic starters, to both isolate the operator from the high-energy contacts and to allow disengagement of the contactor if the breaker trips.


title: Arc flash

text: Circuit breakers are often the primary defense against current runaway, especially if there are no secondary fuses, so if an arc flash develops in a breaker there may be nothing to stop a flash from going out of control. Once an arc flash begins in a breaker, it can quickly migrate from a single circuit to the busbars of the panel itself, allowing very high energies to flow. Precautions must usually be used when switching circuit breakers, such as standing off to the side while switching to keep the body out of the way, wearing protective clothing, or turning off equipment, circuits and panels downline prior to switching. Very large switchgear is often able to handle very high energies and, thus, many places require the use of full protective equipment before switching one on.


title: Arc flash

text: In addition to the heat, light and concussive forces, an arc flash also produces a cloud of plasma and ionized particles. When inhaled, this ionized gas can cause severe burns to the airways and lungs. The charged plasma may also be attracted to metallic objects worn by people in the vicinity, such as earrings, belt buckles, keys, body jewelry, or the frames of glasses, causing severe localized burns. When switching circuits, a technician should take care to remove any metals from their body, hold their breath, and close their eyes. An arc flash is more likely to form in a switch that is closed slowly, by allowing time for an arc to form between the contacts, so it is usually more desirable to "throw" switches with a fast motion, quickly and firmly making good contact. High-current switches often have a system of springs and levers to assist with this.


title: Arc flash

text: When testing in energized high-power circuits, technicians will observe precautions for care and maintenance of testing equipment and to keep the area clean and free of debris. A technician would use protective equipment such as rubber gloves and other personal protective equipment, to avoid initiating an arc and to protect personnel from any arc that may start while testing.


title: Arc flash

text: There are many methods of protecting personnel from arc flash hazards. This can include personnel wearing arc flash personal protective equipment (PPE) or modifying the design and configuration of electrical equipment. The best way to remove the hazards of an arc flash is to de-energize electrical equipment when interacting with it, however de-energizing electrical equipment is in and of itself an arc flash hazard. In this case, one of the newest solutions is to allow the operator to stand far back from the electrical equipment by operating equipment remotely, this is called remote racking.


title: Arc flash

text: With recent increased awareness of the dangers of arc flash, there have been many companies that offer arc flash personal protective equipment (PPE), such as suits, overalls, helmets, boots, and gloves.


title: Arc flash

text: The effectiveness of protective equipment is measured by its arc rating. The arc rating is the maximum incident energy resistance demonstrated by a material prior to breakopen (a hole in the material) or necessary to pass through and cause a 50% probability of second degree burns. Arc rating is normally expressed in cal/cm (or small calories of heat energy per square centimeter). The tests for determining arc rating are defined in ASTM F1506 "Standard Performance Specification for Flame Resistant Textile Materials for Wearing Apparel for Use by Electrical Workers Exposed to Momentary Electric Arc and Related Thermal Hazards".


title: Arc flash

text: The selection of appropriate PPE, given a certain task to be performed, is normally handled in one of two possible ways. The first method is to consult a hazard category classification table, like that found in NFPA 70E. Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) lists a number of typical electrical tasks by various voltage levels and recommends the category of PPE that should be worn. For example, when working on 600 V switchgear and performing a removal of bolted covers to expose bare, energized parts, the table recommends a Category 3 Protective Clothing System. This Category 3 system corresponds to an ensemble of PPE that together offers protection up to 25 cal/cm (105 J/cm or 1.05 MJ/m). The minimum rating of PPE necessary for any category is the maximum available energy for that category. For example, a Category 3 arc-flash hazard requires PPE rated for no less than 25 cal/cm (1.05 MJ/m).


title: Arc flash

text: The second method of selecting PPE is to perform an arc flash hazard calculation to determine the available incident arc energy. IEEE 1584 provides a guide to perform these calculations given that the maximum fault current, duration of faults, and other general equipment information is known. Once the incident energy is calculated the appropriate ensemble of PPE that offers protection greater than the energy available can be selected.


title: Arc flash

text: PPE provides protection after an arc flash incident has occurred and should be viewed as the last line of protection. Reducing the frequency and severity of incidents should be the first option and this can be achieved through a complete arc flash hazard assessment and through the application of technology such as high-resistance grounding which has been proven to reduce the frequency and severity of incidents.


title: Arc flash

text: Three key factors determine the intensity of an arc flash on personnel. These factors are the quantity of fault current available in a system, the time until an arc flash fault is cleared, and the distance an individual is from a fault arc. Various design and equipment configuration choices can be made to affect these factors and in turn reduce the arc flash hazard.


title: Arc flash

text: Fault current can be limited by using current limiting devices such as current limiting breakers, grounding resistors or fuses. If the fault current is limited to 5 amperes or less, then many ground faults self-extinguish and do not propagate into phase-to-phase faults.


title: Arc flash

text: Arcing time can be reduced by temporarily setting upstream protective devices to lower setpoints during maintenance periods, or by employing zone-selective interlocking protection (ZSIP). With zone-selective interlocking, a downstream breaker that detects a fault communicates with an upstream breaker to delay its instantaneous tripping function. In this way "selectivity" will be preserved, in other words faults in the circuit are cleared by the breaker nearest to the fault, minimizing the effect on the entire system. A fault on a branch circuit will be detected by all breakers upstream of the fault (closer to the source of power). The circuit breaker closest to the downstream fault will send a restraining signal to prevent upstream breakers from tripping instantaneously. The presence of the fault will nevertheless activate the preset trip delay timer(s) of the upstream circuit breaker(s); this will allow an upstream circuit breaker to interrupt the fault, if still necessary after the preset time has elapsed. The ZSIP system allows faster instantaneous trip settings to be used, without loss of selectivity. The faster trip times reduce the total energy in an arc fault discharge.


title: Arc flash

text: Arcing time can significantly be reduced by protection based on detection of arc-flash light. Optical detection is often combined with overcurrent information. Light and current based protection can be set up with dedicated arc-flash protective relays, or by using normal protective relays equipped with an add-on arc-flash option.


title: Arc flash

text: One of the most efficient means to reduce arcing time is to use an arc eliminator that will extinguish the arc within a few milliseconds. The arc eliminator operates in 1-4 ms and creates a 3-phase short-circuit on another part of the system, typically upstream at higher voltages. This device contains a fast contact pin that upon activation by an external relay, makes physical contact with the energized bus which then creates the short circuit. The arc eliminator will protect a human if they are standing in front of the arc flash event and the relays detect the arc flash by diverting the arc flash to another location, although the diversion may cause a system failure at the location the short-circuit was diverted to. These devices must be replaced after an operation.


title: Arc flash

text: Another way to mitigate arc flash is to use a triggered current limiter or commutating current limiter which inserts a low rated continuous current current limiting fuse that melts and interrupts the arc flash within 4 ms. The advantage of this device is that it eliminates the arc flash at the source and does not divert it to another section of the system. A triggered current limiter will always be "Current Limiting" which means it will interrupt the circuit before the first peak current occurs. These devices are electronically controlled and sensed and provide feedback to the user about their operational status. They can also be turned ON and OFF as desired. These devices must be replaced after an operation.


title: Arc flash

text: The radiant energy released by an electric arc is capable of permanently injuring or killing a human being at distances of up to . The distance from an arc flash source within which an unprotected person has a 50% chance of receiving a second degree burn is referred to as the "flash protection boundary". The incident energy of 1.2 cal/cm^2 on a bare skin was selected in solving the equation for the arc flash boundary in IEEE 1584. The IEEE 1584 arc flash boundary equations can also be used to calculate the arc flash boundaries with boundary energy other than 1.2 cal/cm^2 such as onset to 2nd degree burn energy. Those conducting flash hazard analyses must consider this boundary, and then must determine what PPE should be worn within the flash protection boundary. Remote operators or robots can be used to perform activities that have a high risk for arc flash incidents, such as inserting draw-out circuit breakers on a live electrical bus. Remote racking systems are available which keep the operator outside the arc flash hazard zone.


title: Arc flash

text: Both the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) have joined forces in an initiative to fund and support research and testing to increase the understanding of arc flash. The results of this collaborative project will provide information that will be used to improve electrical safety standards, predict the hazards associated with arcing faults and accompanying arc blasts, and provide practical safeguards for employees in the workplace.


title: Arc flash

text: Arc flash hazard software exists that allows businesses to comply with the myriad government regulations while providing their workforce with an optimally safe environment. Many software companies now offer arc flash hazard solutions. Few power services companies calculate safe flash boundaries.


title: Arc flash

text: In a notable industrial accident at an Astoria, Queens Con Edison substation on December 27, 2018 a 138,000 volt coupling capacitor potential device failed which resulted in an arc flash which in turn burned aluminum, lighting up the sky with blue-green spectacle visible for miles around. The event was extensively covered in social media and LaGuardia Airport temporarily lost power, but there were neither deaths nor injuries.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Harold Brent Wallis (born Aaron Blum Wolowicz; October 19, 1898 – October 5, 1986) was an American film producer. He is best known for producing "Casablanca" (1942), "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938), and "True Grit" (1969), along with many other major films for Warner Bros. featuring such film stars as Humphrey Bogart, John Wayne, Bette Davis, and Errol Flynn. As a producer, he received 19 nominations for the Academy Award for Best Picture.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Later on, for a long period, he was connected with Paramount Pictures and oversaw films featuring Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Elvis Presley, and John Wayne.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Aaron Blum Wolowicz was born October 19, 1898 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Eva (née Ewa Blum) and Jacob Wolowicz/Wolovitz (Jankiel Wołowicz). He was the youngest of three children and had two older sisters: Minna Wolovitz (1893-1986), a Hollywood talent agent, and Juel Wolovitz (1895-1953). His parents were Ashkenazi Jews from the Suwałki region of Congress Poland, which was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Poland. The future producer and his sisters eventually changed their surname to Wallis.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: His family moved in 1922 to Los Angeles, California, where he found work as part of the publicity department at Warner Bros. in 1923. Within a few years, Wallis became involved in the production end of the business and would eventually become head of production at Warner. In a career that spanned more than 50 years, he was involved with the production of more than 400 feature-length movies.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Among the more significant movies he produced were "Casablanca", "Dark Victory", "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "The Maltese Falcon", "Sergeant York", and "Now, Voyager".


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: In March 1944, Wallis won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards. During the ceremony, when the award was announced for Casablanca, Wallis got up to accept, but studio head Jack L. Warner rushed up to the stage "with a broad, flashing smile and a look of great self-satisfaction," Wallis later recalled. "I couldn't believe it was happening. "Casablanca" had been my creation; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it. As the audience gasped, I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle, but the entire Warner family sat blocking me. I had no alternative but to sit down again, humiliated and furious ... Almost forty years later, I still haven't recovered from the shock." This incident would lead Wallis to leave Warner Bros. the next month.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Wallis started to work as an independent producer, enjoying considerable success both commercially and critically. The first screenwriters he hired for his new enterprise were Ayn Rand and Lillian Hellman. Among his financial hits were the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis comedies, and several of Elvis Presley's movies.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: He produced "True Grit", for which John Wayne won the Academy Award for Best Actor of 1969, and its sequel.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: After moving to Universal Pictures, he produced "Anne of the Thousand Days" (starring Richard Burton and Canadian actress Geneviève Bujold) and "Mary, Queen of Scots" (starring Vanessa Redgrave and Glenda Jackson). He received 16 Academy Award producer nominations for Best Picture, winning for "Casablanca" in 1943.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: For his consistently high quality of motion picture production, he was twice honored with the Academy Awards' Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. He was also nominated for seven Golden Globe awards, twice winning awards for Best Picture. In 1975, he received the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: In the 1930s, Wallis invested in residential real estate development in Sherman Oaks, California. He named Halbrent Avenue after himself, using his nickname "Hal" and his middle name "Brent". Most of its original homes still stand, and it is very close to Ventura and Sepulveda Boulevards and the Sherman Oaks Galleria used extensively in the 1982 movie "Fast Times at Ridgemont High".


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Wallis and his second wife, actress Martha Hyer, contributed funds towards the construction of The Hal and Martha Hyer Wallis Theatre, a black box theater, at Northwestern University.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Wallis was married to actress Louise Fazenda from 1927 until her death in 1962. They had one son, Brent, who became a psychiatrist. Wallis was married to actress Martha Hyer from 1966 until his death in 1986.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Wallis was a lifelong Republican, who supported Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 US Presidential Election. He was also a member of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals.


title: Hal B. Wallis

text: Wallis died on October 5, 1986, of complications of diabetes in Rancho Mirage, California, two weeks away from his 88th birthday. News of his passing was not released until after his private memorial service was completed. U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan, who appeared in Wallis's films "Santa Fe Trail" and "This Is The Army," sent his condolences to the family. Wallis is interred at the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.


title: La Fuerza

text: La Fuerza () is the debut solo and Spanish-language extended play (EP) by American singer Christina Aguilera. It was released through Sony Music Latin on January 21, 2022 as the first part of her ninth studio and second Spanish-language album "Aguilera" (2022). It is her second EP, following her promotional EP with Justin Timberlake, "Justin & Christina" (2003). While recording her ninth studio album in Miami in early 2021, Aguilera decided to release the album in an unconventional way, by releasing it in three separate parts. "La Fuerza" was the first part of the trilogy. The EP is centered around female empowerment and strength and features guest vocals from Becky G, Nicki Nicole, Nathy Peluso, and Ozuna.


title: La Fuerza

text: Three singles were released from the album: "Pa Mis Muchachas" with Becky G, Nicole and Peluso, "Somos Nada", and "Santo" with Ozuna. Upon release, the EP received positive reviews and debuted at number two on the US Latin Pop Albums. "La Fuerza" was rereleased as the first disc on "Aguilera" along with its followup, "La Tormenta" on May 31, 2022.


title: La Fuerza

text: In 2000, Aguilera released her second studio album "Mi Reflejo", her first Spanish-language album, which went on to be ranked number ten on the "Billboard"'s Top 20 Latin Albums of All Time and become the best selling Latin pop album of 2000.


title: La Fuerza

text: Aguilera began teasing the release of her second "overdue" Spanish-language album two decades later in late 2020, noting in a "Health" magazine interview in April 2021 that, "I'm months away from anything being announced [...] I am reinspired and have reconnected with myself. I've fallen in love with music all over again, which is a really big thing to say, having spent my entire career in music".


title: La Fuerza

text: Aguilera noted that she took advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic to retreat to Miami, Florida in a COVID-safe writing camp with the intention to pay homage to her Ecuadorian heritage. The album was recorded over four weeks, with the first song recorded being the album's lead single, "Pa' Mis Muchachas". Aguilera further teased the release of the album in an interview with Insider in September 2021. Aguilera revealed that she planned to release the album "throughout the next year in sort of six song increments every few months". In an interview with the "Los Angeles Times", Aguilera revealed that the album would be released in three pieces, confirming that the first part of the album would be titled "La Fuerza" and that it would celebrate her power as a woman. The full Spanish album, "Aguilera" was released on May 31, 2022 and features all of the songs from the EP "La Fuerza" as well as its follow-up "La Tormenta".


title: La Fuerza

text: "La Fuerza" is a Latin EP, influenced by dance-pop, piano ballads, ranchera, urbano music, cumbia, guaracha and reggaeton.


title: La Fuerza

text: Upon release, the EP received positive reviews from music critics. "La Fuerza" was named the best album of the week by "Billboard Argentina". Reviewing the EP for "Rolling Stone", Lucas Villa wrote that Aguilera's "vocal prowess is extraordinary in any language", and labelled its ballads as "highlights", considering "La Reina" the best song on the record. "Billboard" described "La Fuerza" as "not only an homage to her [Aguilera's] Latin roots but a project full of passion, innovation, exploration and, of course, powerhouse vocals."


title: La Fuerza

text: Josh Weiner, writing for "Atwood Magazine", praised the EP for its quality and opined that "La Fuerza" "is nineteen minutes of excellent, fully-realized music", and cheered Aguilera for "embracing an exciting new artistic identity". Weiner concluded his review by claiming that "seeing the veteran performer shake things up so drastically in this late phase of her career is massively impressive". The music magazine later named "La Fuerza" one of the best EPs of 2022, stating that "her [Aguilera’s] powerful pipes continue to dazzle; even when she’s singing in her second language, it all sounded smooth, natural, and never forced". Pip Ellwood-Hughes of "Entertainment Focus" claimed that "hearing her [Aguilera] singing in Spanish again is a joy and this collection of songs is better than anything she’s released in years". Enrique Cerros from "NEIU Independent" gave "La Fuerza" a 5/5 score, and noted that it is "a successful comeback for Aguilera, and it can be considered her best work to date". "The Tab"'s Harrison Brocklehurst applauded the EP for its "excellent Latin bangers" and for the reggaeton beats that help Aguilera's voice "truly soar".


title: La Fuerza

text: "La Fuerza" debuted at number two on the US Latin Pop Albums chart and at 14 on Top Latin Albums chart with 4,000 album-equivalent units sold of which 2,000 were pure album copies.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Devdutt Pattanaik is a mythologist from Mumbai, India. He is also a speaker, illustrator and author, on Hindu sacred lore, legends, folklore, fables and parables. His work focuses largely on the areas of religion, mythology, and management. He has written books on the relevance of sacred stories, symbols and rituals in modern times; his more popular books include "Myth = Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology" "Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata" and "Sita: An Illustrated Retelling of the Ramayana" and "My Gita". Pattanaik has incorporated the Mahabharata and the Ramayana into human resource management.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik is a columnist for "Mid-Day", Times of India, CN Traveller, Daily O, and Scroll.in. He hosts a radio show/podcast for Radio Mirchi, called "The Devdutt Pattanaik Show".


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik was born brought up in Mumbai. He spent his childhood and student life in Chembur, Mumbai. He studied in Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School in Chembur. Pattanaik graduated in medicine (M.B.B.S.) from Grant Medical College, Mumbai, and subsequently obtained a diploma in Comparative Mythology from Mumbai University.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik worked in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry (Sanofi Aventis and Apollo Group of Hospitals, respectively) for 14 years and spent his spare time writing articles and books on mythology, which eventually became his full-time profession. His first book "Shiva: An Introduction" was published in 1997. Pattanaik illustrates most of his own books.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: He has worked as a consultant at Ernst and Young. He also served as the Chief Belief Officer at Future Group, one of India's largest retailers.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik has consulted Star TV network on mythological television series like "Mahabharata" and "Siya Ke Ram"; these serials have challenged conventional views of the narratives and opened up new avenues of interpretation.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: He has also been the story consultant at Indian television network Star TV, where "Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev" is based on his work and Epic channel, where he presents "Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik".


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: In 2015, Pattanaik presented the Hindi television series Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik on the "EPIC ON" channel. In the show, he attempts to demystify and decode the folklore and traditions that accompanies Indian mythology. In December 2016, he made "his debut on the Forbes India Celeb 100 list, on the 93rd spot."


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik worked on Audible Originals (India)'s audiobook titled "Suno Mahabharat Devdutt Pattanaik ke Saath" and "Revisiting Mahabharata with Devdutt Pattanaik". In his show he talks about the details of the war in the Mahabharata, how it affected the world, and what happened to India after the death of the Pandavas and the Kauravas. He also communicates the Vedic tenets which describes karma and dharma.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Columnist Koral Dasgupta mentions, "Pattanaik’s art follows a particular style and is dependent on expertly sketched lines but the focus is never the perfection of hands and limbs and props. The pursuit is clearly that of beauty and depiction; not the grammatical detailing of a photograph!"


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik opines that "no society can exist without myth as it creates notions of right and wrong, good and bad, heaven and hell, rights and duties". To him, mythology "tells people how they should see the world... Different people will have their own mythology, reframing old ones or creating new ones." His desire is "to get Saraswati out of the closet. Saraswati belongs everywhere, she has to flow everywhere" and his body of work is aimed "to make knowledge accessible."


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: In "Shiva to Shankara: Giving Form to the Formless", Pattanaik explores the layers of meanings embedded in Shiva's linga and the transformation of Shiva, the hermit, into Shankara, the householder by the Goddess. "Culture: 50 Insights from Mythology" contextualises mythology and proposes that myths are alive, dynamic, shaped by perception and the times one lives in.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: In his book, "Business Sutra: An Indian Approach to Management", "the central theme … is that when individual beliefs come into conflict with corporate beliefs, problems surface in organisations. Conversely, when institutional beliefs and individual beliefs are congruent, harmony is the resultant corporate climate. It is when people are seen as mere resources meant to be managed [read: manipulated] through compensation and so-called motivation; it is when they are treated like switches in a circuit board; it is then that disharmony descends causing disruption".


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik is wary of the influence of "white saviours" on liberals as well as religious radicals. He has been rather contemptuous of the hyper-nationalism of a section of American Hindus who are clueless about Indian realities. He also frowns on secularists and atheists who deny their own missionary zeal and mythic structure, and see themselves as "rational".


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik has been frank about the LGBTQ revolution in India. Pattnaik realised that he was gay in 10th standard and came out to his parents when he was 30. After the 2018 decriminalization of homosexuality in India, Pattanaik came out as gay in a televised interview. He has written about the presence, and at several instances, the celebration, of the queer within the Indian mythos. Elucidating that karmic faiths can be used to affirm the dignity of queer people, he speaks of how when one discovers love and appreciation for the world as it is, not the way one wants it to be, one develops wisdom.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: In 2014, Pattanaik was listed in the top category of bestselling Indian authors. His book "Devlok", based on the television programme of the same name, was one of the year's bestsellers in 2016. Forbes India had ranked Pattanaik among the 100 celebrities of India in 2016.


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Fiction author Ashwin Sanghi has said that Pattanaik attempts to "explain mythology in simple words". Psychologist Urmi Chanda-Vaz, who calls Pattanaik "India's most beloved mythology explicator", praised his book "My Gita". Intellectual Shiv Visvanathan has praised Pattanaik by saying that he has made myth-reading "an open, playful, almost domestic game, like Chinese Checkers or Scrabble".


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Neil Gaiman praised Devdutt Pattanaik for his 2016 book "Olympus: An Indian Retelling of the Greek Myth". "I read a fantastic Indian writer recently where he told Greek myth but from an Indian perspective... He makes it so easy to understand but what is lovely is that he does from a very proud Indian connect."


title: Devdutt Pattanaik

text: Pattanaik coined the phrase "Bharat Tyagi" to depict "a small group of PIOs, Queen Victoria’s frozen-in-time children, (who) imagine they must save India from Indians".


title: Solar car

text: A solar car is a solar vehicle for use on public roads or race tracks. Solar vehicles are electric vehicles that use self-contained solar cells to power themselves fully or partially from sunlight. Solar vehicles typically contain a rechargeable battery to help regulate and store the energy from the solar cells and from regenerative braking. Some solar cars can be plugged into external power sources to supplement the power of sunlight used to charge their battery.


title: Solar car

text: Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of solar vehicles always emphasizes energy efficiency to make maximum use of the limited amount of energy they can receive from sunlight. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races. However several prototypes of solar cars designed for use on public roads have been designed and built.


title: Solar car

text: There are various solar car competitions around the world that are generally partaken by collegiate and company teams. The most notable competitions is the World Solar Challenge, which is an international competition that takes place in Australia. Some other competitions include the American Solar Challenge and the United Solar Challenge.


title: Solar car

text: As of September 2022, no solar cars have reached production, although the Lightyear 0 (a solar passenger car) is claimed by its manufacturers to be "production-ready"


title: Solar car

text: Solar cars depend on a solar array that uses photovoltaic cells (PV cells) to convert sunlight into electricity. Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat, PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity. When sunlight (photons) strike PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electric current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Crystalline silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency rate of 15–25%.


title: Solar car

text: The first model solar car invented was a tiny 15-inch vehicle created by General Motors employee, William G. Cobb. Designated the Sunmobile, he displayed it in 1955 at the Chicago, Powerama convention. It was made up of 12 selenium photovoltaic cells and a small electric motor.


title: Solar car

text: The solar array consists of hundreds of solar cells converting sunlight into electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form modules which are placed together to form an array. The larger arrays in use can produce over 2 kilowatts (2.6 hp).


title: Solar car

text: The choice of solar array geometry involves an optimization between power output, aerodynamic resistance and vehicle mass, as well as practical considerations. For example, a free horizontal canopy gives 2-3 times the surface area of a vehicle with integrated cells but offers better cooling of the cells and shading of the riders. There are also thin flexible solar arrays in development.


title: Solar car

text: Solar arrays on solar cars are mounted and encapsulated very differently from stationary solar arrays. Solar arrays on solar cars are usually mounted using industrial grade double-sided adhesive tape right onto the car's body. The arrays are encapsulated using thin layers of Tedlar.


title: Solar car

text: Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with efficiencies around thirty percent. Other solar cars use silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty percent.


title: Solar car

text: The battery pack in a typical solar car is sufficient to allow the car to go 250 miles (400 km) without sun, and allow the car to continuously travel at speeds of .


title: Solar car

text: The motors used in solar cars typically generate about 2 or 3 horsepower, yet experimental light solar cars may attain the same speed as a typical family car ().


title: Solar car

text: Two solar car races are the World Solar Challenge and the American Solar Challenge, overland road rally-style competitions contested by a variety of university and corporate teams.


title: Solar car

text: The World Solar Challenge features a field of competitors from around the world who race to cross the Australian continent, over a distance of . Speeds of the vehicles have steadily increased. For example, the high speeds of 2005 race participants led to the rules being changed for solar cars starting in the 2007 race and 2014 also.


title: Solar car

text: The American Solar Challenge, previously known as the 'North American Solar Challenge' and 'Sunrayce USA', features mostly collegiate teams racing in timed intervals in the United States and Canada. This race also changed rules for the most recent race due to teams reaching the regulated speed limits. The most recent American Solar Challenge took place from July 6 to 22, 2018, from Omaha, Nebraska, to Bend, Oregon.


title: Solar car

text: The Dell-Winston School Solar Car Challenge is an annual solar-powered car race for high school students. The event attracts teams from around the world, but mostly from American high schools. The race was first held in 1995. Each event is the end product of a two-year education cycle launched by the Winston Solar Car Team. In odd-numbered years, the race is a road course that starts at the Dell Diamond in Round Rock, Texas; the end of the course varies from year to year. In even-numbered years, the race is a track race around the Texas Motor Speedway. Dell has sponsored the event since 2002.


title: Solar car

text: The South African Solar Challenge is a bi-annual two-week race of solar-powered cars through the length and breadth of South Africa. Teams will have to build their own cars, design their own engineering systems and race those same machines through the most demanding terrain that solar cars have ever seen. The 2008 race proved that this event can attract the interest of the public, and that it has the necessary international backing from the FIA. Late in September, all entrants will take off from Pretoria and make their way to Cape Town via the N1, then drive along the coast to Durban, before climbing the escarpment on their way back to the finish line in Pretoria 10 days later. In 2008 the event was endorsed by International Solarcar Federation (ISF), Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) making it the first Solar Race to receive endorsement from these 3 organizations.


title: Solar car

text: There are other distance races, such as Suzuka, Phaethon, WGC (WSR/JISFC/WSBR) and the World Solar Rally in Taiwan. Suzuka and WGC is a yearly track race in Japan and Phaethon was part of the Cultural Olympiad in Greece right before the 2004 Olympics.


title: Solar car

text: Guinness World Records recognize a land speed record for vehicles powered only by solar panels. This record is currently held by the Sky Ace TIGA from the Ashiya University. The record of 91.332 km/h (56.75 mph) was set on 20 August 2014 at the Shimojishima Airport, in Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan. The previous record was held by the University of New South Wales with the car Sunswift IV. Its battery was removed so the vehicle was powered only by its solar panels. The record of was set on 7 January 2011 at the naval air base in Nowra, breaking the record previously held by the General Motors car Sunraycer of . The record takes place over a flying stretch, and is the average of two runs in opposite directions.


title: Solar car

text: The first solar family car was built in 2013. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University, have also developed a solar car which can recharge more quickly, due to materials used in the solar panels.


title: Solar car

text: Chinese solar panel manufacturer Hanergy plans to build and sell solar cars equipped with lithium-ion batteries to consumers in China. Hanergy says that five to six hours of sunlight should allow the cars' thin-film solar cells to generate 8–10 kWh of power a day, allowing the car to travel about 80 km (50 mi) on solar power alone. Maximum range is about 350 km (217 mi).


title: Solar car

text: In June 2019 the solar-electric Lightyear One was announced. Designed by former engineers from Tesla and Ferrari, the car's hood and roof are composed of solar panels. The vehicle also charges on regular electric power as well as fast-charging stations. In September 2021, the company Lightyear was reported to have raised enough money to bring the vehicle to limited production, at a cost of €149,000, delivering the first units in 2022.


title: Solar car

text: In August 2019, Aptera Motors announced a funding campaign for a solar-powered, very efficient "Never Charge" EV, the Aptera, with up to a 1000 mile range. That funding campaign was successful and the Aptera prototype was shown and the EV launched on December 4, 2020.


title: Solar car

text: In July 2020, the German car manufacturer Audi signed an MOU with an Israeli start-up Apollo-Power for development plan to incorporate the company proprietary lightweight flexible panels into Car parts.


title: Solar car

text: In 2019 the Squad Solar City Car by Squad Mobility was announced and in may 2022 it was finally presented in the Media. The Squad Solar City Car is the first Solar Car for (sub)urban use. A affordable Solar Micro Car.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Karl Wilhelm Otto Lilienthal (23 May 1848 – 10 August 1896) was a German pioneer of aviation who became known as the "flying man". He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful flights with gliders, therefore making the idea of "heavier than air" a reality. Newspapers and magazines published photographs of Lilienthal gliding, favourably influencing public and scientific opinion about the possibility of flying machines becoming practical.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing. His flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight and the "Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat" is considered to be the first airplane in series production, making the "Maschinenfabrik Otto Lilienthal" the first air plane production company in the world.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: On 9 August 1896, his glider stalled and he was unable to regain control. Falling from about 15 m (50 ft), he broke his neck and died the next day.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal was born on 23 May 1848 in Anklam, Pomerania Province, in the German kingdom of Prussia. His parents were Gustav and Caroline, née Pohle. He was baptised in the evangelical-lutheran St. Nicholas church and confirmed in St. Mary's church in Anklam. Lilienthal's middle-class parents had eight children, but only three survived infancy: Otto, Gustav, and Marie. The brothers worked together all their lives on technical, social, and cultural projects. Lilienthal attended grammar school and studied the flight of birds with his brother Gustav (1849–1933). Fascinated by the idea of manned flight, Lilienthal and his brother made strap-on wings, but failed in their attempts to fly. He attended the regional technical school in Potsdam for two years and trained at the Schwarzkopf Company before becoming a professional design engineer. He later attended the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: In 1867, Lilienthal began experiments in earnest on the force of air, but interrupted the work to serve in the Franco-Prussian War. Returning to civilian life, he was a staff engineer with several engineering companies and received a patent, his first, for a mining machine. He founded his own company to make boilers and steam engines.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: On 6 June 1878, Lilienthal married Agnes Fischer, daughter of a deputy. Music brought them together; she was trained in piano and voice while Lilienthal played the French horn and had a good tenor voice. After marriage, they took up residence in Berlin and had four children: Otto, Anna, Fritz, and Frida. Lilienthal published his famous book "Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation" in 1889.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal's greatest contribution was in the development of heavier-than-air flight. He made his flights from an artificial hill he built near Berlin and from natural hills, especially in the Rhinow region.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: The filing of a U.S. Patent in 1894 by Lilienthal directed pilots to grip the "bar" for carrying and flying the hang glider. The A-frame of Percy Pilcher and Lilienthal echoes in today's control frame for hang gliders and ultralight aircraft. Working in conjunction with his brother Gustav, Lilienthal made over 2,000 flights in gliders of his design starting in 1891 with his first glider version, the Derwitzer Glider, until his death in a gliding crash in 1896. His total flying time was five hours.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: At the beginning, in 1891, Lilienthal succeeded with jumps and flights covering a distance of about . He could use the updraft of a 10 m/s wind against a hill to remain stationary with respect to the ground, shouting to a photographer on the ground to manoeuvre into the best position for a photo. In 1893, in the Rhinow Hills, he was able to achieve flight distances as long as . This record remained unbeaten for him or anyone else at the time of his death.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal did research in accurately describing the flight of birds, especially storks, and used polar diagrams for describing the aerodynamics of their wings. He made many experiments in an attempt to gather reliable aeronautical data.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: During his short flying career, Lilienthal developed a dozen models of monoplanes, wing flapping aircraft and two biplanes. His gliders were carefully designed to distribute weight as evenly as possible to ensure a stable flight. Lilienthal controlled them by changing the center of gravity by shifting his body, much like modern hang gliders. They were difficult to manoeuvre and had a tendency to pitch down, from which it was difficult to recover. One reason for this was that he held the glider by his shoulders, rather than hanging from it like a modern hang glider. Only his legs and lower body could be moved, which limited the amount of weight shift he could achieve.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal made many attempts to improve stability with varying degrees of success. These included making a biplane which halved the wing span for a given wing area, and by having a hinged tailplane that could move upwards to make the flare at the end of a flight easier. He speculated that flapping wings of birds might be necessary and had begun work on such a powered aircraft.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: While his lifelong pursuit was flight, Lilienthal was also an inventor and devised a small engine that worked on a system of tubular boilers. His engine was much safer than the other small engines of the time. This invention gave him the financial freedom to focus on aviation. His brother Gustav (1849–1933) was living in Australia at the time, and Lilienthal did not engage in aviation experiments until his brother's return in 1885.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal performed his first gliding attempts in mid-1891 at the so-called "Windmühlenberg" near to the villages of Krielow and Derwitz, west of Potsdam.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: In 1892, Lilienthal's training area was a hill formation called "Maihöhe" in Steglitz, Berlin. He built a high shed, in the shape of a tower, on top of it. This way, he obtained a "jumping off" place high. The shed served also for storing his apparatus.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: In 1893, Lilienthal also started to perform gliding attempts in the "Rhinower Berge", at the "Hauptmannsberg" near to Rhinow and later, in 1896, at the "Gollenberg" near to Stölln.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: In 1894, Lilienthal built an artificial conical hill near his home in Lichterfelde, called "Fliegeberg" (lit. "Fly Hill"). It allowed him to launch his gliders into the wind no matter which direction it was coming from. The hill was high. There was a regular crowd of people that were interested in seeing his gliding experiments.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: In 1932, the Fliegeberg was redesigned by a Berlin architect as a memorial to Lilienthal. On top of the hill was built a small temple-like construction, consisting of pillars supporting a slightly sloping round roof. Inside is placed a silver globe inscribed with particulars of famous flights. Lilienthal's brother Gustav and the old mechanic and assistant Paul Baylich attended the unveiling ceremony on 10 August 1932 (36 years after Otto's death).


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Reports of Lilienthal's flights spread in Germany and elsewhere, with photographs appearing in scientific and popular publications. Among those who photographed him were pioneers such as Ottomar Anschütz and American physicist Robert Williams Wood. He soon became known as the "father of flight" as he had successfully controlled a heavier-than-air aircraft in sustained flight.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal was a member of the "Verein zur Förderung der Luftschifffahrt", and regularly detailed his experiences in articles in its journal, the "Zeitschrift für Luftschifffahrt und Physik der Atmosphäre", and in the popular weekly publication "Prometheus". These were translated in the United States, France and Russia. Many people from around the world came to visit him, including Samuel Pierpont Langley from the United States, Russian Nikolai Zhukovsky, Englishman Percy Pilcher and Austrian Wilhelm Kress. Zhukovsky wrote that Lilienthal's flying machine was the most important invention in the aviation field. Lilienthal corresponded with many people, among them Octave Chanute, James Means, Alois Wolfmüller and other flight pioneers.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: On 9 August 1896, Lilienthal went, as on previous weekends, to the Rhinow Hills. The day was very sunny and not too hot (about 20 °C, or 68 °F). The first flights were successful, reaching a distance of in his normal glider. During the fourth flight Lilienthal's glider pitched forward, heading down quickly. Lilienthal had previously had difficulty in recovering from this position because the glider relied on weight shift which was difficult to achieve when pointed at the ground. His attempts failed and he fell from a height of about , while still in the glider.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Paul Beylich, Lilienthal's glider mechanic, transported him by horse-drawn carriage to Stölln, where he was examined by a physician. Lilienthal had a fracture of the third cervical vertebra and soon became unconscious. Later that day he was transported in a cargo train to Lehrter train station in Berlin, and the next morning to the clinic of Ernst von Bergmann, one of the most famous and successful surgeons in Europe at the time. Lilienthal died there a few hours later (about 36 hours after the crash).


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: There are differing accounts of Lilienthal's last words. A popular account, inscribed on his tombstone, is "" ("Sacrifices must be made!"). The director of the Otto Lilienthal Museum doubts that these were his last words. Otto Lilienthal was buried at Lankwitz public cemetery in Berlin.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal's research was well known to the Wright brothers, and they credited him as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. They abandoned his aeronautical data after two seasons of gliding and began using their own wind tunnel data.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Before its closure in 2020, Berlin's then busiest airport, Berlin Tegel "Otto Lilienthal" Airport, was named after him.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: In September 1909, Orville Wright was in Germany making demonstration flights at Tempelhof aerodrome. He paid a call to Lilienthal's widow and, on behalf of himself and Wilbur, paid tribute to Lilienthal for his influence on aviation and on their own initial experiments in 1899.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: In 2013, American aviation magazine "Flying" ranked Lilienthal No. 19 on their list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: A German Air Force tanker, Airbus A310 MRTT registration 10-24, has been named "Otto Lilienthal" in his honour.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: The Lilium Jet, a prototype German electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) electrically powered airplane and the company which designed it, Lilium GmbH, were named after him.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: An authentic replica of the "Normalsegelapparat" made by the Otto Lilienthal Museum have been investigated by the German Aerospace Center in wind tunnel and flight tests. The results prove that the glider was stable in pitch and roll and can be flown safely at moderate altitudes.


title: Otto Lilienthal

text: Lilienthal was regularly joined by photographers at his request. Most of them are well known, like Ottomar Anschütz. Lilienthal also took his own photographs of his flying machines after 1891. There are at least 145 known photographs documenting his test flights, some of excellent quality. All of them are available online at the Otto Lilienthal Museum website. The only negatives, preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, were destroyed during World War II.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: National Security is a 2003 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan, and starring Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn. The supporting cast includes Bill Duke, Eric Roberts, Colm Feore, and Matt McCoy.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: The film was released in January 2003, and grossed over $54 million worldwide at the box office. It was shot at various locations in Greater Los Angeles, including Long Beach and Santa Clarita.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: Two LAPD policemen, Hank Rafferty and Charlie Reed, investigate a warehouse heist and discover a gang of thieves, one of whom kills Charlie before they escape.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: Meanwhile, Earl Montgomery's lifelong dream to become a police officer is thwarted when he flunks police academy for accidentally causing an explosion. After Hank receives a warning from Detective Frank McDuff after interfering with the investigation of Charlie's death, he meets Earl when Hank notices him trying to get into his car after locking his keys inside. When Hank questions Earl, Earl race-baits and insults Hank to the point of getting himself arrested. A bumblebee comes along, to which Earl is allergic, causing him to panic. From afar, it appears as if Hank is brutalizing Earl when he is actually attempting to shoo the bee away by swatting it with his baton; a man catches the incident on videotape. Because of the incriminating evidence and a spiteful Earl lying about the accused brutalizing, Hank is terminated from the police force and charged with aggravated assault against Earl. He is sentenced to six months in prison.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: After being released, Hank takes a job as a security guard and continues investigating Charlie's death. Noticing an alarm being tripped at a soda warehouse, Hank goes to investigate. Earl, who is working for the same security company, is on duty at the warehouse but is slacking off. Hank interrupts the heist, and a gunfight erupts with the thugs, during which Hank and Earl cross paths again. The two give chase to the thieves but are pulled over by the police for speeding.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: One of the thieves drops a cell phone, which leads them to a semi-trailer truck. Inside the truck, Hank and Earl find the thieves' van. Earl tries to hotwire the van but accidentally triggers the alarm, alerting the thieves. After a brief shootout, Hank and Earl drive the van out of the truck and escape. Inside the van are what look like ordinary beer kegs; Hank has them examined at a foundry, where they learn that the kegs are actually made of an atomic aerospace alloy, which is worth millions. Hank takes the van and the kegs to the house of his ex-girlfriend, Denise. They broke up after Hank was arrested, and Hank asks Earl to tell Denise the truth about the "assault". Earl promises, but when he sees that Denise is an attractive black woman, he breaks his promise and starts hitting on her, playing the victim again. This causes another fight between them, and Denise kicks both of them out. After a heated argument, Hank punches Earl in the face, before storming off. Later, the pair is cornered by police, learning that they are suspects in the earlier shootout. They escape and Hank realizes that the thieves must have an inside man in the police department.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: That night, the pair trace the van's owner to an address and stake out the place, but Earl rushes inside on his own and is confronted by the thieves. Hank arrives just as Earl is shot in the leg, and before escaping, he recognizes one of the thieves, Nash, as Charlie's murderer. When Hank takes Earl to Denise to get his wound treated (which turns out to be simply a graze), a bee flies into the house and Earl runs for cover, making Denise realize that Hank's story about the "assault" on Earl was actually true. She slaps Earl for lying and reconciles with Hank.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: Based on something overheard from Nash, they follow him to a meeting at a yacht club and witness him talking to McDuff, who is revealed to be Nash's inside man. Hank and Earl share everything they know with Hank's former boss, Lieutenant Washington, and then pretend to approach McDuff, offering to sell him back the "beer kegs" for $1 million. However, Nash learns about their plans and takes Washington hostage first. During the confrontation the next day, Earl and Hank meet with McDuff, Nash, and their men near the coast, rescuing Washington and accidentally starting a shootout, but the trio manage to kill or apprehend most of Nash's gang, including McDuff. Hank is shot, but he survives and kills Nash by dropping a nearby crane's lifting hook onto an unstable slab of rock that Nash is standing on, catapulting him into the ocean and finally avenging Charlie's death.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: Six more months later, in honor of their heroic actions, Hank is reinstated in the LAPD and Earl is admitted to the force, and they are made partners. The two encounter a situation similar to where they met, in which a man is apparently locked out of his car. Earl helps the man but learns that he is actually a thief. He successfully stops the thief by shooting at the car, but the vehicle explodes soon after.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 90 critics. The site's critical consensus reads: "The action in "National Security" is mindless, while the humor says nothing insightful about racial issues." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 34% based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: Joe Leydon of "Variety" wrote that "Despite some tasty contributions from Lawrence and Zahn, too much of "National Security" has the bland flavor of microwaved leftovers." A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" said it "Lacks the wit to do anything new and instead recycles tired jokes and attitudes." Michael Wilmington of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote was critical of the script but said the actors save the film, and concludes "I wouldn't race out to see "National Security," but it does give you exactly what you'd expect: yocks, explosions and funny brawling buddies rolling all over those over-used L.A. freeways." Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" panned the film calling it "a by-the-numbers sop to adolescent testosterone overload" and said that to call Lawrence "a poor man's Richard Pryor" was both an insult to Pryor and to poor people.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: Tom Long of "The Detroit News" wrote that the movie was "loud, crass, dumb and then even dumber." John Monaghan of the "Detroit Free Press" highlighted what he saw as an "off-putting" racial subtext that made him unable to enjoy the movie.


title: National Security (2003 film)

text: Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" gave it a positive review and called it "A funny, raucous action comedy, effectively teams Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn in a film that's both laugh out loud funny and surprisingly subtle."